Migration from India to Germany

Transcrição

“Indian skilled migration to Germany:
experiences in the host country and home country engagement”
Dr. Gabriela Tejada
Cooperation and Development Center
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Migration from India to Germany: Immigration, work, life, diaspora engagement
Federal Office for Migration and Refugees
Nuremberg
22 September 2015
Research Project
“Migration, Scientific Diasporas and Development:
Impact of Skilled Return Migration on Development in India”
Conducted between January 2011 – March 2013
22 09 2015
2
Partner institutions:
₋ Cooperation & Development Center (CODEV) at the Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
₋ International Labour Office (ILO), Geneva
₋ International Migration & Diasporas Studies Project of Jawaharlal Nehru
University (JNU), New Delhi
₋ Institute of Development Studies Kolkata (IDSK), Kolkata
Funding agency:
₋ Swiss Network for International Studies (SNIS)
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Objectives
• Taking the example of Indian skilled migration, the project aimed at:
• advancing empirical knowledge on skilled return migration and its
impact on development (country of origin)
• exploring strategies for leveraging the potential of skilled migrants
abroad (diaspora) (countries of destination)
 Two fold approach: country of origin & countries of destination in one
single study
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Why India?
• High quality of human resources and source of skilled
personnel
• Interest of Indian government to capitalize on
resources of overseas Indians
• Recognised as a country benefitting from positive
effects of skilled migration; but lacking a
comprehensive understanding of the determinants of
skills transfer
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Research focus and methods
 Four destination countries in Europe
Germany, France, Switzerland and The Netherlands
 Six fieldwork locations in India
Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, NCR, Mumbai and Pune
 Fieldwork between 2011 and 2012 in India and Europe
 Methods:
• 2 complementary quantitative surveys :
 one for skilled Indians in Europe (878 persons)
 one for skilled Indians in India (527 returnees and
146 non-migrants – control group)
• Face-to-face in depth interviews
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Main research questions
For the European part:
• What are the migration motives of skilled Indians in Europe?
• What are their employment / study situation and living experiences there?
• In what ways are they engaged in development activities in India through
planned return, remittances and investments, knowledge and skills transfer
and social impact?
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Main research questions
For the Indian part:
• What are the determinants behind return of skilled Indians?
• What is their current employment situation in India?
• How has their international exposure affected them professionally,
economically and socially?
• To what extent do they influence development in India through
investments, knowledge and skills transfer and social impact upon
return?
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European survey: Diaspora
Experiences in Germany, development aspirations
and return plans
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Experiences in host countries
Satisfaction with local conditions (scale from 1-very unsatisfied to 5-very satisfied)
Development aspirations
«How important is regional and national development of India to you?»
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« Do you think your present activity could have an impact
on socio-economic development of India ? »
Main observations:
• 70 % say their present activity could have an impact on socio economic
development of India
• Skilled Indians in Germany link their development aspirations to their return
plans
• They believe Indian society can benefit from their expertise and accumulated
knowledge and technical skills acquired abroad
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« Do you think your present activity could have an impact
on socio-economic development of India ? »
Activity profile of skilled Indians and aspirations towards home country development
Activity
Employed
Yes
(%)
No
(%)
Total
(persons in
sample)
65.2 34.8
221
In training /
75.1 24.9
education*
413
Other**
55.4 44.6
56
Total
70.3 29.7
690
22 09 2015
Categories of
employment
MNC originating
elsewhere
MNC originating
from NL/CH/FR/DE
MNC originating
from India
Academic and
research
I am self-employed.
Local company /
institution
Total
No
answer
No
(%)
Yes
(%)
Total nr of
respondents
11.9
40.48 47.62
42
6.49
38.96 54.55
77
0
10
90
10
4.41
23.81
25 70.59
23.81 52.38
68
21
9.68
21.5
32.26 58.06
23.32 55.18
31
249
13
Linking development aspirations
to diaspora engagement and return
Testimonies from skilled Indians in Germany
« I can influence India from here in the form of direct contribution
through scientific knowledge and technology transfer and by helping
to educate and train young professionals (Phd student)»
« If I go back and I do this research in India, it could potentially help
more students in my field to have a good exposure. Especially those
brilliant ones who cannot afford to go out (Postdoctoral researcher)»
22 09 2015
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Return plans
Skilled Indians’ perceptions of opportunities in the home country
Perceptions about various factor prevailing in India ( in % )
Ranking
Very good
Good
Neither good
nor bad
Bad
Very bad
Total number of
respondents
22 09 2015
Jobs
Education
Business
Social security
18.4
42.8
12.1
44.9
19.7
49.0
3.1
15.2
Political
situation
1.6
10.0
27.1
30.4
24.2
31.5
29.8
8.5
3.1
8.9
3.7
5.1
1.8
34.2
16.0
31.7
26.8
678
675
660
676
675
15
Indian survey: Returnees
Determinants of return to India and development
contributions
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Determinants of return to India
In destination countries:
• Retention of skilled Indians is not based only on economic opportunities
• Social life considerations weigh strongly in their decision of their place to live
• Recession and rigid migration policies
In India:
• Socioeconomic opportunities and loyalty to India attract Indians back
• Family in India is an enabler rather than a driver of return
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Determinants of development contributions
« Have you ever thought of taking part in the development of
India? »
• The individual profile of migrants, their length of stay abroad and their
social and professional position determine their motivations to utilize their
knowledge and skills gained abroad in benefit of India.
• Scientists and researchers feel more strongly about contributing
• Socially disadvantaged people like women, dalits and Muslims feel more
strongly about contributing
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Determinants of personal development
« In what way has your position in the society been
affected by your overseas exposure?»
• 71% of returnees think their position in the society has been positively affected
• A larger proportion of skilled Indians with disadvantaged social identities:
 rural background
 women
 muslims
as well as those in research and academia
perceive positive personal development through their overseas exposure, and
believe to be of significant influence in their community
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Deployment of accumulated skills
Value of overseas experience to current occupation in India (n=527)
8; 1%
3; 1%
5; 1% 25; 5%
Knowledge and skills gained
overseas
Hands on experience abroad
39; 7%
Network established overseas
70; 13%
Capital accumulated overseas
377; 72%
Foreign qualification
Others
No Answer
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Deployment of accumulated skills
Returnees’ use of skills, experience and knowledge grained overseas
No Answer
Others
Guiding and mentoring
Consultancy services
Better service to the organisation
Development of work culture and…
Teaching and Training
Research and Development
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Percentage (%)
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Obstacles within the local system
in the application of skills gained abroad
• Returnees are able to transfer technical and specialized expertise acquired
abroad, but find difficult to transfer soft skills, such as managerial expertise and
professional culture.
• Obstacles within the local system:
• difference in work culture
• resistance to change
• lengthy bureaucratic process
• lack of a suitable infrastructure
“Adjusting to the Indian pace and the Indian style of working has been a
major challenge” (Indian returnee)
• Despite hurdles, most returnees are optimistic about their prospects and do not
feel like reversing their decision to return.
• On an average, Indian returnees give themselves 2-3 years to resettle fully.
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Conclusions and policy implications (1/2)
• Indian students and researchers in Germany link their development aspirations
to their return plans.
 Return intentions of skilled Indians and their real move may increase if they
perceive an enabling environment in India.
• While they believe Indian society can benefit from their expertise, they face
several obstacles within the local system upon return.
 Changes in the local work culture and structures, welcoming culture, enabling
environments and policies are necessary to facilitate knowledge transfer.
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Conclusions and policy implications (2/2)
• Disadvantaged and minority groups express a higher commitment to
India’s development.
 Knowledge transfer by these people should be promoted since it would
directly affect development among most disadvantaged communities in
India.
 Their high representation in professional possitions in India and among
granted students in destination countries (Germany) needs to be
ensured.
22 09 2015
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Contact information
Dr. Gabriela Tejada - [email protected]
Research Leader Scientific Diasporas
More information about the project and outputs:
http://cooperation.epfl.ch/page-64287-en.html
http://www.snis.ch/call-proposals-2010_238_tejada
Thank you for your attention!

Migration from India to Germany

Transcrição

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