DANDELION Theme, discourse topic, and information structuring in

DANDELION
Discourse Functions and Discourse Representation:
An Empirically and Linguistically Motivated,
Interdisciplinarily-Oriented Approach to Natural Language Texts
esprit Basic Research Project 6665
Deliverable R1.2.2c
Theme, discourse topic, and information
structuring in German texts
Claudia Villiger
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Contents
1 Introduction
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2 Theoretical background
3
2.1 Discourse purpose, subject matter and chaining strategies
2.2 Theme structure in texts : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
2.3 Focus and focus shift in texts : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
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3 Text analysis
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Narrative text type : : : :
Descriptive text type : : :
Expository text type : : :
Argumentative text type :
Instructive text type : : :
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4 Conclusion
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5 Appendix: Sample texts and results of text analysis
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5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
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5.9
5.10
Narrative text type: Heinrich Boll : : : : : : :
Narrative text type: Bern : : : : : : : : : : : :
Narrative text type: History of Granada : : : :
Descriptive text type: `Guadix' : : : : : : : : :
Descriptive text type: Description of book 1 : :
Descriptive text type: Description of book 2 : :
Expository: `Generierung' : : : : : : : : : : : :
Argumentative text type: commentary : : : :
Instructive text type: Kanadischer Sahne-Lachs
Instructive text type: Kaee zubereiten : : : :
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5.11 Instructive text type: Einstellen der Benutzerkennung
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Document ID : Deliverable R1.2.2c: Theme, discourse topic, and information
Issue date
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Keywords
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structuring in German texts
March 18, 1996
Universitat Saarbrucken
Final
Public
WP 1: Empirical analysis
Dandelion consortium, CEC
Chaining, global text structure, focus, thematic development
c 1994 The Dandelion Consortium
1 Introduction
In this paper we want to analyze to what extent the selection of a particular global chaining
strategy in dependence on discourse purpose and subject matter is reected in text structure,
especially in the selection of sentence theme and focus. We present an analysis of German
texts which are samples for various text types. This report is based on the theoretical
framework presented in Lavid, 1994a] and it follows the criteria of analysis given in Lavid,
1994b]. It is the aim of this report to deliver an analysis of German texts comparable to the
analysis of English texts presented in Lavid, 1994b].
In the rst part of the report we summarize the theoretical background and the criteria of
analysis. In the second part, we discuss one sample for each text type in detail. Additionally,
we compare the results of the analysis of other samples (also presented in the appendix of
this report) and the results of the corresponding analysis of English texts.
2 Theoretical background
A central interest of this work is to emphasize correlations between global aspects of texts
and particular linguistic realizations at sentence level. Therefore, we have to concretize our
notion of global discourse phenomena such as discourse purpose, subject matter and chaining
strategy and the notion of phenomena at local (sentence) level such as sentence theme and
focus. In the following, these terms are dened (following Lavid, 1994a]) and the resulting
criteria of analysis are presented.
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2.1 Discourse purpose, subject matter and chaining strategies
Starting point of our consideration is, that texts should be understood as hierarchically
structured units of linguistic action Rothkegel, 1993], Rothkegel et al., 1994]. We proceed
that a dominant global goal - the discourse purpose - is underlying each text 1 . This discourse
purpose covers the major intention of a writer when producing a text (cf. Neuendor, 1988],
Mohn, 1991]). Of course, writers mostly pursue several goals when writing a text. But
one goal - the discourse purpose is superior and determines the structure of linguistic action
and has its eect on the organization of the particular text. In an advertising text e.g.,
we can asssume that the discourse purpose can be designated as REQUEST BUYING. At
the same time, discourse goals like INFORMATION or ENTERTAINMENT may be pursued.
When analyzing discourse purposes and the corresponding patterns of text which are common
knowledge of writers and readers (cf. Sandig, 1986]) it seems to be reasonable to refer to text
typologies. Texts may be categorized by the help of text-external criteria (communication
situation, medium etc.) or text-internal criteria which are connected with the form or content
of texts or a combination of these (cf. Linke et al., 1991], p. 248-251). We will concentrate on
text typologies which are founded upon text-internal criteria. Most of these text typologies
distinguish at least between three general patterns of text structure, which organize the
dierent text types: narrative text type, descriptive text type and argumentative text type
(cf. Heinemann and Viehweger, 1991], van Dijk, 1980]). We employ a text typology which
consists of ve text types: the three text types mentioned above and the expository and the
instructive text type (cf. Hansen, 1989], Virtanen, 1992a], Werlich, 1979]). We will illustrate
the characteristics of these text types by the help of the examples used in chapter 3 of this
report.
The distinction between discourse type and text type proposed by Virtanen (Virtanen,
1992b], Virtanen, 1992a] see also Lavid, 1994a]) is conducive to seize the relation between
the superior discourse purpose of a text and the particular text type (cf. gure 1):
While discourse types are determined by the particular discourse purpose, text types are
dened by the help of the particular linguistic realization of the discourse purpose.Virtanen,
1992a] emphasizes that these categories are prototypical abstractions. Often correspondence
between discourse type and text type can be noticed. E.g., if the discourse purpose of a text
is to present past or causally related events, the narrative discourse type ist chosen and the
text is especially created by the help of the narrative text type, which is mainly characterized
by the temporal connection of the text segments. For illustration of the potential divergence
of discourse type and text type we again refer to the example advertising. The main discourse purpose of an advertising text is REQUEST BUYING. The discourse type, which is
selected to achieve this goal is the argumentative discourse type. But often advertisements
are not created by the means of the argumentative text type. E.g., a story may be presented
(narrative text type), which emphasizes the importance of the product for which the text
acvertises. In this case, the argumentative discourse type is presented with the means of the
narrative text type.
1 in
this context we deliberatly use the term discourse, which refers to spoken and written language. At
the level of discourse purpose we are concerned with linguistic action structures, which underly texts. At this
level we do not deal with the realization of this structure at the surface of texts.
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Discourse goal
INFORM
APPEAL/REQUEST
PERSUADE
...
Discourse type
NARRATIVE
DESCRIPTIVE
ARGUMENTATIVE
EXPOSITORY
INSTRUCTIVE
Text type
narrative
descriptive
argumentative
expository
instructive
Figure 1: Discourse type and text type
Preceeding from these considerations, the distinction between discourse type and text type
is of interest at least corresponding to following aspects:
the distinction facilitates the classication of texts realized by the means of various text
types.2
Parameters of classication originating from other theories of text typology e.g., genre,
register or Textsorte can be brought in relation to the levels of discourse type and text
type. While classications originating from register theory and genre theory can be t in
to discourse types (cf. Virtanen, 1992a]), highly conventionalized texts of a particular
Textsorte (e.g. recipes) can be dened as a particular expression of a text type (e.g.,
recipes as a particular expression of the instructive text type, c.f. section 3.5).
Apart from the discourse type and the corresponding text type the subject matter of a text
inuences text structure (Lavid, 1994b]). The linguistic means which can be applied to
ensure coherence of the text are dependent from the subject matter. E.g., when presenting
the history of a town, the succession of historical events in time can be used to structure the
text. For this reason, we chose texts with dierent subject matters for most of the text types
(e.g., for the narrative text type biographies and texts which were concerned with the history
of cities).
A special interest of our work is to point out, in how far particular text types correspond
in particular chaining strategies. After having decided on discourse purpose, discourse type,
and text type, the next step in our analysis is to determine the global chaining strategy which
structures the text.
2 the discourse type of an advertising remains argumentative, even if it is realized with means of e.g. the
narrative and the descriptive text type
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We rst present our notion of chaining (Rothkegel and Villiger, 1993]Chaining , p. 3):
"CHAINING represents a specic type of connecting text parts on the basis of global coherence. The corresponding specications refer to the semantic level as well as to the pragmatic level of texts. In our model
both of them are related to schemata which represent a coherent organization of information pieces. The
role of CHAINING is to transform them into sequences according to particular sequential orders. The task
of the text grammar is to specify the constraints for connecting text parts. Furthermore, it determines the
consequences of those constraints for the description of sentences."
In the analysis in section 3 we exemplify the role of CHAINING by presenting the global patterns of the sample texts. These patterns illustrate the subdivision of the text into parts and
the sequentialisation of these parts. For examination of the interplay between discourse purpose, subject matter, and chaining strategy of a text, we based our analysis on the denition
of chaining strategy presented by Julia Lavid (cf. Lavid, 1994b], p. 6)
"Chaining strategies are devices used by the writer to steer his/her text along a specic line of development of
frame with the purpose of achieving a maximally protable text organization, in view of the discourse purpose
and the subject matter." (J. Lavid R1.2.2b, S. 6)
Starting point of the analysis is the discourse purpose and the subject matter of a particular
text. Further we assume, that particular chaining strategies are applied, when particular
discourse purposes are pursued. Corresponding to this, approved chaining strategies are
involved when realizing a particular text type (cf. e.g., results of experiments done by Faigley
and Meyer, 1983] concerning text classication by readers). The following chaining strategies
elaborated in Lavid, 1994b] (see also Virtanen, 1992a]) were applied in our samples:
Text elements are connected through characterization of individuals or objects (characterization strategy)
The text is held together by the help of the spatial strategy
Explicit temporal markers warrant the connection of the text (temporal strategy)
When a participant strategy is applied the text is connected by mentioning particular
participants or objects of the text
Connection through the explicit realiziation of the procedural structure of the text
(sequential strategy)
Text elements containing arguments may be connected by the through- or counter argument strategy
Since the global chaining strategy is applied to ensure the coherence of a text as a whole, the
classication of text type is closely associated with this global chaining strategy. The aim of
our analysis is to illustrate in how far text type and subject matter in relation to particular
chaining strategies have an inuence on the selection of sentence theme and sentence focus. In
Lavid, 1994b] an overview of terms and denitions concerning theme and focus was presented.
In the following we outline these notions with respect to the following text analyses.
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2.2 Theme structure in texts
In the analysis we consider two aspects of theme structure:
the global theme structure of a text as presented in Lavid, 1994a] and Lavid, 1994b]
and
the analysis of local/sentence themes of a text according to the assuptions of systemic
functional grammar as proposed by (Steiner and Ramm, 1993], Steiner and Ramm,
1994])
Starting point of the analysis is the notion of global theme as introduced by Lavid, 1994a],
p. 17:
"Theme is that element that informs the reader as discourse unfolds how to relate the incoming information
to what is already known, providing the attachment point to new information pieces from the discourse. More
specically, theme acts as a signpost for the reader of a specic text structuring strategy or orientation."
At text level, the global theme of a text in accordance with a specic chaining strategy
is under consideration. Correspondingly, the classication of global themes coincides with
the distinction of chaining strategies presented above. The following table (adopted from
Lavid, 1994b]) presents the main chaining strategies found in the texts analyzed together
with preferred thematic selection at sentence level.
Chaining strategy
Thematic selection
Characterization
Spatial
Temporal
Participant
Sequential
Through- or counter-argument
Topical
Location
Time
Topical
Time and/or Process
Conjunctive
Table 1: Classication of global chaining strategy and local theme
The analysis of theme at sentence level is based on the criteria presented by Steiner and
Ramm, 1993] German grammar description. In this approach local/sentence theme highly
corresponds with the notion of Vorfeld (cf. e.g., Drach, 1937]). Local/sentence theme is
classied according to various parameters. We restricted our analysis of local/sentence theme
on the following parameters:
simple vs multiple themes,
the analysis of the metafunctional type of the particular theme (experiential, textual or
interpersonal), and
if an element of the global chain is selected as local theme the type (corresponding to
the type of the global chaining strategy, cf. table 1) is indicated.
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The rst parameter is related to the complexity of the sentence theme as a whole. Simple
themes mostly are classed with the experiential metafunctional type (cf. Steiner and Ramm,
1993] concerning the distinctions of simple themes in German). Multiple themes consist of
at least two parts, of which each part presents the realization of a specic metafunction.
With regard to the metafunctional type, especially textual themes are of interest. They can
be considered as an explicit eect of text organization at sentence level. With this analysis
of several text types we want to enlarge previous analyses concerning sentence themes in
argumentative texts (cf. Rothkegel and Villiger, 1993], Rothkegel et al., 1994]). The third
parameter characterizes the relation between the global chaining strategy of the text and the
realization of this chain at sentence level.
A further parameter of classication of sentence theme is the distinction beween marked and
unmarked themes. The distinction of marked and unmarked themes in German is much more
dicult than in English. (Steiner and Ramm, 1994]) emphasize, that the determination of
marked sentence themes in German is essentially dependent on intonation. For the selection
of a marked theme the interplay with other discourse phenomena as eg., gobale text theme
and focus selection is important. In our anaylsis we concentrate on the correlation of these
discourse phenomena and marked sentence themes, which can be determined as such without
taking intonation into consideration.
Through this analysis of various criteria at sentence level we want to illustrate the correlations
between the particular realization of sentence themes and the global chaining strategy.
2.3 Focus and focus shift in texts
Our notion of focus corresponds with the denition of Lavid, 1994a] Thematic Development in Texts. This approach integrates notions of focus developed in psychology, AI, and
linguistics:
"Focus is the locus, within each clause, of principal inferential eort. It is those concepts on which the speaker
wants the hearer to spend the most thought." Lavid, 1994a], p. 13.
Focus is dened at sentence level, which means that for each clause/sentence a focus is
determined. We have adopted the categories of focus from McCoy and Cheng, 1990] (see
also method in Lavid, 1994a]) . They propose to build a discourse focus tree as a mechanism
for controlling focus shift in discourse. For each clause/sentence the category of focus is
determined. McCoy and Cheng, 1990] distinguish following categories of foci:
object focus nodes and subordinated attribute focus nodes
setting focus nodes
event focus nodes and
action focus nodes, which are often subordinated nodes of event nodes
As proposed by Lavid, 1994a] we add a further category, the category of fact focus nodes
with subordinated evidence focus nodes which occur especially in the argumentative text
type.
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In a discourse focus tree the movement from one focus node to the next is presented. This
notion of focus stipulates, that the focus in a clause/sentence covers as a rule the part of a
clause/sentence, which is not part of the sentence theme. Our analysis should illustrate in
how far the concepts of sentence theme, global theme and sentence focus as we apply them,
are useful to present the interplay between particular discourse phenomena.
The table below summarizes the criteria of classication at global and at sentence level.
For each text segment (usually, this corresponds with sentences) of a particular text we
investigate, if an element of the global chain occurs (column 1 Realization of global chaining
strategy) and then classify it (column 2 Category of global chaining strategy). In the third
column the realization of the local/sentence theme is presented and classied in column 4.
The contents of the focus of the text segment is summarized in column 5 and classied in
column 6. In the last column the existing correlations between the global chaining strategy
on one hand and the local theme and the focus on the other hand are indicated.
Text level
Realization Cateof global
gory of
chaining
global
strategy
chaining
Local
theme
Category
of local
theme
Sentence level
Focus
Focus
category
Correlation
cha or spat or
Text
sim or mul,
Text
obj or attr or non or
temp or part or
exp and/or tex and/or int,
set or even or (p:) gc-lt or
seq or argu
top and/or loc and/or tim
act or fact
(p:) gc-f
and/or proc and/or conj
cha = characterization, spa = spatial, tem = temporal, par = participant, seq = sequential, arg = through- or counter argument sim =
simple, mul = multiple, exp = experiential, tex = textual, int = interpersonal top = topical, loc = location, tim = time, pro = process,
con = conjunctive obj = object, att = attribute, set = setting, eve = event, act = action non = no correlation (p:) gc-lt = partial or
complete correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = partial or complete correlation of global chaining strategy
and focus)
Text
Table 2: Classication of chaining strategy, local theme and focus
3 Text analysis
As mentioned in the introduction, this analysis of German texts should as far as possible
provide a comparison to the analysis of English texts done in Lavid, 1994b]. We looked for
texts similar to those presented in this work. Because of the number of criteria of analysis, we
tried to nd short texts for the various text types. The analysis showed, that the shortness
of texts occasionally had big inuence on the realization of the given text type. We discuss
this problem when analyzing these texts. We analyzed 16 texts representing ve text types:
four texts with a narrative discourse purpose, of which two were biographies and two
were concerned with the history of cities. With exception of one biography which was
structured by a participant chaining strategy, these texts displayed a global temporal
chaining strategy.
two texts which described place relations of some kind and two texts describing books.
All of them had a descriptive discourse purpose. The texts describing place relations
presented a spatial global chaining strategy. The book descriptions were structured
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by an enumerative global chaining strategy reecting the structure of the books under
consideration.
two newspaper articles with an argumentativ discourse purpose, presenting a global
chaining strategy of through- and/or counter argument.
two expository texts originating from encyclopedia, which presented a global chaining
strategy of characterization.
four instructive texts, including recipes and chapters of instruction manuals. These
texts are characterized by connecting text parts with a global chaining strategy by
presenting the procedural verbs in local theme position.
For each text type we present one detailed text analysis. The results of the analysis of the
other texts are summarized in the appendix of this report. The tabular presented in table 2
serves as format for these results. In some cases (cf. e.g., analysis of the text `Ferdinand VII'
in the next section) we additionally investigated local chaining strategies. This should serve
as an illustration of the interplay between global and local chaining strategies.
3.1 Narrative text type
There have been numerous investigations on narratives, not only linguistic work, but also
in other disciplines (e.g. literature, psychology). In linguistics a remarkable amount of
literature exists on narrative (to mention but a few, see e.g., van Dijk, 1980], Longacre,
1983], Polanyi, 1982], Quastho, 1980], Virtanen, 1992b]). The narrative text type seems
to be the best explored text type. For our purpose the observation of Virtanen, 1992b] is
interesting. She characterizes the narrative text type as a strong type of text, because it seems
to be able to realize any type of discourse (narration, instruction, description, exposition, or
argumentation). Virtanen, 1992b] even expresses the hypothesis, that the narrative text
type seems to be some basic type of text. In contrast, the argumentative text type seems to
be more or less restricted to direct use, i.e., to the realization of the argumentative discourse
type.
Characteristically, narratives are always, implicitly or explicitly, temporally organized. Often
the temporal chaining strategy is used as global chaining strategy (cf. example `Ferdinand
VII' below). The biographies which we analyzed come from an encyclopedia. In the text
below the life of the Spanish king Ferdinand VII is presented.
Ferdinand VII
(01) Ferdinand VII., Konig (1808 und seit 1814), geb. San Ildefonso 14.10.1784, gest. Madrid 29.9.1833
(Ferdinand, King (1808 and since 1814), b. San Ildefonso 14.10.1784, ob. Madrid 29.9.1833)
(02) Sohn KARLS IV. und MARIA LUISAS von Parma.
(Son of KARLS IV. and MARIA LUISAS of Parma.)
(03) 1807 lie sich Ferdinand von Gegnern des Min. GODOY in Beziehungen zu Frankreich verwickeln.
(In 1807 Ferdinand became involved in relations with France by adversaries of minister Godoy.)
(04) Diese 'Kronprinzverschworung von El Escorial' und das Zerwurfnis des span. Hofes erleichterte NAPOLEON I.
(This 'Crown Prince Conspiracy' of El Escorial and quarrels at the Span. Court facilitated the occupation of Spain by
1808 die Besetzung Spaniens, die uber die 'Revolution von Aranjuez' (Ausrufung Ferdinands zum Konig,
NAPOLEON I. in 1808, which lead from the 'Revolution of Aranjuez' (Ferdinand Proclaimed king, abdication of the father )
Abdankung des Vaters im Marz) zur Entthronung der Bourbonen im Mai 1808 in Bayonne (Thronverzicht Ferdinands
in March to the dethronement of the Bourbons in Bayonne in May 1808 (abdication of the throne by Ferdinand and his father)
und seines Vaters) und zum spanischen Unabhangigkeitskrieg fuhrte.
and to the Spanish War of Independence.)
(05) Ihn verlebte Ferdinand, vom Volk als Symbol des Freiheitswillens angesehen und herbeigesehnt (deshalb Beiname
(During the war, Ferdinand lived at the French Valencay Palace considered and longed for by people as a (symbol
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'el Deseado','der Herbeigewunschte'), auf dem franzosischen Schlo Valencay.
of the claim for freedom (therefore the appellation 'El Deseado', the desired).
(06) Erst im M
arz 1814 kehrte Ferdinand zuruck, hob am 4.5. die Verfassung von 1812 auf und regierte
(Only in March 1814 Ferdinand returned, abolished the Constitution of 1812 and ruled as absolute monarch.)
als absoluter Herrscher.
(07) Die Liberalen lie er mit groter Harte verfolgen, die Monchsorden, Inquisition und die Folter wiederherstellen
(The liberals were persecuted with toughness, the monastic orders, the inquisition and torture were restored)
(08) die liberale Revolution von 1820 wurde mit franzosischer Hilfe niedergeschlagen (1823).
(the liberal revolution of 1820 was suppressed with help of the French (1823).)
(09) Nach dem Tod seiner dritten Frau, der sachsischen Prinzessin JOSEPHA (gest. 1829), heiratete
(After the death of his third wife, the Saxon Princess JOSEPHA (ob. 1829) Ferdinand married MARIA CHRISTINA
Ferdinand MARIA CHRISTINA, Tochter FRANZ' I., des Konigs beider Sizilien, die ihm 1830
(daughter of FRANZ I, King of both Sicilies, who gave birth to the heir of the throne ISBELLA II in 1820.)
die Thronerbin ISABELLA II. gebar.
(10) Um dieser die Thronfolge zu sichern, hob er durch die Pragmatische Sanktion (1830) das sal. Erbfolgerecht auf.
(In order to ensure her succession to the throne, he abolished the Sal. law of succession through the 'Pragmatic
(Sanction (1830)
(11) Die Thronanspruche seines Bruders Don CARLOS fuhrten zu den fur CARLOS erfolglosen Karlistenkriegen.
(The claim to the throne by Ferdinand's brother DON CARLOS lead to the 'Karlistenkriegen' which were
unsuccessful for CARLOS.)
(12) Wegen Ferdinands schwerer Krankheit leitete seit 1832 seine Frau die Regierungsgeschafte.
(Because of Ferdinand's serious illness his wife led the government since 1832.)
(Brockhaus, S. 1988, vol. 7, p. 197)
Discourse purpose of the text is the presentation of the life of Ferdinand VII and the historical
events in which Ferdinand was involved. In this text the interplay between two chaining
strategies can be pursued. On the one hand, the text is temporally structured by mentioning
the dates of historical events (cf. bold type in 01, 03, 04, 06, 08, 09, 10, 12 above and table 3
global chaining strategy). On the other hand, a topical connection is built up with the help
of references on Ferdinand and his sphere (cf. table 3 realization of local chaining strategy).
We consider the temporal chaining strategy to be the global chaining strategy, because the
temporal elements ensure the progression of the text. The elements of the topical chain
chiey warrant local coherence.
The elements of the temporal chain are realized as local themes in text segments 03, 06, 08,
and 09 (cf. table 3 local theme). In 03 the rst historically relevant event in Ferdinand's life
is presented (Ferdinand's involvement in relations with France) with the temporal element
1807 as local theme. The consequences from Ferdinand's relations to France (Crown prince
conspiracy, occupation of Spain by Napoleon I, revolution of Aranjuez, dethronement of the
Bourbons, Spanish War of Independence and Ferdinand at the French Valencay Palace) are
presented in text segments 04 and 05. In text segment 04 there is also a temporal element
(1808), but it is not realized in local theme position. The next temporal element in local theme
position introduces the next historically relevant date in the life of Ferdinand - Ferdinand's
return to Spain (text segment 06). The last element of the temporal chain realized in local
theme position (text segment 09 Nach dem Tod seiner dritten Frau) combines the temporal
and the topical chain. The possessive pronoun seiner in this text segment refers to Ferdinand
(topical chain) whereas the whole expression presents a date, which is specied within the
same text segment (gest. 1829). A comparison of these observations concerning the lling
of local theme positions with temporal elements of the global chain and the global pattern
of the text (cf. gure 2) again illustrates that these temporal elements signal the beginning
of new episodes (rst episode in 03, second episode in 06, and third episode in 09). The set
of this text consists of text segments 01 and 02, in which the dates of birth and death of
Ferdinand VII are presented (01) and his parents are designated (02). In 01 the period which
the text covers is dened. These dates demarcate beginning and end of the temporal chain
which is developed in the text.
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Realization
of global
chaining
strategy
(01)
14.10.1784
...
29.9.1833
Public
Text level
CateRealization
gory of of local
global
chaining
chaining strategy
strategy
tem
(02)
Ferdinand
VII.
Category of
local
chaining
strategy
Local
theme
par
Sohn
par
Ferdinand VII.,
Konig (1808
und seit
1814)
Sohn Karls IV.
und Maria Luisas
von Parma
1807
Deliverable R1.2.2c
Sentence level
CateFocus
gory of
local
theme
sim,
exp,
top
sim,
exp,
top
sim,
exp
tim
sim,
exp
(03)
1807
tem
Ferdinand
par
(04)
1808
tem
Ausrufung
Ferdinands
... Thronverzicht
Ferdinands
Ferdinand
par
Ferdinand
par
Erst im
Marz 1814
sim,
exp
tim
er
par
Die Liberalen
sim,
exp
die liberale
Revolution
von 1820
Nach dem
Tod seiner
dritten Frau,
der sachsischen
Prinzessin
JOSEPHA
(gest. 1829)
Um dieser die
Thronfolge
zu sichern
Die Thronanspruche
seines
Bruders
Don CARLOS
Wegen
Ferdinands
schwerer
Krankheit
sim,
exp,
tim
sim,
exp
tim
top
(05)
(06)
Marz 1814
tem
(07)
(08)
(09)
(10)
1820
(1823)
Nach dem
Tod seiner
dritten Frau
... (gest.
1829) ...
1830
(1830)
tem
tem
tem
tem
tem
(11)
(12)
seit
1832
tem
Diese `Kronprinzverschworung
von El Escorial'
und das
Zerwurfnis
des span. Hofes
Ihn
par
seiner
Ferdinand
par
par
er
par
seines
Bruders
par
Ferdinands
seine Frau
par
par
sim,
exp
sim,
exp
sim,
exp
top
sim,
exp
top
Focus
category
Date of birth
(14.10.1784)
and death
(29.9.1833)
Parents
eve
p: gc-f
p: lc-lt
attr
non
Involved
in relations
with France
Span. War of
Independence
and eves
at the
head
of it
Ferdinand
(`el Deseado')
at the French
Valencay Palace
After Ferdinand's
return (March 1814)
he abolished the
Constitution of
1812 (4.5.) and
ruled as an
absolute monarch
Persecution of
Liberals,
restoration of the
monastic orders,
the inquisition,
and torture
1823: Liberal
revolution (1820)
(1820) suppressed
Marriage
and birth
of Isabella II.
(1830), heir
to the
throne
Pragmatic sanction
(1830): sal.
law of
succession abolished
Claim to the
throne by
Ferdinand's brother
caused the
`Karlistenkriege'
Since 1832
Ferdinand 's
wife led
the government
eve
gc-lt
p: lc-f
p: gc-f
p: lc-f
eve
eve
p: lc-f
eve
p: gc-lt
p: lc-f
p: gc-f
eve
p: lc-f
eve
eve
p:
p:
p:
p:
p:
p:
eve
p: gc-f
p: lc-f
eve
p: lc-lt
eve
p: gc-f
p: lc-lt
p: lc-f
tem = temporal, par = participant sim = simple exp = experiential top = topical, tim = time, proc = process even = eve non =
no correlation (p:) gc-lt = partial or complete correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = partial or complete
correlation of global chaining strategy and focus, (p:) lc-lt = partial or complete correlation of local chaining strategy and local theme,
(p:) lc-f = partial or complete correlation of local chaining strategy and focus
Table 3: Chaining strategies, local theme, and focus of the text `Ferdinand VII'
12
Correlation
gc-lt
gc-f
gc-lt
gc-f
lc-lt
lc-f
EP6665: DANDELION
Public
Deliverable R1.2.2c
NARR
Hierarchy
SET
P01-02
PLOT
EPIS1
P03-05
EPIS2
P06-08
EPIS3
P09-10
EPIS4
P11
EPIS5
P12
SET (P01-02)
Sequence
PLOT (P03-12)
NARR
Narrative pattern
of global structures
SET
Setting
PLOT Presentation of
event or action
EPIS
Episodes
Figure 2: Global structure of the text `Ferdinand VII'
The category of local themes is simple and experiential (cf. table 3 local theme). As the
subject matter of the text (presentation of historically relevant aspects of the life of Ferdinand
VII) oers sucient possiblities to structure the text with experiential themes (especially the
themes of the temporal chain) there is no need to use textual or interpersonal themes.
The density of information is partly very high within the foci of the text segments (especially
in text segments 04, 06 und 09). After the introduction of episodes by the realization of
temporal elements in local theme position (text segments 03, 06, 09), elements of the global
chain are also presented as part of the focus of text segments (1808 in text segment 04, (1823)
in text segment 08, 1830 in text segment 09, 1830 in text segment 10 und seit 1832in text
segment 12, see also table 3).
As was to be expected in a narrative text, all foci are classied as event nodes with the
exception of the focus in 02, which is an object node (cf. table 3). The focus tree for this
text (gure 3) again illustrates the structure of the text emphasized above - text segments
03, 04 and 05, text segments 06, 07, 08 and text segments 09 and 10 form a unit.
The second biography which we analyzed presents the life of the German writer Heinrich
Boll. The text (cf. text in appendix, p. 28) comes from the same encyclopedia as the text
`Ferdinand'. While in the text `Ferdinand VII' events of Ferdinand's life are in the center
of interest, in the text about Heinrich Boll a lot of attention is spent to his work. The
temporal and the participant chaining strategy are used in this text, but at sentence level
we nd above all elements from the participant chain which refer to Boll (e.g., Boll in text
segments 06, 13 and 14 , Er in text segments 07 and 18) and his work (cf. table 8 e.g., Seine
Fruhwerke in 05, Die spaten Romane ... in 10, Viele Werke Bolls in 11). The temporal
chain becomes more important at the end of the text. Here we nd dates in local theme
position (1971-74 in 15, 1967 in16, 1972 in 17). A lot of dates are presented to the reader
by mentioning the year of publication of all books of Boll referred to in the text. But much
more elements of the participant chain are realized in local theme position than elements of
13
EP6665: DANDELION
Public
Deliverable R1.2.2c
Ferdinand VII
Dates
of
Birth
(14.10.1784)
and
Death
(29.9. 1833)
01
Parents
Involved
in
relations
with
France
02
03
Span. War
of
Independence
and
events at the
head of it
Ferdinand ('el
Deseado')
at the
French
Valencay
Palace
04
05
After Ferdinand's
return (March
1814) he
abolished the
Constitution of
1812 (4.5.) and
ruled as an
absolute monarch
06
Marriage
and
birth of
Isabella II.
(1830),
heir to the
throne
09
Persecution of
Liberals,
restoration of the
monastic orders,
the inquisition and
torture
07
1823:
liberal
revolution
(1820)
suppressed
08
Claim to the
throne by
Ferdinand's
brother
caused the
'Karlistenkriege'
Since
1832
Ferdinand's
wife
led the
government
11
12
Pragmatic
sanction
(1830):
sal. law of
succession
abolished
10
Figure 3: Focus tree of the text `Ferdinand VII'
the temporal chain. The temporal organization of the text is mainly implicit by following the
chronology. Consequently, the participant chaining strategy is considered to be the global
chaining strategy.
Even more complicated is the classication of foci in the text. The verbs used in the text
express action and this motivated the choice of event nodes. But especially in the parts,
which present the work of Boll (text segments 05-11) objects are in the center of interest.
This results from the fact that a lot of attention is payed to present the work of Boll. The
foci are further characterized by a high informational density which certainly comes from the
shortness of the text.
This text illustrates how the subject matter of a text inuences the selection of the global
chaining strategy and the foci. The analysis shows, that the boundary between the narrative
and the descriptive text type is fuzzy.
In the two texts in which the histories of towns were presented (cf. appendix pp. 30-31), the
temporal chain clearly determines the global structure of the text (cf. tables 9 and 10). In
both texts, apart from the gobal temporal chain a topical chain structures the parts of the
texts. Especially in the text `Granada' which is longer than the text on Bern, regularities
concerning the interplay of the global and the local chain can be observed. Similar to the
text `Ferdinand VII' each time before new episodes of the history of the town are presented,
an element of the temporal chain occurs in local theme postion (e.g. text segments 08, 10,
14, cf. appendix p. 32). In the following text segments persons which are important for the
events presented in this part of text are mentioned in local theme position (e.g. references to
Mohammed Al-ahmar and his successors in text segments 11, 12 and 13). In both texts all
foci are classied as event nodes. Correspondingly, focus shift is determined by the movement
from one event to the next event.
14
EP6665: DANDELION
Public
Deliverable R1.2.2c
For the narrative text type we found no striking dierences to the English analysis (Lavid,
1994b]. As in the English analysis in most of the texts the temporal chaining strategy determines the global structure of the texts, while a participant strategy connects text segments
at a more local level. The temporal chaining strategy inuences the choice of temporal local
themes. Further, the selection of foci expressing events is characteristical for this text type.
3.2 Descriptive text type
For the descriptive text type we selected two texts describing place relations (see also the
analysis of English descriptive texts Lavid, 1994b]) coming out from a travel guide and
two short descriptions of books (these samples are taken from Rothkegel, 1993]). It was
the discourse purpose of all texts to give detailed information on an object. Similar to the
English analysis the texts describing place relations presented a spatial chaining strategy.
The text Seville below illustrates how the global structure of the text is determined by the
spatial chaining strategy.
Seville
(01) Sevillas Zentrum liegt ostlich eines Seitenkanals des Rio Guadalquivir, der die Stadt etwa
(The Centre of Seville is situated east of a side canal of the Rio Guadalquivir which runs through the city)
in Nord-S
ud-Richtung durchzieht.
(roughly from north to south.)
(02) Hauptstrae ist die Avenida de la Constitucion
(The main street is the Avenida de la Constitucion.)
(03) in ihrer unmittelbaren Umgebung liegen mit Kathedrale und Giralda sowie der Alcazaba die bedeutendsten
(In its immediate surroundings, the most important sights of the city, the cathedral, the Giralda,)
Sehenswurdigkeiten der Stadt.
(and the Alcazaba, are situated.)
stlich schliet sich das Barrio de Santa Cruz an, Sevillas lauschiges Vorzeigeviertel.
(04) O
(In the east, the Barrio de Santa Cruz, Seville's nice quietshowpiece quarter, borders on the city.)
(05) Die Avenida de la Constitucion beginnt im S
uden am Verkehrsknotenpunkt Puerta de Jerez und mundet im Norden
(The Avenida de la Constitucion begins in the south at the Puerta de Jerez junction and leads into the double square)
in den Doppelplatz Plaza San Francisco/Plaza Nueva
(Plaza San Francisco/Plaza Nueva in the north.)
(06) hier liegt auch das Geschaftsviertel um die Haupteinkaufsstrae Calle Sierpes.
(Here also the shopping centre around the main shopping street, Calle Sierpes, is situated.)
(07) S
udlich des engeren Zentrums erstrecken sich der Park Parque de Maria Luisa und das Weltausstellungsgelande
(South of the immediate centre the park Parque de Maria Luisa and the site of the world fair)
von 1929, die Plaza de Espana.
(1929, the Plaza de Espana, are located.)
(08) Jenseits des Gualdalquivir sind zwei ehemals selbstandige Siedlungen zu abendlichen und nachtlichen
(Beyond the Guadalquivir two formerly independent settlementshave developed into places to go to in the evenings)
Anlaufadressen avanciert: das volkstumliche Barrio de Triana auf H
ohe des Zentrums und, s
udlich anschlieend,
(and at night:the traditional Barrio de Triana,which is on a level with the centre and, bordering on this area in the south,)
das neuzeitlichere Barrio de los Remedios auf Hohe des Parque de Maria Luisa.
(the more modern Barrio de los Remedios, which is on a level with the Parque de Maria Luisa.)
(T. Schroder: Andalusien. Erlangen: Muller Verlag, S. 332/333)
The subject matter of the text, the centre of the city Seville Sevillas Zentrum, is mentioned in
the rst text segment. In the same segment two further spatial clues are introduced: ostlich
eines Seitenkanals des Rio Guadalquivir and in Nord-Sud-Richtung. Through these spatial
elements the spatial chain of the text is anchored. This chain is pursued through the whole
text and ends with the spatial elements Jenseits des Gualdalquivir, auf Hohe des Zentrums
and sudlich anschlieend which lie beyond the area, which was demarcated in the rst text
segment. This signals that the description of the centre of Seville is terminated - the discourse
purpose is attained.
At the beginning of almost all text segments the reader is told in which direction of the
cognitive map he should move. This realization of the spatial elements in sentence theme
position is especially advantageously, when the reader has the possibility to pursue the spatial
15
EP6665: DANDELION
Text level
Realization of
global
chaining
strategy
(01)
(02)
(03)
(04)
(05)
(06)
(07)
(08)
spat =
Sevillas Zentrum ...
ostlich eines
Seitenkanals ...
Nord-Sud-Richtung
in ihrer unmittelbaren Umgebung
O stlich
im Suden ...
im Norden
hier
Sudlich des
engeren Zentrums
Jenseits des
Gualdalquivir ...
auf Hohe des
Zentrums ...
sudlich anschlieend
spatial, sim = simple,
Public
Category of
global
chaining
strategy
spat
spat
spat
spat
spat
spat
spat
Deliverable R1.2.2c
Local
theme
Sentence level
Category
Focus
of local
theme
Sevillas Zentrum
sim, exp,
loc
Place of the
the centre of Seville
obj
gc-lt
gc-f
Hauptstrae
in ihrer unmittelbaren Umgebung
O stlich
Die Avenida de
la Constitucion
hier
Sudlich des
engeren Zentrums
Jenseits des
Gualdalquivir
sim, exp
sim, exp,
loc
sim, exp, loc
sim, exp
Avenida de
la Constitucion
Sights (Cathedral,
Giralda, Alcazaba)
Barrio de Santa Cruz
Double square Plaza
San Francisco/Plaza
Nueva Puerta de Jerez
Shopping centre around
Calle Sierpes
Parque de Maria Luisa
and Plaza de Espana
Barrio de Triana and
Barrio de los Remedios
attr
attr
attr
attr
non
gc-lt
gc-lt
gc-f
attr
attr
attr
gc-lt
gc-lt
gc-lt
gc-f
spat
spat
spat
spat
spat
exp = experiential, loc = location
sim, exp,
loc
sim, exp,
loc
sim, exp,
loc
Focus
category
Correlation
obj = object, attr = attribute non = no correlation, (p): gc-lt =
Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p): gc-f = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and focus
Table 4: Global chaining strategy, local theme, and focus of the text `Sevilla'
description given by the text on a map (a map of the centre of Seville was enclosed in the
travel guide). As landmarks are expressed in sentence theme position, all local themes are
simple and experiential (cf. table 4).
The global pattern of the text is subdivided into two main parts (cf. gure 4). In part SET
(setting, text segment 01) the boundaries of the subject matter are demarcated. Part PROP
(properties, text segments 02-08) consists of the single properties of the center of Seville.
Text segments 02 and 05, which do not contain a land mark are bound together with text
segments which deliver such a reference point (text segment 02 and 03 form PROP1 and text
segment 05 and 06 form PROP3).
As was to be expected in a descriptive text the mother focus of the text is an object node and
the further foci are attribute nodes referring to this object node (cf. gure 5). While sentence
themes consist of simple elements refering to a landmark, the foci of the text segments often
are more complex. In text segment 03 e.g., the various sights in the surroundings of the main
street (cathedral, Giralda and Alcazaba) are presented. As further landmarks are presented
within the foci, there is not only a correlation between the elements of the global chaining
strategy and local themes, but also a partial correlation between elements of this chain with
sentence foci (cf. table 4 text segments 01, 05, and 08).
The second text which we analyzed is also a tour from a travel guide (cf. appendix p. 33).
It gives information on the town Guadix and although it is much shorter than the text on
Seville it is also structured by a global spatial chain and foci are attributes to the mother
object node Guadix (cf. table 11 in appendix).
For the book descriptions the analysis emphasizes the importance of the subject matter for
the global structure of the text. Again a reference point for the beginning of the description
16
EP6665: DANDELION
Public
Deliverable R1.2.2c
DES
Hierarchy
SET
P01
PROP
PROP1
P02-03
PROP2 PROP3 PROP4 PROP5
P04 P05-06
P07
P08
SET (P01)
Sequence
PROP (P02-08)
DES
Descriptive pattern
of global structures
SET
PROP Properties
Setting
Figure 4: Global structure of the text Sevilla
Seville
Place of the
centre of
Seville
Parque de Maria
Luisa and Plaza
de Espana
Barrio de Triana
and Barrio
de los Remedios
07
08
01
Avenida
de la
Constitucion
02
Sights
(Cathedral,
Giralda, Alcazaba
03
Barrio
de
Santa Cruz
04
Double square Plaza San
Francisco/Plaza Nueva;
Puerta de Jerez
05
Shopping centre
around
Calle Sierpes
06
Figure 5: Focus tree of the text Sevilla
is needed. In the rst book description (cf. appendix p. 34) the object which is described
is presented in the rst text segment and the rst attribute expressing the contents of the
book is given (das Leben des groen Dichters Edurard Morike). This attribute node in the
focus of the rst text segment gures as reference point for the rst element of the global
chain Gleichzeitig in text segment 02 (cf. table 12 in appendix). The whole text is structured
by this principle (cf. textual themes Daneben in text segment 04 and und zugleich in text
segment 06 in table 12). An attribute node of the object node is presented and with the help
of a textual theme the next attribute is added. The second book description (cf. appendix
p. 32) exploits the fact, that the book which is described consists of two volumes. Reference
point of the global chain is the book as a whole in text segment 01. (Julius Meier-Graefes
Entwicklungsgeschichte der moderenen Kunst). The second text segment refers to the rst
volume and the third text segment refers to the second volume of the book. The strategy
used in this text is comparable with the global spatial chaining strategy used in the texts
describing place relations. After having demarcated the space of description in the rst text
segment further reference points in local theme position are presented to give information on
all attributes to the reader.
17
EP6665: DANDELION
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Deliverable R1.2.2c
For this text type the results of the English and the German analysis are alike. Although we
have selected another subject matter for the second group of texts (book description), the
chaining strategies which were applied are comparable. Concerning focus selection and focus
shift candidates we found no dierences between the results of the analysis of English and of
German texts.
3.3 Expository text type
The discourse purpose of expository texts is denition and/or explanation and/or illustration
of objects or facts. Related text types are the descriptive and the argumentative text type.
Werlich, 1979]'s examples for expository texts are denition, explication, abstract, interpretation and essay. As examples for expository texts we selected two denitions (encyclopaedia
entries).
The rst text which is about Drongos has the same subject matter as one of the expository
text of the analysis of English texts. It comes out from an encyclopedia about animals.
Drongos
(01) Drongos (Dircruridae) sind star- bis hahergroe Singvogel mit kurzen Beinen, breitem, kraftigem
(Drongos are song-birds from starling size to jay size with short legs, broad and strong beak and forked tail,
Schnabel und Gabelschwanz vorwiegend altweltlich-tropisch (Afrika, Sudasien, Australien und Neuginea) verbreitet.
ranged mainly in tropical part of the Old World (Africa, South-Asia, Australia and New-Guinea.)
(02) Die 20 Arten der Familie unterscheiden sich durch Vorhandensein oder Fehlen von Hauben, verlangerten
(The 20 species of the family dier in existence or missing of crests, lengthened tail feathers and curled or velvet plumes.)
Schwanzfedern und gekrauselten oder samtigen Schmuckfedern.
(03) Das Geeder ist meist schwarz mit mattem grunem oder stahlblauem Glanz.
(The plumage is mostly black with matt green or steel blue splendour.)
(04) Die Drongos sind Wartenjager,
(Drongos are perchers,)
(05) sie fangen Insekten im Fluge oder nehmen sie Wurgern ahnlich vom Boden oder von Zweigen ab.
(they hawk for insects or pick them from the ground like shrikes or pick them from twigs.)
(06) In der Brutzeit leben sie paarweise in abgegrenzten Revieren, die sie sehr heftig gegen
(In breeding time they live in pairs in demarcated breeding areas, which they vehemently defend
ihresgleichen und gegen andere, groere Vogel verteidigen.
against her own kind and against other bigger birds.)
(07) Sie bauen freistehende Schalennester und legen 2-5 geeckte Eier.
(They build exposed bowl nests and lay 2-5 spotted eggs.)
(08) M
annchen und Weibchen kummern sich um die Pege der Brut.
(Male and female birds take care of the brood.)
(09) Neben verschiedenartigen, meist rauhen Rufen verfugen einige Arten auch uber einen,
Apart of various, mostly loud calls, some species also have a loud twittering song at their disposal.)
lauten zwitschernden Gesang.
(Lexikon der Tiere, S. Fischer 1970)
Discourse purpose of this text is to explain the relevant features of Drongos. The text is
determined by a global characterization strategy. In each segment of the text this chaining
strategy is expressed explicitly (bold type in the text above). In text segment 01 Drongos
are introduced without article, in text segment 02 the familiy of Drongos is addressed, and
in text segment 03 a whole-part relation is set up by describing the plumage of Drongos. In
text segment 04 we can observe recurrence of Drongos in the denite form (die Drongos). In
text segments 05-07 there are further recurrences by using pronouns (sie). The global chain
is continued in text segment 08 with (Mannchen und Weibchen) through which all Drongos
are addressed. In the last segment the call of the Drongos in general is described (Neben
verschiedenartigen, meist rauhen Rufen) in contrast to the call of some species of Drongos
(einige Arten).
18
EP6665: DANDELION
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Deliverable R1.2.2c
EXP
Hierarchy
GENER
P01
FEAT
FEAT1 FEAT2 FEAT3 FEAT4 FEAT5
P02
P03
P04-05 P06-08
P09
GENER (P01)
Sequence
FEAT (P02-09)
EXP
Expository pattern
of global structures
GENER
General presentation
FEAT
Features
Figure 6: Global structure of the text `Drongos'
Concerning the global structure of the text we recognize that the text is not structured by
paragraphs. Rather the text is structured by introducing the features of Drongos at the
beginning of the segments (cf. table 5). Text segment 01 is considered as a unit (cf. gure
6 GENER) because of the general denition which is given within this segment (Drongos
(Dircruridae) sind).
This general denition refers to genus, characteristic features of body constitution, and geographical distribution of Drongos. As we found texts on Drongos which also started with the
mentioning of the features genus and biodiversity, this seems to be a typical characteristic
(cf. Brockhaus 1988, 15, p. 686 and Meyer Enzyklopadie Lexikon 1973, 7, p. 232).
Further features of Drongos mentioned in the text (FEAT) are the onotology (text segment
02), the plumage (text segment 03), food and manner of hunting (04-05), breeding (06-08) and
the calls and songs of Drongos (09). These features of the part FEAT could also be arranged
in a dierent way, because the subject matter does not demand for a special structuring of
the text. As shown above, only the features which should be mentioned at the beginning
of the text (genus and biodiversity) seem to be some kind of conventionalized at least in
German denitions of Drongos (the English text on Drongos Lavid, 1994b], p. 12 starts with
mentioning the family name, the distribution of Drongos, and the forked tails).
Concerning the relation of the global chaining strategy and the choice of the local theme
we notice an almost complete correlation of the element which expresses the global chaining
strategy and the local theme of the text segments (cf. table 5). Only in the last segment
there is no correlation. The reader is lead along this line of local themes. This strategy of
structuring the text by signalling the position within the domain with the help of features
in sentence theme position (text segments 02, 03, 09) is sucient. No textual themes are
needed. Therefore the category of all local themes is simple and experiential (cf. table 5).
The information about these features is expressed in the corresponding sentence focus (cf.
column focus of table 5).
19
EP6665: DANDELION
(01)
(02)
(03)
(04)
(05)
(06)
(07)
(08)
(09)
Public
Text level
Realization of Categlobal
gory of
chaining
global
strategy
chaining
strategy
Drongos
Die 20 Arten
der Familie
Das Geeder
Die Drongos
sie
sie
Sie
Mannchen
und Weibchen
einige Arten
cha
cha
cha
cha
cha
cha
cha
cha
cha
Deliverable R1.2.2c
Local
theme
Sentence level
Category
Focus
of local
theme
Focus
category
Drongos
Die 20 Arten
der Familie
Das Geeder
Die Drongos
sie
In der Brutzeit
Sie
Mannchen
und Weibchen
Neben verschiedenartigen,
meist rauhen Rufen
sim, exp, top
sim, exp, top
sim, exp, top
sim, exp, top
sim, exp, top
sim, exp
sim, exp, top
sim, exp, top
sim, exp
obj
atr
att
att
att
att
att
att
att
General description
of appearance
Distinctive features
of species
Colour of plumage
Percher
Food and manner
of hunting
Demarcated breeding area,
defence against other birds
Nests
Parental care
in breeding time
Calls and song
Correlation
gc-lt
gc-lt
gc-lt
gc-lt
gc-lt
p: gc-f
gc-lt
gc-lt
p: gc-f
cha = characterization sim = simple, exp = experiential top = topical obj = object, att = attribute non = no correlation, (p:) gc-lt =
(Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and focus
Table 5: Chaining strategies, local theme, and focus of the text Drongos'
The focus mother node of this text is the object Drongos and the children nodes are all
attributes (cf. gure 7). Correspondingly focus shift candidates for the sentence foci are
attributes from the object Drongos.
The density of information is for some parts very high. In text segment 01 e.g., information
about three features (size, genus characteristic features of body constitution, and geographical
distribution) is presented. This probably is a result of the limited space, which is provided
to present the features of Drongos.
Our second sample about machine generation is taken out of a encyclopedia on linguistic
terminology (cf. appendix p. 36). It illustrates again in how far the subject matter inuences
the chaining strategy used in a text. Although a global characterization chaining strategy
is applied, this strategy is not as obvious as in the text on Drongos. Only two from four
elements of the global chain (Die maschinelle Generierung, Eine adaquate Generierung, Die
Generierungskomponente, and Produzieren) are realized in local theme position (cf. table 14
in appendix). The analysis of foci of the text is typical of expository texts. All foci represent
Drongos
General
description
of appearance
Distinctive
features
of species
Colour
of
Plumage
01
02
03
Demarcated breeding
area, defence
against other birds
Percher
04
06
Food and
manner of
hunting
Nests
Parental
care in
breeding time
05
07
08
Calls
and
song
09
Figure 7: Focus tree for the text "Drongos"
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EP6665: DANDELION
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attribute nodes which are related with the object mother node (machine generation).
Comparing the English and the German analyses we can summarize that again the results are
similar. The most common global chainging strategy used in English and German denitions
is characterization and the selection of focus nodes is done in correspondance to the knowledge
domains which are involved. As to focus-shift candidates, all the texts which were analyzed
presented attribute nodes as candidates to develop the information.
3.4 Argumentative text type
In argumentative texts it is the discourse purpose to substantiate an assertion which is presented in the text (cf. e.g. Heinemann and Viehweger, 1991],Herbig, 1992]). A conclusion
is presented and arguments which give the reasons for this conclusion are specied. As examples for the argumentative text type we selected two commentaries published in German
newspapers. In the text below, similar to the descriptive sample text on Seville spatial information (geography of Germany) has to be presented, but as the text type is argumentative
this is done in a dierent way.
Nostalgie-Karte
(01) Nostalgie-Karte Jahrgang 1992
(Nostalgia-Map of the Year 1992)
(02) So war die politische Geographie einmal zu fernen Zeiten.
(This is how the political geography used to be a long time ago.)
(03) Deutschland noch nicht vereint,
(Germany not yet united,)
(04) der Saar-Lor-Lux-Raum ein weier Fleck auf der Landkarte.
(the Saar-Lor-Lux-area a white spot on the map.)
(05) Zu fernen Zeiten?
(A long time ago?)
(06) Mitnichten!!!
(Far from it!!!)
(07) Die oben abgebildete Deutschlandkarte ndet sich im neuen Taschen-Terminkalender
(The map of Germany shown above is published in the new pocket-agenda 1992)
1992 der Sparkasse Saarbrucken.
(of the savings-bank Saarbrucken.)
(08) Dort hat man noch nicht mitbekommen,
(Where no-one has so far noticed)
(09) da Deutschland um die Kleinigkeit von funf neuen Bundeslandern groer geworden ist.
(hat Germany has grown by the triing bit of ve new Bundeslander.)
(10) Zudem gibt es jenseits der alten DDR-Grenze noch andere Stadte als Leipzig und Berlin,
(Moreover, there are still other cities apart from Leipzig and Berlin beyond the former GDR-frontier,)
so zum Beispiel Rostock, Dresden, Magdeburg oder Saarbuckens Partnerstadt Cottbus.
(so for example, Rostock, Dresden, Magdeburg, or Cottbus, the twin city of Saarbrucken.)
(11) Auerdem scheint den Herren von der Sparkasse entgangen zu sein,
(Besides , it seems that the gentlemen of the savings-bank didn't realize)
(12) da am Ende des Terminello-Jahres 1992 der europaische Binnenmarkt steht.
(that at the end of the Terminello-Year 1992 the Single European Market will come into force.)
(13) Nicht zuletzt vermittelt das Kartchen den Eindruck,
(Last but not least the little map suggests,)
(14) da Saarbrucken der Nabel (Alt-)Deutschlands zu sein scheint.
(that Saarbrucken was the navel of (the former) Germany.)
(15) Je nach anatomischer Sichtweise kann es aber auch ein anderes Korperteil sein.
(But depending on the anatomical point of view it might also refer to another body part.)
(From: Saarbrucker Zeitung, December 14./15. 1991, p. 5)
The global structure of the text (cf. gure 8) consists of the parts conclusion (CONC)
and arguments (ARGU). The latter was further divided into the pro-argumentative (PROARG) and the counter-argumentative part (CON-ARG). The conclusion of the text is realized
implicitly and has to be reconstructed by the help of indications in the text. In this text a
clear indication is given by the juxtaposition of Nostalgie and Jahrgang 1992 in the headline
(text segment 01) of the text. If a map is nostalgic, it must be in some respects not current
with the reality it should represent.
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ARGU
Hierarchy
CONTRA
PRO
CONC
01
ARG1
02-04
ARG
ARG1
08-09
ARG2
10
ARG3
11-12
ARG2
05-07
ARG4
13-15
CONC (01)
Sequence
CONTRA (02-07)
PRO (08-15)
ARGU
Argumentative
pattern of global
structures
CONTRA
ContraArgumentation
PRO
ProArgumentation
ARG
Argument
CONC
Conclusion
Figure 8: Global structure of the text `Nostalgie-Karte Jahrgang 1992'
The counter-argumentative part of the text (text segments 02-07) constists of two arguments which present the perspective of the Sparkasse. It presents the specic knowledge that
is needed to understand the following pro-argumentative part. Therefore, in the counterargumentative part simple and experiential themes are dominant. They create a topical local
chain (cf. table 8 column `local chaining strategy'). The textual theme in text segment 02
refers to the following text segments and signals the beginning of the counter-argumentative
part.
In the pro-argumentative part of the text (text segments 08-15) arguments, which reect the
opinion of the author are presented. In this part the structuring of the text is characteristical
for argumentative texts. In text segments 10, 11, and 13 textual local themes create the global
chain. These conjunctive expressions Zudem, Auerdem, and Nicht zuletzt enumerate the
arguments which are set against the perspective of the Sparkasse presented in text segments
02-07.
Concerning focus and focus shift candidates all foci are classied as fact and evidence nodes
(cf. table 8). The focus tree (see gure 9) again illustrates the global structure of the text.
While the focus mother node of text segment 02 with the children nodes in text segments 03
and 04 reects the perspective of the savings bank, the focus mother node of text segment
06 with it's children nodes in text segments 10, 12, 13, 14 represents the foci in which the
author argues against the perspective of the saving banks.
In this argumentative text the global structure of the text is created with the help of textual
themes in local theme position. They are necessary to attain the argumentative discourse
purpose of the text. The rst part of the text, the counter-argumentative part, is structured
with the help of a local chain of simple and experiential themes which arise from the subject
matter of the text.
22
EP6665: DANDELION
Public
Text level
CateRealization
gory of of local
global
chaining
chaining strategy
strategy
Realization
of global
chaining
strategy
(01)
(02)
(03)
(04)
Nostalgie-Karte
Jahrgang 1992
Deutschland
der Saar-LorLux-Raum
(05)
(06)
(07)
(08)
(09)
(10)
Zudem
arg
(11)
(12)
Auerdem
arg
(13)
(14)
(15)
Nicht
zuletzt
arg
Category of
local
chaining
strategy
par
top
par
par
Die oben
abgebildete
Deutschlandkarte
Dort
par
Deutschland
par
Saarbrucken
par
Deliverable R1.2.2c
Sentence level
CateFocus
gory of
local
Local
theme
Nostalgie-Karte
Jahrgang 1992
So
Deutschland
der Saar-LorLux-Raum
Die oben
abgebildete
Deutschlandkarte
Dort
sim, exp,
top
da Deutschland
Zudem
sim, exp
top
sim, tex
conj
sim, tex,
conj
sim, exp
Auerdem
am Ende des
Terminello-Jahres
Nicht zuletzt
da Saarbrucken
Je nach anatomischer
Sichtweise
par
theme
sim, exp,
sim, tex
sim, exp,
top
sim, exp,
top
sim, exp
sim, tex,
conj
sim, exp
top
sim,
exp
Focus
category
Nostalgia Map
Past political
geography
Unity of
Germany
Importance of
Saar-Lor-Lux
area
Relation of
past and actual
political
geography
Source of map
fac
fac
evi
evi
non
non
lc-lt
lc-lt
fac
fac
non
non
lc-lt
Facts not
considered
in the map
Five new
Bundeslander
Cities beyond the
former border
to the GDR
Responsibility
for the map
Introduction
of the Single
European Market
Impression which
the map provides
Overestimation
of Saarbrucken
Correct
estimation
of Saarbrucken
fac
lc-lt
evi
evi
non
gc-lt
evi
evi
gc-lt
non
evi
evi
fac
gc-lt
non
p: lc-lt
non
par = participant, arg = through- or counter argument sim = simple, exp = experiential, tex = textual top = topical, conj = conjunctive
fac = fact, evi = evidence non = no correlation, gc-lt = Correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-lt = partial or
complete correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) lc-lt = partial or complete correlation of local chaining strategy
and local theme,
Table 6: Argumentative texts: Chaining strategies, local theme, and focus of the text
`Nostalgie-Karte Jahrgang 1992'
Nostalgiekarte
Jahrgang 1992
Nostalgia
map
Past political
geography
01
02
Relation of
past and actual
political geography
05
Unity of
Germany
Importance
of Saar-LorLux area
Five new
Bundesländer
03
04
09
Source
of map
07
06
Facts not
considered
in the map
Responsibility
for the map
11
08
Correct
estimation of
Saarbrücken
15
OverCities beyond
Introduction
Impression
the former border
of the Single
which the map estimation of
Saarbrücken
to the GDR
European Market
provides
10
12
13
14
Figure 9: Focus tree of the text `Nostalgie-Karte Jahrgang 1992'
23
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The global pattern for the second text (cf. appendix p. 37) consists of two parts: the
Conclusion (text segments 01, 02, 07) and the pro-argumentative part (text segment 0306). In the pro-argumentative part arguments are listed by presenting the attitude of the
participants. These arguments support the opinion of the author of the text which is presented
in text segment 02. The global chain of the text consists of two elements - aber schon jetzt:
in text segment 02 and Noch nie in text segment 07. The conjunctive aber and especially
the colon signall the beginning of the pro-argumentative part in the next text segment. The
temporal adverb jetzt in text segment 02 provides a link to noch nie in text segment 07. As
the text is short, this is sucient to indicate the connecting of the parts of the text.
In general, the results of the analysis of commentary parts of German newspapers correspond
with the results of the analysis of English texts. Concerning the focus selection (fact mother
node and evidence children nodes) there is no dierence. In the rst text, as in the English
texts, conjunctive themes were selected in order to emphasize the argumentative structure.
3.5 Instructive text type
A text with an instructive discourse purpose should enable it to the reader to carry out the
actions presented in the text. As in the English analysis we selected method sections from
recipes and instructional sections from instruction manuals as samples for the instructive text
type. The recipe below displays the sequential global chaining strategy, which is used in all
the samples we analyzed.
Eier mit Pilzk
opfchen
(01) Eier mit Pilzkopfchen
(02) Die hartgekochten Eier sch
alen und an den spitzen Enden jeweils einen Deckel abschneiden.
(Peel the hard-cooked eggs and cut o the top from the peaked ends.)
(03) Jetzt aus allen Eiern vorsichtig die Dotter herausnehmen.
(Now, remove the yolks from all eggs.)
(04) Vermengen Sie diese mit Sardellenpaste, saurer Sahne und dem Pfeer.
(Mix them with anchovy-paste, sour cream, and pepper.)
(05) Alles abschmecken und eventuell entsprechend nachw
urzen.
(Taste and then possibly season it.)
(06) F
ullen Sie diese Masse vorsichtig in die leeren Eierhalften und stellen Sie diese aufrecht hin.
(Fill this mass into the empty egg halves and put them upright.)
(07) Setzen Sie nun auf jedes Ei ein Pilzkopfchen, das Sie anschlieend mit Petersilie garnieren, durchziehen lassen.
(Put a head of a mushroom on each egg, garnish afterwards with parsley and let them rest.)
(08) Richten Sie zum Servieren alles auf einem mit Salatblattern ausgelegten Teller an.
(Serve it on a plate laied out with salad leaves.)
(From: Kostlichkeiten schnell gezaubert, Tomus Verlag Munchen, 1979, p. 39)
This strategy is signalled by the selection of process themes in most of the text segments
(text segments 04-07, cf. bold type in text). In text segments 01 and 02 the main ingredient,
the eggs, is presented in local theme position. In text segment 03 the adverb Jetzt signals
the next step of the procedure. From text segment 05 up to the end no textual themes are
needed to indicate the steps of the procedure. Now these steps are marked by process themes
(abschmecken, Fullen, Setzen, Richten, cf. table 7).
The global structure of the text (cf. gure 10) is characterized by the steps (cf. part STEP
in gure 10) which have to be performed to prepare the dish. We have included the title of
the text Eier mit Pilzkopfchen in the analysis, because it presents the result (cf. part RES in
gure 10) which is achieved by performing the actions presented in the other text segments.
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EP6665: DANDELION
Text level
Realization of
global
chaining
strategy
(01)
(02)
(03)
(04)
(05)
(06)
(07)
(08)
schalen ...
abschneiden
herausnehmen
Vermengen
abschmecken ...
nachwurzen
Fullen ... stellen
Setzen ... garnieren ...
durchziehen lassen
Richten
Public
Category of
global
chaining
strategy
seq
seq
seq
seq
seq
seq
seq
Deliverable R1.2.2c
Local
theme
Sentence level
Category
Focus
of local
theme
Focus
category
g mit
Pilzkopfchen
Die hartgekochten Eier
Jetzt aus
allen Eiern
Vermengen
Alles
abschmecken
Fullen
Setzen
Richten
sim, exp
sim, exp
mul, tex, exp
tim
sim, exp,
pro
mul,tex, exp
pro
sim, exp, pro
sim, exp, pro
sim, exp, pro
act
act
act
act
act
act
act
act
eggs with heads of
mushrooms
pre-treatment
of eggs
remove yolks
mix with anchovy-paste,
sour cream, and pepper
taste and season
lling of eggs
head of mushrooms
on eggs, garnish
serve
Correlation
non
p: gc-f
p: gc-f
gc-lt
p: gc-lt
gc-lt
gc-lt
p: gc-f
gc-lt
seq = sequential sim = simple, mul = multiple, exp = experiential, tex = textual tim = time, pro = process non = no correlation, (p:)
gc-lt = (partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = (partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and
focus
Table 7: Instructive texts: Chaining strategies, local theme, and focus of the text `Eier mit
Pilzkopfchen'
INS
Hierarchy
PROD
P01
STEP
STEP1
P02
STEP2
P03
STEP3
P04
STEP4
P05
STEP5
P06
PROD (P01)
STEP6
P07
Sequence
STEP (P02-07)
INS
Instructive pattern
of global structures
PROD
Product
STEP
Steps in a
procedure
Figure 10: Global structure of the recipe `Eier mit Pilzkopfchen'
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Focus nodes and focus shift candidates are determined by the actions which are presented.
The focus tree of the text (cf. gure 11) illustrates the focus shifts from one action to the
next action. Further process verbs are presented in the foci of the text segments (cf. table 7
abschneiden in text segment 02, nachwurzen in text segment 05, garnieren and durchziehen
lassen in text segment 07).
Preparation of
eggs with heads
of mushrooms
mix with
eggs with
pre-treatment remove anchovy-paste,
filling head of mushrooms
heads of
of eggs
yolk sour cream, and season of eggs on eggs, garnish
mushrooms
pepper
01
02
03 04
05
06
07
serve
08
Figure 11: Focus tree of the text `Eier mit Pilzkopfchen'
In the second recipe which we analyzed (cf. appendix p. 38) we also found focus action
nodes and the corresponding focus shift candidates. Further, a sequential chaining strategy
is applied for connecting the text, but it is not signalled by the selection of process themes.
Rather, the ingredients needed to perform the action described in the particular focus are
presented in local theme position. We checked if other German recipes (also from other
cookery-books) would apply this method and found it to be as convenient as the method
applied in the rst recipe. It seems to be characteristical for the realization of this genre
in German. All of the sections of instruction manuals which we analyzed (cf. appendix pp.
39-40) display the global sequential chaining strategy and signal it by the selection of process
themes. The dierence to the English analysis concerning the emphasizing of the chaining
strategy by process themes seems to be restricted to the recipe genre. In the sections of
instruction manuals in most of the text segments process themes are presented, even when
one predicate has to be repeated in nearly all text segments (cf. drucken in table 18 in
appendix).
In general the anaylsis came to the same result as the English analysis. The sequential
chaining strategy is selected to ensure the connection of text parts and is signalled by process
themes. Focus nodes are dependent of the actions presented in the text and therefore the
focus tree consists of action nodes.
4 Conclusion
The analysis above showed, that the results concerning the correlation between purpose and
subject matter of discourse, and chaining strategies on the one hand and the correlations
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between the global chaining strategy of a text and the specic selection of local themes and
foci on the other hand are also valid for German texts. Dierences were either motivated by
the specic realiziation of a highly conventionalized genre (cf. the discussion of the recipe in
section 3.5) or through conditions which were dependent from subject matter (cf. discussion
of biography in section 3.1). The analysis illustrated the importance of local themes selected
corresponding to the global chaining strategy which was applied in the specic text. These
sentence themes not only continued the global chain, but often signalled the beginning of a
new part of the text. In this report we only outlined the role of further chaining strategies,
which were used to ensure the local coherence of the text. For the analysis of longer texts it
would be important to know more about the interaction of these local and global chaining
strategies in texts.
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5 Appendix: Sample texts and results of text analysis
5.1 Narrative text type: Heinrich Boll
(01) B
oll, Heinrich, Schriftsteller, geb. Koln 21.12.1917, gest. Langenbroich (zu Kreuzau) 16.7.1985
(02) war Buchhandelslehrling,
(03) studierte - mit Unterbrechung durch sechsjahrigen Kriegsdienst - Germanistik in Koln
(04) begann als Schriftsteller 1947 mit Kurzgeschichten.
(05) Seine Fr
uhwerke behandeln Schicksale im Krieg: Erzahlung 'Der Zug war punktlich' (1949), Roman
'Wo warst du, Adam?' (1951).
(06) B
oll ging dann uber zu milieuechten Schilderungen seelischer und materieller Not im Nachkriegsdeutschland in Werken,
die ihm den Ruf eines hervorragenden realistischen Erzahlers und Chronisten der sozialen Entwicklung verschaten:
Romane 'Und sagte kein einziges Wort' (1953), 'Haus ohne Huter' (1954).
(07) Er kritisierte in spateren Werken Mistande der sich restaurierenden westdt. Gesellschaft, etwa die Herrschaft der
Wohlstandsideologie und des konformistischen Denkens, bes. auch einen etablierten Katholizismus
('Ansichten eines Clowns', 1963, Roman)
(08) positiv gesehen werden einfache Menschen und Auenseiter.
(09) Breiter angelegte Versuche der Zeitdarstellung sind die Romane 'Billard um halbzehn'
(1959) und 'Gruppenbild mit Dame' (1971).
(10) Die spaten Romane 'Fursorgliche Belagerung' (1979) und 'Frauen vor Flulandschaft' (1985) stieen z.T.
auf Kritik wegen Einseitigkeit des hier gezeichneten Bildes der Bundesrep. Dtl., auch wegen formaler Mangel.
(11) Viele Werke B
olls, bes. die Erzahlungen, haben einen satirischen Einschlag:
(12) den Hintergrund bilden meist rheinische Stadte.
(13) B
oll nahm in Reden, Interviews, Kommentaren, Essays engagiert zu politischen Fragen Stellung, v. a. im Sinne einer
Kritik an als antidemokratisch angesehenen Entwicklungen in der Bundesrep. Dtl. und durch Eintreten fur
Minderheiten und fur die Menschenrechte.
(14) B
oll war 1970-72 Pras. des P.E.N.-Zentrums der Bundesrep. Dtl.,
(15) 1971-74 Pras. des internat. P.E.N.-Clubs.
(16) 1967 erhielt er den Georg-Buchner-Preis,
(17) 1972 den Nobelpreis fur Literatur.
(18) Er war Mitherausgeber der Zeitschrift 'L 76' (spater 'L 80')
(19) schrieb auch Horspiele und ubersetzte engl. Texte.
(Brockhaus, 1987, p. 509 )
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EP6665: DANDELION
Realization
of global
chaining
strategy
(01)
(02)
(03)
(04)
(05)
(06)
(07)
(08)
(09)
Boll,
Heinrich
Schriftsteller
Seine
Fruhwerke
Boll
Er
Text level
CateRealization
gory of of local
global
chaining
chaining strategy
strategy
par
par
par
par
par
par
par
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
Public
Viele
Werke
Bolls
par
Boll
par
Boll
par
er
par
Er
par
par
21.12.1917 ...
16.7.1985
Category of
local
chaining
strategy
Local
theme
tem
Boll, Heinrich,
1947
(1949) ...
(1951)
(1953) ...
(1954)
1963
tem
tem
tem
Seine Fruhwerke
Boll
(1959) ...
(1971)
(1979) ...
(1985)
tem
1970-72
1971-74
1974
1967
tem
Er
positiv gesehen
Breiter angelegte
Versuche der
Zeitdarstellung
Die spaten
Romane... (1985)
Viele Werke
Bolls bes. die
Erzahlungen
den Hintergrund
Boll
tem
tem
tem
tem
tem
Boll
1971-74
1974
1967
Er
Deliverable R1.2.2c
Sentence level
CateFocus
gory of
local
theme
sim, exp
top
sim, exp
top
sim, exp,
top
sim, exp,
top
sim, exp
top
sim, exp
top
sim, exp
top
sim, exp
sim, exp
sim, exp
sim, exp
top
sim, exp
sim, exp
top
sim, exp
top
sim, exp
tim
sim, exp,
tim
sim, exp,
tim
sim, exp,
top
sim, exp,
top
Dates of Birth
and Death
Apprentice in
a book-shop
Studies and war
Starts as an author
of short stories
Consideration of
fates during war
Acquires reputation by
presenting need in
post-war Germany
Critizises the society
of Western Germany
Ordinary man
and outsider
Presentation of
contemporary
history in novels
Criticism of Boll's
one-sidedness and
formal decencies
Satiric elements
in Bolls work
Rhenish cities
form background
Interviews, essays
etc. concerning
political questions
President of
PEN W-Germany
President of PEN
International
Georg Buchner
Prize
Nobel Prize
Co-editor of L76
Writes radio plays
and translations
Focus
category
eve
eve
eve
eve
p: gc-lt
p: lc-f
gc-lt
gc-lt
gc-lt
p: lc-f
gc-lt
p: lc-f
no
p: lc-f
gc-lt
p: lc-f
non
p: lc-f
eve
p: lc-f
obj
gc-lt
eve
eve
non
gc-lt
eve
eve
eve
eve
eve
eve
p: gc-lt
p: lc-f
p: lc-lt
p: gc-f,
lc-lt
gc-lt
gc-lt
eve
eve
eve
eve
eve
tem = temporal, par = participant sim = simple, exp = experiential top = topical, tim = time, obj = object, eve = event non =
no correlation, (p:) gc-lt = partial or complete correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = partial or complete
correlation of global, (p:) lc-lt = partial or complete correlation of local chaining strategy and local theme
Table 8: Global chaining strategy, local theme, and focus of the text `Heinrich Boll'
29
Correlation
EP6665: DANDELION
Public
Deliverable R1.2.2c
5.2 Narrative text type: Bern
(01) Bern wurde 1191 von Herzog BERCHTOLD V., dem lezten Zahringer, im Anschlu an die Burg Nydegg auf Reichsboden gegrundet.
(02) Nach dem Tod BERCHTOLDS wurde es 1218 Reichsstadt und bluhte rasch auf.
(03) Die Regierung lag in den Handen einer adligen Oberschicht, der es gelang, das Mitspracherecht der Zunfte abzuwehren.
(04) Um gegen den umliegenden burgund. und osterr. Adel einen Ruckhalt zu haben, verbundete sich Bern mit den
eidgenoss. Orten Uri, Schwyz und Unterwalden,
(05) siegte mit ihrer Unterstutzung bei Laupen (1339)
(06) und schlo 1353 den Ewigen Bund.
(07) Die Stadt gewann Herrschaft uber das umliegende Land,
(08) eroberte 1415 den habsburg. Aargau bis zur Reu,
(09) fuhrte die Eidgenossenschaft 1476-77 im Kampf gegen KARL DEN KU HNEN
(10) und entri Savoyen 1536 die Waadt.
(11) 1528 wurde die Reformation eingefuhrt.
(12) Neben Zurich erlangte Bern die fuhrende Stellung in der Eidgenossenschaft.
(13) Die Verfassung gestaltete sich im 17. und 18. Jh. aristokratisch, die Politik des Patriziats absolutistisch.
(14) Verschiedene Aufstande dagegen (1653, 1723, 1749) wurden blutig unterdruckt.
(15) 1798 besetzten frz. Truppen das Land und trennten den Aargau, Waadt und das Oberland ab, die zu selbstandigen Kantonen erhoben wurden.
(16) Nur das Oberland el 1803 an den Kanton Bern zuruck.
(Brockhaus, 1987, p. 158 )
Realization
of global
chaining
strategy
(01)
(02)
(03)
(04)
(05)
(06)
(07)
1191
Nach dem Tod
Berchtolds
1218
Text level
CateRealization
gory of of local
global
chaining
chaining strategy
strategy
tem
tem
Bern
es
Category of
local
chaining
strategy
par
par
Die Regierung
Bern
Die Stadt
par
par
par
par
par
(1339)
1353
tem
tem
(08)
(09)
(10)
(11)
(12)
1415
1476-77
1536
1528
tem
tem
tem
tem
par
par
par
Bern
par
(13)
(14)
tem
tem
Die Verfassung
par
(15)
im 17. und
18. Jh.
(1653, 1723,
1749)
1798
tem
das Land
par
(16)
1803
tem
Kanton Bern
par
Local
theme
Bern
Nach dem Tod
Berchtolds
Die Regierung
Um gegen den
... zu haben
und Die Stadt
und 1528
Neben Zurich
Die Verfassung
Verschiedene
Aufstande,
dagegen (1653,
1723, 1749)
1798
Nur das
Oberland
Sentence level
CateFocus
gory of
local
theme
sim, exp
top
sim, exp
tim
sim, exp
top
sim, exp
sim, exp
mul, tex,
exp, top
sim, exp
top
sim, exp
sim, exp
sim, tex,
exp, top
sim, exp,
sim, exp
sim, exp
top
sim, exp
tim
sim, exp
tim
sim, exp
Focus
category
Foundation
of Bern
Bern becomes
'Reichsstadt'
Aristocracy
governs Bern
Becomes member of
`Eidgenossenschaft'
Victory of Laupen
top
'Ewiger Bund'
Control of
surrounding
territory
Conquest
of Aargau
Fight against
Karl den Kuhnen
Conquest of
Waadt
Reformation
Leading position
within the 'Eidgenossenschaft'
Constitution
and politics
Revolts
eve
eve
French occupation
and loss
of territories
Oberland
belongs to Bern
eve
eve
eve
eve
eve
gc-f
lc-lt
gc-lt
gc-f
lc-f
lc-lt
p: lc-f
gc-f
p: gc-f
lc-lt
p: gc-f
lc-lt
lc-lt
eve
eve
eve
eve
eve
p: gc-f
lc-lt
p: gc-f
lc-lt
p: gc-f
lc-lt
gc-lt
lc-f
eve
eve
p: gc-f
lc-lt
p: gc-lt
eve
gc-lt
p: lt-f
p: gc-f
eve
tem = temporal, par = participant sim = simple, mul = multiple, exp = experiential, tex = textual top = topical, tim = time eve =
event non = no correlation, (p:) gc-lt = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = (Partial) correlation
of global chaining strategy and focus, (p:) lc-lt = (Partial) correlation of local chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) lc-f = (Partial)
correlation of local chaining strategy and focus
Table 9: Global chaining strategy, local theme, and focus of the text `Bern'
30
Correlation
EP6665: DANDELION
Public
Deliverable R1.2.2c
5.3 Narrative text type: History of Granada
(01) Der Albacin war schon zu Zeiten der Iberer besiedelt, denen Romer und Westgoten folgten
(02) besondere Bedeutung hatte die Siedlung damals aber nicht.
(03) Das anderte sich mit der Eroberung durch die Araber im Jahre 711.
(04) Machtige Verteidigungsanlagen entstanden, noch von den Romern stammende Bewasserungsanlagen
wurden ausgebaut und verbessert, Palaste, Schulen und Moscheen errichtet.
(05) Zwar stand die arabische Stadt Garnata ("Granatapfel") noch im Schatten von Cordoba,
(06) doch galt sie damals schon als Sammelbecken von Gelehrten und Dichtern, die ihre Schonheit zu preisen nicht mude wurden.
(07) Mit dem Zerfall des Kalifats von Cordoba 1031 rief dessen Statthalter Granada zur eigenstandigen Taifa (Teilkonigreich) aus.
(08) Ab 1090 gelangte die Dynastie der Almoraviden, spater die der Almohaden an die Macht.
(09) W
ahrenddessen nahm die Reconquista ihren Gang
(10) 1236 el das gleichfalls von den Almohaden regierte Cordoba an die christlichen Heere.
(11) Mohammed Al-ahmar, ein echtes Schlitzohr, nutzte die Probleme der Almohaden auf seine
Weise, erhob sich zum Konig Granadas und grundete so die Dynastie der Nasriden.
(12) Als gewiefter Taktiker, der die militarische U berlegenheit der christlichen Heere erkannt hatte, verbundete er sich mit den Spaniern,
beteiligte sich auf Seiten Kastiliens sogar aktiv an der Eroberung Sevillas 1248.
(13) Seine Nachfolger agierten politisch nicht weniger geschickt, zahlten Tribut an Kastilien und hielten so Granada als letzte
maurische Bastion bis ins Jahr 1492.
(14) Unter den Nasriden erlebte Granada seine Blute, eine Zeit verfeinerter Kunst und Kultur, deren kostbarstes Zeugnis die Alhambra ist.
(15) Die Vereinigung der Konigreiche Kastilien und Aragon durch die Heirat der Reyes Catolicos Isabella und
Ferdinand II. sollte das Ende der Maurenherrschaft bedeuten.
(16) Die strategischen Befestigungen Alhama de Granda und Malaga wurden 1482/85 erobert,
(17) dem letzten Konig Boabdil "el Chico" ("der Knabe") blieb nur mehr seine Hauptstadt.
(18) Am 2. Januar 1492 mute er auch sie aufgeben.
(19) Boabdil tat es kampos
(20) wie es heit, um die Alhambra nicht der Zerstorung preiszugeben.
(21) Auf seinem Abzug in die Alpujarras soll er sich ein letztes Mal umgesehen und den Verlust tief beklagt haben (22) der Ort der Handlung, ein Pa an der heutigen N 323, heit seitdem Suspiro del Moro: "Seufzer des Mohren".
(23) Die christlichen Herrscher zeigten sich den Mauren gegenuber anfangs vergleichsweise tolerant und gewahrten ihnen Aufenthaltsrecht.
(24) Mit der Vertreibung der Morisken (zwangsgetaufte Mauren) 1570 und 1609 begann fur Granada ein rascher Niedergang
(25) die einst so glanzvolle Konigsstadt verkam zum Provinznest.
(26) Erst Anfang unseres Jahrhunderts setzte, ausgelost zunachst durch die Landwirtschaft,
dann durch den Tourismus, ein neuer Aufschwung ein.
(Thomas Schroder Andalusien. Erlangen: Muller Verlag, S. 164-166)
31
EP6665: DANDELION
Realization
of global
chaining
strategy
(1)
(02)
(03)
(04)
(05)
(06)
(07)
(08)
(09)
(10)
zu Zeiten
der Iberer
damals
im Jahre
711
damals
1031
Ab 1090
Wahrenddessen
1236
Text level
CateRealization
gory of of local
global
chaining
chaining strategy
strategy
tem
tem
tem
tem
tem
tem
tem
tem
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
1248
bis ins
Jahr 1492
Unter den
Nasriden
tem
tem
tem
tem
(16)
1482/85
tem
Am 2. Januar
1492
tem
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
Public
1570 und
1609
1609
tem
Erst Anfang
unseres
Jahrhunderts
tem
Der Albacin
die Siedlung
Category of
local
chaining
strategy
par1
par1
die arabische
Stadt Garnata
sie
par1
par1
Mohammed
Al-ahmar
Als gewiefter
Taktiker
Seine
Nachfolger
par2
par3
par3
par3
Auf seinem
... er
par3
Der Albacin
besondere
Bedeutung
Das
Machtige
Verteidigungsanlagen
Zwar
doch
Mit dem Zerfall
... 1031
Ab 1090
Wahrenddessen
1236
Mohammed
Al-ahmar ...
Schlitzohr
Als gewiefter
Taktiker
Seine
Nachfolger
Unter den
Nasriden
Die Vereinigung
...
Ferdinand II
Die strategischen ...
Malaga
dem letzten
Konig Boabdil
Am 2. Januar
1492
Boabdil
wie es heit
Auf seinem
...er
der Ort der ...
Die christlichen
Herrscher
Mit der
Vertreibung ...
1570 und 1609
die einst so
glanzvolle
Konigsstadt
Erst Anfang
unseres
Jahrhunderts
par2
par2
dem letzten
Konig Boabdil
er
Boabdil
Local
theme
Deliverable R1.2.2c
Sentence level
CateFocus
gory of
local
theme
sim, exp
top
sim, exp
sim, exp
sim, exp
sim, tex
sim, tex
sim, exp
tim
sim, exp
tim
sim, exp
tim
sim, exp
tim
sim, exp
top
sim, exp
top
sim, exp
top
sim, exp,
tim
sim, exp
sim, exp
sim, exp
top
sim, exp
tim, top
sim, exp,
top
sim, exp
sim, exp
top
sim, exp
sim, exp
sim, exp
tim
sim, exp
sim, exp
tim
First
settlement
Relevance
Conquest
by Arabian
Infrastructure
Relation to
other towns
Science
and art
Taifa
1031
Almoravides,
Almohades
Reconquista
Cordoba
conquered by
the Christians
Dynasty of
the Nasrides
Conquest of
Sevilla
Last
bulwark
Art and
culture
Marriage of
Isabella and
Ferdinand II
Fall of Alhama
de Granada
and Malaga
Boabdil stays
in his capital
Boabdil looses
his capital
Without ght
No destruction
of Alhambra
Complaint
Name of
Suspiro del Moro
Tolerance of
Christians
Expolsion of
the Moriskes
Descent of
Granada
Tourism at the
beginning of
the 20th century
Focus
category
eve
eve
eve
attr
p: gc-f,
lc-lt
p: gc-f
p: gc-f
non
eve
eve
eve
eve
eve
eve
p: lc-f
p: gc-f,
p: lc-f
p: gc-lt
gc-lt
gc-lt
gc-lt
eve
p: lc-lt
eve
eve
eve
eve
p: gc-f,
p: lc-lt
p: gc-f,
lc-lt
gc-lt,
lc-gc
non
eve
p: gc-f
eve
eve
eve
eve
eve
eve
eve
eve
lc-lt
gc-lt,
lc-f
lc-lt
non
p: lc-lt
non
non
p: gc-lt
eve
non
eve
gc-lt
tem = temporal, par = participant sim = simple, exp = experiential top = topical, tim = time, eve = event non = no correlation, (p:)
gc-lt: (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and
focus, (p:) lc-lt: (Partial) correlation of local chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) lc-f = (Partial) correlation of local chaining strategy
and focus
Table 10: Global chaining strategy, local theme, and focus of the text `Granada'
32
Correlation
EP6665: DANDELION
Public
Deliverable R1.2.2c
5.4 Descriptive text type: `Guadix'
(01) Ein freundliches Landstadtchen, seit der Einrichtung einer Ortsumgehung nach Murcia auch nicht mehr
gar so verkehrsgeplagt.
(02) Guadix ist bekannt fur seine Kathedrale, mehr aber noch fur das Barrio de Santiago, eine Ansammlung von tief in den
weichen Lo gegrabenen Hohlenwohnungen.
(03) Die Orientierung in Guadix ist einfach.
(04) Das Zentrum liegt beim groen Kreisverkehr, an dem die U berlandstraen zusammentreen.
(05) Wenige hundert Meter Richtung Almeria markiert, bei einem Park, rechterhand der weie Torbau
Puerta de San Torcuato den Zugang zur Altstadt um die Plaza Mayor.
(06) Ganz oben auf dem H
ugel liegen die Reste einer maurischen Festung (Alcazaba), von denen man einen
guten Ausblick auf das Hohlenviertel im S
udwesten der Stadt geniet.
(T. Schroder: Andalusien, Michael. Erlangen: Muller Verlag, S. 197)
Text level
Realization of
global
chaining
strategy
(01)
(02)
(03)
(04)
(05)
(06)
Die Orientierung
in Guadix
Das Zentrum
Wenige hundert Meter
Richtung Almeria ...
rechterhand
Ganz oben
auf dem Hugel
... im Sudwesten
Category of
global
chaining
strategy
spa
spa
spa
spa
Local
theme
Sentence level
Category Focus
of local
theme
Ein freundliches
Landstadtchen ...
Guadix
Die Orientierung
in Guadix
Das Zentrum
Wenige hundert Meter
Richtung Almeria
Ganz oben
auf dem Hugel
sim, exp
sim, exp
sim, exp,
loc
sim, exp,
loc
sim, exp,
loc
sim, exp,
loc
trac in Guadix
sights
simple
orientation
location of centre
old part of
the town
Alcazaba and view
of cave-dwellings
Focus
category
obj
att
att
att
att
att
Correlation
non
non
gc-lt
gc-lt
gc-lt
p: gc-f
gc-lt
p: gc-f
spa = spatial top = topical, sim = simple, exp = experiential loc = location obj = object, att = attribute non = no correlation, (p:)
gc-lt: (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and
focus
Table 11: Global chaining strategy, local theme, and focus of the text `Guadix'
33
EP6665: DANDELION
Public
Deliverable R1.2.2c
5.5 Descriptive text type: Description of book 1
(01) Peter Lahnstein erzahlt in seinem neuen Buch das Leben des groen Dichters Eduard Morike.
(02) Gleichzeitig liefert er auch eine geistige Anatomie der Biedermeierzeit.
(03) Die damonische Kehrseite der Idylle wird sichtbar: materielle Not, Krankheit,
die Kriminalitat der Bruder und Morikes Ehe tragodie.
(04) Daneben stehen die Freundschaft - fur Morike ein immer wieder bewahrtes und bewahrendes Lebenselement und Begegnungen mit bedeutenden Zeitgenossen: Holderlin, Storm, Hebbel, Turgeniew und Schwind.
(05) Eine Dichterbiographie voll praziser Milieuschilderung
(06) und zugleich ein Beitrag zur deutschen Kultur- und Sozialgeschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts.
(Rothkegel, 1993], p. 146)
(01)
(02)
(03)
(04)
(05)
(06)
Text level
Realization of Categlobal
gory of
chaining
global
strategy
chaining
strategy
Gleichzeitig
abs
Daneben
abs
und
zugleich
abs
Local
theme
Peter
Lahnstein
Gleichzeitig
Die damonische
Kehrseite
der Idylle
Daneben
Eine Dichterbiographie
und
zugleich
Sentence level
Category Focus
of local
theme
Focus
category
sim, exp
sim, tex,
loc
sim, exp
obj
att
att
non
gc-lt
non
att
gc-lt
att
att
non
gc-lt
sim, exp,
loc
sim, exp
sim, tex,
con
contents of the new
book is life of Morike
describes
Biedermeier
dark sides
of the life
of Morike
positive
aspects of
Morike's life
describes
milieu
cultural and social history
of 19th century
Correlation
top = topical, abs = abstract-spatial, sim = simple, exp = experiential, tex = textual, loc = location obj = object, att = attribute non
= no correlation, (p:) gc-lt: (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = (Partial) correlation of global
chaining strategy and focus, (p:) lc-lt: (Partial) correlation of local chaining strategy and local theme
Table 12: Global chaining strategy, local theme, and focus of the text `Book 1'
34
EP6665: DANDELION
Public
Deliverable R1.2.2c
5.6 Descriptive text type: Description of book 2
(01) Julius Meier-Graefes "Entwicklungsgeschichte der modernen Kunst gehort zu den Klassikern der Kunstgeschichte.
(02) Der erste Band behandelt die Entwicklung der bildenden Kunst von den Meistern der italienischen Renaissance
uber das 17. und 18. Jahrhundert bis zu den deutschen Impressionisten Liebermann und Vogt.
(03) Band 2 beginnt mit den Idealisten um Feuerbach und Marees
und fuhrt uber den franzosischen Impressionismus zu Max Beckmann.
(Rothkegel, 1993, ?])
(01)
Text level
Realization Cateof global
gory of
chaining
global
strategy
chaining
strategy
Local
theme
(02)
Der
erste
Band
abs
Julius Meier Graefes
Entwicklungsgeschichte
der modernen Kunst
Der
erste
Band
(03)
Band 2
abs
Band 2
Sentence level
Category Focus
of local
theme
Focus
category
sim, exp
obj
lc-lt
attr
gc-lt
sim, exp
loc
attr
gc-lt
sim, exp
loc
is a classic of the
history
history of art
deals with development
of art from classics,
17th and 18th century,
and German Impressionists
idealists, French
Impressionism, and
Max Beckmann
Correlation
top = topical, abs = abstract-spatial, sim = simple, exp = experiential, tex = textual, loc = location obje = object, attr = attribute
non = no correlation, (p:) gc-lt: (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) lc-lt: (Partial) correlation of local
chaining strategy and local theme
Table 13: Global chaining strategy, local theme, and focus of the text `Book description 2'
35
EP6665: DANDELION
Public
Deliverable R1.2.2c
5.7 Expository: `Generierung'
(01) Die maschinelle Generierung naturlichsprachlicher Satze bzw. Texte aus internen Reprasentationen
(Bedeutungsreprasentationen) umfat die Phase der Planung des A uerungsinhalts
(what to say) und der Form der A uerung (how to say).
(02) Diese Aufgabenteilung spiegelt sich in der Systemarchitektur durch die Trennung in eine strategische und
eine taktische Komponente wider.
(03) Eine ad
aquate Generierung ist jedoch nur moglich, wenn eine Interaktion zwischen den beiden Komponenten
stattndet.
(04) Eine gegenwartig oene Frage ist, inwieweit die Generierungskomponente auf die gleichen Typen von sprachlichem
und auersprachlichem Wissen zugreifen kann wie die Verstehenskomponente.
(05) Insbesondere ist nicht geklart, in welchem Umfang Verstehen und Produzieren als inverse Prozesse
angesehen werden konnen.
(Hadumod Bumann: Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft, Alfred Kroner Verlag: Stuttgart, 1990, p. 271)
(01)
(02)
(03)
(04)
(05)
Text level
Realization of Categlobal
gory of
chaining
global
strategy
chaining
strategy
Die maschinelle
Generierung
Eine adaquate
Generierung
par
par
Local
theme
Sentence level
Category Focus
of local
theme
Die maschinelle
Generierung ...
Bedeutgsreprasentationen
Diese
Aufgabenteilung
Eine adaquate
Generierung
Eine gegenwartig
oene Frage
Insbesondere
sim, exp
top
sim, exp
sim, exp
top
sim, exp
sim, exp
stages of machine
generation
components of
system architecture
interaction between
components
access on knowledge
processing and generating
as inverse processes
Focus
category
Correlation
obj
gc-lt
att
att
att
att
gc-lt
gc-lt
non
non
par = participant, top = topical, absb = abstract-spatial, sim = simple, exp = experiential, tex = textual obj = object, att = attribute
non = no correlation, (p:) gc-lt: (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = (Partial) correlation of
global chaining strategy and focus, (p:) lc-lt: (Partial) correlation of local chaining strategy and local theme
Table 14: Global chaining strategy, local theme, and focus of the text `Generierung'
36
EP6665: DANDELION
Public
Deliverable R1.2.2c
5.8 Argumentative text type: commentary
(1) Alle Welt hot, da es im Krieg um Kuweit nicht noch zu einem Einsatz von Atomwaen kommt.
(2) Ein Beinahe-Atomkrieg ist der Golfkrieg aber schon jetzt:
(3) Die alliierte Luftotte gibt an, das `irakische Atomwaenpotential' planmaig zerstort zu haben
(4) Sadam Hussein hat erklart, die irakischen Mittelstreckenraketen konnten mit C-, B- und A-Waen
ausgerustet werden
(5) die israelische Regierung droht, bei einem Chemiewaenangri "vernichtend" zuruckzuschlagen,
(6) die amerikanische Regierung hat sich ahnlich geauert.
(7) Noch nie seit Hiroshima war die Welt dem Einsatz nuklearer Massenvernichtungswaen so nahe.
(01)
(02)
(03)
(04)
(05)
(06)
(07)
Text level
Realization of Categlobal
gory of
chaining
global
strategy
chaining
strategy
aber schon jetzt
arg
Noch nie
arg
Local
theme
Sentence level
Category Focus
of local
theme
Alle Welt hot,
Ein Beinahe-Atomkrieg
Die alliierte Luftotte
Sadam Hussein
die israelische Regierung
die amerikanische Regierung
Noch nie
sim, exp
sim, exp
con
sim, exp
con
sim, exp
sim, exp
sim, exp
sim, exp
con
no use of nuclear weapons
Golf war is almost
a nuclear warfare
nuclear weapons of
Iraq destroyed
nuclear equipment of Irac
repulse with nuclear weapons
similar reaction
world is not far from employment of nuclear weapons
Focus
category
fac
fac
evi
evi
evi
evi
fac
Correlation
non
p: gc-f
non
non
non
non
gc-lt
arg = through argument chaining strategy sim = simple, exp = experiential, con = conjunctive fac = fact, evi = evidence non =
no correlation, (p:) gc-lt = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = (Partial) correlation of global
chaining strategy and focus
Table 15: Argumentative texts: Chaining strategies, local theme, and focus of commentary
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EP6665: DANDELION
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5.9 Instructive text type: Kanadischer Sahne-Lachs
(01) Kanadischer Sahne-Lachs
(02) O l, Saft einer halben Zitrone und Petersilie zur Marinade anruhren.
(03) Lachs salzen, eine halbe Stunde liegen lassen, dann mit der Marinade betraufeln.
(04) Nochmals etwas ruhen lassen.
(05) Lachs dann in heiem Fett von beiden Seiten anbacken, die Marinade zufugen, alles langsam garen lassen.
(06) Restliche Zitrone, Kapern und saure Sahne in den Fond zu den Lachsscheiben gieen, durchziehen lassen.
(07) Eine Zitrone waschen, in Scheiben schneiden und das Gericht damit garnieren, daruber Petersilienzweige legen.
(08) Dazu Salat, Puree oder Reis servieren.
(From: Kostlichkeiten schnell gezaubert, Tomus Verlag Munchen, 1979, p. 60)
Text level
Realization of
global
chaining
strategy
(01)
(02)
(03)
(04)
(05)
(06)
(07)
(08)
anruhren
salzen ... liegen
lassen ... betraufeln
ruhen lassen
anbacken ... zufugen
...garen lassen
gieen, durchziehen
lassen
waschen ... schneiden ...
garnieren ... daruber legen
servieren
Category of
global
chaining
strategy
seq
seq
seq
seq
seq
seq
seq
Sentence level
Category Focus
of local
theme
Local
theme
Kanadischer Sahne-Lachs
O l, Saft einer halben Zitrone
und Petersilie
Lachs
Nochmals
Lachs
Restliche Zitrone, Kapern
und saure Sahne
Eine Zitrone
Dazu Salat,
Puree oder Reis
sim, exp
sim, exp
sim, exp
sim, exp
sim, exp
sim, exp
sim, exp
sim, exp
preparation of
Canadian salmon
preparation
of marinade
preparation of
salmon
let soak
cooking of salmon
add ingredients
and let soak
garnishing
serve
Focus
category
act
act
act
act
act
act
act
act
Correlation
non
p: gc-f
p: gc-f
p: gc-f
p: gc-f
p: gc-f
p: gc-f
gc-f
seq = sequential chaining strategy sim = simple, exp = experiential non = no correlation, (p:) gc-f = (Partial) correlation of global
chaining strategy and focus
Table 16: Instructive texts: Chaining strategies, local theme, and focus of the text `Kanadischer Sahne-Lachs'
38
EP6665: DANDELION
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Deliverable R1.2.2c
5.10 Instructive text type: Kaee zubereiten
(01) Wasser
(02) - F
ullen Sie den Wasserbehalter mit Wasser - nicht unterhalb der untersten und nicht oberhalb
der obersten Anzeige (ABB.1).
(03) - Verwenden Sie nur frisches kaltes Wasser
(04) Die linke Markierung entspricht groen Tassen (125ml).
(05) Die rechte Markierung entspricht kleinen Tassen (100ml).
(06) Kaeepulver
(07) - Filterpapier Typ "1x4"
(08) Vergessen Sie nicht die Kanten zu falzen.
(09) Geben Sie den gemahlenen Kaee in den Filter und verteilen Sie es gleichmassig (Abb.3).
(10) - Je nach Ihrem personlichen Geschmack konnen Sie die Menge Kaeepulver und Wasser selbst bestimmen.
(11) Verwenden Sie fur Kaeemaschinen gemahlenen Kaee.
(12) Wenn Sie Ihren Kaee selber mahlen, mahlen Sie ihn nicht zu fein.
(Philips HD7200/2/4 - Gebrauchsanleitung Kaeemaschine)
(01)
(02)
(03)
(04)
(05)
(06)
(07)
(08)
(09)
(10)
(11)
(12)
Text level
Realization of Categlobal
gory of
chaining
global
strategy
chaining
strategy
Fullen
Verwenden
seq
zu falzen
Geben
... verteilen
seq
seq
seq
Verwenden
mahlen
seq
seq
Local
theme
Sentence level
Category
Focus
of local
theme
Focus
category
Wasser
Fullen
Verwenden
Die linke Markierung
Die rechte Markierung
Kaeepulver
Filterpapier Typ "1x4"
Vergessen Sie nicht
Geben
Je nach Ihrem personlichen
Geschmack
Verwenden
Wenn Sie Ihren Kaee selber
mahlen
sim, exp
sim, exp, pro
sim, exp, pro
sim, exp
sim, exp
sim, exp
sim, exp
sim, exp, pro
sim, exp, pro
sim, exp
sim, exp, pro
sim, exp, pro
att
act
act
att
att
att
att
act
act
act
act
act
Water
lling of the tank
cold water
big cups
small cups
ground coee
type of lter paper
preparation of lter
put coee into lter,
spread it
quantity of coee and water
only ground coee
do not grind coee too ne
Correlation
non
gc-lt
gc-lt
non
non
non
non
p: gc-f
p: gc-lt-f
non
gc-lt
gc-f
seq = sequential chaining strategy sim = simple, exp = experiential, pro = process act = action, att = attribute non = no correlation,
(p:) gc-lt = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy
and focus, (p:) gc-lt-f = (Partial) correlation of all categories
Table 17: Instructive texts: Chaining strategies, local theme, and focus of the text `Kaee
zubereiten'
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EP6665: DANDELION
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Deliverable R1.2.2c
5.11 Instructive text type: Einstellen der Benutzerkennung
(01) Hier kann Ihr Name, der Name Ihres Unternehmens oder jeder andere Name als Bestandteil
der Kopfzeile einer Faxmitteilung eingetragen werden.
(02) 1. Dr
ucken Sie die FUNKTIONS-TASTE 0] und 4] oder die FUNKTIONS-TASTE, bis "TEILNEHMER NAME" angezeigt wird.
(03) 2. Dr
ucken Sie die START-TASTE und geben Sie uber den Ziernblock die Kennung ein.
(04) Dr
ucken Sie die Taste solange, bis das gewunschte Zeichen angezeigt wird.
(05) Wenn sie sich vertippt haben, dr
ucken Sie die LO SCHEN-TASTE und wiederholen Sie die Eingabe.
(06) Mit der Taste #] springen Sie weiter auf das folgende Zeichen, mit *] ein Zeichen zuruck.
(07) Mit der MODUS-TASTE wechseln Sie zwischen der Eingabe von Buchstaben und Zahlen.
(08) 3. Dr
ucken Sie die START-TASTE
(09) Dr
ucken Sie die RESET-TASTE, um in den Bereitschaftsmodus zuruckzukehren.
(Amstrad FX 6000 AT FAX/ANTRUFBEANTWORTER, Benutzerhandbuch)
(01)
(02)
(03)
(04)
(05)
(06)
(07)
(08)
(09)
Text level
Realization of Categlobal
gory of
chaining
global
strategy
chaining
strategy
Local
theme
Sentence level
Category
Focus
of local
theme
kann eingetragen
werden
Drucken
Focus
category
seq
seq
Hier
Drucken
sim, exp
sim, exp, pro
act
act
p: gc-f
gc-lt
Drucken
... geben ... ein
Drucken
drucken
springen
wechseln
Drucken
Drucken
seq
seq
seq
seq
seq
seq
seq
seq
Drucken
Drucken
Wenn sie sich
vertippt haben
Mit der Taste #]
Mit der MODUSTASTE
Drucken
Drucken
sim, exp, pro
sim, exp, pro
sim, exp
sim, exp
sim, exp
sim, exp, pro
sim, exp, pro
act
act
act
act
act
act
act
act
gc-lt
p: gc-f
gc-lt
gc-f
p: gc-f
p: gc-f
gc-lt
gc-lt
ll in name
FUNCTION BUTTON until
TEILNEHMER-NAME
is displayed
ll in
identication
until sign appears
press erase button and
repeat input
jump forward and backword
changing input from
letters to numbers
START button
return to stand-by mode
Correlation
seq = sequential chaining strategy sim = simple, exp = experiential, pro = process act = action non = no correlation, (p:) gc-lt =
(Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and focus
Table 18: Instructive texts: Chaining strategies, local theme, and focus of the text `Einstellen
der Benutzerkennung'
40
EP6665: DANDELION
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Deliverable R1.2.2c
References
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EP6665: DANDELION
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Deliverable R1.2.2c
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42