docбпоаудт еанлдлгттм рпьотпобтм гпхменеюп
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бпоаудт еанлдлгттм рпьотпобтм гпхменеюп
ÌÏÁÏÎÀÂÅÄËÌ ÈÅÚÍÒÅÎÅÞÏÀÏ ÏÊÏÆÅÈÒÏ ÒÂ. ÖÏÂÏÕÒØÂÒÄÒÌ ÌÏÕÅÄËÞÒÌ ÒÌÜËÎÒÒÌÏ ÆÏ ÅÀÍËÄËÃÒÒÌ ÒÍÌÜÒÜÓÜÒ GEORGIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES I. JAVAKHISHVILI INSTITUT OF HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY ÒÎÏÊÄÒ ÌÓÎÃÓÄÏÛÅ èòàëìò, êóäüò, îòüóïäò ÌÏÁÏÎÀÂÅÄËØÒ ùòãíò ãïèëòúï òäòï ÿïâÿïâïûòì ìïõåäëþòì àþòäòìòì åíòìï æï êóäüóîòì ìïõåäèùòôë óíòâåîìòüåüòì ôòíïíìóîò èõïîæïÿåîòà. ÈÅÈÏÜÒÏÍÅ ÀÞÒÄÒÌÒ 2002 УДК 391/395+217 Ì961 3 ùòíïèæåþïîå ãïèëúåèï ùïîèëïæãåíì ïâüëîòì èòåî ùäåþòì èïíûòäçå ùïîèëåþóäò èóøïëþòì øåæåãåþì. ùòãíøò øåìóäòï òìåàò øîëèåþòú, îëèäåþòú ðòîâåäïæ áâåñíæåþï. ñâåäï íïîêâåâò åõåþï êóäüóîëãåíåüóî æï êóäüóîóä-òìüëîòóä ðîëþäåèåþì. ïâüëîò êâäåâòìïì ïîáåëäëãòóî, äòüåîïüóîóä æï òìüëîòóä ùñïîëåþàïí åîàïæ åñîæíëþï åàíëãîïôòóä èïìïäïì, îëèåäòú èòìò éîèï îùèåíòà, øåòúïâì êóäüóîòì ïîáïóäò èëæåäåþòì üîïíìôëîèòîåþóä åäåèåíüåþì. èïàò øåìùïâäòì ìïôóûâåäçå ãïèëâäåíòäòï óûâåäåìò åàíëêóäüóîóäò êïâøòîåþò, îëèäòì íïêâïäåâò àâïäìï÷òíëæ ïüñâòï ïçòòì, êïâêïìòòìï æï åâîëðòì õïäõàï òìüëîòóä æï àïíïèåæîëâå êóäüóîïì. ùòãíò ãïíêóàâíòäòï ¸óèïíòüïîóäò ôïêóäüåüòì ìüóæåíüàï, èïìùïâäåþåäàï æï èåúíòåîèóøïêàï êëíüòíãåíüòìïàâòì. òãò øåòûäåþï ìïìïîãåþäë ãïèëæãåì æïòíüåîåìåþóäò èêòàõâåäòìàâòìïú. îåæïáüëîåþò: ãòëîãò ãëúòîòûå äåâïí ãïþóíòï ëàïî äëîàáòôïíòûå îåúåíçåíüåþò: ïêïæ. ïêïæ. ãîòãëä ãòëîãïûå æëáü. îëäïíæ àëô÷òøâòäò êîåþóäò ãïèëìïúåèïæ èëèçïææï òâ. öïâïõòøâòäòì ìïõåäëþòì òìüëîòòìï æï åàíëäëãòòì òíìüòüóüòì ãïèëèúåèäëþïøò „èåèïüòïíå”. ãïèëèúåèäëþòì èàïâïîò îåæïáüëîò: àïèïç ÿñëíòï êëèðòóüåîóäò óçîóíâåäñëôï: ï. îóïûå, è. þóüòêïøâòäò ì 4 72 2002 ÎÅÆÏÁÜËÎÅÞÒÌÏÃÏÍ irakli surgulaZis naSromebs kargad icnobs qarTuli samecniero sazogadoeba da ara mxolod qarTuli sazogadoeba. igi wlebis manZilze warmatebiT ikvlevs xalxuri religiuri azrovnebisa da msoflmxedvelobis istorias, miTs, rituals, kults, simbolikas; mniSvnelovnad zrdis erovnuli mecnierebisadmi interess da RirsSesaniSnavi miRwevebiT amdidrebs mas. winamdebare wignSi „miTi, rituali, kulti saqarTveloSi“ am mimarTulebiT gaweuli mravalwliani kvlevis Sedegebia Sejamebuli da ganzogadebuli. masSi Tavmoyrilia avtoris mier sxvadasxva drosa da sxvadasxva publikaciebSi ganTavsebuli, da zogierTi gamouqveynebeli gamokvlevebi. problemisadmi isini yuradRebas globaluri iqceven midgomiT, masalis Rrma saintereso analiziT, mignebebiT, interpretaciiT. mas axasiaTebs sruliad gansxvavebuli, araordinaruli xedva da farTo diapazoni. ir. surgulaZis gamokvlevebSi Sinaarsianad, tevadi debulebebis formiTaa Camoyalibebuli mTeli rigi mosazrebisa, romlebic problemisadmi axleburi midgomis, novatoruli cdisa da tradiciuli sulieri kulturis integrirebuli da retrospeqtuli kvlevis magaliTs warmoadgens. saqarTveloSi religiis adreuli safexurebis klvevis dasawyisi iv. javaxiSvilis saxels ukavSirdeba. man jer kidev XX s-is 20-ian wlebSi daadgina xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebis sinkretuli Taviseburebani, romelic Semdgom eTnologiur masalaze dayrdnobiT vera bardaveliZem da misma mowafeebma ganaviTares. warmarToba ar aRniSnavs raime erTgvarovans, am terimnis qveS gulisxmoben yvelafers, winaqristianuls da araqristianuls. igi aris sxvadasxva miTo-religiur sistemaTa monacvleobis xana, romelSiac Caisaxa da ganviTarda qristianoba. ase rom, „warmarTuli kerpebis msxvreva“ sulac ar niSnavda am uZvelesi plastis mTlian gaqrobas, ufro metic, Zveli rituali, Tundac socialurad transformirebuli saxiT, mainc inarCunebs Tavdapirvel arss. (ir. surgulaZe). 5 qarTul saistorio mecnierebaSi araerTi mniSvnelovani gamokvleva Seiqmna uZvelesi warmarTuli sarwmuneoebis, winaqristianuli xanis religiuri azrovnebis retrospeqtuli warmoCenisaTvis, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs vera bardaveliZis monografiebi da agreTve misi mowafeebis naSromebi, romlebSic es probelma sxvadasxva kuTxiTaa gaanalizebuli. amdenad momzadebulia niadagi maTi axleburi gaazrebisaTvis Tanamedrove mecnierul moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, amis cdas warmoadgens ir. surgulaZis winamdebare wigni. mkvlevris Tvalsawieri farTo da mravalferovania. igi yovel sakiTxis ganxilvas emyareba da amave dros aRrmavebs kidec im Teoriul, konceptualur debulebebs, romlebic ufro adre Tavis cnobil monografiaSi aqvs gadmocemuli. uwinares yovlisa mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs misi metad originaluri mosazreba rwmena-warmodgenebis garkveuli kvanZebis Sesaxeb, romelTac universaluri Rirebuleba da maRali socialuri plastikuroba axasiaTebT. amis gamo isini transformirebuli saxiT Zalian didxans inarCuneben arsebobas. es ki sruliad axleburad wyvets kulturuli movlenebisadmi diaqronuli da sinqronuli aspeqtebis mimarTebis sakiTxs. avtoris TqmiT „praqtikulad ar arsebobs sinqronuli Wrili kulturuli movlenebisaTvis. igi mxolod pirobiTad Seadgens horizontalur vels da is, rac Tvalis erTi gadavlebiT sinqronulad gveCveneba, sinamdvileSi warmadgens sxvadasxva diaqronuli mwkrivebis daboloebebs sinqronul sibrtyeze“. farTo Tvalsawieri da erudicia avtors saSualebas aZlevs saTanado konteqstSi Zveli msoflios xalxebis kulturaTa monacemebis Suqze (rac uaRresad farTo planiTaa warmodgenili), ganixilos qarTuli masala. es ki gansakuTrebul JReradobas da masStaburobas aniWebs mis mier miRebul daskvnebs. mdidari eTnografiuli, miTologiuri da enobrivi monacemebis urTierTSejerebiT, arqeologiuri da xelovnebis nimuSebis analizis safuZvelze, mkvlevari axerxebs qarTvelTa uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebis rekonstruqcias, rac gasagebs da misawvdoms xdis rigi arqauli plastebis istoriul dinamikas. amis magaliTia is faqti, rom igi adresamiwaTmoqmedo epoqebSi, totemisturi warmodgenebis rRvevis da nayofierebis RvTaebaTa damkvidrebis xanaSi, uZebnis saTaveebs qarTul tradiciul xelovnebaSi Semonaxul zoomorful motivebs. gansakauTrebiT 6 kargad Cans es viTareba iremisa da lomis simbolur mniSvnelobaTa magaliTze. Teoriul debulebaTa Soris aseve mnivSnelovn mignebad migvaCnia is garemoebac, rom mkvlevarma erTian ciklSi, sistemis saxiT gaiazra qarTul miTologiasa da eposSi moqceuli, sxvadasxva RvTaebebisa, wmindanebisa da gmirebis saxeebSi SemorCenili bunebis kvdoma-aRorZinebis amsaxveli epizodebi, raTa qarTul masalaze dayrdnobiT kidev erTxel TvalsaCino gaexada mokvdavi da aRdgomadi RvTaebebis rigi Taviseburebani. parizSi gamoqveynebuli Zalian saintereso naSromis safuZvelze, romelic Sevsebuli saxiTaa Setanili krebulSi, gansakuTrebuli yurad- Reba aqvs daTmobili micvalebulis kults da suleTze arsebul rwmenawarmodgenebs. isini genetikurad kulturis uZveles Sreebs ganekuTvnebian. es Tema ir. surgulaZis SemoqmedebaSi erT-erTi kardinaluri Temaa. misi dakvivrebiT saiqioze warmodgenebis ZiriTadi principi yvela xalxsa da yvela droSi erTia. saqme gvaqvs Soreul epoqebSi aRmocenebul erTi ideis versiebTan, mis sxvadasxva socialur doneebze realizaciasTan, im gansxvavebul garemoSi, romelsac istoriuli sinamdvile qmnis. suleTze arsebuli warmodgenebis analizi mkvlevarisaTvis eTnologiurad uaRresad saintereso da mniSvnelovani, amave dros dakvirvebisaTvis mosaxerxebeli obieqtia. am obieqtis SemecnebaSi sCans saiqios da saaqaos, amqveyniursa da imqveyniuris binaruli dapirispirebebi, rac Tanamedrove struqturalisturi kvlevis erT-erT ZiriTad mimarTulebas warmoadgens. semiotikuri analizis CarCoebSia moqceuli aseve ir. surgulaZis naSromis is rigi, romlebic movlenaTa sivrcobrvi aspeqtebis kvlevas eZRvneba. aq igi savsebiT damajereblad warmoaCens samyaros aRqmis vertikalur da horizontalur konstruqciebs, kosmosis gaazrebis im empiriul safuZvlebs, rac adamiansa da garemos urTierTobas erTian wreSi moiazrebs. ir. surgulaZe erT-erTi imaTgania, vinc socializaciis kuTxiT axsna saweso sufrebis religiuri semantika. gviCvena ritualuri purobis sakraluri buneba da am konteqstSi Semoitana Sesawiravebis da winawamZRvarebis xalxuri wesebi. naTlad daasabuTa is, rom adamiani arasodes ar cxovrobs mxolod amqveyniuri cxovrebis surviliT, rom igi 7 saaqaoSi yofnis dros, imavdroulad fiqrobs saiqao cxovrebaze, emzadeba misTvis da igi arsebobis erTiani uwyveti xazis nawilia. saqarTvelos eTnografiul sinamdvileSi fiqsirebuli ritualis lazaroba-gonjaobis agreTve rigi sxva monacemebis Seswavlis Sedegad, mkvlevari adgens amindis Semcveli uZvelesi adgilobrivi RvTaebebis Taviseburebebs, maT damaxasiaTebel niSnebs, romlebic transformirebuli saxiT qarTul berikaoba-yeenobaSic aris Semonaxuli. Sesadarebeli masalis analizis Sedegad mkvlevars sayuradRebo daskvna gamoaqvs. „amindis Semcvel RvTaebaTa zemoxsenebuli niSnebi, qarTuli masalis SeswavliT rom dgindeba, tipiuria didi kulturulistoriuli wrisaTvis, romelSic sxva xalxebTan erTad qarTvelebic Sediodnen“. am sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi avtori exeba armazis kultsac, da asabuTebs, rom uZvelesi samiwaTmoqmedo Sexedulebebi, am kultSic aris gamovlenili, romelic qarTvelTa winaprebis mcire aziis samyarosTan uSualo kavSiris Sedegs warmoadgens. saerTod mosazreba pirveladi kulturuli wris Sesaxeb, romelic aerTianebs krebulSi Sesul yvela naSroms, exmaureba dRes sayovelTaod aRiarebul koncefcias indoevropelTa Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis Sesaxeb, rac kidev ufro masStabursa da damajerebels xdis avtoris Sexedulebas. am naSromSi gamovlenilia qarTul miTsa da ritualSi aRbeWdili winare saxelmwifoebrivi istoriuli epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli viTareba, roca rituali jer kidev ar iyo ayvanili saxelmwifo interesebis asaxvis donemde da mcire regionis dacvas emsaxureboda. istoriul da eTnologiur monacemebze dayrdnobiT wignSi garkveulia amindis gamomwvevi ritualebis Catarebis teritoriuli principi da mocemulia daskvna, rom misi genezisi lokalur teritoriasa da mcire eTno-socialur garemos ukavSirdeba. naSromSi warmatebiTaa mikvleuli qristianul wmindanTa kultis Taviseburebebi. iTvaliswinebs ra wmindanTa sinkretul bunebas, avtori gamoyofs im niSnebs, romlebic maT warmarTuli RvTaebebisagan SeiZines. mTeli rigi mkvlevarebisagan gansxvavebiT ir. surgulaZe im Sexe- dulebis gamziarebeli da damcvelia, rom monoTeisturi sarwmunoebis damkvidrebas saqarTveloSi daxvda Zalian Zlieri, sistemurad Camoyalibebuli warmarTuli ideologia, romelmac gansazRvra kidec SemdgomSi 8 sinkretuli rwmena-warmodgenebis ganviTarebis tendencia. mkvlevari calkeul wes-CveulebaTa ganxilvisas siRrmiseulad wvdeba iracionalur movlenaTa Sinagan struqturas da logikas. iTvaliswinebs im cvlilebebs, romlebic xalxurma tradiciebma da ritualebma ganicades Tanamedrove epoqaSi da gvirCevs frTxilad movekidoT Zvel ritualebs, romelTac dakarges adrindeli Sinaarsi da TamaSad gadaqcevis tendencias amJRavneben, magram maTi tradiciuli forma da TvalTaxedvis specifika jer kidev kvebavs xalxur sityvas, simReras, ferxuls (ir. surgulaZe). wignSi kidev bevri urTulesi problemaa ganxiluli, magram bunebrivia maTze dawvrilebiT saubari Sors wagviyvans. Cven mxolod zogadi mimoxilvis doneze vecadeT gveCvenebina is ZiriTadi xazi, rac am uaRresad saintereso wigns axasiaTebs. vfiqrobT, es krebuli did sargeblobas moutans, rogorc specialistebs, ise am sakiTxebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa farTo wres. krebulSi Sesuli naSromebi erTgvarad avseben da azusteben erTmaneTs, rac am wignis ukeT gaazrebis da avtoris mier SemuSavebuli koncefciebis mTlianobaSi warmoCenis saSualebas iZleva. gvwams, rom es wigni kidev ufro gazrdis interess qarTuli sulieri kulturis da saerTod eTnikuri memkvidreobisadmi. Tavad naSromis mTavari mizanic esaa - sainteresod da mecnierulad sandod warmoaCinos eTnografiuli faqtebi, romlebic sxvadasxva istoriul epoqebSi aRmocendebian, magram erTdroulad funqcionireben yofaSi da qmnian kulturis mozaikur vels, rasac Tanamedrove cxovreba qvia. ãòëîãò ãëúòîòûå äåâïí ãïþóíòï 9 ÏÉÆÃÅÍÏÆÒ ÆÏ ÈËÊÂÆÏÂÒ ÉÂÀÏÅÞÅÞÒ ÁÏÎÀÓÄ ÈÒÀËÌÌÏ ÆÏ ÎÙÈÅÍÏ-ÙÏÎÈËÆÃÅÍÅÞØÒ warmodgenebi mokvdavi da aRdgenadi RvTaebebis Sesaxeb qarTul specialur literaturaSi, damoukidebeli ciklis saxiT, gamovlenili da Seswavlili ar aris. xalxurma yofam rwmenaTa es jgufi mTliani sistemis saxiT ver Semoinaxa, radgan qristianobis mravalsaukunovani batonobis manZilze Zveli rwmenebi gaqra, saxe icvala, an daiSala Zireul elementebad, romelTa kombinirebiT agebuli iyo odesRac moqmedi rTuli sistema. am masalis nawilis (romelic ZiriTadad exeba RvTaebaTa tanjvasa da sikvdils) legalizeba moxerxda qristianobasTan Serwyma-Seguebis gziT, kerZod, Sevida qristianuld wmindanTa da moRvaweTa (wm. giorgi, maqsime aRmsarebeli, stefane urbneli, daviT garejeli da sxv.) cxovrebaSi. nawilma ki funqciasTan erTad Sinaarsic dakarga da, xalxisaTvis gaugebari moqmedebebis Tu siuJetebis saxiT, SedarebiT, axlo warsulamde religiur praqtikas. SemorCa warmodgenaTa am folklors, jgufis miTologiasa Seswavla da saintereso mecnierul perspeqtivas qmnis, radgan mokvdavi da aRdgenadi RvTaebebis cikli Seicavda Zvel miwaTmoqmedTa empiriul codnas bunebaze; maTSi areklilia samyaroze kosmogoniuri da sezonTa Sexedulebebi, cvlaze; am warmodgenebi movlenaTa Soris astralur damyarebulia garkveuli mizezobrivi kavSirebic, ase rom, es kulti adamianTa sulieri cxovrebis ZiriTad momentebze iyo orientirebuli da met-naklebi sirTuliT asaxavda sazogadoebis empiriuli, praqtikuli codnis dones. garda amisa, Sexedulebebi mokvdavi da aRdgenadi RvTaebebis Sesaxeb, gavrcelebuli iyo mTels Zvel msoflioSi (aziasa Tu evropaSi) da, amdenad, qarTvelTa analogiuri warmodgenebis Seswavla sainteresoa kulturul-istoriuli TvalsazrisiTac. am sakiTxebis garSemo vrceli literatura arsebobs. mokvdavi da aRdgenadi RvTaebebis semitologebi, Sesaxeb slavTmcodneebi, werdnen egviptologebi, religiisa da xeTologebi, kulturis istoriis specialistebi, qristiani mecnierebi. am warmodgenebma udidesi roli 10 Seasrula qristianuli moZRvrebisa da Tavad qristes miTologiuri personis CamoyalibebaSi. solomon reinakis moxdenili Tqmisa ar iyos, msoflio TiTqos momzadda tanjuli, mokvdavi da mere aRdgenili RvTaebis TayvaniscemisaTvis. magram qristianuli „aRdgena“ principulad gansxvavdeba Zvel RvTaebaTa yovelwliuri kvdoma-aRorZinebisagan, radgan, Tu isini simbolurad warmosaxaven sezonTa cvlis saxiT gamovlenil bunebis maradiul ganaxlebas, qristianuli „aRdgena“ daSorda bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis uSualo asaxvas da axli socialuri garemos moTxovnilebaTa Sesabamisad, cikluroba erTjeradobiT da statiurobiT Secvala (ix. romaelTa mimarT VI, 9-10, gamocxadeba ioanesi I. 17-18). qarTul istoriografiaSi am sakiTxebs sxvadasxva dros exeboda ramdenime avtori. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania S. amiranaSvilis, d, janeliZis, v. bardaveliZis, m. Ciqovanis, e. virsalaZis, T. oCiauris, j. ruxaZisa da T. Cxenkelis monografiebi da werilebi, sadac, konkretul masalaze dayrdnobiT, am warmodgenaTa rigi aspeqtia gamovlenili, Tumca avtorTa umravlesoba miznad ar isaxavs mokvdavi da aRdgenadi RvTaebebis gamokvlevasa da Seswavlas. vfiqrobT, rom zemoxsenebuli warmodgenebis anarekli Semounaxavs qarTveli mTielebis simReris erT saxeobas - mTiblurs. am simReraTa teqstebis istoria sakmaod xangrZlivia, jer kidev 1931 wels gamosul akad. ak. SaniZis naSromSi aRmoCenilia maTi Taviseburebani da ramdenime nimuSia gamoqveynebuli. ak. SaniZes mTiblurTa teqsti qarTuli leqsis uZveles formad miaCnia [I]. mTiblurebs yuradReba miaqcia akad. g. Citaiamac. igi wers: „gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom qalebis mier SeTxzul natirlebs Tibvis dros mRerodnen „gvrinSi“. „gvrini“ micvalebulis mogonebis erT-erTi saxe iyo“[2]. 1950 wlidan am sakiTxze yuradRebas amaxvileben prof. e. virsalaZe, da ist. mecn. doqtori T. oCiauri. mTiblurTa sakiTxma musikaTmcodneebic daainteresa da es interesi maT SromebSi aisaxa. rogorc akad. g. Citaias ganmartebidan Cans, mTibluri ewodeboda saerTod celis tarze Sesrulebul simRerebs, romelTa Tematika metad mravalferovania. Cveni narkvevisaTvis amJamad sainetersoa xmiT natirlebis, Tibvisas gvrinis Sesruleba. 11 saqarTveloSi micvalebulis datirebis ramdenime wesia cnobili. magaliTad, xevsureTSi samgvari tirili scodniaT: xmiT tirili, daTvliTi tirili da ZaxiliT tirili; mTis raWaSi - moTqmiT da zurniT tirili da a. S. [3]. xmiT tirili sruliad gansakuTrebuli formaa datirebisa. sanam mkvdari daumarxavi iyo Zveli motirlebi tirodnen. xmiT datirebis mosurne qali daiwyebda caxcax-kankals, Tavs aqeT-iqiT iqnevda, iwyebda barbacs, xelebis fSvnetas, kbilebis RrWenas, viTom sityvebs ver ambobda, xan moqanculi miesveneboda. roca motirali qalebi amas SeamCnevdnen, yvelani gaCumdebodnen da elodebodnen Tu ras aTqmevinebda mas micvalebulis suli. tirilis amtexi ki wvalobda, Rmuils daiwyebda, xan gasaqcevad emzadeboda, qalebi daiWerdnen da etyodnen: „qalo gamaiRe ena, nu awvaleb, nu uWer kbilT, anabriv Sen undixar meend“! aseTi suraTi ramdenjerme ganmeordeboda, mere micvalebulisaTvis saxels dasdebdnen (yanwiT arays, ludsa da, Tu sasmeli ar iyo, „pursatanT“). sa- xelis damdebi qali ityoda: „sadac Sen xar (micvalebulis saxels moixseniebda) Senimc saxmari as, nu aRoneb, gamaatani enai Sens meenes“[4]. amis Semdeg, tirilis mosurne qalic amoiRebda xmas. pirvelad micvalebulis piriT daiwyebda laparaks, mag., „aZraxdi, Cemo meeneo, nu damaRone suleTCiao, Camidiv wili tirilCiao, me Sen mindixar meeneTao...“ mere ukve „gaisaravda“ xmas. kargi xmiT motiralis naTqvams xalxi zepirad swavlobda leqsiviT da mere mamakacebi Tibvis dros celze mRerodnen. am simReras „gvrini“ ewodeboda. „gvrinSi“ xmiT natiralis garda, arafers imRerdnen[5]. g. Citaias da T. oCiaurs miaCniaT, rom am dros meeneSi micvalebulis suli Casaxldeboda da is laparakobda. sayuradReboa isic, rom xmiT datireba mxolod dakrZaluli micvalebulisa SeiZleboda. T. oCiauri fiqrobs, rom suli jer suleTs unda misuliyo, iq damkvidrebuliyo da mxolod amis Semdgom unda gaeCina mas meene, mesulTane, romelic mis Wir-varams da moTxovnebs gadascemda samzeoze myofT[6]. T. oCiauris msjeloba kidev ufro Sors midis: sulis mkiTxavisa da qadagis funqciebis kvlevisas igi uSvebs, rom mesulTane da qadagi SesaZloa erTi da igive piri yofiliyo, e. i. erTi da igive piri kontaqts amyarebs sulTan da RvTaebasTan. Sesabamisi masalis ganxilvis Semdeg igi askvnis, rom micvalebulTa sulebsa da RvTis Svilebs sakmaod mWidro urTierToba 12 hqondaT erTmaneTTan da pirvelni xSirad gvevlinebian Suamavlad da maxvewrad meoreTa winaSe cocxalTa saqmeebis gamo. uwminduri sxeulisagan ganwmendili suli, mTielTa warmodgeniT, SeiZleba miRebuli yofiliyo RvTaebaTa sazogadoebaSi[7]. micvalebulebi aseve aqtiurad monawileobdnen cocxalTa saqmianobaSi, gansakuTrebiT samiwaTmoqmedo meurneobaSi. yvela samiwaTmoqmedo samuSaoTa Soris isini gansakuTrebiT dakavSirebuli Canan TibvasTan da mkasTan. am mxriv sainteresoa aRm. saqarTvelos mTianeTSi gavrcelebuli Tibvis „samSabaTis wesi“. am dRes sofeli pirvelad gavidoda saTibad, manamde ki cels xelSi aravin aiRebda. saTibad gasvlamde axali micvalebulis patroni mezoblebsa da mokeTeebs dapatiJebda, sufras gamarTavda, sulis xucesi tablas Sendobas etyoda, ris Semdeg micvalebulis talavars gaSlidnen da itirebdnen. mere imarTeboda puroba. Wirisufali Tibvis samSabaTs rom gadaixdida, sofels neba eZleoda celi balaxSi Seetana. im dRes Wirisufali TiTonac moTibavda manamde ki aravin wavidoda saTibad Wirisuflis xaTriT [8]. cnobilia, rom mTibavebsa da mkelebs muSaobisas sulebi Tan dahyvebodnen. rodesac isini daisvenebdnen da puris Wamasa da aryis smas daiwyebdnen, Tu aryiani yanwi vinmes xelidan gauvardeboda, ityodnen: „mTibel-mamkalad mamyoli suli asaR“. maSinaTve Sendobas etyodnen mamyoli sulis saxelze: „Segindasav vinac Cven mogvyvebav Cven magvibroiv, Senamc gexmarebisav“[9]. analogiuri viTarebaa damowmebuli mkaSiac. mTis raWaSi gavrcelebulia mkis simRerebi, romelTac „qrqali“ ewodeba. „qorqalis“ teqstebad moTqmiT tirilis teqstebia gamoyenebuli[10]. „qorqalis“ garda, mTis raWaSi celis tarze sruldeba rogorc sagangebo mTibluri simRerebi, ise moTqmiT natiralic. am simRerebs „RuRuni“ ewodeba da sruldeboda individis mier[11]. rogorc motanili masalidan Cans, amgvari simRerebi sakmaod farTod yofila gavrcelebuli saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. amasTanave, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT prof. d. arayiSvilis mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmad raWuli simRerebi qarTl-kaxuris ganuyrel nawils warmoadgens da rom isini, erTi mxriv, svaneTis, meore mxriv, qarTlisa da kaxeTis musikaluri kontaqtis mijnazea warmoTqmuli, [12], maSin SesaZloa analogiuri simRerebi 13 Sesabamisi rwmenebiTurT saqarTvelos barSic vivaraudoT garkveuli istoriuli epoqebisaTvis. msgavsi wesebi Zveli berZnebisTvisac iyo cnobili. mag., soloni ebrZoda zedmetobebs rogorc yofaSi, ise ritualSi. magaliTad man aukrZala qalebs datirebisas piris xokva, mkerdze muStis cema, sagangebod mogonili satirali teqstebi, mkvdris gasvenebisas wivil-kivili da a. S. (plutarqe, soloni, mas). aqedan gamomdinare, yvelaferi es solonis dros moqmedebda ritualur praqtikaSi. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa xmiT satiruli teqstebis akrZalva, radgan am cnobis mixedviT SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom xmiT tirilisas sagangebo teqstebis SeTxzva da maTi ritualur praqtikaSi danergva ara mxolod qarTvelebisaTvis yofila damaxasiaTebeli. amas garda gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs Cvens yofaSi dadasturebuli faqtebis didi siZvele, rac eTnografiuli wyaros gansakuTrebul Rirebulebaze migvaniSnebs. garda Tibvisa da mkisa, mcenaruleuli samyarosa da micvalebulis sulis urTierTobis faqtebi sxvac mravlad moipoeba. magaliTad, TuSeTSi sulTakrefis dRes diasaxlisi xorbals Semoatarebda cecxlze da Tan uxv mosavals SesTxovda RmerTs. imave dRes ezoSi da saflavze xorbals moabnevdnen da ityodnen: „jejilTamc amoigivalis, mwvanilTamc geCvenebisTa, baraqa mogvec., naxnav-naTesi gvimravleo“[13]. am mimarTvis pirveli nawili warmoadgens micvalebulis patronis zrunvas suleTSi myofisaTvis, rom mas jejili da mwvane ar moakldes, meore nawilSi ki mfarvelobas SesTxovs suls da baraqas da naxnav-naTesis gamravlebas evedreba. aRsaniSnavia, rom saflavze xorblis mobneva, an daTesva uZvelesi wesia da gavrcelebuli yofila atikis uZveles mosaxleobaSi. T. saxokias cnobiT, megrelebs swamT, rom micvalebulis nabani wyali xels uwyobs mcenareTa zrdas. amitom am wyliT rwyaven norC xeebs, gansakTrebiT yvavilebs[14]. yvavilebsa da mcenareebs sakrZalav ritualebSi gansakuTrebuli roli eniWebaT. kaxeTSi sulTmofinoba dRes saflavze gahqondaT axali xili, muxis mwvane totebi, xexilisa da velis yvavilebi da saflavze fendnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom sulTmofinoba TibaTveSi (ivnisSi) modioda. 14 micvalebulis kultmsaxurebaSi miRebuli iyo marcvleulisagan damzadebuli produqtis Sewirva, ZiriTadad maTTvis gansakuTrebucli dResaswaulisas (wandili, flavi). aseve sainteresoa micvalebulTa dResaswaulebis wliuri kalendaric. erTi jgufi dResaswaulebisa emTxveva adresagazafxulo cikls (lifanali, sulTakrefa, aRdgoma, SesaZloa wyalkurTxevac), xolo meore mkisa da Tibvis sezons (Tibvis samSabaTi, sulTmofinoba) [15]. am dResaswaulebze Tayvancemuli sulebi RvTaebaTa rangSi ganixilebodnen. amasve mowmobs sulis mier - mesulTanis arCeva. suli iseve irCevs mesulTanes, rogorc xati qadags [16]. qadagi xatis meenea da zemoqmedebis procesi qadagze da meeneze rwmenis erTsa da imave meqanizmzea damyarebuli. sulis RvTaebriobis damadasturebelia misi kavSiri RvTaebasTan. is adamianebsa da RvTis Svilebs Soris Suamavlis adgils iWers, radgan suli wmindaa, ganTavisuflebulia xorcisagan da amitom, SeuZlia uSualo kontaqti daamyaros RvTaebasTan. amas cocxali adamiani ver axerxebda uwminduri xorcieli arsebobis gamo. RvTaebebTan iluzorul urTierTobas cocxalTagan gansakuTrebiT wminda pirebi amyarebdnen, romlebic siwmindes inarCunebdnen Sesabamisi wesebis umkacresad dacviT [17]. RvTaebebTan urTierToba xSirad xerxdeboda „droebiT sikvdilisas“. xdeboda xolme, rom suleTs mividoda suli, romlis vada jer ar damdgariyo da mas ukan abrunebdnen. igi moixilavda suleTis samyaros, Sexvdeboda suleTis RmerTs, bedis mwerlebs, Tavisianebs, da dabrunebis Semdgom, roca mis axlobelTagan mkvdrad miCneuli sxeuli gacocxldeboda, suleTSi naxulsa da gagonils uambobda xalxs. aseTi „mkvdarSi garTuli“ piri xSirad qadagad daecemoda an mkiTxavi xdeboda[18]. msgavsi magaliTebi mTel saqarTveloSia damowmebuli. adamiansa da RvTaebis uSualo urTiervToba xSirad kidev ufro aqtiuri formiT vlindeboda, ris Sesaxebac saintereso masalaa daculi miTologiaSi. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT gaxua megrelauris Tavgadasavali. wamebuli kaci, RvTis naTluli, qadagi Tu mkadre, RvTis SvilTagan daWerili gaxua megrelauri monawileobas iRebda xatebis laSqrobaSi qajaveTs. magram Tavisi xorcieli arsebobiT gaxuas ar SeeZlo RvTaebebs xleboda da amis gamo, xatebs mihyavdaT misi sxeuls-garidebuli suli. usulo gvamis xatebma qviSaSi Cafles, Tu xeSi damales, 15 vidre suls ukan Caabrunebdnen. qajaveTs laSqrobis Semdeg xatebma (variantebSi - xaxmatis wminda giorgim) wamoiyvanes qalebi, maT Soris xaxamatis wminda giorgis dobili, „RvTis nasaxi“ samZimari, wamoiRes grdemli, cxra Zaliani oqros fanduri, oqros saceri, cxra eniani zari, sanayavi da sxva, Tan saqonelic gamourekiaT. ukan dabrunebul gaxuas sakuTari sxeuli ukve xrwnaSemdgari daxvedria, matlebi daseoda da mxari Tagvs amoeWama. gaxuas suls SezizRebia amgvar sxeulSi Cabruneba, magram xatebs dauZalebiaT da isic Zveleburi saxiT aRdgenila, oRond mxarze Tagvis nakbilari darCenia. gaxuas garda xatebTan sxva mraval mkadres umogzauria[19], rac migvaniSnebs, rom es motivi erTgvari standartis saxiT aris Camoyalibebuli da masSi sxvadasxva pirebi monawileoben. qarTul xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi bevri ram aris naTqvami sikvdilze, suleTze, micvalebulis saiqio cxovrebaze, magram sulTa zebunebriv Zalasa da SesaZleblobebze masala ufro iSviaTia. am warmodgenebis amsaxveli faqtebi umetesad ritualebSia SemorCenili. amdenad, bunebrivia, rom mTiblurTa teqstebSi CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxze pirdapir araferia naTqvami, magram Tavad „gvrinis“ arsebobis faqti, misi ideologiuri safuZveli aris swored is garemo, romlis SemwavliTac SeiZleba naTeli moefinos wamoWril problemas. motanili masalis safuZvelze SeiZleba gamovyoT ramdenime sakiTxi, rac aSkarad moCans da axsnas saWiroeba. 1. micvalebulis suli wmindad iTvleboda da religiuri Tayvaniscemis obieqts warmoadgenda. 2. micvalebulTa sulebs SeeZloT gavlena moexdinaT mindvris mosavalze da saerTod mcenareul samyaroze. 3. sulebi dadgenil dReebSi da garkveul sameurneo periodSi cxaddebodnen samzeos. maTTvis imarTeboda dResawaulebi, romelTa erTi nawili sagazafxulo dReobebis ciklSi iyo moqceuli, xolo meore emTxveoda mindvris mosavlis aRebis sezons. 4. gardlacvlilTa (an „droebiT gardacvlilTa“) sulebi urTierTobas amyareben RvTaebebTan. zogjer kidev monawileoben maT saqmianobaSi. isini Suamdgomloben cocxlebs RvTaebaTa winaSe. 16 cxadia, problemaTa es jgufi ar moicavs micvalebulTan dakavSirebul warmodgenebis mTel wres. aq Tavmoyrilia ramdenime sakiTxi, romelic didi sarwmunoebrivi ciklis erT aspeqts, kerZod, micvalebulTa da bunebis aRdgenadi Zalebis urTierTobas Seexeba. sulis siwminde, rogorc amas motanili masala gviCvenebs, TavisTavad upirispirdeba xorcis uwmindurobas. aqedan bunebrivad gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom adamiani Tavisi arsebiT Sedgenilia ori xarisxobrivad sapirispiro substratisagan, wmindisa da uwmindurisagan, romelTagan pirveli, suli, - ciuri sawyisidan momdinareobs, xolo meore, xorcieleba miwas ganekuTvneba. Tavis mxriv es dapirispirebani emTxveva ciur- sa da miwiers, xolo es ukanaskneli ki keTilisa da borotis zogierT aspeqts. specialur literaturaSi gamrTqmulia mosazreba, romelic amtkicebs, rom xalxur yofaSi damowmebuli keTilisa da borotis empiriuli dapirispireba momdinareobs primitiuli sameurneo praqtikidan, sadac adamiani da sazogadoeba yovel wuTs awydeba bunebis damangrevel Zalebis moqmedebas, rasac upirispirebs misi saqmianobisaTvis xelSemwyob movlenebs. magram aseT viTarebaSi movlenebi ar ganzogadovdeba iseTi abstra- qtuli kategoriebis saxiT, rogoricaa keTili da boroti. am dapirispirebas ufro materialuri, konkretulad gamoyenebiTi saxe hqonda da martivi analogiebis saxiT warmoidgineboda. magaliTad, praqtikulad ufro gasagebi unda yofiliyo ara „naTeli“ da „bneli“, rogorc ori, erTma- neTis gamomricxavi zogadi sawyisi, aramed maTi yofiTi gamovlineba sinaTlesa da sibnelis saxiT. amdenad, dapirispireba wmindisa da uwmindurobisa, romelic sulsa da xorcs, miwasa da cas Seesabameba, SedarebiT, gviandeli movlena unda iyos da qristianuli moZRvrebis zemoqmedebad gveCveneba. specialistebi, fiqroben, rom RirebulebaTa vertikaluri daxarisxeba, romelic bolos da bolos ori sawyisis dapirispirebamde midis, qristianobam SeimuSava. „Suasaukuneobrivi dualizmi warmoadgens dapirispirebulobaTa polaruli wyvilebis saxiT mkveTrad danawilebul samyaros, sadac urTierTdapirispirebuli kategoriebi ganlagebulia vertikalur RerZze... mTeli yuradReba mipyrobilia „ze“ da „qve“ kategoriebisadmi, polaruli gadanacvlebisadmi, amaRlebulidan mdablisaken. esaa 17 WeSmaritad ganmsazRvreli koordinatebi samyaros Suasaukuneobrivi suraTisa“[20]. vertikaluri sqema gabatonebulia xelovnebaSi, saerTod, azrovnebis yvela sferoSi da es poziciebi SeimuSava qristianobis xanam [21] am principzea agebuli ara marto calkeuli dargebi adamianis meurneobisa, aramed mTeli samyaros xilvadi modeli, romelic safuZvlad edo Suasaukuneebis saxier azrovnebas[22]. rogorc Cans, amave TvalsazrisiT ganixileboda adamianis sxeuli da suli, erTianoba diametruli Rirebulebebisa, romelTagan suli ganasaxierebda da ganekuTvneboda casa da ciurs, xolo xorci, uwminduri, miwisagan iyo moRebuli da miwadve unda miqceuliyo. am debulebidan gamomdinare, ukve gasagebia Tu ratom iTvleboda micvalebuli uwmindurad. mas moSorebuli hqonda wminda, ciuri sawyisi, suli. xevsurebis ritualur praqtikaSi uwmindurad miiCneoda ara marto micvalebuli, misi sawoli da nivTi, aramed masTan uSualo kontaqtSi myofi pirebic, romelTac ganwmendisaTvis rTuli wesi unda SeesrulebinaT. es Sexedulebebi Tavisi warmomavlobiT gacilebiT win uswrebs qristianobas. adre es movlenebi ar ganixileboda wmindisa da uwminduris poziciidan. micvalebuls ufrTxodnen rogorc sazianos, ukve ucxos, sxva samyaros kuTvnilebas da, amdenad, saSiSs. qristianobis gavleniT am rwmenebs mkacrad Camoyalibebuli, sistemuri saxe mieca da axal kosmogonur struqturaSi moeqca. wmindanisa da uwminduris dapirispirebiT Tavad sxeulic „qve“ da „ze“ kategoriebis poziciebidan ganixileboda. m. baxtini wers, rom kosmiur aspeqtSi „ze“ da „qve“ ixmareboda absoluturi da mkacri topografiuli mniSvnelobiT. „ze“ aris ca, xolo „qve“-miwa. sxeulebriv aspeqtSi, romelic arasdros ar emijneba kosmiuris, „ze“ udris saxes, Tavs, „qve“ - mucels, gamoyofisa da gamravlebis organoebs[23]. amitomac, qristianuli, iedologiis Sesabamisad, qveda organoebiT qmedeba uwmindurad da saZraxisad miiCneoda. nawilobriv igive viTareba mowmdeba xalxur yofaSic, sadac sqesTa urTierToba da mSobiaroba uwmindurad iyo miCneuli. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom rigi xalxuri ritualebisa seqsualobiT iyo aRbeWdili da saSinlad idevneboda qristianobis mier, rogorc qristianuli religiis poziciebidan miuRebeli da gaugebari moqmedeba. aqedan unda davaskvnaT, rom es ritualebi qristianobis batonobis xanaSi ver 18 gaCndeboda da masze adrea warmoSobili. am gadmonaSTebis SemorCena TiTqmis ukanasknel xanebamde ganpirobebulia, erTi mxriv, maTi funqciuri qmediTobiT, xolo meore mxriv, xalxur azrovnebasa da yofaSi orTodoqsaluri qristianobis nawilobrivi SeRweviT. qarTvelTa religiur praqtikaSi zeca mamazecieris sameufo iyo, qveviT, miwas dedamdebiare ewodeboda. Sewiruli msxverplidan suli mamazeciers ganekuTvneboda [24]. sisxli - dedamdebiares, xolo xorci adamianebs. micvalebulis saxelze Sewiruli msxverplis suli micvalebuls miuvidoda, xolo xorci Zirs rCeboda. aseve SesaZlebeli iyo cocxal kacs sicocxleSive Seewira Tavisi sulisaTvis msxverpli da suleTSi misuls es msxverpli iq daxvdeboda[25]. amdenad, unda vifiqroT, rom qarTul eTnografiul masalaSi dapirispirebuli urTierToba sulisa da xorcis, rTuli qronologiuri stratigrafiis movlenaa. uZvelesad unda miviCnioT warmodgena adamianze, romelic sulisa da xorcisagan Sedgeba. adamiani samzeoSi cxovrobs. sikvdilis Semdgom suli da xorci gaiyreba, xorcs, romelic usulod uwminduria, garkveuli wesiT abinaveben cocxlebi, xolo suli suleTSi gadasaxldeba. xorci ama Tu im formiT nadgurdeba, suli arsebobas agrZelebs suleTSi. samzeo da suleTSi Seesabameba saiqiosa da saaqaos cnobebs, magram Tu am terminebs davakvirdebiT, isini ki ar aRninaven caze da miwaze ganlagebul samyaroebs, aramed Tavisi Zireuli mniSvnelobiT („iq“ da „aq“) gulisxmoben erT sibrtyeze moTavsebul qveynierebis or sxvadasxva nawils, romelTagan erTi mziTaa ganaTebuli, xolo meoreSi mudmivi bneleTi sufevs. am Sexedulebis marTebulebas mowmobs megrulSi gavrcelebuli termini „galenaSuri“, gareSe suli, romelic micvalebuls aRniSnavs. „gare“, ra Tqma unda, imave sibrtyeze igulisxmeba, romelzedac „Sina“. aqedan cxadia, rom winaqristianul warmodgenebSi sulTa sadgomisa da adamianTa samyaros ganlageba Tavidan ar iyo vertikaluri da misi Secvla qristianobis gavlenad unda miviCnioT. zemoT motanili iyo masala, romlis Tanaxmad sulebs garkveuli gavlena hqondaT miwis nayofierebaze. es Sexeduleba gasagebi xdeba Tu ki davuSvebT, rom suleTi miwisqveSeTSi mdebareobda da yvela suli, mar- Tali Tu ganasasjeli iq iyrida Tavs. aseTi suraTi gvaqvs mocemuli gilgameSis eposSi da „odiseaSi“. berZenTa warmodgeniT, micvalebulebi 19 ganagebdnen miwis mTeli siRrmis zeda horizonts, romelic kvebavda balaxs, pureuls da danarCen mcenareul samyaros, e. w. epiqToniur da qTonur fenebs. maT qvevis iwyeboda kataqToniuri done - tartarosisa da kataqToniuri RvTaebebis samyaro[26]. berZnebs, rogorc qarTvelebs, swamdaT, rom micvalebuls SeuZlia dadebiTi gavlena moaxdinos cocxlebze, magram aseve arasasruvelad miavCndaT maTTan kontaqti. aTenSi, roca micvalebuls miwas daayridnen, mere marcvals moabnevdlnen da eubnebodnen: „iqiT iyure, oRond aqeT yovelgvari sikeTe gamoagzavneo“[27]. safiqrebelia, rom Zveli xalxebis SexedulebiT sikvdili ambivalenturi bunebis movlena unda yofiliyo, radgan miwaSi wasvla „dedis wiaRSi“ wasvlad ganixileboda, rac Tavdapirvelad xelmeored Sobis asociacias qmnida. zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom qarTvelTa warmodgeniT miwa dedur sawyiss ganasaxierebda. es modeli originaluri ar aris da TiTqmis sruli sizustiT meordeboda mTels Zvel samyaroSi. analogiuri viTareba gansakuTrebiT TvalnaTlad Cans berZnul miTologiaSi. qalisagan yrmis Soba gaigivebuli iyo miwisgan nayofis SobasTan, razec metyvelebs ficis formula: „de ara Svas miwam nayofi, de ara Svas qalma yrma“[28]. platons aRniSnuli aqvs, rom ara miwa baZavs qals orsulobiTa da mSobiarobiT, aramed qali miwas (meneqsi, 238). qaluri sawyisis saxiT ganixilavdnen miwas aristotele da Teofraste[29]. amitomac, miwis nayofierebis berZnul ritualebSi gavrcelebuli iyo esxrologia, uwmauwr simRerebi; Tesvis dros ixdidnen da SiSvldebodnen. esxrologia, gaSiSvleba, sqesTa urTierTobis imitacia aseve farTod iyo gavrcelebuli qarTvelTa analogiur ritualebSi da amis Sesaxeb vrceli literatura arsebobs. eTnografiuli masalis mxardamxar SeiZleba motanil iqnes dakrZalvis istoriuli wesebi, rogorc qarTvelTa yofidan ise saerTodac, radgan es wesebi mTels Zvel msoflioSi Tavisi ideologiuri safuZvliT mcired gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan. saiqio cxovrebaze Sexedulebebi paleoliTSic aris damowmebuli., magram miwismoqmedi xalxebis kulturaSi es rwmenebi ufro garTulda da metnaklebad mwyobri sistemebis saxiT dalagda. suleTSi arseboba miwieri cxovrebis analogiiT midioda da iq gadasaxlebulni inarCunebdnen individualur socialur niSnebs. am TvalsazrisiT sakrZalav ceremoniaTa istoria friad saintereso masalas 20 gvawvdis da damoukidebel, monografiul Seswavlas saWiroebs. magram amJamad, Cvens sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mxolod qvevrsamarxebs SevexebiT. specialur literaturaSi or mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli, romelTa Tanaxmad qvevrSi Casvenebul micvalebuls mZinaris da embrionis formas aZlevdnen. safiqrebelia, rom qarTuli masalis mixedviT, micvalebulis qvevrSi Casveneba mucladRebas warmosaxavda, radgan Wuri muclis tolfasovan Rirebulebad iyo miCneuli. muceli, rogorc moculobis mqone siRrue, adreve iyo aqcentirebuli xelovnebis Zeglebze. magaliTad, brinjaos sartylebze gamosaxul cxovelebis korpusze, rig SemTxvevebSi vxedavT cariel ovalebs, romelTa mizani, albaT, muclis sicarielis gadmocemaa. sxva SemTxvevaSi cxovels mucelSi uzis Canasaxi. muceli saSos sinonimSic unda yofiliyo, radgan muclad Reba Casaxvas niSnavda, meore mxriv, muceli sxva saganTa siRruis aRmniSvneli terminic iyo. magaliTad, navis siRrues navis muceli ewodeboda (dajda epifane mucelsa Sina navisas)[30]. dResac ixmareba gamoTqma mucliani doqi, koka, dergi, qoTani da a. S. ase rom, Wuris siRrue muclis srul asociacias qmnida da masSi dakrZaluli micvalebuli albaT mucladRebuli ebareboda yovelTa warmomSob dedur sawyiss. cxadia, rom xorcieli msxverpli, miwis produqtebi, ludi da Rvino, mwvane foToli da yvavilebi, yvelaferi, rac miwis samyarosTan, mis kosmogoniur simbolikasTan da aRdgenadobis unarTanaa dakavSirebuli, Seadgenda materialur safuZvels, riTac micvalebulTa msaxurebis rituali sruldeboda da am ukanasknelsac perioduli kvdoma-aRdgomis ciklSi aerTianebda. amdenad, micvalebulis kultis es aspeqti warmoadgenda bazas, romelzedac aRmocenda mTeli pleada bunebis aRorZinebadi Zalis ganmasaxierebeli RvTaebebisa. es RvTaebebi, analogiurad mcenareuli samyarosi, periodulad ixocebodnen, e. i. garkveuli periodis manZilze cxovrobdnen suleTSi, sadac uSualo kontaqts amyarebdnen micvalebulTa sulebTan. Tu am debulebas miviRebT, maSin, Tavad micvalebulebi unda qceuliyvnen bunebis aRorZinebis mastimulirebel Zalad, xolo amave funqciis matarebel RvTaebaTa kultis Camoyalibebis Semdgom, isini inarCuneben Suamavlis rols cocxalTa da nayofierebis RvTaebaTa Soris. 21 amave principidan gamomdinareobs micvalebulTa dResaswaulebis sezonaTa mixedviT ganawileba wliur kalendarSi, rogorc ukve naTqvami iyo, adre sagazafxulo dResaswaulebi, maT Soris lifanali da sulTakrefa, bunebis aRorZinebis ideasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, xolo zafxulis sezonis dResaswaulebi, sulTmofinoba da Tibvis samSabaTi, emTxveoda mkasa da Tibvas. CvenTvis saintereso „gvrini“ swored Tibvisas da mkisas sruldeboda da, amdenad, damaxasiaTebelia micvalebulTa kultmsaxurebis sazafxulo ritualebisaTvis. radgan „gvrini“ xmiT natiralebis teqstze imRereboda, igi micvalebulis samsaxuris erTi elementi unda yofiliyo. sikvdilisa da tirilis urTierTCanacvleba, an paraleluri Sesruleba, tipiuria qarTuli wesmsaxurebisaTvis. arsebobs samgloviaro simRera „zari“. aseve, gavrcelubalia tirilis imisTana formebi, romlebic am simReras uaxlovdebian. amdenad, xmis natiralebis „gvriniT“ Sesruleba srulebiT ar gamoricxavda mis samgloviaro Sinaarss. yovelive es gvafiqrebinebs, rom „gvrini“ mTels axlo aRmosavleTsa da evropaSi gavrcelebuli mkisa da Tibvis dros ritualuri glovis analogiuri movlena unda iyos. am dros dastirodnen udrood daRupul mindvris Wabuk RvTaebas, romelic bunebrivia, aRdgenad da mokvdav RvTaebaTa pleadas ganekuTvneboda. ase magaliTad Zvel aRmosavleTsa da egvipteSi dastirodnen pirvel Znas, romelsac zogjer marxavdnen kidec[31]. spartaSi, maisSi dastirodnen mSvenier Wabuks, hiacints, romelsac patara marjnisferi yvavili ganasaxierebda[32]. ruseTSi dastirodnen kostromas, iarilos, ukrainaSi - kostrubenkos da maT gamosaxulebebs yanaSi marxavdnen. Tavad saxeli „kostroma“ momdinareobs balaxis Tavelis saxelwodebidan, rac xsnis, Tu ratom marxavdnen kostromas dakrZalvis zogi variantisas miwaSi mxolod puris TavTavs. kostromas dakrZalvas Tan sdevda gawuwva, fitulis dagleja da wyalSi Cayra, wvimis gamoTxovis teqstebSi igi moxsenebulia, rogorc maxvili celis patroni. xersonis guberniaSi kostroma miaCniaT karg miwismoqmedad, romelic ostaturad asrulebs mindvris yvela samuSaos xvnidan galewvamde, ris Semdgom kvdeba da xramSi agdeben[33]. winadinastiuri da Zveli samefos xanebis egviptelebi micvalebuls gardasulTa RvTebasTan ozirisTan aigivebdnen, romelic momakvdavi, tanjuli da aRdgenadi RvTaeba iyo. nebismieri gardacvlili piris xsenebi- 22 sas mis saxels umatebdnen RvTaebis saxelsac, rac imas niSnavda, rom gardacvlili ozirisis samyaroSi moxvda da ozirisis Zalas eziara. amitom, kerZo pirTa datireba dla glova gaigivebuli iyo RvTaebis datireba-glovasTan[34]. rogorc maspero fiqrobs, ozirisi miwieri, sicocxlis mimniWebeli Zalebis ganmasaxierebeli RvTaebaa, igi kvdeba an sicxiT (oziriss klavs Zma seti, romelic borot mcxunvare mzes ganasaxierebs) an adamiani klavs miwis nayofis, e. i. puris yanis saxiT. yovelive amis Semdgom, ra gasakviria, rom yana „glovis“ adgilad iqca, sadac dastirodnen momkili puris yanis da mzisgan damwvar mcenareTa Wabuki RvTaebis sikvdils, romelic kvdeba imitom, rom kvlav aRsdges uwindeburi mSvenebiTa da ZlierebiT. am RvTaebas ganasaxierebda pirveli Zna, romelsac yanaSi marxavdnen da dastirodnen egviptelebi da moabis felaxebi[35]. herodote wers, rom egviptelebi, msgavsad sxva xalxebisa, mRerian simRera „linoss“, romelsac Tavad „maneross“ uwodeben[36]. „manerosi“ egvipturad niSnavs „dabrundi saxlSi“ da es fraza aris refreni izidas cnobili tirilisa ozirisze, roca qalRvTaeba godebiT mouxmobs tanjul, RalatiT moklul meuRles dabrundes, e. i. aRsdges da Tan misi daglejili sxeulis nawilebs agrovebs. am simReras herodote aigiveebs Wabuki linosis, aseve, tanjuli RvTaebis himnTan. mTels antikur da elinistur samyaroSi gavrcelebuli iyo adonisis masiuri glova. aristofanes Semonaxuli aqvs aseTi cnoba: „...coli cekvavs da iZaxis ai, ai, adonis!“ erT orfikul himnSi xotbas asxamen mas: „Seiwynare Cemi vedreba saxelmravalo, keTilo, nazTmiano, moyvarulo myudroebis!... qrebi da inTebi Sen, Tayvancemulo cremlisRvriT... suliT mSveniero, kipridas tkbilo rtoo, Zeo erotisa... ramdensame xans tartarosSi mjdomare, Semdeg ki olimpze aRmavalo, modi netaro da mianiWe zecas nayofi“[37]. dion smirnelTan Senaxulia aseTi suraTi: qmari eubneba cols: „Seswyvite dRes, kiTaria, moTqma da mkerdSi cema, Sen xom isev mogixdeba tirili, isev mogiwevs momaval wels cremlTa Rvra“[38]. ozirisis, adonisis, atisisa da sxvaTa glovis ritualebs Tan sdevda tirili, piris xokva, TviTgvema, TviT dasaxiCreba, da TviT dasaWuriseba. aseve miRebuli iyo cxovelTa da adamianTa sisxliani msxverplic, radgan es rituali miznad isaxavda gadmoeca Wabuki RvTaebis tanjviT sikvdili da misi cxovelmyofeli Zalis gaqroba. 23 analogiuri warmodgenebi Semoinaxa mahmadianurma aRmosavleTma. X s-Si seabis qalebi dastirodnen RvTaeba ta-uzas, romelic Zveli Tamuzis uSualo memkvidre unda iyos. jer 1064 wels, xolo SemdgomSi 1204 wels, Savi Wiris gavrcelebisas iseve gaixsenes tirili gardacvlil RvTaebaze: „mokvda jinebis didi mefe, vai am qveyanas!“ aseve dastirodnen jini qalis, ummunyudis, e. i. vazis rqis Svils, romelsac Tu ar daitirebdnen, yvelani daiRupebodnen boroti sikvdiliT. Semonaxulia datirebis formula, „o, dedao yurZnis (vazis) lerwisa, mogviteve Cven. ler- wi yurZnisa momkvdara da Cven ara vuwyodiT“[39]. zogi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom aRorZinebadi RvTaebebis kultidan bevr ram Sevida hoseinis cnobil datirebaSi. aRnusxulia SemTxvevebi, roca dResaswaulis bolos hoseinis kubos wyalSi agdebdnen, msgavsad damuz-adonisisa[40]. v. ivanovi hoseinis datirebas mokvdavi da aRdgenadi RvTaebebis dResaswaulebis rigSi ganixilavs. mas gansakuTrebiT ainteresebs hoseinis daCexvisa da morwmuneTa mier Tavis dasaxiCrebis faqtebi, rasac enTuziasturi tirilis saxeobad miiCnevs da dionisur dResaswaulebs ukavSirebs[41]. herodote vrclad aRwers ritualuri tirilis scenebs, gvemas, TviT dasaxiCrebis da orgiastuli gamovlinebebis sxvadasxva formebs, romelTagan umTavresT, Tumca ritualisa da sarwmunoebis winaSe mokrZalebis gamo, ar aRwers, magram aseT saqciels igi SeumCnevels ar tovebs ucxoelTa Sorisac da aRniSnavs, rom ozirisis (dionise) saxalxo tirilis dros egvipteli karielebi daniT iCexaven Tavso [36. II, 40, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64]), rac zustad meordeba hoseinis datirebaSi. amave mosazrebas adgas sofio mari. igi mimoixilavs evTnografiul da istoriul wyaroebs da askvnis, rom oficialuri xelisuflebis mier miRebuli mahmadianuri moharami (hoseinis datireba) xalxuri yofis siRrmeebidan momdinareobso[42]. motanili masala cxadyofs, rom mkisas miRebuli iyo tanjuli Wabuki RvTaebis glova, romelsac ganasaxierebda momkili yana. es glova arqaul xanebSi gaigivebuli iyo konkretuli piris datirebasTan, ramdenadac nebismieri micvalebuli ganixileboda, rogorc RvTaebriv samyarosa da miwis nayofierebasTan naziarebi Zala, amdenad, qarTelTa “gvrinSi“ Semonaxulia aRdegadi RvTaebebis formirebis metad Zveli dorne, radgan 24 aq jer kidev ar dastirian Wabuk RvTaebas da xotbiT igoneben mxolod micvalebuls. RvTaebaTa datireba am warmodgenis Semdgomi safexuria. Tu Tavis droze aRdgenadi da mokvdavi RvTaebebis kultis Camoyalibebis procesSi gamoyenebuli iyo micvalebulTa kultis zogi aspeqti, momdevno xanebSi, RvTaebaTa kultmsaxurebas gavlena mouxdenia micvalebulis dakrZalvisa da samsaxuris ceremonialze. amiane marcelini aRwers erTi Wabukis dasaflavebas, sadac motiralebi baZaven adonsis motiral qurumebs. isini micvalebuls amkoben iseTive epiTetebiT, rogorc qurumebi adoniss[43]. glovis es modeli qarTvelTa yofaSiac Cans damkvidrebuli, rac kargad Cans qarTlis cxovrebaSi farsman qvelis datirebis aRweridan. aq naTqvamia, rom dasxdnen „mgosani glovisani“,[43a] cxadia, glovis mgosnebi xotbas asxamdnen gmir mefes, mis vaJkacobas, garegnul mSvenierebas da tirodnen xalxis usasoobas, romelmac dakarga meTauri da mfarveli. aseTive suraTi aRwerilia vefxitstyaosanSi, roca tarielis mama gardaicvleba. gaixares imaT, visac misi SiSi mosvenebas ar aZlevda: „me weliwdamdis bnelsa vjde sawuTro-gacudebuli, dRisiT da RamiT vvaebdi, vervisgan sulad-Rebuli“. ambobs tarieli. vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, Zvelad didi tirili scodniaT. mgloviareni bnelSi isxdnen, welamde SiSvldebodnen, iparsavdnen Tmas, wversa da warb-wamwams, icemdnen da sisxls idendnen, wlamde xorcs ar Wamdnen, ZaZa-flass icvamdnen, xolo axloblebi mwuxare xmebiT galobdnen[44]. analogiuri viTareba aqvs aRwerili T. saxokias: samegreloSi, roca vinme gardaicvleboda „sofelSi gaismis qalebis kivili da mamakacebis Rriali, raic yvelasTvis maniSnebelia im ojaxSi, saidanac xma moisma datrialebuli ubedurebisa. am ojaxs mTeli sofeli TanagrZnobas ucxadebs, rac gamoixateboda SemdgomSi: „qalebi loyebsa da gadaReRil gulmkerds frCxilebiT ikawraven da sisxls idenen, Tavze Tmas iglejen“. adre motiralebi wels zeviT SiSvldebodnen, ukanasknel xanebSi mxolod sakinZes ixsnian da fexze iZroben, Sublze orive xels icemen. uwin maTraxs itylaSunebdnen da gauTaveblad iZaxodnen „vais“. aqve sruldeba samgloviaro simRera „zari“[45]. gansakuTrebiT mdidari masala aqvs motanili a. wulaZes XIX-XX sauk. mijnis guriis yofidan. aqac suraTi meordeba da enTuziasturi tirilis elmentebs Seicavs. [45a] igive viTa- 25 reba mowmdeba saqarTvelos danarCen kuTxeebSi da es movlena sakmaod kargad aris aRwerili qarTveli eTnografebis mier. rogorc vxedavT, es scenebi zustad imeorebs Wabuki RvTaebis datirebis ceremonialis elementebs. am mxriv sayuradRebo masalaa daculi qarTulSi samgloviaro Sorisdebulis saxiT, romelTac aRmosTqvamen mwuxarebis gamoxatvis mizniT. aseT SorisdebulTagan sabas aRniSnuli aqvs „vai, vae, voi“, aqvea motanili gamoTqva „vai Sen“. piradi mwuxarebis gamosaxatavad iTqmis „vaime“, an „vai Sen Cemo Tavo“[46]. am sityvieri formulebis moqmedebiT gamoxatvsi adeqvatur formas warmoadgens TavSi xelis cema, Tmis gleja, xolo Tu ufro Sors wavalT, iaraRis gamoyeneba da TviTdasaxiCreba, rasac mahmadiani motiralni da egvipteli karielebi sCadiodnen. analogiur movlenad unda miviCnioT RvTaebaTa datirebisas dakawvris, daglejis, sisxlisdenis, TviTdasaxiCrebisa da TviTdasaWurisebis wesi. mokled rom vTqvaT, sityvieri vaebis Sesabamisad gvevlineba sxeulis tarvmireba, rac unda momdinareobdes nadirisagan daglejili Tu tanjuli Wabuki RvTaebis samwuxaro yofis warmosaxvidan. termini „vai“, „vaeba“, rogorc mwuxarebis gamomsaxveli bgeriTi kompleqsi, uZvelesi xanebidanaa damowmebuli. Tanamedrove yofaSi maT paralelurad ixmareba gamoTqma „avai, avaime“[47]. am gamoTqmebs mTels Zvel msoflioSi Seesabameboda Sesatyvisi Sorisdebulebi, romlebic aseve mwuxarebas, glovas gamoxatavda. finikiuri „ai lenu“ aRniSnavda „vai Cven“, rasac specialistebi amgvaneben berZnul SeZaxils „ailinon“. es SeZaxilebi gaismoda misteriebis da msxverplSewirvis dros (esqilesTan ifigenias msxverplad Sewirvisas amboben „ailinon“). amas mosdevda orgiastuli SeZaxili „euoe“ (evoe) [48]. Znelia am Sorisdebulis warmoSobaze vilaparakoT, magram faqtia, rom igi fonetikurad da emocionalurad qarTu- li „vai, avais“ paralelur formad gvevlineba. aseTive warmoSobis aris danarCeni Sorisdebulebic oi, eh da a. S. amaT paralelurad unda miviCnioT rusuli ай, ой, evropuli ah da sxv. [49]. sayuradReboa, rom aseTi SeZaxilebi XVIII saukuneSi fiqsirebulia mkisas evropis sxvadasxva qveynebSi. ase rom, qarTuli samgloviaro SeZaxilebi gamoiyeneboda mokvdavi RvTaebebis datirebisas, magram, sxeulis dazianeba da misi tanjvis imitacia qarTul religiur praqtikaSi jerjerobiT ar aris damowmebuli. rogorc Cans, igi sabolood gamqrala. misi anarekli SemorCenili unda 26 iyos zogierT xalxur dResaswaulebsa da zogierT saweso moqmedebebSi. maTi kvali Cans wmindanTa cxovrebaSiac. am TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze uxvi masala Semonaxulia yeenoba-berikaobis adresagazafxulo misteriebSi, sadac seqsualuri atributebiT aRWurvili berika kvdeba da cocxldeba. am misteriebSi dastirodnen mkvdar berikas, icodnen Cxubi, tansacmlis dagleja, Widaoba, krivi, sqesTa urTierTobis imitacia, gamurva, bilwsityvaoba da a. S. yovelive es Zveli ritualebis saxecvlili formaa. arqauli koncefcia nawilobriv darRveulia da axali istoriuli da socialuri garemos mixedviT aris Secvlili, magram rigi elementebisa TiTqmis ucvlelad aris Sesuli misteriis struqturaSi, romelic aseve arqauli formisa Cans * . RvTaebis daglejis imitaciad migvaCnia erTi svanuri wesi. axal wels specialurad damzadebul magidaze, romelic or kacs mihqonda, Sesvamdnen patara biWs da keris irgvliv Semoatarebdnen. am dros savse beRels SesTxovdnen RvTaebas, ritualSi monawileobda sagangebo namcxvari da saceri. Semotarebisas bavSvs Cqmetdnen da xis sadgisebiT sCxvletdnen ise, rom bavSvi usaTuod unda atirebuliyo. xalxi ki am dros icinoda da mxiarulobda[50]. analogiuri warmomavlobisa unda iyos qarTuli Tqmuleba wminda giorgis Sesaxeb. aq naTqvamia, rom RmerTs es wmindani 360 nawilad daunawevrebia da qveyanaze mimoubnevia. TiToeuli nawilis adgilze Semdgom eklesia auSenebiaT. es legenda gasaocari sizustiT imeorebs ozirisis datirebis rituals. ozirisis sxeulis nawilebi mimobneuli iyo sxvadasxva sakulto centrebSi, maT yovel wels agrovebdnen, raTa tanjuli RvTaeba xelmeored aRdgeniliyo. wm. giorgis kultSi bevri ram aris Sesuli aRdgenadi da mokvdav RvTaebaTa ciklidan, magram amJamad maTi Zebna sakiTxs dagvaSorebs. rogorc xalxuri masala cxadyofs, qveynierebis sxvadasxva sartyelTa Soris komunikaciis erT-erT aseT saSualebad miiCneoda sulisa da xorcis gayra e. i. samudamo an droebiTi gardacvaleba. is, rac uwminduri xorcisaTvis SeuZlebeli iyo, xelmisawvdomad warmoidgineboda wminda sulisTvis. am TvalsazrisiT metad saintereso figuraa zemoxsenebuli gaxua megrelauri. gaxua megrelaurisa da xatebis qajaveTs erToblivi * am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ixileT d. janeliZis, j. ruxajis da Sromebi. 27 j. onianis laSqrobis Sedegebidan gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa nadavli, radgan igi warmodgenas gviqmnis qajaveTis qveynis raobaze. wamoRebul nivTTa Soris dasaxelebulia iaraRi, simdidre, oqros saceri, musikaluri sakravi, iseve wamoyvanili qalebi. maTgan erT-erTi aris samZimari, xaxmatis jvaris dobili, xorcieli siyvarulis mfarveli qalTRvTaeba. qajaveTs sistematurad mxolod xatebi dadian, xolo adamianTaTvis iq moxvedra iSviaTi gamonaklisia, cocxali kaci, msgavsad gaxuasi, mxolod sikvdilis meoxeobiT Tu moxvdeba iq, e. i. qajaveTs mxolod suli Tu SeiZleba moxvdes. es faqti gvafiqrebinebs, rom am Tqmulebis qajaveTi sxva samyaroSi unda mdebareobdes. es samyaro nayofierebasTan, simdidresTan da dedur sawyisTan Cans dakavSirebuli, razedac migviTiTebs musikalur sakravi, oqros saceri da iqidan wamoyvanili nayofierebis qalRvTaeba. Tu am debulebas miviRebT, maSin qajaveTs wasvla simbolurad RvTaebaTa periodul sikvdils unda niSnavdes, rac Seesabameba bunebis sezonur kvdomasa da aRorZinebas. am TqmulebaSi erTad aris mocemuli RvTaebebis perioduli sikvdilis amsaxveli masala da kerZo piris maTTan Tanxlebis ambavic, rac SeiZleba miznad isaxavdes romelime gamoCenili pirovnebis nawilobriv gaRvTaebrivebas. am debulebisaTvis sasargebloa xaxmatis giorgisa da samZimris - mode-moZmeobis faqti. isini erT wyvils warmoadgenen da Tayvanic erTad ecemaT[54]. amdenad, xaxmatis jvris suleTs wasvla da iqidan qalis gamoyvana Sebrunebulad imeorebs suleTSi periodulad moarul RvTaebebis Sesaxeb asrebul warmodgenebs (afrodite adonisisTvis Cadis suleTSi, iSTari TamuzisTvis), magram miTologiaSi cnobilia iseTi wyvilebic, roca mamri Cadis qvesknelSi qalis amosayvanad, magaliTad, orfeosi da evridike. qalisaTvis sxva samyaroSi gadasvlis motivi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, amiranianianSic aris Senaxuli, da is qali, msgavsad samZimrisa, nayofierebisa da kosmogoniur xesTan aris dakavSirebuli. amdenad, es motivi tipiuri Cans qarTuli miTo- logiisaTvis. qajaveTs, rogorc nayofis momniWebel qveyanas, warmogvidgens oqros saceri da cxra Zaliani fanduri. saceri zeciur RvTaebaTa atributia, (magaliTad, berZnebSi - zevsisa) romliTac isini wvimas scrian miwaze, xolo cxra Zaliani fanduri da saerTod galoba-musika isev da isev gazafxulis dadgomasa da bunebis Zalebis aRorZinebas ukavSirdeba. xal- 28 xuri warmodgeniT gazafxuli gadamfren frinvelebs mohyavdaT. amave ideidan momdinareobs galobisa da dakvris didi mniSvneloba batonebis kultmsaxurebaSi, sadac musika da galoba yvavilTa feradovnebasTan erTad aris warmodgenili. es elementebi erTad qmnian gazafxulis suraTs. musikaluri instrumentebisaTvis suleTSi Casvla mxolod qarTul miTologias ar axasiaTebs. gavisxenoT evridikes saZebnelad suleTs Casuli RvTaebrivi momRerali, orfeosi. igive motivs vxedavT gilgameSis eposSiac. gilgameSs suleTSi Cauvarda dolis dasakravi joxebi da maT amosatanad gaagzavna enkidu, romelic ver dabrunda suleTidan. aqac, musikaluri instrumentisaTvis suleTs Casvla bunebis kvdomis simbolur asaxvad unda miviCnioT. amdenad, qarTul miTologiaSi damowmebuli fanduris gamotana qajaveTidan imave ideologiur safuZvelze aRmocenebul motivad unda miviCnioT. amave warmodgenebis wreSi eqceva gaxuas droebiTi sikvdili da saRaTas Zili. am epizodSi ar Cans ganmeoraebadoba, rac axasiaTebs aRdgomadi da mokvdavi RvTaebebis kults. ganmeorebadi am Tqmulebis mixedviT, arc xatebis qajaveTs siarulia, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sxva folkloruli Zeglebis monacemebs, iq aSkaradaa naTqvami, rom xaxmatis wm. giorgi periodulad dadis qajaveTs salaSqrod, e. i. Tu ideologiur sistemas sruli datvirTviT avamoqmedebT, maSin igulisxmeba, rom xati qajaveTs yovelwliurad midioda da yovelwliurad moyavda iqidan samZimari, moqonda oqros saceri da sxva simboloebi aRorZinebuli bunebisa. ase rom, xaxmatis wm. giorgi periodulad mkvdari Tu mZinarea, iseve, rogorc yvela danarCeni mokvdavi da aRdgenadi RvTaeba. droebiT mkvdari Tu mZinare RvTaeba iyo xeTebis telepinusi[55]. aseTive RvTaebebi hyoliaT mcire aziis sxva xalxebsac. poutarqe wers, rom Zveli frigielebis rwmeniT zamTarSi RmerTs sZinavs, xolo zafxulSi iRviZebs. rogorc daZinebas, ise gaRviZebas isini baxusis dResaswaulebiT aRniSnaven. paflagonebelis rwmeniT, zamTarSi RmerTi mijaWvuli da datyvevebulia, xolo gazafxulze Tavisufldeba borkilebisagan[56]. am cnobis mixedviT, xvTaebaTa tanjvis kidev erTi varianti vlindeba. rogorc Cans, RvTaebaTa mijaWva maTi sikvdilis adekvaturi movlenaa. qarTul miTologiaSi es motivi erT-erTi yvelaze ufro popularulia. amiranis mijaWvis epizodi am cnobis gaTvaliswinebis Semdgom, warmogvid- 29 geba, rogorc mokvdavi, vegetaturi RvTaebis gadasaxleba sxva samyaroSi. amiranis eposSi bevria aseTi momenti, sadac xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli misi mokvdaoba da aRdgenadoba. igi Caylapa Savma veSapma da Sav zRvaSi Caitana. is kvdeba omSi da Semdeg cocxldeba. mTeli eposis manZilze upirispirdeba devebs, romlebic Tavis mxriv qvesknelis binadarni Tu ganmasaxierebelni arian[57]. eposSi TiTqos ar Cans misi kvdomisa da aRdgenis ganmeoradoba, magram Tu davakvirdebiT amiranis mijaWvis epizods, iq am ideis anareklsac davinaxavT. wlis manZilze amiranis jaWvi Txeldeba, palo, romelzedac igia dabmuli, iryeva, magram gazafxulobiT, did xuT- SabaT dRes, mWedlebi kvers dahkraven da jaWvi isev sqeldeba. safiqrebelia, rom jaWvis yovelwliuri ganmtkicebis motivi warmoadgens yovelwliurad xelaxla dabmis saxecvlilebas, xolo Tu es asea, amirani albaT yovelwliurad Tavisufldeboda. es suraTi ukve dasrulebuli saxiT warmogvidgens mokvdavi da aRdgenadi vegetaturi RvTaebis periodul saxecvlilebas. amdenad, amiranis eposis Zireuli momentebi (zRvis gaRmidan qalis gamoyvana; veSapis mier Caylapva, mijaWva, jaWvis perioduli, yovelwliur ganmtkiceba) aRmocenebulia aRdgenadi da mokvdavi RvTaebebis ideis gavleniT. amirani, SesaZloa, odesRac Tavad iyo vegetaturi RvTaeba da Semdgom iqca eposis gmirad. an eposSi Sesulia mokvdavi da aRdgenadi RvTaebaTa ciklisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebi. magram udavoa, rom orive SemTxvevaSi eposi yalibdeboda aRniSnul warmodgenebTa uSualo kontaqtSi. perioduli kvdoma-aRorZinebis amsaxveli epizodebi mravladaa gafantuli qarTul miTologiaSi da Sesulia sxvadasxva RvTaebebis, wmindanebis Tu gmirebis cxovrebaSi (wm. giorgi, kopala, mindia), rac imis maniSnebelia, rom warmodgenebi RvTaebebis mokvdavobasa da aRdgenadobaze, Sesabamisad bunebis kvdoma-aRorZinebaze, qarTvelTa winaprebis religiaSi sistemuri saxiT iyo Camoyalibebuli da eposisa da kosmogoniuri sqemis Seqmnis ideologiur safuZvels Seadgenda. plutarqes naSromidan moyvanili cnoba, romelTanac did siaxloves amJRavnebs qarTvelTa yofaSi damowmebuli sarwmunoebrivi faqtebi, warmoadgens Zvel mcireazielTa religiis sqemas, mis ZiriTadad pirncips. amitom unda vifiqroT, rom qarTvelTa winapari tomebis religiac amave principze unda yofiliyo agebuli. imisaTvis, rom igi diferencirebulad warmovadginoT, plutarqes 30 gegmis Sesabamisad, unda gavyof or nawilad, RvTaebaTa „mosvlisa“ da „wasvlis“ dResaswaulebad. RvTaebaTa „wasvla“, sikvdili, anu misi pasiurobis xana, miTosur ciklSi zamTris sezonis simbolur asaxavas warmoadgens da misi nakvalevi, rogorc ukve vnaxeT qarTvelebis yofaSi SemorCenilia sakrZalavi ritualebis saxiT, romlebic, Wabuki RvTebis datirebis ceremonias imeoreben. „mosvlis“, anu gazafxulis dResaswaulTa cikli svaneTis magaliTze SesaniSnavad aqvs Seswavlili j. onians. RvTaebas „misvla-mosvlis“ anarekls warmoadgens ferxulisas „adrekilas“ misamarTiT naxmari gamoTqma. „wagvivida da mogvivida“. msgavsi magaliTi mravlad SeiZleba moviyvanoT. RvTaebis aRorZinebasTan aSkarad aris dakavSirebuli is miTosur-religiuri koncefcia, romlis mixedviT aris agebuli qarTuli qorwili. gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo momentia meqorwileTa „mefe dedoflis“ saxeliT moxsenieba, rasac isini, rogorc sakralur viTarebaSi mdgomni, droebiT RvTaebaTa doneze ahyavs. aq aSkarad Cans ritualuri sistema, sadac erT ciklad aris gaerTianebuli RvTebis mosvla, qorwineba da sikvdil-aRorZineba, dedofalis dakargva da xelaxali mopoveba da sxva, rac SemorCenilia xalxur eposSi da adre sagazafxulo karnavalebSi. maTi am TvalsazrisiT Seswavla saSualebas mogvcems aRvidginoT qarTvelTa warmarTobis erTi plastis realuri saxe, aseve saintereso perspeqtivas Seicavs eTnogenetikuri da eTnokulturuli TvalsazrisiTac. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. a. SaniZe, qarTuli xalxuri poezia I xevsuruli, Tb., 1933, gv. 288, winasityvaoba g. Citaiasi. 2. masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis III, 1940, gv. 12. 3. masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis - XI - 1960. gv.171; T. oCiauri - mTiblurTa da xmiT natiralTa urTierTobis sakiTxisaTvis. 4. masalebi.... III, 1940, gv. 29. 5. iqve, gv. 39. 6. T. oCiauri, dasax. naSr. gv. 175-177. 31 7. iqve. 8. masalebi... III, 1940, gv. 47. 9. T. oCiauri, xevsuruli mTibluri simRera -1 gvrini, mimomxilveli, II, 1951, gv. 427. 10. T. oCiauri, masalebi... XI, gv. 166. 11. iqve. 12. d. arayiSvili, raWuli xalxuri simRera, Tb., 1950, gv. 20-30. 13. d. giorgaZe, sulTakrefa, saistorio krebuli, IV, Tb., 1974, gv. 402. 14. T. saxokia, micvalebulis kulti samegreloSi, masalebi... III, 1940, gv. 172. 15. d. giorgaZe, iqve. 16. T. oCiauri, qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarmunoebis istoriidan, Tb., 1954, gv. 15-19. 17. iqve, gv. 108. 18. saq. eTn. gany. arqivi, rv. #189, melania da naTela baliaurebi. i. surgulaZe, astraluri simbolika qarTul xalxur ornamentSi, Tb., 1967, xelnaw., gv. 25-41; d. kldiaSvili, msxverpli, miqela. 19. T. oCiauri, miTologiuri gadmocemebi aR. saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. Tb., 1957, gv. 97-99, 186-194. 20. Гуревич, Категории средневековой культуры - viaC. vs. ivanovi-s statiidan Из заметок о строении и функциях карнавального образа. krebulSi Проблемы поэтики и истории литературы, Саранск, 1973, с. 38. 21. Фроланский, iqve. 22. Бахтин М. М., Творчество Франсуа Рабле и народная культура средневековья и ренесанса. М., 1965, с. 3-68. 23. iqve. 24. saq. eTn. seqtori, 1976 wlis kaxeTis eqspediciis masalebi. 25. v. bardaveliZe, qarTuli (svanuri) saweso grafikis nimuSebi, Tb., 1953, gv. 68-69. 26. Богаевский В., Земледельческая религия Афин, т. I, Петроград, 1916, 80-82. 27. iqve, 184. 28. iqve, gv. 87. 32 с. 29. iqve, gv. 59. 30. i. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb., 1973; Sesabamis terminTan. 31. Арсеньев Н., Плач по умирающуму богу. Этнографическое образование, 1912, № 1-2, с. 9. 32. Пропп В. Я., Русские народные праздники; Ленинград, 1963, с. 87-88. 33. Арсеньев, ук. соч., с. 18. 34. Тураев Б. А., История Древнего Востока, I, с. 183. 35. Арсеньев Н., ук. соч., с. 9 36. Геродот, II, 79. 37. Арсеньев, ук. соч., с. 18. 38. iqve. 39. R. Smith, The Religion of the Semites, arsenievis mixedviT, gv. 19. 40. Baudissin, Adonis und Eschmun, arsenievTan, gv. 13. 41. Иванов В. Дионис и продионисииство, Баку, 1923, с. 183-186. 42. Марр С. "Мохаррам". Сборник музея антропологии и этнографии, XXVI. 43. Арсеньев, ук. соч., с. 20. Тураев ук. соч., с. 180. 43a. qarTlis cxovreba I Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 53. 44. qarTlis cxvreba, IV, gv. 24. 45. T. saxokia, dasa. naSr., gv. 44. 45a. a. wulaZe, eTnografiuli guria, Tbilisi, 1971 w., gv. 130 da Sem- deg. 46. sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli I. 47. qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona. 48. i. ivanovi, dasax. naSr., gv. 38. 49. arsenievi, dasax. naSr., gv. 16. 50. v. bardaveliZe, qarTuli (svanuri) saweso grafikuli xelovnebis nimuSebi, Tb., 1953, gv. 113-114. 51. m. Ciqovani, mijaWvuli amirani, Tb., 1947, teqstebi. 52. Бардавелидзе В. - Древнейшие религионзные верования и обрядовое графическое искусство грузинских племен, Тб., 1957, с. 63-69. 53. T. Cxenkeli, traRikuli niRbebi. 54. T. oCiauri, dasax. naSr., 95. 55. The Ansient near East Antropology of Te[st and Pictures edition Games B. Pritchard, Prinston, 1958, p. 86-91. 33 56. plutarqe, ozirisi da izida. 69. 57. m. Ciqovani, iqve. ÇËËÈËÎÔÓÄÒ ÌÒÈÞËÄÒÊÒÌ ØÅÌÙÏÂÄÒÌÏÀÂÒÌ * (ÒÎÅÈÒ - ÄËÈÒ) qarTul tradiciul xelovnebaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli cxovelTa calkeuli gamosaxulebani, an maTi saSualebiT Sedgenili kompoziciebi, romlebic arqaul droSi iReben saTaves da xalxis kosmogoniur da religiur rwmena-warmodgenaTa wiaRSi pouloben axsnas. aseTi motivebi gavrcelebulia sxvadasxva daniSnulebis sagnebis SemkulobaSi. gvxvdeba zoomorfuli nivTebi, ritualuri namcxvari da a. S. istoriuli TvalsazrisiT zoomorfuli motivebi xelovnebis sawyis epoqebs ukavSirdeba. saqveynod cnobilia paleoliTis epoqis brwyinvale zoomorfuli mxatvruli Zeglebi da kargad aris Seswavlili maTi stilisturi, ideologiuri da a. S. mxareebi. am periodis mxatvroba formiT naturalisturia da ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT SemozRudulia misi Semoqmedi sazogadoebis warmodgenaTa CarCoebiT, kerZod sameurneo magiiT, totemizmiT da a. S. saqarTvelos teritoriaze mopovebuli saxviTi xelovnebis uZvelesi Zeglebi ZiriTadad adre samiwaTmoqmedo kulturebSia fiqsirebuli, roca sazogadoebis interesebi ukve Zireulad aris daSorebuli paleoliTis xanis dones da igi sruliad gansxvavebul azrobriv samyaros aireklavs. am xanis xelovnebaSi safuZveli eyreba kompoziciur sqemebs, gamosaxulebaTa stilizebas da mravalplanian simbolikas. es tendencia ki Sedegia sazogadoebis interesis gadanacvlebisa zogadi kategoriebisa da ganyenebuli cnebebis asaxvisaken. adremiwismoqmedebis xanidan dawyebuli zoomorfuli gamosaxulebebi kosmogoniuri miTis da religiuri simbolikis fonze unda iqnes ganxiluli. xelovnebis Zeglebi, rogorc kulturuli fenomeni, upirispirdeba yovelive arakul* wakiTxulia saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis, arqeologiis da eTnografiis institutits eTnografiis seqtorSi 1973 w. 34 turuls da asaxavs sazogadoebis mwyobr, organizebul Sexedulebebs garemomcvel samyaroze, xolo Sexedulebebi samyaroze, Tavis mxriv, gvevlinebian sazogadoebis soRialuri yofis maxasiaTeblad, ramdenadac isini am garemoSi isaxebian da warmoadgenen aRebuli sazogadoebis sulier SesaZleblobaTa zRvars yofierebis Secnobis gzaze. amdenad eTnografiul yofaSi, arqeologiasa da zepisrityvierebaSi Semonaxuli simbolikis Seswavlas pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba eniWeba sulieri kulturis kvlevisas. winamdebare narkvevSi vexeqbiT am didi problemis mcire nawils, sicocxlis xis kompoziciaSi Semavali gareul cxovelTa, kerZod irmisa da lomis simbolikas da SevecdebiT warmovaCinoT maTTan dakavSirebuli rwmena-warmodgenebis zogierTi aspeqti. xSirad maTi wyvili gamosaxuli siuJetis ZiriTad motivs Seadgens. es viTareba gvafiqrebinebs, rom am ori, sapirispiro mniSvnelobis mqone gamosaxulebis saxiT simbolurad aris fiqsirebuli istoriulad mniSvnelovani Rirebulebis mqone idea, rasac unda ganepirobebina siuJetis aseTi mdgradoba. I ÒÎÅÈÒ sicocxlis xis kompoziciaSi sxvadasxva saxiT astralur niSnebTan erTad xSirad antipodebis saxiT aris ganlagebuli irmebis, jixvebis an niamorebis gamosaxuleba. mimovixiloT, Tu rogor warsdgeba es cxovelebi xalxuri xelovnebisa da sityvierebis sxva sferoebSic. qarTul folklorSi iremi Tu jixvi xSirad warmodgenilia rogorc zebunebrivi niWTa matarebeli da RvTaebis samyarosTan dakavSirebuli arseba. ai ramdenime magaliTi, erTi xalxuri zRapris mixedviT (Cawerilia axalqalaqSi) iremi ukavSirdeba mzisa da mTvaris qaliSvils, romelic adre gazafxulis TovlSi amosuli xasxasa mwvane balaxis saxiT warmoudgeba xelmwifis vaJs. mas msaxuroben frinvelebi da cxovelebi (1. 129-131). sxva zRaparSi monadire gadaabijebs irmis moklul nukrs da gadaiqceva jer qalad, Semdeg cxenad, da bolos ibrunebs Tavis pirvandel saxes. aq iremi jadosania, (1. 63-66). aseve jadosania iremi sxva zRaparSiac, igi lamazi, Wreli qurqiT Semosili, gamoecxadeba monadires da ubedurebas SeamTxvevs (1. 201-203). am nadirs tyvia ar ekareba, monadires tyis siRrmeSi ityuebs da aqvavebs. gansakuTrebiT sayura- 35 dRebo warmodgenebia daculi erT qarTul zRaparSi, sadac kaci RmerTs daeZebs da masTan misvlas axerxebs mTis wverze mdgari irmis uzarmazari, cadawvdenili rqebiT (2. 272). irems cis samyarosTan akavSirebs legenda irmis naxtomis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmad, iremi xars Seejibra, Tu romeli ufro swrafad gadairbenda cas, mowyda da daiRupa, magram caze ki mainc darCa misi kvali irmis naxtomis saxiT (7. 381-2). RvTaebriv irems misdeven amirani da misi Zmebi. am cxovelis gansakuTrebul, zebunebriv Tvisebebze migviTiTebs misi oqros rqebi. irmis madevrebi midian maRal mTaze mdgom ukaro koSkTan, romelSiac, zeciuri warmoSobis qali zis. iremi monawileobs amiranis dabadebis siuJetSi da gmiris dedis Tanmxleb cxovelad gvevlineba (3. 205-225). erTi Tqmulebis Tanaxmad udrood dabadebuli amirani zrdas irmis faSvSi asrulebs, Tumca umetes SemTxvevaSi legendebSi amirans xaris an sxva romelime cxovelis faSvSi aTavseben. zog TqmulebaSi es cxovelebi simdidrisa da siuxvis uSualo mimniWeblebad gvevlinebian, anda pirdapir Tu ara pirdapir monawileobdnen gmiris gamdidrebis procesSi. erTi Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, im adgilas, sadac monadirem Svili mokla, saocrad kargi mosavali modis (4, 165). irmis devnaSi apovnina ganZi mefe farnaozs misma mfarvelma RvTaebam. (5, 21-22). maRalmTian raionebSi, sadac umetesad jixvi da niamoria gavrcelebuli, amgvari Tqmulebebi ukve jixvs ukavSirdeba. niSniani an Wreli jixvi RvTaebisaa da misi xelis xleba ar SeiZleba, Torem monadires RvTaeba dali an nadirTa mwyemsi dasjis (6 gv. 219). xSirad monadires dalebisagan ifaravs wm. giorgi, magaliTad monadire Corlam wm. giorgis brZanebiT mokluli jixvi wamoikida da dalebis mier motexili mxari gaumrTelda (6. 103). sxva Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, dals monadirem gadaurCina mglis mier motacebuli Svili, ris samagierod saCuqrad cxra jixvi miiRo, xarbma monadirem maincdamainc oqrosqoCriani moindoma da daisaja. (6. 210). beTqilze naTqvami baladis mixedviT, TeTri Sunis saxiT cxaddeba Tavad RvTaeba dali da miuval kldeze aityuebs monadires (6. 96). aseTi mageliTebis moyvana kidev mravlad SeiZleba, magram vfiqrobT motanili masalis safuZvelzedac sakmaod naTlad Cans irmisa da jixvis Tu niamoris kavSiri da igiveoba RvTaebriv ZalebTan, kerZod veluri bunebis nayofierebis RvTaebebTan. 36 xalxur sityvierebaSi da saxviT xelovnebaSi gansakuTrebiT aqcentirebuli iyo zemioxsenebul cxovelTa rqebi, rogorc maTi ZiriTadi, specialuri msazRvreli niSani, xalxis warmodgenebi da istoriuli masala gavarwmunebs, rom rqebs uwin didi sakulto mnSvneloba hqonia. CvenTvis saintereso cxovelTa rqebis aRwerisas xSirad vxvdebiT epiTetebs „qorbuda“ „rqaborjRaliani“, oqros rqani da a. S. romelTa wveri cas uwevs da RmerTTan misasvlel kibed gaomiyeneba. RvTaebebi monadireebs rqamaRali xarebiT ajildoveben. saqarTvelos mTianeTSi TiTqmis yvela salocavs amkobs jixvisa da irmis rqebi. jixvis yanwebi xSirad xatis sakuTrebasac Seadgens. irmis rqebiT uwin darbazebis dedaboZebis Semkobac scodniaT (11). qarTulSi „rqa“ marto cxovelisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. Zvelad rqa aRniSnavda vazs, rkos, mcenares (aseve WurWels, sayvirs, kotoSs 19. 350). saerTod mcenareul wamonazards. rqasa da mcenares Soris azrobrivi naTesaoba kargad dasturdeba Zvel mxatvrobaSi, sadac rqa mcenaris saxiT warmoidgineboda da amaze calke gveqneba saubari. am ideis gamoZaxili unda iyos legendaSi casSewvdenili xis Canacvleba irmis rqiT, romelzedac RvTaebebi Camodian xolme cidan. aseTi xe iyo aragvis erisTavTa mier moWrili laSaris jvris muxa fSavSi. zebunebrivi ZaliT arian dajildovebulni xalxis warmodgeniT irmis ZuZunawovi gmirebic. xSirad aseTad warmoidgendnen xolme istoriul pirebsac. magaliTad laSa giorgis, erekle II-s. ereklesa da mis gamzrdel iremze arsebobs sayovelTaod cnobili xalxuri leqsi. erTi legendis Tanaxmad Tamars bavSi ar undoda, mzis sxivi eca da daaorsula, bavSvi saidumlod Sva da gamdels ubrZana usier tyeSi mietovebina. tyeSi bavSvs iremi moevlina mxsnelad. erTxel Tamarma nadirobis dros naxa es bavSviani iremi da Seapyrobina. amis Semdeg bagrationebi irmis xorcs ar Wamdneno - dasZens Tqmuleba (7. 107). zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom amirani irmis faSvSi gamouSuSebiaT. erTi variantis mixedviT mitovebul amirans iremi awovebs ZuZus (23. 63-64). esec rom ar iyos, misi deda, dali, xSirad jixvis saxes iRebs. amdenad, amiranic jixvis Svilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. irems aRuzrdia xeTuri RvTaeba telepinusic (7. 107). folkloruli masalis mixedviT, irmis rZe da irmis wvela RvTaebaTa xvedria. erTi zRapris Tanaxmad mzisa da mTvaris asuli romelsac frinvelebi da cxovelebi emorCilebian ormoc irems wvelis, maT rZes adu- 37 Rebs da Sig banaobs (1. 129-31). narTebis osuri eposis gmirs, boras colad hyavs RvTaebis naTesavi qali, romelic Tavis droze TeTri mtredis saxiT gamoecxada saqmros. es kavSiris nayofierebis ZalebTan aniWebs boras irmebis wvelis uflebas. misi Zma, Zilau irmebiT daseirnobs, romelTac abams muxis farcxSi. am farcxs Zilau sabolood uTmobs barduagis (angelosis) Svils da es ukanaskneli am farcxiT caSi miqris (8. 15-20). materialiuri kulturis Zeglebze irmis da jixvis gamosaxulebebi xSirad religiur-kosmogoniur konteqstSia moqceuli. am cxovelTa sakulto Sinaarsis dazustebisaTvis sayuradReboa svanuri lifanalis mxatvrobaSi damowmebuli erTi versia sicocxlis xis motivisa, „Txebi Wamen fiWvs“ (9. gv. 313-320), sadac fiWviseburi mcenaris orive mxares gamosaxulia ukana fexebze SemarTuli cxovelebi, romlebic totebs etanebian. aseTive saintereso kulturuli Zeglia zoomorfuli WurWeli, marani, romelic xSirad irmis, jixvis, Tu niamoris saxisaa da mcenareuli motivebiTac amkoben xolme. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumSi mravali aseTi WurWelia daculi, romelTagan Cven mxolod ramdenimes SevexebiT. marani sof. SroSidan (80-64/2) yavisferia, mwvane zolebiT. centrSi dgas niamoris figura stilizebuli rqebiT, romelsac garemoSi oTxi qvevri udgas, niamoris rqebze mogrexilia yurZnis mtevnebi. sxva sasmisebSi centraluri adgili uWiravs xaris, cxvris, an frinvelis figuras. sainteresoa zoomorfuli Svlis saxis sura (72-99, 13-89) da sasmisi „iremi“ kaxeTidan (1. 34-186). rqamaRali „iremi“ nacrisferia, mwvaned moxatuli, beW-kiserze da korpusze amCnevia mcenaris stilizebuli gamosaxulebani, texili xazebi, yelsa da mkerdze azis burTulebi, aqvs grZeli, ZirsdSvebuli kudi. prof. mire-s azriT marani uZvelesi drois niSnebs atarebs da winaistoriuli da klasikuri xanis mravalkorpusiani kernosebis tipis WurWelia (10. 309-12). svaneTSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli micvalebulis sulisaTvis cxovelTa Sewirvis wesi, micvalebuls „gaayolebdnen“ cxens, Zroxas, xars da a. S. Sesawirav cxovelTa Soris miRebuli iyo jixvis an arCvis xorcis sakurTxad mitana; micvalebulis kubosTan xSirad mihqondaT jixvis fitulebi, romelic saiqioSi unda „xlebodnen“ micvalebuls, aseve acxobdnen ritualur, Sesawirav zoomorful namcxvrebs, romelTa Soris, 38 Sinaur cxovelebTan erTad xSiri iyo jixvis, arCvis frinvelTa da puris TavTavis gamosaxulebani (9. 66-73). aqve unda aRaniSnoT, rom folklorSi es cxovelebi bunebis nayofierebis qalur Zalebs ukavSirdeboda. religiis istoriis zogadi principebidan farTod aris cnobili, rom is RvTaebebi, romlebsac atributis saxiT dayveba esa Tu is cxoveli an mcenare, adre am cxovelis saxiT unda yofiliyvnen Tayvancemulni. aseTi saxis RvTaebaa dasavleTqarTuli nadirTmfarveli dali. nadirTmwyemsi lamazi qalis Sesaxeb cnobebi aRm. saqarTveloSic bevria (6. 204-205). am qalRvTaebebs ekuTvnis nadiris jogi, wvelen, klaven, mere aRadgenen da saCuqrad arigeben cxovelebs. rogorc uZvelesi masala migvaniSnebs, saqarTvelos teritoriis macxovreblebs, msgavsad axlo aRmosavleTis da egeosuri samyaros mosaxleobisa, nayofierebis deduri RvTaeba warmoedginaT rogorc cxovelis, pirobiTad irmis, ise mcenaris saxiT. es qalRvTaeba astraluri religiebis periodSi zeciur Zalad qceula da mas caze mas ciskris varskvlavi ganasaxierebda. amis gamo Seiqmna identuri mniSvnelobis simboloTa oTxeuli: mcenare-iremi (an jixvi) - qali - varskvlavi, romlebic xSirad erT kompozicias qmnian, zogjer ki erTmaneTs enacvlebian (33, 4). es mosazreba mravalricxovani faqtebis safuZvelze dasturdeba arqeologiur masalaSi, romlis mcire nawils sailustraciod movitanT qvemoT. iremi saqarTvelos uZvelesi mosaxleobis rwmenebsa da ritualebSi ukve eneoliTis xanidan monawileobs. qvacxelebze mopovebuli WurWlis sarqvelebze vxedavT rqamaRali vacisa da irmis gamosaxulebebs. irmisa da jixvis gamosaxulebani gansakuTrebiT bevria kavkasionis brinjaos xanis Zeglebze, sadac es cxovelebi gamoisaxeba raime kompoziciaSi, an individualuri figuris saxiT. jer movitanT iseT magaliTebs, sadac mocemuli iqneba CvenTvis saintereso cxovelis damoukidebeli, kompoziciis gareSe mdgomi gamosaxuleba. aRsaniSnavia qvacxelebze mopovebuli diadema, romelzedac gamosaxulia rqamaRali iremi, aqcentirebuli sqesis niSniT, wero da astraluri simbolo, albaT mze (25. 31. 167). iremi calke seqtorSia moqceuli, ase rom, wero da mze mas kompoziciurad ar ukavSirdeba. 39 saqarTvelos sax. muzeumSi daculia brinjaos irmis ori skulpturuli gamosaxuleba, romelic aRmoCenilia lagodexis raionSi, sof. ulianovkaSi. iremi zoomorfuli Standartebia da Tan zarakis funqciac ekisra; aqedan gamomdinare, maTi rtualur daniSnuleba udavo Cans. sakulto Sinaarsis dadgenisaTvis metad sainteresoa maTi Semkuloba. TeZoze orsave mxares inkrustirebulia kuTxovani svastika, ferdebze aseve inkrustirebuli swori xazi, xolo beWebze ki Tevzifxuri motiviT Sedgenili wiwvovani mcenaris Tu TavTavis stilizeburi gamosaxuleba. aseTsave niSans vxedavT gavasa da kisrisa da zurgis gasayarze. sayuradReboa isic, rom irmis tanze gamosaxuli wiwvovani, Tu TavTavisebur niSani igive agebulebisaa, rogoric aris adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturaSi aRmoCenili qalis mcire qandakze gamosaxuli simbolo. rogorc Cans mcenaris amgvari simboluri gamosaxvis idea adresamiwaTmoqmedo xanebSi SemuSavda da Tanamedrove yofamde Semoinaxa Tavi. orive irems adgas ormxriv aRmarTuli, rkaliseburi rqebi, zed mimagrebuli sworxazovani ganStoebebiT. specialistebi am nivTebs afariReben Zv. w. XII-XI saukuneebiT. irmis gamosaxulebad migvaCnia stefanwmindits brinjaos fragmentze SerCenili cxovelis figuris nawili. figurisagan gadarCenilia mxolod kiseri, ori wina fexi maRal nabijSi da korpusis wina nawili. kiseri mTlianad dafarulia sworxazebad dalagebuli wertilebiT, xolo beWis adgilas aseve wertilebiT gamoyvanilia ori stilizebuli mcenare (15, 141). amave stiliTaa Sesrulebuli irmis gamosaxuleba woisis ganZis brinjaos culze. cxovelis kiseri da Tavi dafarulia wertilebiT, korpusis Sua nawili ki fxiseburad ganlagebuli StrixebiT, kisris garSemo ramdenime zoli aqvs Semoyolebuli, xolo mcenariseburi xSirtotebiani rqebi sakmaod utrirebuladaa gadmocenmuli. aseve sayuradReboa kudis gadmocemis wesi. Tu zemoxsenebul cxovelebs Cveulebrivi kudebi aqvT, woisis culis irmis kudi warmoadgens grZel, Zirsdaxril, mcenaris niSnebis mqone gamosaxulebas. am niSnebiT cxoveli gansxvavdeba misi realuri modelisagan. safiqrebelia, rom realuri cxoveli am SemTxvevaSi arc ainteresebda ostats. aq gvaqvs mcenareul da cxovelur simboloTa semantikuri gaigiveba, rac Sesabamis rwmena-warmoenebze unda aRmocenebuliyo (16. 28). 40 igive semantikur sistemaSia moqceuli Taqis samarovanze mopovebuli stilizebuli „iremi“ rogorc aq gamosaxul cxovels uwodebs a. martirosiani. sinamdvileSi aq gamosaxulia jixvi, mcenariseburad gantotebuli kudiT da rqebiT, ris gamoc igi irmad miiCnevs. cxovels mosdevs lomi. es Tema popularulia Zveli aRmosavleTis xelovnebaSi (17. 135.). yvelaze srulyofilad sakraluri iremi gamosaxulia sen-Zermenis muzeumSi daculi yobanuri culis mxatvrobaSi (15. 2). aq vxedavT irmis monumentur figuras, romelic moicavs culis piris TiTqmis mTel farTobs. cxoveli rqamaRalia, aqvs ZirsdaSvebuli, TavTaviseburi, grZeli kudi, xolo mTeli korpusi dafarulia urTierTgadamkveTi xazebiT Sedgenili baduriT. baduris yvela TvalSi Casmulia mcire wre. culis yuas ganivzolad miuyveba texili da fxuri motivi, romlebic irmis rqas uerTdeba culis wiboebze, orsave mxares gayolebuli grexiliT, SibiT. mTeli kompoziciidan gamoirCeva irmis Zlieri, TiTqos mrokavi, zviadi figura utrirebuli aqsesuarebiT. aseTi irmebi, baduriTa da wertilebiT Sevsebuli korpusiT, daculia moskovis istoriul muzeumSi 1 . irmis da jixvis gamosaxulebis simbolikis garkvevisaTvis sainte- reso Zeglia gvianbrinjaos xanis keramikuli sasmisebi beSTaSenis samarovnidan, sasmisebis zedapiri dafarulia rTuli geometriuli motiviT, romelTaTvis saerTo fons Seadgens badura, pirze Semovlebuli aqvs texili zoli. texiliT warmoqmnili zeda samkuTxedebi baduriTaa Sevsebuli. momdevno frizze gamosaxulia Zlieri stilizebuli irmebi (sasmisebi 13 da 19 samarxebidan) jixvebi, Sesrulebis xerxi yvelgan erTnairia, figura siluetis saxiTaa warmoCenili baduris Zlier danawevrebul fonze, oRond jixvebisagan gansxvevebiT irmebs aqvT zeviT - axrili, grZeli kudi da xazovani, Zlieri stilizebuli rqebi. irmebis kudi, gansxvavebiT wina magaliTebisagan, sadac igi Zirs daSvebul Taviseburad gamoisaxeboda, axla rqebis msgavsad zeviTaa axrili (28). irmisa da jixvis gamosaxulebaTa erTi rigi mocemulia sxvadasxva mxatvrul kompoziciebSi. es kompoziciebi Tavis mxriv or jgufad SeiZleba gaiyos. pirveli maTgani moicavs cxovelTa ganlagebas raime geo1 es masala mogvawoda arqeologma l. fancxavam, risTvisac madlobas movaxsenebT. 41 metriuli principis mixedviT (magaliTad jvris an wriseburad), ise rom Tavad cxovelTa figurebi erTmaneTTan siuJetiT ar kavSirdeba. aq semantikur vels Tavad kompozicia qmnis. meore qvejgufSi ki SeiZleba gavaerTianoT iseTi Zeglebi, sadac cxovelebi da anTropomorfuli figurebi, xSirad mxedrebi, garkveuli siuJeturi qargiTaa gaerTianebuli. aq ZiriTadad misteriuli nadiroba da msvlelobebi unda iyos gadmocemuli. pirveli rigis Zeglebi SedarebiT mcirericxovania kavkasiaSi, maTgan unda movixsenioT a. ivanovskis mier ganjis raionSi aRmoCenili brinjaos sakidebi da balTebi, romelTagan erTi, wriuli balTa, Smkulia uaRresad saintereso siuJetiT (18). kompoziciis centrs Seadgens svastikiT gaformebuli rombi, romlis wveroebTan dakavSirebulia samkuTxedebi, ise rom warmoiqmneba e. w. malturi jvris msgavsi figura, romlis frTebis farTobis nawili Sevsebulia Sig Caxeduli samkuTxedebiTve, xolo fuZeze gamoyofilia ganivi zoli ormagi texiliT. samkuTxedebs Soris sivrceSi gamoxatulia ori mxtomare nimori da aseTive rqamaRali „iremi“, romelTa rqebi Zalze Camogavs ulianovkis brinjaos irmis rqebs. mTeli es kompozicia garemoculia wriuli sartyliT, sadac gamosaxulia erTmaneTs moyolebiT Camwkrivebuli mcuravi wylis frinvelebi. es kompozicia metad arqauli warmomavlobisaa da farTod iyo gavrcelebuli Sua aziisa da axlo aRmosavleTSi, magram aq jvris frTebs Seadgenda cxovelis stilizebuli, samkuTxa sxeuli, mcenariseburad gafor- mebuli jvris tipis kompoziciebma stilizaciis rTuli gza gaiara, ris Sedgad Seiqmna jvris e. w. malturi varianti, romelic gamosaxulia quTaisis muzeumSi daculi brinjaos culebis dekorSi (6. 28). wriuli kompoziciebi Zveli xalxebis xelovnebaSi ZiriTadad keramikuli nawarmis dekoriT aris warmodgenili, rasac xeli Seuwyo samuSao sivrcis formam. magram sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom aseTi kompoziciebi keramikis gaCenasTan erTad ki ar Semodis, aramed ufro mogvianebiT. udavoa, rom es kompoziciebi swored miwismoqmedi xalxis kosmogoniur da religiur Sexedulebebze unda aRmocenebuliyo. cxovelTa mwkrivebis ganlageba WurWlis korpusis garSemo sakmaod xSiri movlenaa kavkasiis brinjaos xanis kulturaSi. gansakuTrebiT sainteresod gveCveneba es movtivi TrialeTis vercxlis WurWlis qveda frizze, romelic II - aTasw. Sua xanebiTaa daTariRebuli (28, 78). aq gamoxatulia erTma- 42 neTis mimdevrobiT dinjad mimavali rqamaRali xari da furi irmebi, romlebic calke frizs Seadgendnen WurWlis korpusze. es rigi cxovelebisa gansakuTrebiT sainteresod migvaCnia, radgan WurWlis zeda frizze gamoyvanilia ritualuri scena, romelic farTodaa Seswavlili specialur literaturaSi, vgulisxmobT, rom gamosaxulebaTa am or rigs Soris garkveuli ideologiuri kavSiri arsebobs. siuJeturi mxatvroba warmodgenilia iseTi SesaniSnavi ZeglebiT, rogoricaa brinjaos cnobili sartylebi, romelTa zedapiri dafarulia uaRresad rTuli scenebiT. am scenebSi monawileoben sxvadasxva cxove- lebi, gveli, frinveli da monadireebi, mxedrebi Tu qveiTni. mokled SevexebiT zogierT maTgans. brinjaos sartyelze walkis raionidan gamosaxulia cxovelTa da adamianTa ori rigi, romelic Sesdgeba erTmaneTis gasvwriv vertikalurad mdgomi sami wyvilisagan. orsave boloSi vxedavT sruliad erTgvar kompoziciur jgufs, romelic sami vertikaluri wyvilisagan Sedgeba. pirvel wyvils warmoadgens ori fantastiuri cxoveli. mzis gamosaxulebiT beWsa da TeZoze da Subis Tu gveliseburi kudiT. maT mosdevs wyvili iremi, zemo rigSi furi, xolo qvemoSi ki uzarmazari, utrirebuli rqebiT Semkuli xari. irmebis sxeuli Wadrakiseburi baduriTaa Sevsebuli, xolo yelTan azis samkuTxediseburad ganlagebuli sami mcire wre. irmebs mosdeven monadireebi, mxarze gadakiduli kaparWiT. isini isars esvrian irmebs. fantastikuri cxovelebi fare nabijiT midian, irmebi garbian, xolo monadireebi aseve sirbiliT miyvebian maT. sartyelis marcxena mxares monadireebs ukan miyveba zustad pirveli wyvilis msgavsi fantastikuri wyvili, oRond zeda rigis cxovels kudi zeviT aqvs axrili. am cxovelebsa da momdevno wyvils Soris sivrce Sevsebulia gvelis daklaknili sxeuliT, romlis iqiTac dgas qedmodrekili, mTvariseburi rqebiT damSvenebuli xarebis wyvili. maTi sxeuli, iseve rogorc irmebisa, dafarulia Wadrakuli baduriT. xarebis wyvils mosdevs jixvebis wyvili, romelTa beWze gamosaxulia diagonalurad gadaxazuli kvadratebi, welisa da muclis areSi sami ovalisagan Sedgenili mwkrivia, xolo TeZoze gamosaxulia erTmaneTs wveroebiT mibjenili samkuTxedebi, Tu vertikaluri kuTxeebi. zeda jixvs ukan dgas Tevzi, mTeli mwkrivis moZraobis mimarTulebiT, xolo qveda jixvis ukan 43 ki vxedavT jixvisaken zurgSeqceviT mdgar taxs, romlis sxeuli samkuTxedebad dayofili da Wadrakulad Sevsebuli kvadratebiTaa dafaruli. Tevzis bolo da taxis dingi uSualod esazRvreba sartylis marjvena boloze gamosaxul, monadireTa kaparWebs, romlebic danarCeni figurebisagan zurgSeqceulni misdeven irmebsa da fantasturi cxovelebis wyvilebs (28). mTeli es kompozicia garemoculia texiliT, romlis mwvervalebi Sevsebulia urTierTmkveTi xazebiT Sedgenili badiT. sartylis boloebze texili zoli ormagdeba. texil zols ki mosdevs solaruli, orxmiani svastikiseburi niSnebis ori wyebisagan Sedgenili rombebis sartyeli, rac sazRvars udebs mTel kompozicias. uaRresad sayuradRebo masalas Seicavs Cabaruxis ganZis #1 sartylis moxatuloba. samwuxarod, sartyeli Zlier dazianebulia, magram mxatvrobis aRdgena mainc moxerxda. marcxena mxares specialur, uzurgo skamze zis anTropomorfuli iTifaluri figura, romelic sasmisiT svams raRac sasmels. mis ukan, skamze Cans kudagrexili, naxevrad Cacucquli patara cxoveli, ZaRli, xolo win ki pirdapir yovelgvar sayrdenis gareSe haerSia gamokiduli oryuriani WurWeli, romelSic albaT sasmelia Casxmuli. anTropomorfuli figura Tavisi taxtidan TiTqos Sescqeris yvelafers, rasac kompoziciis danarCeni nawili gadmoscems. mis Tavze gamosaxulia cxoveli. taxtze mjdomi figuris win gadaSlilia erTmaneTis Tavze vertikalurad ganldagebul cxovelTa ormwkriviani kompozicia. gansxvavebiT zemoT aRwerili sartyelisagan, Cabaruxis sartyelze gamosaxuli kompozicia nakleb ritmulia, figurebi ganlagebulia ufro SemWidrovebulad. maTi zoma sxvadasxvaa, xolo konturebi ufro uxeSi. aq gamosaxuli fantastiuri cxovelebi Camoagaven walkis sartylis analogiur cxovelebs, magram sagrZnobladac gansxvavdebian maTgan. Tavisa da kudis moxazuloba ucvleli rCeba, magram icvleba kisris simaRle, kidurebisa da korpusis proporcia. Tu walkis sartylis fantastiuri cxovelebi katismagvar mxecebs, kerZod loms uaxlovdeba, rasac am cxovelis wilis niSanic uWers mxars, Cabaruxis ganZis fantasturi cxovelebi sagrZnoblad Sordeba am models. aq cxovelebs ufro maRali kidurebi da Tav-kiseri aqvT, ris gamoc korpusi ufro mokle da kompaqturi Cans. cxadia, rom aq mtacebel cxovelTa damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi Sesustebulia. am cxovelebs mzis niSani mxolod beWze azis da gaRebuli piridan 44 daSvebulia swori xazi, romlis orsave mxares wertilebia dasmuli. es wertilebi xazs, raRac dekoratiul, mxatvrul, iers aniWebs. sartyelze irmis sami figuraa. samive rqamaRalia, oRond erTi mcire zomisaa. did irmebs zurgze raRac frinveli azis, niskartisa da fexebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, mtacebeli. kompoziciis marjvena nawilSi mdgom irmebTan gamosaxulia gveli, romelic vertikaluradaa Casmuli cxovelis kisris paralelurad da TaviT exeba mis qveda ybas. sartyelze xuTi anTropomorfuli figuraa gamosaxuli, erTi gancalkevebiT, kompoziciis TavSi zis taxtze, danarCenebi ki kompoziciis SigniT. erTi maTgani, qveda mwkrivis mexuTe figura, iTifaluri moisaria. sartylis SuaSi, zeda mwkrivSi erTmaneTis pirispir dgas ori figura, romelTac xelebSi uWiravT mrgvali fari da kaparWi. orive figura falikuria, maTgan marjvniv SemorCenilia meoTxe figuris Tavi da mxari. am sartyelze vxedavT kidev erT Taviseburebas. qveda rigis fantastur cxovelTa korpusis qveS da fexebs Soris gamosaxulia Tevzi, mawovari cxoveli da frinveli, romelsac aseve mawovaris poza aqvs. aq sagulisxmebelia mTeli sistema religiur-kosmogoniur warmodgenebisa, romelic aTvisebul iqna qarTvel tomTa xelovnebaSi da SesaniSanvad gamoixata antikuri xanis brinjaos balTebze (29). amave ideologiur samyaros gadmogvcems brijaos sartyeli Tlis samarovanidan. cxovelebi aq erTmwkrivadaa gamosaxuli. mwkrivs iwyebs da amTavrebs fantasturi cxoveli, romelic kudis, sxeulisa da kidurebis monaxaziT Zlier Camogavs walkis sartyelis cxovelebs, oRond Tav-kisris moxazulobiT gansxvavdeba misgan. TeZosa da beWze yovel cxovels, garda taxisa didi solaruli wreebi azis. mwkrivis meTauri fantasturi cxovelis qedTan gamosaxulia malturi jvari. aseTive jvari Cans taxsa da mis momdevno jixvs Soris, irmis fexebs Sua, xaris kudTan da gavaze. cxovelis zemodan maT Soris, Tu maT fexebs Sua gamosaxulia 8 astraluri borbali. erT SemTxvevaSi rqamaRal irems, ise rogorc Cabaruxis sartyelze, gveli CasWidebia. sartyelze ori mSvildosani monadirea gamosaxuli, pirveli monadire dgas mSvildisriT xelSi, xolo meore cxenosania. xari Camogavs walkis sartyelze gamosaxul xarebs, rogorc mTvariseburi rqebis moxazulobiT, ise Tav-kisris daxrilobiT (29). 45 samTavros brinjaos sartyelze ki mxolod cxenosani monadireebi da ZaRlebia gamosaxuli, romlebic nadirs tyorcnian Subsa da isrebs. figurebi erTob stilizebulia, da mTeli kompozicia aSkarad gansxvavebuli socialuri garemos iers atarebs (23), vidre zemoT ganxiluli Zeglebisa. irmisa da jixvis figurebis udidesi raodenobiT SeiZleba Segrovdes kavkasiis arqeologiur da sxva saxis masalSi, magram gamosaxulebaTa semantikuri veli warmodgenili faqtebis CarCoebs iqiT aRar gaiSleba. aRniSnul cxovelTa simboluri, religiuri da kosmogoniuri gaazrebisaTvis sruliad sakmarisia motanili Zeglebis mimoxilva. rogorc eTnografiulma da folklorulma masalam gviCvena, iremi da jixvi bunebis aRorZinebis ZalebTanaa dakavSirebuli. igi rogorc am Zalebis ganmasaxierebeli RvTaebis cxoveli, aris misi mxlebeli da prototipic, magram arqeologiuri masala am rigis rwmenaTa ufro Zvel fenebSi Caxedvis saSualebas gvaZlevs. brinjaos culebze gamosaxuli ir- mebis korupis xSirda badurebiTaa Sevsebuli, xolo kudi mcenaris saxiT aris gadmocemuli, aseve rqa mcenares uaxlovdeba formiT da Tavad termini „rqa“ mcenareul aspeqtsac Seicavs. Zalauneburad ismeba kiTxva, Tu ra mizezebiT avsebdnen cxovelis korpuss baduriT, roca SeiZleboda an bewvis gamosaxva, rac gamosaxulebas modelTan ufro daaaxlovebda, an SeiZleboda am sivrcis sruliad sufTad datoveba. pasuxisaTvis aucilebelia badurisa da saerTod geometriuli fonis simbolur xasiaTSi gaverkveT. badura urTierTgadamkveTi xazebisagan Sedgenili geometriuli kombinaciaa, romelsac erTiani, erTgvarovani sivrcis gadmosacemad iyeneben. tripolies keramikaze baduriT Sevsebuli kvadratebi moxnuli mindoris simbolodaa miCneuli (24. 31-32). baduriT naxevradSevsebuli oTxkuTxedi ki sumerulSi saxlis ideograma iyo (35), egviptelebi qalaqis niSnad xmarobdnen wreSi Caxatul siluetur jvars (35). yovelive amas mivyevarT jvris simbolikisaken, romelic Zvel xalxebSi mTel qveynierebas, mis oTx mxares warmosaxavda. wriT an sxva raime geometriuli figuriT garemoculi jvari ki gadmogvcemda konkretul adgils (qalaqs, sofels, saxls). amdenad xSirad oTxkuTxedi da wre, gansakuTrebiT ki oTxkuTxedi, miwis ideogramas warmoadgenda. aseTi kvadratebi jvaredinad ixaze- 46 boda da baduriT ivseboda, an oTx, ufro mcire figurebiT iyofoda, romlebic, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, zog specialists moxnuli miwis simbolod miaCnia da am mosazrebas saTanado eTnografiuli masaliT amagrebs, vfiqrobT, rom irmis sxeulze datenili badura miwis simbolo unda iyos. es mosazreba emyareba Semdeg monacemebs: 1. bewvisa da rqis perioduli cvla da amosvla uZveles miwismoqmeds mwvanis amosvla-sikvdilis analogiur movlenad miaCnda. amdenad cxovelebis sxeuli rqisa da bewvis mimarT ganixileboda rogorc miwa. 2. Zvel xalxebs mcenaris analogiad miaCndaT cxovelis wamozrdili kudi da rqa. es Sexeduleba aisaxa, rogorc mxatvrul ise enobriv monacemebSi, sadanac Cans rom am cnebebs enasa da saxviT xelovnebaSi mecnieruli aspeqtic gaaCnia. am SexedulebisaTvis sasargeblo monacemebs Seicavs ZveliaRmosavleTisa da bibliis kosmogoniuri Tqmulebebi, romelTa Tanaxmad miwa Seqmnilia pirvel arsebuli urCxulTa sxeulisagan, xolo danarCen sulierTa sxeuli ki miwisaganaa gamoZerwili. esaa ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, rom iremi iqca aRorZinebuli bunebis deduri RvTaebebis prototipad, mis zoomorful saxed. aseTi Sexedulebebi unda gaCeniliyo miwismoqmedebisa da mkvidri mosaxleobis pirobebSi, roca meurneobaSi mcirdeba monadireobis xvedriTi wona, xolo totemuri ideologia rRvevas ganicdis axali sameurneo da socialuri yofis gavleniT. am xanebSi gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba deduri sawyisis kultis siZliere, romelic ara matriarqatidan momdinareobs, aramed Caisaxa da ganviTarda adremiwaTmoqmed da meliTone xalxebSi, rogorc bunebis SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis simboluri saxe. Tuki es asea, maSin iremi da sxva misTanani Zveli xalxebis SemoqmedebaSi mWidrod unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli sezonTa cvlasTan, kerZod or sezonian weliwadTan, zafxulTan da zamTarTan, ris gamoc masTan dakavSirebul warmodgenebs imTaviTve kosmogoniuri ieri unda hqonoda. ar unda gavigoT ise, rom am rwmena-warmodgenaTa simboliuri xati mxolod iremi da jixvi iyo. rogorc kavkasiaSi ise mTels Zvel msoflioSi, irmebTan, jixvebTan da niamorebTan erTad aRorZinebuli bunebisa da adamianTa mTeli zeimia gadmocemuli. Cven vxedavT gazafxulis macneebs, mZlevars, wylis frinvelebs, mcenareebs, qalRmerTebs, gaerTianebulT jvris saxis mbrunav kompoziciebSi, romelTa arss warmoadgens gadmoscen 47 marad ganmeorebadi, monacvle, kvdoma-aRorZineba bunebisa. aq bunebis kanonebis empiriuli Seswavla da poeturi Tu religiur-simbolur xilva jer ar aris erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli. yvelaferi es uZvelesi miTosis qargiTaa gaerTianebuli, sadac yoveli arsis Semoqmedia marad ganayofierebadi da marad mSobeli dedamiwa. jvris principze agebuli kompozicia ganjaSi mopovebul balTaze warmoadens Zvel aRmosavleTSi farTod gavrcelebuli motivis erT-erT versias. klasikuri modeli am motivisa warmogvidgens oTx antilopas. oTx qals an Tevzs, ganlagebuls svastikisebur calmxriv mbrunav moZraobaSi erTi centris, jvriT daxazuli kvadratis an rombis garSemo, romelic TavisTavad miwis ideogramas warmoadgens. amdenad, mis garSemo ganlagebuli figurebi unda ganvixiloT, rogorc qveynierebis oTx mxaresTan mimarTebaSi myofi nayofierebis RvTaeba. aseT kompoziciebSi xSirad mzec monawileobs, rac akonkretebs gamosaxulebis Sinaarss. saqme exeba ara oTx mzes, aramed erT mzes oTx mdgomareobaSi. analogiuri viTareba iqmneba nayofierebis RvTaebis mimarTac, romelic mzis erT-erTi umTavresi ipostasia. amave dros misi astraluri eqvivalenti xdeba planeta venera. ganjis balTaze s;wored analogiuri viTarebaa mocemuli. SuaSi gamosaxuli jvari qveynierebis simboloa, romlis centria svastikiani oTxkuTxedi. jvris frTebs Soris gamosaxjuli irmebi da niamorebi nayofierebis qal-RvTebis cxovelebia, romlebic qveynierebis oTxsave mxareSi arian davanebulni. mTel qveyanas gars artyia wylis sartyeli, sadac wylis frinvelebi curaven. e. i. aq mTeli kosmogoniuri sistemaa warmodgenili. es azri kidev ufro damajerebeli gaxdeba, Tu gavixsenebT, rom Zvel xalxebSi maT Soris qarTvelebSic farTod iyo gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba wyliT garemoculi samyaros Sesaxeb. Zlier saintereso Sinaarsi aqvs Cabaruxis #1 sartyelis mxatvrobas. aq, adre ganxilul masalisagan gansxvavebiT, Tavs iCens rigi axali sakiTxebisa. Cvens kopetencias ar Seadgens formis Taviseburebebisa da kompoziciis agebis xerxebze msjeloba, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom Zegli am mxrivadac uaRresad individualuria, Tumc ormwkriviani kompoziciebis tipisaa. aq ar aris gamosaxuli mxedari, amitom vfiqrobT, rom igi Tlisa da samTavros sartyelze Zveli unda iyos da ikonografiul da semantikur siaxloves ufro walkis sartyelTan amJRavnebs. 48 zemoT ukve aRniSnuli iyo, rom am sartylis fantastur cxovelebs ukve uCndeba Tanamxlebi cxovelebi da frinvelebi, romlebsac, pozis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, maTgan eniWebaT arseboba, maT „ZuZus woven“. yvela cxoveli, romelsac mawovari axlavs, mzis niSniTaa aRbeWdili. Cans, rom Cabaruxis sartylis fantasturma cxovelma ukve daiWira astraluri zearsis, mfarvelisa da masazrdoeblis adgili, ramac saintereso gagrZeleba hpova momdevno xanebis qarTvelTa kosmogoniur warmodgenebsa da xelovnebaSi. mis fexebs Soris moqceulia Tevzi, mcire, didisave msgavsi cxoveli da frinveli, romlebic albaT cas, wyalsa da miwas ganasaxiereben. amdenad centarluri cxoveli unda ganvixiloT rogorc yvela maTganze rangiT maRla mdgomi mfarveli, msgavsi egviptelTa cis RvTaebis, nutisa, romelic zegadmoxurulia qveynierebaze da mis sxeulze mogzauroben RvTaebebi da mnaTobebi. ase rom aq saqme gvaqvs kosmogoniur warmodgenaTa garkveul donesTan * . religiuri kultis TvalsazrisiT aq mocemulia sruliad axali done, taxtze zis mamrobiTi falikuri RvTaeba, romelic sasmels miirTmevs da mis winaSe aris warmsdgari mTeli samyaro, gadmocemuli zoomorfuli simbolikiT. igive iTqmis iTifalur monadireebze, romlebic nayofierebis ZalebTan uSualo kavSirSi dganan. metad saintereso simbolur konteqstSi aris warmodgenili irmis figura, romelsac zurgze mtacebeli frinveli azis, xolo misi mkerdis win vertikaluradaa aRmarTuli gvelis daklaknili sxeuli. rogorc vxedavT, iremi, analogiurad fantasturi cxovelisa, Tavis garSemo qmnis kompleqss, sadac erTi elementi frinveli, warmoadgens cis sartyels, meore, gveli ki miwisas, xolo Tavad iremi mwvane bunebis nayofirebis Zalebsa da, rogorc bunebis didi dedis simbolo, ciskris varskvlavsac ganasaxierebs. amgvari mniSvnelobiT iremi da masTan dakavSirebuli jgufi momdevno epoqaSi garkveuli gardasaxvaTa gziT ukavSirdeba fantastur kosmogenur arsebebs. * sainteresioa, rom skviTebis mier dariosisadmi wargzavnil ZRvenSi - miwas ganasaxierebs Tagvi, frinveli cas, xolo bayayi wyalsa da Waobs (37. IV. 132), rogorc Cans skviTebisaTvis aseTi zookosmogoniuri simbolizmi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. 49 Cabaruxis ganZis #1 sartylis dekori erTob STambeWdavia im mxrivac, rom aq bunebis aRorZinebis misteriuli scenebia gamosaxuli, romelsac raRac orgiastuli ieri gadahkravs. kerZod es exeba iTifalur figurebs saerTod da gansakuTrebiT taxtze mjdom mTavar figuras, romelic raRac sasmels svams. ritualuri smis scena RvTaebaTa monawileobiT gamosaxulia TrialeTis Taszedac. mTel kompozicias gadahkravs gazafxulis ieri. vfiqrobT, rom roca ostats fantasturi cxovelebis Ria pirTan gamoyavda wertilebiT ritmulad Semkuli xazebi, mas surda gadmoeca cxoveli xmianobis Tu Zaxilis procesSi. SesaZloa es Zaxili uZveles miToss keTilxmovnadac hqonda warmodgenili. zoomorfuli simbolikis TvalsazrisiT Cvens mier zemoT xsenebuli ori sartyeli axals arafers Seicavs. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq Cndeba axali personaJi, mxedari, romelmac udidesi roli Seasrula momdevno epoqebis qarTul xelovnebasa da religiaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom brinjaosa da rkinis industriis sawyis epoqebSi gabatonebulma kosmogoniurma Sexedulebebma ukanasknelad Tavi iCines antikuri xanis brinjaos balTebis semantikaSi. balTebze gamosaxuli centraluri fantasturi cxoveli, romelic fantasturobisa da stilizebis gamo, Zlier daSorebulia bunebriv models da mxolod ramdenime SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba miviCnioT romelime konkretuli jiSis cxovelad, usaTuod kosmogoniur Sinaarss atarebs, xolo masTan dakavSirebuli mcire cxovelebi, frinvelebi da astraluri niSnebi ufro konkretulad axasiaTebs im samyaros, romelsac aq warmodgenili simbolika moicavs. es Zeglebi SesaniSnavadaa Seswavlili da kargadaa gaSuqebuli semantikuri mxare, gansakuTrebiT ukanaskneli xanis gamokvlevebSi (22, 29, 30). Cven mxolod varaudis saxiT gvinda vTqvaT, rom SesaZloa aq saqme gvqondes kosmogoniuri xis CanacvlebasTan kosmogoniuri cxoveliT, miTumetes rom fantasturi arsebebi, romlebic samyaros ganasaxierebdnen, cnobilia Zveli xalxebis kosmogoniur warmodgenebSi. sicocxlis xes SeiZleba Caenacvlos RvTaebis gamosaxuleba, razedac migvaniSnebs RvTaebasTan erTad ori cxovelis gamosaxvis Zveli tradicia. magaliTad, TrialeTis Tasze, sicocxlis xis qveS gamosaxul RvTaebas ferxTiT uwevs ori cxoveli; ori lomi ewva ferxTiT qalRvTaebasac, romelic arianes yavs aRwerli (38). ase rom, am gamosaxulebebSi erTgan RvTaeba gamosaxulia xesTan er- 50 Tad, meoregan ki mis gareSe, magram cxovelebi orive SemTxvevaSi ukavSirdebian masac da sicocxlis xesac. CvenSi dadasturebulia faqti, roca sicocxlis xis gamosaxulebas enacvleba Tevzi (20. 319-320) igive SeiZleba momxdariyo fantasturi cxovelis mimarTac, romlis irgvliv isea ganlagebuli mcenareuli, cxoveluri Tu astraluri simboloebi, rogorc es xdeba sicocxlis xis totebsa Tu Reros orsave mxares. sicocxlis xis nayofi sicocxlis momniWeblad miaCndaT. aRm. saqarTvelos mTielTa religiur teqstebSi garkveuladaa Tqmuli, rom am xis nayofis „uWmeli qal-vaJi udrood daxociliyo“. meores mxriv folklorsa da eposis Tanaxmad es Tvisebebi eniWebaT cxovelebsac. dasaRupavad ganwirul RvTaebebsa da gmirebs ivrdomebs iremi (telepinusi, amirani, laSa giorgi, erekle mefe), mgeli (romuli da iremi) an mwyemsi (kirosi). yovelive zemoTqmulis Semdeg SeiZleba CamovayaliboT ramdenime debuleba: 1. adre samiwaTmoqmedo xanidan mokidebuli keramikuli Tu liTonis nivTTa SemkulobaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs irmisa da jixvis gamosaxulebas. maTTan erTad vxvdebiT mZlevar frinvelebs da astralur simboloebs. gamosaxulebebSi xazgasmulia cxovelis sqesi, stilizebulia kudi da rqebi. gamosaxulebaTa aseTi xasiaTi migviTiTebs, rom misi Semoqmedi eTnikuri jgufi ukve daSorda totemistur warmodgenebs da rwmena-warmodgenebiT ZiriTadad bunebis ZalTa nayofierebasa da kvdomaaRdgenasTanaa dakavSirebuli. 2. cxovelis bewvisa da rqis perioduli cvla Zvel miwismoqmed xalxebs gagebuli hqondaT rogorc mcenareTa amosvla-ganaxlebis analogiuri procesi. enobrivma da mxatvrulma masalam Semoinaxa faqtebi, riTac dasturdeba rqis, bewvisa da kudis gaigiveba mcenaresTan. amdenad kudis, rqisa da bewvis mimarT cxovelis sxeuli ganixileboda rogorc miwa. irems, iseve rogorc miwas, SeeZlo periodulad aeRorZinebina buneba. Sexedulebebi miwisa da sxeulis amgvari gaazrebis Sesaxeb Semonaxulia Zvel aRmosavlur miTosSi, sadac miwa Seqmnilia pirvelarsi urCxulis sxeulisagan, xolo danarCeni arsebebi miwisagan. amdenad iremi miwis simboloa da dedur samyaros ukavSirdeba. 3. bunebis aRorZineba-kvdomis procesi mizezobrivad daukavSirda bunebis didi dedebis kults. 51 dedebi adre Tavad iyvnen warmodgenilni cxovelebis saxiT, ris gamoc momdevno xanebSi es cxovelebi iTvlebian nayofierebis qalRvTaebaTa zoomorful xatad da maT Tanmxlebad. 4. rwmenaTa astralizaciis periodSi qali - nayofierebis RvTaebebi ukavSirdebian planeta veneras, xolo mcenare, iremi (jixvi, niamori) da varskvlavi am RvTaebis sxvadasxva emanaciebs warmoadgenen. amdenad yvela eseni erT semantikur velSi eqcevian da maTi gamosaxulebebi simbolurad erTsa da imave samyaros asaxaven. 5. Sua brinjaos xanidan mokidebuli, I aTaswleulis dasawyisis CaTvliT erTob Zlierdeba siuJeturi mxatvrobis tendencia, sadac upiratesad zoomorfuli Tematika sWarbobs. ZiriTadad aq mocemulia astraluri cxovelebis jgufebi da misterialuri nadirobis scenebi, sadac iTifalur moisarTa figurebi nadiroben ZiriTadad irmebsa da taxze. am siuJetebSi ukve Cndeba fantastiuri cxovelebi astralur-kosmogoniur simbolikiT, romelTa Tvisebebis garkveuli nawili Camoyalibda iremTan da jixvTan dakavSirebul SexedulebebSi. aseTi siuJetebis moWarbeba Sepirobebulia im principuli gardaqmnebiT, rac religiasa da miTosSi unda momxdariyo. II. ÄËÈÒ sicocxlis xis qarTul xalxur variantebSi xSiria lomis gamosaxuleba. es cxoveli kavkasiis teritoriaze didi xania aRar binadrobs, magram folklorsa da kosmogoniur rwmena-warmodgenebSi mniSvnelovani adgili sWeria. igive viTareba Cans toponimur da onomastikur masalaSi. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa misi folkloruli da literaturuli Rirebuleba, rasac albaT erTis mxriv safuZvlad edo Zveli, sadReisod gamqrali Sexedulebebi am cxovelze, xolo meores mxriv ki mWidro kulturuli TanamSromloba axlo aziis xalxebTan, romelTa rwmena-warmodgenebSi loms istoriulad mniSvnelovani adgili eCWira. amjerad Cveni yucradReba miipyro im garemoebam, rom lomi moqceulia nayofierebis axloaziuri da kavkasiuri qalRmerTebis Tanmxleb cxovelTa asabiaSi. lomis gamosaxuleba bunebrivi mizezebis gamo, kavkasiaSi (Tu urartul xelovnebas ar CavTvliT), arc Tu ise mravalfero- 52 vani da ricxvmravalia. uZvelesi masala rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, brinjaos sartylebis, gansakuTrebiT walkis da Tlis samarovnebis sartylebis mxatvrobaSia mocemuli, sadac fantasturi cxovelebis ikonografiul saxeSi mravlad amoicnoba katismagvari, Zlieri mxecebis, kerZod lomisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebi (korpusi, kidurebi, nabiji, kudi, Tavkisris moxazuloba). xSirad am cxovelebs amgvaneben raSebs, magram vfiqrobT, rom maT cxenebTan saerTo araferi aqvT, saamisod ramodenime argumenti mogvepoveba. saqarTvelos teritoriaze pirvelad Cndeba ara cxenis gamosaxulebebi aramed mxedrebisa. aqedan unda vivaraudoT, rom kavkasiis xalxebis am cxovelze Seqmnili pirveli STabeWdileba ukavSirdeba ara cxens, aramed mxedars. cxenis figurebi Cndeba mogvianebiT xanaSi antikuri xanis bolos da maT pirdapir atyvia kultis udavo niSani. magram am figurebs win uswrebda mxedris gamosaxuleba, romelic adreantikur xanaSi karga xnis SemuSavebulia CvenSi (38, 40). lomis Sesaxeb ufro konkretul cnobebs werilobiTi wyaroebi gvawvdis. aRsaniSnavia arianes cnoba, sadac naTqvamia, rom qalRvTaeba fasianes qandakeba garegnobiT reas Camogavs, radgan xelSi winwila uWiravs, xolo misi savarZlis win lomebi wvanan (39, gv. 39). fiqroben, rom lomis simbolika aziidan unda SeWriliyo egeosur samyaroSi. Zvel SuamdinareTSi lomi iTvleboda RvTaeba ningirus cxovelad. asea igi warmodgenili gudeas sizmarSi (40. 10) lomi iTvleboda aseve omis, sikvdilisa da cxeli mzis, aRorZinebadi da momakvdavi RvTaebis, nergalis cxovelad (41. 120-121) igi moxseniebulia iSTaris sayvarlebs Soris (42. 40) lomis tyavs, rogorc ZaZas, glovis samosels, atarebs velad gaWrili gilgameSi enqidus sikvdilis Semdeg da ixdis mxolod glovis dasrulebisas, roca ukvdavebis momniWebel mcenares moipovebs (42, 80). aqve yuradRea unda mivaqcioT im garemoebas, rom lomi mTels aziaSi, gansakuTrebiT iransa da Sua aziis xelovnebis Zeglebze mcxunvare mzis simboloTi, borjRalaTi aris aRbeWdili beWze, rac misi nawilis niSani unda iyos (4. 84-95). mcire aziasa da kretaze lomi nayofierebis qalRvTaebis cxovelad gvevlineba (43. 30-31). Zveli berZnebis warmodgeniT lomis tyavs atarebdnen mziuri gmirebi. herakle da belerofonti. lidis cnobiT stratego- 53 sebs omis dros moqondaT zevsis, heliosisa da mTvaris Standartebi. zevsis simbolod arwivi, xolo helisosisad - lomi (44, 216-218). lukianes aRwerili aqvs lomis samkurnalo Tvisebebi: lomis qoni arCens yinvisagan gaCenil wylulebs, lomis naRveli, wyalSi gaxsnili, Tvalebs elvarebas matebs, vinc lomis vardis zeTSi areuli qoniT daizileba mas nadiri Tavs ver daesxmis da cbierebiT verafers daakleben (45. 278). herodotes mier Semonaxul legendaSi lomis bokveri damcvel Zalad gvevlineba, q. sardis galavani swored iq gatexes sparselebma, sadac lomis bokveri ar yavdaT Semotarebuli (37. I. 84). mTeli am masalis safuZvelze lomi warmogvidgeba rogorc mcxunvarebiTa da cecxliT aRsavse cxoveli, romelic mzes ganasaxierebs. aqedan gamomdinare, TiTqos sruliad Seuferebelia nayofierebis qalRvTaebis xasiaTisTvis misi buneba. magram igi momakvdavi da aRdgenili nergalis cxovelia, romlis qveynad yofna - aryofnazea damokidebuli bunebis ayvaveba. amitom lomis simbolika mizezeobrivadaa dakavSirebucli bunebis didi dedis garemosTan. lomi mzis nawiliani cxovelia da misi anTropomorfuli saxe albaT iseTi mziuri gmirebia, rogoricaa gilgameSi, herakle, amirani, romlebic nayofierebis qalRvTaebasTan Seadgendnen wyvils, sadac gmiri an sayvarelia, an Svili. am gziT uSualod vuaxlovdebiT iTifaluri RvTebebisa da monadireebis sakiTxs romlebic mzis nayofierebis mamrobiT Zalebs ganasaxiereben. es warmodgenebi Seiqmna iseT qveynebSi, sadac mwvane saburvils klavs ara sivrce, aramed sicxe, rac xsnis mzis semantikis ambivalenturobas. swored amitom iyo, rom momakvavi RmerTis daRupvis ritualebi imarTeboda mwvane bunebis mzisagan Zlevis dasawisSi, zafxulSi (46. 17). xolo am RvTaebis aRorZineba-gamococxlebisadmi ki adre sagazafxulo dReobebi unda yofiliyo miZRvnili. saqarTveloSi aseTi dReobebi kvirias saxelze sruldeboda (47. 63-71. 48). analogiuri Sinaarsis Cans telepinusis Zebnis miTi. am ritualebSi Zlier aqcentirebulia sqesTa Soris urTierTobis amsaxveli momentebi, rac sruliad bunebrivia nayofierebis mamri RvTaebis bunebisaTvis. bunebis ayvaveba warmoidgineboda rogorc deda RvTaebisa da mziuri mamrobiTi Zalebis SeerTeba. amdenad mosalodnelia, rom iTifaluri figurebi im momakvdav vegetatur RvTaebebs ganasaxierebdes, romelTa kulti saqveynod iyo aRairebuli mTels Zvel msoflioSi. 54 magram davubrundeT lomis gamosaxulebas, igi rogorc cxoveli, cecxlovan mzes ganasaxierebs da meomari, boroti mzis simbolod gvevlineba. amdenad gavrcelebul siuJetebSi, sadac lomi misdevs irmebs, igulisxmeba mwvanisa da zafxulis mwveli mzis brZola, rac bunebis kvdomiT sruldeba. es motivi arqaulia da axlo aziaSi unda gaCeniliyo. adre samiwaTmoqmedo xanis nayofierebis qali RvTaebebis Tanxmleb cxovelad yovelTvis gvevlineba pantera. panterebi da lomebi axlavs xeTur qalRvTaebebsac. panterebi da lomebi aris Sebmuli rea kibeles etlSi, roca es ukanaskneli, siyvaruliT Sepyrobili, koribantebis TanxlebiT daeZebs Tavis mijnurs, atiss. yovelive amis Semdgom SeiZleba davaskvnaT: 1). katiseburi, Zlieri mxecebi, brinjaos xanis kulturebSi miiCnevian mcxunvare mzis zoomorful saxed da asaxaven mzes, rogorc momakvdinebel, omisa da avadmyofobis RvTebas. ramdenadac mzis aseTi ganxilva gamowveulia misi moqmedebis garkveuli periodiT, kerZod zafxulis gvalviT, amdenad es cxovelebic im solarul RvTaebaTa Tanmxlebi arian, romlebic mkveTrad gamoxatuli xTonuri buneba gaaCniaT, amave mizezis gamo am cxovelTa tyavi trauris niSnadac iTvleba (gilgameSi). 2). bunebis dedis kultis sinkretizaciis procesSi, lomi aq qalRvTaebis Tanmxleb cxovelad iqceva, ramdenadac axla igi ganagebs bunebis macocxlebel da momakvdav Zalebs. 3). mziuri gmirebi (xSirad sqesis niSniT aRbeRWdilni) da lomebi urTierTis adeqvatur simboloebad gvevlinebian. amdenad lomi solaruli Zalebis simboloa da mamrul sawyiss ganasaxierebs. 4). nadirobis scenebi, sadac lomebi an monadireni dasdeven irmebs unda ganvixiloT rogorc bunebis kvdoma aRorZinebis simboluri asaxva da mas araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs sarewao nadirobasTan, an samonadireo rwmenebTan. maTi dapirispirebiT gamonaxulia deduri da mamuri pirveli sawyisebis kosmogoniuri principebi. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. rCeuli qarTul zRaprebi, Tbilisi, 1954. 2. d. Sengelaia, werilebi, Tbilisi, 1955. 55 3. Чиковани, Народный грузинский эпос о прикованном Амиране, М., 1966. 4. i. surgulaZe, astraluri simbolika qarTul xalxur ornamentSi, Tbilisis sax. universitetis biblioTeka, xelnaweri. 5. qarTlis cxovreba, s. yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT 1. 6. e. virsalaZe, qarTuli - samonadireo eposi, Tbilisi, 1964 w. 7. v. kotetiSvili, - xalxuri poezia, Tbilisi, 1961. 8. Нарты, Эпос осетинского народа, М., 1957. 9. v. bardaveliZe, qarTuli (svanuri) saweso grafikuli xelovnebis nimuSebi, Tb., 1953. 10. g. Citaia, recenzia, enimkis moambe, I, 1937. 11. Сумбадзе Л., Грузинские "дарбази", Тбилиси, 1960. 12. К. Х. Кушнарева, Т. Н. Чубинашвили, Древние культуры Южного Кавказа, Ленинград, 1970. 13. t. CubinaSvili, mtkvrisa da aragvis ormdinareTis uZvelesi kultura, Tbilisi, 1955. 14. l. Rlonti, a. javaxiSvili, urbnisi, Tbilisi 1962. 15. МАК VII. 16. d. qoriZe, kolxuri istoriisaTvits, Tbilisi, 1965. 17. А. Мартиросян, Армения в эпоху бронзы и раннего железа, Уреван, 1964. 18. А. Ивановский, По Закавказью, МАК III, вып.VI. 19. i. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni. 20. g. Citaia, sicocxlis xis motivi lazur ornamentSi, enimkis moambe, Tbilisi, 1941. 313-1320. 21. v. bardaveliZe, g. Citaia, qarTuli xalxuri ornamenti I xevsuruli. Tbilisi, 1939 w. 22. Хидашели М. Ш., К истории худежественной металообработки в античной Грузии, Автореферат, Тбилиси, 1969. 23. amiranaSvili S. qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, Tbilisi, 1944. 24. Рыбаков Б. А., Космогония и мифология земледельцев энеолита, СА, №1, 1965, (рис. 5). 25. В. Бардавелидзе, Древнейшие религиозные верования и обрядовое графическое искусство грузинских племени, Тбилиси, 1957. 26. l. Rlonti, a. javaxiSvili urbnisi I (62) Tbilisi 1962. 27. t. CubinaSvili - mtkvrisa da aragvis ormdinareTis uZvelesi kultura, Tbilisi, 1965. 56 28. Куфтин Б. А., Археологические раскопки в Триалети, Тбилиси, 1941. 29. m. xidaSeli - brinjaos mxatvruli damuSavebis istoriisaTvis antikur saqarTveloSi Tb., 1972. 30. m. xidaSeli - gviani brinjaos da adre rkinis xanis qandakebebi aRm. saqarTvelodan - xelnaweri. 31. i. gagoSiZe, adre antikuri xanis Zeglebi qsnis xeobidan. 32. i. surgulaZe... sabWoTa xelovneba, 1966 #12. 33. A. Goetze, Kulturgeschichte des Alten Orients, Kleinasien München, 1933 gv. 137. 34. Ч. Лоукотка, Развитие письма, М., 1950. 35. m. Ciqovani, berZnuli da qarTuli miTologiis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1971. 36. Геродот, История, Ленинград, 1972. 37. i. gagoSiZe, adreantikuri xanis Zeglebi qsnis xeobidan, Tbilisi 1964. 38. flavius ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, Tbilisi 1961. 39. Редер П., Мифы и легенды Древнего Двуречия, М., 1905. 40. Тураев Б., История Древнего Востока, I. 41. Эпос о Гильгамеше, М.-Л., 1961. 42. iqve. 43. Е. Кагаров, Культ Фетишей, растений и животных у древ. греков. 44. Е. Клитер, Животные в античном и современном суеверии, Киев, 1971. 45. Арсеньев Н. С., Плач по умираюшему богу, этнографическое обозрение, 1912 № 1-2. 46. iv. javaxiSvili, qarT. eris istoria, I Tbilisi, 1960. 47. j. oniani, qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan (svanuri muryvamoba - kvirioba). 57 ÜÑÏÂÒÌ ÌÒÈÞËÄÒÊÏ ÆÏ ÜÑÏËÌÍÒÌ ÈÒÀËÄËÃÅÈÏ ÁÏÎÀÓÄ ÈÒÀËÌØÒ ìïáïîàâåäëøò ìòèþëäòêòì ðîëþäåèåþòì, èòàëìòìï æï îòüóïäòì êóäüóîóä-òìüëîòóäò ïìðåáüåþòì êâäåâòì ìïùñòìò åüïðò, ïêïæ. òâ. öïâïõòøâòäàïí åîàïæ, ã. ÷òüïòïì ìïõåäàïí ïîòì æïêïâøòîåþóäò. ïàåóäëþòà ùäòì èïíûòäçå òãò, àïâòìò ûòîåóäò ìïêâäåâò àåèïüòêòì ðïîïäåäóîïæ, áèíòæï íïøîëèåþì, îëèåäàï ìïôóûâåäçå ãïèëòêâåàï ùòíïáîòìüòïíóäò æï áîòìüòïíëþòì èåîèòíæåäò ìïîùèóíëåþîòâò æï êóäüóîóäò ðîëþäåèïüòêòì êïîæòíïäóîò èòèïîàóäåþåþò. ïõäë æï ùòíï ïçòòì, åãåëìóî æï åâîëðóä òìüëîòóä-êóäüóîóä âòàïîåþïìàïí øåöåîåþòà èïí æïìïõï áïîàóäò êóäüóîòì ìïåîàë áïîãïøò øåìùïâäòì ðåîìðåáüòâï, îëèäòì ãïíõëîúòåäåþïì ïîï åîàò àïëþòì øîëèï æïìÿòîæï. ìïêèïîòìòï ãïâòõìåíëà ã. ÷òüïòïì åîàò øåõåæâòà èúòîå çëèòì ùåîòäåþò, îëãëîòúïï „ìòúëúõäòì õòì èëüòâò äïçóî ëîíïèåíüøò“, „áïîàóäò õïäõóîò ëîíïèåíüò, I õåâìóîóäò“ (â. þïîæïâåäòûåìàïí åîàïæ). „ÿâòíüòïíò ôåõìïúèåäò“, „ïÿïîóäò æïàâï-þëñâï“. „ìâïíóîò ìïêóîúõòä“ æï ï. ø., îëè úõïæïæ øåâòãîûíëà èïàò èíòøâíåäëþï èåúíòåîåþòì àïíïèåæîëâå èòéùåâïàï ôëíçå. ïêïæ. ã. ÷òüïòï åêóàâíòì òè èåúíòåîàï àïëþïì, îëèåäàï øåèëáèåæåþïøò åàíëãîïôòóäò ôïáüò óèíòøâíåäëâïíåì òìüëîòóä ùñïîëæ òáúï. ïè èòæãëèïè êò èåúíòåîì èòìúï ìïøóïäåþï áïîàâåäàï ñëôïìï æï êóäüóîïøò æïåèëùèåþòíï ûâåäò èìëôäòëì êóäüóîóä õïäõåþàïí àïíïúõëâîåþòìï æï óèÿòæîëâåìò êëíüïáüåþòì íïêâïäåâò. òãò âòîüóëçóäïæ ôäëþæï èúòîå, àòàáëì óèíòøâíåäë ñëôòàò ôïáüòì ïíïäòçòà ûïäçå èíòøâíåäëâïíò òìüëîòóäò ðîëþäåèòì æïíïõâòì õåäëâíåþïì. ïèòì ìïøóïäåþïì, ôïîàë åîóæòúòïìàïí åîàïæ ïûäåâæï èïéïäíòÿòåîåþòà ïéþåÿæòäò ïäéë ÿåøèïîòüò êóäüóîëäëãòìï, 58 îëèåäòú, õïäõóîò ñëôòì ñëâåäæéòóîò èëâäåíåþòì èòéèï, õåæïâæï ïæïèòïíàï øåèëáèåæåþòàò àïíïúõëâîåþòì øëîåóä ¸ëîòçëíüåþì, îïæãïí õïäõóîò êóäüóîï, æïùñåþóäò àâòàòæåíüòôòúòîåþòì èëèåíüòæïí, æïèàïâîåþóäò àâòàøåíïî÷óíåþòì óêïíïìêíåäò ùïèòà, úëúõïäòï, ðäïìüòóîòï æï ñëâåä ïõïä æîëøò ïõåîõåþì ïæïðüïúòïì. ùòíïèæåþïîå íïîêâåâòì èòçïíòï, ïâüëîòì øåìïûäåþäëþïàï ôïîãäåþøò øåóåîàæåì åîëâíóäò êóäüóîòì ëîòåíüòîàï èëûòåþòì üîïæòúòïì, îëèäòì åàíëãîïôòóä êâäåâïì ÷âåíøò ïêïæ. ã. ÷òüïòïè èòìúï æïìïþïèò. *** áïîàâåäò õïäõòì ñëôïøò ñóîïæéåþïì òèìïõóîåþì îùèåíï-ùïîèëæãåíïàï åîàò ôåíï îëèåäòú æïêïâøòîåþóäòï üñïâàïí, îëãëîú ìõåóäòì ãïîìàïí æï þåùâàïí æï àèïìàïí, îëãëîú üñïâòæïí ïéèëúåíåþóä èïüåîòïìàïí. ðòîâåäïæ ïè ìïêòàõì ñóîïæéåþï èòïáúòï â. þïîæïâåäòûåè, îëèåäòú æïòíüåîåìæï èãäòì üñïâòì êóæòïíò öóþåþòà æï òìòíò àîòïäåàòì àïìòì ôòãóîåþòì ìïèëìåäì æïóêïâøòîï. èïíâå æïïôòáìòîï îàâòìï æï ûïôòì êïâøòîò áïäéâàïåþåþàïí, îïú ãïèëõïüóäò òñë ûïôòì øåùòîâòàï æï ìõâïæïìõâï ìðåúòôòêóîò ïéêâåàåþòà. èòóõåæïâïæ êâäåâòì ìåîòëçóäò èëúóäëþòìï èïì ïè ðîëþäåèòìïàâòì îïòèå êëíúåðüóïäóîò èòèïîàóäåþï ïî èòóúòï 1 . îàâòìï æï áìëâòà ðîëþäåèåþì ìùïâäëþæï ðîëô. ã. ÷ï÷ïøâòäò. èïí èàåäò øåìïþïèòìò ðäïìüò æïïèëùèï áïäéâàïåþï äïèïîòïì êóäüøò, æïïèüêòúï, îëè äïèïîòï ìâïíàï øëîòì òàâäåþëæï îàâòìï æï áìëâòì èôïîâåäïæ, îëèäòì îòãò ôóíáúòï èëãâòïíåþòà éâàòìèøëþåäçå ãïæïìóäï 2 . èòóõåæïâïæ ïìåàò èíòøâíåäëâïíò æïìêâíåþòìï ã. ÷ï÷ïøâòäì êâäåâï þåùâòì (àèòì, èïüñäòì) æï üñïâòì ìåèïíüòêóîò øåôïìåþòì èòèïîàóäåþòà ïî ãïóãîûåäåþòï. ïè ìïêòàõåþì, àóèúï ïîïðòîæïðòî, àïâòì ãïèëêâäåâåþøò øååõë úíëþòäò àåïüîèúëæíå æ. öïíåäòûå. ãïíìïêóàîåþóäò èíòøâíåäëþï ïáâì ö. îóõïûòì ãïèëêâäåâåþì, îëèåäòú èîïâïäò ùäòì èïíûòäçå ìùïâäëþæï áïîàóä õïäõóî æéåìïìùïóäì, ìïæéåìïìùïóäë ìïèëìåäì æï àïâìïþóîïâì, ìïæïú 1 â. þïîæïâåäòûå - áïîàâåäàï óûâåäåìò ìïîùèóíëåþòì òìüëîòòæïí (éâàïåþï þïîþïî-þïþïî) àþòäòìò, 1941 ù. ãâ. 21-57. 2 ã. ÷ï÷ïøâòäò - åîàò õïäõóîò ãïæèëúåèï äïèïîòïçå. àåçòìåþò. ìïèåúíòåîë ìåìòï èòûéâíòäò ðîëô. â. þïîæïâåäòûòì õìëâíòìïæèò. àìó, 1972 ù. òïíâïîò, ãâ. 18. 59 üñïâìï æï þåùâì èíòøâíåäëâïíò îëäò ïêòìîòï 3 . óêïíïìêíåä õïíì ãïèëòêâåàï õïçòì, ãïèëìïõóäåþòì, ïìåâå ûïôòì æïèëêòæåþóäåþï ïæïèòïíòì þåæìï æï þåæòìùåîïìàïí æïêïâøòîåþóä îùèåíåþàïí, îïú êòæåú ïòîåêäï çëãò ïâüëîòì íïøîëèøò 4 . ùòíïèæåþïîå íïîêâåâòì èòçïíòï ãïèëâäåíòä òáíåì üñïâòìï æï þåùâòì (àèòì, èïüñäòì) ìïîùèóíëåþîòâ-èòàëìóîò èíòøâíåäëþï, ïìåâå òè úõëâåäàï ìïêóäüë éòîåþóäåþï, îëèåäàïú åìï àó òì ìïîòüóïäë üñïâò ãïíåêóàâíåþï æï ïè èòèïîàóäåþòà øåâïôïìëà åàíëãåíåüòêóîò àó ïîï, êóäüóîóä-ãåíåüòêóîò æï ìëúòë-êóäüóîóäò èòèïîàåþåþòì ãçåþò æï þóíåþï. óðòîâåäåì ñëâäòìï ìïÿòîëï øåèëâôïîãäëà ÷âåíàâòì ìïòíüåîåìë ôòçòêóî ëþòåáüàï ðòîâåäïæò ìïêîïäóîò èíòøâíåäëþï æï æïíòøíóäåþï, ãïèëâñëà åì ëþòåáüåþò ìõâï æïíïî÷åíåþòìïãïí. îïæãïí ìïáèå úõëâåäàï ìïèñïîëì åõåþï, óíæï ïéòíòøíëì, îëè ðòîâåäïæò ìïêîïäóîò øåôïìåþåþò æïêïâøòîåþóäò òñë ãïîåóä úõëâåäåþàïí æï ôîòíâåäàïí. èõëäëæ æëèåìüòêïúòòì øåèæãëè ìïêîïäóî ìôåîëøò òÿîåþï øòíïóîò úõëâåäò æï ôîòíâåäò, îïú êòæåú øåòè÷íåâï îëãëîú áïîàâåäàï ïìåâå ïîïáïîàâåäàï øåìïþïèòì ùïîèëæãåíåþøò. øòíïóî úõëâåäàïãïí ñâåäïçå ìïìóîâåä øåìïùòîïâïæ òàâäåþëæï õïîò, úõâïîò, àõï; ôîòíâåäàïãïí - áïàïèò (èïèïäò, ñâåîóäò). ìïäëúïâì øååùòîåþëæï úõëâåäàï üñïâò, àïâ-îáï, þóèþóäò, õëäë õëîúò òõïîöåþëæï ìïåîàë ðóîëþïçå. îëãëîú ÷ïíì, ìïìóîâåäò øåìïùòîïâò òñë òîèòì, öòõâòì, ïî÷âòì àïâ-îáï æï üñïâò, èïãîïè øåùòîâï ðîïáüòêóäïæ øòíïóîò úõëâåäòìï æï ôîòíâåäòì ìïøóïäåþòà õëîúòåäæåþëæï. èïîàïäòï, ìïîòüóïäë üåáìüåþò, èïãïäòàïæ, áëîùòäòì æîëì, ãïîåóä íïæòî-ôîòíâåäì ïõìåíåþì, èïãîïè ðîïáüòêóäïæ òìòíò øòíïóîòà ïîòì ÷ïíïúâäåþóäò. ïìåà æîëì, úõëâåäòì ïí ôîòíâåäòì øåùòîâòìïì ìïíïæòîë òïîïéì, õïíöïäìï æï àëôì òñåíåþåí 3 ö. îóõïûå - ûâåäò áïîàóäò ïãîïîóäò æéåìïìùïóäòì èàïâïîò ðåîìëíïýò þåîò-þåîï. èïìïäåþò ìïáïîàâåäëì åàíëãî., IX, àþ., 1957, ãâ. 173-8; áïîàâåäò õïäõòì ìïèåóîíåë ñëôòì òìüëîòòæïí, ìïêïí. æòìåîüïúòï, àþòäòìò, 1954 ù. þóíåþòì ûïäàï ïéëîûòíåþòì õïäõóîò æéåìïìùïóäò ìïáïîàâåäëøò. àþòäòìò, 1999 ù. õïäõóîò ïãîëêóäüóîï æïì. ìïáïîàâåäëøò, àþòäòìò, 1979 ù. ãâ. 158 æï øåèæåã… 4 ò. ìóîãóäïûå - ìòâîúëþîòâò ïìðåáüåþò áïîàâåäàï îåäòãòóî æï èòàëìóî ùïîèëæãåíåþøò. èïìïäåþò ìïá. åàí. XXIII, àþòäòìò, 1987 ù. ãâ. 133-158, áïîàóäò õïäõóîò ëîíïèåíüòì ìòèþëäòêï, àþòäòìò, 1993 ù. ãâ. 33-62; 108-147 æï ìõâ. í. ïþïêåäòï - ìòèþëäë æï îòüóïäò áïîàóä êóäüóîïøò, àþòäòìò, 1997, ãâ. 95 60 æï îòüóïäóî üåáìüåþøòïú ãïîåóä, íïæòî-ôîòíâåäò æï ìïíïæòîë òïîïéò èëòõìåíòåþï. ïõïä æîëøò, îëúï íïæòîì øòíïóîò åíïúâäåþï, èòìò àëôòà èëêâäï íïæòîòì èëðëâåþòì üëäôïì áèåæåþïæ òàâäåþëæï 5 . ãïîåóä úõëâåäàïãïí ùèòíæï úõëâåäïæ èòï÷íæïà öòõâò æï òîåèò, îëèåäàï àïâîáòà ïèêëþæíåí ìïúõëâîåþåäò ìïõäòì ôïìïæåþì, æåæïþëûåþì, ìïèäëúâåäëåþìï æï åêäåìòåþì. ïîáïíöåäë äïèþåîüòì úíëþòà, ïè úõëâåäàï îáåþòì, üïõòì åøâòìï æï õëõþòì ôîàåþòì æïêòæåþï úëæíòïà ìïèåãîåäëøò åêäåìòòì ãïîåàï êåæäåþçå; ïìåàò øåìïùòîïâò õøòîïæ øòæï êåæäåþìïú ïèêëþæï 6 . ïî÷âòìï æï öòõâòì õëîúòì èëðëâåþï èòúâïäåþóäàïàâòì æïìïêóîàõåþäïæ ìâïíàï øëîòì ìïìóîâåä æï êïîã ìïáèåæ òàâäåþëæï 7 . èüïúåþåä úõëâåäàïãïí ãïîêâåóäò ìïîùèóíëåþîòâò ùïîèëæãåíåþò óêïâøòîæåþï ûòîòàïæïæ âåôõâì, èãåäì, æïàâì, üïõì (îëèåäòú ïîïï èüïúåþåäò, èïãîïè æòæò ûïäòì ãïèë óôîë èïà óïõäëâæåþï âòæîå þïäïõòìèÿïèåäåþì). ïèöåîïæ ÷âåíàâòì ìïòíüåîåìëï õïäõóî îùèåíïàï òì íïùòäò îëèåäòú âåôõâìï æï èãåäì øåõåþï æï ÷âåíú èïàò ãïíõòäâòà æïâêèïñëôòäæåþòà. âåôõâòì ìïõåäáâåø ìïáïîàâåäëøò òìüëîòóäïæ óíæï âòãóäòìõèëà öòáòì, äåëðïîæò//ðïíüåîïì êïâêïìòóîò íïòîìïõåëþï, îëèäòì óïõäëåìò íïàåìïâòï øóïïçòïøò ãïâîúåäåþóäò èàòì þïîìò, òîþòìò. àïíïèåæîëâå áïîàóä åíïøò ìïäòüåîïüóîë íëîèïæ æïìüóîæåþï „âåôõâò“, õëäë ûâåä áïîàóäøò æïèëùèåþóäò ïîòì „âåôõò“. èïà øëîòì øåòè÷íåâï øòíïïîìëþîòâò ãïíìõâïâåþï. ïè èëèåíüòà ãïíìïêóàîåþòà æïòíüåîåìåþïì õåäò øåóùñë „âåôõòìüñïëìíòì“ ìòèþëäòêïè, ìïæïú „âåôõò“-ì üñïâò æï áóæò, ïìåâå àïâïæ úõëâåäò, åîàòì èõîòâ üïîòåäòì óèàïâîåìò ïáìåìóïîòï, èåëîåì èõîòâ êò íåìüïí-æïîåöïíì ãïíïìïõòåîåþì. ìïàïíïæë êâäåâòà ãïîêâåóäòï, îëè ûâåä áïîàóäøò ìïõåäòà „âåôõò“ ïéòíòøíåþëæï òì úõëâåäò, îëèåäìïú ïõäï äåëðïîæì//ðïíüåîïì óùëæåþåí, ûâåä áïîàóäøò êïüòìåþîàï ïè ùïîèëèïæãåíåäì ïéíòøíïâæíåí ìïõåäòà „ïâïçï“. æéåì áïîàóä åíïøò üåîèòíòà „ïâïçï“ ïéòíòøíåþï ãåðïîæò, óìùîïôåìò èëîþåíïäò ëàõôåõàï øëîòì, îëèåäìïú õøòîïæ ìïãïíãåþëæ ùâîàíòïí æï íïæòîëþòìïì òõèï- 5 ò. ìóîãóäïûå - åîàò ìïáëîùòäë ùåìòì èòàëìóîò æï ìëúòïäóîò þóíåþòìïàâòì („èåôòì ãïíïæòîåþòì“ ïíïäòçòì úæï), èïúíå, òìüëîòòì … ìåîòï, ¹2, 1989. 6 ïîáïíöåäë äïèþåîüò - ìïèåãîåäëì ïéùåîï, àþòäòìò, 1938 ù. ãâ. 149. 61 îåí, îëãëîú èùåâïîì. îëãëîú ÷ïíì, ìïõåäò „âåôõâò“ ìõâïæïìõâï æîëì óêïâøòîæåþëæï ñâåäï úõëâåäì, îëèåäìïú õïäåþòïíò üñïâò ¸áëíæï. èïãïäòàïæ ýòîïôì åûïõæíåí „ïáäåè-âåôõâò“ (ìïþï). ïè ìïêòàõòì øåìïõåþ ïèëèùóîïâ úíëþåþì òûäåâï ò. áåîáïûå àïâòì ìðåúòïäóî ãïèëêâäåâïøò „úõëâåäåþòì ïéèíòøâíåäò äåáìòêï ûâåä áïîàóäøò“ 8 . ïè ãïíõòäâïì, ÷åèòì èõîòâ, æïâóèïüåþ åîà ôïáüì, îëèåäòú ûâåäïæ ìïáïîàâåäëøò „âåôõòì“ ìïõåäòà úíëþòäò èõåúòì öòøì ïçóìüåþì. „âåôõòìüñïëìíòì“ èïèóêï àïâáïîïøâòäòìåóä òäóìüîïúòåþøò üïîòåäì ñâåäãïí úõëâåäòì ùòíùêäåþòïíò üñïâò ïúâòï. ùòíùêäåþòïíò üñïâòì èáëíå èõåúò ïîòì èëêäóäò üïîòåäòì èòåî äëè-âåôõâòì æïõëúâòì úíëþòä ìúåíïøò. øåòûäåþï òàáâïì èåüòú: ïéíòøíóäò üñïâòì èëõïüâòì ùåìò íïüóîïì ûäòåî ïîòì æïøëîåþóäò, ìüòäòçåþóäòï æï ãåëèåüîóäò áïîãòà èë÷òàóä áìëâòäì ãâïãëíåþì. åì èëèåíüò èåüïæ ìïñóîïæéåþëï æï èïì øåèæåã òìåâ æïâóþîóíæåþòà. ïéíòøíóäò ãïîåèëåþï úõïæñëôì, îëè XVIII ìïóêóíòì èõïüâîòìïàâòì „âåôõò“ ïéíòøíïâæï úõëâåäì, îëèåäìïú æéåì äåëðïîæì âåûïõòà, îïú ìïâìåþòà åàïíõèåþï ïè ìïêòàõàïí æïêïâøòîåþóä ìïèåúíòåîë äòüåîïüóîïøò èòéåþóä èëìïçîåþïì. âåôõâòìïæèò ãïíìïêóàîåþóäò æïèëêòæåþóäåþòì íïêâïäåâò óðòîâåäåì ñëâäòìï æïèëùèåþóäòï çåðòîìòüñâòåîåþïøò. õïäõøò ãïâîúåäåþóäò ùïîèëæãåíòì àïíïõèïæ, ìâïíåþò èëêäóä âåôõâì æïìüòîëæíåí æï íïàåìïâì óùëæåþæíåí, óþëæòøåþæíåí èëêâäòì ãïèë. èëêäóäò âåôõâòì èòèïîà ðïüòâòì ãïèëõïüâï õåâìóîåàøòïú ìúëæíòïà. èëêäóä èõåúì âïýòì üïíìïúèåäì ÷ïïúèåâæíåí, ãâåîæòà òïîïéì æïóùñëþæíåí æï òìå æïòüòîåþæíåí 9 . ïìåàò ùïîèëæãåíåþòì ïéèëúåíåþï øåìïûäë òáíåþëæï òìåà þóíåþîòâ ãïîåèëøò, ìïæïú ïæïèòïíò èÿòæîë êëíüïáüøò òáíåþëæï ïéíòøíóä úõëâåäàïí. ïæîå òãò èïîàäïú ôïîàëæ ñëôòäï ãïâîúåäåþóäò êïâêïìòïøò æï ïèòüëèïú òãîûíëþï õïäõóî ðëåçòïøò èòìò úõëâåäèñëôåäò êâïäò. õïäõóî ìòüñâòåîåþïøò âåôõâò èóæïè èàïìàïí ïîòì æïêïâøòîåþóäò æï èàòïí ãïîåèëøòï ùïîèëæãåíòäò. „âåôõâò“ óèïéäåìò åðòàåüòï òèïà øëîòì, îïú êò øåòûäåþï èòåêóàâíëì èàòåä èëíï7 8 â. þïîæïâåäòûå - áïîàóäò (ìâïíóîò) ìïùåìë ãîïôòêóäò õåäëâíåþòì íòèóøåþò. àþòäòìò, 1953 ù. ãâ. 66-67. ò. áåîáïûå - úõëâåäåþòì ïéèíòøâíåäò äåáìòêï ûâåä áïîàóäøò. àþòäòìò. 1974 ù. ãâ. 72-74. N\ D\ Ufvrhtkblpt= Dc\ Dzx\ Bdfyjd= Byljtdhjgtqcrbq zpsr b byljtdhjgtqws\ N\ II cnh\ 492- 503- N,bkbcb= 1984\ 62 æòîåìï æï èåëèïîì. õïäõóî ðëåçòïøò õøòîïæ øåâõâæåþòà òìåà ãïèëàáèåþì, îëãëîòúïï „âåôõâòï, âåôõâòì èïèêäïâò“, ïí „âåôõâë, âåôõâòìãïí èëêäóäë“. ïè ãïèëàáèåþòà èåþîûëä èõïîåàï (âåôõâòìï æï èëíïæòîòì) èòèïîà óéîèåìò ðïüòâòìúåèïï ãïèëõïüóäò. æïèëêòæåþóäåþï üòðòóîòï ïéèëìïâäåà ìïáïîàâåäëì èàòì õïäõóîò ìòüñâòåîåþòìïàâòì, îòì êóäèòíïúòóî ãïèëõïüóäåþïæ óíæï èòâò÷íòëà „âåôõòìï æï èëñèòì äåáìò“. ïè èåüïôëîóä ìòìüåèïøò àïâòìò ïæãòäò óÿòîïâì âåôõòì ÿîåä üñïâìïú. åîàò äåáìò, îëèåäøòïú ïõïäò æîëòì îåïäòåþòï (àëô-æóîþòíæò, ôëäïæòì ùîòïðò) íïõìåíåþò, èòóõåæïâïæ ìòïõäòìï, èåüïôëîïàï üîïæòúòóäò ìòìüåèòì ãïèëñåíåþòà ïîòì ïãåþóäò æï, ìõâï èîïâïäàïí åîàïæ, âåôõòì üñïâòì ôåîïæëâíåþïçåú ìâïèì ïáúåíüì. ïá íïõìåíåþòï èëñèòì „ðòîëôäòïíëþï“, „ìïõåäòìèëñâïîóäëþï“, „èóæïè æîëì ìïõåäòïíëþï“. äåáìò æïìüòîòì ìïõåäëâïí èåþîûëäì: „… úëæâïï øåíò ìòêâæòäò, âåôõë, ÿîåäðåîïíãòïíë… ïîùòâë èõïîêâåîòïíë…“ 10 âåôõòìï æï ïîùòâòì íòøïíàâòìåþïàï øåùñâòäåþï áïîàóäò õïäõóîò ðëåçòòì ìõâïæïìõâï ýïíîøò (ìïõëüþë ìòèéåîåþò, õèòà íïüòîïäåþò æï ï. ø.) èåüïæ ãïâîúåäåþóäò èëâäåíïï æï øåòûäåþï òàáâïì åîàãâïîïæ áèíòì òìåà øîåì, ìïæïú èòùòì (âåôõâò) æï úòì (ïîùòâò) ìïèñïîëàï íòøíåþòï ãïåîàòïíåþóäò. èåüïôëîïàï åì íïüóîòìüóäò øîå ìóþìüîïüóä ôåíïì óíæï ùïîèëïæãåíæåì õïäõóî ôïíüïìüòêïøò, îëèåäòú øåèæåã èæòæîæåþï ìõâï ìïèñïîëàï ìòèþëäë-íòøíåþòà. ïìåàò æïìêâíòì ìïøóïäåþïì ãâïûäåâì ïèòîïíòì ûïéäòì ñóîøïì ìòèþëäòêï. ïá ûòîòàïæïæ èòùòìï æï úòì íòøíåþòï àïâèëñîòäò æï åðëìòì óûâåäåì øîåì óíæï ãïíåêóàâíåþëæåì. øåòûäåþï òàáâïì, îëè „âåôõò æï âåôõàïí þîûëäï“, îëãëîú ôòçòêóîò æï ìóäòåîò øåìïûäåþäëþåþòì ëðüòèóèò, ëæåìéïú ìïêîïäóî âåäøò óíæï ñëôòäòñë èëïçîåþóäò æï ïè âåäòì øåìóìüåþï-ãïáîëþòì øåìïþïèòìïæ, èïí õïäõòì óèïéäåì çíåëþîòâ éòîåþóäåþïàï ìôåîëøò ãïæïòíïúâäï. äòüåîïüóîïøò, ãèòîàï èïéïäò øåìïûäåþäëþåþò çëãöåî èåáïíòêóîïæ, äëè-âåôõâòì óèòçåçë õëúâòà ïîòì ãï9 å. âòîìïäïûå - áïîàóäò ìïèëíïæòîåë åðëìò. àþòäòìò, 1964 ù. ãâ. 65-73. áïîàóäò õïäõóîò ðëåçòï, V, àþòäòìò, 1976 ù. ãâ. 142. âåôõâàïí æïêïâøòîåþòà òõòäåà òáâå, ãâ. 96, 102, 200. å. âòîìïäïûå, áïîàóäò ìïèëíïæòîåë åðëìò, àþòäòìò, 1964 ù. ãâ. 27. 10 63 èëõïüóäò, îëãëîú åì õæåþï „âåôõòìüñïëìïíøò“. ãïíìõâïâåþòà õïäõóîò ðëåçòòìïãïí, ïá èëãçïóîò ïâàïíæòäòì øåìïõåþ íïàáâïèòï, îëè „ìïæïúï íïõòì, æïõëúíòì, äëè-âåôõíò èëøïèþíïîåíò“. ûäòåîò èõåúåþòì õëúâòì æåìïêîïäòçåþóäò ðîëúåìò, îëèåäòú ëæåìéïú ìïêîïäóî èåôåàï ðîåîëãïüòâï òñë (èïãïäòàïæ, þïþòäëíòìï æï ïìóîåàòì èåôåàï íïæòîëþï äëèåþçå, ìïìïíóîò ìòóýåüåþò èåôåàï íïæòîëþòæïí, ìïåîàëæ ìïèåôë íïæòîëþï) ãïèëòñåíåþï îëãëîú õåîõò ãèòîòì øåìïûäåþäëþïàï æïõïìòïàåþòìïì æï ïèòüëè, èòàëìòæïí äòüåîïüóîïøò ãïæïìâäòì æîëì, õøòîïæ èåáïíòêóî øàïþåÿæòäåþïì üëâåþì. ûäòåîò èõåúåþòì óèòçíëæ õëúâï ïîï èõëäëæ áïîàóä äòüåîïüóîïì ïõïìòïàåþì, ïîïèåæ ìïåîàëæ ïîòì ãïâîúåäåþóäò øóï ìïóêóíååþòì ïéèëìïâäóî äòüåîïüóîïøò, ìïæïú íïæòîòì õëúâï åîàãâïî àâòàèòçíïæ ïîòì áúåóäò. ãïîæï çåèëàáèóäòìï, ïîìåþëþì ûäòåî èêîàïäò ãïæèëúåèåþò, îëèåäàï èòõåæâòà âåôõâò èëíïæòîòì æïèõèïîå, èåãëþïîò æï ûèëþòäòï. øåìïûäëï òì ëæåìéïú íïæòîà èùñåèìïæïú èòï÷íæïà, îïæãïí çëãöåî òãò èëíïæòîåì íïæòîì óîåêïâì 11 . èåëîå èüïúåþåäò úõëâåäò, îëèäòì èëíïæòîåþòì ðîëúåìàïí æï ïìåâå üñïâòì èòèïîà ôòáìòîåþóäòï ìïùåìë èëáèåæåþåþò, ïîòì èãåäò. ñëâåä øåèàõâåâïøò, ÷âåíò èåúíòåîåþòì àâïäìïùòåîøò ïè úõëâåäàïí æïêïâøòîåþóäò îùèåíåþòï èëáúåóäò. â. þïîæïâåäòûå ìâïíóî æîëøïì, äåèì, øåôïìåþïì ïûäåâì èãåäàïí æïêïâøòîåþóäò îùèåíåþòì ìïôóûâåäçå. ãïîæï æîëøòìï, èïí ìâïíåàøò øåòìùïâäï æéåìïìùïóäò „ïøïíãåäë“ àó „øïøïíãåäë“, ìïæïú èãäòì üñïâò ÿëêçå ÷ïèëêòæåþóäò æïïáâà, îïú ùòíï ìïôåõóîòï áìëâòäòìïãïí øåêåîòäò æï üïîçå ìïãïíãåþëæ æïèïãîåþóäò äåèòìï, îëèåäìïú èõåæîòì èëûîïëþòìïì ¸ïåîò þåîïâì æï áìëâòäòìïãïí øåêåîòäò ôòãóîïì èëúóäëþïì ïûäåâì. ðòîâåä øåèàõâåâïøò úõëâåäòì üñïâò íïüóîïäóîïæ óêïâøòîæåþï õåì//ÿëêì, õëäë èåëîå øåèàõâåâïøò õæåþï õòìï æï üñïâòì ÷ïíïúâäåþï æîëøòà. ïéìïíòøíïâòï òìòú, îëè æîëøï èëíïùòäåëþæï úõåíåþòì øåöòþîøò. àó èåæîëøå èëòãåþæï øåöòþîåþïì åì èüåîçå ãïèïîöâåþòìï 11 âïýï-ôøïâåäï, îëãëî ãï÷íæíåí þóåþò áâåñïíïçå (èëàõîëþåþò), æïÿîòäò âåôõâò (ðëåèï). 64 æï èëìïâäòïí ùåäòùïæì èëïìùïâåþæï. øåöòþîò êò òèïîàåþëæï ùèòíæï ãòëîãòì ìïçïôõóäë æéåìïìùïóäçå - õòäòøëþïì 12 . îïú øååõåþï „ïøïíãåäë“-ì àó „øïøïíãåäëì“, èòìò úåíüîïäóîò ïáúòï òñë èãäòì èëêâäï. èãåäì ãïïüñïâåþæíåí, üñïâì èïéïä ÿëêçå ÷ïèëêòæåþæíåí æï èãäòì èêâäåäì èòìúåèæíåí. åì óêïíïìêíåäò êò ÷ïóæãåþëæï ìïàïâåøò èïèïêïúàï ðîëúåìòïì, îëèåäòú, øåèëâòæëæï ìëôåäøò, ñëâåäò èëìïõäòì êïîçå øå÷åîæåþëæï, òèéåîåþæíåí, èïìðòíûäåþò êò èãäòì èêâäåäì üñâòï-ùïèïäì ïûäåâæíåí. „øïøïíãåäë“ ìùëîåæ ïè ðîëúåìòïì åîáâï. ìïõåäò „øïøïíãåäë“ â. þïîæïâåäòûåì áïîàóäò ìòüñâòì „ìïèãåäë“-ì æïèïõòíöåþóä ãïîæïìïõâïæ èòï÷íæï. ïéíòøíóä æéåìïìùïóäøò â. þïîæïâåäòûå üëüåèóîò îùèåíåþòì ãïæèëíïøàì õåæïâì, õëäë èãäòì èêâäåäòìïàâòì çåèëõìåíåþóäò ùåìòà üñâòï-ùïèäòì ãïæïúåèïì êëäåáüòóî èëêâäïøò àïíïèëíïùòäåëþïæ àâäòì. øåòûäåþï æïâïèïüëà, îëè àïíïèëíïùòäåëþòì ãïèëõïüóäåþï ïîòì ïîï èõëäëæ üñâòï-ùïèäòì ãïæïúåèòì ôïáüò, ïîïèåæ øåèëâäï æï ñâåäï ëöïõòì êïîùòí ìòèéåîòì øåìîóäåþïú, îëèäòì ìïøóïäåþòà õæåþëæï ñëâåäò ëöïõòìïàâòì ùïîèïüåþòì èòüïíï, ïìåâå ãïîìøåèëâäòà õæåþëæï øåèëçéóæâï æï èïîêòîåþï ìòâîúòìï, îëèåäòú ïè ìëúòïäóîò åîàåóäòì èòåî øòíïæ èëòïçîåþëæï 13 . ãïîæï ïéíòøíóäò æéåìïìùïóäòìï, ìïáïîàâåäëì ìõâïæïìõâï êóàõåøò øåè÷íåóäòï, îëè åîòæåþëæíåí âåôõâòìï æï èãäòì èëêâäïì. ïè úõëâåäåþòì èëíïæòîåþïì üïþó åæë. ñëôïì ãïíìïêóàîåþòà ïáüòóîïæ èãåäàïí æïêïâøòîåþóäò èïìïäï øåèëî÷ï. â. þïîæïâåäòûåì èëüïíòäò ïáâì èëõóú ìâïíàï íïïèþëþò ïè ìïêòàõàïí æïêïâøòîåþòà. òìòíò àâäòæíåí, îëè èãåäì ïáâì ïæïèòïíòì ìïìòêåàëæ èòèïîàóäò îïéïú èïãòóîò ûïäï, òìòíò ïæïèòïíì åõèïîåþòïí æï èôïîâåäëþåí, ïìåâå òúòïí „ìòìõäòì ïéåþï“ èëêäóäò àïâòìòïíòìïàâòì. ìâïíåþò ñëâåäàâòì úæòäëþæíåí ïî èëåêäïà èãåäò ïîï òèòì ãïèë, îëè èïàãïí øóîòìûòåþòìï åøòíëæïà, ïîïèåæ òèòì ãïèë, îëè õïäõóîò ÷âåóäåþòà èãäòì èëêâäïì åîàãâïîïæ åîòæåþëæíåí. 30-òïí ùäåþøò 12 D\ <fhlfdtkblpt - Lhtdytqibt htkbubjpyst dthjdfybz b j,hzljdjt uhfabxtcrjt bcreccndj uhepbycrb[ gktvty\ N,bkbcb= 1957 u\ cnh\ 57 b lfkmit\ 13 ò. ìóîãóäïûå - ìòâîúëþîòâò ïìðåáüåþò áïîàâåäàï îåäòãòóî æï èòàëìóî ùïîèëæãåíåþøò. èïìïäåþò ìïáïîàâåäëì åàíëãîïôòòìïàâòì, XXIII ãâ. 133 (øåèæåã èìå). ïîáïóäò åäåèåíüåþò áïîàóä õïäõóî æéåìïìùïóäåþøò, èìå XXI, ãâ. 115. 65 ìâïíåþøò õíòåîò õïäõò êòæåâ ïüïîåþæï èãäòì üñïâòì ìïõåäëòïí öóþåþì, îëèåäàïú êóæòú ¸áëíæïà øåüëâåþóäò. îëãëîú ÷ïíì, ðîïáüòêóäïæ èãåäì èïòíú êäïâæíåí, èïãîïè øåçéóæóäïæ æï ãïíìïêóàîåþóä øåèàõâåâïøò, øåìïûäëï îòüóïäóîò ìïÿòîëåþòìïàâòì. èëíïæòîå èëêäóä èõåúì, òìåâå, îëãëîú âåôõâì, àïâçå æïïæãåþëæï, áóæì èëòõæòæï, åþëæòøåþëæï, ïîùèóíåþæï, îëè èêâäåäëþï øåúæëèòà èëõæï, îïæãïí òìåâå ïî óíæëæï èòìò èëêâäï, îëãëîú ìïêóàïîò ûèòìï. øåèæåã èãåäì ëöïõòì ùåâîòâòà æïòüòîåþæï, üñïâì ãïõæòæï æï õëîúì óìïàóëæ æïôäïâæï 14 . ïìåàòâå ùåìòà, îëãëîú âíïõåà âåôõâòì èòèïîàïú ìîóäæåþëæï. îëãëîú ïéâíòøíåà, ïè èëèåíüåþì â. þïîæïâåäòûå üëüåèòçèàïí ïêïâøòîåþæï, îïú ìïåÿâëæ èå÷âåíåþï. øåìïûäëï ïá æïî÷åíòäò òñëì ëæåìéïú ïîìåþóä îùèåíïàï òíåîúòï, èïãîïè íïæòîàïí íïàåìïóîò êïâøòîòì ïéíòøâíï ôëîèïäóîòï æï ïîï ìòìõäòìèòåîò, ïîú èïìàïí òãòâåëþòì ãîûíëþï ÷ïíì, îïú ïìå ïõïìòïàåþì üòüåèòçèì. øåèëâäï, ñâåäï ìïõäòì êïîùòí ìòèéåîï æï ñâåäïìïãïí èãäòì èêâäåäëþòìïàâòì üñâòïùïèäòì ãïæïúåèï óôîë ìïàåèë ùïîèëæãåíåþçå èòãâòàòàåþì, âòæîå ìïãâïîåóäëçå æï èàäòïíïæ åèàõâåâï æéåìïìùïóäòì øåìîóäåþòì ìâïíåàøò èòéåþóä ùåìì. úõïæòï, åì úõëâåäåþò ëæåìéïú øåìïûäëï èïîàäïú òñâíåí üëüåèóîò ëþòåáüåþò, èïãîïè ÷âåíàâòì õåäèòìïùâæëè èïìïäïøò êëíúåôúòï æïîéâåóäòï, æïèïõïìòïàåþåäò ìëúòïäóîò ãïîåèë ïéïî ïîìåþëþì, òãò èàäòïíïæ ãïîæïìïõóäòï æï èòìò ìëúòïäóî-òìüëîòóäò èïõïìòïàåþäåþò ìóä ìõâï ìïçëãïæëåþîòâ æëíåì ïæïìüóîåþì. îïú øååõåþï èãåäàïí, èòì þåùâàïí, þîÿñïäàïí æïêïâøòîåþóä ùïîèëæãåíåþì, èïàò ïîìåþëþï ìâïíåàøò öåî êòæåâ 1882 ùåäì æïïôòáìòîï î. åîòìàïâèï. èïàò ïè ìïõòà ïîìåþëþï ÷âåóäåþîòâò èëâäåíïï íåþòìèòåîò ìïçëãïæëåþòìïàâòì. åìïï æïïõäëåþòà ñâåäïôåîò, îïú úíëþòäòï áïîàâåäàï åàíëãîïôòóä ñëôïøò âåôõâòìï æï èãäòì ãïîøåèë ïîìåþóä îøèåíï-ùïîèëæãåíïàï øåìïõåþ, èïàò üñïâòìï æï íïæòîëþòì ðîëúåìòì ÷ïàâäòà. ÷âåíò èìöåäëþòìïàâòì ãïíìïêóàîåþòà ìïòíüåîåìëï èãäòì üñïâòì ÿëêçå æïêòæåþòì ùåìò, îïæãïí åì îòüóïäóîò èëæåäò ùïîèëïæãåíì óïéîåìïæ ìïòíüåîåìë èòàë-îåäòãòóîò êâïíûòì ðîïáüòêóä îåïäòçïúòïì æï ûâåäò èìëôäòëì èîïâïä õïäõøòï æïèëùèåþóäò. òãò üñïâòì õåçå æïêòæåþòì âïîòïíüòï, îïãïí ìâåüò, ÿëêò æï çëãöåî áïä14 D\ <fhlfdtkblpt - er\ cjx\= cnh\ 44-45. 66 éèåîàò (èïã. ïøåîï) ïéèëìïâäóî îåäòãòåþøò åîàèïíåàòì üëäôïì ìòèþëäëåþì ùïîèëïæãåíåí. ãïîæï åàíëãîïôòóäò èëíïúåèåþòìï, èãäòì ðîëþäåèòìïàâòì àâïäñóîòì ãïæåâíåþï òìüëîòóäò ùñïîëåþòàïú õåîõæåþï. úíëþòäòï, îëè èåôå âïõüïíãì èãäòì ìïõòïíò èóçïîïæò åõóîï æï èåüìïõåäò „ãëîãïìïäò“ ïáåæïí ùïîèëèæãïîï. ìïõåäò âïõüïíãò òîïíóäïæ íòøíïâì „èãäòì üïíòì èáëíåì“. óïõäåìò ãïèëêâäåâåþòà æïæïìüóîåþóäòï, îëè III ì-òì ðïîàóäò ùñïîëåþò òâåîòïì òõìåíòåþåí ìïõåäòà „âòîøïí“ (ãïèëòàáèòì „âòî÷ïí“), õëäë ìïøóïäë ìðïîìóäçå åùëæåþëæï „â-îó÷ïí“, îïú èãäòì áâåñïíïì íòøíïâì. úõïæòï, îëúï áâåñïíïì ïìå åûïõòïí, ìïïèòìë ìïôóûâåäòú óíæï ¸áëíæïà 15 . îïú øååõåþï þïäïõòìèÿïèåä íïæòîì, èïàò üñïâòìï æï þåùâòì èòèïîà æïèëêòæåþóäåþï ñëôòà ìôåîëì ïî ìúòäæåþï. ïéìïíòøíïâòï, îëè ïéè. ìïáïîàâåäëì èàïøò öòõâòì üñïâòì æïôåíï òúëæíåí úõåíòì ãïâïçå, óíïãòîòì áâåø. ïè øåèàõâåâïøò ïäþïà òãò âåôõâò//äåëðïîæòì üñïâì úâäòæï, îïæãïí âåôõâòì ùòíùêäåþòïíò üñïâòà èëîàóäò úõåíåþò õøòîòï øóï ìïóêóíååþòì èõïüâîëþïøò. ÷âåíò èìöåäëþòìïàâòì ãïíìïêóàîåþóäò èíòøâíåäëþï ïáâì å. ù. „íïæòîòì ãïúëúõäåþòì“ îùèåíïì, îëèåäøòú ïáüòóîïæ èëíïùòäåëþì üñïâò æï ûâïäò 16 . íïæòîòì ãïúëúõäåþòì îòüóïäåþò óûâåäåìò ùïîèëèïâäëþòìïï. îëãëîú ìðåúòïäóîò ãïèëêâäåâåþòæïí ÷ïíì, üëüåèòìüóî æéåìïìùïóäåþì, îëèåäàï èòçïíò òñë üëüåèóî úõëâåäàï ãïèîïâäåþï æï èïàò ìòúëúõäòìïàâòì ìüòèóäòì èòúåèï, öåî êòæåâ çåæï ðïäåëäòàøò èïîàïâæíåí 17 . ïè îòüóïäåþøò ãïíìïêóàîåþóäò æïüâòîàâï ¸áëíòï íïæòîòì ûâïäìï æï üñïâì 18 , 15 N\ D\ Ufvrhtkblpt= Dc\ Dzx\ Bdfyjd= er\ cjx\ cnh\ 496\ D\ B\ F,ftd= Jctnbycrbq zpsr b ajkmrkjh= V\= 1949 u\ cnh\ 187\ êîåþóäò „ìïáïîàâåäëìï æï áïîàâåäåþòì ïéèíòøâíåäò áïîàóäò æï óúõëóîò üåîèòíëäëãòï“. àþòäòìò, 1993 ù.; 1. ã. ùåîåàåäò - ìïáïîàâåäëì òîïíóä ìïõåäùëæåþïàï òìüëîòòìïàâòì, ãâ. 98; 2. à. ÷õåòûå, òáâå, ìïáïîàâåäë æï áïîàâåäåþòì ïéèíòøâíåäò üåîèòíåþò ìïøóïäë ìðïîìóäìï æï ðïîàóä åíåþøò, ãâ. 113-114. 16 î. åîòìàïâò - ôëäêäëîóäò æï åàíëãîïôòóäò ùåîòäåþò, àþòäòìò, 1968, ãâ. 133. 17 ò. ìóîãóäïûå - áïîàóä õïäõóîò ëîíïèåíüòì ìòèþëäòêï, ãâ. 54-55; >\ Ctv/yjd= Rfr djpybrkj xtkjdtxtcndj\ V\= 1966\ cnh\ 424-427\ 18 R\ Btnnvfh - Htkbubb Ubylbreif= V\= 1986 u\ cnh\ 227 b lfkm\395 b lfkmit\ 442 b lfkmit\ F\ F\ Fyi,f - F,[fpcrbq ajkmrkjh b ltqcndbntkmyjcnm\ Ce[\ 1982 u\ cnh\ 34-35\ 67 øåìïûäëï ôåîìïú 19 . èëãâòïíåþòà îòüóïäåþøò, ãïíìïêóàîåþòà ïèòíæòì øåúâäòì èìõâåîðäøåùòîâòìïì, øåùòîóäò úõëâåäòì üñïâò òêòæåþëæï õåçå. åäòïìïàâòì àõòì øåùòîâòì æï ôòüóäòì õåçå æïêòæåþòì ùåìò öåî êòæåâ ïîáïíöåäë äïèþåîüòì øåóè÷íåâòï 20 . ïè ùåìèï XIX ì-òì æïìïìîóäïèæå èòïéùòï 21 . åäòïìïàâòì àõòì øåùòîâòì ùåìò ïéùåîòäò ïáâì âïõóøüò þïãîïüòëíì æâïäåàøò, æâïäàï æï ëìàï íïîåâ èëìïõäåëþïøò: „ãïîíï ñëâåäàïâå óùñòïí èãçïâìò êåîðòìï, îëèåäìï óùëæåþåí âï÷òäïì, îïèåàó øåùòîïâåí åäòïì àõïìï æï õëîúìï øåìÿïèåí àâòàâå, õëäë üñïâìï ãïìÿòèïâåí èïéïäìï ûåäìï çåæï æï àïñâïíò-ìúåèåí üñïâìï èïì, îïàï ïîï èëóâäòíëì åäòïè ìåüñóïíò æï èòìúåí íïñëôíò áóåñíòìïíò“ 22 . ïè úíëþòì àïíïõèïæ æâïäåàøò ÿëêçå ãïÿòèóäò, åäòïìàâòì øåùòîóäò àõòì üñïâò óêâå éâàïåþòì íòøïíìï æï ìòèþëäëì, ôåüòøì ùïîèëïæãåíì, îëèåäòú æïèëóêòæåþåäò àïñâïíòìúåèòì ëþòåáüïæ ïîòì áúåóäò, àóèúï ìïõåäëþòà òãò åäòïì ãïíåêóàâíåþï. èëüïíòäò èïìïäï ïøêïîïæ èëùèëþì ÿëêçå ãïèïîàóäò üñïâòìïãïí øåáèíòäò øüïíæïîüòì îåäòãòóî-ìïêóäüë èíòøâíåäëþïì. ïèãâïîò øüïíæïîüò, ÿëêçå ãïèïîàóäò èãäòì üñïâòà, îëãëîú çåèëà òñë ïéíòøíóäò, ¸áëíòïà ìâïíåþìïú. îëãëîú ÷ïíì, åì ùåìò óôîë ôïîàë èíòøâíåäëþòìï óíæï òñëì, âòæîå åì ìïüëèë æéåìïìùïóäåþòæïí ÷ïíì, îïæãïí èïì èíòøâíåäëâïíò òìüëîòóäò æï åàíëãîïôòóäò ðïîïäåäåþò åûåþíåþï. ïè àâïäìïçîòìòà æòæïæ ìïòíüåîåìëï åàíëãîïôòóäò ôïáüò, îëúï ãâïäâï-æåäãèïìàïí æïêïâøòîåþòà úõâïîì øåùòîïâæíåí, èïãïäòàïæ òèåîåàøò, ìï÷õåîåì ìëôåä áëîåàøò, èïì åêäåìòòì åçëøò, ïí îëèåäòèå óþïíøò èòòñâïíæíåí, æïêäïâæíåí, òáâå õåçå ãïïüñïâåþæíåí, õëîúì ÷ïèëìÿîòæíåí, õëäë üñïâì ãïóüñïâåþåäò èïîúõåíï óêïíï ôåõòïíïæ, õåçå üëâåþæíåí 23 . úõâïîò èïòìòì àâåøò, å. ù. „êëõòíöîëþïì“, ïíó êëõòì öâïîòì ìïõåäëþòì æéåìïìùïóäçå òùòîåþëæï. úõïæòï, „êëõòì öâïîò“, òìåâå îëãëîú „áïòöâïîò“, ïíó áïîòì öâïîò, ïèòíæòì ãïèãåþåäò éâàïåþòì åèïíïúòï óíæï ñëôòäòñë. ïìåâå ìúëæíòïà êëõòíöîë19 Keyf egfdifz c yt,f= V\-K\ Lhtdytqifz kbnthfnehf Vfkjq Fpbb\ c\ 61\ Gthtdjl Dzx\ Dc\ Bdfyjdf\ 20 ïîáïíöåäë äïèþåîüò - æïìïõ. íïøî. ãâ. 154. 21 L;\ Ahtp'h - Pjkjnfz dtndm= V\= 1980 u\ cnh\ 89-90\ 22 þïüëíòøâòäò âïõóøüò - ïéùåîï ìïèåôëìï ìïáïîàâåäëìï, áïîàäòì úõëâîåþï, IV. àþòäòìò, 1973, ãâ. 638-639. 23 ö. îóõïûå, þóíåþòì ûïäàï ïéëîûòíåþòì õïäõóîò æéåìïìùïóäò ìïáïîàâåäëøò. àþòäòìò. 1999 ù. ãâ. 126 æï øåèæåã. 68 þïì øåùòîóäò âåîûòì àåûëì ûâäòì àâïäìï÷òíë ïæãòäïì æïêòæåþï. ïè ûâïäì èëèïâïä êëõòíöîëþïì ïõäòà øåúâäòæíåí, õëäë ûâåäì ãïæïïãæåþæíåí 24 . îëãëîú ÷ïíì, åì ûâåäò, òìåâå îëãëîú üñïâøò ÷ïüëâåþóäò þïîêïäò, îëèåäìïú õåçå üëâåþæíåí, øòíïïîìëþîòâïæ óûâåäåìò èòàë-îåäòãòóîò îùèåíåþòì ôîïãèåíüòï æï åîàèïíåàì ÷ïåíïúâäåþòïí, îëãëîú üëäèíòøâíåäëâïíò îòüóïäóîò ìïãíåþò. ëîòâå øåèàõâåâïøò òìòíò ïòîåêäïâåí ûâäòìï æï üñïâòì øåìïõåþ ïîìåþóä ùïîèëæãåíåþì, îëèåäàï åîàëþäòëþïçå çåèëà ãâáëíæï ìïóþïîò. òãò øåìïûäëï åõèïóîåþëæåì ìïäëúïâòìïàâòì íïæòîòì àïâîáòìï æï õëõþòì êóæòìï æï ôîàåþòì þóèþóäòì øåùòîâòì úíëþòä ùåìì 25 . õåì øååùòîåþëæï æï çåæ òêòæåþëæï ôîòíâåäòì üñïâòú, êåîûëæ èïèäòìï. ïìåàò ùåìò ãóîòïøò, ìïèåãîåäëìï æï òèåîåàøò, ìïåäòïëþëæ æïèëùèåþóäò ïáâì ö. îóõïûåì. èïèäòì øåùòîâï ìõâïæïìõâï îòüóïäóî æéååþøò óïéîåìïæ ãïâîúåäåþóäò èëâäåíï ñëôòäï, èïãîïè èòìò ãïüñïâåþï æï þóèþóäòïíò üñïâòìïãïí æïèçïæåþóäò ôòüóäòì õåçå æïêòæåþï åäòëþïì, èõëäëæ ìïèåãîåäëøòï ôòáìòîåþóäò. èïèäòì ôòüóäò, òìåâå, îëãëîú àõòìï, ïá õåçå òêòæåþëæï åîàìïæïòèïâå æéåìïìùïóäçå. îëãëîú ïîáïíöåäë ãâïüñëþòíåþì, àõïì åäòïì, ïíó üïîëìòì øåúâäòì óíïîòì èáëíå ùèòíæïíì ìùòîïâæíåí. èïìâå, òèïâå ùåìòà, åùòîåþï èïèïäòú. ïáåæïí óíæï æïâïìêâíïà, îëè ìïáèå úõëâåäòì ïí ôîòíâåäòì ìïõåëþïì ïéïî åõåþï, ïîïèåæ þåùâòïí æï þóèþóäòïí üñïâì, îëèåäìïú ãïíìïêóàîåþóäò èíòøâíåäëþï ¸áëíòï æï ïèòìïàâòì èòåîàèåëæï éâàïåþïì õåçå, îëèåäìïú ïìåâå ãïï÷íæï ìïêóàïîò îåäòãòóîèòàëìóîò ãïïçîåþï. þóèþóäòïíò, ïí íïùòäëþîòâ ãïðóüóäò ôîòíâåäåþòì, øïøâòì, áïàèòì æïêòæåþï úëæíòïà îòüóïäóî-ìòèþëäóî õååþçå, îëèäåþòú ìòúëúõäòì õåì ãïíïìïõòåîåþæíåí. ïìåàò õååþòï„÷ò÷òäïêò“, „èïøõïäï“, „÷òîïéæïíò“, „öâïîòì ðóîò“, „êïèïîï“. ïè õåàïãïí çëãòåîàòì èòîàèåâï òúëæíåí áëîùòäçå íåôå-æåæëôäòìïàâòì, çëãì ìïïõïäùäëæ ïèçïæåþæíåí æï îàïâæíåí, çëãò êò øåàáèòà èçïææåþëæï æï øåìïùòîïâòà òüâòîàåþëæï 26 . ïè èëíïúåèàï îòãøò øåòûäåþï ãïíõòäóä òáíåì ÷ò÷òäïêòì ùâåîçå ¸ëîòçëíüïäóîïæ öâîòì ùâåîçå æïèïãîåþóäò ìôåîëìåþóîò êâåîò, ñâïí÷ïäï. åì èëíïúåèåþò ùïîèëã24 25 ò. ìóîãóäïûå, áïîàóäò õïäõóîò ëîíïèåíüòì ìòèþëäòêï. ãâ. 186-190. òáâå. 69 âòæãåíåí èòàëìóî õåì, îëèåäçåæïú çòì ôåîïæò ôîòíâåäò. ôîòíâåäò (èïèïäò, àó ìõâï ôïíüïìüóîò ôîòíâåäò èïíïàëþåäò þóèþóäòà) èìëôäòë èòàëìøò óïéîåìïæ ãïâîúåäåþóäò ìïõåï, îëèåäòú ãïîêâåóä èòàëìóî-îåäòãòóî ùïîèëæãåíïàï ùîåøò øåæòì. ÿîåäò ôîòíâåäòìï æï ÿîåäáóîáòïíò âåôõâòì ãïåîàòïíåþï ìïåîàë àâòìåþòì ãïèë, èòãâïíòøíåþì ïè îòüóïäòìïàâòì ôåîïæëâíåþòì, ìòÿîåäòì ãïíìïêóàîåþóä èíòøâíåäëþïçå. ìòÿîåäå-ôåîïæëâíåþï áóîáòìï//þóèþóäòìï èåüïôëîóäïæ ïìïõïâì ãïîå þóíåþïì æï ûâåäàïãïíâå óíæï èëáúåóäòñë øåõåæóäåþïàï øåìïþïèòì âåäøò. ùïîèëæãåíïàï åì ìòìüåèï ìïôóûâäïæ óíæï æïìæåþëæï îòüóïäóîò øåèëìâòì üîïæòúòïì, îòì èïãïäòàåþì óõâïæ âõâæåþòà õïäõóîò ñëôòì ìõâïæïìõâï ìôåîëøò, ìïîùèóíëåþîòâ àó ìïèåóîíåë îòüóïäåþøò. ïìåâå èïàò ãïèëâäòíåþòì úïäêå ìôåîëï êïîíïâïäóîò ìïèëìåäò//èåüïôëîï, îëãëîú èúæåäëþï ãïîêâåóäò ìòìüåèòì ïìïõâòìï; òãòâå èíòøâíåäëþòìïï íòéþåþò, àïâìïþóîïâåþò, èåôåàï æï áóîóèàï ìïèëìåäò æï ï. ø. êïîíïâïäóîò øåèêóäëþòì, íòéþåþòìï æï ìïèëìåäò ìïáïîàâåäëì õïäõóî ñëôïøò ïèëèùóîïâïæ øåòìùïâäåì æ. öïíåäòûåè æï ö. îóõïûåè. ìïåîàëæ ìïèëìåäò, îëãëîú ìëúòïäóîò èåüïôëîï, ìïæïú üñïâòú øåæòì, æïèëóêòæåþåä êâäåâïì ìïÿòîëåþì. íïæòîòì üñïâòà øåèëìâòì øåìïõåþ õïäõóî ñëôïøò ìïêèïëæ âîúåäò èïìïäï ïîòì ÷ïùåîòäò. óðòîâåäåì ñëâäòìï óíæï ãïâòõìåíëà üïîòåäò æï èòì „ãïîåàèï âåôõòì üñïâò“, îëèåäìïú áïîàóä ñëôïøò ðïîïäåäò ïî åûåþíåþï, îïæãïí ñâåäï òì úõëâåäò, îëèåäòú ìïõåä „âåôõòì“ áâåø øåòûäåþï òãóäòìõèåþëæåì, êïâêïìòòì þóíåþïøò æòæ òøâòïàëþïì ùïîèëïæãåíì. ìïèïãòåîëæ ñëôïøò æïèëùèåþóäòï èãäòì üñïâòì „ãïîåàèï“, ìïõåäëòïíò èëìïúèåäò, öóþï, îëèåäìïú êóæòú ¸áëíæï øåüëâåþóäò. îïú øååõåþï üñïâòì øåìïèëìåäì, üñïðóÿì, üñïâêïþïì, îëèåäòú þåùâòà ãïîåà („ãïîåàèï“. îóìàïâåäò) òñë øåêåîòäò æï ïáüòóîïæ ãïèëòñåíåþëæï ñëôïìï àó îòüóïäøò. èïí àïâò àòàáèòì ÷âåíì æîëèæå øåèëòíïõï. ÷âåíò ìïêòàõòìïàâòì ãïíìïêóàîåþòà ìïòíüåîåìëï ôïáüåþò, îëèäåþòú îòüóïäóî ìòâîúåì ãïíåêóàâíåþï, îïæãïí òá óôîë õåäèòìïùâæëèòï ïè ìïèëìåäòì ãïèëñåíåþòì ìïêîïäóîò, èòàëìóî-îåäòãòóîò ïîìò, îëèåäòú ïî òùñåþï æï ïî øåèëòôïîãäåþï èõëäëæ ðîïáüòêóäò òíüåîåìåþòà. ïè àâïäìïçîòìòà ôïîàë åàíëãîïôòóä èïìïäïì ãâïùâæòì ö. îóõïûòì 26 òáâå. 70 óïõäåìò íïøîëèò, „þóíåþòì ûïäàï ïéëîûòíåþòì õïäõóîò æéåìïìùïóäò ìïáïîàâåäëøò“, ìïæïú ïéíòøíóä ìïêòàõì èàåäò àïâò åûéâíåþï. ñëôïøò æïæïìüóîåþóäòï, îëè úõâîòì ãïîåàèï óíæï ìúèëæï èõâíåäì, ãóàíòì æåæïì, ïìåâå ïõïä ìòûåì, ðïüïîûïäì, ñïåíì, þåîòêïì 27 . ïìåàò ùåìò ïîìåþëþì ïîï èïîüë ìïáïîàâåäëìï æï êïâêïìòïøò, ïîïèåæ èòì ôïîãäåþì ãïîåàïú, èïãïäòàïæ þïäêïíåàøò åì ùïîèëæãåíåþò æïêïâøòîåþóäòï åàíë-êóäüóîóäò ðîëþäåèåþòì ôïîàë ùîåìàïí, îëèåäòú æòæ êóäüóîóä-òìüëîòóä ìòâîúåì èëòúïâì. ïè ìòâîúåøò ïîïåîàò åàíëìò òñë ãïíäïãåþóäò. øåòûäåþï æïâïìêâíïà, îëè õïäõòì èëìïçîåþòà ãïîåàèï óíæï ìúèëæï íïñëôòåîåþïìàïí æï èòì ãïíõëîúòåäåþòì ïáüåþàïí æïêïâøòîåþóä ðòîåþì, ïìåâå èåáëîùòäååþì, îëãëîú èåüïôëîï//ïéùåîï 28 ãïíïñëôòåîåþóäò, ïñâïâåþóäò èòùòìï . ìïæïë ïî ïîòì, îëè èòùïàèëáèåæåþòì ìïùñòìò õïíòæïí üñïâò//þåùâò èòùòì ïíïäëãòóîïæ ãïíòõòäåþëæï æï øåïæãåíæï ìòèþëäóîïæ ïæåáâïüóî éòîåþóäåþïà èùêîòâåþì, èòùï-ìõåóäò, èúåíïîå-þåùâò. ïèòüëè üñïâàïí æïêïâøòîåþóäò ùïîèëæãåíåþò ñëâåäàâòì èòì þåùâòïíëþïì ãóäòìõèëþì, èïìàïí åîàïæ ùïîèëáèíòì èòàëäëãòóî êâïíûì æï ïãîïîóä ìòèþëäòêïì øåòúïâì. èòìò ïéèëúåíåþï óíæï èëèõæïîòñë òìåà òìüëîòóä ãïîåèëìï æï ìïèåóîíåë ðòîëþåþøò, îëúï ùïîèëæãåíåþò èúåíïîåàï æï úõëâåäàï ìïèñïîëçå íïêäåþ æòôåîåíúòîåþóäò òñë. èïøòí òìòíò óîàòåîà ãïíèèïîüïâ æï óîàòåîàøåèïâìåþåä òæååþì þïæåþåí îëãëîú èòàëìøò æï îòüóïäøò, òìå ìïèåóîíåë ðîïáüòêïøò. óíæï ïéòíòøíëì òì ãïîåèëåþïú, îëè ïæîåóä èòàëìøò íïêäåþ ïáüòóîòï øòíïóî úõëâåäàï ðäïìüò. èòìò ãïïáüòóîåþï óûâåäåì ïîáåëäëãòóî êóäüóîåþøò æïêïâøòîåþóäòï úõâïîàïí æï õïîàïí. ãïîåóä íïæòîôîòíâåäàïãïí ãïíìïêóàîåþòà èîïâïäîòúõëâïíòï ãïîåóäò àõåþòì, ãåðïîæåþòìï æï ðïíüåîåþòì ãïèëìïõóäåþïíò. óûâåäåìò èïìïäï, îëèåäòú âåôõâì óêïâøòîæåþï èëðëâåþóäòï ìïèõîåà ïíïüëäòïøò, ÷ïàïä-¸óòóêøò. ïá éâàïåþåþò äåëðïîæåþçå//âåôõâåþçå ìõåæïí, ïí èïà ãâåîæòà æãïíïí; íïãåþëþïçå æïèëùèåþóä îåäòåôçå ïíàîëðëèëîôóäò ìïõòà ûòîòàïæïæ ãïèëõïüóäòï áïäéâàïåþï, îëèäòì ìïèò òðëìüïìòï úíëþòäò: òãò ùïîèëãâòæãåþï ïõïäãïçîæï áïäòì, áïäòæåæòìï æï èëõóúò áïäòì ìïõòà. çëãöåî èïàò ïíüóîïýòì ãïèë, èêâäåâîåþò ãïèëìïõóäåþåþì áàëíóî ûïäåþàïí êïâøòîìïú èòïùåîåí, 27 ö. îóõïûå - þóíåþòì ûïäàï… ãâ. 113-136. 71 îïæãïí èïà ãïîøåèë ãïèëìïõóäòï ëîþåþò. ìïñóîïæéåþëï òìòú, îëè ïî ÷ïíì ìåáìóïäóîò èëüòâò. ïè èòèïîàóäåþòà ïáúåíüò æïåìèòì ëîìóäëþïìï æï èøëþòïîëþïì. èøëþòïîå áïäéâàïåþï ãïèëìïõóäòï äåëðïîæàïí, ïí ëî äåëðïîæçå èöæëèïîå. õøòîïæ èïì èêåîæçå èòõóüåþóäò ¸ñïâì þïâøâò, îëèåäìïú çëãöåî äåëðïîæòì þëêâåîò ÷ïåíïúâäåþï. åîà øåèàõâåâïøò ìïèäëúâåäëì êåæåäçå áïäéèåîàåþòì ãïèëìïõóäåþòì íïúâäïæ úåíüîïäóîò ïæãòäò óÿòîïâì åîàèïíåàòì ðòîòìðòî èæãëèïîå äåëðïîæåþòì ùñâòäòì ãïôåîïæåþóä ãïèëìïõóäåþïì. ïéìïíòøíïâòï äåëðïîæòì üñïâøò èëîàóäò èëúåêâïâå èïèïêïúòì ìóîïàëâïíò ãïèëìïõóäåþï. òãòâå üòðòì èïìïäï èëðëâåþóäò ïîòì ¸ïöòäïîøòú. èïèîò éâàïåþåþò ûòîòàïæïæ úõâîòìï æï õïîòì üñïâòà ïîòïí èëîàóäíò, ïí ïè úõëâåäåþàïí æïêïâøòîåþóäíò ÷ïíïí. ÷âåíò èìöåäëþòìïàâòì ãïíìïêóàîåþòà ìïñóîïæéåþëï èöæëèïîå ãïèëìïõóäåþï èïèîò éâàïåþòìï, îëèåäìïú àïâçå „âåôõòì“ üñïâòì áóæò ïõóîïâì 29 . ïéìïíòøíïâòï, îëè øóï ïçòòìï æï òîïíòì êåîïèòêïøò èüïúåþåä úõëâåäàïãïí ñâåäïçå ðëðóäïîóäòï õïäåþòïíò èõåúòì ãïèëìïõóäåþï, îëèäåþòú çëãöåî äåëðïîæåþì, çëãöåî ãåðïîæåþì ãïíïìïõòåîåþåí. òìòíò ãïîåóäò àõåþòìï æï úõâîòì (èóôäëíòì) íïàåìïâ íïæòîàïí åîàïæ, ãïþïüëíåþóä èëüòâì ùïîèëïæãåíåí êåîïèòêòì æåêëîøò. åì üîïæòúòï æéåìïú úëúõïäòï, èïãïäòàïæ ¸òíæóñóøòì æïîæåþøò. ïá ìòìóôàïâòìï æï ìòùèòíæòì ãïíìïõòåîåþïì ùïîèëïæãåíì êäæòì âïúò æï ãïîåóäò àõï, îëèåäàïú ìïçåòèë-ìïîòüóïäëæ óùëæåþåí „èïòïîë“-ì, ùèòíæï íïæòîì. ïè êïüåãëîòïì ñïîïñëîóèòì èàïâïîò áåæòì èòàëìøò óåîàåþåí ãïîåóä úõâïîì. çëãöåî ïèïà åèïüåþï ¸òèïäïòì õëõëþò, êòæåâ óôîë òøâòïàïæ ïîùòâò, îëãëîú ùèòíæï æï õåäøåóõåþåäò ïîìåþï. ïè úõëâåäåþì õøòîïæ èòåàâäåþï øòíïóîò àõïú, îïæãïí åì óêïíïìêíåäò ïéùåâì ãïîåóäàï ìïúõëâîåþåä çëíïøò, ìïæïú õæåþï èïàò íïæòîàïí øåöâïîåþï 30 . îïú øååõåþï ùïîèëæãåíåþì âåôõâòì øåìïõåþ, îëãëîú ïîáåëäëãòóîò èïìïäï èòãâïíòøíåþì, èòìò êóäüò òìüëîòóäïæ æòæ ìòâîúåçå óíæï ñëôòäòñë ãïâîúåäåþóäò æï áïäéâàïåþïì óêïâøòîæåþëæï. ïè éâàïåþòì êóäüòì ãïáîëþïè òìäïèòì ãïâäåíòà, úõïæòï, èòìò ãïíèïìïõòåîåþåäò âåôõâòì êóäüòì ãïáîëþïú ãïèëòùâòï, îïìïú õåäò øåóùñë úõëâåäòì æïþïäèï ìï28 ò. ìóîãóäïûå - æïìïõ. íïøîëèò, ãâ. 109-146. L;\ Vtkffhn - Lhtdytqibt wbdbkbpfwbb <kb;ytuj Djcnjrf= V\= 1982 u\ cnh\ 88-200\ 30 R\ Btnnvfh - er\ cjx\ cnh\ 227-228\ 29 72 êîïäóîèï òíüåíìòâëþïè. „ùèòíæï íïæòîòì“, ïíó þïäïõòì èÿïèåäåþàïí æïêïâøòîåþóäò îùèåíåþò æéåèæå øåèëî÷ï ìïèëíïæòîåë ñëôïì æï ìïêèïëæ ìïãîûíëþò ïæãòäòú óÿòîïâì 31 . ïìå îëè, åàíëãîïôòóäò èïìïäï ìïâìåþòà åõèïóîåþï ïè üåîòüëîòïçå ëæåìéïú èëèáèåæ ïîáåëäëãòóî êóäüóîåþì. ïîáïóä êóäüóîïàïãïí, üñïâòì ìòèþëäòêòì ãïèëâäåíòì àâïäìïçîòìòà, ãïíìïêóàîåþòà ìïòíüåîåìëï ïõäë æï èúòîå ïçòóäò, ïìåâå þïäêïíóîò ùïîèëæãåíåþò, îëèåäàï ïíïäëãòóîò, ïí ðïîïäåäóîò âåîìòåþò ìïêèïëæ ìîóäñëôòäïæ ïîòì æïúóäò áïîàâåäàï ñëôïøò. èúòîå ïçòòì åíåëäòàóî êóäüóîåþøò, îëãëîú óêâå ïéíòøíóäò òñë, èëõïüóä-áóîáòïíèï èõåúèï óêâå æïòèêâòæîï ïæãòäò æåæïéâàïåþïìàïí æïêïâøòîåþóä ùïîèëæãåíåþøò. òãò, îëãëîú ÷ïíì, ïîòì éâàïåþòì òðëìüïìò, ïìåâå çëëèëîôóäò ìïõå øâòäòìï, ïáìåìóïîò èïèîò éâàïåþòìï æï êóäüèìïõóîòìï, îëèåäàï ìïèëìåäøò ÷ïíì âåôõòì üñïâòì èëìïìõïèò, ùåäìïõâåâò æï áóæò. óíæï âòôòáîëà, îëè äåëðïîæòì ìïõòà, ïí áóîáòì ìïøóïäåþòà ãïíìïõòåîåþóäò òæååþò æåæóîò ìïèñïîëæïí èëèæòíïîåëþåí 32 . âåôõâòì üñïâò æï áóæò, îëãëîú ïáìåìóïîò æåæï éâàïåþïìàïí æïêïâøòîåþóäò èëúåêâïâå èïèïêïúåþòì èëîàóäëþïøò, ïøêïîïæ èòóàòàåþåí èïà óèÿòæîëâåì êïâøòîì ûó äåëðïîæòì ïíó ûó âåôõâòì ìïõòà ùïîèëæãåíòä æåæï éâàïåþïìàïí. ïìå, îëè íåìüïíòì æïõïìòïàåþòìïì íïàáâïè ôîïçïì, „áâå ùâï, âòà êäæòìï íïðîïäìï, âåôõò, ðòîãïèåõåþóäò“, óæòæåìò ìïêîïäóî-èòàëìóîò üîïæòúòï ïáâì æï óøëîåìò òìüëîòóäò ùïîìóäòæïí èëèæòíïîåëþì. ïè úõëâåäòì õïäåþòïíò æï èëáíòäò, ûäòåîò ìõåóäò òèàïâòàâå ãïæïòáúï áïäóîò ìïèñïîëì èøâåíòåîåþòì, ûäòåîåþòìï æï ìòìïìüòêòì ìòèþëäëæ. âåôõòì üñïâò æï áóæò, îëãëîú ìëúòïäóîò öãóôòì èåàïóîòì ïáìåìóïîò, óðòîâåäåì ñëâäòìï ãïíïìïõòåîåþæï ïè ðòîòì áïäéâàïåþòìïãïí î÷åóäëþïì, óôäåþïèëìòäåþïì, î÷åóäëþòà ãïèëõïüóä óðòîïüåìëþïì ìõâåþçå, îïú èïì ìëúòïäóîò öãóôòì ìòúëúõäòì óíïîòì, ãïèîïâäåþòìï æï êåàòäæéåëþòì ãïîïíüïæ ïáúåâæï. òè õïíïæ, îëúï öåî êòæåâ ïî óíæï ñëôòäòñë îåãäïèåíüòîåþóäò ùïîèëæãåíï þåæòìùåîïçå, þåæòìùåîòì ïæãòäò ïäþïà î÷åóäëþïì åÿòîï. åíëåäòàóî ìïèñïîëøò øåáèíòäò ùïîèëæãåíåþò áïäéâàïåþòìï æï èòìò òðëìüïìòì, âåôõâòì øåìïõåþ, èîïâïäò õïäõòì êóäüóîïøò ãï31 òáâå, ãâ. 257 æï øåèæåã. 73 âîúåäæï æï ìïàïíïæë ïæãòäò æïòÿòîï èòàëìøò. ïèòüëè õøòîïæ âõâæåþòà ãèòîåþì, îëèäåþòú àïâòïíàò ïáìåìóïîåþòà òèåëîåþåí øëîåóäò ùïîìóäòæïí èëèæòíïîå òæååþì. ïè àâïäìïçîòìòà òíüåîåìì òèìïõóîåþì ûâ. ù-òì V ìïóê. þåîûíóäò ÿóîÿäòì èëõïüóäëþï ìïæïú ãïèëìïõóäòï ûïéäò, ïäþïà áàëíóîò úõëâåäò, îëèäòì òáòà æãïì èåæåï, þïîþòàòà õåäøò, èëúåêâïâòì ðëçïøò. èïì ïúâòï üïäéëâïíò çëäåþòà èë÷òàóäò ùåäìçåæï ìïèëìò, åîàò õåäòà ûïéäì åõåþï, èåëîå êò èïéäï ïáâì øåèïîàóäò æï þïîþòàò óÿòîïâì. èåæåïì àïâçå ñïþïäïõòì èìãïâìò àïâìïþóîïâò ïõóîïâì, îëèåäòú, îëãëîú ïèïçå ùòíùêäåþò èòãâòàòàåþåí, õïäåþòïíò èõåúòì üñïâòìïãïí óíæï òñëì æïèçïæåþóäò. óêïíï èõïîåì, øòæï ìòâîúåøò, ãïèëìïõóäòï ïìåâå àïâìïþóîïâòïíò áïäò, ïäþïà ¸åêïüå. ïìå îëè, ïè ìóîïàøò ãâïáâì èåæåïì ãïèëìïõóäåþï, îëèåäìïú „âåôõòì“ üñïâòì „áóæò“ (àïâìïþóîïâò) ¸õóîïâì. åì àïâìïþóîïâò ìïâìåþòà åàïíõèåþï èåæåïì ìïêîïäóî ïîìì, àó ãïâòàâïäòìùòíåþà èòì êïâøòîì ¸åêïüåìàïí, îëèåäòú èàâïîòì, éïèòì, ãîûíåóäëþòìï æï áàëíóîëþòì òæåïàï ãïíèïìïõòåîåþåäò áïäò éâàïåþïï. òãò óûâåäåìò áïäéâàïåþåþòì âïîòïúòóäò ãïíâòàïîåþï óíæï òñëì æï èòì ìïèñïîëøò âåôõâòì üñïâò, îëãëîú ïñâïâåþóäò èòùòì ìòèþëäë, ìîóäòïæ þóíåþîòâò èëâäåíïï 33 . âåôõòì//äåëðïîæòì æï ãåðïîæòì ãïèëìïõóäåþåþò åîàëþ ôïîàëæ ïîòì ãïâîúåäåþóäò æòëíòìåìàïí æïêïâøòîåþóä ùïîèëæãåíåþøò. èïãïäòàïæ, æòëíòìå çòì ãåðïîæçå (ðåäï, èëçïòêï, IV ì. ûâ. ù-òà), ìõâïæïìõâï ìúåíåþøò òãò çòì ìïêïîúõóäçå, îëèåäçåæïú õïäåþòïíò üñïâòï æïôåíòäò, ïí ïìåàò üñïâò çóîãçå ïáâì èëìõèóäò, õëäë èêåîæçå þîÿñïäåþòïíò àòàåþòà ïîòì ãïíïìêâóäò 34 . ïìåàòâå èïìïäïì, ëéëíæ èåíïæåþòì èëíïùòäåëþòà, èëòúïâì þåîûíóäò êåîïèòêòì èõïüâîëþòì èîïâïäò íòèóøò. èïãïäòàïæ, ðïäåîèëì ïîáåëäëãòóî èóçåóèøò, ùòàåäôòãóîòïí, å. ù. „èõïüâïî ðïíòì“ êîïüåîçå, îëèåäòú ûâ. ù-òì 470-460 ùäåþòà àïîòéæåþï, ãïèëìïõóäòï èåíïæï. èïì çóîãçå ïáâì èëìõèóäò õïäåþòïíò èõåúòì üñïâò, îëèåäòú òìåâå, îëãëîú çåèëõìåíåþóä æòëíòìëì, èêåîæçå àïàåþòà ïáâì ãïíïìêâóäò. èåíïæïì úïä õåäøò êâåîàõò, üòîìò 32 N\ D\ Ufvrhtkbl't= Dzx\ Dc\ Bdfyjd= er\ cjx\ cnh\ 492\ òáâå. ãâ. 501-503. 34 ë. äëîàáòôïíòûå - ïîãëíïâüòêï æï ûâåäò êëäõåàò, àþòäòìò, 1986 ù., òäóìüîïúòåþò. 33 74 óðñîòï, èåëîå õåäøò êò úïäò óêïíï ôåõòà, àïâæïñòîï óÿòîïâì äåëðïîæòì þëêâåîò, ïäþïà ãïìïãäåöïæ ãïíùòîóäò. âåôõòìüñïâùïèëìõèóäò èåíïæï ïîòì ãïèëìïõóäò èòóíõåíòì èóçåóèøò æïúóä ùòàåäôòãóîòïíò ïèôëîòì èõïüâîëþïøò (å.ù. êäåëôîïæòì ïèôëîï), îëèåäòú ûâ. ù-òì 500 ùäòà àïîòéæåþï 35 . èìãïâìò èïãïäòàò êòæåâ øåòûäåþï èëâòüïíëà. ìïòíüåîåìëï, îëè ïíüòêóî êóäüóîïøò øåíïî÷óíåþóäòï òì èòàëìóî-îåäòãòóîò àåèïüòêï, îëèåäìïú âåôõò//äåëðïîæò óûâåäåìò æîëòæïí æïóêïâøòîæï, àóèúï çëãöåî éâàïåþïàï ïáìåìóïîåþò èïà èìïõóîåþçåæïú ãïæïæòì, îëãëîú åì èåíïæåþòì øåèàõâåâïøò ãâïáâì, ïí éâàïåþòì ìáåìòì úâïäåþïæëþïìàïí ãâïáâì ìïáèå, îëãëîú ãåðïîæçå èöæëèò æòëíòìåì ìóîïàòæïí ÷ïíì. ïìåï àó òìå, èàïâïîò àåèï, èòóõåæïâïæ æòíïèòêòì ðîëúåìòì àïâòìåþóîåþòìï, óúâäåäò î÷åþï: õïäåþòïíò áóîáòì èíòøâíåäëþï, ïèï àó òè õïîòìõòà, ñëâåäàâòì èòùòì íïñëôòåîåþòì ìòèþëäóîò ìòâîúòæïí òéåþì ìïàïâåì. ãïîæï ùèòíæï èòàëìóî-îåäòãòóîò ïìðåáüåþòìï, âåôõòì üñïâò ïéìïíòøíïâòï îëãëîú ìëúòïäóîò ìòèþëäë. òãò áïäéâàïåþåþàïí åîàïæ, òìüëîòóäïæ èåôåàï ïáìåìóïîòï. ïè èëâäåíïì, ÷åèòì ïçîòà, ãïíèïîüïâì î÷åóäëþòì òíìüòüóüàïí èÿòæîë êïâøòîò, ìïæïú ôïîàë ãïìïáïíò åûäåëæï òíæòâòæòì øåìïûäåþäëþïàï ïõìíòì ìïêîïäóî ìïôóûâåäì, áïäéâàïåþïìàïí ìïìòñâïîóäë óîàòåîàëþåþì, áëîùòäòìï æï íïæòîëþòì ãïåîàòïíåþïì îòüóïäóîò ìüîóáüóîòà, èëíïæòîòì üîïãåæòïì æï ï. ø. ûâåäò êóäüóîåþòì åíïçå „âåôõòì üñïëìïíò“ èåôåï æï õïçãïìèòà ïîòì æïêïâøòîåþóäò áïäéâàïåþïìàïí, òãò êò øòíïïîìì ïûäåâì üñïâì, îëãëîú íïñëôòåîåþòì òæåòà æïüâòîàóä ìïêîïäóî ìïãïíì. âåôõò//äåëðïîæòì üñïâì ïüïîåþåí ðïîòìò æï èåíåäïëìò ëîòâå áèïîò èøâåíòåîò åäåíåìò, ïèïâ æîëì åîàò èåôåï, èåëîå óôäòìùóäò. èåôåï üïîòåäò. òãò èòì ãïîåèëèúâåä èåôåàï øëîòì óèïéäåì îïíãì ãïíåêóàâíåþï, îïú ãïèëõïüóäòï èòì èòèïîà çéâïàï èåôòì, ôîòæëíòìï æï îëìüåâïíòì æïèëêòæåþóäåþòà. èïàò óîàòåîàëþòì ìúåíåþò üïîòåäòì óæïâë óðòîïüåìëþòàïï ïéþåÿæòäò. òãò ëîãïíóäò íïùòäòï „üñïëìïíàï“ ìïèñïîëìò, ìïæïú ûòîòàïæïæ ôïìåóäëþïàï åîàåîà ìòèþëäóî ãïèëèìïõâåäïæ äëèòìï 35 Vbas yfhjljd vbhf= ^^= cn\ Vtyflf\ 75 æï âåôõâòì//äåëðïîæòì üñïâò òàâäåþï (ãòäãïèåøò, ¸åîïêäå - äëèòì üñïâì ïüïîåþæíåí) 36 . õïäåþòïíò üñïâòì, ïíó âåôõò//äåëðïîæòì ìòèþëäòêòì ìîóäïæ ùïîèëæãåíòìïàâòì ìïñóîïæéåþëï êòæåâ åîàò ïìðåáüò. åìïï üñïâò-ìïôåíò. åîàò øåõåæâòà üñïâòì èòùïçå æïôåíï æï ìïöæëè-ìïùëäïæ ãïèëñåíåþï ïîïôåîì ãïìïêâòîì ïî øåòúïâì, èïãîïè ÷âåí ãâòíæï õïçò ãïâóìâïà ïè ðîïáüòêòì ìòûâåäåì. òãò ðòîâåäñëôòäò èëíïæòîååþòì ìïçëãïæëåþòæïí èëèæòíïîåëþì æï ïíïäëãòóîïæ „ùòíïêåîïèòêóäò õïíòìï“, ãóäòìõèëþì „ùòíïáìëâòäóîò õïíòì“ ïîìåþëþïì. áìëâòäòì òæåï ïæïèòïíèï èòòéë üñïâòìïãïí. áìëâòäòìïêåí èòìùîïôåþï ãïíïðòîëþï üñïâòì ÷ïíïúâäåþòì ïóúòäåþäëþïè. „âåôõòìüñïëìïíøò“, ãïîæï øåìïèëìäòìï æï áóæòìï, ÷ïíì üñïâòì ãïèëñåíåþòì èåìïèå âïîòïíüò. òãò áâåøìïôåíòï, íïüòï: „… ïâàïíæòä ìïîêèäòà óÿâîåüæï, üñâå ìïîêèäòà íïïçïüåþò“ èïí áïäèïí áâåøå æïóãë âåôõòì üñïâòìï íïüåþò, èïì çåæï æïöæï òãò ñèï, ìóäàáâïèì ÿòîèëíïèïüåþò…“ ìõâï ïæãòäçå íïàáâïèòï: „… ïìèïàò øå¸ñâï, øåâòæï, èïàåþî ìïõèòäò ¸ãçíåþëæï, æïóãæë üñïâò âåôõâòìï, îëèåä êâäï èòùñòâ ¸ãåþëæï, ëîíòâå æïìõæåì, óþíëþæåì, îïúï èïà åïèþåþëæï“. ïìå îëè, üïîòåäò ïîï èõëäëæ øåèëìòäòï âåôõòì üñïâòà, ïîïèåæ èïìçå çòì æï ùåâì, „îëèåä êâäï èòùñòâ ¸ãåþëæï“. ìïòíüåîåìëï, îïèæåíïæ åõèïóîåþï ïè ïìðåáüì ïîï áïîàóäò èòàëìò. à. ãïèñîåäòûåìï æï âòï÷. âì. òâïíëâì èëñâïíòäò ïáâà ëîò èòàòàåþï ìëèõóîò æï òíæóîò èòàëìòæïí; åîàøò ìïáèå åõåþï çéïðîóä æïþïæåþïì, èåëîåøò - òìüëîòóäì. ìëèõóîò èïìïäï èëüïíòäòï èëìå õëîåíåäòì èòõåæâòà, ìïæïú ïéùåîòäòï èàïçå ùòàäòà øåèëìòäò áïäòì èøëþòïîëþï, îëèåäèïú øëþï âï¸ïãíò, èòàëìóîò ïîìåþï. èòæòòì èåôåì, ïöï¸ïêì åìòçèîåþï, îëè ùòàåäøò èëìòäèï áïäèï øëþï ìïèò ìïìùïóäåþîòâò ïîìåþï. ðòîâåäò, äëèçå øëþòäò, ùïâòæï æïìïâäåàòà; èåëîå, þïîìçå øëþòäò, ùïâòæï ÷îæòäëåàòà; èåìïèå, óçïîèïçïî æîïêëíçå, âòøïðçå øëþòäò, ùïâòæï æï èòæòòì ìïèåôëì æïåúï [èëìå õëîåíåäò, ìëèõåàòì òìüëîòï, I, 26.]. 36 G\ D\ Ufvrhtkblpt= Dzx\ Dc\ Bdfyjd= er\ cjx\ cnh\ 501-503\ 76 èåëîå èïãïäòàòì èòõåæâòà, àïíïõèïæ ïæîåóäò þóæòìüóîò ùïîèëæãåíåþòìï, þóæïì æåæïì, èïòïì, èøëþòïîëþòìïì àïâçå ïæãïì ëàõò æòæò èåôå, îëèäåþòú áâåñíòåîåþòì ëàõ èõïîåì ãïíïìïõòåîåþåí. èåôååþèï èòòéåì õåäçå èïòïì èòåî øëþòäò èëèïâïäò þóæï „õïäåþòïíò âåôõâòì üñïâçå“. ëîòâå øåèàõâåâïøò ãèòîò òþïæåþï „âåôõâò//äåëðïîæòì“ üñïâçå 37 . ñâåäï èëüïíòä øåèàõâåâïøò âåôõâò//äåëðïîæòì üñïâò èåôåàï ìïôåíåäò æï æåæëôïäàï ìïèøëþòïîë üñïâòï. ïè üñïâçå èåôååþò òþïæåþòïí. èëüïíòäò èïìïäï åõèïóîåþï ¸ïöòäïîòìï æï ÷ïàïä¸óòóêòì èïìïäïì, ìïæïú áïäéèåîàò äåëðïîæåþì øëîòì çòì, øëþì þïâøâì, ïí äåëðïîæì. èåôåàï æïþïæåþï, ùëäï æï öæëèï õïäåþòïí üñïâçå àïíæïàïí èïàò ìëúòïäóîò óðòîïüåìëþòì ãïèëõïüóäåþïæ òáúåâï æï èêâòæî ïæãòäì òÿåîì åüòêåüøò. èëãâòïíåþòà, îëúï üñïâò áìëâòäòà òúâäåþï, ÷íæåþï ûâòîôïì áìëâòäøò, ðëîôòîøò øëþòäàï êïüåãëîòï. „ðëîôòîøò øëþòäò“ åîáâïà þòçïíüòòì êåòìïîàï òè øâòäåþì, îëèäåþòú èïèòì çåëþòì ðåîòëæøò æïòþïæíåí. ìïêèïîòìòï ãïâòõìåíëà êëíìüïíüòíå, êåòìïîò æï èùåîïäò (912-959 ùù.), îëèäòì çåæèåüò ìïõåäò òñë „ðëîôòîëãåíåüò“ - ðëîôòîøò øëþòäò. çåèëà óêâå ïéâíòøíåà, îëè áìëâòäòìåþóîò ìüòäòçåþòà ïîòì ãïæèëúåèóäò üïîòåäòì ìïèëìåäò æï èëêäóäò âåôõâò//äåëðïîæòì üñïâò XVII ì-òì èõïüâîòì, èïèóêï àïâáïîòøâòäòì ìóîïàåþçå. ïìå îëè, áìëâòäò æï âåôõâò//äåëðïîæòì üñïâò, ïí üñïâò ìïåîàëæ, óîàòåîà ïíïäëãòóî æï ïæåêâïüóî èíòøâíåäëþïæ ãïíòõòäåþëæï. åì ùïîèëæãåíï, àïâòì èõîòâ, èîïâïäèõîòâ ãïíâòàïîæï. åîà-åîà ãïíøüëåþïì ùïîèëïæãåíì õïäò÷åþò æï ìóôîåþò. õïäò÷ï àïâòìò èæòæïîò ôåîëâíåþòà òèåëîåþì æï ïîàóäåþì äåëðïîæòì üñïâòì èëõïüóäëþïì, ïìåâå ôåîïæëâïíòï ìóôîïú. èïàò ëæåìéïú ìïêîïäóîò ïìðåáüåþò ïòìïõï çéïðîåþøò, èôîòíïâò õïäò÷åþòìï æï íïüâîòì ìóôîåþòì ôëîèòà. èòùòì íïñëôòåîåþòì òæåï ïá çåþóíåþîòâò øåìïûäåþäëþåþòà ãïèëòõïüï. üñïâòìï æï áìëâòäòì óîàòåîàãïíðòîëþåþóäëþï ìïòíüåîåìë èïãïäòàòï þóíåþòì ìïãíåþòì ìëúòïäóî ãïîåèëøò æóþäòîåþòìï, îïú ïæïèòïíàï úõëâîåþòì ìõâïæïìõâï ìôåîëøò âäòíæåþï. áìëâòäò òèåëîåþì üñïâòì ïîïèïîüë èëáíòä ôïáüóîïì, ïîïèåæ ôåîëâïíåþïìïú æï ïè ãçòà áèíòì èõïüâîóä-ìëúòïäóî æï åèëúòóî ïìðåáüåþì. ôåîïæò ìïèëìåäò, ïí ãïîåèëìïàâòì ôåîòì èòíòÿåþï èúåíïîòì èåøâåëþòà, àó 37 òáâå. 77 áìëâòäåþòà, æéåìïìùïóäåþòìïì õæåþï. ïîèïçòì ìïìùïóäò ïìåï ïéùåîòäò: „… øåèëìåì ñëâåäíò ôëäëîúíò àâòàëôåîòàï ìïèëìåäåþòàï æï ôóîúäòàï“ 38 . øåéåþòäò üïíìïúèåäò øóï ìïóêóíååþòì åâîëðïøò æòæ ôóôóíåþïæ òàâäåþëæï. èïãïäòàïæ, ìïãïøò, àó îëèåäòèå âòêòíãòì îïçèì øåéåþòäò üïíìïúèåäò åúâï, åì óàóëæ ïéòíòøíåþëæï. „âåôõòìüñïëìïíøò“, ïîïþåàòì ìòèæòæîòìï æï êåàòäæéåëþòì ïéùåîòìïì, õïçãïìèòà ïîòì ïéíòøíóäò èúõëâîåþäåþòì äóîöò æï èùâïíå ìïèëìåäò, îïú àïíïôïîæïæ ýéåîì „àïíòì-àïíåþïæ“ æï „õøòîõøòîïæ“ èòöîòä ìëôäåþàïí æï úòõååþàïí. ìïèëìåäòì ôåîïæëâíåþï õøòîïæ ìïéåþïâàïí åîàïæ ôåîïæò áâåþòàïú èòòéùåëæï. ïè èõîòâ ìïòíüåîåìëï ìïáëîùòäë, àâïäèïîãïäòüòàï æï ûâòîôïìò áâåþòà øåèëìòäò ìïèëìåäò, îïìïú òúâïèæíåí æï èçòàâïæ èò¸áëíæïà. øåèëâòôïîãäëà „âåôõòìüñïëìíòà“: „…íåìüïí-æïîåöïíì ñïþï÷ï óûéâíï øåèêóäò àâïäòàï, òïãóíæòàï ùòàäòàï, þïäïõøòàï æï äïäòàï“. õëäë „ïâàïíæòäì æï ôîòæëíì óûéâíï àâòàë êïþï àâäòïíò“. åì ûéâåíò, îëèåäòú çéâïàï èåôåè èëïîàâï ìüóèîåþì èæòæîóäòï æï èõòïîóäòú, îïú áâåþòì èòåî ùïîèëáèíòäò ôåîïæëâíåþòà ãïèëòõïüåþï. ôåîàï èòèïîà ïìåàò æïèëêòæåþóäåþï èåáëîùòäåàï æï ìïðïüòë ìüóèïîàï æïìïöæëèò üïõüåþòì øåèêóäëþïøòú ïîòì ïìïõóäò. ôîòæëíèï üïîòåäìï æï íåìüïí-æïîåöïíì ìïãïíãåþë üïõüò ãïóèïîàï: „… èïà áïä-ñèïàïàâòì ìïöæëèò æïåæãïà àåàî-ûëùåóäò, ùòàåä-ñâòàåäàï àâïäòàï çåæï êåêäóúïæ ôîáâåóäò“. ãïíìõâïâåþòà þóíåþîòâò ìüïíæïîüòìïãïí, áìëâòäò ìïàïíïæë, òíæòâòæóïäóîò ïáúåíüòì æïìèòì ìïøóïäåþïì òûäåâï. ïèòüëè æïæãåì „…ïâàïíæòäòìàâòì ñâòàåäò æï øïâò åîàãïí îåóäò“ üïõüò, îïú èòìò ìóäòåîò èæãëèïîåëþòì ïíïîåêäì ùïîèëïæãåíì. èàåäò åì èîïâïäôåîëâíåþï òèàïâòàâå òñë ãïíìïçéâîóäò êóäüóîòì ìóþìüîïüóä ôåíïøò, ìïæïú âåôõâòì//äåëðïîæòì õïäåþòïíò üñïâò ùïîèëãâòæãåþëæï èòùòì ñâïâòäëâíåþòìï æï ôåîïæëâíåþòì ìòèþëäëæ æï áïäéâàïåþòì òðëìüïìïæ. ìòÿîåäåì ãïíìïêóàîåþóäò èíòøâíåäëþï ïáâì þïäïõòìèÿïèåä íïæòîàï øëîòìïú. õïäõòì ùïîèëæãåíòà ïìåàò úõëâåäåþò çëëèëîôóäò ãïèëâäòíåþï ïîòì íïæòîàï èùñåèìåþòìï. èïààâòì æïèïõïìòïàåþåäòï àåàîò íòøïíò, ïí ÿîåäò üñïâò, ëáîëì îáï æï ï. ø. ïìåàò úõëâå38 áïîàäòì úõëâîåþï, ü. II — ãâ. 83. 78 äåþò öëãåþì æïîïöëþæíåí æï àó øåèàõâåâòà ïí óâòúëþòà èëíïæòîåè àëôò åìîëäï èïì, èëíïæòîåì ìïìöåäò ïî ïìúæåþï ãïíîòìõåþóäò éâàïåþòì èõîòæïí. áïäéâàïåþïì ïáâì óíïîò ëîòâå, ïæïèòïíòìï æï úõëâåäòì, àåàîò ïí ÿîåäò öòõâòì, òîèòì, ïî÷âòì, ìïõòà å÷âåíëì èëíïæòîåì 39 . ïè àâïäìïçîòìòà ìïòíüåîåìëï æïþäï-ãëèòì êåîïèòêòì çëëèëîôóäò èëüòâò, ìïæïú ãïèëõïüóäòï åîà øåèàõâåâïøò ÷äòáëìïíò úõëâåäò õïäåþòïíò üñïâòà, ïäþïà õïîò, õëäë ëî êåîïèòêóä ôîïãèåíüçå ÷ïíì äëèòìï àó äåëðïîæòì èìãïâìò úõëâåäåþò ïìåâå õïäåþòïíò áóîáòà. åîàò èïàãïíò ìïåîàëæ ïãåþóäòï ôëàäëâïí-èúåíïîåóäò èëüòâòìïãïí æï ôëàäëâïíò øâåîòäåþò ïáâì éòï õïõïçå. ïè úõëâåäì þ. êóôüòíò æîïêëíòìåþóîì óùëæåþì. èåëîå øåèàõâåâïøò üëüåþòïíò æï êäïíÿåþòïíò èõåúò èõëäëæ èëõïüóäò áóîáòàïï ãïèëìïõóäò 40 . ïè ìïè ãïèëìïõóäåþïøò ëîò ìïðòîòìðòîë þóíåþòì úõëâåäòï ïéþåÿæòäò: õïîò æï äëèò, ïí âåôõâò. õïäåþòïíò ïí ìõâïæïìõâï ãåëèåüîòóäò ôòãóîåþòà, ïìüîïäóîò íòøíåþòà ãïèëõïüóäò úõëâåäåþò ìïâìåþòà þóíåþîòâòï þîòíöïëì õïíòì ûåãäåþçå, ìïáïîàâåäëøò (ïìåâå ìïáïîàâåäëì ìïçéâîåþì ãïîåà) èëðëâåþóä ìïîüñäåþçå. ãïíìïêóàîåþòà èòíæï ïâéíòøíë åîà èúõåàóî ìïîüñåäçå ãïèëõïüóäò õïäåþòïíò òîèåþò, îëèåäàï üñïâòì íòøíåþò ìïâìåþòà øååìïþïèåþï åàíëãîïôòóä ìòíïèæâòäåøò æïèëùèåþóä íïæòîàï èùñåèìòì úõëâåäåþòì ïíó éâàïåþïàï çëëèëîôóäò ìïõòà ãïèëâäåíòä úõëâåäàï ïéùåîòäëþïì 41 . åì òæååþò, îëèäåþòú ïìå àâïäìï÷òíëæ ïîòì ãïèëõïüóäò ìïáïîàâåäëì üåîòüëîòïçå æï ûòîòàïæïæ þîòíöïë-îêòíòì åðëáòì æïìïùñòìøò èòïéùòï àïâòìò ãïíâòàïîåþòì êóäèòíïúòïì ïéíòøíóä ãåëãîïôòóä ìòâîúåøò, øåïæãåíì æòæò êóäüóîóä-òìüëîòóäò îåãòëíòì íïùòäì, ìïæïú ïèãâïî ùïîèëæãåíïàï ÷ïíïìïõëþîòâò ôëîèåþò, îëãëîú óêâå ïéâíòøíåà, íåëäòàòì æïìïìîóäì òñë ôòáìòîåþóäò. ¸ïöòäïîòìï æï ÷ïàïä-¸óòóêòì áïäéâàïåþåþò æï èïàò àïíèõäåþò äåëðïîæåþò, ïìåâå äåëðïîæòì üñïâòà æï ïèïâå üñïâòìïãïí æïèçïæåþóäò àïâìïîáâåäòà èëêïçèóäò èïèîëþòàò éâàïåþåþò, àó êóäüòì èìïõóîåþò, úõïæñëôåí, îëè ÿîåäáóîáòïíò 39 å. âòîìïäïûå, æïìïõ. íïøî., ãâ. 27. Б. А. Куфтин-Материалы к археологии Колхиды, II Тбилиси, 1945 с. стр. 103-105. рис. 27, 28, 29. таб. 36, 37. 41 è. õòæïøåäò - úåíüîïäóîò ïèòåîêïâêïìòòì ãîïôòêóäò õåäëâíåþï ïæîåóä îêòíòì õïíïøò, àþòäòìò, 1982 ù. üïþ. XVIII, ìïîüñåäò ¹19. 40 79 úõëâåäåþò òèàïâòàâå ìïêîïäóî ìòâîúåøò èëåáúíåí æï íïæòîàï èôïîâåäò éâàïåþåþòì òðëìüïìåþïæ òáúíåí 42 . âåôõâò//äåëðïîæòì õïäåþòïíò áóîáò, îëãëîú ÷ïíì, ûäòåî òèðóäìì áèíòæï æï èòì ãïîøåèë ïîìåþóäò ùïîèëæãåíåþò ïèåîòêòì ïþëîòãåíóä êóäüóîåþøòïú ïîòì æïèëùèåþóäò. òãòâå âòàïîåþïï øïâ ïôîòêïøòïú, ìïæïú äåëðïîæòì üñïâåþòì èëìïìõïèåþì ïüïîåþæíåí üëèòì þåäïæåþò æï ùïî÷òíåþóäò èåëèîåþò. ïèåîòêòì êëíüòíåíüòì ûâåä êóäüóîåþøò ãïíìïêóàîåþòà ûäòåîò ñëôòäï òïãóïîòì êóäüò. ïìåâå ûïäòïí ïáüòóîòï åì úõëâåäò çåðòîìòüñâòåîåþïøò. èïòïì êóäüóîïøò, îëèäòì ìïùñòìò õïíï ûâåäò ùåäàïéîòúõâòì XV ì-òà ïîòì æïàïîòéåþóäò, ãâõâæåþï òïãóïîòì üñïâòà èëîàóäò èàïâîåþòìï æï áóîóèåþòì ãïèëìïõóäåþåþò, îëãëîú ìêóäðüóîïøò, òìå êåæäòì èõïüâîëþïøò 43 . úõïæòï, îëúï þëíïèðïêòì, üòêïäòìï æï ðïäåíêåì èõïüâîëþïøò âðëóäëþà òïãóïîòì ôåîïæëâïí áóîáøò ãïèëùñëþòä ðåîìëíïýåþì, óíæï âòôòáîëà, îëè åì èõïüâîëþï ûâåäò èìëôäòëìïãïí òçëäòîåþóäïæ ÷ïòìïõï æï ãïíâòàïîæï. èïãîïè àâïäøò ìïúåèòï îëãëîú òíüåîåìàï åîàëþäòëþï, ïìåâå ïæåáâïüóîëþï ïè òíüåîåìàï ãïèëìïõâòì ùåìòìï æï ìïøóïäåþåþòìï. òáïú, îëãëîú ûâåäò èìëôäòëì ïîáïóä êóäüóîåþøò, èúåíïîåóä æï úõëâåäóî ìïèñïîëæïí èëèæòíïîå èåüïôëîåþò àïâì òñîòïí ïãîïîóä êóäüøò. èïà øëîòì ÷íæåþï ìîóäò ¸ïîèëíòï, îëèäòì øòãíòà òïãóïîòì üñïâò (èïãïäòàïæ) æï ìòèòíæòì éåîë àïâòïíàò ìïêóàïîò æïüâòîàâòà èëáèåæåþåí. úõïæòï, îëè îëãëîú ûâåä, òìå ïõïä ìïèñïîëøò ïæïèòïíò ãóäãîòäò ïî æïî÷åíòäï òìåàò øàïèþåÿæïâò ëþòåáüòìïæèò, îëãëîòúïï æòæò êïüåþòì èøâåíòåîò üñïâò. ïèòüëè èïì ñâåäãïí èòó÷òíåì ïæãòäò ìïøóïäåþïàï ìòìüåèïøò, îëèåäàï èåëõåþòà ïéòùåîåþëæï èåüïôëîóäïæ ïîï çóìüò æï çëãöåî ùòíïïéèæåãëþîòâò õòäóäò æï ùïîèëìïõâòàò ìïèñïîëåþò. ÷âåíì èòèëõòäâïøò ûòîòàïæïæ øåâåõåà ãïîåóäò úõëâåäåþòì üñïâàïí æïêïâøòîåþóä øåõåæóäåþåþì, îïæãïí ãïîêâåóäò îåäòãòóîò æï èòàëìóîò ðëçòúòï èïàæïèò òãîûíëþëæï óôîë ïæîå, âòæîå øòíïóî úõëâåäàï ïæãòäò ãïèëòõïüåþëæï êóäüøò. èïøòíïú êò, îëæåìïú øòíïóîèï úõëâåäåþèï ìïþëäëëæ æïòðñîåì ìïèåóîíåë ðîëúåìò, 42 ò. ìóîãóäïûå — áïîàóäò õïäõóîò ëîíïèåíüòì ìòèþëäòêï, ãâ. 62 æï øåèæåã; ãâ. 108-147. 43 D\ Rby;fkjd= Bccrecndj lhtdyb[ Vfqz Ktybyuhfl 1967 u\ cnh\ 12= 65= 80= 85= 111 b n\ l\ 80 õïçò ãïåìèëæï ïîï òèæåíïæ èïà ðîïáüòêóä éòîåþóäåþïì, îïèæåíïæ ûïäïìï æï ïèïéëîûòíåþåä åíåîãòïì, îïú âåäóî úõëâåäøò óêåà âäòíæåþëæï. èïãïäòàïæ øåòûäåþï ïâòéëà ìïéâàë õïîàïí æïèëêòæåþóäåþï. ùåìò êîûïäïâæï èòìàâòì îïòèåì æïøäïì. íåþïçå èòøâåþóäò, ãïâåøåþóäò úõëâåäò çëãöåî êòæåú ïçòïíåþæï èëìïõäåëþïì. õïîòì êóäüøò íïêäåþïæ ãïåìèëæï õïçò õïîì îëãëîú èóøïì, ãïèùåâ ûïäïì. óðòîïüåìïæ ðïüòâúåèóäò òñë ïîï êïìüîòîåþóäò, ïîïèåæ ûäòåîò, íïõåâîïæ ãïâåäóîåþóäò úõëâåäò, îëèåäòú óêåà ãïèëõïüïâæï þóíåþòì ïéëîûòíåþòì ûïäïì 44 . óíæï âòôòáîëà, îëè êóäüøò ïîåêäòäòï îùèåíï-ùïîèëæãåíïàï òì øîå, îëèåäòú ïè öòøòì æëèåìüòêïúòïèæå ïîìåþëþæï. åìå òãò, ìïêîïäóî éòîåþóäåþåþøò æëèòíòîåþì úõëâåäò, îëãëîú þóíåþòì ëþòåáüò æï ïîï èòìò ìïèåóîíåë, ãâòïí ùïîèëáèíòäò ïìðåáüåþò. ãïíìïêóàîåþòà ïáüòóîïæ øåèëòíïõï ùïîèëæãåíåþò ÿîåäáóîáòïí úõëâåäåþçå, îëèäåþòú þóíåþòì ûïäåþòì ïéëîûòíåþòì òäóìüîïúòïæ ùïîèëòæãòíåþëæíåí þåâîïæ óôîë ïæîå, âòæîå ïæïèòïíåþò ùïîèëåþòà ìïáèòïíëþïçå ãïæïâòæëæíåí. ïè èëìïçîåþòì ìïìïîãåþäëæ èåüñâåäåþì èàåäò îòãò ùåìåþòìï, îëãëîú ÷âåíò, òìå ìõâï õïäõåþòì ñëôòæïí, îëèåäàï èòõåæâòà ãïîåóäò íïæòîò ùèòíæïï, èïì ñïâì ðïüîëíò æï èùñåèìò. òìòíò, íïæòîà ðïüîëíåþò, ïæïèòïíåþì ïöòäæëâåþåí òè úõëâåäòà, îëèåäòú èïà øåÿïèåì æï ãïïúëúõäåì. ãïúëúõäåþòì ðîëúåìøò êò ãïæïèùñâåü îëäì àïèïøëþì ûâïäò æï üñïâò, îëãëîú ìòúëúõäòì ïéëîûòíåþòìïàâòì ïóúòäåþåäò èòíòèóèò. ñâåäï äåãåíæïøò, îëèåäòú êò æïæïìüóîåþóäòï ¸òíæóñóøòæïí ìêïíæòíïâòïèæå, éâàïåþåþò ïæïèòïíì ïóúòäåþåä ðòîëþïæ óæåþåí ûâäåþòì æïúâïì, îïæãïí ïõïäò ìòúëúõäòì øåáèíï àó ûâåäòì ïéæãåíï èõëäëæ üñïâòì ìòèîàåäòìï æï ûâäåþòì óêäåþäïæ æï æïóèìõâîåâäïæ æïúâòà ïîòì øåìïûäåþåäò. àó ûâïäò æïòêïîãï, éâàïåþåþì óùåâà èïàò øåúâäï. ìïëúïîòï, îëè åì äåãåíæï ìõâïæïìõâï ìëúòïäóîò îåïäòåþòà óçïîèïçïî ìòâîúåçåï æïèëùèåþóäò, òìå, îëè èòìò êëíìüîóáúòï, îëèåäòú òæåòì óíòâåîìïäóîïæ ãïèëìïõâïì ãïíïðòîëþåþì, ñâåäãïí æïúóäòï, å.ò. ûâäòì æïúâï æï èòìò üñïâçå æïäïãåþï ãïúëúõäåþï ñâåäãïí øåíïî÷óíåþóäòï, ãïîæï ûâåäþåîûíóäò èòàëìòìï, ìïæïú üïíüïäëìòìï æï ðåäëðìòì ïèþïâòï ãïæèëúåèóäò. ïá éèåîàåþèï ãï44 В. Бардавелидзе – Древнейшие… стр. 198-199. 81 ïúëúõäåì èëêäóäò ïæïèòïíò æï øåÿèóäò þåÿò ìðòäëì ûâäòà øåóúâïäåì. îëãëî èëõæï åì, å.ò. „üåáíëäëãòï“ ïéùåîòäò ïî ïîòì. ñâåäï ïè èïãïäòàòì èòõåæâòà ìïêîïäóî ìüîóáüóîïøò üñïâì ìîóäòïæ óðòîëþë ïæãòäò óÿòîïâì æï ìïôóûâåäì ùïîèëïæãåíì ìõâï èëáèåæåþïàï øåìïìîóäåþäïæ. óíæï âòôòáîëà, îëè òãò, îëãëîú ïæïèòïíàï óûâåäåìò ìïáèòïíëþòì, íïæòîëþòì øåæåãò, òèàïâòàâå òñë æïèïãîåþóäò ùïîèëæãåíïàï ìòìüåèïøò, îëèåäòú ðîòíúòðóäïæ ïîïìëæåì ïî øåúâäòäï æï ñëâåäàâòì ïîï ïîìåþòà, ïîï êëíìüîóáúòóä ãïîæïáèíåþì ãïíòúæòæï, îëãëîú òìüëîòóä úâäòäåþïàï øåæåãì. íïæòîòì ãïúëúõäåþïìàïí æïêïâøòîåþóäò ùïîèëæãåíåþò, îëèåäàï ðïîïäåäóîò èëâäåíåþò æïêîûïäâòì îòüóïäåþøòú ïîòì æïèëùèåþóäò æï óûâåäåì õïíåþøò òéåþåí ìïàïâåì, òìåà èïìïäïì øåòúïâì, îëè øåìïûäåþåäò õæåþï èïàøò ãïîêâåóäò òìüëîòóäò àïíïèòèæåâîëþòì ãïèëâäåíï. óûâåäåìò, ìóþìüîïüóäò ôåíï ïá, úõïæòï, àïâïæ èïüåîòïäóîò ëþòåáüåþòì, ûâäòìï æï üñïâòì ìïêîïäóîò èíòøâíåäëþòà ïîòì ãïèëõïüóäò. òãò óíòâåîìïäóîïæ åõåþï ìòúëúõäåì æï ïîï èõëäëæ íïæòîì. íïæòîàïí æïêïâøòîåþòà êò, èëãâòïíåþòà ÷íæåþï îòãò ðòîëþåþòìï, îëèåäòú ìëúòïäóîò æï ìïèåóîíåë úâäòäåþåþòà ïîòì ãïèëùâåóäò. ïìåàò èëèåíüòï ùïîèëæãåíòäò „íïæòîà èùñåèìëþòì“ øåìïõåþ, îïú èåìïáëíäåëþòì ùïîèëøëþòì øåèæãëè óíæï øåÿîòäòñë ìïèëíïæòîåë ùïîèëæãåíåþøò. èïà óíæï æïåÿòîïà ûâåäò, çëëèëîôóäò „íïæòîà ðïüîëíåþòì“ ïæãòäò. úõëâåäàï æëèåìüòêïúòòì øëîìùïìóäèï ìïèåóîíåë ðîëúåìèï æï èïìàïí æïêïâøòîåþóäèï ïõïäèï ñëôïè øåáèíåì ðòîëþåþò, îëèåäàï ðîïáüòêïøò øåèëìâäòì ãïèë ïéèëúåíæï éâàïåþîòâ „èùñåèìàï“ ðåîìëíåþò, àïâòïíàò ìïêóàïîò ìïëöïõë æï ìïèåóîíåë ñëôòà. ïè ùïîèëæãåíåþøò üåîèòí „èùñåèìòì“ ãïèë÷åíï øåìïûäåþåäò òñë èõëäëæ æëèåìüòêïúòòì ðîëúåìòì æïìîóäåþòì øåèæåã, ïí èòìò þëäë ôïçòìïàâòì, îëúï „èùñåèìèï“ ìïàïíïæë ìëúòïäóîò æï ìïèåóîíåë æïüâòîàâï øåòûòíï. ïè ãçòà æïòùñë ãïîå þóíåþòì, àó øåòûäåþï ïìå òàáâïì, ìëúòïäòçïúòï, èëùåìîòãåþï, èòìàâòì ïæïèòïíóîò ìïèåóîíåë ãïîåèëì íòøíåþòì èëíòÿåþòì ðîëúåìò, îëèåäøòïú èëíïæòîåàï êïüåãëîòï, ïæîòíæåäò ïèàâòìåþäóîò èåóîíåëþòì ïæåðüò, æïóáâåèæåþïîæï „èùñåèìì“, èòì íåþï—ìóîâòäì æï èàäòïíïæ „èùñåèìòì“, îëãëîú ãïíèêïîãâòì óôäåþåþçå æïèëêòæåþóäò ïéèë÷íæï. ïè òìüëîòóäò ãïîæïüåõåþòì íïêâïäåâò èêîàïäïæ, èïãîïè èïòíú ïîòì æïî÷åíòäò õïäõóî ãïæèëúåèåþøò, îëèåäàï èòõåæâòà öòõâò æï òîåèò éâàïåþòì òðëìüïìïæ, èòì øåìïûäë ìïõåæ òàâäåþï, 82 éâàïåþïàï ìïñâïîåäò úõëâåäåþò òìòíò ïîòïí, „ùèòíæï úõëâåäò“ åùëæåþï èïà, æï ïîï øòíïóîì. òáèíåþï øàïþåÿæòäåþï, àòàáëì ûòîòàïæò ìïèìõâåîðäë úõëâåäò ãïîåóäò óíæï òñëì, îëèåäòú øòíïóîèï øåèæåã øåúâïäï. „èåôòì ãïíïæòîåþòì“ ìïáëîùòäë ùåìøò, ìòüñâòåîïæ õëõëþì ïõìåíåþåí æï øòíïóîò áïàèåþòì æïõëúâïì íïæòîëþïì óùëæåþåí; ãïæèëúåèòà ùèòíæï ïæãòäåþøò, ìïäëúïâøò ïí åêäåìòåþøò, íåþïñëôäëþòà àïâòì øåìïùòîïâïæ èëæòëæï òîåèò, îëèåäòú õïäõèï ïèï àó òè èòçåçòà øåóîïúõñë, àó æïïôîàõë, îòì øåèæãëè éâàïåþïè òîåèò õïîòà øåúâïäï. ïìåàòâå þóíåþòìï óíæï òñëì äåãåíæåþò, îëèäåþòú ïæïìüóîåþåí õïîòì óðòîïüåìëþïì òîåèçå, îëúï åì ëîò úõëâåäò åîàèïíåàì øååöòþîï úòì ãïæïîþåíïøò 45 . èìãïâìò ùïîèëæãåíåþò, èåü—íïêäåþïæ ïáüòóîò ôëîèòà, èîïâïä ïæãòäïì ïîòì æïæïìüóîåþóäò. ãïíìïêóàîåþòà àâïäøò ìïúåèò ãâå÷âåíï åì èëèåíüò çåèëà èîïâïäãçòì æïìïõåäåþóä ¸òíæóñóøòì õïäõåþòì ñëôïøò. òá óðòîâåäåìò ùèòíæï úõëâåäòï ãïîåóäò àõï, èïìàïí øåöâïîåþòì ãïèë ùèòíæïï æï èåëîå ïæãòäçå æãïì øòíïóîò àõï, õëäë èìõâòäôåõï ìïáëíåäò æï èòìò ðîëæóáüò óùèòíæóîòï, ïîïîåäòãòóîòï. åì èëèåíüò úõïæñëôì îëãëîú îåäòãòòì êëíìåîâïüóäëþïì, òìå åàíëãîïôòóäò ôïáüòì æòæ ìïíæëëþïì ìòûâåäòì àâïäìïçîòìòà: òãò øåòûäåþï ûïäòïí øëîåóäò æîëòæïí òñëì øåèëî÷åíòäò 46 . òìüëîòóäïæ úõëâåäàï èëíïùòäåëþï îòüóïäøò æï ìëúòïäóîò èíòøâíåäëþòì çîæï ùïîòèïîàï ìïèåóîíåë òíüåîåìàï øåìïþïèòìïæ. ïèïì èëùèëþì ñëôï, çåðòîìòüñâòåîåþï, äòüåîïüóîï. äåãåíæåþøò òèïîöâåþì æï ïæãòäì òèêâòæîåþì õïîò. èòìò ãïèïîöâåþï îòüóïäøò ìïèåóîíåë ðîïáüòêòì øåæåãòï. åì ãïíìïêóàîåþòà òãîûíëþï ìïáïîàâåäëì þïîøò, ìïæïú ìïèëíïæòîåë åðëìò ìóìüòï. ìïþëäëëæ õïîò, úõâïîò æï àõï ûòîòàïæïæ øåìïùòîïâ úõëâåäåþïæ òáúåâòïí. îëãëîú úíëþòäòï, òäëîòì ùèòíæï ãòëîãòì îòüóïäøò ùèòíæïíòì èòåî èëñâïíòäò õïîò, îëèåäèïú òîåèò øåúâïäï, ãïîæï óøóïäë èìõâåîðäòìï, ïéòùåîåþï îëãëîú ùòíïèëìùïâåþïàï èàåäò ìòìüåèï: „õïäõøò æòæ äïðïîïêì ãïèëòùâåâì åì õïîò òèòìæïèòõåæâòà, àó îï 45 ã. ÷òüïòï, øîëèåþò, I àþòäòìò, 1957 ù. ãâ. 15—16. ò. ìóîãóäïûå — åîàò ìïáëîùòäë ùåìòì èòàëìóîò æï ìëúòïäóîò þóíåþòìïàâòì (èåôòì ãïíïæòîåþòì ïíïäòçòì úæï) èïúíå, òìüëîòòì ... ìåîòï¹2, 1989 ù. øåèæåãøò „èåôòì ãïíïæòîåþï“... 46 Ê\ Èåòòìîð= óê\ ñî÷\ ñòð\ 227-228\ 83 ìïõòà íïõïâåí èïì. àó æïÿåîòì æîëì õïîò ïî æïíåþæåþï æï ùòõäåþì òìâîòì, ïí îáòà òî÷ëäåþï, òüñâòïí, îëè ùåäì óìïàóëæ ëèò òáíåþïë. àó õïîò çóîãçå æïùëäòäò ïí èüâåîøò ïèëìâîòäò òðëâåì, òüñâòïí, îëè êïîãò èëìïâïäò òáíåþï... àó õïîò úâïîòà æïíïèóäò òáíï, êïîãò èëìïâïäò òáíåþï éâòíòìïë, àó ôåîòà áåîïï, ïæïèòïíàï æï ðòîóüñâà õøòîò ìòêâæòäò òáíåþïë, ïí àó àåàîòï, ïí ÿîåäòï, ôîòïæ êïîãò íòøïíòïë“ — ùåîì ïîáïíöåäë äïèþåîüò 47 . óíæï âòôòáîëà, îëè ìïèìõâåîðäë õïîòì ôåîòà èêòàõïëþï üñïâòì ìòÿîåäåìàïí æïêïâøòîåþóäò ïîáïóäò ùïîèëæãåíåþòì òíåîúòï óíæï òñëì. ìïêîïäóîò úõëâåäòì ôåîò æï áúåâï, ïìåâå èïàò ãïèë÷åíï, õèòïíëþï æï ï. ø. ûâåäàïãïíâå éâàïåþïàï íåþòì ãïèëõïüóäåþïæ èòï÷íæïà. òãòâå òàáèòì ôîòíâåäåþçåæïú. îëãëîú ÷ïíì, úõëâåäàï ôåîïæëâïíò üñïâòìï æï ïñâïâåþóäò èòùòì ïíïäëãòóîò ãïïçîåþï åèñïîåþï èòùòì, îëãëîú ìõåóäòì æï, øåìïþïèòìïæ ìõåóäòì àâòìåþåþòì ìïãíïæ ùïîèëæãåíïì. òãò ðòîâåäáèíòäò èòàëìóîò ïîìåþòì ìõåóäòï, îëèäòì üñïâòæïí ïéèëúåíæï ñâåäï æï ñâåäïôåîò, îëãëîú íïæòîòì üñïâçå þåùâò. åì ùïîèëæãåíåþò ìïøåèãîëâåþäë õïíïøò âåî ãïíâòàïîæåþëæï. òãò ïæîåìïèòùïàèëáèåæë õïíòì ùïîèëíïáèíòï, îëúï òùñåþï ãïèïîöâåþï ãïîåóäçå, îëúï îåïäóîò æï ðîïãèïüóäò òùñåþì ãïôïîàëåþïì òîïúòëíïäóîòìï æï òîåïäóîòì õïîöçå. ãïîå þóíåþòì, „ãïîåì“ ìïêîïäóîëþï ñïäòþæåþï „øòíïóîàïí“ æï „øòíïìàïí“ ðòîòìðòîëþïøò, òìå, îëè „ãïîå“ òíïî÷óíåþì àïâòì ðëçòüòóî èåüïôëîóä éòîåþóäåþïì. ïäþïà ïèòà ïòõìíåþï òì ãïîåèëåþï, îëè ãïîåóäôîòíâåäàïí æï úõëâåäåþàïí (àâòà ïôàïîàïí) øåæïîåþòì ìïøóïäåþòà õæåþï óèïéäåì çíåëþîòâ æï ôòçòêóî íòøïí—àâòìåþïàï õïçãïìèï, îïìïú âåî âòüñâòà øòíïóî úõëâåäåþàïí æï ôîòíâåäåþàïí øåæïîåþòìïì. èïàò èåüïôëîòçïúòòì èòçïíò àòàáèòì ñëâåäàâòì íåãïüòóîò âåäòì ãïèùâïâåþïï (äïíûéâï). ïéìïíòøíïâòï, îëè åì ðëçòúòï èõëäëæ áïîàóäò èëâäåíï ïî ïîòì. óíæï âòôòáîëà, îëè åì ðëçòúòï èåüïôëîïìàïí æïêïâøòîåþòà ïéèëúåíæï æï ÷ïèëñïäòþæï ìòüñâòåîåþïøò öåî êòæåâ úõëâåäàï æëèåìüòêïúòòì ùòíïîå õïíïøò. ïè àâïäìïçîòìòà óïéîåìïæ ìïñóîïæéåþë ðëçòúòï óêïâòï âåîûì, îïæãïíïú òãò óûâåäåìò õïíåþòæïíâå åîà—åîàò óèàïâîåìò ìïèìõâåîðäë úõëâåäòï æï ïè íòøíòà æéåâïíæåä ñëôïøòïú ðòîâåäëþì. 47 ïîáïíöåäë äïèþåîüò — æïìïõ. íïøî. 142; 155 æï øåèæåã. 84 ìïòíüåîåìëï èòìò àïíïèåæîëâå èåüïôëîóäò èíòøâíåäëþïú: òãò óæïëæ óïîñëôòàò ïîòì, îïæãïí ìòþîòñâåìàïíïï æïêïâøòîåþóäò, èïãîïè ïèïâå æîëì ùèòíæï ðëçòüòóîò øåôïìåþòà „êåàòäìï“ æï „èøâòæì“ ïéíòøíïâì. ïìå îëè, øòíïóî úõëâåäàï óïîñëôòàò èåüïôëîóäò ìòìüåèòæïí èõëäëæ úõâïîò ãïèëòñëôï, àïâòìò øóïäåæóîò èæãëèïîåëþòà. çåèëà óêâå ãâáëíæï èìöåäëþï úõâîòì üñïâòì ìïîòüóïäë æïíòøíóäåþïìï æï æòæ èíòøâíåäëþïçå, îïú ïìå ôïîàëæïï úíëþòäò åàíëãîïôòóäò èïìïäòæïí. úõïæòï, úõâîòì üñïâòì ãïíìïêóàîåþóäëþòìïàâòì æòæïæ óíæï øååùñë õåäò ùïîèëæãåíåþì èòùï—þïäïõòìï æï ìõåóäò//üñïâò — þåùâòì ïíïäëãòóîò, ïæåáâïüóîò ìòèþëäóîò ãïïçîåþòì øåìïõåþ. åì ðëçòúòï óûâåäåìò æîëòæïí òíâïîòïíüóäò èòàëäëãåèòì åîà—åîà ñâåäïçå ðëðóäïîóä âåîìòïì ùïîèëïæãåíæï, îëèäòì ãïíìïêóàîåþóä ãïíâòàïîåþï—ãïéîèïâåþïì ãïíìïêóàîåþòà øåóùñë õåäò èïüñäòì îëãëîú ðîïáüòêóäèï, òìå îåäòãòóîèï èíòøâíåäëþïè. úõâïîàïí æïêïâøòîåþóä îùèåíï— ùïîèëæãåíïàï ãïíìïêóàîåþóäò çîæï óøóïäëæ óêïâøòîæåþï èòìò èëèîïâäåþòì æïèëóêòæåþåä ìïèåóîíåë æïîãïæ áúåâïì. ïîòì èëìïçîåþï, îëèäòì àïíïõèïæ ìïáïîàâåäëì üåîòüëîòïçå èåúõâïîåëþï óíæï æïùòíïóîåþóäòñë øóï þîòíöïëì õïíïøò. áïîàóäò ìòüñâï „úõëâîåþï“ ùïîèëæãåþï „úõâïî“ („úõëâïî“) ûòîòìïãïí. ïáåæïí ãïèëèæòíïîå óíæï âòôòáîëà, îëè ëæåìéïú „úõëâîåþï“ èåúõâïîåëþïì, øåìïûäëï ìïåîàëæ èåìïáëíäåëþïìïú ïéíòøíïâæï 48 . ïè æïîãòì ãïôïîàëåþïìï æï øåìùïâäïì, þóíåþîòâòï, óíæï èë¸ñëäëæï ìïàïíïæë üåîèòíëäëãòòì ùïîèëáèíïúï æï ìïêîïäòçïúòïú. ÷âåíàâòì èàïâïîòï ãïíõòäâï èòùòìï, îëãëîú ìõåóäòìï, õëäë èòìò çåæïðòîòìï, îëãëîú üñïâòìï, îëèåäòú èúåíïîåì ïéèëïúåíåþì. ïè óêâå ÷ïèëñïäòþåþóäò ìòìüåèòì åîà—åîàò ûâåäò ôëîèï ïîòì úõâïîò æï èòìò üñïâò, îëãëîú íïñëôòåîåþòì ñâåäïçå üåâïæò ìòèþëäë. úõâîòì øåìïõåþ ùïîèëæãåíåþèï ãïíìïêóàîåþóäò ïáüòâëþï øåòûòíåì èïì èåîå, îïú èúòîå ïçòïøò ãïèëñâïíòä òáíï íïçèïüñäòïíò úõâïîò, îëèäòì ðîëæóáúòòà èëãâòïíåþòà ìïõåäò ãïòàáâåì èòäåàèï æï ìïîæèï. ïè èëâäåíòì ãïèëûïõòäò óíæï òñëì àáèóäåþï „ëáîëì ìïùèòìçå“ æï êëäõåàçå, ìïæïú èåúõâïîåëþï óûâåäåìò æîëòæïí ñëôòäï ãïíâòàïîåþóäò. úõâïîò ûïäòïí ïáüòóîòï õåàåþòì ìïîùèóíëåþïìï æï 48 æ. èóìõåäòøâòäò — áïîàâåäàï àâòàìïõåäùëæåþòì òìüëîòòìïàâòì, èïúíå, òìüëîòòì ìåîòï, ¹2 ,1992, ãâ. 14. êîåþ. ìïáïîàâåäëì æï áïîàâåäåþòì ïé... ãâ. 341. 85 îòüóïäåþøò. úíëþòäòï „úõâîòì ðïîìâòì îòüóïäò“, îëèäòì èòõåæâòà úõâïîò õåààï øëîòì óðòîâåäåìò ìïèìõâåîðäë úõëâåäòï, èïì øåóûäòï ãïíæåâíëì ÿòîò æï óùèòíæóîëþï, îïú îòüóïäòì üåáìüóïäóî íïùòäåþøòï ïéíòøíóäò. îòüóïäì ïìîóäåþì „èëõóúò áïäò“ (æåæïþåîò) îëèåäòú ùèåíæì óùèòíæóîëþïì. ïéìïíòøíïâòï, îëè ãïíùèåíæòä ðòîì üïíçå øåèëõâåóäò ïáâì ùòàåäò æï äóîöò èïüñäò, îëèåäìïú ïøëîåþåí îòüóïäòì øåìîóäåþòì øåèæåã. ãïèëäëúâòä èïüñäì äïíãïîçå ïùñëþåí, ïäþïà ìõâï øåèàõâåâòìïàâòì òíïõïâåí. ïè æîëì òùòîåþï øïâò úõâïîò. ïçîò, îëèåäòú ïõäï óíæï øåâàïâïçë èêòàõâåäì æïìïèüêòúåþäïæ ûíåäòï, èïãîïè èëìïçîåþòì ìïõòà øåìïûäëï ïîìåþëþæåì. âôòáîëþ, îëè ûâåäò èúòîå ïçòóîò øåäëúâåþòì óøóïäë, ïîïêïæ áúåóäò èåèêâòæîå óíæï òñëì åîàò áïîàóäò üåáìüò, îëèåäòú â. êëüåüòøâòäì èë¸ñïâì „èçå øòíïì“ ïíïäòçòìïì. ãïîæï øâòäòåîåþòìï, â. êëüåüòøâòäì úõâïîò æëâäïàòì íòøíïæïú èòï÷íòï, æï èëïáâì ìòóýåüò àó îëãëî ãïèëïãæåþì ëöïõòæïí úõâïîò ìòéïîòþåì. ìïõäøò øåìóä úõâïîì „ìòéïîòþå åîà êóíÿóäì ìàõëâì, èïãîïè úõâïîò óïîì åóþíåþï: åîà êóàõåøò èå óíæï æïâæãå, èåëîåøò þïüêïíò óíæï æïâïñåíë, èåìïèåøò ñâåäì æïâæåþ æï èåëàõåøò èïüñäìë. ìòéïîòþåè íïõï, îëè ïæãòäò ïéïî î÷åþëæï æï ãïòðïîï“. ïè üåáìüòì øåèæåã èêâäåâïîì èë¸ñïâì èòàëìóîò èïìïäï, ìïæïú ïøêïîïæ ÷ïíì úõâîòì, àõòìï æï ûîëõòì ïìåâå èùñåèìòì êïâøòîò íïñëôòåîåþïìï æï ãïíïõäåþïìàïí 49 . èëüïíòä èïìïäïøò ïáúåíüò æïåìèòì èõëäëæ åêëíëèòêóî òíüåîåìì, îòàïú îåïäòçåþóäòï üåáìüòì ìîóäò æåìïêîïäòçïúòï, èòìò àïíïèåæîëâå ïäåãëîòóäëþï. ïá ðîëþäåèï îïúòëíïäóîòï æï ïìåâå îïúòëíïäóîò ìïøóïäåþåþòà ùñæåþï. õåàóîò øåäëúâåþòì üåáìüåþøò êò ðòîòáòàïï: ùòíï ðäïíçå ãïèëæòì úõëâåäòìï æï èòìò ìõâïæïìõâï ôåîòì þåùâòì ûïäï, îëèäòì èëáèåæåþïøò èëñâïíï æï ìïìóîâåäò øåæåãòìïêåí ùïîèïîàâï øåìïûäåþåäòï âåîþïäóîò èïãòòì ìïøóïäåþåþòà. ïîïêøò úõâïîò ðåîìëíòôòúòîåþóä ìòéïîòþåì ïûåâåþì, îïú øåäëúâåþòì ìïøóïäåþòà óùèòíæóîåþòì ãïûåâåþòì ãïîæïìïõâïì ùïîèëïæãåíì. ùèòíæï úõâïîòì ìïêîïäóîò ûïäï êâòíüåíìòîåþóäò ìïõòà ïîòì ãïèëâäòíæåþï üåäåðòíóìòì õòìïàâòì üñïâòì øåùòîâòì ýïèì. åì üñïâò, îëèåäìïú èìëôäòë õåçå, èïîïæ èùâïíå åòïçå, óîàõåäçå àó èóõïçå 49 â. êëüåüòøâòäò — õïäõóîò ðëåçòï, àþòäòìò, 1961 ù. ãâ. 323. 86 ¸êòæåþæíåí, ãïíïìïõòåîåþì ìïõåäèùòôëì, èåôòìï æï æåæëôäòì êåàòäæéåëþïì. èïìøò ïîòì ñëâåäò ìòêåàå. èòìò øåùòîâòì øåèæåã „üåäåðòíóìò òùñåþì çîóíâïì èåôåçå, üåäåðòíóìòì ùòí æãïèåí èïîïæèùâïíå õåì, åòïì. åòïì õåçå ¸êòæòï úõâîòì üñïâò. úõâîòì üñïâøò ïîòì úõâîòì áëíò, èïìøò ïîòì... èïîúâïäò... éâòíë, èïìøò ïîòì... õïîò æï úõâïîò... èïìøò ïîòì æéåãîûåäëþï... èïìøò ïîòì øàïèëèïâäëþï, âïýåþò æï ïìóäåþò, èïìøò ïîòì ïìïêìîóäëþï êïúòìï æï õïîòìï, æï úõâîòìï... èïìøòï ãóäëâíåþï æï ûïäï... èïìøòï úåúõäò. èïìøòï... ïèþïâò íïçèïüñäòïíò þïüêíåþòì øåìïõåþ... èïìøòï çîæï, ïñâïâåþï æï ïéâìåþï ùâåíòà. æï üåäåðòíóìò èåôåì õåäøò ÷ïóæåþì úõâîòì üñïâì. æï òãò èïì ïûäåâì ñëâåäãâïî ìòêåàåì“ 50 . îëãëîú ÷ïíì, ûâåäò èòàëìóî—îåäòãòóîò òíåîúòòì æï ïõïäò ìïèåóîíåë ðòîëþåþòì øåîùñèòì øåæåãïæ øåòáèíï áïäéâàïåþïàï ïõïäò òðëìüïìåþò. ïè îùèåíïàï ôëîèòîåþòìïì ãïîåóäò íïæòîòì ïæãòäò áïäéâàïåþòì ìòïõäëâåì æïòÿòîï úõâïîèï, èòìò ìîóäòïæ ãïíìïêóàîåþóäò ìïèåóîíåë èíòøâíåäëþòì ãïèë. õåàóîò èïìïäòì àïíïõèïæ úåíüîïäóî æï ÷îæòäëåà ïíïüëäòòì èëìïõäåëþïøò ãïíìïêóàîåþóäò èíòøâíåäëþï åíòÿåþëæï úõâîòìï æï àõòì üñïâì, îëãëîú êåàòäæéåëþòì ìòèþëäëì. åîàåîàò õåàóîò ìïêóäüèìïõóîë âåîìòòì èòõåæâòà ìïùèòìòì ïíó úõâîòì üñïâòì ïæãòäçå âõåæïâà áïäéèåîà òíïîïì 51 . ïè úíëþòæïí ïøêïîïæ ÷ïíì ïæåáâïüóîò ìïêîïäóîò èíòøâíåäëþï, îïú üñïâì (êåîûëæ úõâîòìïì) èòóéòï, îëãëîú íïñëôòåîåþòìï æï ìòóõâòì ìòèþëäëì. ìåèïíüòêóî èùêîòâøò, îëèåäòú ïéèëúåíæï þóíåþòì ïõäåþóîò ãïïçîåþòì ìïôóûâåäçå, ãïåîàòïíæï ïíïäëãòóî îòüóïäóî éòîåþóäåþïàï èáëíå ìïãíåþò úëúõïäò àó ïîïúëúõïäò þóíåþòæïí. èïà øåáèíåì øåõåæóäåþåþòì èëçïòêóîò âåäò, îëèäòì ñëâåäò êëèðëíåíüò ìïåîàë òíâïîòïíüóäò òæåòì ïèï àó òè êåîûë âåîìòïì ùïîèëïæãåíì. óûâåäåìò æîëòæïí áïäòì áïíæïêåþåþò ãïèëõïüïâæíåí ìïçëãïæëåþòì ùïîèëæãåíïì þóíåþïçå æï ïáúåíüì ìâïèæíåí ïè òíüåîåìàï êëíêîåüóä ïìðåáüåþçå. èïàò ãïåîàòïíåþï åîàò ìïåîàë, ãïíçëãïæåþóäò ðåîìëíòì ìïõòà, óôîë ãâòïí óíæï èëèõæïîòñë. èïí èë- 50 Ëóíà óïàâøàÿ ñ íåáà= Ì-Ë\ 1977 ã\ ñòð\ 61- Äðåâíåéøàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà Ìàëîé Àçèè Ïåðåâîä ñ äðåâíåìàëîàçèàòñêèõ ÿçûêîâ Âÿ÷\ Â\ Èâàíîâà\ 51 ãî. ãòëîãïûå — ìïùèòìò õåàóî ùñïîëåþøò æï èòìò ïíüòêóîò ðïîïäåäåþò (ô. ¸ïïìòì èëìïçîåþåþò „ëáîëì ìïùèòìòì àáèóäåþòì ãåíåçòìàïí æïêïâøò- 87 òúâï îëãëîú èòùòì, òìå íïæòîàï ðïüîëíåþò, ïìåâå „ïæãòäòì æåæïàï“ êóäüò æï ìïþëäëëæ ãïèëòõïüï êåîòìï æï íïñëôòåîåþòì æòæò éâàïåþåþòì ìïõòà, àóèúï ãâåîæòàò ïæãòäëþîòâò ùïîèëæãåíåþò ñëôòæïí ïî ãïèáîïäïí. áïîàâåäàï ïè îòãòì ùïîèëæãåíåþòì ìïóêåàåìë æïèïõïìòïàåþåäòï üåîèòíò „æåæïèòùï“, îëèåäòú òèåëîåþì þåîûíóäò áïäéâàïåþåþòì „æåèåüîåì“ ìïõåäøò ãïèëõïüóä ìòüñâï—ìòüñâòà èíòøâíåäëþïì æï øåìïþïèòìïæ êëíúåôúòïìïú, îëèåäòú ëæåìéïú èëáèåæåþæï áïîàâåäàï øëîòì. üñïâò ïìåàò áïäéâàïåþòì ìòèþëäë æï ïüîòþóüò óíæï ñëôòäòñë, îïú ÷åèòì ïçîòà àïâòì ïíïîåêäì ðëóäëþì âåôõâò//äåëðïîæòì áïäóî ãïïçîåþïøò, åîàòì èõîòâ æï èåëîåì èõîòâ áïäòì, îëãëîú íïñëôòåîåþòì ãïíçëãïæåþóäò òæåòì üëäôïì éòîåþóäåþïæ ùïîèëæãåíïøò. åì òæåï ãåíåîòîåþóäòï áïäòì áïöïâåàòæïí ãïèëñâïíòì äåãåíæïøò, îëèåäòú ïìåâå ãïâîúåäåþóäò òíâïîòïíüòì âåîìòïì ùïîèëïæãåíì. „àïíïõèïæ ïè äåãåíæòìï õïõèïüòì ùèòíæï ãòëîãòì áïöïâåàòæïí ãïèë¸ñïâì „áïöòì“ áïäò, ìïèûòèïîò æï èïìàïí åîàïæ èëïáâì ìòèæòæîå: ãîæåèäò, ìïáëíåäò, âåîúõäòì ÿóîÿåäò, ìïìîåâ—ìïèïîàåþåäò (òïîïéò), ìïáëíåäò, ìïêòæåäò, øïáîòì çëæåþò, ûâòîôïìò áâï, ëáîëì úõîïûïäòïíò ôïíæóîò, ïìåâå ëáîëì ìïúåîò, ùïèëóñâïíòïà úïäîáï ûîëõï, èòìàâòì îáï øåóüåõïâà æï ìïùñïëæ æïóæãåíòïà 52 . îïú øååõåþï ìïèûòèïîì, òãò, àïíïõèïæ õïäõóîò ùïîèëæãåíåþòìï, íïñëôòåîåþòìï æï þïîïáòïíëþòì èòèíòÿåþåäò áïäéâàïåþïï, îëèåäòú ìåáìóïäóî óîàòåîàëþåþì ïèñïîåþì àïâòì î÷åóäåþàïí æï áëîùòíåþïì óêîûïäïâì èïà 53 . ïéíòøíóäò ùåìåþòì óõåøëþï æï íïüóîïäóîëþï, îëãëîú òâ. öïâïõòøâòäò ïéíòøíïâì, èïàò æòæò ìòûâåäòì íòøïíòï. ùïîèëæãåíåþìï æï çåðòîìòüñâòåîåþïøò øåáèíòäò ìïõå áïäéâàïåþï ìïèûòèïîòìï ûïäòïí ïïõäëâåþì èïì ûâåäò èìëôäòëì îåäòãòåþøò áïäéâàïåþïàï ãïâîúåäåþóä üòðàïí, îëèåäòú íïñëôòåîåþòì, õâïâîòåäåþòì æï øâòäòåîåþòì ûïäåþì ãïíïìïõòåîåþì æï îëèäòì êóäüèìïõóîåþïøò èíòøâíåäëâïíò ïæãòäò åÿòîï ìåáìóïäóî îòüóïäåþì. áïîàóä òìüëîòëãîïôòïøò ïè ìïêòàõàïí æïêïâøòîåþòà ìïêèïëæ âîúåäò äòüåîïüóîï ïîìåþëþì. îåþòà) àþòäòìòì ìïõ. óíòâåîìòüåüò (àìó) øîëèåþò, ¹227, 1982 ù., ãâ. 280— 292. 52 à. ë÷òïóîò, èòàëäëãòóîò ãïæèëúåèåþò ïéèëìïâäåà ìïáïîàâåäëì èàòïíåàøò, àþ., 1967 ù. ãâ. 189 æï øåèæåã. 88 üñïâàïí æïêïâøòîåþòà èìöåäëþòìïì ìïèûòèïîòì ìïêòàõòìïæèò òíüåîåìò ãïèëùâåóäòï èúòîå ïçòïìï æï åãåëìóîò ìïèñïîëì èòàëìóî—îåäòãòóî ùïîèëæãåíåþøò æïèëùèåþóä ïæåáâïüóî éòîåþóäåþïàï ÷ïíïúâäåþòì ãïíìïêóàîåþóäò èíòøâíåäëþòà. åîàèïíåàì ÷ïåíïúâäåþòïí, ïí åîàèïíåàòì ãâåîæçå èëáèåæåþåí áïäéâàïåþï, üñïâò ìïêóäüë õåçå, ïí õåçå æïêòæåþóäò áïäéâàïåþï, ãïíûò. ûòîòàïæò èòàëìóîò ìòóýåüò êò óúâäåäò î÷åþï. èëûîïâ íïùòäì øåïæãåíåí ðåîìëíïýåþò æï èïàò ïáìåìóïîåþò, ïí üëäôïìò éòîåþóäåþåþò. úõïæòï, îëè ïè èòàëìóî èëâäåíïàï åîàòïíëþï ìïåîàë êóäüóîóä—òìüëîòóä âåäì øåïæãåíì æï ñóîïæéåþïì òèìïõóîåþì îëãëîú êóäüóîë—ãåíåüòêóîò èëâäåíï. ïéíòøíóäò àâïäìïçîòìòà ìïòíüåîåìëï ùèòíæï ãòëîãòì õïõèïüóîò ëîåóäòì þóíåþï. òãò ñëâåäàâòì óèÿòæîëåì êïâøòîøò ãïíòõòäåþï àïâòì æëþòäàïí, àó æïìàïí, ìïèûòèïîàïí. ìïêóäüë úåíüîøò îëèåäòèå èïàãïíòì ìïõåäëþïçå øåìîóäåþóäò êóäüèìïõóîåþï ëîòâå èïàãïíì åàâäåþï, îïìïú àïâòì æîëçå èòåúï øåôïìåþï 54 . ìðåúòïäóî äòüåîïüóîïøò éâàïåþïàï ùñâòäò ìïáïîàâåäëì åàíëãîïôòóä ìòíïèæâòäåøò ïîï èïîüë ãòëîãòìï æï ìïèûòèïîòì ìïõòà ïîòì ùïîèëæãåíòäò, èïãîïè åì ìïêòàõò æïèëóêòæåþåä êâäåâïì èëòàõëâì æï ïèöåîïæ èïìçå èìöåäëþïì âåî ãïâïãîûåäåþà. åîàò îïè êò øåòûäåþï ïéòíòøíëì æï— ûèï éâàïåþï „þòäùíò éèåîàíò, ïîüåèò æï ïðëäë“ íïõìåíåþíò ïîòïí ïíæîòï ðòîâåäùëæåþóäòì èëãçïóîëþïøò, îëúï òãò çïæåí— ãëîïìàïí, ìïáîòì-ìëìïíãåàøò åùâòï èåìõ áïäì, ìïèûòâïîì æï èòìò èêâæïîò øâòäò ïéïæãòíï éâàòøëþäòì ûïäòà. ìùëîåæ ïè æîëì øåèóìîï èïí æï—ûèòì êåîðåþò 55 . ïéìïíòøíïâòï, îëè õåâìóîåàòìï æï ìïèõîåà—ìïáïîàâåäëì êóäüóîïàï øëîòì åì ôïáüò åîàïæåîàò æïèàõâåâï ïî ïîòì. ãïîæï ïè êåîûë èëèåíüåþòìï, ãïíìïêóàîåþòà ìïñóîïæéåþëæ èå÷âåíåþï àïâïæ õïõèïüòì öâîòì, ãòëîãò íïéâïîèøâåíòåîòì èåàïóîëþòà èëùñëþòäò äïøáîëþï áïöïâåàøò. èïì èàåäò õåâìóîåàòì öâîåþò øåóñîòï, àïí ãïóñëäåþòïà ùèòíæï êïúò, ãïõóï èåãîåäïóîò, „ãïóüåõòïà“ áïöåàò, ùïèëóéòïà æòæò æïâäï, ùïèëóñâïíòïà ìïèûòèïîò („âïîòïíüòà èïìàïí ìõâï áïäåþòú) æï ãïæèëìóäïí óêïí. àáèó53 à. ë÷òïóîò, áïîàâåäàï óûâåäåìò ìïîùèóíëåþòì òìüëîòòæïí, àþòäòìò, 1954 ù. ãâ. 41—65. 54 òáâå, G. Charachidzé, Le sisteme religieux de la Géorgie païenne, p. 435-475. 55 áïîàäòì úõëâîåþï, I, ãâ. 39—43. 89 äåþòì ìõâïæïìõâï âïîòïíüåþøò ïéùåîòäòï úïäêåóäò, ìõâïæïìõâï öâïîàïí æïêïâøòîåþóäò ìïãèòîë, àó ìïèïîúõâòíë åðòçëæåþò. èïãïäòàïæ, õïæóóî öâïîì, (ìïíåþïì) (âïýï—ôøïâåäïì úíëþòà) ìïäåìò æï ìïèïîàåþåäò èëóðïîïâì, õëäë à. ë÷òïóîòì òíôëîèïüëîàï úíëþòà òãò äïøáîëþòæïí ïæîå ãïèëðïîóäï æï ïèòì ãïèë èòìàâòì ùòäò ïî èòóúòïà. ãïíïùñåíåþóäì ëáîëì ôïíæóîò ãïóüïúòï, îòì ãïèëú ìïíåþï æïóìöòïà. õïæóóî öâïîì æïíïî÷åíåþò ïõäëì ïî òêïîåþåíë, ïèþëþì âïýï. à. ë÷òïóîòì òíôëîèïüëîåþò ìõâïãâïîïæ ãïæèëãâúåèåí ìïìöåäòì ïèþïâì, îëúï õïæóåäåþò õïõèïüøò èòæòëæíåí æï ìïêäïâì æïêäïâæíåí, ìïêäïâì àóîèå èàäòïíïæ ïüëâåþòíåþæíåí. ùåìòà öâïîøò óíæï æïî÷åíòäòñë ìïêäïâòì íïùòäò, þåÿò, àïâò æï ïèöåîïæ ÷âåíàâòì ìïòíüåîåìë üñïâò. äåãåíæïøò ïìïõóäò ìïìöåäò, õïæóåäàï ìïêäïâòì èàäòïíïæ õïüøò æïüëâåþï, à. ë÷òïóîòì ïçîòà èåüïæ èíòøâíåäëâïíò ãïîåèëåþïï æï àáèóäåþòì ìïôóûâäòì îåïäëþïçå èåüñâåäåþì. à. ë÷òïóîò ìïòíüåîåìëæ ïïíïäòçåþì õïäõóî èïìïäïì, „âåôõòìüñïëìíòì“ øåìïþïèòì ïæãòäåþì, ìïêòàõàïí æïêïâøòîåþóä âîúåä äòüåîïüóîïì æï ìïàïíïæë ïæãòäì óûåþíòì èïì èàòåäàï èòàëäëãòòì øåôïìåþòì èòì èòåî ÷ïèëñïäòþåþóä ëîòãòíïäóî êëíúåôúòïøò 56 . ÷âåíò àåèòìïàâòì êò ãïíìïêóàîåþòà ìïòíüåîåìëï òì ãïîåèëåþï, îëè àó õëèïäæòì èøåíåþäëþïìï æï íïëìíëþïì ãïèëâüëâåþà, ãòëîãò íïéâïîèøâåíòåîòì äïøáîëþï „áïöïâåàøò“ æï ïîãëíïâüåþòì äïøáîëþï êëäõåàøò, îëãëîú èëèçïæåþòà, òìå èëíïùòäåàï ùïîèëèïâäëþòàï æï ìïþëäëë øåæåãòà, æòæ èìãïâìåþïì ïèýéïâíåþåí åîàèïíåààïí. áïîàóä ìòóýåüøò éâàïåþåþò èëíïùòäåëþåí, õëäë þåîûíóäøò — éâàïåþïàï øàïèëèïâïäò ãèòîåþò. áïîàóäò éâàïåþåþò ïéè. ìïáïîàâåäëì êåîûë îåãòëíåþòì èôïîâåäåþò ïîòïí æï ïè îåãòëíåþì ãïíïìïõòåîåþåí, èìãïâìïæ þåîûåíò ãèòîåþòìï, îëèäåþòú ìïþåîûíåàòì èîïâïäò êóàõòæïí øåòêîòþíåí. ãòëîãò õïõèïüòì öâïîèï áïöïâåàòæïí áïäò ùïèëòñâïíï æï ãïíûò ùïèëòéë. ìïèùóõïîëæ ïî ïîòì úíëþòäò, àó îï èòçíòà ãïæïùñæï àïâòæïí áïöïâåàøò äïøáîëþï: áïäòì, ãïíûòì àó ëîòâåì èëìïðëâåþäïæ. ïîãëíïâüåþèï èëòðëâåì äïøáîëþòì ðòîâåäïæò èòçïíò, ìïùèòìò æï æïèïüåþòà áïäò, îëèåäòú ûâåäò èòàëäëãòóîò ìòìüåèåþòì èòõåæâòà óîàòåîà÷ïíïúâäåþïæò éòîåþóäåþåþòï. ïè èëìïçîåþòì ìïìïîãåþäëæ èåüñâåäåþì çåèëõìåíåþóäò, õåàóî îòüóïäøò 56 à. ë÷òïóîò, èòàëäëãòóîò ãïæèëúåèåþò... ãâ. 81—102. 90 æïæïìüóîåþóäò ôïáüò, îëúï ìïùèòìì àâòà áïäéèåîàò òíïîï úâäòì, õëäë àïâïæ ìïùèòìò, òèïâå õåàóî îòüóïäøò ìòèæòæîòì, ãïèîïâäåþòìï æï õåäòìóôäåþòì ìòèþëäëï. ìïòíüåîåìëï, îëè áïîàâåäåþòì óûâåäåìò ùïîèëæãåíòà áïäéâàïåþòì î÷åóäò èëíïæòîå, èëèïâïäò èåôå, ôïîíïâïçò, áïäéâàïåþòì úõëâåäòì, òîèòì èåøâåëþòà ðëóäëþì ãïíûì, îëèåäìïú èòìàâòì õåäòìóôäåþï èëïáâì. ïè èïãïäòàøò õåäòìóôäåþï - ãïíûò òìåâ áïäéâàïåþïìàïí æïêïâøòîåþóä ìïêîïäóî ôïìåóäëþïàï îòãøò ãïíòõòäåþï, àóèúï àáèóäåþòì ãïæèëúåèòìïì äåëíüò èîëâåäò èõëäëæ øåèàõâåâòàëþòà õìíòì ûâåäò ìïîùèóíëåþòìïàâòì æïèïõïìòïàåþåä èòàëìóî òíåîúòïì 57 . åì èëüòâåþò þåîûíóä èòàëìøò ìõâïæïìõâï ìïõòàï æï èòíòøíåþåþòà èåëîæåþï. ïè îòãòì ôïáüåþì ãïíåêóàâíåþï æï—ûèòì ëáîëì âåîûòà ãïèëáúåâï ìïþåîûíåàòæïí êëäõòæïøò, îòì ãïèëú ïá èëõâæï ìïùèòìò. ãòëîãò õïõèïüòì öâîòì äåãåíæïøò øåìïþïèòìò èëèåíüò ïî ïîòì æïî÷åíòäò. þåîûíóä èòàëìøò ïìåâå úíëþòäòï üïâîòæïøò èëùñëþòäò åáìðåæòúòï ïîüåèòæåì õòì êåîðòì æïìïþîóíåþäïæ. ïðëäëíò òá ïè èòçíòà ïãçïâíòì ëîåìüåì, îëèåäòú àïâòì æïì, òôòãåíòïì õâæåþï. ïè øåèàõâåâïøò ïîüåèòæåì êåîðò, îëãëîú æïþîóíåþòì ëþòåáüò, ìïùèòìòì ïæãòäçå æãïì 58 . ãïíûàïí åîàïæ òüïúåþì èøâåíòåî åäåíåì âåôõòì üñïâòà øåèëìòäò ðïîòìò. èëüïúåþóä áïäì, þåîûíóä èòàëìøò, òìåâå îëãëîú õåâìóîàï ãïæèëúåèïøò ìïèûòèïîì, àïí æïìæåâì ðïîïäåäóîò ôïìåóäëþï, ìòèæòæîå, îëèåäòú åîàãâïî îåðäòêïì ùïîèëïæãåíì ïè ðåîìëíïýòì øåôïìåþòìïàâòì: èòàëìòì èòõåæâòà òãò çåâìòìï æï äåæïì øâòäòï, óèøâåíòåîåìòï àïâòì æîëòì áïäåþì øëîòì, ìòñèïùâòäòìïì ¸áëíæï ãïõèïóîåþóäò ìïìòñâïîóäë àïâãïæïìïâïäò, åîàò èòàëìóîò âåîìòòì èòõåæâòà åäåíåì øâòäòï òôòãåíòï, õëäë êäòüåèíåìüîï — èõëäëæ ãïèçîæåäòï ïè óêïíïìêíåäòìï. ðïâìïíòïì èòõåæâòà òôòãåíòï, ðòîæïðòî ÷ïåíïúâäåþï ïîüåèòæåì, òãò ëîåìüåìàïí åîàïæ èëíïùòäåëþì üïâîòæòæïí åäïæïøò ïîüåèòæåì õòìãïí ãïèëàäòäò êåîðòì æïþîóíåþïøò. èåíåäïëìòì ìòêâæòäòì øåèæåã ïè óêïíïìêíåäòì øâòäåþèï åäåíå ãïïûåâåì, òãò êóíûóä îëæëìçå ùïâòæï, ìïæïú, îïú 57 áïîàäòì úõëâîåþï I ãâ. 21—22. Ìèôû íàðîäîâ ìèðà= ^^= ñò\ Èôèãåíèÿ+ Tëåíà+ Ðåàëüíûé ñëîâàðü êëàñcè÷åñêèõ äðåâíîñòåé ïî Ëþáêåðó= øåìïþ. ìüïü.= Ïàâñàíèÿ= ^^= 35\ í. õïçïîïûå, à. úïãïîåòøâòäò, ùèòíæï õòì êóäüò ìïáïîàâåäëøò, àþòäòìò, 1999 ù. 58 91 ÷âåíàâòì ãïíìïêóàîåþòà ìïñóîïæéåþëï, ãïîêâåóäò õíòì øåèæåã õåçå ÷ïèëóêòæåþòïà. ïèòì èåîå øåîáèåâòï åäåíå æåíæîòüòìò (õòìï) æï èòìò ìïèäëúâåäëú æïóïîìåþòïà. ìïþëäëëæ òãò õâæåþï êóíûóä äåâêïçå æï úõëâîëþì òá, îëãëîú ïáòäåâìòì êóäüòì àïíïèëíïùòäå æï èåóéäå. ìïþëäëëæ îëãëîú òôòãåíòïì, òìå åäåíåì, àâäòïí ùâîòä çëëèëîôóä æï èúåíïîåóä éâàïåþåþïæ, îëèäåþèïú êóäüøò âåî øåòíïî÷óíåì ïæãòäò, èïãîïè èòàëìøò æïèêâòæîæíåí. õåçå æïêòæåþóäò, õòì áïäéâàïåþï åäåíå ûäòåî ãâïãëíåþì õåàóî áïäéâàïåþï òíïîïì, îëèåäòú ìïùèòìòïí õåì ÷ïåíïúâäåþï. åäåíåì áèîåþò âåôõòì õïäåþòïíò áóîáòà èëìòäò èåôååþò ïîòïí, òãò ïæåáâïüóîòï ãïíûòìï, ïîòì èúåíïîåóäòì éâàïåþï. óíæï âòôòáîëà, îëè èòìò ôëîèòîåþï ïíïäëãòóî éâàïåþåþàïí æïêïâøòîåþóäò îùèåíï—ùïîèëæãåíåþòì ìïôóûâåäçå èëõæï. åäåíå ïäþïà èïàò åîàåîàò âïîòïíüò òáíåþëæï, òìåâå, îëãëîú ïíïîï, àó ìïèûòèïîò. èàåäò åì èùêîòâò áïäéâàïåþåþòìï (ïìåâå âãóäòìõèëþ ìõâï êóäüóîóä èëâäåíåþìïú) ãïíïìïõòåîåþì ùïîèëæãåíïàï åîà àåèïì, îëèåäòú õïíãîûäòâò òìüëîòóäò æîëòì èïíûòäçå åîàèïíåàòì ãâåîæòà èúõëâîåþò åàíëìåþòì êóäüóîåþøò ìïêóàïîò âïîòïíüòà òñë îåïäòçåþóäò ïí òìüëîòóäò æòíïèòêòì ìïêóàïîò ãçåþò ãïï÷íæï. èïàò ìïôóûâåäò êò ïîòì þóíåþòì óûâåäåì æåæïìàïí æïêïâøòîåþóäò îùèåíåþò. ïè áïäéâàïåþòì ãïíèãåþäëþïøò øåæòëæï þóíåþòì ïéëîûòíåþï, îïú èëãâòïíåþòà æïòøïäï ìõâïæïìõâï ðïîïäåäóî, ïæåáâïüóî éòîåþóäåþåþïæ. ìïùñòì æëíåçå ÷ïèëñïäòþåþóäò áïäéâàïåþòì ìïõåì, îëèåäòú ñâåäïçå êïîãïæ ïäþïà ÷ïàïä—¸óòóêòìï æï ¸ïöòäïîòì áïäéâàïåþòà ïîòì îåïäòçåþóäò, ñïâæï àïíèõäåþò úõëâåäò, òðëìüïìò, øâòäò æï î÷åóäò, îëèåäòú áïäéâàïåþòì ðïîüíòëîòú òñë èïìàïí æïêïâøòîåþóä èòàëìóî êóäüøò. ïè ðåîìëíïýòì çëëèëîôóäò ìïõå, òìåâå îëãëîú àâòà áïäéâàïåþòìï, òñë âåôõâò//äåëðïîæò, ïìåâå èòìò üñïâò, ìòèþëäë æï íòøïíò áïäéâàïåþòì àïíèõäåþëþòìï æï èòìò î÷åóäëþòìï. ÷âåí èõëäëæ øåãâòûäòï ïèëâòúíëà çëãò åäåèåíüò òè àïâæïðòîâåäò èòàëìòìï, îëèäòì èàïâïîò ðåîìëíïýò áïäéâàïåþï òáíåþëæï. èòì ìòóýåüøò óìïàóëæ óíæï ïéþåÿæòäòñë þóíåþòì ãïèïîöâåþï ìòêâæòäçå, îïøòïú úõëâåä èëíïùòäåëþïì èòòéåþæíåí èòìò àïíèõäåþò ÿîåäáóîáòïíò âåôõâåþò//äåëðïîæåþò. ïæîåìïèòùïàèëáèåæë êóäüóîåþò, ìïæïú ïìåàò èòàëìóîò ðîòíúòðåþò ðòîëþòàïæ îëè âàáâïà, øåïæãåíæíåí òæåëäëãòóî ìïôó- 92 ûâåäì, óçïîèïçïî ìòâîúåçå òñë ãïâîúåäåþóäò ãïôïíüóäïæ ãïíìïõäåþóä, åíëþîòâïæ èëíïàåìïâå òíæëåâîëðåäåþìï æï èïààïí êëíüïáüøò èñëô ïîïèëíïàåìïâå åàíëìåþøò. åíëþîòâò íïàåìïëþòì óáëíäëþï ïî çéóæïâæï ìïåîàë êóäüóîóäò ìòâîúòì ùïîèëáèíïì èåüíïêäåþïæ èìãïâìò ìïèåóîíåë æï àïíïþïîò ìëúòïäóîò ãïíâòàïîåþòì ðòîëþåþøò. ìïåîàë èòàëìóî—îåäòãòóî ìòâîúåøò èóøïâæåþëæï ãïìïãåþò æï èòìïéåþò ôïìåóäëþåþò, ñïäòþæåþëæï çíåëþîòâò æï áúåâòàò êîòüåîòóèåþòì óîàòåîàøåéùåâïæò, äëòïäóîò ìòìüåèåþò, îïú áèíòæï íòïæïãì êóäüóîóäò æï òìüëîòóäò àïíïèøîëèäëþòìï æï àïíïúõëâîåþòìïàâòì. ïè ìïåîàë ìïèñïîëì èîïâïäò ìïåîàë ðïîïèåüîò ãïï÷íòï, îëèåäàï øòãíòà ñëâåäàâòì èïéïäò òñë êóäüóîóäò ìòïõäëâòì êëåôòúòåíüò. åäåèåíüàï èåáïíòêóî ãïæïüïíïçå æïüâòîàâï æòæò ïî óíæï ñëôòäòñë, îïæãïí ïè ìòâîúåøò èëáèåæò êóäüóîòì êëæò ìïåîàë æï õåäèòìïùâæëèò óíæï ñëôòäòñë ñëâåäò åàíëìòìïàâòì, îïú õåäì óùñëþæï àâòàèñëôïæ éòîåþóäåþåþòìï æï èïàò ïæåáâïüóîò, åàíòêóîïæ óúõë èíòøâíåäëþïàï óîàòåîàëþòì íåþòìèòåîò ôëîèòì èëáèåæåþïøò èëñâïíïì. ìïâìåþòà èïîàïäòï ã. øïîïøòûå ïèòîïíòìï æï ðîëèåàåì øåìùïâäòìïì, îëúï òãò ìòóýåüàï èìãïâìåþïøò õåæïâì ìïåîàë êóäüóîóä âåäøò ðïîïäåäóî üîïæòúòïàï èëáèåæåþïì æï ïîï èåáïíòêóî ìåìõåþï—ãïæïéåþïì 59 . âåôõòì üñïâòì, ïí ìïåîàëæ üñïâòì ìòèþëäóîò èíòøâíåäëþï åîàò èúòîå ìïêòàõòï, èïãîïè îïæãïí òãò ìïåîàë êóäüóîóäò ìòâîúòì íïùòäòï, øåòûäåþï èîïâäòì èåüñâåäò ãïèëæãåì. áïîàâåäàï ùòíïðîåþòì ìïîùèóíëåþîòâ—ìïêîïäóî ïáüòâøò üñïâì øåìïûäëï óûâåäåìò æîëòæïí åÿòîï èíòøâíåäëâïíò ïæãòäò, îòì ãïèëûïõòäì æéåì ïîïåîà êóäüóîïìï æï åíïøò âõåæïâà. èõåæâåäëþïøò èïáâì áïîàóäòæïí üñïâòì” øåìïûäë íïìåìõëþï þåîûíóäøò, ìïæïú ìïùèòìò „êëâ”-ëì ôëîèòà ïéòíòøíåþëæï 60 . ïè æï êòæåâ ìõâï èîïâïä èòçåçàï ãïèë úõïæòï, îëè „âåôõòìüñïëìíòì“ ìòèþëäòêï èõëäëæ øëàï îóìàïâåäòì ðëåüóîò ãåíòòì àïâòìóôïäò ãïèëâäòíåþï ïî ïîòì. èòìò ùïîèïüåþòì ìïòæóèäë ìùëîåæ êóäüóîòì ìòéîèååþàïí ¸ïîèëíòòìïãïí èëèæòíïîåëþì. ïè èïîïæ èôåàáïâ ûïîéâì ñâåäïçå óêåà ïãíåþåí æï ïúëúõäåþåí ÿåøèïîòüò 59 60 G. Charachidzé – Promethé ou le Caucase, p. 335-336. Ò\ Â\ Ãàìêðåëèäçå= Âÿ÷\ ÂÑ\ Èâàíîâ= óê\ ñî÷\ ñòð\ 908\ 93 øåèëáèåæåþò, îëèåäàï ìïáèååþò ñëâåäàâòì òíüåîåðëáóîò æï òíüåîåàíòóîòï. ãïèëèæòíïîå ñëâåäòâå çåèëàáèóäòæïí, æïìêâíåþòì ìïõòà øåòûäåþï ÷ïèëâïñïäòþëà øåèæåãò: 1. üñïâòì ìòèþëäòêï òáèíåþï ïæîåìïèòùïàèëáèåæë êóäüóîåþøò, îëèåäòú VIII—III ïàïìùäåóäåþøò ãïâîúåäåþóäò òñë ìïèõîåà êïìðòòìðòîåà—ðïêòìüïíòæïí æïùñåþóäò, êïâêïìòòì, ùòíï ïçòòìï, åãåëìòì çéâòì ïóçìï æï ïéèëìïâäåà åâîëðïøò. ïè ïàïìùäåóäàï èïíûòäçå åì êóäüóîï âäòíæåþëæï èàåäò îòãò ìïåîàë æïèïõïìòïàåþåäò íòøíåþòà, îëèåäàïãïí ïéìïíòøíïâòï áïäòì èúòîå áïíæïêåþåþò. 2. óûâåäåìò áïäéâàïåþòì î÷åóä úõëâåäàïãïí, îëãëîú ïèïì ïîáåëäëãòóîò èïìïäï ãâï÷âåíåþì, ãïíìïêóàîåþòà ðëðóäïîóäò òñë ãïîåóäò àõï æï òîåèò, èüïúåþåäàïãïí äåëðïîæò—âåôõâò, èãåäò. èëãâòïíåþòà ãïíìïêóàîåþóäò èíòøâíåäëþï øåòûòíï úõâïîèï. üñïâòì ìòèþëäòêòì ûòîòàïæò èëíïúåèåþò ìùëîåæ ïè úõëâåäàï üñïâàïí æï øåôåîòäëþïìàïí ïîòì æïêïâøòîåþóäò. 3. ãïíìïêóàîåþòà æòæò ïæãòäò õïäõóî—ùïîèëæãåíåþøò æïòÿòîåì þïäïõòìèÿïèåäåþèï, èàòì „ùèòíæï“ íïæòîèï. òìòíò àâòà áïäéâàïåþòì çëëèëîôóä õïüïæïú òàâäåþëæíåí. èëãâòïíåþòà òìòíò, ãïíìïêóàîåþòà àåàîò, ïí ôåîïæò áóîáòì èáëíåíò, „íïæòîà èùñåèìåþïæ“ èòï÷íæïà. „íïæòîà èùñåèìïæ“ øåìïûäëï ëæåìéïú âåôõâò//äåëðïîæòú òàâäåþëæï, îïçåæïú èòãâïíòøíåþì ûïäçå ãïôåîèêîàïäåþóäò ãïæèëúåèåþò. åì úõëâåäò, áóîáòì ôåîïæëâíåþòì ãïèë, þóíåþòì ïéëîûòíåþòì ûïäåþàïí òñë æïêïâøòîåþóäò, æï þóíåþòì áïäéâàïåþåþòì òðëìüïìò, çëëèëîôóäò ìïõå, èòìò î÷åóäò æï ðïîüíòëîò ãïõæï. ïáåæïí ìïôóûâåäò åñîåþï âåôõâò//äåëðïîæòì üñïâòì ìòèþëäòêòì ìëúòïäóî ïìðåáüåþì. 4. ùïîèëæãåíåþò „ùèòíæï íïæòîòì“ øåìïõåþ úõëâåäàï æëèåìüòêïúòòì õïíïèæå óíæï ïéèëúåíåþóäòñë. ïèïì èëùèëþì èåüïôëîïàï ìòìüåèïøò ãïîåóä æï øòíïóî úõëâåäàï èêâåàîïæ ãïíìïçéâîóäò ãïíïùòäåþï. ãïîåóäò úõëâåä-ôîòíâåäò ûòîòàïæïæ ðëçòüòóî âåäì ïâìåþì, øòíïóîò-íåãïüòóîì. ëîìïâå èõïîåì ïîòì ãïèëíïêäòìò, îïú ãâòïíæåäò ìïèåóîíåë ñëôòì íòïæïãçå òõìíåþï. ïõïäò ìïèåóîíåë ñëôòì ãïâäåíòæïíâå óíæï èòâò÷íòëà „íïæòîà èùñåèìòì“ èòàë-îåäòãòóîò ðåîìëíòì ïéèëúåíåþï. èïì, øåìïþïèòìïæ ñëôòàò îåïäëþòìï, óðòîïüåìëþï åíòÿåþï èëíïæòîåçå. 94 5. áïäéâàïåþòì î÷åóäòì, èëíïæòîå//èåôòì, àó áóîóèòì ìïèëìåäò ïîòì âåôõâòì//äåëðïîæòì üñïâò. ñïäòþæåþï èòàëäëãåèï „üñïëìïíàï“ øåìïõåþ. úõëâåäò//üñïâò íïñëôòåîåþòì áïäéâàïåþòì ìòèþëäëï æï òõèïîåþï îòüóïäòìïì ìïèëìåäïæ „ãïîåàèòì“ ìïõòà. „ãïîåàèï“//ìïèëìåäò øåòûäåþï òñëì âåôõâò//äåëðïîæòì, èãäòì, öòõâòì, úõâîòìï æï àõòì üñïâò. íïæòîàï (ãïíìïêóàîåþòà âåôõâò//äåëðïîæòì) üñïâò ïîòì ìïðïüòë æïìïöæëèò, èïìçå òþïæåþòïí èåôååþò æï îåäòãòóîò èëûéâîåþò. èòìò ìòèþëäòêï óêïâøòîæåþï õïäò÷ïì, ìóôîïì. òãò èòùòì ìòèþëäëï æï ÷ïåíïúâäåþï íïñëôòåîåþïì, ìòèæòæîåì. òáèíåþï ùïîèëæãåíï ìïùèòìçå—ìòèæòæîå//ûïäïóôäåþòì ìòèþëäëçå, èëãâòïíåþòà èôîòíïâ õïäò÷åþìï æï íïüâîòì ìóôîåþçå. 6. áïäéâàïåþåþòì ìòèþëäëçå, õåçå, ìâåüçå, òêòæåþï èòìò øåìïùòîïâò úõëâåäòì üñïâò//ìïùèòìò. ìòúëúõäòì õòì òæåòì ÷ïèëñïäòþåþïìàïí åîàïæ ìïùèòìèï æï ìòúëúõäòì õåè îàóäò ôëîèï æï ìëúòëãåíåüòêóîò ïìðåáüåþò øåòûòíåì. òìüëîòóäïæ èåçëþåä æï êóäüóîóäïæ åîàò ïîåïäòæïí èëèæòíïîå õïäõåþòì èòàëäëãòïøò üñïâò//ìïùèòìòì îåïäòçïúòï õæåþï ìõâïæïìõâï ðïîïäåäóîò, ïæåáâïüóîò éòîåþóäåþòà. øåòûäåþï èòìò ïæãòäò æïòÿòîëì áïäèï, ìòèæòæîåè æï ï. ø. âåôõâò//äåëðïîæòì „ãïîåàèï” ïîòì áïäéâàïåþòì î÷åóäòì, ðïîüíòëîòì, áóîóèòì, èëíïæòîòì àó èåôòì ìïèëìåäò. ìïåîàëæ ãïîåàèï (úõâîòìï, àõòìï) ïúâòïà èåáëîùòäååþì, ãóàíòìæåæåþì, „þåîòêåþìï” æï ñååíåþì, îëèäåþòú áïäò éâàïåþòì æï èåôòì áëîùòíåþòì èòàëìóî „ìúåíåþì” àïèïøëþåí. „ãïîåàèï” íïñëôòåîåþòì ûïäåþòì ïáüòóîëþòì ìòèþëäëï. òãò øåìïûäëï áàëíóî âåäìïú óêïâøòîæåþëæåì. 7. íïñëôòåîåþòì áïäéâàïåþòì ãïíêïîãóäåþïøò åáúåâï ìòèæòæîå, îëèåäòú çëã êóäüóîïøò, ûïäïóôäåþïìï æï êåàòäæéåëþïìàïí åîàïæ, àïâì òñîòì ëáîëì ìïùèòìòì ìòèþëäëøò. ìïùèòìò, ãïíûò//ìòèæòæîå æï ûïäïóôäåþòìï//êåàòäæéåëþï áïäéâàïåþòì ûïäòì ãïèëâäåíïæ, èòì îåïäòçïúòïæ òàâäåþï, îëãëîú íïòîìïõåëþï íïñëôòåîåþòìï. èòàëìøò âîúåäæåþï áïäéâàïåþòì èëüïúåþï-æïþîóíåþòì ìòóýåüåþò ìïæïú èïìàïí åîàïæ, ïí ðïîïäåäóîïæ ãïæïïæãòäæåþï ãïíûò, ìïùèòìò, ïí ëîòâå, áïäéâàïåþïìàïí åîàïæ. åì ùïîèëæãåíåþò ïìïõóäòï óûâåäåì õåàóî æï êïâêïìòóî îòüóïäåþøò, ìïæïú éâàïåþïì õåçå ìùòîïâåí üñïâìï æï õëîúì, çëãöåî õåçå æïêòæóä üñïâì àâòà áïäéâàïåþï ãïíïìïõòåîåþì (õåàåþàïí, þåîûíåþàïí). ïìåàò ìòóýåüåþòì îòãì ãïíåêóàâíåþï þåîûåíàï ïîãëíïâüåþòì àáèóäåþï, 95 áïîàâåäàï õïõèïüòì ãòëîãòì äïøáîëþï áïöïâåàøò, ôïîíïâïçòì èòåî íïæòîëþòìïì ãïíûòì èëðëâåþï æï ìõâ. 8. øëàï îóìàïâåäòì „âåôõòìüñïëìíòì“ ìòèþëäòêï, üïîòåäòì ìïèëìåäò æï íåìüïíò - äåëðïîæò//âåôõâò, óûâåäåìò èòàëäëãåèòì äòüåîïüóîóäò ãïîæïìïõâïï æï øëîåóäò ùïîìóäòæïí òéåþì ìïàïâåì. ÃÏÚËÚÕÄÅÞÒÌ ÒÆÅÏ ÁÏÎÀÓÄ ÈÒÀËÌØÒ ÆÏ ÈÒÌÒ ÎÅÏÄÒÇÏÚÒÒÌ ÒÌÜËÎÒÓÄÒ ÔËÎÈÅÞÒ gacocxlebis idea miTossa da zepirsityvierebis sxvadasxva formebSi friad popularulia da kulturis Zalian adreul plastebSi unda iRebdes saTaves. xalxur yofasa da sityvierebaSi Semonaxuli pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri masala ZiriTadad RvTaebaTa sezonuri kvdoma-aRorZinebis anareklia, rac, garda pirdapir sikvdil-gacocxlebisa, sakmaod mravalferovani simboluri faqtiTa Tu opoziciiT aris gadmocemuli (magaliTad: sikvdili–gacocxleba; wasvla-dabruneba; 96 Zili-gaRviZeba; gaW- ra//dakargva//motaceba-xsna, tyveoba-Tavisufleba da a. S.) es opoziciebi ZiriTadad maRalorganizebuli moTosisa da rTuli socialuri garemosaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, romelsac ukve gaaCnia am principiT konstruirebuli religiuri warmodgenebi da misi Sesabamisi, regulirebuli ritualuri praqtika, taZrebi, msaxurTa kasta da a. S. am SedarebiT rTuli ritualebis gverdiT xalxur warmodgenebSi damkvidrebulia martivi siuJetebi da rwmena-warmodgenebi, romlebic bevrad ufro Soreul socialur yofas Seesabamebian vidre Tundac antikur xanaSi fiqsirebuli analogiuri masala. Tu msgavsi warmodgenebis raobis seriozuolad davinteresdebiT, maSin SesaZlebeli xdeba mokvleva iseTi arqauli donisa, romelic win uswrebs mwarmoeblur meurneobas, radgan „gacocxlebisa da gamravlebis“ procesis aqtivizirebis tendencia SemCneulia da Seswavlilia iseTi dabali ganviTarebis safexuris praqtikaSi, rogoric iyvnen, magaliTad, XIX saukunis avstralieli aborigenebi. amgvari cda saSualebas gvaZlevs Tvalyuri gavadevnoT ideis, „praqtikuli“ (ritualis formiT) realizaciis gamovlinebebs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva doneze. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sayuredRebod gveCveneba samonadireo gadmocemebi, sadac gansakuTrebiT uxvad aris Semonaxuli amJamad CvenTvis saintereso masala. am Temas qarTul mecnierebaSi karga xania mieqca yuradReba. mxedvelobaSi maqvs saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli Tqmuleba xis beWiani nadiris Sesaxeb, rasac saintereso werili miuZRvna T. oCiaurma1, xolo e. virsalaZem Tavis monografiaSi siuJetis ganxilvasTan erTad mniSvnelovani adgili dauTmo savele masalasac2. T. oCiauris werilSi xisbeWiani nadiris Sesaxeb dasmuli problema gadaWrilia animisturi Sexedulebebisa da metamorfozul cvlilebaTa garSemo arsebul warmodgenebis safuZvelze xolo e. virsalaZem igi ganixila rogorc samonadireo ciklis nawili da mokvdav da aRdgenad RvTaebaTa Sesaxeb arsebul warmodgenebs daukavSira. amrigad Seiqmna ori, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli, magram araurTierTgamomricxveli Tvalsazrisi, romlebic emyarebian mkvlevarTa mier damuSavebul rwmena-warmodgenaTa da miTosuri ciklebis gansxvavebul, erTmaneTisagan daSorebul aspeqtebs. am problemas yuradReba miaqcia m. xidaSelma Tavis naSromSi „centraluri amierkavkasiis grafikuli xelovneba adreul rkinis xanaSi“. naSromSi motanilia vrceli arqeologiuri da folkloruli masala Sesaba- 97 misi paraleluri monacemebiT, ramac saSualeba misca avtors sakiTxi ganexila ara marto kavkasiis masStabiT. saTanado analizis Sedegad m. xidaSeli askvnis, rom brinjaos sartylebis uaRresad saintereso mxatvrobas safuZvlad daedo am regionSi adresamiwaTmoqmedo xanebidan SemuSavebuli farTo sarwmunoebrivi koncepcia, romelic damyarebulia Zveli msoflios miwaTmoqmed xalxebSi gavrcelebul rwmenebze nayofierebis deduri RvTaebebis Sesaxeb. rac Seexeba amJamad CvenTvis saintereso siuJets, igi mas xedavs sartylebze gamosaxul zogierT epizodSi. mas miaCnia, rom sartylebze gvxvdeba scenebi, sadac RvTaebebi Wamen nadirs, rac, bunebrivia maTi aRdgenisaTvis saWiro religiur praqtikasac gulisxmobs. naSromSi gaSlili msjeloba ZiriTadad am motivis ganxilvas eZRvneba da amdenad m. xidaSelis Tvalsazrisi Cveni poziciisaTvis yovelmxriv xelsayrel viTarebas qmnis. gansakuTrebiT unda avRniSnoT misi mosazreba sartyelebis mxatvrobaSi asaxuli motivebis mdgradobis Sesaxeb, romelTa safuZvlebi gvarovnuli sazogadoebis wiaRSia saZiebeli3. amjerad Cven ar gvainteresebs am miTosuri siuJetis mrwamsobrivi siRrmeebis kvleva da SemovifarglebiT misi istoriuli aspeqtebiTa da kulturulsocialuri transformaciis sakiTxebiT, miT ufro, rom mkvlevarTa warmodgenili poziciebi ara Tu ara ewinaaRmdegebian, aramed met-naklebi moculobiT avseben kidec erTmaneTs saerTo koncefciaSi, romelic savsebiT eTanxmeba Cvens Sexedulebebsac am sakiTxze. axla davubrundeT gansaxilvel sakiTxs. a. SaniZes Tavis „xevsurul poeziaSi“ gamoqveynebuli aqvs am siuJetis erTi varianti, sadac monadires aseTi ram gadaxdeba: erT exSi. romlis siaxloves eSmakebi binadroben monadirem Seitana mokluli jixvi da vaxSmis momzadeba daiwyo, magram gatyavebuli nanadirevi cecxlidan wamouxta da gaiqca. gakvirvebul monadires eSmakebma uTxres, rom baTirs uaresi daemarTao. monadirem ipova baTiri, romelmac uambo Semdegi: erTxel mas imave exSi daunTia cecxli nanadirevis mosamzadeblad. Seudga saqmes Tu ara maSinve gaigona rogor eZaxda erTi eSmaki meores, qorwilSi Tu wamoxvalo. adgilobriv eSmaks uTqvams, ver wamolval stumari myavso. damZaxebels es eSmaki Tavis stumrianad miupatiJia da esenic wasulan (e. i. monadire xmas miyolia). qorwilSi sufrasTan sami jixvi dakles, xorci SeWames, Zvali moagroves da tyavze daalages. aRmoCnda, 98 rom erTi beWi aklda, romelic monadirem damala megobari eSmakis rCeviT), imis magieri xisgan gamoTales, moaxvies tyavi, dakres maTraxi, nadiri gacocxlda da tyeSi gaiqca. maTraxis dakvramde eSmakebma kidevac Seuloces: „adeg, adeg xeWeWao, xisa gedgas beWadao“. maspinZeli eSmakebi monadires sam jixvs dapirdnen. monadirem marTlac daxoca es jixvebi, romelTagan erTi xis beWiani gamodga4. e. virsalaZes motanili aqvs am siuJetis sxva varianti, romelic mas mTis raWaSi, sof. patara RebSi Cauweria. am variantis mixedviT monadires angelozebi iwveven. stumar-maspinZeli keras Semousxda. maspinZlebma nadiri dakles, moxarSes da SeWames, mere Zvlebi Seagroves da isev daakldaT erTi beWi, romelic monadirem ZaRls gadaugdo. angelozebma xis beWi gaTales. gauries Zvlebs, mere nadiri gaacocxles da gauSves, Tanac dauTqves: „Tazis (stumari monadiris) bedi iyavio“. Semdeg Txroba sruldeba angelozTagan TazisaTvis nadirobis aRkveTiT. etyoba, mTxrobelma ori sxvadasxva siuJeti auria, radgan sxva varianteSi, sadac monadire nawukas ambavia moTxrobili, naTqvamia, rom gacocxlebuli xis beWiani nadiri monadrem mokla. aris varianti, sadac devi zustad amave wesiT acocxlebs xars5. analogiuri varianti mTaTuSeTSi Cauweria S. ZiZigurs. am siuJetis mixedviT xelmocaruli monadire erT gaxsnil kldeSi damdgara. am adgilis deda da monadire eSmakebma qorwilSi miiwvies. sufraze sami jixvis xorci ewyo. monadirem aiRo erTi beWi da CumaT mdinareSi Caagdo. sufrasTan saubrisas erTma eSmakma gaixsena dRes monadire jixvs epareboda da me gavawbileo. purobas rom morCnen, Zvlebi tyavSi gaaxvies, dakargulis nacvlad xis beWi Cades da Seuloces: „adeg, adeg xeWeWao, xisa gedgas beWadao“. jixvebi wamoxtnen da gaiqcnen. meore dRes monadirem xis beWiani nadiri mokla6. leCxumSi damowmebuli gadmocemebis Tanaxmad xis beWis siuJetSi monawileoben axali personaJebi, Winkebi: tyesTan axlos mcxovreb qals Zroxa daekarga. igi tyeSi saZeblenad wavida mezobel qalebTan erTad da Seeswro Winkebis qorwils. Winkebs misi Zroxa daeklaT da iq misul qals zeTis gamoxda Txoves. qali daTanxmda da miwaze Caimuxla (albaT samuSaod). am dros misken gamoisroles Zroxis beWis Zvali, romelic man moxrili fexisqveS damala. qorwils rom morCnen, Winkebma Seagroves 99 Zroxis Zvlebi magram beWi daakldaT, magram samagiero maT xisagan gamoTales. Semdeg Zvlebs gadaafares tyavi da Zroxa gaacocxles7. nadirs xocaven da acocxleben wylis stiqiis RvTaebebi Tu avi sulebi, mesefeebi, romelTa Sesaxeb rwmenebi ZiriTadad zRvis mimdbare regionSia gavrcelebuli. mesefeebi Savi zRvidan amodian ZaRlebis TanxlebiT da gavlenas axdenen amindze. maTzea damokidebuli mosavlis aRebis periodSi dari iqneba Tu wvima. rodesac mesefeebi da maTi Tanmxlebi ZaRlebi zRvidan amovlen (rac oqtombris bolos, noembris dasawyisSi xdeba), nadiri frTxeba da miuval adgilebs etaneba. am dros monadireebi usaTuod xelmocarulebi rCebian, Tu mesefeebma ar inebes. isini klaven da aRadgenen rogorc nadirs, ise Sinaur cxovelebsac: SeWmuli nadiris Zvlebs axveven tyavSi da joxis dartymiT ayeneben fexze. zogierTi gadmocemis Tanaxmad mesefi nadirTa mwyemsis funqciasac asrulebs. isini aZleven monadires nadavls. monadire klavs mxolod im cxovels, romelic mesefeebma ukve SeWames da gaacocxles. samegreloSi, roca monadire gamxdar nadirs moklavs, ityvian, mesefis SeWmuli mergoo8. safiqrebelia, rom nadirTa mwyemsis daaxloeba av sulebTan (devi, Winka, mesefi) ufro gviandeli movlena unda iyos, rac kargad aqvs naCvenebi e. virsalaZes9. rac Seexeba ZaRlisa da mesefis kavSirs, specialistebi aqve ixsenieben amiranis ZaRls, aseve brinjaos sartyelze damowmebul nairobis scenebs, sadac ZaRlebi Canan. yvelafer amas emateba mwemsTa ZaRlebisa da RTvaebaTa mwevrebis problema. romelsac amJamad CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxTan ar davakavSirebT. es sakiTxebi, miuxedavad mniSvnelovani siZvelisa, mainc ufro gviandel movlenas warmoadgens, vidre motanili siuJetis genezisis done. amave siuJetzea Seqmnili vaJa-fSavelas cnobili poema „xis biWi“. poemaSi moqmedeba Semdegnairad viTardeba: monadires eZaxis xma da ucnaur lxinze iwvevs. sufris TavSi zis lamazi qali, romelic purobis nebas rTavs stumrebs da maTTan erTad monadires. am ukanasknels xazgasmiT Txoven, rom „Zvalebi ar dagvikargo, rac mogergeba wiladao“. monadirem wyalSi xelukuRma gadaagdo irmis beWi. purobis Semdeg Zvlebi dauwyves winamZRol lamaz qals, romelsac Zvlebis TvlaSi Tanamosufreebi exarebodnen. daakldaT irmis beWi, romlis sanacvlo xisagan gamoTales. amis Semdeg aTasobiT nadiri gaacocxles da monadireebs dauTqves. stumars 100 xis beWiani iremi ergo. Semdeg monadires grZneuli Zili eufleba, xolo roca iRviZebs, irgvliv aravin aris. dgeba myviraloba, monadire tyeSi gadis. igi miepara xarirems, is iyo unda esrola Tofi, rom uceb sxva Tofi gavarda da iremi daeca. tyidan gamovida ucxo monadire, romelic, Tanaxmad monadireTa wesisa, naxevars sTavazobs Cvens gmirs. vidre isini irems gaatyavebdnen, gamoCnda sxva iremi da Cveni monadire amasac aacdens tyvias. amasTan ukvalod gaqra moziare monadire da darCa gatyavebuli iremi, romelic gauCinarebulma monadirem mokla. Cveni gmiri sofelSi Caitans nanadirevs da bevrsac itrabaxebs. uceb xorcidan gamoxteba xis beWi, romelzedac weria Tu visi moklulia nadiri. Sercxvenili monadire samudamod anebebs Tavs rogorc nadirobas, ise nanadirevis Wamas10. samegreloSi n. janaSiam Caiwera am siuJetis erTi varianti, sadac nadirTa patroni, tyeSi mafa, stumrisaTvis klavs taxs, Semdeg Zvlebs axvevs tyavSi da acocxlebs nadirs. am taxs klavs stumari monadire, romelic beWSi poulobs Tavis xeliT Camalul jayvas11. es siuJeti, sxvadasxva versiebis saxiT mTel kavkasiaSia damowmebuli. Tanaxmad afxazuri masalisa, monadires gareuli Txa uRran tyeSi Seityuebs da miiyvans uzarmazar koconTan, romlis garSemo RvTaebebi sxedan. RvTaebebi Txas daklaven, monadires umaspinZleben da Zvlebs Seagroveben. monadire ZvalTan malavs jayvas (joxs). Semdeg RvTaebebi nadirs acocxleben da meore dRes monadire klavs aRTqmul nadirs, romlis xorcSi poulobs Tavis nivTs12. afxazTa Soris nadiris patronad iTvleba aJveipSaa, anu oqros JveipSi, didi Tavadi, romelic monadireebs „arsebobis saSualebas aZlevs, ar klavs SimSiliT“, xalxs amwyalobebs Tavisi sakuTrebis im nawilidan, romelic man ukve Sesva da SeWama. „mis SeWmulSi aris yvela monadiris wili“. es azri aris gamoxatuli monadiris simReraSi, romelic T. n. genkom Caiwera 1928 wels13. garda amisa am RvTaebas Txoven warmatebas, borotisagan dacvas, aminds; masve miaweren kldeebis wverebis ganaTebasac. aJveipSaa tyeSi cxovrobs, yavs coli, aseve coliani vaJi, ivane da lamazi asuli (asulebi), romelic xSirad sasiyvarulo kavSirebs amyarebs monadireebTan. maTTan cxovrobs msaxuri, Svakvazi. igi warmodgenili yavT moxuci, an Warmagi kacis saxiT. aJveipSaa yvela mTisa da mTebSi gafantuli nadiris patronad iTvleba, mwyemsavs da wvelis nadirs, aseve anawil- 101 ebs maT monadireTa Soris. misi neba-survilis gareSe nadiri ar moikvleba: monadireebi moipoveben mxolod im nadirs, romelic RvTaebebma ukve dakles, SeWames da gaacocxles. cxoveli, romelic maT ar SeuWamiaT, uxilavia. monadires ara aqvs ufleba moklas TeTri, an Wrelqurqiani nadiri, radgan es ukanasknelni aseve nadirT mwyemsebad da RvTaebaTa rCeul cxovelebad iTvlebian. cxadia, isini RvTaebebi arian, oRond zoomorfuli saxis da amitom maTi xelis mxlebeli sastikad isjeba, zog variantSi aRwerilia Tu rogor anawileben nadavls monadireTa Soris aJveipSaa da Svakvazi: isini warmodgenilni arian yru moxucebis saxiT. samarTliani aJveipSaa eubneba Svakvazs: „visac ar Sexvedria, imas mieci!“ yru Svakvazs ki Caesmis visac Sexvedria imas miecio da isic erTsa da igive pirovnebas asaCuqrebs. amitom zogi monadire iRbliania, zogi ki ara14. es siuJeti imeorebs qarTlSi gavrcelebul Tqmulebas amindis RvTaebis, yru eliasa da misi msaxuris, aseve yru zaqarias Sesaxeb, romlebic analogiuri Secdomis gamo ayrian xolme naTesebs setyvas. aseT msgavsebas, ra Tqma unda, Tavisi istoriuli safuZveli gaaCnia. erTi afxazuri siuJetis mixedviT, monadiris Svili, romelsac mamis mowafe ar waiyvans sanadirod, marto midis tyeSi da iq Sexvdeba Svakvazs. am ukanasknels igi aJveipSaasTan miyavs. msaxurma vaxSami moamzada. dakla jixvi, iremi, Txa, kurdReli da moxarSa. vaxSamis Semdeg Zvlebi daawyves tyavebze, aJveipSaam dahkra Tavis joxi, cxovelebi gacocxldnen da TavTavianT jogebSi gaiqcnen. meore dRes ymawvilma mokla TeTri jixvi, saidanac gamoxta iremi, irmidan gamoxta arCvi, mokla arCvi, saidanac kurdReli gamoxta. ymawvilma kurdRelic mokla da aseTi nadavliT dabrunda15. meore variantis Tanaxmad monadirem daWra iremi, magram nadiri gaeqca. Zebnisas monadire miadga irmis, jixvisa da arCvis jogs, romelsac erTi kaci edga mwyemsad da nadirs wvelida. am kacma salami misca monadires, uTxra, Sedi saxlSi damelode, saqmes movrCebi, jogi ar damefantos, - da male movalo. es kaci iyo aJveipSaa. cota xanSi man wvela daamTavra da saxlSi rZe Seitana, stumars jer mawoni miarTva, mere jogidan oremi aarCia, swored is, romelic monadires tyeSi Sexvda, dakla, gaatyava da moamzada. stumarma sami naWeri aaWra xorcs da dakmayofilda, xolo dana Cumad damala xorcSi. sadils rom morCnen, maspinZelma xorcis narCenebi tyavSi Caawyo, maTraxi gadahkra da gaacoc- 102 xla. saxlSi mimavalma monadirem gzad iremi mokla, romlis beWSi Tavisi dana ipovna16. CeCnuri Txzuleba mogviTxrobs sami goliaTi qalis Ssaxeb, romlebic gamoqvabulSi cxovrobdnen da maspinZlobdnen maTTan SemTxveviT moxvedril sam Zmas. qalebi acocxlebdnen SeWmul arCvs, romelsac dakarguli beWis nacvlad xis beWs Caudgamen. am arCvs klaven saxlSi mimavali Zmebi da xorcSi pouloben xis beWs17. aris variantebi, sadac ikargeba irmis nekni, romelsac avsaTi bzis nekniT cvlis. cxovels sicocxle ubrundeba maTraxis dartymiT18. warmodgenili masalidan SeiZleba gamoyofil iqnes ramdenime siuJeturi rgoli, romelic saerToa literaturaSi cnobil yvela magaliTisaTvis, ramdenadac am siuJeturi jgufis gamoyofa mxolod saerTo motivebis mixedviT aris SesaZlebeli. pirveli da mrwamsobrivi safuZvlis Semqmneli idea aris idea SeWmuli nadiris gacocxlebis Sesaxeb, romelic universaluria ara mxolod kavkasiisaTvis, aramed TiTqmis mTeli Zveli msoflios xalxebis kulturisaTvis. kavkasiuri masalisaTvis tipiuria siuJetebi, sadac mokluli da SeWmuli cxovelis gacocxleba xdeba Zvalisa da tyavis, rogorc sasicocxlo minimumis bazaze. aseve sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom cxovelebi Tavisi nebiT midian RvTaebebTan; aseve araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar xvdeba maT cxovelTa dakvlisas. Cvenis azriT sagangebo yuradRebis Rirsia epizodebi, romelTa Sesabamisad nadirTa RvTaebebi sanaTesao (saojaxo) jgufia da saerTo cecxlTan mjdomT aqvT saerTo trapeza, aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom RvTaebebi icaven stumarTmoyvareobisa da maspinZlobis im wesebs, romlebic aRebul regionSi moqmedeben, rac Tavis mxriv xazs usvams maspinZeli jgufis egzogamurobas. aseve saerTo siuJetia umravlesobisaTvis cxovelis aRdgenis meqanizmi da amisaTvis saWiro iaraRi (maTraxi, joxi, wkepla). saerTo elementebidan, Cvenis azriT, nakleb yuradRebas imsaxurebs cxovelis ConCxis Secvlili nawili (beWi, nekni) da mis magier ConCxSi CarTuli Tu xorcSi Camaluli gareSe sagani. gamomdinare Cveni interesebidan, es elementebi amJamad dakvirvebis obieqtad ar CaiTvleba, radgan araviTari semantikuri datvirTva ara aqvT da siuJetis agebulebaSi mxolod Semowmebis saSualebas warmoadgenen. aseTi elementebi Cveulebriv warmoqmnebian da siuJetSi erTvebian SedarebiT gvian, roca miTosuri arsi kargavs 103 mrwamsul aqtualobas da folklorad qcevis tendencias amJRavnebs. aseT viTarebaSi saWiro xdeba siuJetis ZiriTadi, mrwamsis gamomxatveli monacemebis Semowmebisa da dazustebis meqanizmi, romelic damajerebels gaxdis mas sarwmunoebrivad Secvlil garemoSi. miuxedavad amisa es epizodebi mniSvnelobas anarCuneben rogorc struqturis elementebi. im epizodTaTvis, romlebic miTosur siuJetSi inarCuneben semantikur mniSvnelobas, damaxasiaTebelia kidev erTi specifikuri niSani: isini axleburi mniSvnelobiT itvirTebian yovel axal kulturul-istoriul da religiur garemoSi, ris sailustraciod moviyvanT Semdeg magaliTs: Savi zRvis sanapiroze mcxovreb somexTa Soris damowmebulia CvenTvis saintereso siuJetis sruliad originaluri varianti, romlis mixedviT abraami maspinZlobs uflis angelozs da misTvis xbos klavs. roca abraamma sufraze xorci daawyo, sufras miadga Zroxa da bRavili daiwyo. angelozma abraams Zvlebi tyavze daawyobina da xbo gacocxlda. rogorc vxedavT aq siuJetis ZiriTadi qarga SenarCunebulia. magram gansxvavebiT miTosisagan, sadac aRdgena-gamravlebis ideaa wamyvani, igi emsaxureba uflis yovlisSemZleobisa da usazRvro gulmowyalebis warmosaxvasa da proklamirebas. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, axali idea gamoixateba Zveli, gasagebi da xelmisawvdomi saSualebiT. igive viTarebas vxedavT zemoT mo- yvanil magaliTSi, roca yru Svakvazi da aJveipSaa nadirs usamarTlod unawileben monadireebs, msgavsad yru eliasa da zaqariasi, romlebic SecdomiT anadgureben miwaTmoqmedTa naTesebs. am SemTxvevebSic miTosuri sqemebi morgebulia im sameurneo interesebze, romlebic ZiriTads warmoadgenen aRebuli eTnosisaTvis. faqtia rom arsebobs epizodebi, siuJeturi rgolebi, romlebic, rwmena-warmodgenaTa TvalsazrisiT, iZenen sakraluri kvanZebis mniSvnelobas, rac maT gansakuTrebul mdgomareobas ganapirobebs. am kvanZebis sakraluroba ar niSnavs maT gankuTvnilobas religiis romelime formisadmi. isini universalurad moqmedeben sxvadasxva istoriul droSi da mrwamsobriv sivrceSi. vfiqrobT, rom aseTi universaluroba aris maTi ukiduresad arqauli warmoSobis Sedegi. Tanamedrove mecniereba, miuxedavad didi warmatebisa, SedarebiT sustad icnobs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis uZveles periodebs da am sazogadoebaTa inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs. cnobilia, rom sacxovrebeli, rogorc Caketili sivrce warmoSobisTanave akmayofilebda sazogadoebis Sesabamis mo- 104 TxovnilebaTa ZiriTad principebs. momdevno saukuneebSi xdeboda am ideis axleburi inJineruli realizacia, axal socialur dakveTaTa Sesabamisad. SesaZloa analogiuri viTareba gvqondes miTosisa da religiis sferoSi. kavkasiur miTosur masalaSi aSkarad moCans nadirT mfarveli RvTaebebi (dali, oCopindre, tyaSi mafa, aJviSpaa, avsaTi, meziTxa da sxva), romelTa saxelobaze sruldeboda garkveuli wesebi, iwireboda Sesawiravi ritualuri, zneobrivi da sxvadasxva saxis aRkveTaTa praqtika samonadireo saqmianobisas19, magram aqve Cans Semdegi garemoebac: zogierTi RvTaeba, magaliTad, dali, aJveipSaa da sxv. erTsa da imave dros erTic aris da mravalic. miTosSi es viTareba, yovelgvari damatebiTi komentaris gareSe, gamoxatulia martivi meTodiT: qarTul masalaSi aRwerilia Tu rogor sxedan nadirT mwyemsebis jgufebi koconis garSemo, cnobilia mwyemsi qalebi da vaJebi. isini epatiJebian an maspinZloben SemTxveviT mosul monadireebs ojaxur sufrasTan, an saqorwilo lxinSi. maT garda arseboben zoomorfuli nadirT mwyemsebi, TeTri, an niSniani cxovelebis saxiT. yovelive es aSkarad migvaniSnebs maT simravleze. qarTulSi arsebobs pirdapiri miTiTebac, rom aseT RvTaebaTa (mag. dalebis) ricxvi usazRvroa. erT personad ixsenieba magaliTad afxazTa aJveipSaa, magram mas yavs coli, vaJi, asuli (an asulebi), romlebic monadireebTan sasiyvarulo urTierTobiT Zalian waagvanan qarTvelTa dals. yvelaferi es exmaureba qarTuli samonadireo eposis im nawils, sadac gmiris dabadeba da Wabuki monadiris daRupvaa aRwerili20. cxadia, rom aqac simravlesTan gvaqvs saqme. mecnierebaSi cnobilia koncepcia „wiledi RvTaebebis“ Sesaxeb (n. mari, v. bardaveliZe), romlis gamovlenis erT-erTi formaa RvTaebaTa Soris naTesavuri damokidebuleba, Svili aris mSoblis RvTaebrivi Zalis emanacia21. ase rom, iqmneba tipiuri situacia, rodesac mravali gamoxatulia erTis saSualebiT da piriqiT, rac Cveulebrivi movlenaa religiur praqtikaSi. igive situacia dasturdeba enobriv samyaroSiac. Tavis droze n. janaSiam yuradReba miaqcia im garemoebas, rom saxeli aJveipSaa mravlobiT ricxvSi dgas. aqedan gamomdinare igi nadirT mwyemss Semegnairad axasiaTebs: „aJveipSaa nadirobisa da nadiris RvTaebebia, isini uRran tyeSi cxovroben da Cveulebriv saqmianobas ewevian...“22. aRsaniSnavia, rom igive viTareba mowmdeba afxazTa mTavari RvTaebis, an- 105 cvas saxelSic. igi aRniSnavs „dedebs“, maSin, roca praqtikaSi gaiazreba rogorc RmerTi, mamrobiTi arsi23. motanili masala gviCvenebs, rom kavkasiur miTosSi aris Senaxuli done, sadac nadirTa mwyemsebi warmoadgenen RvTaebaTa mTel kategorias, magram aqve SeimCneva procesi maT erT RvTaebad gaerTianebisaken. dalebis simravle, gamoqvabulTa patroni eSmakebi, koconTan msxdomi RvTaebebi, goliaTi qalebi da a. S. simravlis gamoxatulebad unda miviCnioT, romelic ukve amJRavnebs miswrafebas erT RvTaebad ganviTarebisaken. amave dros RvTaebaTa simravlis warmodgena naTesaur jgufad gviCvenebs, rom am warmodgenaTa formireba gvarovnuli socialuri garemos gavleniT unda momxdariyo. amazeve miuTiTebs RvTaebaTa erTad purobis wesic, rac gvarovnul sazogadoebaSi sisxliT naTesavTa prerogativaa. saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom RvTaebaTa naTesaoba religiis istoriisaTvis Cveulebrivi movlenaa. sakmarisia Tvali gadavavloT antikuri qveynebis mcire aziis, SuamdinareTis, egviptis, indoeTis da a.S. panTeonebs, rom yvelgan aseTi suraTs SevxvdebiT: RvTaebaTa panTeoni ZiriTadad ojaxuri jgufia, romlis saTaveSi dgas mama, ojaxis ufrosi. bunebrivia, rom es viTareba SemTxveviTi ar aris. igi im msgavsi socialuri procesebis anareklia, romelSiac mimdinareobda panTeonebis formireba am sivrceSi. yvela panTeons aqvs Tavisi Sida ierarqia da sakuTari Taviseburebebi, rac socialuri ganviTarebis, eTno-kulturuli, sameurneo, geografiuli pirobebis da a. S. specifikis Sedegad aRmocenda, magram ZiriTadad xazebSi msgavseba aSkarad Cans. magaliTisaTvis sakmarisia gavixsenoT olimpieli zevsi da misi Svilebi, romlebic oqrosa da spilos Zvlis sasaxleSi neqtarisa da ambrosias miiTrmeven. suraTi metismetad rafinirebulia. magram aSkarad enaTesaveba ufro arqaul, primitiul, magram momqmedi miTosis pulsis Sesabamisad agebul scenas, sadac nadirTa mwyemsi RvTaebebi koconis garSemo sxedan, Wamen nadiris xorcs, mere acocxleben maT da sarCod urigeben monadireebs. berZnul tradiciaSi aSkarad Cans gadasvla miTosidan literaturaze, igrZnoba rTuli saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi situaciis zegavlena, romelic aRar cdilobs miTosuri kvlavaRorZinebis ideis SenarCunebas, radgan miTosi, rogorc mrwamsobrivi safuZveli, aRar aris sakmarisi klasikuri xanis saberZneTisaTvis. kavkasiurma miTosma, gansxvavebiT berZnulisagan, ukeT SeinarCuna miTosuri logika da xSirad 106 gvexmareba imis gagebaSi, rac berZnulSi saxeSecvlilia da gardaqmnili. magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT cnobil siuJets tantalosis Sesaxeb; tantalosi, zevsisa da simdidris qalRvTaebis, plutos Svili, lidiaSi mefobda. igi imdenad iyo ganebivrebuli mamis mier, rom bedavda olimpodan wamoeRo neqtari da ambrosia da Tavisi miwieri megobrebi daepatiJna. qveyanaze mas veravin ver Seedreboda simdidriT. mis sasaxleSi RvTaebebi stumrobdnen TviT zevsis meTaurobiT. tantalosi gaTamamda da RvTaebebs aRar epueboda. man damala zevsis sakurTxevlidan moparuli oqros ZaRli, romelic zevss Zalian uyvarda, riTac yvela aRaSfoTa. bolos, RvTaebaTa gamocdis mizniT, tantalosma saSineli codva Caidina. man dakla sakuTari Svili, pelopsi da misi xorcisagan momzadebuli kerZi gamocdis mizniT miarTva stumrad wveul RvTaebebs. zevsma da misma Tanmxlebebma imwamsve gamoicnes, Tu ra miarTva maT tantalosma da xeli ar axles kerZs. mxolod demetram, Tavisi asulis, persefones dakargvis gamo usazRvrod damwuxrebulma da Cafqrebulma, SeWama beWi. RvTaebebma gaacocxles pelopsi, xolo SeWmuli beWis magier hefestosma spilos Zvlis beWi Causva. am ambis samaxsovrod pelopsis STamomavlebs beWze TeTri laqa darCaT. tantalosi sastikad daisaja, rac kargad aris aRwerili antikur literaturaSi. miuxedavad olimpiuri pompezurobisa, siuJeti ganekuTvneba RvTaebaTa mier cxovelTa magiuri gacocxlebis arqaul cikls. aq, nacvlad xisa, figurirebs spilosZvlis beWi, romelic xsnis TeTri niSnis warmomavlobas pelopsis STamomavalTa beWze. sainteresoa, rom Semowmebis es meqanizmi Zvel saberZneTSic yofila cnobili. cxadia isic, rom miTosuri siuJeti ukve mTlianad daSorebulia Tavis sawyis mniSvnelobas da sikvdil-aRdgenisa da maradi ganaxlebis miTosur-religiuri koncepcia, rasac odesRac gamoxatavda xsenebuli siuJeti, ukve moralur-eTikursa da esTetikur-literaturul samyaroSia gadayvanili. aseTi cvlilebebi tipiuria berZnuli miTosisaTvis. uZvelesi siuJetebi msxverplisa da ganaxlebis Sesaxeb, romelTac gamoecalaT mrwamsobrivi niadagi, SeiWra xelovnebaSi da iqcnen ukiduresi zneobrivi krizisis simboloebad (tantalosi, medea, atrevsi, fiesti, oidiposi da sxva), romelTa amamoqmedebeli impulsebi ganlagebulni arian adamianuri arsis cnobier, Tu gaucnobierebel doneebze. adamianis (Svilis) Sewirvis scena am siuJetebSi Se- 107 saZloa mogvianebiT moxvda da cxovelis Sewirvis scenas Caenacvla, Tumca berZnul miTosSi gvaqvs Sebrunebuli magaliTi, roca Sewiruli adamiani RvTaebis nebiT icvleba cxoveliT (Sewirul ifigenias cvlis Sveli). aseTi movlenebi, Cveulebriv, meoradia da seriozul ideologiur cvlilebebTan aris dakavSirebuli.vfiqrobT, rom tantalosis miTosis saTanado gagebisa da SefasebisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs berZnuli da kavkasiuri siuJetebis paralelurad Seswavlas, radgan kavkasiur miTosSi kargad aris Senaxuli am siuJetTa pirvelmniSvnelobis gamomxatveli epizodebi, rac berZnulSi dakargulia da gardasaxuli. sayuradReboa, rom analogiuri siuJetebi Zalze aqtiuria Zvel skandinavTa miTosSiac, magram aq mas transformirebis gansxvavebuli gza aqvs gavlili da adgilobriv miTosTan SesabamisobaSia moyvanili. snori sturlursonis (XII s.) „mcire edas“ mixedviT skandinavelTa erT-erTi umTavresi RvTaeba, mebrZoli tori, romelsac xelSi upyria goliaTebis gamanadgurebeli uro – molniri, etlosania. mis etlSi ori Txa aris Sebmuli. erTxel tori stumrad misula da Rame gauTevia. man dakla Tavisi Txebi, gaatyava da xorci qvabSi Caawyo. roca xorci moixarSa, igi TanamgzavrebTan erTad vaxSmad dajda da maspinZlebic miiwvia... Semdeg torma keris win gaSala tyavebi da yvelas ubrZana Zvlebi zed daewyoT. maspinZlis vaJma, tiulvim, barklis Zvali danis wveriT gatexa da tvinis amoReba scada... meore diliT torma Tavisi molniriT akurTxa tyavebi (Zvlebi da tyavebi - i.s.), Txebi gacocxlda, magram erTi dakoWlebuli aRmoCnda im Zvlis gamo, romelic wina saRamos, vaxSmobisas, tiulvim gatexa. tori Zlier gawyra (igi moiRuSa, warbebi Seyara, rac gavdrebas da mexTatexas niSnavda. Seadare qarT. pirquSi) da maspinZelma didi xvewnavedrebiT gamoisyida danaSauli: man tors Tavisi Svilebi, qali da vaJi misca, romlebic amis Semdeg tors dayvebian da emsaxurebian24. meore maradgacocxlebadi cxoveli, romelic isev mcire edaSia naxsenebi, aris taxi sehrimniri. igi valhalaSi (suleTis sasaxleSi) hyavT. misi xorci yvelas yofnis, ramdeni kacic ar unda iyos iq. am taxs diliT daklaven, xorcs moxarSaven da daarigeben, saRamos ki igi isev cocxalia25, samwuxaod wyaroSi aRwerli ar aris misi gacocxleis meqanizmi, magram Tu toris Txebis gacocxlebis teqnikas gavixsenebT, unda vifiqroT, rom sehrimniris gacocxlebac imave teqnologiiT xdeboda, miuxe- 108 davad mcire cvlilebisa da gardaqmnisa, mrwamsuli invarianti skandinavur masalaSi yvelgan ucvlelad aris SenarCunebuli. CvenTvis saintereso siuJetis qargs vxvdebiT ara mxolod Zveli xalxebis miTossa da religiur moqmedebebSi. sakiTxis gamokvlevisa da saTanado kulturul-istoriuli SefasebsaTvis gadamwyveti mnSvneloba aqvs analogiuri rwmena-warmodgenebisa da miTosis damowmebas kavkasiisdan moSorebiT, skandinaviisagan diametrulad ganlagebul samyaroSi, kerZod hindiyuSis mTianeTis xalxebSi. magaliTad, Sinas enebze molaparake dardebis tomSi (iseve, rogorc mraval sxva tomSi) siwmindis gansaxierebad iTvleba kldis vaci, yarayormis mTavar qedze aseTadve iTvleba gareuli cxvari, romelic mxolod am raionSi binadrobs, iSviaTad maT umateben himalais xoxobs, ufro iSviaTad ki arwivsac. Sinaur cxovelTagan wmindad iTvleba mxolod Txa, radganac isini xSirad Seejvarebian gareul wminda cxovelebs („maiaros“ - i.s.). danarCeni Sinauri saqoneli TviT cxenic ki, ritualurad neitralurad arian miCneulni. aRniSnul regionebSi arsebobs SexedulebaTa sakmaod rTuli da mwyobri sistema qaluri demonebis, Tu RvTaebebis, peris, Sesaxeb, romelTac aqvT keTili gamovlineba „raSis“ saxiT. isini axlo urTierTobaSi Sedian adamianebTan, kerZod monadireebTan da mfarveloben maT. „raSi“, Cveulebriv peris asulebi arian, romlebic lamazi gogonebis saxiT eCvenebian adamianebs, SeiZleba miiRon wminda nadiris, an saTanado viTarebaSi monadiris axlobeli qalis, colis saxec. ZiriTadad maT xedaven maSin, roca isini mwyemsaven TavianT jogebs, wminda nadirs, maiaros. gadmocemebSi cnobilia mamrobiTi arsebebic, magram isini gansakuTreul rols ar TamaSoben. monadires SeiZleba yavdes Tavisi mfarveli, erTi an ramdenime peri, romelic lamazi axalgazrda qalis saxiT cxaddeba da amitom ewodeba „raSi“ – mfarveli. maT yovelTvs axuravT TeTri qudebi. marTalia, monadireebi xSirad ikvexnian, rom maT bevri „raSi“ hyavT, magram praqtikulad maT yovelTvis erTi ecxadeba. axali drois gavleniT „raSis“ zogjer evropuli samoselic SeiZleba ecvas. „raSi“ aswavlis monadires Tu sad unda naxos nadiri, Tan asaCuqrebs yvavilebiT, an xiliT (broweuliT). Tu monadire nadirs ver moipovebs. igi mTaSi dasaZineblad wveba, rom isev Sexvdes Tavis „raSis“ e. i. kontaqti „raSisa“ da monadires Soris ZiriTadad sizmarSi mimdinareobs. peri monadires saukeTeso cxovelebs ar aZ- 109 levs, magram arc sust cxovels uTmobs pirdapir. igi Tavis „saqonels xarjavs“ klavs, rogorc amas mwyemsi Cadis, xorcs SeWams, Zvals tyavze awyobs da acocxlebs. monadirem SeiZleba mxolod aseTi nadiri miiRos. is verasodes ver moixelTebs cxovels, romelic peris („raSis“) ar dauklavs da ar gaucocxlebia. „Cven SeiZleba miviRoT mxolod is, rac perim ukve SeWama“, ganucxades 1958 w. eTnolog k. ietmars misma mTxroblebma, romlTac nadirobis Sedegianoba sxvagvarad arc ki hqondaT warmodgenili26. monadirisa da peris urTierTobebi amiT ar amoiwureba, magram es sakiTxi amJamad Cveni interesis sferoSi ar Sedis. davZen mxolod, rom monadire perisTan zogjer sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs amyarebs da Tu daimorCilebs (magaliTad, Tmis bewvs moaqcevs Tofis CaxmaxSi, an sxva ram xerxiT), SeiZleba saxlSic moiyvanos da colad daisvas. „raSi“, vidre Sepyrobilia, cxovrobs Cveulebrivi qalis cxovrebiT, aCens Svilebs, Sromobs da a. S., vidre raime xerxiT Tavs ar gainTavisuflebs. am gadmocmaTa analogiuri qarTuli da kavkasiuri Sesabamisobani SesanSnavad aqvs aRwerili da Seswalili e. virsalaZes Tavis naSromSi „qarTuli samoadireo eposi“. aRsaniSnavia, rom k. ietmaris aRniSnul naSromSi aris motanili vrceli aRwerilobani nadirTmfarvelisa da monadris urTierTobis iseTi variantebi, romlebic TiTqos zustad imeorebs kavkasiur, kerZod qarTul miToTss. es Seexeba rogorc wesis damrRvevi monadiris dasjas, ise nadiris mopovebasa da gacocxlebas. gansakuTrbiT sainteresoa „xis beWis“ istoria, romelic Cauweria piradad k. ietmars, d. l. lorimers da p. snous, oRond siuJeti gadmogvecems ara samonadireo viTarebas: demonebma erT kacs mopares Txa, dakles moamzades da purobaze patronic miiwvies. teqstSi ar aris aRniSnuli, rom stumari gaafrTxiles Zvlebi ar gadaeyara, magram naTqvamia rom man erTi nekni dafla. es nekni xis naWeriT Secvales da cxoveli gaacocxles. saxlSi dabrunebul stumars Tavis Txa sadac datova iq daxvda, magram Semdeg, roca Txa dakla, ipova xis nekni. sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom ZvliTa da tyaviT gacocxleba aq Sordeba samonadireo praqtikas. igi yofis sxva sferoebSic iwyebs SeWras TviT hinduyuSis mTielTa warmodenebSic, romelTa xasiaTi srul SesatyvisobaSia dabal socialur ganviTarebasa da martiv sameurneo yofasTan. es garemoeba ki gvafiqrebinebs, rom aq ukve mJRavndeba miTosuri 110 kvanZis avtonomiuri xasiaTi, rac, msgavsad qarTuli, berZnuli da skandinavuri masalisa, iZleva misi arasamonadireo garemoSi, aramed gansxvavebul socialur anturaJSi gamoyenebis saSualebas. aRniSnuli siuJeti marTlac, wydeba ra samonadireo sferos, gadadis miToTssa da mogvianebiT legendebsa da zRaprebSi, sadac inarCunebs Tavis pirvandel struqturas, magram funqciurad gansxvavebul socialur situaciebs emsaxureba. am mxriv sayuradReboa erTi qarTuli zRapari, romelic TuSeTSi Caiwera g. cocaniZem. aq CvenTvis saintereso siuJeti ukiduresad aris daSlili, rac mis gviandelobaze miuTiTebs, magram ZiriTadi motivebis amocnoba mainc SesaZlebelia. siuJetis mixedviT dedinacvali klavs gers da moamzadebs kerZs, romlis SeWmas Tavad apirebs, magram xels SeuSlis mze. mzis daxmarebiT bavSvis mama gaigebs Svelis beds, gaacocxlebs mas mziT dedis daxmarebiT, romelic mamas mzis xelis naban wyals miscems27. aq Tavs iCens rigi axali motivebisa, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mzis xelis nabani wyali. es wyali sicocxles aniWebs, „ukvdavebis wyalia“, roemlic kargadaa cnobili msoflio miTosSi. aseve popularuli Cans igi qarTulSiac, sadac mas moepoveba werilobiTi, istoriuli paralelebi (mag. farnaozis sizmari), magram Cvens TqmulebaSi dacul gacocxlebis epizodTan mas kavSiri ar gaaCnia, amitom mas ganxilvas aq ar SevudgebiT. SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom SedarebiT axali, zRapruli bunebis mqone meoradi siuJetebis warmoqmnis procesSi CarTulia miTosuri epizodebi, romelTac dakarguli aqvT TavianTi pirvandeli mniSvneloba, magram es epizodebi miuxedavad siuJetis konstruqciaSi da mrwamsSi momxdari cvlilebebisa, TavianTi avtonomiuri, gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebis gamo, yovelgvar viTarebaSi inarCuneben funqcias. rogorc vxedavT, cxovelis (adamianis) SeWmis epizodi yvela motanil variantSi meordeba, Tumca misi daniSnuleba yvelgan sxvadasxvaa. es viTareba cxadhyofs, rom epizodi mobiluria, mas ramdenadme universaluri, simboluri, farTo mniSvnelobis mqone aqciad ganixilaven, romelsac gaaCnia gansxvavebuli ideologiuri poziciis arekvlis SesaZlebloba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi saerTod gaqreboda. aq motanili sakmaod vrceli Sesadarebeli masala arc erTi variantis magaliTze ar gvaZlevs raime ganmartebas cxovelis SeWmis sakraluri aqtis mizezisa da miznis Taobaze. igi siuJetebSi saswaulad ganixileba; ar moepoveba miTosuri axsna, miTosuri dasabami, rac gvafi- 111 qrebinebs, rom igi zepirsityvierebis am plastSi ufro Zveli inerciiTaa Semosuli. Cvenis azriT, epizodis sakraluri „inercia“ gamomuSavebulia gvarovnul sazogadoebaSi, romlis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, magaliTad, erTad puroba saerTo kerasTan, egzogamuroba, stumar-maspinZlobis wesebis mkacri dacva, Zvlisa da tyavis ucvleli mniSvneloba cxovelis gacocxlebisaTvis, yvela variantSia daculi. es motivi Zalze gavrcelebulia da damowmebulia msoflios mravali xalxis ritualsa da sityvierebaSi. aseTi universaluroba SeiZleba aixsnas misi arqauli, spontanuri warmoSobiT. am warmodgenis Tanaxmad Zvali da tyavi Seadgenen erTgvar sasicocxlo minimums, rac aucilebelia sicocxlis (cxovelis) aRsadgenad. analogiuri viTareba gvaqvs mawvnis, puris, Rvinis da a. S. „dedebTan“ dakavSirebiT, radgan maT sakralur gaazrebaze migvaniSnebs termini „deda“. praqtikulTan erTdroulad, puris Rvinis, mawvnis da sxva. damzadeba magiuri aqti iyo, romelSiac monawileobda raRac, Zveli xalxebis TvalsazrisiT irealuri Zala, romelzedac iyo damokidebuli afueba, amJaveba da yvela sxva analogiuri procesi. am Zalas ewodeba „deda“, riTac gamoxatulia misi SesaZleblobebi da irrealuri buneba. am saxelwodebiT igi ukve sakraluri obieqtia. analogiurad gveCvena tyavisa da Zvlis roli xsenebul ritualebSi. maTi saxiT mocemuli gvaqvs dvrita, romlis arseboba ganapirobebs cxovelis aRdgenis SesaZleblobas. SesaZloa es gaazreba edos safuZvlad qarTul gamoTqmas „Zvali da tyavi“. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT tyavis ideis ganviTarebas mcire aziaSi, legendas sawmisis Sesaxeb da tyavTan dakavSirebul axal mosazrebas (T. gamyreliZe) aseve ritualur masalas, sadac tyavs sruliad gamokveTili sivrculi mimarTeba aqvs, es mosazreba ucnaurad ar unda mogveCvenos. tyavisa da misi simbolikis sakiTxebze Cven Semdgomac gveqneba saubari. axla mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom tyavsa da Zvals udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda avstralielTa totemur dResaswaulebze. totemis gamravlebis dResaswaulze (intiCiuma) ikribeba mxolod am gvarisa da am totemis xalxi da es wesi umkacresad icveba. esaa erTaderTi dRe wlis manZilze, roca totemis mokvla da Wama SeiZleba mxolod sakraluri praqtikisaTvis. ixsnian venas da sisxliT rwyaven totemur obieqtebs; xataven totems, magaliTad, kengurus, oRond cxovelis gamosaxulebis nacvlad gaavleben xolme TeTrsa da Jangisfer zolebs, e.i. gamosaxaven mxolod 112 Zvalsa da tyavs, rac srulyofilad gamoxatavs cxovels da sakmarisia totemis aRorZinebisaTvis. cxovelTa ConCxisa da safiqrebelia, tyavisadmi ritualuri damokidebulebis niSnebi damowmebulia paleoliTur masalaSi, kerZod Cans kvali iseTi moqmedebisa, romlis msgavsi procesebi aRwerilia amJamad CvenTvis saintereso siuJetSi. SesaZloa, rom aRniSnul siuJetebSi, maT Soris kavkasiur variantebSi, SemorCenilia inercia e. w. zoofagiuri dResaswaulebisa, romelTa arsebobis damadasturebel masalas jer kidev musties xanaSi xedavs i. semionovi. igi am TvalsazrisiT ganixilavs iseT cnobil Zegls, rogoric aris draxenloxis gamoqvabuli (Sveicaria), romelic gaiTxara 1917-1920 wlebSi da mkvlevarTa didi interesi daimsaxura. gamoqvabuli draxenloxi sami kamerisagan Sedgeba, aqedan or ukanasknelSi napovnia kulturuli fenebi. gamoqvabulis kedlidan 40-60 sm-is daSorebiT amoyvanilia qvis 80 sm-is simaRlis yore, romlis ukan Cawyobilia daTvis Zvlebi, ZiriTadad mTeli Tavis qalebi. maT Soris aris damtvreulic. or qalas axlda xerxemlis ori pirveli mala, rac specialistebis azriT migvaniSnebs Semdeg garemoebaze: daxocil daTvebs Tavebi moWres mokvlisTanave da maSinve Seinaxes am sacavSi daunawilebeli saxiT. mTeli Zvlovani masala dalagebulia garkveuli wesis mixedviT. Tavis qalebTan erTad aRmoCenilia kidurebis grZeli Zvlebi. mesame kameris SesasvlelSi napovnia fiqaliT daxuruli qvis yuTi, romelSiac aseve Svidi Tavis qala da kidurebis Zvlebi ewyo. aqve, iatakze, napovnia daTvis Tavis qala, romelsac irgvliv qvebi hqonda Semowyobili. analogiuri msala aRmoCnda germaniaSi, gamoqvabul pitersholSi, sadac daTvis Tavis qalebi, kidurebTan erTad, ewyo sagangebod amoTxril RrmulebSi. maT gverdiT, kedelSi gamoTxril niSebSi, isev daTvebis Tavis qalebi ewyo, yvelaze did, niSSi xuTi Tavis qala da kiderubis Zvlebi aRmoCnda. am aRmoCenebis Sesaxeb bevri ram daiwera da yvelaferi ori ZiriTadi Sexedulebis saxiT Camoyalibda. mecnierTa erTi jgufi, draxenloxis gamTxrelTa meTaurobiT, aq xedavda cxovelTa mimarT Sesrulebuli ritualis nakvalevs, xolo meore jgufis azriT, gamoqvabulebSi neandertalelebs mowyobili hqondaT xorcis maragis sacavi. radgan es meore mosazreba sabolood uaryofilia mecnierTa umravlesobis mier, Cvens momaval msjelobaSi mas aRar gaviTvaliswinebT. analogiuri faqtebi dadasture- 113 bulia mraval dgilas, magaliTad gamoqvabul sxulSi (palestina), sadac xaris Tavia dakrZaluli, gamoqvabul kliuniSi (safrangeTi), sadac daTvis Tavebi wriulad ganlagebul postamentebze iyo Semodebuli; avstriaSi, gamoqvabul zalcofenSi, niSebSi Sedgmuli iyo daTvis Tavebi; gamoqvabul ilskaiaSi napovnia bizonis Tavi da a. S.30. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa norber de kasteres mier aRmoCenili daTvis uTavo qandakeba gamoqvabul montespanSi, samxreT safrangeTSi, sadac, rogorc Cans sagangebo ritualebi imarTeboda daTvis qandakebis win. ritualis Sesrulebisas daTvis figuras adgamdnen Tavs, rasac mowmobs iqve napovni daTvis Tavis qalis naSTebi. fiqroben, rom mas axuravdnen tyavsac. „isini xatavdnen cxovelebs, romlebzedac apirebdnen nadirobas, Semdeg naxatze aRniSnavdnen Wrilobebs, e. i. isini TiTqos gamosaxulebas klavdnen, imisaTvis, rom nadirobis dros uzrunveleyoT warmateba... cxoveli naCvenebia xafangSi, an qvebiT Caqolili... dazianebis aseT interpretacias adasturebs axalgazrda daTvis Tavis qala, romelic uTavo qandakebis fexebTan devs... qandakebas meti msgavseba rom hqonoda cocxal cxovelTan, madlenelma jadoqrebma qandakebas axladmokluli daTvis Tavi miamagres“ – werda kastere, romelmac am ritualur moqmedebebSi mxolod sanadiro magia amoicno31. arqeologiuri masalis analizis safuZvelze i. semionovma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom rituali sruldeboda ara mxolod daTvis mimarT, aramed kultis obieqti SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri cxoveli, magram samwuxarod, es Zeglebi erT jgufad ganxiluli ar aris. i. semionovma scada am didi samuSaos Catareba. man msoflios sxvadasxva xalxebSi gavrcelebuli Sesabamisi monacemebis safuZvelze, gamoavlina am dResaswaulTa principuli msgavseba, struqturuli adeqvaturoba da rac mTavaria, daadgina monawileTaTvis yvelgan savaldebulo wesi: dResaswaulSi aucilebelia mTeli socialuri jgufis monawileoba, rac mas arqaul niSnad miaCnia. dResaswaulis ZiriTadi epizodia sagangebod daWerili, an saxlSi gazrdili daTvis mokvla da cxovelis xorcis koleqtiuri SeWma. ritual- is centraluri figura iyo daTvis Tavi, tyavisagan ganucalkeveblad, romelic wina TaTebs Soris ido da ganasaxierebda mwoliare daTvs. mis win mimdinareobda mTeli dResaswauli. dResaswauli mTavrdeboda imiT, daTvis Tavsa da TaTebs specialur SenobaSi inaxavdnen. i. semionovi dra- 114 xenloxis monacemebsa da am dResaswauls Soris, romelic cimbirel nivxebSi imarTeboda, pirdapir msgavsebas xedavs. analogiuri dResaswaulebi sxvadasxva mecnierebs damowmebuli aqvT evropaSi, aziasa da amerikaSi. mraval adgilas SemorCenilia Zvlebis dacvis wesi, magram aRar axsovT dResaswauli, rac mas gviandel danakargad miaCnia. radgan daTvi ar aris erTaderTi cxoveli, romlis saxelobazec imarTeba msgavsi dResaswaulebi, amitom semionovs Semoaqvs „zoofagiuri dResaswaulebis“ mcneba. yvela am dResaswauls, rogorc wesi, axlda sakulto cxovelis SeWmis Semdeg Tavisa da kidurebis ritauluri dacva. aseve farTod iyo gavrcelebuli irmis Tavebisa da rqebis Senaxva monadireTa sadgomebis maxloblad. irmis rqian Tavebs amagrebdnen sacxovreblis saxuravebze. yvela es wesi i. semionovs „zoofagiuri dResaswaulis“ gadmonaSTad miaCnia32. winamdebare mosazrebidan CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania daskvna, romelic „zoofagiuri dResaswaulebis“ ZiriTad epizodebad miiCnevs cxovelis ritualuri, koleqtiuri SeWmis Semdeg Tavis da mTeli ConCxis, Tu misi nawlis savaldebulo dacvas. dadasturebulia, rom es wesi sruldeboda ara mxolod iseTi cxovelebis mimarT, romelTac sakvebad iyenebdnen. i. semionovi draxenloxisa da misi tipis ZeglebSi aseTi dResaswaulebis Canasaxobriv formas xedavs. am tipis monacemebi farTodaa cnobili zeda paleoliTis Zeglebidan, rac semionovis azriT, genetikurad ukavSirdeba musties xanis Sesabamis monacemebs33. specialistTa didi umravlesoba, „zoofagiur dResaswaulebs“ ukavSirebs totemizms, radgan daTvis dResaswaulebis mimdevari xalxi am ukanasknels miiCnevs winaprad da naTesavad. amasTanave erTad, aRebuli dResaswauli koleqtiuri, gvarovnuli bunebisaa, rac cxovelTan naTesavobis ideiTac dasturdeba. miuxadavad sagrZnobi garegnuli gansxvavebisa, es dResaswauli ideaSi avstraliuri dResaswaulis, intiCiumas identuri movlenaa, romelic sruldeba totemuri cxovelis, Tu mcenaris gamravlebis mizniT. aqac xdeba totemis koleqtiuri, savaldebulo ritualuri SeWma, rasac mosdevs rigi moqmedebebisa, romelTa mizania totemis gacocxleba da maTi simravlis uzrunvelyofa. avstraliel aborigenTa azriT erT-erTi da mTavari am TvalsazrisiT aris totemuri qvebis (miwidan gamoSverili kldeebis) sakuTari sisxliT morwyva, miwaSi Camaluli totemis, kengurus kudis (qvis mogrZo lodis amoTxra, romelic sagange- 115 bodaa Cafluli) daTvaliereba da totemis „daxatva“, ris Sesaxebac zemoT iyo aRniSnuli34. specialistebs eWvi ar eparebaT imaSi, rom „zoofaguri dResaswaulebis“ arsic cxovelTa gamravlebas gamoxatavda. am TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas imsaxurebs v. g. bogoraz-tanis Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad xsenebuli dResaswaulebi genetikurad ukavSirdeba aRdgenadi da mokvdavi RvTaebebis kults. rituali, monawileTa azriT, sruldeba ara cxovelis SeWmis, aramed misi gamravlebis, aRorZinebis mizniT35. es Sexeduleba imitom aris saintereso, rom misi Seqmna gamowveulia or, sruliad gansxvavebul, kulturul-istoriuli movlenas Soris arsebuli, aSkara, daufaravi msgavsebiT, Tumca maT Soris azrobrivi kavSirebis danaxva metad Zneli saqmea. igive viTareba aqvs damowme- buli j. frezers kaliforniis indielebSi, romelTa azriT rac ufro met bukiots moklavdnen am frinvelis dResaswaulze, miT ufro Seuwyobdnen xels frinvelis gamravlebas36. gamravlebis Teoriis sasargeblod metyvelebs isic, rom aRniSnul dResaswaulebze, kerZod daTvis ConCxTan, an moklul cxovelTan sruldeboda sqesobrivi aqtis imitacia, aseve miRebuli iyo xis falosebis Camokideba ritualuri cekvebis dros amerikisa da cimbiris aborigenebSi, rac cxadyofs sqesobrivi magiis arsebobas am dResaswaulebze. es faqti SesaZloa aixsnas mxolod da mxolod moklul cxovelTan dakavSirebuli totemur-egzogamiuri gamravlebisadmi sakulto interesiT. amis Semdeg simionovi mimoixilavs tabus da totemizms, aseve orgiastuli dResaswaulebis SeswavlasTan dakavirebul sakiTxebs da, Cvenis azriT, sruliad samarTlian daskvnamde midis, rom musties adamians, realur praqtikasTan erTad, ukve gaaCnia saqmianobis iluzoruli, simboluri formebi; aseve, azrovnebis logikur formebTan erTad, arsebobda magiis logikac. amas mowmobs totemur cxovelebze zemoxsenebuli zrunvis gamomxatveli faqtebi, romelTa arseboba yovlad SeuZlebeli iqneboda, Tuki magiuri azrovneba ar iarsebebda. totemisturi wesi imTavisTve, dRidan misi aRmocenebisa, magiuri iyo, magiur moqmedebaTa mwkrivs warmoadgenda. cxadia, rom maSinve unda emoqmeda seqsualur-egzogamiur magiasac, romelic gamoixateboda TviT am aqtis, an misi imitaciis meSveobiT. magiis es saxeoba unda aRmocenebuliyo cxovelis, an adamianis gaCenis bunebrivi mizezebis arcodnis safuZvelze. aseT pirobebSi sqesobrivi aqti ganixileboda rogorc magiuri saSualeba, ro- 116 melic qmediT, magram aramizezobriv gavlenas axdenda gamravlebis procesze egzogamiis darRvevis gziT. amitom totemur dResaswaulebSi didi adgili eWira moklul cxovelTan sqesobrivi aqtis imitacias. aseve xdeboda promiskuiteturi aRrevac37. am sakiTxis ufro vrceli mimoxilva amJamad Cvens mizans ar Seadgens, magram unda aRvniSnoT, rom igi udaod mtkice safuZvels qmnis rigi kavkasiuri rwmenebisa da dResaswaulebis raobis garkvevisaTvis. dResaswaulebsa da ritualebSi fiqsirebul gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone epizodTa msgavsad teritorialurad da kulturul-istoriulad daSorebul eTnosTa Soris saTanado axsna eZebneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu vaRiarebT maTTvis saWiro safuZvelis SemuSavebas uaRresad arqaul xanaSi. i. semionovma miaqcia yuradReba am viTarebas da SeniSna, rom iseT xalxebSi, sadac xaris kulti miwaTmoqmedebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, naTlad ikveTeba monadireobasTan asocirebuli warmodgenebi, romlebic siaxloves amJRavnebdnen daTvis dResaswaulebTan. man sagangebod aRniSna iseTi dResaswaulebi, rogoricaa qarTvelebis mier samsxverplo xarebis Sewirva da ZvelberZnuli bufoniebi. am mosazrebas Cvenis mxriv SeiZleba davumatoT is, rom arc erT dResaswaulSi, sadac miRebulia xaris Sewrva, an raime monawileoba, arsad ar figurirebs mxvneli xari, kastrati. yvela ritualSi monawileobs mwarmoebeli xari, romelic gamwev Zalad saerTod ar gamoiyeneba. cxadia, rom misi sakulto Rirebuleba da sakraluri mniSvneloba gacilebiT uswrebs ganviTarebul miwaTmoqmedebas, romelic gamwev Zalad xars iyenebda. aqve unda gavixsenoT, rom Zvel saberZneTSi mxvneli xaris Sewirva an dakvla kanoniT iyo akrZaluli da isjeboda, rogorc danaSauli38. qarTvelTa Soris gavrcelebuli xaris Sewirvis wesi, romelic i. semionovs v. bardaveliZis mixedviT aqvs damowmebuli39, gulisxmobs svaneTSi RmerTis saxelze gaSvebuli buRa xaris, visxvis Sewirvis wess. aqve unda movigonoT arqanjelo lambertis mier aRwerili iloris wm. giorgis dResaswauli, rodesac eklesiaSi xari moyavda wminda giorgis. am xaris xorci wvril naWrebad iWreboda da xalxs urigdeboda. „am xorcs gaaxmobdnen kvamlze da didis sasoebiT Seinaxavdnen avadmyofobis dros mosaxmarad. darwmunebulni arian, rom es xorci saukeTeso wamalia...“ xars rom daklavdnen, „umetesi nawili rqebiTurT ekuTvnis mTa- 117 vars. am rqebis mTavari Seamkobs oqroTi da Zvirfasi qvebiT da did dResaswaulebSi im rqebiT Rvinos dalevs wminda giorgis sadideblad“, gvamcnobs lamberti. xorcis garkveul nawils imereTis mefes da guriis mTavarsac ugzavnidnen40. xaris salocavis saxelze dayeneba da misi saTemo dResaswaulze dakvla dResac farTodaa gavrcelebuli mTel saqarTveloSi. eTnografiuli masala gviCvenebs, rom saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli yofila Zvlis dacvis da gansakuTrebuli pativiT mopyrobis wesi. r. erisTavi svanebis Sesaxeb wers: „monadire nadiris Zvals agrovebda saxlSi. roca imdeni mougrovdeboda, rom Senaxva gauWirdeboda, maSin Zvali mdinareSi unda gadaeyara. aseve ukan unda daebrunebina Zvlebi axloblebs, visac monadireebi xorcs miukiTxavdnen. aRkveTili iyo nanadirevis Zvlebisa da xorcis narCenebis ZaRlis, an sxva pirutyvisaTvis gadayra41. analogiur wesebs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSiac icavdnen: nadiris xorci rom SeiWmeboda, Zvlebs moagrovebdnen da gareT miwaSi Camarxavdnen. nadiris Zvlebis daumarxavi datoveba yovlad dauSvebeli iyo. samonadireo wesebSi aseve aSkarad aris gamokveTili sagangebo damokidebuleba nadiris Tavisa da rqisadmi. arqanjelo lamberti wers, rom pirveli nadiris mkvlels mTavris nadirobisas, ergeboda mopovebuli nadiris Tavi42. werilobiTi wyaroebSi Semonaxuli cnobebis Tanaxmad mooqrovili eSvis TaviT axal wels miukvlevdnen mefes; samegrelos mTavris nadirobis dasrulebis Semdeg daxocili nadiris Tavebs gareT gamofendnen da RviniT akurTxebdnen. „maTi eklesiebis wina kedlebi, - werda lamberti – da xSirad Sida kedlebic Semkulia irmis rqebiT, taxis eSvebiT da xoxobis frTebiT, radgan darwmunebulni arian, rom RmerTisaTvis friad sasiamovnoa amisTaneebiT misi salocavi saxlis Semkoba da Tu nanadirevis xorci maT SeWames da rqebi, Zvlebi da frTebi RmerTs uZRvnes, samagierod SemdegSi RmerTi xels moumarTavs maT nadirobaSi“43. r. erisTavis cnobis Tanaxmad jixvisa da arCvis rqebs aqamde eklesias wiravdnen svanebi, xolo axla gayidva daiwyeso. aqve igi yuradRebas aqcevs nanadirevis ganawilebis wess da ambobs, rom Tav-rqa nadiris mompovebels ekuTvnodao. es wesi dResac moqmedebs monadireTa Soris, magram aSkarad Zveli warmoSobisa unda iyos. mompovebeli monadire araviTari upiratesobiT ar sargeblobs da mxolod prestiJul jildos iRebs, 118 romlis praqtikuli Rirebuleba ukiduresad dabalia. am prizis erTaderTi Rirebuleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi wmindad iTvleba da salocavs ewireba. salocavs garda rqebi ikideboda saxlis „Sina“ wminda adgilebze, dedaboZebsa da sxva svetebze Tav-rqis sakraluri mniSvneloba universaluri movlenaa da, rogorc vnaxeT, misi nakvalevi ukve musties xanaSi Cans, magram aq xazi unda gavusvaT kidev erT moments: Tavi yvelaze ukeT gamosaxavs mTel cxovels da amitom misi Sewirva RvTaebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT sasiamovnod iTvleboda. amas xels albaT isic uwyobda, rom ritualur praqtikaSi moqmedebs cnobili magiuri, arqauli formula, romlis Tanaxmad nawili udris mTels. aseve SeiZleba msxverplSewirvisas realuri sagnis Secvla misi gamosaxulebiT. yovelive amis da, SesaZloa kidev mravali gauTvaliswinebeli faqtoris gamo, Tav-rqa ritualSi damkvidrda sasurveli Sesawiravis mniSvnelobiT. aseve sasurvel Sesawiravad iTvleboda nadiri, misi Tav-rqa, an gamosaxulebebi micvalebulisaTvisac. aRsaniSnavia, rom micvalebulisaTvis cxovelis Tav-rqis Cayolebis faqtebi ukve musties xanidan aris cnobili da micvalebulis dakrZalvis wesTan genetikur kavSirSi ganixileba44. es wesi TiTqmis ukanasknel xanebamde moqmedi da cocxali iyo, rac eTnografiuli yofis gansakuTrebul SesaZleblobebze migvaniSnebs. ukiduresad arqauli movlenebis konservacia, an saxecvlili gadmonaSTis saxiT dacva xalxuri yofisaTvis Cveulebrivi movlenaa. cnobilia, rom das. saqarTvelos mTielebSi, Tu axalgazrda vaJi gardaicvleboda kubos TavTan arCvis, an jixvis fituls udgamdnen. amasTanave cdilobdnen, rom sakurTxSi rogorme nanadirevic CaedoT da amisaTvis sagangebod nadirobdnen45. arsebobs masala, romelic cxadyofs nadirobis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas saqorwilo ritualebSi. saweso teqstebSi moxseniebulia gareuli frinveli an nadiri, magram praqtikulad Sinauri iwireboda46. amasTanave icodnen zoomorfuli namcxvris, Sewirva, romelic Tavisi masaliTa da formiT erTdroulad gamoxatavda floris da faunis amaRorZinebel Zalebs. mokluli mxecis, kerZod vefxvis datirebis wesi gavrcelebuli yofila aRmosavleT saqarTveloSiac. cnobilia xalxuri leqsi, sadac mokluli vefxi Zmad moixsenieba. soflis garsSemovla, romelsac asrulebdnen svanebi Wokze dakidebuli mglis tyaviT da ritualis saerTo, saTemo xasiaTi, mis did arqa- 119 ulobaze miuTiTebs. tyavis xeze gakeTdeba, aseve samsxverplo cxovelis tyavis CaliT gatena da xeze Camokideba farTod gavrcelebuli wesi iyo Zvel samyaroSi (mag. aTenSi, bufonebis dros, CaliT tenidnen samsxverplo xaris tyavs; xeze kidebdnen Sewiruli cxvris tyavs xeTebi; xeze dakidebuli zvarakis tyavia cnobili oqros sawmisi). aseTi wesebi cnobili iyo saqarTveloSiac47. tyavisa da ConCxis Camotareba „daTvis dResaswaulis“ erT-erT mTavar epizodad iTvleboda cimbiris xalxebSi. evenkebi da dolganebi am dros axal moklul cxovelTan, an mis ConCxTan, romelic anatomiuri TanamimdevrobiT iyo awyobili da joxze gakiduli, eweodnen seqsualur imitacias48. zoomorfuli, falikuri TamaSobebi, misi ritualuri Tu ukve mxolod TamaSad qceuli formebi, mTel msoflioSia cnobili sxvadasxva karnavalebis, niRbosnebis msvlelobaTa, sayveliero TamaSebisa da sxv. saxiT. saqarTveloSi am sakiTxebs yuradReba miaqcies d. janeliZem, j. ruxaZem da sxvebma. d. janeliZes zoomorfuli falikuri TamaSobebi cxovelebisa da frinvelTa kultis gadmonaSTad miaCnia da maTi SedarebiTi Seswavlis mizniT, Tavmoyrili aqvs uaRresad saintereso masala saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan. TamaSobaTa mTavari personaJi ZiriTadad aris daTvi, ufro iSviaTad, taxi, xolo berikaobis niRabTa Soris pirveli adgili taxis niRabs ukavia49. daTvis TamaSobebs Tan axlavs ferxuli da saTanado teqsti, romelic ZiriTadad daTvisa da misi colis urTierTobebs exeba. ra Tqma unda, am TamaSobebs yovelTvis Tan axlavs socialuri momenti, grotski, igive viTarebaa im siuJetebSic, sadac mTavar personaJad taxi gvevlineba. ZiriTadad ibrZvian taxi da berikebi, taxs klaven, magram roca gatyavebas daupirebdnen, igi wamoxteboda da berikebs daereva. aq TiTqos uSualod vxedavT CvenTvis saintereso miTosuri siuJetisaTvis damaxasiaTebel epizodebs, nadiris koleqtiur mokvlas, gatyavebas, gacocxlebas50. imeruli „qaltaxianis“ mixedviT qali da taxi erTmaneTs earSiyebian, magram maT urTierTobaSi Caereva niRabi, rasac situaciis gamZafreba mosdevs; kaxeTSi imarTeba taxis gasamarTleba, romlis drosac taxi da berika Widaoben; Tbilisur, satios ubnis berikaobaSi imarTeboda qorwili, sadac taxi qorwindeba, sxvagan mgeli da daTvi klaven taxs, an taxi klavs romelime berikas, romelic Semdeg cocxldeba, zogjer Rorsa da nefes erTad klaven, Rori gacocxldeba da daereva wesis Semsru- 120 lebel mRvdlebs; aseve sainteresoa megruli misteria, sadac taxi colad irTavs mefis asuls. d. janeliZem sagangebod miaqcia yuradReba im garemoebas, rom berikul TamaSobebSi zoomorful niRabTagan yvelaze Warbad daTvisa da taxis amsaxveli masalaa Semonaxuli. man es misteriebi RvTaebaTa kvdoma-aRdgenis specifikur ciklSi moaqcia da taxisagan mokluli adonisis miToss daukavSira51. yuradRebas imsaxurebs SeWmuli cxovelis aRdgenisas maTraxis joxis (wkeplis) gamoyeneba, maTraxi joxi am SemTxvevaSi gvevlineba RvTaebaTa Zalis, nebis gamtar, gadamcem iaraRad. arc totemistur dResaswaulebSi, arc daTvis, an berikebis TamaSobebSi ar aris damowmebuli epizodi. sadac mokluls maTraxi – joxis saSualebiT acocxleben. berikur TamaSobebSi aqvT xis xmlebi, romelTac uReriebdnen, an urtyamen monawileebsa da mayureblebs. ician xeliT Cxubi, tansacmlis SemTxveva, an ramdenime nivTis warTmeva, rac specialistebs orgiastul moqmedebaTa saxecvlil gadmonaSTebad miaCniaT52. unda vivaraudoT, rom am dResaswaulTa religiur-miTosuri koncepciis ZiriTad arss ukve aRar Seesabameba magiur moqmedebaTa martivi mimdevroba, romelTac totemis aRdgena-gacocxlebis mizniT tardeboda. am dResaswaulebisas gaTamaSdeba bunebis nayofierebis aRorZinebis miTosur droSi momxdari ambebi, romelTa arsi gamoxatulia maTi ganmeorebadobiT da ciklurobiT. personaJebad gvevlinebian am Zalebis deduri da mamruli gamoxatulebani, romelTa Tavgadasavalis miTosur-simboluri epizodebi warmoadgenen mizezobrivi, urTierTganmapirobebeli kavSirebis gamovlenis miTosuri axsnis saSualebas. am procesSi zebunebrivi Zalis mflobelebi arian mxolod RvTaebebi an maTi rCeulebi, romelTac SeiZleba hqondeT insignia, maTi Zalis gamoxatvisa da gamovlenis saSualeba, romelTa meoxebiT asruleben TavianT „movaleobas“. CvenTvis saintereso siuJetis mixedviT maTraxi//joxi swored am daniSnulebis iaraRia, misi saSualebiT nadirT patronebs moqmedebaSi moyavT TavianTi SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebi. ufro gvian maTraxi iqca RvTaebaTa atqributad, romelic maT xelT upyriaT da sjian damnaSaveebs, an anadgureben mters. aseTebi arian, Tanaxmad aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa teqstebisa, kopale, wm. goorgi, iaxsari. maT TavianTi maTraxebi, laxtebi, sasagnavebi da a. S. TviT morige RmerTma dauriga, aRsaniSnavia, rom RvTaebaTa „samocdasami mxari“ maTraxi „sensamsa- 121 laiT aris dafervuli“, e. i. igive daniSnuleba aqvs, rac magaliTad, apolonis mSvilds. am SemTxvevaSi xazi gaesmeba RvTaebis maTraxs, rogorc dasjis iaraRs, avadmyofobis (Sesabamisad sikvdilis) Semyrels, maSin roca nadirT patronTa iaraRi acocxlebs. Cans, rom saqmis orive mxare, rogorc gacocxleba, ise sikvdili RvTaebaTa xelTaa da maTi iaraRiT sruldeba. aseve saintereso iaraRia RvTaebaTa joxi//wkepla, romelic CvenSi gacilebiT Zveli movlena unda iyos, vidre maTraxi, misi ganviTarebis Sedegia gvaris ufrosTa, Tanamdebobis pirTa da eklesiis msaxurTa insignacia, kverTxi, romlis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens samefo skiptrac53. maTraxi RvTaebaTa antributidan gmirTa iaraRad iqca, da maTi meomruli „specializaciis“ gamomxatveli aqsesuari gaxda. iaraRis saSualebiT gmirebi erTmaneTisgan ganirCevian da amiT saSualeba eZvevaT moqmedebaSi Semovidnen maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikurobiT. magaliTad, „vefxistyaosanSi“ tarielis iaraRia maTraxi, avTandilisa – mSvildi, fridonisa – xmali (Seadare rusuli alioSa popoviCi, ilia muromeci, dobrini nikitiCi. yvela sakuTari sabrZolo specializaciiT aris aRbeWdili). Cvens SemTxvevaSi yuradRebas imsaxurebs maTraxi, romelic miTosis mixedviT RvTaebaTa atributia (maTraxiT axorcieleben sasjels, wvaven, SeuZliaT moitacon grdemli da a.S.) amasTanave igi, rogorc dasartyami iaraRi, enaTesaveba CvenTvis amjerad saintereso joxsa da wkeplas, romliTac RvTaebebi nadirs acocxleben (Seadare: molniri – toris uro). ase rom maTraxi „vefxistyaosanSi“ mxolod rusTavelis poeturi xedvis gamo ar moxvedrila: mas sakmaod didi miTosuri tradicia aqvs, rasac, gamomdinare poemis fabulis analizidan, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda poemis avtorisaTvis. yovelive zemoTqmuli cxadyofs, rom saqarTveloSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli ritualebi, sadac Tavmoyrili iyo cxovelTa koleqtiuri mokvlis, cxovelis xorcis sayovelTao savaldebulo SeWmis, cxovelis gacocxlebisa da aseve sqesTa urTierTobis imitaciis epizodebi. yvela es epizodi exmaureba da uSualo kavSirSia CvenTvis amJamad saintereso siuJetTan. Tu xsenebul ritualTa mravalferovnebas da gavrcelebas gaviTvaliswinebT, maSin SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom xis beWis Sesaxeb siuJetSi asaxulia kavkasiaSi farTod gavrcelebul rwmenaTa erTi aspeqti, am warmodgenaTa erTi istoriuli done, sadac nadirTa gacocxleba aki- 122 sria RvTaebaTa sanaTesao jgufs, romelsac xelovnuri naTesaobiT ukavSirdebian monadireebi (saerTo trapeza, nadirT mfarvelTa asulebTan, an TviT nadirTa RvTaebasTan sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi). cnobilia, rom gacocxlebisa da gamravlebis idea aRmocenda da Camoyalibda totemistur warmodgenaTa wiaRSi, sadac ZiriTadi dResaswaulebi eZRvneboda totemis gamravlebas, Sesabamisad socialuri jgufis TviTgamravlebis ideis realizacias, rasac asrulebda aRniSnuli koleqtivi. rituals asrulebden mxolod am koleqtivis wevri mamakacebi. am periodSi isini midiodnen totem-winaparTa teritoriaze, exebodnen sakralur sagnebs da asrulebdnen sakralur moqmedebebs. dResaswaulebi, magaliTad, avstralielTa Soris, ukve garkveuli ciklebis saxiT tardeboda da maTi dasawyisi Cveulebriv modioda gvalvis sezonis dasasrulsa da wvimebis dasawyisis mijnaze. sakraluri dro da sivrce, romelSiac sruldeboda totemis aRorZinebis ceremoniali, sakralurad aqcevda TviT ceremonialis Semsrulebel jgufsac. roca totemizmis mniSvnelovan gavlenas xedaven adre miwismoqmedTa kulturebSi, unda vifiqroT, rom es gavlenebi mxolod materialuri sagnebiT ar amoiwureboda. totemisturi warmodgenebidan adresamiwaTmoqmedo xanebSi gadmovidoda warmodgena sikvdilisa da aRdgenis Sesaxeb, am ideis amsaxveli ritualebisa da ritualTa Semsrulebeli jgufis sakralurobis Sesaxeb, rac ucvlelad darCa axali ideologiis pirobebSi da is, rac adre naTesauri, totemuri jgufis prerogativa iyo, axla RvTaebaTa naTesauri jgufis saqmed iqca. ritualebidan kargad Canda, rom totemuri jgufi iTvleboda totemis jiSis patronad, mis gamgeblad, mis xelSi iyo da masze damokidebulad iTvleboda totemis gamravlebis saqme. samonadireo warmodgenebSi es poziciac ucvlelad iqna SenarCunebuli: nadirT patronebi nadirs ganageben. maTzea damokidebuli nadiris gamravleba. erTis mxriv RvTaebaTa sanaTesao koleqtivis mier Sesrulebuli cxovelis aRdgenis ritualebi da mogvianebiT warmoqmnili, naTesaobis (mama-Svilobis) principze agebuli panTeonebi, xolo meores mxriv rigi arqauli ritualis savaldebulo koleqtiuri Sesrulebis wesi, TvalnaTliv miuTiTeben, rom am movlenis saTaveebi gvarovnuli sazogadoebisa da am sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel cnobierebaSi aris saZiebeli54. amasve mowmobs is sivrce, sadac xsenebuli ritualebi sruldeboda. mxedvelobaSi maqvs sxvadasxva dResaswaule- 123 bisas monawileTa kardakar siaruli, soflis savaldebulo Semovla, yvela mosaxlis ezoSi Sesvla, produqtis TxovniTa da simReriT da a. S. ase rom koleqtiuri sakulto qmedebebi yovelTvis garkveul sivrces iTvaliswinebda da ZiriTadad SemoizRudeboda aRebuli socialuri erTeulis teritoriiT55. am utyuari monacemebis safuZvelze SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom religiuri warmodgenebis struqturaSi, Tundac mis uZveles doneze, xdeboda sakralizebuli kvanZebis warmoqmna, romlebic Secvlil pirobebSi ki ar qrebian, aramed garkveul miTo-religiur modifikacias ganicdian axali socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturul-istoriuli garemos Sesabamisad. warmodgenili masalis safuZvelze aseTi procesi, magiidan momdinare bunebis nayofierebis meqanizmi, koleqtiuri ritualebi, naTesauri panTeonebi, msxverplis (SemdegSi saxato mosavlis) koleqtiuri SeWma, warmodgenebi saiqioze, kerisa da keris cecxlis sakraluri mniSvneloba, romlebic civilizaciis gariJraJze iqnen sakralizebulni, rogorc sazogadoebis funqcionirebis umTavresi piroba da, miuxedavad principuli konceptualuri saxecvlilebebisa, mudmivad inarCuneben adgils kultsa da ritualSi. Cvenis azriT es viTareba ganapirobebs eTnografiuli masalis udides mniSvnelobas kulturis uZvelesi Sreebis Seswavlisas. amitom aris, rom TqmulebaSi xis beWis Sesaxeb daculia warmodgenaTa iseTi Sre, romelic aSkarad ukavSirdeba religiur-magiur warmodgenaTa ufro siRrmiseul, pirveladi mniSvnelobis mqone samyaros. am siuJetSi Sesulia ramdenime sakraluri kvanZi, romelTa moqmedebis sfero ar ifargleba arc eTnikuri sazRvrebiT, arc meurneobis tipiT, arc sarwmunoebrivi safuZvliT da yvela kulturul-istoriul garemoSi inarCunebs samoqmedo asparezs. oriode sityva am kvanZebis Sesaxeb. samonadireo warmodgenebisa da eposSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira irems da jixvs, romelTac xalxi „wminda nadirs“ uwodebda. ukve aRvniSneT, rom es cxovelebi micvalebulTaTvis sasurvel Sesawiravad iTvleboda. xalxi sagangebod cdilobda maT mopovebas sakurTxisTvis. iwireboda comisagan damzadebuli da gamomcxvari gamosaxulebebic. arsebobs vrceli eTnografiuli masala, romlis mixedviT Cans, rom nadirobis processa da nanadirevs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda saqorwilo ritualebSic56. „wminda nadiri“ aseve mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli salocavebTan. am mxriv yuradRebas imsaxurebs legenda xarisa da irmis 124 Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmad salocavSi Tavis nebiT momaval samsxverplo irems Caenacvla xari57. msgavsi siuJetebi sxva xalxebis zepirsityviere- baSic aris daculi. xalxuri teqstebisa da ritualuri moqmedebebis analizi cxadyofs, rom mwarmoebluri meurneobis pirobebSi sasurvel msxverplad miCneul nadirs intensiurad enacvleboda Sinauri cxoveli da frinveli. ritualSi da teqstebSi, sadac nadiri igulisxmeba, xSirad Sinauria damkvidrebuli. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT popularulia cxvari, radgan xalxuri warmodgenebis mixedviT, isic wminda da sasurveli samsxverplo cxovelia. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs mxolod qarTuli masala, radgan danarCen msoflioSi cxvarTan warmodgenaTa mTeli sistemaa dakavSirebuli da misi ganxilva Sors wagviyvans. maT Soris gamovyofT mxolod xeTur ritualebs, sadac cxvris//batknis tyavi iTvleba aRdgenisa da siuxvis simbolod, rac berZnul miTologiaSi oqros cxvris saxiT gamoixata. cxvris sakulto mniSvneloba saqarTveloSi uaRresad tradiciulia, rasac specialistebi cxvris didi ekonomikuri mniSvnelobiT xsnian. cxadia, cxvarTan dakavSirebuli rwmena-warmodgenaTa gaaqtiureba unda momxdariyo im xanebSi, roca meurneobis am dargma saTanado mniSvneloba SeiZina. arsebobs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad mecxvareoba unda dawinaurebuliyo Sua brinjaos xanaSi. Tanamedrove qarTuli sityva „cxovreba“ warmosdgeba „cxvar“ („cxovar“) Zirisagan. aqedan gamomdinare, unda vifiqroT, rom „cxovreba“ odesRac mecxvareobas, SesaZloa saerTod mesaqonleobasc niSnavda58. meurneobis am dargTan erTad unda momxdariyo Sesabamisi terminologiis formireba, misi mniSvnelobis gafarToeba da sakralizaciac, e. i. termini „nadirT mwyemsi“ unda aRmocenebuliyo mxolod samwyemso meurneobis ganviTarebis Semdeg. am pirobis gaTvaliswineba saSualebas gvaZlevs ukeT warmovidginoT is kulturul-istoriuli da socialuri geremo, sadac SesaZlebeli gaxda CvenTvis saintereso siuJetis gardasaxva da axali saxiT Camoyalibeba. motanili masala da gamoTqmuli mosazrebidan gamomdinare daskvnebis saxiT gamovyofT: 1. sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis adreul etapze iqmneba sakraluri kvanZebi, romlebic did miTosur-sarwmunoebriv potencials Seicaven. isini sxvadasxva dros ivsebian sxvadasxva SinaarsiT da rogorc universa- 125 liebi, gamoxataven memkvidreobiT kavSirebs sxvadasxva istoriul epoqaTa Soris. siuJeturi qargis principuli mdgradoba kompensirebulia socialuri da mrwamsobrivi funqciis mobilobiT. 2. xisbeWiani nadiris Sesaxeb arsebul TqmulebaSi asaxulia uZvelesi samonadireo warmodgena nadirT mwyemsTa koleqtivis Sesaxeb. es RvTaebebi klaven da aRadgenen nadirs, aseve anawilebdnen monadireTa Soris. maTi saxiT warmodgenilia egzogamuri koleqtivi: aqvT saerTo warmomavloba, kera, trapeza, asruleben stumar-maspinZlobis wesebs. momdevno epoqebSi RvTaebaTa panTeonebi. aseve naTesauri koleqtivebis saxiT arian warmodgenilni, rac adasturebs maT genetikur kavSirs gvarovnuli sazogadoebis msoflgagebasTan. 3. sakraluri idea, romelic moqmedebaSi moyavs nadirTa mwyemsebis koleqtivs, totemistur warmodgenebSi iRebs saTaves. totemuri cxovelis magiuri saSualebebiT aRdgena-gamravleba totemuri jgufis ZiriTadi religiuri kvlavmwarmoebluri aqcia iyo. jgufi am dros sakralur drosa da sivrceSi moqmedeba da Tavadac sakralurad ganixileboda. saTanado mwamsobrivi cvlilebebis Semdeg, sazogadoebis sakralurma mexsierebam es funqcia nadirTa mwyemsi RvTaebebis naTesaur jgufze gadaitana. 4. nadiris Zvlisa da Tav-rqis dacvis wesi, misi aRdgenis ritualebi, sqesobrivi magia, tyavi da Zvlebi, rogorc materialuri minimumi magiuri aqciisaTvis, aseve niRbosanTa TamaSobebi, imeoreben Zveli „zoofagiuri“ dResaswaulebis ideas aRdgena-gacocxlebis Sesaxeb, oRond amjerad safuZvels maTi sarwmunoebrivi koncefciisaTvis Seadgens miwismoqmedTa Sexedulebebi bunebis aRorZinebis Sesaxeb. 5. „xis beWis“ siuJeti ucvlelad inarCuebs Tavis struqturas, magram, miuxedavad formaluri mdgomareobisa, igi, yovel gansxvavebul viTarebaSi, itvirTeba socialuri garemos Sesabamisi ideologiiTa da moralur-zneobrivi faseulobebiT. formis mdgradoba ar qmnis dabrkolebas ideologiuri cvalebadobisaTvis, rasac aSkarad cxadyofs gacocxlebis ideis ritualuri realizaciis uZvelesi formebis gamoyeneba sxvadasxva socialuri garemos simbolizaciisaTvis. unda vifiqroT, rom avtonomiuri bunebis kvanZebi axasiaTebs ara mxolod kulturis sinqronul ganfenilobas, aramed maTi moZieba SeiZleba diaqronul RerZebzedac. 126 6. ganxiluli siuJeti saSualebas gvaZlevs Tvali gavadevnoT sarwmunoebrivi samyaros transformaciis process drois did monakveTze da eTnografiuli masalis safuZvelze gemovavlinoT kavSirebi kulturis arqaul SreebTan. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. T. oCiauri – xevsureTis miTologiidan (xis beWi) masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, VII. 2. e. virsalaZe – qarTuli samonadireo eposi. Tbilisi, 1964. 3. m. xidaSeli – centraluri amierkavkasiis grafikuli xelovneba adreul rkinis xanaSi, Tbilisi, 1982 w., gv. 124-7. 4. a. SaniZe – qarTuli xalxuri poezia I, xevsuruli, Tbilisi, 1931 w., gv. 637. 5. e. virsalaZe – dasax. naSromi, gv. 220-222. 6. Дзидзигури Ш. – Грузинские варианты нартского эпоса. Тбилиси, 1971 г. стр. 41-42. 7. m. makalaTia – wylis kultis gadmonaSTebi leCxumSi. krebuli „leCxumi“, Tbilisi, 1985 w., gv. 147-148. 8. m. makalaTia, dasax. naSromi, gv. 148. z. Tandilava, masalebi mesefeze. samx. dasavleT saqarTvelos zepirsityviereba. Tbilisi, 1978 w., gv. 4-11. T. saxokia, eTnografiuli nawerebi, Tbilisi, 1956 w., gv. 16. 9. e. virsalaZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 114-131. 10. vaJa-fSavela, poemebi, Tbilisi. 1965 w. 11. Н. Джанашия – Религиозные верования абхазов. Христианский Восток, IV, стр, 108. 12. М. Хидашели – Некоторые вопросы генезиса идеологических воззрений ранежелезного века, Кавказско-ближневосточный сборник. Тбилиси. 1977. стр. 77-80. 13. А. Аршба – Абхазский фольклор и действительность. Тбилиси. 1982 г. стр. 34-38. Бгажба Х. Бзыбскый диалект абхазского языка. Тбилиси, 1964 г. стр. 382. 14. Г. Чурсин – Материалы по этнографии Абхазии. Сухуми, 1957 г. стр. 7678. 15. Г. Чурсин – ук. соч. стр. 78. 127 16. Г. Чурсин – ук. соч. там же. 17. Э. Семенов – Сказки и легенды чеченцев. Владыкавказ, 1892 г. стр. 225. 18. Б. Баранов - Из истории осетинской народной словености. Авсат. СМОМПК г. 24. стр. 63-66. 19. T. oCiauri – qarTvel mTielTa warmodgenebi nadirT mfarvelebze. masala saq. eTn. XXII, gv. 168-178. 20. e. virsalaZe – dasax. naSr., gv. 74. 21. В. Бардавелидзе – Древнейшие религиозные верования и графическое обрядовое искусство. Тбилиси. 1957 г. стр. 110-111. 22. Н. Джанашия – ук. соч. стр. 108. 23. Н. Джанашия – ук. соч. стр. 107. 24. Снорри Стурлурсон - Малая Едра, Ленинград, 1970 г. стр. 27-41. 25. iqve – gv. 36. 26. К. Йеттмар, Религии Гиндукуша, Москва, 1986 г. стр. 227-237; 257-258. 27. g. cocaniZe – giorgobidan giorgobamde, Tbilisi, 1987 w., gv. 37-38. 28. t. CubiniSvili – samTavros yorRanuli samarxi #243. masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis arqeologiisaTvis, I, gv. 13-19. 29. Народы Австралии и Океании. М., 1958 г. стр. 217. 30. Ю. Семенов – Как возникло человечество, 1966 г. стр. 414-418. 31. kastere norber – aTi weli miwis qveS, Tbilisi, 1955 w., gv. 209-210. 32. Ю. Семенов - ук. соч. стр. 419. 33. Ю. Семенов - ук. соч. стр. 424-427. 34. Народы Австралии... стр. 217. 35. В. Богораз – Чукчи, II, Религия. Лен., 1949 г. стр. 47. 36. Дж. Фрэзер – Золотая ветвь. Моск. 1980 г. стр. 47. 37. Ю. Семенов – ук. соч. 428-427. 38. В. Латышев – Очерк греческих древностей, часть 2. С-Петербург, 1899 г. стр. 91-92. 39. В. Бардавелидзе – ук. соч. стр. 198-200. 40. arqanjelo lamberti – saqarTvelos aRwera, Tbilisi, 1938 w., gv. 143. 41. r. erisTavi – folklorul-eTnografiuli 1986 w., gv. 223. 42. arq. lamberti – dasax. naSromi, gv. 59. 128 werilebi, Tbilisi, 43. arq. lamberti – dasax. naSromi, gv. 149. 44. А. Окладников – Исследования мустьерской стоянки и погребения неандертальцев из грота Тешик-Таш. Южный Узбекистан (Средняя Азия) сб. Тешик-Таш. Палеолитический человек. Москва, 1949. стр. 196. 45. v. bardaveliZe – qarTuli (svanuri) saweso grafikuli xelovnebis nimuSebi. Tbilisi, 1953 w., gv. 66-73. 46. i. surgulaZe – erTi saqorwino wesis miTosuri da socialuri bunebisaTvis (mefis ganadirebis analizis cda), macne. istoriiis... seria #2. 1989. 47. gr. giorgaZe - „sawmisi“ xeTur-wyaroebSi da misi antikuri paralelebi (f. haasis mosazrebebi „oqros sawmisis“ Tqmulebis genezisTan dakavSirebiT) Tsu Sromebi... Tbilisi, 1982 w., gv. 287-289. 48. Ю. Семенов, ук. соч., стр. 424-437. 49. d. jeneliZe – qarTuli Teatris sawyisebi, Tbilisi, 1948 w., gv. 353-375. 50. j. ruxaZe – bunebis ZalTa aRorZinebis xalxuri dResaswauli saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi. 1999 w., gv. 79 da Semdeg; gv. 87 da Semdeg. 51. d. janeliZe – dasax. naSromi, gv. 373-374. 52. j. ruxaZe – dasax. naSromi, gv. 67 da Semdeg. j. oniani, qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan (svanuri muryvanoba-kviraoba) xelnaweri, sadisertacio naSromi istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad. gv. 204. 53. g. Citaia – sami insignia (warCinebis niSani) amierkavkasiidan, Sromebi II, Tbilisi, 2000 w., gv. 364 da Semdeg. 54. m. xidaSeli – centraluri amierkavkasiis grafikuli xelovneba adrerkinis xanaSi. Tbilisi, 1982 w., gv. 94-95, 96 da Semdeg. misive, samyaros suraTi arqaul saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 131 da Semdeg. 55. i. surgulaZe – sivrcobrivi aspeqtebi qarTvelTa religiur da miTosur warmodgenebSi. masalebi saq. eTnografiisaTvis, XXIII, Tbilisi, 1987 w., gv. 133 da Semdeg. 56. i. surgulaZe erTi saqorwilo... 57. n. bregaZe – iremi da xari. masalebi saq. eTnografiisaTvis, XXII. 129 58. d. musxeliSvili – qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebis istoriisaTvis. macne, istoriis... #2, 1992 w., gv. 14. ÏÎÁÏÓÄÒ ÅÄÅÈÅÍÜÅÞÒ ÁÏÎÀÓÄ ÈÒÀËÌÌÏ ÆÏ ÕÏÄÕÓÎ ÆÉÅÌÏÌÙÏÓÄÅÞØÒ qarTul xalxur dResaswaulTagan yvelieris TamaSobani adreve moeqca mkvlevarTa yuradRebis centrSi da maT Sesaxeb bevri ram gaxda cnobili. arsebul samecniero literaturaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWa am TamaSobaTa warmomavlobas, calkeul niRabTa genezisis problemas, terminologiis Seswavlas, TamaSobebSi dacul saerTo religiuri koncefciis Seswavlas, TamaSobaTa sanaxaobiT mxares (i. javaxiSvili, v. bardaveliZe, d. janeliZe, j. ruxaZe, j. oniani da sxv.). saerTod 130 aRiarebulia maTi agraruli buneba, calkeul personaJTa kavSiri aRdgenad da mokvdav RvTaebebTan. es TamaSobani, iseve rogorc sxva qarTuli dResaswaulebi, miwismoqmedTa sazogadoebaSia aRmocenebuli da Camoyalibebuli da amdenad maTi kavSiri arqaul samiwaTmoqmedo kosmogoniasa da religiasTan udavoa, radgan maT safuZvelSi yvelgan gamosWvivis bunebis ZalTa nayofierebis, misi mudmivi ganaxlebis idea. bunebis mudmivi ganaxlebisa da kvdomis ideam am dResaswaulebs cikluri xasiaTi mianiWa, rac naTlad aRibeWdeba rogorc calkeul ritualTa, ise dResaswaulTa wliuri kalendris agebulebaSi. ciklurobiT xasiaTdeba am ritualebTan dakavSirebuli xalxuri xelovnebis rigi dargebisa, sadac wre kompoziciis Zireul sivrcobriv da droiT principad iqceva (wriuli da uwyveti kompoziciebi Tixaze, xeze, orpiruli simRerebi, wriuli ferxulebi da a. S.). amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom dResaswaulebi yovelTvis mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli sameurneo wlis, bunebrivi drois aRricxvasTan, bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis krizisul, gardatexis momentTan1, rac ufro xelmisawvdoms xdis maTi religiur-kosmogoniuri aspeqtis Seswavlas. berikaoba saqarTvelos yovel kuTxeSi sayveliero wes-TamaSobaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneboda. igi xSirad mTeli yvelieris manZilze mimdinareobda (imereTi, qarTli), zogan yvelieris xuTSabaTs iwyebdnen, kaxeTSi yvelieris SabaTsa da kviras marTavdnen. imereTSi berikaoba Tebervlis damlevidan aprilis damlevamde mimdinareobda, kaspis raionSi igi aRdgomis win scodniaT; sxva cnobiT, qarTlSi aseT TamaSebs yovel dResaswaulze marTavdnen2. siuJeturad berikaoba moicavda rogorc wminda sakulto, misteriul momentebs, kerZod RvTaebis aRdgenisa da sikvdilis scenebs, niRbosanTa msvlelobebs, seqsualur imitacias da a. S., aseve masSi daSrevebuli iyo mravali istoriuli momenti, socialuri motivebi, zogjer aq totemistur gadmonaSTebsac xedaven. amJamad CvenTvis sainteresoa berikaobis is nawili, romelic ZiriTadad Zveli ritualebiTaa warmodgenili. yvelierSi, zogan misi dadgomisas, zogan ki xuTSabaTs an SabaT-kviras, airCevdnen berikaobis monawileebs, mTavar berikas, berikebs, taxs, arabs, leks, TaTars, mRdels, dedofals, momRerlebsa da damkvrelebs, amasTanave amzadebdnen maT mosarTav tansacmelsa da regaliebs, niRbebs, tyavebs, sxvadasxva cxovelis rqebs da frinvelTa bumbuls, xis falos- 131 ebs, xmal-xanjlebs da a. S. qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, imereTSi xevsureTSi Tu svaneTSi amgvari samzadisisas berikebs daaxloebiT erTgvarad rTavdnen, Tumc mainc maTi garegnoba da morTvis wesi SesaZloa zogan gansxvavebuli yofiliyo3. miuxedavad amisa, yvelgan igrZnoboda saerTod groteskuli stili, xolo monawileTa morTulobaSi, zoomorfuli iqnebodnen isini Tu adamianis saxisa, ucvlelad xazgasmuli iyo sqesobrivi nayofierebis kultmsaxurebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. Semuruli Tu niRbosani berikebis gverdiT mudmivad isxdnen maTi meuRleebi, morTul-mokazmuli dedoflebi, romelTa rolebs TiTqmis yovelTvis qalurad gamowyobili mamakacebi asrulebdnen. imarTeboda qorwinebis scenebi. ritualebSi berikas xSirad klavdnen, amas Cveulebriv arabi an TaTari sCadis, roemlic wesis mixedviT dedoflis mcvelad iTvleba. dedoflis dacva aucilebelia, radgan danarCeni berikebi da damswre sazogadoeba ecileba nefes meuRlis siyvarulSi. meuRlis sikvdiliT gulmokluli dedofali cxare cremlebiT dastiris mas da cdilobs rac SeiZleba mZime mwuxarebis scena gaiTamaSos. Semdeg berika cocxldeba, berikebi isev zeimoben, mxiaruloben, agrZeleben kardakar siaruls, agroveben produqts da Semdeg saerTo purobas marTaven. sayuradReboa, rom karze mosul berikas maspinZlebi gars exveobdnen da cdilobdnen wveri an bewvi moeglijaT, rasac saqonlis an frinvelis budeSi yridnen maTi gamravlebis mizniT. berikebis msvlelobis dasasruls imarTeboda xelCarTuli Cxubi. damarcxebulebs Segrovil produqtebs arTmevdnen. miaCndaT, rom gamarjvebulni uxv mosavals miiRebdnen4. aseTive xasiaTis sanaxaoba yofila yeenobac, romelic didmarxvis pirvel orSabaTs imarTeboda. am sanaxaobas mTels saqarTveloSi marTavdnen. gansakuTrebiT farTo masStabiT igi TbilisSi ewyoboda, magram Tbilisuri yeenobis Sinaarsi ramdenadme daSorebuli iyo saqarTvelos periferiebis yeenobisagan da ufro istoriuli da socialuri momentebiT iyo gadatvirTuli. am sanaxaobaSi monawileobdnen yeeni, dedofali, leki, arabi, Sahi, kuroebi, berikebi, vezirebi, naTlia, mayrebi, aseve gamoiyvandnen xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs: moxeleebs, policias5. yeens aTasnairad rTavdnen: imereTSi Tavze gidels axuravdnen, kaxeTSi – kruxis budes, muyaos gvirgvinebs. yeeni xSirad Semuruli iyo, 132 dedofali ki loyebSewiTlebuli da Seferadebuli. maT cxenze, virze an aqlemze svamdnen, mTiuleTSi uremis Tvalzedac SeusvamT. yeeni da misi amalis wevrebi faliuri niSnebiT iyvnen aRWurvili. aseve qaluri simboloebiT kazmavdnen dedofals. isini sqesobrivi siyvarulis scenebs TamaSobdnen. yeeni mbrZaneblis rolSi warmodgeboda, mas taxtze svamdnen, xelSi samefo niSnebi epyra da xarks da gadasaxads akisrebda mosaxleobas. amasobaSi misi mxleblebi qalebs earSiyebodnen. Tavad yeeni mxleblebiT sofels Semoivlida da xarks agrovebda, roemlTac dResawaulis bolos qeifs marTavdnen. yeenobis dasasruls yeensa da dedofals wyalSi Cayridnen. xalxis rwmeniT, Tu kargad dasveldebodnen, im weliwads gvalva aRar iqneboda. yeenobis dros wylis moxvnac scodniaT. yeensa da dedofals guTanze Sesvamdnen da wyalSi gaatarebdnen. isini ki am dros erTmaneTs exveodnen6. TbilisSi yeenobas XVIII s. marTavdnen, magram misi aRweriloba vrclad XIX saukunisa SemorCenila: 1817-27 wlebSi qalaqi or jgufad gayofila, xelosnebs didZali xis iaraRi daumzadebiaT. erTmaneTs dasjaxebia ori yeeni – isnisa da nariyalasi. TiToeul maTgans am ubnebis Tavadaznauroba da ubralo xalxi umagrebda mxars. aq didi masStaburi sanaxaoba gaTamaSebula, sadac yeeni da misi meuRle „saqarTvelos jars daumarcxebia da Seupyria“, zeimis bolos isini wyalSi amouwuwavT. aseTive sanaxaobebi quTaisSic imarTeboda, 1852 w. aq krivi sam dRes gagrZelebula. didi yeenoba gamarTula TbilisSi 1846 w., bolo xanebSi aq ramdenime yeeni irTveboda da maTi jgufebi erTmaneTs ebrZodnen. aseTi xasiaTis yeenoba imarTeboda xevSi 1897 w., sadac monawileoben yeeni, „atutanti“, „perevoCiki“, „xazinadari“, „pisari“ da a. S. amgvari sanaxaobebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva raionebSi xSirad imarTeboda 19001915 wlebSi, magram TbilisSi 1894 w. igi aukrZalavT. ra Tqma unda, „pianica kapitnebis“, didi samxedro Cinebisa da moxeleebis gamasxaravebas mTavroba ar dauSvebda. qalaqis inteligencia da xalxi cdilobdnen yeenobis SenarCunebas da specialuri nebarTviT „yeenobis kudis“, e. i. mcire yeenobis gamarTva ucdiaT. 1894 w. aseT yeenobaSi TviT i. WavWavaZesac mi- 133 uRia monawileoba, magram devna-akrZalvam mainc Seasusta es uZvevlsi xalxuri tradiciuli zeimi da male igi sabolood gadavardnila, Tumca misi elementebi erTob mkrTalad sxva xalxur dReobebSi SeiZleba damowmdes. Cveni TvalsazrisiT berikaoba-yeenobis Tavdapirveli bunebis garkvevisaTvis pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba eniWeba ara Zlier Teatralizebul warmodgenebs, savses literaturuli alegoriebiTa Tu mkveTri, TvalsaCino istoriuli suraTebiT, aramed im martiv scenebs, sadac zoomorfuli da anTropormorfuli niRbosnebi xorciel siyvaruls, sikvdilisa da aRorZinebis, bunebis ganaxlebis sadidebel ritualebs marTaven. aseTi scenebidan sainteresoa qarTlSi, TbilisSi, algeTis xeobaSi, xevSi gavrcelebuli daTvobia, sadac daTvis niRbiani berika sxvadasxva scenebs TamaSobs: qalebs earSiyeba, cols Txoulobs da a. S. kaxeTisa da imereTSi berikaobaSi gansakuTrebiT popularuli yofila taxis niRbiani berika, romlis mier Sesrulebul scenebSi didi adgili sWeria berikasa da qalis urTierTobas. amgvari scenebi fiqsirebulia aWaraSi, zemo imereTSi, qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, mesxeTsa da javaxeTSi. monawile qals „dedofals“, „kekelas“ „patarZals“ eZaxdnen. mefes, berikas damswre sazogadoeba ecileboda siyvarulSi, imarTeboda sxvadasxva komikuri scenebi, berika kvdeboda, dedofali mas daitirebda, magram sxvadasxvanairi siuJeturi garTulebebis Semdeg igi isev cocxldeboda7. sainteresoa yvelieris sanaxaoba svaneTSi, sadac am dResaswaulis arqauli versiebi Semoinaxa. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvelieris maskarad-TamaSobani svaneTSi RvTaeba kvirias saxelze sruldeboda. am TvalsazrisiT svanuri yvelieri unikaluri bunebisaa, radgan saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi am dResaswaulebze RvTaebebs ar axsenebdnen da yvelaferi berikaTa mxiaruli TamaSiTa da maTi datirebiT amoiwureboda. yvelieris xuTSabaTs qvemo svaneTSi imarTeboda muryvamoba-kvirioba, romelic rva ZiriTadi wesisgan Sedgeboda: kvirias simRera, muryvamoba (koSkoba), Widaoba, adrekila, melia-tulefia, moril-miaqela, xewe, giorgis jvari. yvelieris SabaT-kviras ki berikaoba-gonjaoba, an daTvobia imarTeboda. zemo svaneTSi ki Sesabamisad ewyoboda „aRba laRrali“ anu aRebis TamaSobebi lamproba-keisroba da laRamis krivi8. 134 am dResaswaulebisas imarTeboda Sejibrebebi. saerTod mTeli dResasawauli Sejibrebis formiT mimdinareobda (mag., qvemo svaneTSi erT jgufs Seadgendnen soflebi: Jaxunderi, Cukuli, lemzagori, xolo meores – sasaSi, mebeci, lekosendi, mauldi), Tumca zogierTi wesi, mag. melia-tulefia, xewe, giorgis jvari koleqtiurad sruldeboda9. kvirias sagalobels orpiri gundi asrulebda. aseve or jgufad gayofili medResaswauleni cdilobdnen koSkis, muryvamis, waqcevas Tavis mxares. romeli jgufis mxaresac koSki waiqceoda, iqiT kargi mosavali iqneboda. uTovlo weliwads Tavlis koSks naZvis xiT cvlidnen, koSkebis Semdgom erTmaneTs daeWidebodnen ori jgufebis falavnebi, romelTac specialurad amzadebdnen am dRisaTvis. WidaobaSi gamarjveba aseve kargi mosavlis garantia iyo. Widaobis Semdeg sruldeboda seqsualuri niSniT aRbeWdili rituali „adrekilaÁ“. am wess ori, erTmaneTis win damdari gundi asrulebda. TiToeul gunds hyavda moTave, romelsac xelSi joxi, an xis xmali eWira. gundebi simReriT eqadodnen erTmaneTs damtvrevadazianebas. am simRerebSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli esxrologia (bilwsityveoba), romelic sqesTa urTierTobis moments asaxavda. simReris Semdgom ori gunds Soris imarTeboda brZolis imitacia. isini cdilobdnen erTmaneTisaTvis raime waerTmiaT. aseTive xasiaTisaa momdevno wesi meliatulefia, sadac pirvelyofili sicxadiT aris imitirebuli sqesobrivi urTierTobani teqstiT, mimikiT, moZraobiT da faliuri aqsesuarebiT. Semdgom Seasrulebdnen or an samsarTulian ferxuls, moril-miaqelas, anu miqael mJave wylisas saxelobaze, sadac meferxuleni erTmaneTs isev da isev damtvreviT emuqrebodnen, Semdgom ityodnen friad esxrologiur, seqsualur simReras, sadac warmodgenilia hipertrofirebuli sqesobrivi niSnebis mqone qalis ganayofierebis scena. es qali cxovrobs giorgi jvris mTidan gamomdinare wyalze agebul wisqvilSi. da bolos ki xewes simRerisas axsenebdnen monadire kaxabers, romelic xar-jixvebs xocavs. dResaswauli grZeldeboda yvelieris SabaTs. JaxunderaSi irCevdnen berols, berikas, gonjas, romelsac Semuravdnen, Caacmevdnen Txis tyavs, Tavze da tanze moaxvevdnen ZonZebs da pureulis namjas. welze xis faloss Camohkidebdnen da xisave xmals miscemdnen xelT. beroli mTels laSxeTs Semoivlida, yvela ojaxSi mividoda da sqesTa urTierTobis imitacias eweoda. am dros mas micvivdebodnen qalebi da cdilobdnen mo- 135 esinjaT Cacmulobis nawilebi, romelTac nayofierebisa da xvavrielobis gansakuTrebuli Zala miewerebodaT. kardakar siarulisas berol-gonja mReroda simReras, romlis teqstis Tanaxmad igi „Tvalebs aRvrialebs“, moiTxovs yvels da sxva sanovages da vinc amaze uars etyvis, igi mis yanebs gvalviT emuqreba10. axali wlis ciklis erT-erTi dResaswauli iyo „gamurva-daTvobia“, romlis boslobis uSualo gagrZelebas warmoadgenda. aq daTvurad morTuli kacebi Semoixvevdnen cercvis CenCos, namjas, aiRebdnen xis xmals, mamali daTvi daikidebda xis faloss da Semdgom dedalTan erTad sqesobriv aqts ganasaxierebda. amis Semdgom qalebi da kacebi cdilobdnen erTmaneTi gaemuraT, muriT an naxSiriT piri gaeSavebinaT an comi waesvaT. am dReobaSi cekva da simRera sruldeboda. Tu vinmes malulad sayvareli hyavda, cdiloda usaTuod Sexvedroda mas11. yvelierSi zemo svaneTis sof. JabeSSi imarTeboda dReoba „aRbalaRrali“, aRebis TamaSobani, romlis mTavari ceremoniali yvelieris aRebis kviras sruldeboda. yvelieris xuTSabaTs sof. caldaSis axlos borcvze aaSenebdnen Tovlis koSks. amave dros JabeSSi iwyeboda ori koSkis aSeneba Tovlisagan. amaTgan erTi didi iyo da misi mSenebloba yvelieris kviras mTavrdeboda. tyidan mohqondaT uzarmazari keti, romlis boloebs TiTbris bunikiT da feradi naWrebiT morTavdnen. am kets droSas uwodebdnen. yvelieris paraskevs imRerebdnen „kvirias“. SabaTs igives gaimeorebdnen, ris Semdgom xalxi mieseoda Tovlis koSks. TiToeuli cdilobda Tavisken wamoeZala koSki. amis Semdgom imarTeboda Tovlis moyra. gundaoba, Widaoba, es rituali soflebs Soris Sejibrebis saxiT ewyoboda da gamarjvebuls karg mosavals uqadda. Semdeg amoirCevdnen „saqmisaÁs“, „yaens“, saqmisaÁs Tormet moaxles da yaenis or „dedofals“. kvirias koSkebTan „saqmisaÁs“ da „yaens“ morTavdnen. maTi morTuloba msgavsia qvemosvanuri berolis morTulobisa. dedoflebi calTvalebi iyvnen, or-ori Samfuri eWiraT da radgan pirdapir siaruli ekrZalebodaT, gverdulad dadiodnen. qalebi ar monawileobdnen da maT magier qalurad mamakacebi ikazmebodnen. Tovlis did koSkze daasobdnen anZas, did boZs, da isev morTavdnen, rogorc saqmisaÁs, garda danarCeni atributebisa (falosi, saceri, ZonZebi, namja) mas qalis nawnavebsac hkidebdnen. 136 saqmisaÁ xaWapursa da yvels ReWavda, irgvliv afurTxebda, Tan siuxvesa da baraqas SesTxovda RmerTs. saqmisaÁ daZinebul yaens dedoflebs stacebda, amis gamo tydeba Cxubi da imarTeba Widaoba. wesis mixedviT saqmisaÁ imarjvebs. dResaswaulis bolos cdilobdnen boZidan „qudi“ Camoagdon. gamarjvebul mxares uxvi mosavalia mosalodneli. Semdeg koSks Tavze aRmarTul boZs saferxulo simRerebiT gars uvlian, ris Semdgom Cveulebrivi wesiT waaqceven koSks. adgilobrivni fiqroben, rom yaenis ceremonia kaxeTidan aris Semotanili12. Zveli stilis pirvel Tebervals mulaxis sof. laxirSi imarTeboda „keisroba“, „lamparoba“, anu „svimonoba-lamparoba“; am dRes yvela mamakaci ikribeboda mTavarangelozis eklesiaSi, mihqondaT cercvis guliani namcxvari, zedaSe, arayi, komlze erTi lampari da sulze erTi sanTeli. salocavis ezoSi airCevdnen „keisars“, mis moadgiles, daklavdnen saklavs da xorcs komlebis mixedviT daanawilebdnen. keisars Caacmevdnen Txis qurqs, saxes gaumuravdnen, xis faloss Camohkidebdnen da xelSi lampars miscemdnen, monawileebi erTmaneTs muravdnen, gadaWarbebiT svamdnen, Semdgom keisari vaJebs sacoleebs SeurCevda. sanTlebi da lamprebi rom Caqreboda, mTvrali xalxi keisrisa da moadgilis meTaurobiT moemarTeboda erT-erT ojaxSi, romelic am dResaswaulTan dakavSirebiT did lxins ixdida. aq ormxrivi damuqrebis Semdgom ojaxSi Sevidodnen, imRerodnen „sadams“ da „diades“, cecxls samjer Semouvlidnen, sanTlebs Sgilze miakravdnen. roca sanTlebi Caqreboda qali da kaci erTmaneTs daereodnen da lazRandarobdnen, Semdeg keisari or „cols“ airCevda, maT ealerseboda da falosze daSnas ilesavda. am dRes sxva soflebSi anTebul JinJRlebs esrodnen xeebs nayofis momatebis mizniT. keisaris „colebs“ ki, xalxis rwmeniT, vaJebi unda SesZenodaT13. garda zemoxsenebuli wesebisa, svaneTSi bevri sxva, ufro naklebi masStabis wesi sruldeboda, magram maTi Sinaarsi da semantika ar scildeboda didi dReobis idur-religiur sferos da amdenad SesaZloa maT ganxilvas Tavi avaridoT. rogorc motanili masala gviCvenebs, yvelieris berikaobis ritualebi ramdenadme gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. isini or qvejgufad Se- 137 iZleba danawildes. pirvel qvejgufSi erTiandeba SedarebiT martivi berikuli sanaxaobani, romelTa struqturaSi naklebadaa Sesuli SedarebiT axali istoriuli da socialuri elementebi. maTi gavrcelebis are ZiriTadad saqarTvelos soflebs moicavs. meore qvejgufSi ki Tavs iyris qalaqebSi – TbilisSi, gorSi, quTaisSi gamarTuli masobrivi xasiaTis saxalxo zeimebi, yeenoba – masiuri kriviT, politikur-socialuri motivebiT, sadac arqauli warmodgenebi SedarebiT gvian Setanil elementebTanaa Serwymuli. aq, gansxvavebiT pirveli rigis dResaswaulebisagan, wina planze gamodis sayovelTao saxalxo karnavalis niSnebi, saerTo saxalxo travestacia, sakarnavalo sicili, dafuZnebuli umaRlesi da umdablesi socialuri kategoriebis daaxloebaze (mag. masxarulad morTuli yeeni, dedofali, maRali Tanamdebobis pirni da a.S.), sadac Zlier gamwvavebulia socialuri aqcenti. aseTi karnavalebi da saerTo-saxalxo mxiarulobani mTels evropaSia cnobili14. miuxedavad aRniSnuli etapobrivi sxvaobisa, sadac naTlad SeimCneva Sua saukuneebSi miRebuli saxecvlilebebis kvali, es TamaSobani erTi da igive warmodgenebidan momdi- nareoben da ukanasknel xanebamde inarCuneben saerTo ideologiur safuZvels. arqauli misteriebis Semdgomi, politikuri niSniT garTulebis Sesaxeb azri gamoTqmuli aqvs d. janeliZes, roemlic arCevs sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqis danaSrevs15. zemoxsenebul xalxur sanaxaobebSi yvelgan gamoirCeva mTavari moqmedi piri, pirvel jgufSi beri, berika, berol-gonja, keisari, meore jgufSi ki yeeni. orive maTgans axlavs dedofali, an dedoflebi, mTeli sanaxaoba sqesTa xazgasmuli urTierTobis fonze mimdinareobs. am personaJTa garegnoba yovelTvis erTgvari principis mixedviT iqmneba. misteriis dasasruls mTavari gmiri kvdeba da cocxldeba an mas wyalSi agdeben. amasTanave berikaobisa da yeenobis finalSi yovelTvis cis namzea laparaki da mTeli dResaswauli kargi amindisa da mosavlisaTvisaa gamiznuli. magram aseTi viTarebaSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs Semdegi garemoeba: zemoT, masalis zedapiruli aRwerisas, cxadad gamoCnda, rom yvelieris berikuli sanaxaobani mWidrod ukavSirdebian sakmaod kargad Seswavlil motivebs. kerZod aq monawileobs gonja-lazare, kviria, wm. giorgi. ritualebSi warmodgenilia zoomorfuli niRbebi taxisa, Txisa, 138 cxvrisa, monawileni aRbeWdilni arian faliuri da solaruli simboloebiT. upirveles yovlisa yuradRebas iqcevs sadResaswaulo karnavlis sivrceSi ganfenis principi. igi sruldeba niRbosanTa Tu uniRbo monawileTa rigis msvlelobis saSualebiT. es msvleloba ki sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara Semovla, garsSemovla soflisa, an soflebisa ritualis ZiriTadi ideebis Sesabamisad aRkazmuli monawileTa rigis mier, romelsac win uZRvis berika//beroli//gonja//keisari//yeeni. e. i. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, ritualis monawileni mTeli samoqmedo procesiT kraven wres, radgan maTi msvlelobis mizani ar aris raime geografiul an sakulto punqtamde miRweva. es garemoeba ki imaze migvaniSnebs, rom ritualurreligiur qmedebaTa saboloo mizani mis gareT ki ar mdebareobs, aramed, piriqiT, mis SigniTaa, qmedebaTa interesi ar scildeba Sesrulebis procesSi aTvisebul sivrces, ris gamoc igi damoukidebel mniSvnelobas iZens. amdenad, Semovlili, teritoria warmogvidgeba rogorc sivrce misteriis praqtikuli da ideologiuri ganfenisa da am niSniT igi, rogorc aRniSnuli, organizebuli sivrce, upirispirdeba danarCens, araorganizebul samyaros, aRuniSvnels. es garemoeba rituals ukavSirebs garkveuli regionis sazRvrebs, romlis SigniT iseTi eTniuri da socialuri organizmi unda iyos ganlagebuli, romelic raRac niSanTa jgufiT unda gamoyofdes Tavs sxva dagarCenisagan. niSanTa Soris igulisxmeba aRniSnuli dResaswaulic, romelic aRebuli regionis religiur- ritualur valdebulebas warmoadgens da mis interesebs e. i. am SemTxvevaSi religiur-kosmogoniur warmodgenebs Seeabameba. dResaswaulis aseTi sivrcobrivi, wriuli gaazreba mas damoukidebel miznobriv Rirebulebas aniWebs. wrisa da wriuli moqmedebaTa sakraluri aspeqtebi qarTvelTa warmodgenebSi gamovlenili da Seswavlili aqvs v. bardaveliZes, magram man es movlena kerZod astralur simboliks daukavSira16, maSin roca aq unda veZioT ufro vrceli moculobis koncepcia, romelic ara mxolod astralur warmodgenebs asaxavs, aramed warmoadgens drois aRricxvis wriul, ciklur wess, Sesabamisad bunebis kvdoma-aRorZinebisa. es idea vlindeba brinjaos balTebis dekorSic, sadac xSiria wris, anu Semovlis principze agebuli kompoziciebi. am kompoziciebSi faliuri monadireebi da cxovelebi ritmul jgufebad, an mTliani rigebis saxiT arian warmo- 139 dgenilni, rac naTlad migvaniSnebs, rom aqac religiur-miTologiuri Sinaarsis msvlelobaa warmodgenili. safiqrebelia, rom aRniSnuli masala asaxavs kavkasiuri miTosis formirebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes etaps da mas Sesabamisi religiur-kosmogoniuri aspeqtic gaaCnia. aRniSnul kompoziciebSi mocemulia samyaros yvela sknelis simbolika da isini kompoziciurad wris, ciklis saxiT arian warmodgenilni, rac ar iZleva maT semantikuri arealis mxolod astraluri warmodgenebiT Semofargvlis saSualebas. msgavsi religiur-miTologiuri Sinaarsis kompozicia aris warmodgenili yanCaeTis Starndartzedac, es kompozicia wriuladaa agebuli17 da amdenad ideuri safuZvliT uaxlovdeba sartylebze gamosaxul da xalxur dResaswaulebSi SemorCenil ritualur „msvlelobebs“. amave semantikuri mniSvnelobis mqoned migvaCnia yazbegis ganZis masalac, sadac iTifaluri figurebi – mocekvaveni Tu mlocvelebi, cxovelis rqebTn erTad saerTo religiuri-miTologiur da kosmogoniur qargaSia moqceuli18. berikul sanaxaobaSi gansakuTrebul yuradRelas pyrobs mTavar personaJTa amxedrebis, e. i. saxedarze, aqlemze, cxenze da a. S. Sesmis wesi, vfiqrobT, rom es saintereso momentic Sinaarsobrivad uaxlovdeba brinjaos Zeglebze mxedrebis gamosaxvis tradicias, rac iwyeba Suabrinjaos xanidan da antikuri xanis xelovnebaSic Semoinaxa. mxedarTa gamosaxulebani am Zeglebze mTliani, damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone movlenad unda miviCnioT da maTi analizisas gamosaxulebis Semadgenel elementebad (e. i. cxenad da kacad) daSla ar aris marTebuli. es mosazreba istoriulad sabuTdeba im garemoebiTac, rom cxeni, rogorc damoukidebeli religiuri zoomorfuli simbolo, CvenSi gacilebiT gvian Cndeba, isic ucxo religiebis gavleniT, radgan es cxoveli kavkasiis Zveli mcxovrebTa TvalsawierSi unda Semosuliyo rogorc mxedrobasTan dakavSirebuli movlena, an gamwevi Zala. aRniSnul scenebSi cxovelTagan swored cxeni ar aris damoukideblad warmodgenili da yovelTvis mxe- darTanaa dakavSirebuli. miTiur Tu religiur personaJs – mxedars yovelTvis didi adgili eWira qarTvelTa xelovnebasa da rwmena-warmodgenebSi. xalxur ritualSi sakmaod Zlieri Cans miTiur-religiuri mxedris mniSvneloba. v. bardaveliZem yuradReba miaqcia mTiulur-gudamayrul warmodgenebs cxenosani beris Sesaxeb, sadac beri// beberai xis cxenze 140 Semjdar mekvled warmogvidgeba. aseTive rituali gavrcelebuli yofila svaneTSiac, sadac asalwelsa da lifanalSi ketze, „Ãulze“ amxedrebul biWs samjer Semoatarebdnen keras. am warmodgenaTa safuZvelze v. bardaveliZem beri da „Ãulis“ ritaulis xsenebuli bombRa tolfasovan movlenad miiCnia19. sainteresoa is garemoebac, rom xis cxeni rogorc CvenSi, ise TiTqmis mTels msoflioSi bavSvTa TamaSobebis samyaros SemorCa, sadac sakmaod xSiria arqaul ritualTa nakvalevi. sainteresod emTxveva erTmaneTs mxedrisa da termin „beris“ socialuri mniSvnelobebi. mxedroba, cxenis floba da saflavSi Sekazmuli cxenis Cayoleba Zvel xalxebSi garkveuli socialuri wris uflebriv prerogativad iqca. ase unda yofiliyo CvenSic. beri da misi gaormagebiT miRebuli termini „beberi“ qarTulSi upirvelesad asakobrivad uxucess, ufross aRniSnavs, xolo Zvelad uflebriv upiratesobasac, moTaveobasac niSnavda, razedac naTlad metyvelebs terminebi „xevisberi“, „qalaqis berni“ da masTanani. am TvalsazrisiT „beri“ „uflis“ religiuri mniSvnelobis winapar Tu paralelur cnebad gvevlineba. yovel SemTxvevaSi cxadia, rom umaRlesi RvTaebrivi rangis aRsaniSnavad qarTulma enam termini „ufali“ Semoinaxa da misi socialuri aspeqtebi kargadaa Seswavlili qarTul istoriografiaSi20. terminma „berma“ ufro asakobrivi religiuri (mag. qristianuli „beri“ anu monazoni) da socialuri, mniSvneloba SeinarCuna. am tradicias sainteresod asuraTebs Tavad misteriis mTavari personaJis saxelis momdevno versiebi. garkveuli droidan mas „keisari“ ewodeba. ufro mogvianebiT ki - „yeeni“. udavoa, rom am terminTa Semosvla saerTo wess emorCileba. kerZod, aq Cans berisaTvis socialuri ierarqiis umaRlesi donis aRmniSvneli titulis miniWebisaken miswrafeba. cxadia, Tu ratom uwodes mas „keisari“, „yeeni“ da ara mefe, radganac qarTveli kacisaTvis es ori termini istoriulad yovelTvis gulisxmobda umaRles Zalas gansxvavebiT evropisagan, sadac masxarebis moTaves Cveulebriv masxaraTa mefes eZaxdnen. saxelTa am rigidan sruliad cxadia, rom „keisari“ da „yeeni“ dResaswaulSi gvevlinebian beris memkvidreebad da xarisxobrivad tolfasovan cnebebad. termini „ufali“ Tanamedrove qarTulSi religiuri aspeqtiTaa SemorCenili da am TvalsazrisiT igi principulad gaemijna masTan saerTo Ziridan nawarmoeb sxva terminebs (kerZod „mefe“, „sefe“ da a. S.), ro- 141 melTac upiratesad socialuri mniSvneloba SeinarCunes. termini „beri“ am mxriv Sualeduri movlenaa. mas SemorCenili aqvs rogorc socialuri, ise religiuri aspeqti. amdenad socialur da religiur personaJis saxeli „beri“, migviTiTebs mis maRal socialur da religiur rangze, e. i. misi saSualebiT warmodgenilia figura, romelic Tavisi TaviT am ori sferos umaRlesi safexuris gansaxierebas warmoadgenda. Tanaxmad xalxuri TmaSobebisa mTavari moqmedi piri, beri, aris socialuri ierarqiis TavSi mdgomi piri, romelic, amasTanave nayofierebis Zalebis gamgebelicaa. igi, Zvel miwaTmoqmedTa regiliuri mrwamsis Sesabamisad, mokdavi da aRdgenadia. amitomac beri misteriaSi warmogvidgens qveynierebis wesrigis Semoqmedis, socialuri garemosa da veluri bunebis ganaxlebis Zalebis ganmgeblis kvdoma-aRorZinebis scenebs. am personaJis Tavdapirveli bunebisa da saxis formireba unda momxdariyo rwmena-warmodgenaTa erTi wris bazaze, romelTa Tanaxmad „mefe-qurumi“ Tavisi TaviT qveynad ganaxorcielebs nayofierebis RvTaebas manam, vidre saamiso fizikuri SesaZleblobani gaaCnia. am principze agebuli dResaswaulebi mTels Zvel samyaroSi iyo cnobili (mag. egvipturi xeb-sedi)21. misi dResaswaulia qalRvTaebasTan qorwili, Tavidan namdvili, Semdeg - groteskuli. berikaobis misteriisaTvis friad niSandoblivia sagangebo aqcenti sqesTa urfierTobis amsaxvel motivebze. aseTi motivebi saqarTveloSi mraval dResaswaulSi Semoinaxa (wylis moxvna, lazaroba, bombRa da a. S.), sadac maT genetikur mTlianobaze migviTiTebs. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens j. onianis mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad lazaroba-gonjaoba, beris misteriasTan erTad, kvirias dResaswaulis nawils Seadgens da damoukidebeli saxiT gvian gamoiyo. zemoT ukve iyo aRniSnuli, rom xalxuri dResaswaulebis seqsualuri motivi da monawileTa faliuri akazmuloba sagrZnob memkvidreobiT kavSirs avlens brinjaos sartylebis scenebTan. safiqrebelia, rom am scenebSi personaJTa faliuroba, monadireoba, ritualuri sasmelis sma, ferxulebi, cxovelTa gamosaxulebani, maTi Tav-rqis kavSiri sakralur moqmedebebTan da a. S. erT mTlian procesSi mxolod maSin SeiZleba moeqces. Tu am, erTi SexedviT, gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis mqone movlenebs saerTo miTologiur-religiuri safuZveli moeZebneba da arqauli kosmogoniis principebis Sesabamisad daiWeren saTanado adgils rwmena-warmod- 142 genaTa saerTo struqturaSi. es sakiTxi miT ufro sainteresoa da masStaburad gveCveneba, roca viTvaliswinebT, rom msgavsi Sexedulebebi Sors scildeba kerZod qarTuli kulturis istoriis farglebs da damowmebuli da Seswavlilia Tanamedrove qristian da mahmadian xalxebSi22. gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebod gveCveneba berikaobis adgili dResaswaulTa wliur ciklSi da termin „yvelieris“ warmomavloba da mniSvneloba. eWvs ar iwvevs, rom es rituali da misteria Tavidanve adresagazafxulo dResaswaulTa ciklSi unda yofiliyo moqceuli, magram aseTi ganmarteba friad zogadia da konkretuls arafers gveubneba. misi axsnisaTvis aucilebelia yvelierisa da berikaobis saerTo struqturaSi ganxilva. winaswari varaudis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelieri saSualo wevrad gvevlineba aRkveTaTa samwevrian sistemaSi: xorcielis aReba, yvelieris aReba da didi marxva. es wevrebi mravalgvari Suamavali saweso dReebiT arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, rac maTi struqturuli mTlianobis maCvenebelia. samwveriani sistemebi, rogorc momdevno safexuri orwevriani, daimetruli mniSvnelobis mqone dapirispirebaTa erTianobisa, Zveli xalxebis socialuri, religiuri, miTologiuri da a. S. azrovnebis tipis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi niSania da igi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi vlindeboda. misi saSualebiT xdeboda benebisa da adamianTa sazogadoebis urTierTobis procesSi warmoqmnili yvela konfliqturi momentis regulireba, sivrcisa da drois organizacia, maTi kosmogoniur sqemaze ganlageba. es sitemebi sazogadoebis cxovrebasa da gare samyaros yvela kerZo gamovlinebas kosmogoniur-miTologiur da religiur aspeqtebs aniWebda. am konkretul SemTxvevaSic saqme gvaqvs aRkveTis samsafexurian sistemasTan, roemlTa saxelwodebani sakvebi produqtebis saxelebTanaa dakavSirebuli. pirvel safexurze aRkveTilia xorceuli, meoreze rZis produqti, xolo mesame, aRkveTaTa saboloo mizani, kvebis samarxvo reJimzea damyarebuli. es rigi qristianuli ar unda iyos, magram eklesiis mier miRebulia da daculi. aq naTlad Cans sakvebi produqtis dajgufeba sam ZiriTad jgufad: xorcielad, rZis da mcenaruel produqtebad, sadac rZis produqti gardamavlis rols asrulebs xorcielsa da mcenareuls Soris. yvelieris TamaSobani ki swored am saSualo rgols emTxveva da misi analizi saTanado doneze mxolod maSin SeiZleba dad- 143 ges, Tu struqturul mTlianobaSi iqmneba ganxiluli. sakvebi produqtebis religiuri simbolika, romelic am SemTxvevaSi zemoxsenebuli rigis religiur-kosmogoniuri mniSvnelobis gasaRebs warmoadgens, CvenSi am TvalsazrisiT Seswavlili ar aris da mis Sesaxeb mxolod varaudis gamoTqma Tu SeiZleba. erTi ram ki udavoa, rom sakvebi produqtis TiToeuli jgufi mkacr simbolur mniSvnelobas atarebs da aSkarad samyaros calkeul elementebTan, sknelebTan mimarTebaSi ganixileboda. mxolod aseT, arayofiTsa da saerTo mniSvnelobis mqone Tavlsazrisis safuZ- velze SeiZleboda aRkveTaTa rigis saxelebis aRmoceneba sakvebi produqtis saxelwodebaTa mixedviT. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, aq saqme gvaqvs konkretuli faqtis zogad-simbolur, religiur-kosmogeniur mniSvnelobasTan, rac yvelieris TamaSobebs sruliad gansakuTrebul, aseve religiurkosmogoniur Rirebulebas aniWebs. am Rirebulebis mqone rituali, miTosi da misteria, agebuli Sesabamisi, samwevriani kosmogoniuri sistemis mixedviT, Tvalnafliv moCans brinjaos sartylebis dekorSi da mraval, sxva, ufro arqauli warmomavlobis Zeglis mxatvrul formasa Tu dekorSi, romelTa Seswavla Tanamedrove eTnografiuli monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ramdenadme aRadgens rwmena-warmodgenaTa uwyvet daqronul RerZs arqauli droidan dRemde. am problemaTa gamovlena da Seswavla momavali damoukidebeli kvlevis saqmea. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. Бахтин М. М., Франсуа Рабле и народная культура ренессанса; М., 1965 с. 12; Брегадзе Н. А., К вопросу о локализации первичных очагов земледелия в Грузии, СЭ №4, 1975, с. 73; misive, ZvelqarTuli warmarTuli da agraruli kalendrebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis, „Ziebani saqarTvelos da kavkasiis istoriidan“, Tb., 1976, gv. 397. 2. d. janeliZe, qarTuli Teatris xalxuri sawyisebi, Tb., 1948, gv. 396. 3. d. janeliZe, saxioba, Tb., 1980, gv. 21. 4. j. ruxaZe, qarTuli xalxuri dResaswauli, Tb., 1966, gv. 6-10. misive, masalebi miwaTmoqmedebis istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi, „masalebi saq. eTnografiisaTvis“, VI, Tb., 1953, gv. 101; misive, soflis 144 meurneobasTan dakavSirebuli qarTuli saweso niRbebi, „masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis“, VII, 1955. 5. j. ruxaZe, qarTuli xalxuri dResaswauli, gv. 10. 6. d. janeliZe, qarTuli Teatris xalxuri sawyisebi, gv. 287. 7. d. janeliZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 345-66. 8. j. oniani, qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan (svanuri muryvanoba-kviriaoba), Tb., 1969, xelnaweri, gv. 184-198. 9. j. oniani, dasax. naSr., gv. 198-209. 10. iqve, gv. 209-216. 11. iqve, gv. 237-238. 12. iqve, gv. 237-238. 13. j. oniani, dasax. naSr., gv. 223-225. 14. Бахтин М. М., ук. соч., с. 3-50. 15. d. janeliZe, qarT. Teatris xalx. sawy., gv. 342-343. 16. v. bardaveliZe. qarTuli (svanuri) saweso grafikuli xelovnebis nimuSebi, Tb., 1953, gv. 127-131. 17. i. gagoSiZe, adreantikuri xanis Zeglebi qsnis xeobidan, Tb., 1964, gv. 43-47, tab. IV-V. 18. l. wiTlaniZe, yazbegis ganZis zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis, masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis arqeologiisaTvis“, III, 1963, tab. II-IV. 19. v. bardaveliZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 113-116. 20. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT vrceli literaturis mimoxilva ix. g. mamulia, klasobrivi sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba Zvel qarTlSi, Tb., 1979, gv. 53-57. 21. Матье М. З., Хеб-сед, «Вестник древней истории», №3, 1956. 22. i. surgulaZe, qarTvelTa agraruli rwmena-warmodgenebis istoriidan, „masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis“, XX, 1978, gv. 85. 1981. 145 ÍÅÞÒÀÒ ÈÌÕÂÅÎÐÄÒ ÁÏÎÀÓÄ ÈÒÀËÌÌÏ ÆÏ ÎÒÜÓÏÄØÒ ÈÒÌÒ ÊÓÄÜÓÎÓÄ-ÒÌÜËÎÒÓÄÒ ÏÌÐÅÁÜÅÞÒ áïîàâåäàï îåäòãòóî ùïîèëæãåíåþìï æï èïàò îòüóïäóîò îåïäòçïúòòì ðîëúåìøò èíòøâíåäëâïíò ïæãòäò óÿòîïâì îùèåíïì, îëèäòì àïíïõèïæ áîòìüòïíóä ùèòíæïíì (ïí ìïäëúïâì, õïüì) íåþòà èë¸ñïâì ìïèìõâåîðäë úõëâåäò. òãò èïì ïìåâå íåþïñëôäëþòà åùòîåþï. ïè ôïáüòì ñâåäïçå èíòøâíåäëâïí ãïèëâäòíåþïæ òàâäåþï òäëîòì ùèòíæï ãòëîãòì æéåëþï, 20 íëåèþåîò, îëúï ùèòíæïíì àïâïæ èë¸ñïâæï ìïèìõâåîðäë õïîò. ìïþåæíòåîëæ, åì æéåìïìùïóäò ùïîèëïæãåíì òøâòïà ãïèëíïêäòìì, îïæãïí, ãïíìõâïâåþòà æïíïî÷åíåþòìïãïí, ãâïáâì èòìò ïéùåîòäëþï XVII ìïóêóíòì øóïõïíåþòæïí, îëèåäòú èòìòëíåîèï ïîáïí- 146 öåäë äïèþåîüòè øåïìîóäï (òãò ìïèåãîåäëøò úõëâîëþæï 1633-54 ùäåþøò, ðòîâåäò ùòãíò ãïèëìúï 1649 ùåäì íåïðëäøò)1. òãòâå úíëþï øåèëòíïõï àåïàòíåäàï ðîåôåáüòì, æëí òëìåþ èïîò ûïèðòì îåäïúòïøò, îëèåäìïú àïâòì íïøîëèøò ïáâì ÷ïîàóäò ôîïíã èëãçïóîì, øïîæåíì. òãò ìïáïîàâåäëøò òèñëôåþëæï XVII ì-òì 70-òïí ùäåþøò. òäëîòì æéåìïìùïóäòì ïíïäëãòóîò ïéùåîï ïîòì æïúóäò âïõóøüò þïãîïüòëíàïíïú. ïè ïéùåîòäëþïàï àïíïõèïæ ëú íëåþèåîì ìïèåãîåäëì èàïâïîò àïâïæïçíïóîëþïìï æï ñâåäï êïîòìêïúàïí åîàïæ, ïìåâå ëæòøòì õïäõòì àïíõäåþòà, èòæòëæï òäëîòì åêäåìòïøò æéåìïìùïóäçå æïìïìùîåþäïæ æï òèòì ìïíïõïâïæ, àó îëãëî èëòñâïíì ùèòíæï ãòëîãò õïîì. äïèþåîüò õïçãïìèòà ïéíòøíïâì, îëè æéåìïìùïóäçå ïîï èïîüë ëæòøòì õïäõò, ïîïèåæ ïôõïçåþòú æï ìâïíåþòú åìùîåþòïíë. æéåìïìùïóäòì ùòíï æéåì åêäåìòòì êïîòþÿåìàïí ïèïäòà èòìóäò èàïâïîò êäòüòà ïêåüâòíåþæï ãïäïâïíì æï çåæ àïâòì þåÿåæì ïìâïèæï. èåëîå æòäòà èàïâïîò ãïàåíåþïèæå þîóíæåþëæï åêäåìòïøò, ïèïäïìàïí æï õïäõàïí åîàïæ øåïèëùèåþæï àïâòì þåÿåæì, èåîå èëõìíòæï èïì æï øåæòëæï ãïäïâïíøò. ïá, ãïäïâíòì þÿåìï æï åêäåìòïì øëîòì æïòíïõïâæíåí ùèòíæïíòì èòåî èëñâïíòä õïîì æï ñâåäï èëùòùåþòà æïõîòæï àïâì. åêäåìòïøò èïøòíâå òùñåþëæï çïîåþòì îåêâï æï ñâåäï ãïòãåþæï, îëè ùèòíæïíèï ìïìùïóäò ïè ùåäìïú ïéïìîóäï. õïäõì èòï÷íæï, îëè ùèòíæïíò òè éïèåì õïîì ìïèöåî ãïïüïîåþæï èàòæïí çéâïèæå æï ðòîòáòà æï èåîå æïüëâåþæï åêäåìòïøò. åì ùåìò ïîáïíöåäëì øåèæåãïú ïî ãïæïâïîæíòäï æï XIX ì-òì øóï õïíåþïèæå øåèëóíïõïâì àïâò. õïîòì èëñâïíï, ãâòïíæåäò úíëþòà, èëïìùïâåþæï èøâòæëþïì, êïîãì èëìïâïäì æï èàåäò ùäòì þåæíòåîåþïì. ïæîåë, ïéíòøíóäòï úíëþïøò, õïîò èëæòëæï ñëâåäùäòóîïæ, øåèæåã àóîèå 3-4 ùåäøò åîàõåä, õëäë þëäëì, ÷âåíàâòì óïõäëåì ùäåþøò, îëãëîú üåáìüò ïéíòøíïâì, óêïíïìêíåäïæ 1851 ùåäì ãïèë÷åíòäï2 . èëìùïâåþòì èíòøâíåäëþïì õïäõò ìïìùïóäòà èëìóä õïîì ïîáïíöåäëì æîëìïú ïíòÿåþæï. àó õïîò æïÿåîòì æîëì ïî íåþæåþëæï åì ëèì íòøíïâæï, çóîãçå æïùëäòäò æï èüâåîøò ïèëãïíãäóäò õïîò êïîã èëìïâïäì èëïìùïâåþæï, àó úâîòà æïíïèóäì òðëâòæíåí, þåâîò éâòíë èëâïë, àó ôåîïæ áåîï òáíåþëæï, ïæïèòïíàï æï ðòîóüñâàï õøòîò ìòêâæòäò òáíåþïë, àåàîò, ïí ÿîåäò, ôîòïæ êïîã íòøíïæ òàâäåþëæï. äïèþåîüòì øåíòøâíòà åì íòøíåþò ñëâåä ùåäì èüñóâíæåþëæï, èïãîïè èïòíú ìùïèæïà, îëãëîú ìïõïîåþï. „õïîì ãïòñâïíåí ãïäïâíòì ãïîåæ æï æïïêâäåâòíåþæíåí òáïóî èúõëâîåþì, îëèäòì ëöïõì ûâåäòæïíâå åêóàâíòì åì õåäëþï. ïè ëöïõøò- 147 âå æïî÷åíòäòï õïîòì æïìïêäïâò ûâåäò íïöïõò, îëèåäìïú òíïõïâæíåí, îëãëîú ìïéèîàë íòâàì æï ìõâïçå ïîïôåîçå ïî õèïîëþåí. „òì êïúò îëè æïêäïâì õïîì, ãïïíïùòäåþì êòæåú: óèåüåìò íïùòäò îáåþòàóîà åêóàâíòì èàïâïîì. ïè îáåþì èàïâïîò øåïèêëþì ëáîëàò æï ûâòîôïìò áâåþòà æï æòæ æéåìïìùïóäåþøò òè îáåþòà éâòíëì æïäåâì ùè. ãòëîãòì ìïæòæåþäïæ. òèåîåàòì èåôåìïú êïîãò íïùòäò åêóàâíòì, àóèúï èåôåìàïí èàïâïîò èüîïæ òñë æï ëèëþæï êòæåú, èïãîïè ïèïí èòìò íïùòäò èïòíú ãïóãçïâíï èåôåì... ïãîåâå èëòáúï èàïâïîò ãóîòåäòì èòèïîà. ìõâï æï ìõâï ûâåäåþóî ãâïîåþì ëæòøøò èòìò ùòäò ïáâì èò÷íåóäò. îïú æïî÷åþï, æïÿîòïí ûïäòïí ùøâîòä-ùâîòäïæ æï æïóîòãåþåí õïäõì. ïè õëîúì ãïïõèëþåí êâïèäçå æï æòæòì ìïìëåþòà øåòíïõïâåí ïâïæèñëôëþòì æîëì èëìïõèïîïæ"3. ìïáïîàâåäëì ìõâïæïìõâï êóàõååþøò èëðëâåþóäò èïìïäï úõïæñëôì, îëè XVII ì-òì øóïõïíåþøò ìïèåãîåäëøò ïéùåîòäò ùïîèëæãåíï èõëäëæ ïáïóîëþòìïàâòì ïî ñëôòäï æïèïõïìòïàåþåäò. òîêâåâï, îëè ùèòíæï ãòëîãòì æéåìïìùïóäåþçå ëáóèøò, ùï÷õóîòì èàïâïîïíãåäëçòì ìïäëúïâøò (ïôõïçåàò), óæåøò (èåìõåàò), õïíøò, (òèåîåàò), ôõëüîåîøò (ìâïíåàò) ùèòíæï ãòëîãòì æéåì íåþòà øåæòëæï ìïèìõâåîðäë úõëâåäò, ëéëíæ èëæòëæï ïîï õïîò, ïîïèåæ òîåèò (ùï÷õóîòì èàïâïîïíãåäëçøò - õïîò öòõâò), îëèåäòú ïèï àó òè èòçåçòì ãïèë ãïóíïùñåíåþòïà, îòì øåèæåãïú òîåèò ïéïî ãïèë÷åíòäï æï èòì íïúâäïæ ùèòíæïíì õïîòì ãïèëãçïâíï æïóùñòï. õëíòì ìïäëúïâøò, ãïæèëúåèòì àïíïõèïæ èëæòëæï ïîï åîàò òîåèò, ïîïèåæ èàåäò öëãò, îëèåäàï õëîúòà õïäõò ìóôîïì øäòæï ùèòíæïíòì ìïõåäëþïçå. ã. ÷óîìòíì èëüïíòäò ïáâì XVIII ì-òì æïìïìîóäòì èëãçïóîòì, îåòíåãìòì úíëþï, îëèäòì àïíïõèïæ ïôõïçåàøò ùèòíæï ãïèëáâïþóäòæïí æéåìïìùïóäòì æéåì ãïèëæòëæï àåàîò õïîò, îëèåäìïú æïêäïâæíåí æï õëîúì æïèìùîååþì óíïùòäåþæíåí. ïôõïçåàòæïí ãïîêâåóäò æéåìïìùïóäåþçå êïâêïìòëíòì óéåäüåõòäåþòà ÷åîáåçåþøò ãïæïæòëæï àåàîò ûîëõï, îëèåäìïú ïìåâå ìïçåòèëæ æïêäïâæíåí æï õëîúì æïèìùîååþì ÷ïèëóîòãåþæíåí4. ïéìïíòøíïâòï, îëè ïéèëìïâäåà ìïáïîàâåäëøò, îïèæåíïæïú ÷åèàâòì úíëþòäòï, ùèòíæï ãòëîãòì ïí ìõâï ùèòíæïíòì èòåî õïîòì ïí òîèòì åêäåìòïøò øåñâïíòì ôïáüò ïè ìïõòà æïèëùèåþóäò ïî ïîòì. ìïèïãòåîëæ, íïúâäïæ „èòñâïíòìï", ãòëîãòì ìïêóàïîò ûïäòà, „èòóæòì", îëãëîú èäëúâåäò, òìå íïæòîòú. åì âòàïîåþï ïéþåÿæòäòï ôëäêäëîøò. ÷âåíò ñóîïæéåþï èòòáúòï îïèæåíòèå õïäõóîèï äåáìèï, îëèäåþòú áïîàäìï æï êïõåàøòï ÷ïùåîòäò. ùèòíæï 148 ãòëîãòì ìïþîûïíòìòï èïéïäò èàï æï òá æïþîûïíåþóäì èòóæòì îëãëîú èäëúïâò òìå íïæòîò. ïìå èïãïäòàïæ: ãëîòöâîòì ùèòíæï ãòëîãò, ãïæèëèúáåîïäò èüêâîòìïë; èäëúïâò þåâîò ùïèëâï, áïîåäòìï æï ìêîòìïë. èåëîå äåáìøò íïàáâïèòï: úï ÿåõæåì, áóõæåì, åäïâæåì, ùèòíæï ãòëîãò òáíåþï íëãòîëì ùâåîçå æïþîûïíæï ãòëîãò æëþòäòïíò... èëüïíòäò äåáìåþòæïí ðòîâåäò, ãëîòöâîòì ùèòíæï ãòëîãòì øåìïõåþ, ÷ïùåîòäòï æòéëèøò, õëäë èåëîå ì. èïêïäïàòïì èòåî, àóøåàøò; ïá ãòëîãò ïèòíæòì ãïèãåþäïæïú ïîòì ùïîèëæãåíòäò. ÷âåíò èìöåäëþòìïàâòì ãïíìïêóàîåþòà ìïñóîïæéåþë äåáìåþò ÷ïùåîòäòï áïîàäøò, ìïæïú íïàáâïèòï: åì ÷âåíò ùèòíæï ãòëîãò èïéäï ãëîïçå ìâåíòï, íïæòîò þåâîò èòóæòì, ïî÷âò, òîåèò, øâåäòï, æïàâì îïéï èëïîþåíòíåþì, âïò, øòøò îï ûíåäòï. çóìüïæ òãòâå üåáìüòï ÷ïùåîòäò à. îïçòêïøâòäòì èòåî ïüëúòì ùèòíæï ãòëîãòçå, ìïæïú íïúâäïæ „åì ÷âåíò..."-ìï æïìïõåäåþóäòï „ïüëúòì ùèòíæï ãòëîãò"... æï øåèæåã ãîûåäæåþï îëãëîú çåèëõìåíåþóä üåáìüøòï. ïá ìïñóîïæéåþëï õïçãïìèï òèòìï, îëè ùèòíæïíò êò ïî åûåþì æï òÿåîì íïæòîì, ïîïèåæ òãò èïì íåþïñëôäëþòà, àó øòøòà „èòóæòì". ñëâåä øåèàõâåâïøò, àïíïõèïæ üåáìüòìï æïàâò ïøêïîïæ øòøòà èòîþòì. òãòâå æïèëêòæåþóäåþï òêâåàåþï ùèòíæïíìï æï „èäëúïâì" øëîòì ìõâï äåáìåþòì àïíïõèïæ: „ùèòíæï ãòëîãòì èøâåíåþï øëîì èòóæãåþï ãëîìïë, øëîòà èïòñâïíì èäëúïâìï, æïêóüåþóäìï èëíïìï. 149 ..... ùèòíæï ãòëîãòì èøâåíåþï øëîì èòïæãåþï ãëîïìï, øëîòà èïòñâïíì èäëúïâìï, þîèïìï, êëÿäìï æï èëíïìï. ..... „õåäøò óÿòîïâì èïàîïõò, ìïèëúæïìïèò èõïîòï; îïìïú ãïæï¸êîï, ãïæïìùâï, èïãòì æïêîóäò úõïîåï"5. çëã âïîòïíüøò ïéíòøíóäò èëüòâò åþèòì ïèëìóä ïäâòì õåìï æï çåæ æïèùòôåþóä, ìïÿèåäïæ øåèëìóä ñóîûåíì. åì êëèðäåáìò êïîãïæ ïîòì øåìùïâäòäò áïîàóä åàíëãîïôòóä äòüåîïüóîïøò6. èëüïíòäò üåáìüåþò úõïæñëôåí, îëè ùèòíæï ãòëîãò üïîëìòì ãïèãåþåäòï, òãò õåäèïàîïõòïíòï æï ïè èïàîïõòà ñâåäïôîòì æïùâï øåóûäòï, ïèòüëè èòìò øòøò ïáâì íïæòîì æï „èòóæòì", ïìåâå øòøòà „èòòñâïíì" èäëúïâìïú; åì èëèåíüò îïèæåíïæèå åõèòïíåþï ïîáïíöåäë äïèþåîüòì èòåî èëùâæòä úíëþïìïú, ìïæïú ãïíìïêóàîåþóäò õïçò ãïåìèòì øòøì ùèòíæïíòì ùòíïøå. äïèþåîüòì èòõåæâòà „õïäõøò òì úîóèëîùèóíåëþï ïîòì ãïâîúåäåþóäò, îëè ïè æéåì (20 íëåèþåîì ò. ì.) åì æòæåþóäò èëùïèå èëòðïîïâì ïîåèïîåøò õïîì æï éïèòà èòòñâïíì òäëîòì åêäåìòïøò, îëèåäòú èòì ìïõåäçå ïîòì ïøåíåþóäò. ïè åêäåìòïì ðïüòâì ìúåèåí ïîï àó èåãîåäåþò, ïîïèåæ èïõäëþåäò õïäõåþò. ïèòüëèïú èæòæïîòï åì åêäåìòï... èïãîïè ôòáîò ïî ïîòì, îëè âòíèåè ãïáóîæëì òãò, ïí èüîòì ãåøòà èòâòæíåí æï ãïûïîúâëí... èòìò ûâòîôïìò áâåþò îëè ãçïøò æïïþíòëí, ...õåäì ïîïâòí ïõäåþì... ïè ùèòíæïíòì øòøò èïîüë ïáïóîåþì êò ïî ïáâà, ïîïèåæ àâòà ïôõïçåþìïú, îëèäåþòú ìïõåäãïíàáèóäò áóîæåþò ïîòïí æï àóîáåþìïú... åì øòøò óèàïâîåìïæ ïò ìïòæïí ùïîèëìæãåþï: ïè åêäåìòïçå èòèïãîåþóäòï îïèæåíòèå ôîòïæ æòæò øóþò, îëèåäàïú îêòíòì æòæò ëîðòîò ùâåüò ïáâà... ùè. ãòëîãò åîà-åîàò øóþòà óìïàóëæ èë¸êäïâì òè êïúì, âòíú èòì èòèïîà óðïüòâúåèóäëþïì ãïèëò÷åíì. ïèòà æïøòíåþóäò âåîïâòí âåî ¸þåæïâì ïè åêäåìòòì ãïáóîæâïì, ïí ìõâïíïòîïæ øåóîïúõñëôïì". åì ïéùåîï æï õïüåþòì ìòèæòæîå àòàáëì òèåëîåþì ïîèïçòì êåîðòì ìòèæòæîòì ïéùåîïì, îëèåäìïú åêïâï ëáîëì öïÿâò æï çåæ ûâòîôïìò àâäåþò, çóîèóõüò æï þòâîòäò åìõï. èïì õåäøò åÿòîï åäâïìïâòà þîùñòíâïäå õèïäò (èëáíåóäò õèïäò: „åäâïìï ¸ãïâæï úòìïìï". õïäõóîò. ò.ì.), îëèåäìïú óìïàóëæ ìúåèæï èïì, 150 âòíú îïèåì æïïêäåþæï ïîèïçòì æòæåþïì, ïí ìõâï éèåîààï èìïõóîåþàïí ãïïþïèæï óîàòåîàëþïì7. ëîòâå öãóôò èïìïäåþòìï, îëèåäàï øåìïõåþ èáëíæï èìöåäëþï, èòóõåæïâïæ ãïíìõâïâåþòìï, åîàìï æï òãòâå èòàë-îåäòãòóî ùïîèëæãåíïì åèñïîåþï. éâàïåþïì, îëèåäòú ïí åêäåìòïøòï æïâïíåþóäò, ïí èïéïäò ãëîòì ùâåîçå ïáâì àïâòìò ìïèäëúâåäë, íåþòà èò¸ñïâì èòì ùòíïøå íïæòîò, æï ïìåâå èäëúâåäò. èïîàïäòï, èòìâäï ãïîåãíóäïæ íåþïçå æïèñïîåþóäì ¸ãïâì, èïãîïè ìòíïèæâòäåøò åì „íåþïñëôäëþòàò" èìõâåîðäò æï èëäëúâï øòøçåï æïôóûíåþóäò. ìïèåãîåäëì âòàïîåþïøò ïá íåþïñëôäëþïì áîòìüòïíóäò ìïìùïóäòì ìïõå èòóéòï. ùè. ãòëîãò òðïîïâì õïîì æï ìïìùïóäåþîòâïæ øå¸ñïâì òãò åêäåìòòì åçëøò. ïèòà òãò èòàîïì ãâïãëíåþì, îëèäòì åîà-åîàò çåæèåüìïõåäò òñë „õïîòðïîòï". óíæï âòôòáîëà, îëè åì åðòàåüò ùèòíæï ãòëîãòìïàâòì üîïæòúòóäò ïî óíæï òñëì. èïìïäòì àïíïõèïæ èïì àïâòì æîëçå òîåèò „èòóæòëæï" ìïèäëúâåäëøò, îëèåäòú ãïîêâåóäò êëíôäòáüóîò âòàïîåþòì øåèæåã õïîòà ÷ïíïúâäåþóäï. üåáìüøò ïîìïæ ïî ïîòì íïàáâïèò, îëè ùèòíæïíò ëæåìèå òîåèì òðïîïâæï. òîåèò íåþòà èòæòëæï ìïèìõâåîðäëæ æï èëãâòïíåþòà òîèòì îòüóïäì (àó ïìåàò ëæåìèå ïîìåþëþæï) õïîòì îòüóïäò ÷ïíïúâäåþòï. ìïåîàëæ, îòüóïäóî èïìïäïøò ïøêïîïæ èýéïâíæåþï ãïîåóäò íïæòî-ôîòíâåäòì øòíïóîòà ÷ïíïúâäåþòì üåíæåíúòï, îòì àïëþïçå óêâå ãâáëíæï èìöåäëþï8. âôòáîëþ, îëè ùèòíæï ãòëîãòìïàâòì àïâòì íåþòà øåùòîóä úõëâåäàï øëîòì ïìåàò úâäòäåþï ïè çëãïæò ðîëúåìòì åîà-åîàò êëíêîåüóäò ãïèëâäòíåþï óíæï òñëì. ñëâåäòâå çåèëàáèóäòæïí ãïèëèæòíïîå óíæï æïâïìêâíïà øåèæåãò: áïîàâåäåþì ìùïèæïà, îëè ïæîå èàòì ùâåîçå, õëäë øåèæãëè ïáâå ïãåþóä ìïèäëúâåäëøò èæãëè ùèòíæïíì, ãòëîãò æòæèëùïèåì, èìõâåîðäïæ àïâòìò íåþòà èòóæòëæï íïæòîò. åì ïäþïà èòàëìóî æîëøò õæåþëæï, îëèåäìïú ìïçéâïîò æïóæë ïæïèòïíàï èòåî ùèòíæï èìõâåîðäòì ïèï àó òè ôëîèòà øåóîïúõñëôïè. ïèòì øåèæåã íïæòîò áîåþï îòüóïäòæïí æï èòì íïúâäïæ èëæòì õïîò. õïîò øòíïóîò úõëâåäòï æï îòüóïäóîïæ ïæâòäïæ îåïäòçåþïæòï. òãò åîàõïíì ïäþïà òîèòì „ìòèþëäëì" ùïîèëïæãåíæï (ïìåâå, îëãëîú „èåôòì ãïíïæòîåþòì îòüóïäøò üåáìüøò íïõìåíåþ õëõëþì ðîïáüòêïøò åíïúâäåþï áïàïèò), èïãîïè èòàëìóîò æï ìïêîïäóîò ïìðåáüåþòì øåìóìüåþòì øåèæãëè ãï÷íæï ìòóýåüò, îëèåäòú èëùëæåþóäòï ïõìíïì ÷ïíïúâäåþòì „ðîïáüòêóäò èòçåçò". ùïîèëæãåíåþò ìïäëúïâøò àïâòìò íåþòà èòìóäò ìïèìõâåîðäë úõëâåäåþòì øåìïõåþ èàåäì êïâêïìòïøòï ãïâîúåäåþóäò. ïèïà 151 îòãì ãïíåêóàâíåþï ìòóýåüåþò üïûïîàï ïæãòäòì øåî÷åâòì øåìïõåþ, îëúï üïûîòì ïìïãåþ ïæãòäì èòïíòøíåþì íåþòàèòèïâïäò õïîò, ïí óîåèøò ãïþèóäò ùñâòäò, îëúï òìòíò èòïãëîåþåí óîåèì çåæ æïìâåíåþóäò èåõòàèëêäóäò èòúâïäåþóäòà, àó ìïîùèóíëåþòìïàâòì þîûëäïøò æïéóðóäò ãèòîòà (èïã. æïâòàòìï æï êëíìüïíüòíåì èòìâåíåþï èëùïèåàïì ïæãòäçå). ñâåäï ïè øåèàõâåâïøò öåî íïæòîò, õëäë øåèæãëè èòìò åáâòâïäåíüò, ðòîóüñâò, ùèòíæï ïæãòäçå, ïíó ìïêîïäóî êâïíûøò èò¸ñïâì éâàïåþòì ûïäïì. ïìåàò, íåþòà èëìóäò úõëâåäåþò òè ïæãòäïì òùòîåþòïí æï îëãëîú ÷ïíì, ìïôóûâåäì óñîòïí æîëøò îòüèóäïæ ãïíèåëîåþïæ îòüóïäì. åàíëãîïôàï èòåî ùäåþòì èïíûòäçåï øåè÷íåóäò èàõîëþåäàï ãïíìïêóàîåþóäò æïèëêòæåþóäåþï ìïèìõâåîðäë úõëâåäàï áúåâòìïæèò. òìòíò ìïãïíãåþëæ ïéíòøíïâåí, îëè èòñâïíòäò øåìïùòîò (ûòîòàïæïæ èëçâåîò, õïîò) „èïæäòïíïæ øååùòîï", „àïâòìò íåþòà æïùâï" æï ï. ø. øåìïùòîò ìïáëíäòì ãïöòóüåþïì, èòà óôîë ãïáúåâïì, æòæ óþåæóîåþïæ àâäòïí æï èòï÷íòïà, îëè èìõâåîðäò ìïäëúïâèï ïî øåòùòîï. ïè èõîòâ ìïñóîïæéåþëï òì ãïîåèëåþï, îëè øåùòîâòìïì úæòäëþæíåí ãïåàïèïøåþòíïà úõëâåäàï íåþïñëôäëþòàò áúåâï: èïã. ï. æïâòàòïíòì úíëþòà ìâïíåþò øåìïùòî õïîåþì ïîñòà ïàîëþæíåí, îïæãïí ïìåà èæãëèïîåëþïøò òìòíò ùòíïïéèæåãëþïì ïî óùåâæíåí æï æïêâäòìïì ïîú êò æïòþéïâäåþæíåí. âôòáîëþ, îëè úõâîòì „óæîüâòíâåäëþï" ïäþïà åîà-åîàò èàïâïîò èòçåçòï, îïèïú ãïíïðòîëþï ïè úõëâåäòì ãïíìïêóàîåþóäò ïæãòäò ìïèìõâåîðäë úõëâåäàï îòãøò. ïéìïíòøíïâòï, îëè åì èëèåíüò æïüâòîàóäòï ëîèïãò, øåìïûäëï ìïèèïãò èíòøâíåäëþòà: óðòîâåäåì ñëôäòìï òãò òèåëîåþì ìïäëúïâøò àïâòì íåþòà ðòîâåäïæ èòìóäò úõëâåäòì øåùòîâòì ðòîâåä ìúåíïì, øåèæåã ñëâåäò êåîûë øåèàõâåâï ï¸ñïâì ìïìùïóäåþîòâ èíòøâíåäëþïèæå æï þëäëì èòïíòøíåþì òè óèàïâîåìçå, îòìàâòìïú èìõâåîðäò øåòùòîåþï: øåìïùòîïâò èòéåþóäòï. ïáåæïí ãïèëèæòíïîå, òûóäåþòà èìõâåîðäò ïî ïîìåþëþì. èìõâåîðäò èïøòí ãïíõëîúòåäæåþï, îëúï øåùòîâï íåüïîåþïï øåùòîóäòìïàâòì. ïìåàò æïèëêòæåþóäåþï øåùòîâòìïæèò èõëäëæ úõëâåä-ôîòíâåäàï øåùòîâòà ïî øåèëòôïîãäåþï, ïìå ôòáîëþæíåí èëîùèóíååþò, èïøòíïú îëúï éâàïåþïì íåþòà ùòîïâæíåí ìòúëúõäåì, ïí ìõåóäòì íïùòäì (èïã. àâòàæïìïÿóîòìåþï), èòòñåíåþæíåí ÿîòäëþåþì, ùòîïâæíåí ìïêóàïî ðòîâåäøëþòäåþì æï ï. ø. êëèðåíìïúòï èïàò ãïæïìâäòìïàâòì „ìïòáòëì ìêíåäøò" òñë èïîïæòóäò ñëôíï éâàïåþòì ùòïéøò. åì ðëçòúòï ïøêïîïæ øåâòæï ïõïä æòæ îåäòãòåþøò (èïã. áîòìüòïíàï óæïþíëøò 152 ãïíæãëèï, èïîüâòäëþï, õëîúòì æïàîãóíâï, èïîõâï æï ìõâ.), îëúï èûòèå éâïùäò îåäòãòóî ïçîì òûåíì èõëäëæ íåþïñëôäëþòàëþòìïì. ïéìïíòøíïâòï, îëè éâàïåþîòâò ãïîåèëì ïéæãåíòìï æï, ïìå âàáâïà, „êâäïâùïîèëåþòì" üîïæòúòï ìïåîàëæ æïèïõïìòïàåþåäòï áïîàâåäàï èòàë-îåäòãòóîò ïçîëâíåþòì èîïâïäò ìôåîëìïàâòì. íïæòîòì „èòìâäòì", óõâò ìïíïæòîë éâàïåþîòâò ãïîåèëìï æï àâòà éâàïåþòì íïæòîëþòì ïíïäëãòóîò ìúåíï òèïîàåþëæï èåôåàï íïæòîëþòìïì, îëèäòì ãïíìïêóàîåþóäïæ ìïòíüåîåìë ôëîèï óíæï òñëì èåôòì ìïïõïäùäë íïæòîëþï, ìïêèïëæ æïùâîòäåþòà ïéùåîòäò âïõóøüò þïãîïüòëíòì èòåî. ïõïäò ùäòì æòäòà ìï÷åõøò ùòíïìùïî èëèùñâæåóä èõåúåþì ãïèëóøâåþåí, ãïèëìïìâäåäøò êò èåôå æï æòæåþóäåþò òæãåí, îëèäåþòú òìîòà õëúïâæíåí „çåæèëìóä" úõëâåäåþì. ïìå îëè, ïá çóìüïæ àïèïøæåþï èõåúàï æï íïæòîàï „íåþòà" èòìâäòì òãòâå ìúåíï, îïú ïüëúòì æï ãëîòöâîòì ùèòíæï ãòëîãòì äåáìåþøòï ïéùåîòäò9. òãòâå ìóîïàò, ëéëíæ èòàëìóîò èïìøüïþòà ïéùåîòäò ïáâì øëàï îóìàïâåäìïú: îëìüåâïíò þîûïíåþì: „èòíæëîò èëòïîåíòà, æïìúåâòà öëãò íïæòîàï!" èåëîå æéåì èåôåìï æï èòì èõäåþäåþàïí „èëâòæï öëãò íïæòîàï ïíãïîòøèòóùâæëèåäò, òîåèò, àõï æï êïíöïîò, áóîúòêò..." (âåôõòìüñïëìïíò, ìüî. 70, 74). ïéìïíòøíïâòï, îëè âïõóøüòìï æï îóìàïâåäòì úíëþïàï øåæïîåþòìïì ïøêïîïæ ÷ïíì îëãëîú ãïîåóä úõëâåäàï àïâøåñîòì, „æïúâòì" ùåìò, ïìåâå íïæòîëþòì ãïîåãíóäò íòøíåþò: íïæòîò èåôåì, îëèåäòú áïîàâåäàï ïçîòà „éâàòìøâòäòï"9, å. ò. éâàïåþîòâòì èïüåîòïäóî îåïäòçïúòïì ùïîèëïæãåíì, „èòóæòì", îëãëîú éâàïåþïì. ïæîå, âòæîå òãò èõëäëæ î÷åóäò òñë æï ïîï èåôå, èïì êïîã ìïíïæòîë ïæãòäåþì ïûäåâæï éâàïåþï. èëíïæòîååþò êò ãïáúåóä öëãåþì æåâíòæíåí æï òìîòà õëúïâæíåí. ïìåàòâå ìúåíåþò èåëîæåþï þîòíöïëì úíëþòä îòüóïäóî ìïîüñäåþçå, îëèäåþòú ûâ. ù-òì ðòîâåäò ïàïìùäåóäòì øóï õïíåþì èòåêóàâíåþòïí. èïîàïäòï, ìïîüñäåþçå ãïèëìïõóäòï ïîï „èòìâäï" íïæòîòìï, ïîïèåæ èïàò æåâíï, èïãîïè èïàò ïîïþóíåþîòâò ìòèîïâäå, ïìåâå èëíïæòîåàï èàåäò îòãò íòøíåþò (èïã. ôïäòóîëþï) ïâäåíì èàåäò ìúåíòì èòàëìóî ãïíêóàâíòäåþïì. ïá ùïîèëæãåíï-÷ïèëñïäòþåþòì ðîëúåìøòï æï ïìïõóäòï èòìò òì æëíå, ìïæïú éâàïåþïì î÷åóäò èëíïæòîå êïîã ìïíïæòîë ïæãòäøò øå¸ñïâì. ìïíïæòîë ìï÷åõåþò, èïîåêåþò æï ï. ø. óôîë ãâòïíæåäò ìëúòïäóîò ãïîåèëì ðîëæóáüòï æï îòüóïäìï æï èòàëìøò èëãâòïíåþòà óíæï øåÿîòäòñë. óðòîâåäåìò æï óïæîåìò êò òáíåþëæï èòàëìóîò „èæòæïîò ìïíïæòîë ïæãòäåþò", ìïæïú íïæòîëþï éâàïåþïàï î÷åóäå- 153 þòì õâåæîòï. åì ùïîèëæãåíï åþèòì èåëîå, ìïêèïëæ àâïäìï÷òíëæ ÷ïèëñïäòþåþóä øåõåæóäåþïì, îëèäòì øåìïþïèòìïæ, íïæòîì ¸ñïâì ðïüîëíò, îëèåäìïú øåóûäòï ï÷óáëì, ïíó èëïðëâåþòíëì „àïâòìò" úõëâåäò àïâòì î÷åóäì. àó ïè øåõåæóäåþòæïí ïèëâïäà æï èïì øåìïûäë ìëúòïäóî-òìüëîòóäò úâäòäåþåþòì øåìïþïèòìïæ ãïíâòõòäïâà, î÷åóäòì èåèêâòæîåæ èåôå ãâåâäòíåþï. ìïíïæòîë-ìïîåùïë óðòîïüåìëþåþò ìïçëãïæëåþòì òíüåîåìåþàïí øåìïþïèòìëþïøò, ìëúòïäóîò óðòîïüåìëþåþòì ìïõåì òéåþåí. íïæòîëþï, îëãëîú ëæåìéïú éâàïåþïìàïí óîàòåîàëþòì ôëîèï æï øåìïþïèòìïæ ìïêîïäòçåþóäò ðîëúåìò, îëèåäòú ìëúòïäóîò ìòèþëäëì ìïõòà òñë êîòìüïäòçåþóäò, èëãâòïíåþòà ùïîèëãâòæãåþï ïîï îëãëîú ìïêîïäóîò ïáüò, ïîïèåæ ìëúòïäóîò óðòîïüåìëþï. òãò ãïèëæòì þóíåþòìï æï ìïçëãïæëåþòì óîàòåîàëþòì ìïêîïäóîò ìôåîëæïí æï ïæãòäì òÿåîì ìëúòïäóî óðòîïüåìëþïàï ìôåîëøò. ïèæåíïæ, îòãò, ëæåìéïú ìïêîïäóîò ìòóýåüåþòìï áîòìüòïíóä ðîïáüòêïøò òÿîåþï, çëãòú îåäòãòòì ñóîïæéåþòì ãïîåøå î÷åþï æï ìïâïäæåþóäë üîïæòúòóä áèåæåþïæ òáúåâï, îëèäòì èîùïèìëþîòâò ïîìò ìïèóæïèëæ ïîòì æïêïîãóäò. ïèòì èïãïäòàòï èåôòì ãïíïæòîåþòì ìïáëîùòäë îòüóïäò, íïæòîàï éâàïåþåþòì èòåî úõëâåäàï ãïúëúõäåþï æï ãï÷óáåþï æï ìõâï10. èëüïíòäò áïîàóäò ìòíïèæâòäòì ïèìïõâåäò èïìïäï úõïæñëôì, îëè èïì òìüëîòóäò æòíïèòêòì ìïêóàïîò, øòæï ðîëúåìòú ãïï÷íòï. ïá ìõâïæïìõâï åüïðåþò ôòáìòîæåþï ìõâïæïìõâï éâàïåþîòâò ðåîìëíåþòì èëíïùòäåëþòàï æï øåìïûäåþäëþåþòà, îëèåäàïãïí ñâåäïçå óûâåäåì ôåíïì ùïîèëìïõïâì íïæòîòì ðïüîëíò àó èùñåèìò áïäéâàïåþòìï æï èëíïæòîå-î÷åóäòì óîàòåîàëþï. åì ðîïáüòêïøò ãïèëòõïüåþï ìïèåóîíåë-ìïîåùïë ùïîèïüåþòàï æï ìëúòïäóî øêïäïçå ðîåìüòýóäò ïæãòäòà, õëäë èòàëìøò áïäéâàïåþòìï æï ÿïþóêò èëíïæòîòì âòîüóïäóîò ìòïõäëâòà, îòì øåíïî÷óíåþïì ãïîêâåóäò ðòîëþåþòì æïúâï ÿòîæåþï. èëèæåâíë æëíåæ èòãâï÷íòï èëíïæòîåàï-î÷åóäàï èëõâåæîï „êïîã (óõâ) ìïíïæòîë ïæãòäåþøò," ìïæïú òìòíò èôïîâåäòèòöíóîò áïäéâàïåþïì íåþòà õâæåþòïí. èòàëìòìï æï îåäòãòóîò ùïîèëæãåíåþòì åì âåîìòï óíæï òñëì ïìïõóäò þîòíöïëì ìïîüñäåþòì èõïüâîëþïøò, ìïæïú çëãöåî ãïèëìïõóäòï áïäéâàïåþòì ìïóôäë æï èòìò úõëâåäåþò çëãöåî èïîüë, çëãöåî èëíïæòîååþàïí åîàïæ. óôîë èëãâòïíåþòà, „î÷åóäàï" ìëúòïäóîò æïùòíïóîåþòìï æï èïàò èåôåæ ôëîèòîåþòì èõïîæïèõïî, èòàëìøò æï ïäþïà îòüóïäøòú øåìïþïèòìò êëîåáúòï óíæï èëèõæïîòñë. èåôå-èëíïæòîååþì (èïã. ôïîíï- 154 âïçì) õåäì óùñëþåí ûâåäò èôïîâåäåþò. èòàëìò, êâïäæïêâïä æåìïêîïäòçïúòòì ðîëúåìòìï, äåãåíæïæ òáúåâï æï ìëúòïäóî ïìðåáüì òûåíì, îëèåäòú ãïíâòàïîåþòì üåíæåíúòïì èõëäëæ ïè èõîòâ ïâäåíì. èëãâòïíåþòà, ìòíêîåüóäò ðîëúåìåþòì ãïâäåíòà, ûâåäò áïäéâàïåþåþòì ïæãòäì èïèîò éâàïåþåþò æï áîòìüòïíóäò ùèòíæïíåþò òÿåîåí, îëèåäàïú íïæòîò óêâå àïâòïíàò ûïäòìï æï „øòøòì" ãïèë èòóæòà. åì ðîëúåìò (èæåæîëþòàò éâàïåþåþòì ÷ïíïúâäåþï èïèîëþòàò éâàïåþåþòàï æï ãèòîåþòà) áîòìüòïíëþïèæå þåâîïæ ïæîå ÷ïíì æïùñåþóäò, îòì æåüïäóî ãïíõòäâïì ïá ïî øåâóæãåþòà. ïè ðîëúåìçå èòãâòàòàåþì òãòâå äåãåíæï ôïîíïâïçòì øåìïõåþ, îëèåäòú î÷åóäò èëíïæòîå æï ìïèåôëì æïèïïîìåþåäò ãèòîò òñë. èåôåàï èòèïîà íïæòîòì éâàïåþïàï æï èùñåèìàï êåàòäò ãïíùñëþï ïè ùïîèëæãåíåþòì ïéèëúåíåþïìàïí åîàïæ õæåþï. òãòâå õïçòì ãïíâòàïîåþòì óêïíïìêíåäò æëíå âäòíæåþï „ëæòìåïì" åîà åðòçëæøò, îëúï èûòèå èæãëèïîåëþïøò èñëô ëæòìåâìì "îëèåäòéïúï" éâàïåþï óãçïâíòì óçïîèïçïî òîåèì. üåîèòíò „îëèåäòéïúï" ïøêïîïæ èòóàòàåþì ìåîòëçóä úâäòäåþåþçå, îïú óêâå èëèõæïîòï ïè èòèïîàóäåþòà ¸ëèåîëìòì ìïçëãïæëåþïøò: èòàëìò óêâå íïùòäëþîòâ êïîãïâì èêïôòë ãïèëèìïõâåäëþïì, çóìü ëîòåíüïúòïì æï ïèòüëè þóíæëâïí üåîèòíì òñåíåþì11. áïîàóäò ùñïîë, îëèåäòú áîòìüòïíò ïâüëîòì øåèëáèåæåþïï, ïéïî ïèþëþì, îëè ôïîíïâïçò áïäéâàïåþòì ãïèëãçïâíòä òîåèì æïåæåâíï. ïâüëîèï åì óêâå ïéïî òúòì, èïãîïè ÿïþóêò èëíïæòîå ôïîíïâïçò ãïíûïèæå, ïèòì øåæåãïæ ûïäïóôäåþïèæå, èòòñâïíï, òîåèèï, îëèåäòú áïäéâàïåþòì çëëèëîôóäò ìïõåï. ëîàïâå øåèàõâåâïøò ïîáïóäò èòàëìóîò èëüòâò èëáèåæåþì, èïãîïè ãïíìõâïâåþóäò ìëúòïäóîò ãïîåèëì çåèëáèåæåþïì ãïíòúæòì. ïìåàò ùïîèëæãåíåþò ïîï èõëäëæ áïîàâåäàï èòàëìòìï æï îåäòãòòìïàâòì ñëôòäï æïèïõïìòïàåþåäò. êïâêïìòïøò èìãïâìò èëâäåíåþò æïèëùèåþóäòï ìëèõåàøò. èïãïäòàïæ, àïíïõèïæ äåãåíæòìï, ìëôåä êïìïðåüòì èïõäëþäïæ, òîèòì ùñïîëìàïí, îëèåäòú ùèòíæïæ òàâäåþëæï, èëæòëæï æï ùâåþëæï òîåèò, îëèåäìïú ãäåõåþò æïêäïâæíåí, îëãëîú éèåîàòì èòåî ãïèëãçïâíòä èìõâåîðäì. èå-4 äåãåíæòì àïíïõèïæ èìãïâìò îïè õæåþëæï øóøòì óåçæòì ìëôåä ÷åíïõ÷òøò. ïá „ûâåä åêäåìòïìàïí” ñëâåäùäòóîïæ úõïææåþëæï òîåèò, îëèåäòú èìõâåîðäïæ òùòîåþëæï. òãòâå èëâäåíï ïîòì ïéùåîòäò ãïíöòì óåçæòì ìëôåä ñïîïþïñòì ïâïá-ìóîþ-íòøïíòì ìïèäëúâåäëøòú: èïì øåèæåã, îïú ïá èëóàïâìåþòïà òè öâîòì íïüåõò, îëèåäçåæïú åùïèï 155 áîòìüå, ïá îåãóäïîóäïæ íåþïñëôòäëþòà ÷íæåþëæï ìïèìõâåîðäë òîåèò. íåþòà àïâòì øåùòîâòì øåìïõåþ ùïîèëæãåíåþò îóìåàòì ìòíïèæâòäåøòú ïîòì æïèëùèåþóäò. èïãïäòàïæ, úíëþòä åàíëãîïôì, í. â. õïîóçòíì èëüïíòäò ïáâì úíëþï, îëèäòì àïíïõèïæ ëäëíåúêòì ãóþåîíòòì åîà-åîà ìëôåäøò, îóìóäò èëìïõäåëþòì ãïæèëúåèòà, àïâøåìïùòîïæ èëôîòíæåþëæï õëäèå ãåæò. ïíïäëãòóîò ìòóýåüåþò, èúòîåæò ìïõåúâäòäåþåþòà, æïèëùèåþóäòï îóìåàòì ÷îæòäëåàøò íëâãëîëæòì ãóþåîíòïøò þåäëçåîëì èõïîåøò, îïú ïéùåîòäòï þ. æï ò. ìëêëäëâåþòì èòåî 1910 ùåäì ãïèëúåèóä íïøîëèøò „þåäëçåîëì èõïîòì çéïðîåþò æï ìòèéåîåþò". àïíïõèïæ ïéùåîòäëþòìï, ïè îåãòëíòì ìëôåä ðîå÷òìüøò 8 ìåáüåèþåîì (ûâåäò ìüòäòà) ìïåêäåìòë æéåìïìùïóäçå ãäåõåþì èë¸ñïâà „øåðòîåþóäò" ìïáëíåäò. åîà õïîì êäïâåí ïè ìïáèòìïàâòì ìïãïíãåþëæ ãïèëñëôòä ïæãòäçå, õëîúì õïîøïâåí æï ãäåõåþì óîòãåþåí. æïíïî÷åí õïîåþì èò¸ñòæòïí õëîúòì âïÿîåþì, õëäë øåèëìóäò ôóäò õèïîæåþï åêäåìòïì æï ìïèéâæåäëåþïì. õïäõøò æïúóäò äåãåíæòì àïíïõèïæ 50 ùäòì ùòíïà ïè ðîå÷òìüøò åêäåìòïøò, 8 ìåáüåèþåîì àïâòìò íåþòà èëæòëæíåí òîèåþò æï èëôîòíæåþëæíåí òõâåþò. ïèïâå îåãòëíòì ìõâï åêäåìòïøò, êåîûëæ þëãëìäëâìêòìï æï êïèåíåâìêòì óåçæåþøò, åêäåìòïøò èòæòëæï ëîò òîåèò, îëèåäàïãïí, åîàì êäïâæíåí æï èäëúâåäàïàâòì õïîøïâæíåí, õëäë èåëîå üñåøò þîóíæåþëæï. åîàõåä èéâæåä âïíêïì ëîòâå æïóêäïâì æï ïèòì øåèæåã ïá òîåèò ïéïî ãïèë÷åíòäï. ïèòì øåèæåã õïäõì ãïæïóùñâåüòï èëåñâïíïà èìõâòäôåõï ìïáëíåäò æï èïàò ìïøóïäåþòà øååúâïäïà òîèåþò. èëñâïíòäò ìïáëíäòæïí åîàì æéåìïìùïóäçå êäïâæíåí æï õëîúì èäëúâåäàïàâòì õïîöïâæíåí, õëäë æïíïî÷åí ìïáëíåäì êò ¸ñòææíåí12. ïèïâå ïéùåîòäëþïøò íïàáâïèòï, îëè ãïîæï çåèëõìåíåþóäò úõëâåäåþòìï, ïæîå ðîå÷òìüòì åêäåìòïøò èëæòëæíåí âåø÷ëçåîëæïí (üþïï ïìåàò, ò. ì.) ãïèëìóäò õïîåþò. ãïíìõâïâåþóäò ìõâï ìïáëíäòìïãïí, ìïóúõëë öòøòìï, îëèåäàï íïèîïâäò, ãäåõåþòì ìòüñâòà, ïáï-òá êòæåâ ñëôòäï øåèëî÷åíòäò ìëôäåþøò. ãïíìõâïâåþòà áïîàóäòìïãïí, èõåæâåäëþïøò èïáâì òäëîòì îòüóïäò, íëâãëîëæòì ãóþåîíòïøò íïæòîòìï æï õïîåþòì ìïäëúïâøò èëìâäï ãïîàóäåþóäòï æïèïüåþòàò ãïæèëúåèòà çéâòì õïîåþòì øåìïõåþ, îëèåäàï øåìïþïèòìò ùïîèëæãåíåþò áïîàóä ñëôïøòú ïîòì øåìùïâäòäò åàíëãîïôåþòì èòåî (â. þïîæïâåäòûå, à. ë÷òïóîò, è. èïêïäïàòï...), èïãîïè ïè èëüòâì ïèýïèòíæåä êâäåâïìàïí óøóïäë êïâøòîò ïîï 156 ïáâì æï ïè èòèïîàåþòà èõëäëæ ïéíòøâíòà æïâêèïñëôòäæåþòà. ïíãïîòøò óíæï ãïåùòëì òè ãïîåèëåþïì, îëè åì èëüòâò èëíïùòäåëþì íåþïñëôäëþòà øåùòîâòì úåîåèëíòïäøò. ïéìïíòøíïâòï òìòú, îëè àó êò çéâòæïí ãïèëìóäò õïîåþò òûäåëæíåí øàïèëèïâäëþïì æï, þóíåþîòâòï, åì óíïîò åáíåþëæïà òîèåþìïú, îëèåäàïú øåèæåã õïîåþò ÷ïåíïúâäíåí, ïìåâå èùïîèëåþåäò èëçâîåþòì æï ïîï èõâíåäò õïîåþò óíæï èëåîåêï õïäõìïú èòàëìóîò úõëâåäåþòì èïãòâîïæ. óíæï âòôòáîëà, îëè åì îòüóïäò ãïèòçíóäò óíæï ñëôòäòñë ãïîêâåóäò ðîëôòäòà äëúâòìïàâòì, ìïæïú èíòøâíåäëâïíò ïæãòäò óíæï ìÿåîëæï íïñëôòåîåþòì çëëèëîôóä ìòèþëäòêïì, èòìò èïèîëþòàò ôëîèòà. ìïèùóõïîëæ ïéèùåîåþò ïî ãâïûäåâåí úíëþïì òèòì àïëþïçå, àó êåîûëæ îëèåä ùèòíæïíì åõåþëæï åì îòüóïäò, ïí îëèåäò ìïìùïóäòì ãïãîûåäåþïì ùïîèëïæãåíæï. ïìåâå ïîïôåîòï àáèóäò úõëâåäàï ôåîòìï æï áúåâòì èòõåæâòà èëèïâäòì èòíòøíåþïçå, îïú áïîàóäò èïìïäòì òüåîðîåüïúòòìïàâòì æïèïüåþòà ìïøóïäåþïì èëãâúåèæï. ñóîïæéåþïì òáúåâì èõëäëæ îåãòëíøò ïîìåþóäò ãïèëáâïþóäåþò, ìïæïú ùòíïáîòìüòïíóäò ìïêåîðëåþòì ïîìåþëþïì âïîïóæëþåí. ïìåâå ìïòíüåîåìëï ìïõåäò üþòìï, „âåø÷ëçåîë", àïîãèïíøò ïäþïà „ãîûíåóäò üþï" (вещийãîûíåóäò, ùòíïìùïîèåüñâåäò). ïè üþòæïí ãïèëæòïí õïîåþò, îëèäåþòú åêäåìòïøò æãåþòïí. æïìïâäåà åâîëðòì èåúíòåîåþïøò ïè èëâäåíòìïàâòì öåî êòæåâ XIX ìïóêóíåøò èòóáúåâòïà ñóîïæéåþï. òãò ¸òíæòñóøòì èàòïíåàøò ïéùåîòäò ïáâì èîïâïä èêâäåâïîì, îëèåäàïãïí ê. òòüèïîò ãïíìïêóàîåþòà ïéíòøíïâì è. åäôòíòìüëíòìï æï ã. îëþåîüìëíòì ïéùåîòäëþåþì. àïíïèåæîëâåëþïøò êò òãò ïè îåãòëíøò êâäïâ ïóéùåîòï ð. ìíëóì. ïéìïíòøíïâòï, îëè ïá ïéùåîòäòï úõëâåäòì ïîï èëìâäï ìïêóîàõåâåäàïí, ïîïèåæ øåùòîâïçå àïíõèëþòì ãïíúõïæåþï. ìïêóîàõåâäòì ùòí, ìïæïú èìõâåîðäøåùòîâï óíæï èëõæåì, ãïèçïæåþóäòï ôáâòäò, åîþë, èëüïíòäòï ÿóîÿäåþò éâòíòàï æï ùñäòà, ïíàåþåí úåúõäì æï ïñåíåþåí øåìïùòî úõëâåäåþì. ùåìòì øåèìîóäåþåäò áóîóèò ôåõøòøâåäïï, òãò îòüóïäòì øåìîóäåþòì ùòí òìåâ ãïíòøèòíæåþï ùñäòà, ùñïäì ïðêóîåþì èìõâåîðäìïú. ìïáëíåäèï ðïìóõïæ üïíò óíæï øåòþåîüñëì, îïú æïêâäòà øåùòîâïçå àïíõèëþïì íòøíïâì. ïèòìïàâòì úõëâåäì ñóîøò ùñïäì ïìõïèåí æï òìòú àïâòì ãïæïáíåâòà „àïíõèëþïì” òûäåâï. ïéèùåîåþò ïéíòøíïâåí, îëè åì ùåìò çóìüïæ åèàõâåâï ïðëäëíòëì îëæëìåäòì èòåî ïéùåîòä øåùòîâòì ùåììïë13. „ïîãëíïâüòêïøò” ðòîæïðòî ïîòì íïàáâïèò, îëè îëúï ïðëäëíòìïàâòì øåìïùòîïâò 157 õïîåþò æïïñåíåì ìïêóîàõåâåäàïí, òá óêâå èçïæ ¸áëíæïà ùñïäò æï áåîò. áåîòì èïîúâäåóäì øåùòîâòì ùòí ïñîòæíåí úõëâåäåþì, îòì øåèæåãïú úõëâåäì êäïâæíåí14. òâïíå üëäìüëòì êâäåâïì èíòøâíåäëâïí èïìøüïþì ïíòÿåþì èòì èòåî øåìùïâäòäò ïíüòêóîò èïìïäï, ìïæïú òãòâå ùïîèëæãåíåþò æï ìòóýåüåþòì ûòîòàïæò èëèåíüåþòï ôòáìòîåþóäò. ðòîâåäò ïâüëîò, îëèåäìïú ÷âåíàâòì ìïñóîïæéåþë úíëþåþò ïáâì èëüïíòäò, ïîòì ïîòïíå, îëèäòì, „åâáìòíëì ðëíüëì ðåîòðäóìøò" ïéùåîòäòï øïâò çéâòì êóíûóä äåâêåì ïáòäåâìòì ìïäëúïâò æï ïáïóîò ìïìùïóäò. òèòì ãïèë, îëè êóíûóäò ïáòäåâìòì ìïêóàîåþïæ òàâäåþëæï, ïá ïêîûïäóäò òñë æïìïõäåþï. ãïèëíïêäòìì øåïæãåíæíåí èõëäëæ òì ðòîåþò, âòíòú èòì êóäüì åèìïõóîåþëæíåí. ïîòïíåì èòõåæâòà ñâåäï, âòíú ïè êóíûóäçå ïðòîåþæï ãïèãçïâîåþïì, àïí ãïòñëäòåþæï ìïèìõâåîðäëæ ãïèòçíóä àõåþì, îëèåäàïú êóíûóäçå øåùòîïâæíåí ïí æïêâäòì, ïí àïâòìóôäïæ ãïøâåþòì ùåìòà. èïãîïè òñë øåèàõâåâï, îëúï êóíûóäçå øåèàõâåâòà èëõâæåþëæï ãåèò. ïìåà ãåèçå, îï àáèï óíæï, øåìïùòîïâò úõëâåäò ïî ¸ñïâæïà æï èïì èãçïâîåþò ïáòäåâìòìïãïí ñòæóäëþæíåí. øåìñòæâï êò ïìå õæåþï: ïòî÷åâåí úõëâåäì ìïûëâïîçå æï øåèæåã åêòàõåþëæíåí ïæãòäëþîòâ ìïèòìíëì êïîãòï àó ïîï ïî÷åóäò úõëâåäò. ïèòì øåèæåã æåþæíåí ìïôïìóîì üïûïîøò. àó èòìïíò ôïìì æïòùóíåþæï, èñòæâåäò óèïüåþæï. ïìå ãîûåäæåþëæï, âòæîå èñòæâåäò ìïêèïîòì ôïìì ïî ãïòéåþæï. îëúï ôïìò ïáòäåâìòìàâòì èòìïéåþò ãïõæåþëæï, úõëâåäò àïâòìò íåþòà èëæòëæï æï ìïêóîàõåâåäàïí æãåþëæï. ïèãâïîïæë, ùåîì ïîòïíå, ãèòîì (ïáòäåâìì) èîïâïäò âåîúõäò ïáâì øåùòîóäò ìïèìõâåîðäë úõëâåäòì ìïôïìóîòì ìïõòàë15. åüñëþï ïîòïíå ìïãïíãåþëæ æïòíüåîåìæï êóíûóä äåâêåì êóäüòàï æï ïè êóäüòì ùïîèëèïâäëþòà. ãïæèëúåèòì àïíïõèïæ êóíûóäò çéâòæïí ïèëóçòæïâì àåüòæïì ïáòäåâìòì ìïúõëâîåþäïæ. òãò ïá æïþòíïâåþóäï èøâåíòåî åäåíåìàïí, èòì èåóéäåìï æï èåùñâòäåìàïí åîàïæ, îëèåäìïú ïá óðëâíòï àïâòìò èøôëàâïîå úõëâîåþòì æïìïìîóäò16. êóíûóäçå ïîòïíåì æîëì èæãïîï ïáòäåâìòì ûâåäò üïûïîò, îëèåäøòïú æïúóäò ñëôòäï ãèòîòì áïíæïêåþï, ûâòîôïìò àâäåþò, ÿóîÿåäò, ìïèêïóäò, êåæäåþçå ùïîùåîòäò ¸áëíòïà ïáòäåâìòìï æï ðïüîëêäåì ìïæòæåþåäò äåáìåþò, üïûïîì åèìïõóîåþëæíåí çéâòì ôîòíâåäåþò, îëèäåþòú ñëâåäæòäòà òíïèïâæíåí þóèþóäì, üïûïîì ïìâåäåþåí æï òïüïêì ãâòæíåí ôîàåþòà17. åì èëèåíüåþò ìïñóîïæéåþëï åîàòì èõîòâ îëãëîú ïíïäëãòï òäëîòì üïûïîøò æïúóäò ãïíûòìï (àâäåþòìï), õëäë, èåëîåì èõîòâ, àâïäìï÷ò- 158 íë ðïîïäåäòï íëâãëîëæòì èõïîòì ðîå÷òìüòì üïûîòì ìïìùïóäòìï, ìïæïú úõëâåäåþàïí åîàïæ üïûïîøò ôîòíâåäåþòú èëôîòíïâåí. ò. üëäìüëòì òãòâå èëüòâò èë¸ñïâì ôòäëìüîïüåìïãïí, îëúï òãò èëãâòàõîëþì àîïêòåäò ãèòîòì, îåìëìòì àïâãïæïìïâïä-äåãåíæïì. îåìëìò òñë øâòäò åòíåâìòì (ïí èæòíïîòì éâàïåþòì ìüîòèëíòìï) æï èóçï êïäòëðåìò, àó åâüåîðïìò, èåôëþæï àîïêòïøò. òãò òñë üîëåäåþòì èëêïâøòîå, úíëþòäò èåëèïîò, åüäëìïíò, àâïäòìèëèÿîåäïæ àåàîò úõåíåþòì ðïüîëíò, îëèåäàïú øååûäëà üîëïì þåæòì ãïæïùñâåüï: àó òìòíò øåìâïèæíåí èæòíïîå áìïíàëìòì ùñïäì üîëïì êïîòþÿåìàïí æï èëûëâæíåí ïá, èïøòí üîëï óûäåâåäò ãïõæåþëæï. ïèòüëè èïì üîëïøò èëìâäïèæå àïâì æïåìõíåí ëæòìåâìò æï æòëèòæå. âòæîå æòëèòæåè îåìëìò æï èòìò èõäåþäåþò ïèëõëúï, ëæòìåâìèï úõåíåþò ùïòñâïíï. åì ïèþåþò ïéùåîòäòï òäòïæïøò (X, 425-440; 485-510), ïìåâå åâîòðòæåìï æï âòîãòäòóìàïí18. ò. üëäìüëòì èëñïâì íïùñâåüò ôòäëìüîïüåæïí, ìïæïú íïàáâïèòï, îëè ìòêâæòäòì øåèæãëè ãèòîò îåìëìò àïâòì òèáâåñíòóî úõëâîåþïì îëæëðòì èàåþøò ïüïîåþì æï òìåâå îëãëîú ìòúëúõäåøò, èàåþøò æïáîòì àïâòìò ìùîïôò úõåíåþòà, íïæòîëþì æï òþîûâòì. ãèòîòì íïæòîëþòì ïèþåþì õïäõò òüñëþì òèòà, îëè „... òè ïæãòäåþòì åøâò, øâåäò æï ìïåîàëæ ñëâåäãâïîò íïæòîò, îëèåäòú êò ïè èàïçå ïîòì, èòæòì ãèòîòì ìïêóîàõåâåäàïí æï æïóþëîêïâïæ, íåþïñëôäëþòà óùâåþòïí ìïèìõâåîðäë æïíïì"20. îóìóäò èïìïäòìï æï ïíüòêóîò ùñïîëåþòì óîàòåîàøåöåîåþòì ìïôóûâåäçå ò. üëäìüëò ôòáîëþì, îëè èòì èòåî èëêâäåóä èàåä ìòâîúåçå ãïâîúåäåþóäòï åîàò üòðòì îòüóïäò, îëúï éèåîàò àïâïæ óãçïâíòæï üîïðåçòìïàâòì ïæïèòïíåþì àïâòì úõëâåäåþì. ìïêóäüë ùèòíæï üîïðåççå õæåþëæï éâàïåþòì î÷åóäò, àó àïíèõäåþò úõëâåäòì êëäåáüòóîò øåÿèï, îïú éâàïåþïìàïí çòïîåþïìïú ïéíòøíïâæï æï éâàïåþòì èìïõóîò êëäåáüòâòì åîàëþäòëþïìïú, èïãîïè ïâüëîò, ãïèëàáâïèì îï ïè èëìïçîåþïì, èìöåäëþïì ïè èòèïîàóäåþòà ïéïî ïãîûåäåþì. ÷âåíò èìöåäëþòìïàâòì óïéîåìïæ ìïñóîïæéåþë èïìïäï ïáâì èëüïíòäò ðäóüïîáåì àïâòì „øåæïîåþòà þòëãîïôòåþøò” (òõ. ðäóüïîáå, äóêóäóìò, X, XXIV). èòàîòæïüåì êïèðïíòòì æîëì æòæò þîûëäåþò ãïòèïîàï áïäïá êòçòêòìïàâòì. èëáïäïáåàï àïâæïæåþóä þîûëäïì èòàîòæïüåì ùòíïïéèæåã, ðäóüïîáåì ìòüñâòà àâòà éâàïåþï øåõèòïíåþòï ìïìùïóäòà. ïäñïøò èëáúåóä áïäïáì ïî ñïâæï ìïæéåìïìùïóäë èìõâåîðäò, øïâò ûîëõï, îïæãïí ìïãïíãåþëæ øåùòîóäò ïìåàò ðòîóüñâò æïíïî÷åí ìïáëíåäàïí åîàïæ, ûëâæï ìîóüòì èåëîå 159 íïðòîçå. ïèòüëè áïäïáåäåþèï úëèòìïãïí øåàõçóäò ûîëõï æïæãåì ìïêóîàõåâåäàïí. ïèïìëþïøò áïäéâàïåþòìïæèò øåùòîóäèï øïâèï ûîëõïè æéåìïìùïóäòì æéåì ãïæèëúóîï ìîóüå, ìïêóîàõåâåäàïí èòâòæï æï àïâò íåþòà èìõâåîðäïæ èòòüïíï. èåëîå øåèàõâåâï ðòîïæïæ äóêóäóìòì åâôîïüçå ãïæïìâäïì åõåþï, îëúï òãò üòãîïíì åëèåþëæï. èòì èòèïîà éâàïåþïàï êåàòäãïíùñëþï ãïèëòõïüï òèòà, îëè ïæòæåþóäò åâôîïüò óúåþ ÷ïæãï êïäïðëüøò æï ôëíçå ùñïäò òìå øåàõåäæï, îëè èòùï ãïèë÷íæï. ïè ïæãòäåþøò ûïäçå ðëðóäïîóäò ñëôòäï, îëãëîú ðäóüïîáå ùåîì „ìðïîìóäò ïîüåèòæåì” êóäüò (ïäþïà ïíï¸òüòìï. ò. ì.), îëèäòì ãïâåäóîåþóäò ìïáëíåäò, þåÿçå ïèëüâòôîóäò ìïíàäòì íòøíòà, îïú éâàïåþòìïæèò êóàâíåþóäåþïì ïéíòøíïâæï, ìïûëâîåþçå æïõåüòïäëþæï. èïàò æïÿåîï ìïÿòîë øåèàõâåâòìïì ìïêèïëæ ûíåäò ìïáèå ñëôòäï. ìùëîåæ ïìåàò úõëâåäò, îëúï äóêóäóìò åâôîïüçå ãïæïâòæï, èòâòæï áïäéâàïåþòì ìïèìõâåîðäë áâïìàïí, æïæãï æï äóêóäóìèï òãò øåìùòîï éâàïåþïì, õëäë èòóèïüï õïîò åâôîïüòì ìïõåäëþïçå. îëãëîú èïìïäòì çåæïðòîóäò èëûòåþïú èëùèëþì, ïìåàò ùïîèëæãåíåþò ïíüòêóî ìïèñïîëøò ôïîàëæ ñëôòäï ãïâîúåäåþóäò. éâàïåþåþì ìùòîïâåí îáïèëÿåæòä ìïáëíåäì (ëæòìåï, 3, 380, 425), àó úõëâåäò èøâòæïæ èòâòæï ìïèìõâåîðäëçå ãïíìïêóàîåþòà êïîã íòøíïæ òàâäåþëæï. èïì ïî æïêäïâæíåí, âòæîå àïíõèëþòì íòøíïæ àïâì ïî æïõîòæï ïí æïòáíåâæï, îòìàâòìïú èïì ñóîøò ùñïäì ïìõïèæíåí... æïèìùîå êïúåþò êòâòäòà ôïîïâæíåí úõëâåäòì ãïíùòîóä þéïâòäì, õëäë èóìòêëìåþò òíìüîóèåíüåþì ïõèïóîåþæíåí. îëèøò ìïèìõâåîðäë úõëâåäò æïóÿòèïâò, èëæóíåþóäò àëêòà èò¸ñïâæïà, îïú úõëâåäòì íåþï-ñëôäëþïì ïéíòøíïâæï19. ùïîèëæãåíòä ïíüòêóî èïìïäïøò, òìåâå îëãëîú îóìóäøò, æòæò àâïäìï÷òíëåþòà ïîòì ãïèëêâåàòäò èìãïâìåþï îëãëîú îòüóïäòì úïäêåóä åäåèåíüàï, òìå èïà ìîóä êëèðäåáìåþì øëîòì. ò. üëäìüëòì âåî æïâåàïíõèåþòà, îëúï òãò îòüóïäòì ìïôóûâäïæ èòò÷íåâì éîèïæ ïîáïóä îùèåíïì, îëèäòì àïíïõèïæ éâàïåþï ïæïèòïíåþì ïûäåâì èòìò êóàâíòäò úõëâåäòì õëîúòì øåÿèòì óôäåþïì, óãçïâíòì îï ïìåà úõëâåäì îòüóïäóîò ìóôîòìïàâòì. ìïåÿâëï, îëè ëæåìèå ïìåàò îùèåíï ïîìåþëþæï. óôîë ìùëîïæ éâàïåþï ïæïèòïíì ïûäåâæï úõëâåäì, èïãîïè ïîï ïè øåèàõâåâïøò. îòüóïäøò îåïäòçåþóäò êëíúåôúòï ãïúòäåþòà óôîë îàóäòï æï ùòíïïéèæåãëþîòâò, âòæîå ò. üëäì- 160 üëòì èòåî øåèëàïâïçåþóäò ïõìíï. øåâåúæåþò, îëè ÷ïèëâïñïäòþë ÷åèò àâïäìïçîòìò. óðòîâåäåì ñëâäòìï èòíæï ñóîïæéåþï èòâïáúòëà óçïîèïçïî ìòâîúååþçå ãïíôåíòä æï åàíòêóîïæ æïøëîåþóäò êóäüóîåþòìïàâòì æïèïõïìòïàåþåä îòüóïäàï øëîòì ìòìüåèóî èìãïâìåþïì, îïú óþîïäë ìåìõåþï-ãïæïéåþòà ïî øåòûäåþï ïòõìíïì, èòà óôîë, îëè òãò ïõïìòïàåþì ìõâïæïìõâï õïäõåþì ìõâïæïìõâï æîëìï æï ìëúòïäóîò ãïíâòàïîåþòì ãïíìïõâïâåþóä æëíååþçå ïè æëíåàï øåìïôåîòìò èëæòôòúòîåþòà. èòóõåæïâïæ ãïîêâåóäò, ôëîèïúòóäò ìïõåúâäòäåþòìï, òíâïîòïíüóäò âåîìòï, îïú îòüóïäòì ïîìì ãïèëõïüïâì, ñâåäãïí øåíïî÷óíåþóäòï. åì êò ãóäòìõèëþì ïèïâå ìòâîúåçå øåìïþïèòì îùèåíï-ùïîèëæãåíïàï ïáüòóî èëáèåæåþïì. ïøêïîïï, îëè òãò ìïçëãïæëåþòì îåäòãòóî ïçîëâíåþïøò åîà-åîà óíòâåîìïäóî êâïíûì ùïîèëïæãåíì, îëèåäòú óïéîåìò ïîáïóäò ìòéîèååþòæïí óíæï èëèæòíïîåëþæåì æï èòìò ìòèþëäóîò ðäïìüòóîëþï ïõåîõåþì ãïíìõâïâåþóä ìëúòïäóî æëíåçå ïæïðüòîåþïì. ïìåà øåèàõâåâïøò òãò ¸ëîòçëíüïäóîïæïú èëùèæåþï ìõâïæïìõâï åàíòêóî ãïîåèëøò. ïèòì èøâåíòåîò èïãïäòàòï óûâåäåìò øîòì, úõëâåäòì àïíõèëþòì ãïèëõïüâòì ôëîèåþò æîëòàï æï ìòâîúåøò óêòæóîåìïæ æïøëîåþóä êóäüóîåþøò, îëãëîòúïï ïíüòêóîò ìïèñïîë æï àïíïèåæîëâå ¸òíæòñóøòì êïôòîòìüïíò. èåëîå èïãïäòàïæ øåòûäåþï ãïèëâòñåíëà ïíüòêóîò ùïîèëæãåíåþò ëáîëìîáòïí úõëâåäåþçå, îïú ëæòìåïøò ìïèìõâåîðäë ûîëõòì îáåþòì ëáîëàò èëÿåæâòà ïîòì ãïèëõïüóäò, õëäë áïîàóä ìïèñïîëøò ðëóäëþì ðïîïäåäì îùèåíïøò éâàïåþïàï ëáîëìîáòïíò úõëâåäåþòì øåìïõåþ, ïìåâå ñïíùåþòì ûâòîôïìïæ øåèêëþòì ÷âåóäåþïøò. úíëþòäòï ïãîåàâå ìï÷óáîïæ ãïìïãçïâíò õïîåþòì îáåþòì ëáîëàò, ïí ìõâï äòàëíòà èëÿåæâïú. ãïíìïêóàîåþòà ìïñóîïæéåþëï èìãïâìåþï òìåà èëèåíüåþøò, îëúï îòüóïäò ìëúòïäóîò ëîãïíòçèòì åîàëþïçå ìâïèì ïáúåíüì. â. äïüòøåâòì óêâå èòàòàåþóä ãâåîæåþçå íïàáâïèòï, îëè ûâåäò þåîûíåþòìïàâòì ìïèìõâåîðäë úõëâåäòì õëîúòì ÿïèï íòøíïâæï øåùòîâïøò èëíïùòäåëþïì... ïìåâå ¸áëíòïà ùåìïæ òá ïî èñëôò èåãëþîåþòìïàâòì õëîúòì ùòäòì ãïãçïâíï, õëäë ìïçëãïæëåþîòâò èìõâåîðäøåùòîâòìïì ãïèëòñëôëæï êóàâíòäò ùòäò àïíïèæåþëþòì ðòîàïàâòì, æïèìïõóîåþóä èëáïäïáåàï æï óúõëåäàïàâòì. ñëâåäòâå åì ìëúòïäóîò öãóôòì åîàëþòì ìòèþëäóîò ïîåêäâòì úæïï, îëèåäøòïú òíêëîðëîïúòòì ôïáüòúïï ãïàâïäòìùòíåþóäò æïèìïõóîåþóä óúõëåäàï ìïõòà. ïè 161 èëâäåíòì ìîóä ïíïäëãòïì âõåæïâà ìïèåãîåäëøò, òäëîòì îòüóïäøò õëîúòì ãïíïùòäåþòì ùåìøò, îëèåäòú çåèëà ïîòì èëñâïíòäò ïîáïíöåäë äïèþåîüòì ïéùåîòäëþòì èòõåæâòà. èïì øåèæåã, îïú ïéèëúåíæï ùïîèëæãåíï éâàïåþïçå, ïíó æïìîóäæï îåäòãòòì, îëãëîú ïæïèòïíàï èìëôäãïãåþòì åîà-åîàò ûòîòàïæò ðîòíúòðòì ãåíåçòìò, éâàïåþåþì èòåùåîåþïà èòçåçëþîòâ ðîëþäåèïàï ãïæïùñâåüòìïàâòì ìïÿòîë çåþóíåþîòâò ûïäï. èïà ïæïèòïíåþçå ãïíóçëèäïæ èåüò øåìïûäåþäëþï ãïï÷íòïà, àóèúï ðïíàåëíåþò ïãåþóäíò ïîòïí ïæïèòïíàï ìïçëãïæëåþïøò èëáèåæò êïâøòîåþòì èòõåæâòà æï ïíïäëãòóî ìëúòïäóî æï ìïèåóîíåë ôëîèåþøò èýéïâíæåþòïí. ûâåäò ðïíàåëíåþò íïàåìïóî öãóôåþì ùïîèëïæãåíæíåí. å. ò. øåìïûäëï, îëè éâàïåþïàï ìïèñïîëøò èòèæòíïîå ðîëúåìåþòì ïõìíòìïàâòì ïáüòóîïæ ãïèëâòñåíëà ïæïèòïíàï ìïçëãïæëåþåþòìïàâòì üòðòóîò ìëúòïäóîò ûâîåþò. àïíïõèïæ îåäòãòòì òìüëîòïøò èòéåþóäò ïçîòìï, úõëâåäàï ñëâåä öòøì ñïâæï àïâòìò „ðïüîëíò", „æåæï", îëèäòì ôòçòêóîò æï áúåâòàò íòøíåþò ëðüòèïäóîïæ ãïèëõïüïâæï ïéåþóäò öòøòì úõëâåäàï ñâåäï àâòìåþïì. òãò àòàáëì íïæòîòì êîåþòà ãïíìïõòåîåþïì ùïîèëïæãåíæï æï èïìçå òñë æïèëêòæåþóäò èëíïæòîòì ùïîèïüåþï àó ùïîóèïüåþäëþï. åì èëæåäò ãïîêâåóäò àâïäìïçîòìòà øåòûäåþï èòâò÷íòëà ìïíïàåìïë ãâïîòì ùïîèëæãåíïæ ãïîå ìïèñïîëçå. èëãâòïíåþòà, úõëâåäàï æëèåìüòêïúòòì ðîëúåìòì æïìîóäåþòìï æï ìïèùñåèìë èåóîíåëþòì ãïíâòàïîåþòì øåèæåã, óíæï ãï÷åíòäòñë ùïîèëæãåíï èïèîëþòà „íïæòîà èùñåèìçå", îëèåäòú ôåõì òêòæåþì æåæóîò þóíåþòì íïæòîà ðïüîëíòì ãâåîæòà. ïèïì èëùèëþì êïâêïìòòì ìõâïæïìõâï õïäõåþøò æïèëùèåþóäò ìòóýåüåþò íïæòîàï èùñåèìåþòì ùñâòäòì, ãëãëìï æï þòÿòì øåìïõåþ. îëúï ãëãë èùñåèìïâì, íïæòîì èïøòí èëíïæòîå âåî èòåêïîåþï, îïæãïí ãëãë ûïäçå ôõòçäïæ æïîïöëþì àïâòì ìïáëíåäì". þòÿò êò æïóæåâïîòï æï îëúï òì èùñåèìïâì íïæòîì, èëíïæòîåì „ùïîèïüåþï åäòì". ìïþëäëëæ åì ùïîèëæãåíåþò àïâì òñîòì „íïæòîà ðïüîëíàï" ëöïõòì øåìïõåþ, îëèäòì ìïàïâåøò æãïì èïèï, ïè óêïíïìêíåäì ñïâì úëäò, âïýò, áïäòøâòäåþò, îëèäåþòú æîëæïæîë èëíïæòîååþì òî÷åâåí æï èïààïí ìïüîôòïäë êïâøòîì ïþïèåí. „ëöïõì", ïìåâå ñïâì èìïõóîò. úõïæòï, åì úíëþï ãâòïíæåäòï æï ìùëîåæ ïèòüëèïú ïîòì èïìøò ÷ïîàóäò íïæòîà èùñåèìòì áïäòøâòäåþòì åðòçëæò. ÷âåí âòúòà, îëè ïæîå òìòíò æïèëóêòæåþåäò éâàïåþåþò òñâíåí. áïäò „íïæòîà ðïüîëíòì" ìòûâåäå åÿâì ïî òùâåâì æï æïìüóîæåþï àóíæïú òèòà, îëè èïèîëþòàò „èùñåèìòì" òðëìüïìò ïîïìëæåì ïî ïîòì úõëâå- 162 äò. èïì ìïåîàëæ ïî ïõïìòïàåþì ïîïâòàïîò èåüïèëîôëçï æï èïìïäåþøò èõëäëæ ÿïîèïãò êïúòì ìïõòà ïîòì úíëþòäò. áïäéâàïåþïì êò èóæïè ïõäïâì àïâòìò î÷åóäò úõëâåäò æï âäòíæåþï îëãëîú ïæïèòïíòì, òìå úõëâåäòì ìïõòà. èïãïäòàïæ, þåàáòäòì þïäïæïøò àåàîò öòõâò òéåþì ãïíîòìõåþóäò áïäéâàïåþòì ìïõåì, îïú ìïþåæòìùåîëæ èàïâîæåþï þåàáòäòìïàâòì. èïèîò éâàïåþï-èùñåèìåþò èõëäëæ ìüóèïî-èïìðòíûäëþòì ùåìì ïìîóäåþåí æï æïþíåóä èëíïæòîåì êåîïìàïí òùâåâåí. æïíïî÷åíò ôëîèåþò èëíïæòîåìàïí óîàòåîàëþåþòìï áïäéâàïåþïàï ìïøóïäåþåþòà õëîúòåäæåþï, îëèäåþèïú èòàëìòì ãâòïíæåä âåîìòïøò èïèîëþòàò íïæòîà èùñåèìòì áïäòøâòäàï ïæãòäò æïòÿòîåì. åì ôïáüò èïà ïæîòíæåäëþïçå èòóàòàåþì. èïèîëþòàò íïæòîà èùñåèìàï ãâåîæòà áïäéâàïåþåþò òìåâ ïãîûåäåþåí ïîìåþëþïì, èëíïæòîåàï øëîòì òî÷åâåí ìïóêåàåìëì, îëèåäàïú èóæïè ïöòäæëâåþåí ùïîèïüåþòà: „î÷åóäèï" ãïîêâåóäò ðòîëþåþò óíæï æïòúâïì, óåîàãóäëì àïâòì èôïîâåä áïäóî ãåíòïì æï èïøòí ãïîïíüòîåþóäò åáíåþï ùïîèïüåþï ìïáèåøòïú æï ìëúòïäóî ìôåîëøòú. ïèòüëè üëèåþòì ûâåäò èåàïóîåþò, îëèäåþòú ïèïâå æîëì î÷åóäåþòú òñâíåí, ãïíïìïõòåîåþæíåí èàåäò ìëúòïäóîò öãóôòì êåàòäæéåëþïì. ïè îùèåíïè èëãâòïíåþòà ìïêîïäóîò èåôååþòì êóäüòì ïéèëúåíåþï-ãïíâòàïîåþïøò ¸ðëâï ïìïõâï, îòìò üïîíìôëîèòîåþóäò æï æåãîïæòîåþóäò âåîìòåþò àïíïèåæîëâåëþïøòïú ò÷åíì àïâì. õæåþï íïæòîà èùñåèìòì èæåæîëþòàò æï èïèîëþòàò ðåîìëíåþòì ôëîèòîåþï æï èïàò ôóíáúòòì ãïæïüïíï áîòìüòïíóä ùèòíæïíåþçå, íïõåâîïæ éâàïåþåþòìï æï ãïéèåîàåþóäò ãèòîåþòì ðåîìëíåþçå, îòìò àâïäíïàäòâò èïãïäòàòï îëãëîú áïîàóäò æï îóìóäò åàíëãîïôòóäò èïìïäï, òìå ïáòäåâìòìï æï îåìëìòì êóäüøò ïéùåîòäò ôïáüåþò. áïäéâàïåþòìï æï èòìò î÷åóäòì èòàëìòì üîïíìôëîèïúòï óíæï òñëì äóêóäóìòì åâôîïüçå ãæïìâäòì ýïèì øåùòîóäò úõëâåäòì ìïêóîàõåâåäçå ìïìùïóäåþîòâò ãïèëúõïæåþï, îëèåäòú íåþòàò èìõâåîðäòì êëíúåôúòïìàïí øåìïþïèòìëþïøò ïîòì èëàõîëþòäò. äóêóäóìò ïá èëíïæòîå êò ïî ïîòì, ïîïèåæ éâàïåþòì îïíãøòï ïñâïíòäò, îïæãïí éâàïåþåþì, ãïíìõâïâåþòà èëíïæòîåàïãïí, íïæòîò „èòóæòà". òìòíò íïæòîì òìåâå ùâåäòïí, ïèîïâäåþåí æï êäïâåí, îëãëîú èùñåèìåþò àïâòïíà ìïáëíåäì, èïãîïè òè ãïíìõâïâåþòà, îëè òìòíò æïêäóäò, øåÿèóäò æï øåèæåã ãïúëúõäåþóäò úõëâåäåþòà èëíïæòîååþì ïìï÷óáîåþåí. íïæòîò, îëèåäòú íïæòîà èùñåèìì ïî èëóõèïîòï, èëíïæòîòìïàâòì óõòäïâòï. ïìå îëè, èëíïæòîå ìïâìåþòà íïæòîà èùñåèìçåï æïèëêòæåþóäò. ïè ùïîèëæãåíåþøò óøóïäëæ ïîòì ïîåêäò- 163 äò ìëúòïäóî æï ìïèåóîíåë ìôåîëøò èëèõæïîò úâäòäåþåþò, îëèåäòú ãïèëòõïüï ëîãïíòçåþóäò, êóäüóîóäò èåìïáëíäåëþòì óðòîïüåìëþòà íïæòîëþòì ùòíïøå æï èùñåèìòì óðòîïüåìëþòà èëíïæòîòì ùòíïøå. èòàëìóî-îåäòãòóî ùïîèëæãåíåþøò íïæòîàï ìïèñïîë ïæïèòïíàï èåóîíåëþòì ïíïäëãòóî ëîãïíòçïúòïæ ïîòì ùïîèëæãåíòäò, îëèåäìïú ìïàïâåøò óæãïì íïñëôòåîåþòì éâàïåþï, èïèîò, ïí èæåæîò, ïí ùñâòäò. òìòíò ãïíïãåþåí èàåä úõëâîåþïì, èïà øëîòì ïéëîûòíåþï-ãïíìïõäåþòì ïìðåáüåþìïú, îëèåäàï ãåíåîòîåþï õæåþï ûâåäò ìòèþëäëåþòì ïõäåþóîïæ ãïïçîåþòì ìïøóïäåþåþòà. ïè ùïîèëæãåíïàï íïêâïäåâò ïîòì øåèëî÷åíòäò çåèëà èëüïíòä ìïìùïóäåþîòâ ôïáüåþøò, ïìåâå èåôåàï íïæòîëþåþøò, îëúï õæåþï îåïäòçïúòï éâàïåþòì î÷åóäòì íòøíòìï æï èïà íïæòîëþòìïì „íïæòîò èòóæòì". îåìëìàïí æïêïâøòîåþóä ùïîèëæãåíåþøò ïîáïóäò ôëîèåþò óôîë èåüïæïï øåíïî÷óíåþóäò, õëäë ïáòäåâìì, øåìïþïèòìïæ ïîòïíåì àïíïèåæîëâå þåîûåíàï ìïçëãïæëåþòì íòøïí-àâòìåþòìï, âïÿîëþòìïàâòì èëóêòæòï õåäò, àóèú óûâåäåìò æï óèàïâîåìò èïà éâàïåþîòâ þóíåþïøò, îïú ãïèëõïüóäòï ôëîèóäòà „íïæòîò èòóæòì" ëîòâå øåèàõâåâïøòï æïúóäò. äóêóäóìòì ìïáèååþòì éâàïåþòì èòåî ìïìùïóäòà ìïíáúòîåþï, îïú ìïêóîàõåâåäàïí úõëâåäòì íåþòà èòìâäòà ïîòì ãïèëõïüóäò, óêâå æåìïêîïäòçïúòòì èòöíïèæåï èòìóäò æï åèìïõóîåþï ïè ðåîòëæøò îëèïåäàïàâòì æïèïõïìòïàåþåä ìëúòïäóî èòçïíì, éâàïåþîòâò íòøíåþòì øåìûòíëì òèðåîïüëîåþì, àóèúï ïè íòøíåþòì îåäòãòóîò ïîìò óêâå èòâòùñåþóäòï æï èïì èõëäëæ ãïîåãíóäò åôåáüòìïàâòì òñåíåþåí. èïîàäïú, äóêóäóìòì òìüëîòóäò ôòãóîï ïøêïîïæ õåäëâíóîïæ ïîòì øåÿîòäò ïîáïóä èòàëìóî áïîãïøò æï õïçì óìâïèì èòàëìòì æåìïêîïäòçïúòòì øëîìùïìóä ðîëúåìì, îëèåäòú èõëäëæ üîïæòúòòì ûïäòà ïîìåþëþì. úõïæòï, òäëîòì ùèòíæï ãòëîãòì èòåî èëñâïíòäò õïîò ïè ïîáïóäò ùïîèëæãåíòì ãâòïíæåä ãïãîûåäåþïì ùïîèëïæãåíì áîòìüòïíóäò åäôåîòà. ïá ùèòíæïíò ïõæåíì ìïìùïóäì, àóèúï ïîáïóäò èëãëíåþï èåüïèëîôëçòì ìïõòà èïòíúïï øåíïî÷óíåþóäò: óùòí ìïäëúïâøò òîåèò èòæòëæï, øåèæåã, ãïîêâåóäò èòçåçòì ãïèë ùèòíæïíèï òãò õïîòà øåúâïäï. òãòâå èòçåçì ïìïõåäåþåí þåäëçåîëì åêäåìòïøòú, ìïæïú âïíêï èéâæåäèï åîàòì íïúâäïæ ëîòâå èòìóäò òîåèò æïêäï, îòì øåèæãëèïú õïäõèï æïòùñë õïîåþòì èëñâïíï, åîàòì æïêâäï, õëäë æïíïî÷åíòì ãïñòæâï æï èìãïâìïæ ïáòäåâòìòì êóäüòìï, ïéåþóäò ôóäòì åêäåìòòìïàâòì èëõèïîåþï. ñâåäï åì ãïæèëúåèï, óûâåäåìò ôëîèòà æïèïõïìòïàåþåäòï ðòîâåäïæò êóäüóîó- 164 äò ìòâîúòìïàâòì, ìïæïú òíæëåâîëðåäåþàïí åîàïæ áïîàâåäàï ùòíïðîåþòú úõëâîëþæíåí æï èëíïùòäåëþæíåí êóäüóîóä ôïìåóäëþïàï øåáèíòì ðîëúåìøò. èòàëìò ïïõäëâåþæï æï óîàòåîàøåéùåâïæì õæòæï åàíëêóäüóîóä åîàåóäåþì. îëãëîú ÷ïíì áîòìüòïíëþòì ãïâîúåäåþòì ãïîêâåóä åüïðçå, îëúï ïõïäò ìïîùèóíëåþï îåïäóîïæ øåâòæï õïäõøò, èïí ûâåä ìòâîúåçå òëäïæ øåéùåâïæò, êóäüóîóäïæ éòï ãïîåèë øåáèíï. ïèòüëè ãïõæï øåìïûäåþåäò þåäëçåîëìï æï òäëîøò èëèõæïîòñë óûâåäåìò èëüòâåþòì ïõäåþóîò îåêëíìüîóòîåþï èïîàäèïæòæåþäëþòì þïçïçå, ìïæïú àïâì òñîòïí åîàòì èõîòâ óûâåäåìò ùïîèëæãåíåþò íïæòîàï ðïüîëíòì øåìïõåþ, îëèåäàïú „íïæòîò èòóæòì" æï èåëîåì èõîòâ áîòìüòïíóäò ùèòíæïíåþò, îëèåäàïú åì óûâåäåìò íòøïíò ìòíêîåüòçèòì êóäüóîóä-òìüëîòóäèï ðîëúåìèï éâàïåþîòëþòì æïìüóîïæ õåäóõäåþäïæ øåóíïî÷óíï æï ïõäåþóîò ìïìùïóäòìïàâòì ãïèëòñåíï. òäëîòì ùèòíæï ãòëîãòì èòåî õïîòì èëñâïíï óôîë ïáòäåâìòì ìïêóîàõåâåäàïí øåìïùòîò úõëâåäòì èëìâäïì ãïâì. òäëîøò åì ãòëîãòì ûïäòì ìïìùïóäåþîòâ ãïèëâäåíïæ òàâäåþï æï îàóäò ìëúòïäóîò ìòèþëäòçèòà ïîòì æïüâòîàóäò. ïáòäåâìòì ìïêóîàõåâåäøò êò úõëâåäòì èòìâäïì, ìëúòïäóîïæ íïêäåþò ôóíáúòï ïêòìîòï æï èõëäëæ ãèòîòì çåþóíåþîòâ ûïäïì ùïîèëï÷åíì. îëãëîú ÷ïíì èàåäì ïè úåîåèëíòïøò óèàïâîåìò åäåèåíüò èïòíú úõëâåäòì èëñâïíïï, õëäë èòìò ìëäúòïäóîò æïüâòîàâï ãïîåèëì øåìïþïèòìïæ õæåþï. íåþïñëôäëþòàò èìõâåîðäò, úõëâåäóîò òáíåþï òì, àó ïæïèòïíóîò, èïüåîòïäóîò àó çíåëþîòâò, éâàïåþòì ûïäòì ãïèëâäåíòì óèàïâîåìò íòøïíòï, èïãîïè òãò èòçïíæïìïõóäïæ åèìïõóîåþï îòüóïäóîò öãóôòì òíüåîåìåþì. ïíüòêóî ìïèñïîëøò, îëãëîú çåèëà òñë ïéíòøíóäò, ìïçëãïæëåþîòâò èëúóäëþòì ìïêîòôòúòåþòìïì õëîúòì ùòäòì èòéåþï îòüóïäøò àïíïèëíïùòäåëþïì íòøíïâæï. åì èëèåíüò ðòîæïðòîò èòíòøíåþïï ÷âåíàâòì ìïòíüåîåìë îòüóïäòì èùïîèëåþåä ìëúòïäóî ãïîåèëçå. øåòûäåþï âàáâïà, îëè åì îòüóïäò ãï÷íæï ãâïîëâíóä ìïçëãïæëåþïøò æï èòìò øåìîóäåþòì ùåìòì ûòîòàïæò ðîòíúòðòï àïíïèëíïùòäåëþï. ìïáïîàâåäëøò ïèãâïîò ôïáüåþò æïèëùèåþóäòï õïäõóîò æéåìïìùïóäåþòìïì, ãäëâòì îòüóïäåþòìïì, ìõâïæïìõâï øåèëâäåþòìï æï ìïåîàë ðóîëþåþòì ìïõòà. òäëîòì õïîòì øåùòîâòì øåèàõâåâïøò àïíïèëíïùòäåëþòì ðîòíúòðò ïìåâå ïøêïîïæ ïîòì ãïèëõïüóäò îëãëîú èìõâåîðäòì õëîúàïí ìïñëâåäàïë æïèëêòæåþóäåþï, îïú óûâåäåìò æëíòì ïèìïõâåäò èëèåíüò óíæï 165 òñëì, ïìåâå õëîúòì íïùòäòì èòêóàâíåþï ãïèëî÷åóä, ïè ìïçëãïæëåþòìïàâòì ïõäëþäïæ ãïíõòäóä ðòîàïàâòì. ïè àâïäìïçîòìòà ìïòíüåîåìëï èàïâîòì ùòäò, èìõâåîðäòì îáï, îëèåäìïú èàïâïîò ûâòîôïìò áâåþòà ïèêëþì æï ìïìèòìïæ òñåíåþì, ïìåâå õëîúòì æïîòãåþòìïì ãïèýéïâíåþóäò òåîïîáòóäò ìóîïàò, ìïæïú èàïâïîì èëìæåâåí æòæåþóäåþò, øåèæåã òèåîåàòì èåôå æï ãóîòòì èàïâïîò, îïú åîàòïíëþòì òìüëîòóä ãïèëûïõòäïæ óíæï èòâò÷íòëà æï þëäëì õïäõò, èïìï, îëèåäòú ëæåìéïú ïè îòüóïäòì åîïæåîàò, ïîïæòôåîåíúòîåþóäò øåèìîóäåþåäò òñë. ïèæåíïæ ìïõåçå ãâïáâì îòüóïäòì èàåäò ìëúòïäóîò æï òìüëîòóäò æòíïèòêï, îëèåäøòæïú àïâòìò îëäò ïáâì øåìîóäåþóäò îåäòãòóî ìòíêîåüòçèìïú. ãïíìõâïâåþóäïæ ïîòì ùïîèëæãåíòäò ûòîåóäò èòàëäëãòóîò ôïáüòì ìëúòïäóîò åôåáüò áïîàäìï æï êïõåàøò èëðëâåþóä èïìïäïøò. ïá ùèòíæïíò èïéïä èàïçå çòì æï íïæòîò „þåâîò èòóæòì" ïî ÷ïíì ïîú áóîóèò, ïîú ìõâï âòíèå èìïõóîò, ïí æïèìùîå, îëãëîú åì ùòíï âïîòïíüåþøòï ïéùåîòäò. ïìåâå þåâîò èòæòì èäëúïâò. ïè àâïäìïçîòìòà íïæòîìï æï èäëúïâì øëîòì åîàãâïîò üëäëþòì íòøïíòï æïìèóäò. ùèòíæïíòì ûïäï âäòíæåþï „èòìâäòà", îïìïú àïíïþîïæ åèëî÷òäåþï ïæïèòïíòú æï úõëâåäòú. ïéùåîòäò âòàïîåþï óôîë àîïêòåäò ãèòîòì êóäüòìïàâòì æïèïõïìòïàåþåä èëâäåíåþàïí ðëóäëþì ìïåîàëì æï èïì åèàõâåâï. áïîàóä èòàëìøò æïéóðóäò ÿïþóêò èëíïæòîå æï èåôåèëíïæòîå ôîòïæ ðëðóäïîóäò ðåîìëíïýåþòï. àîïêòåäò ãèòîòì, îåìëìòì ìïõåøò åì ëîò ôòãóîï åîàòïíæåþï. áïîàä-êïõóîò îùèåíåþò èàïçå æïìâåíåþóäò ùèòíæï ãòëîãòì øåìïõåþ àòàáèòì èàäòïíïæ åèàõâåâï îåìëìçå ïîìåþóä øåõåæóäåþïì, ìïæïú éâàïåþòì ûïäï ïìåâå íïæòîòì èòìâäòàï æï íåþòà øåùòîâòì ìïõòà ïîòì ãïèëìïõóäò. ãïîæï ïèòìï ãïìïàâïäòìùòíåþåäòï æïèàõâåâï àïâïæ éâàïåþåþòì íòøïíàï øëîòì: ëîòâå ÿïþóêòï, ùïèåþóäòï, úõåíëìïíòï (åüäëìïíò), èåëèïîòï, îïú èïà üòðëäëãòóî ìòïõäëâåì ïæïìüóîåþì. ëîòâå øåèàõâåâïøò òãóäòìõèåþï ìëúòïäóîïæ æòôåîåíúòîåþóäò ãïîåèë, îëèåäèïú ãïíïðòîëþï ìòóýåüòì ûòîòàïæò åäåèåíüåþòì àïâòìåþóîåþï (èòìâäòà ãïèëõïüóäò ûïäï, èëî÷òäåþï, øòøò èòì ùòíïøå), èïãîïè ïîìåþëþì ãïíìõâïâåþïú, îëèåäòú òíâïîòïíüóäò èëüòâòì ìõâïæïìõâï òìüëîòóä åðëáïìï æï åàíëãîïôòóä ãïîåèëøò ÷ïèëñïäòþåþòì øåæåãïæ óíæï ãïíâòõòäëà. 166 ñóîïæéåþïì òèìïõóîåþì çëëèëîôóäò ìòèþëäëåþò æï èïàò ìëúòïäóîò æòíïèòêï. ðòîâåä æëíåçå ãïíäïãåþóäòï èõåúò æï íïæòîò, èåëîåçå ðòîóüñâò, àõï æï õïîò. êëíêîåüóäïæ ðòîâåä æëíåçå ïáüòóîòï òîåèò, îëèåäòú èåëîå æëíåçå òúâäåþï õïîòà. èåëîå æëíåçå ïáòäåâìòì êóäüøò ôòãóîòîåþì àõï - úõëâåäò, îëèåäìïú àïâòìò àâòìåþåþòà øóïäåæóîò ïæãòäò óÿòîïâì ãïîåóäìï æï øòíïóîì øëîòì æï ïè íòøíòà èîïâïä õïäõøò ùèòíæï úõëâåäåþòì, öòõâòì, íòïèëîòì æï ï. ø. àïíïþîïæ ãïíòõòäåþï. òãò ûòîòàïæò îòüóïäóîò úõëâåäòï, îòüóïäóîïæ òàâäåþï èòìò ðîëæóáüòú. èïøòí îëúï òèïâå åàíëêóäüóîóä çëíïøò, èìõâòäôåõï ìïáëíåäò æï èòìò ðîëæóáúòï ïîïîòüóïäóîïæ òàâäåþï. àõòì ãïíìïêóàîåþóäò ìïêîïäóîëþï òõìíåþï èòìò êëíüïáüòà ãïîåóä úõëâåäåþàïí, „ùèòíæï íïæòîàïí", îëèåäìïú àõï õøòîïæ øååöâïîåþï æï øåîåóä øàïèëèïâäëþïì òûäåâï. ñïîïñëîóèøò ïìåà úõëâåäàï îòúõâì åèïüåþï ãïîåóäò úõâïîòú21. åì èëèåíüò àõòì îòüóïäóîò èïîêòîåþòìïàâòì ìïñóîïæéåþë èïìïäïì òûäåâï, èòà óôîë àó èòì òìüëîòóä ìòûâåäåìïú ãïâòàâïäòìùòíåþà. âôòáîëþ, îëè àõòì øåìïõåþ ïîìåþóä ùïîèëæãåíåþøò ïìåàò øåõåæóäåþï ûïäòïí ûâåäò ùïîèëèïâäëþòìï óíæï òñëì. åãåþ ìùëîåæ àõï ïîòì òì úõëâåäò, ìïòæïíïú æëèåìüòêïúòòì ðîëúåìò æïòùñë. â. èïìëíì øåæãåíòäò ïáâì úõîòäò ïæîåìïèòùïàèëáèåæë ìïçëãïæëåþïàï êåîïèòêóä íïùïîèçå ãïèëìïõóä çëëèëîôóäò èëüòâåþòìï øóï ïçòòìï æï òîïíòìïàâòì. ïè úõîòäøò àõåþòì ãïèëìïõóäåþï èåîñåëþì 34-74 ðîëúåíüì øëîòì, èïøòí îëúï èìõâòäôåõï ìïáëíäòì ãïèëìïõóäåþåþò îòã îïòëíøò ìïåîàëæ ïî ïîòì, ïí 1-14 ðîëúåíüì øëîòì èåîñåëþì. èåëîå ïæãòäçåï ôîòíâåäàï ãïèëìïõóäåþåþò, îëèåäàïú õïäåþòïíò öòáåþòì ãïèëìïõóäåþåþò èëìæåâì22. àâòà â. èïìëíò ïè èëâäåíòì üëüåèòçèòì ãïæèëíïøàåþòì çåèëáèåæåþòà õìíòì23. ïèöåîïæ ïè ìïêòàõçå èìöåäëþòì ãïøäï ÷âåíì èòçïíì ïî øåïæãåíì. ëéëíæ ïéâíòøíïâà, îëè èìõâòäôåõï ìïáëíäòì ìïêîïäóîò îëäòì ãïçîæï æïêïâøòîåþóäò óíæï ñëôòäòñë èòùòìèëáèåæåþòì ãïíâòàïîåþïìàïí, îïú êòæåâïú ïòìïõï ãâòïíæåä ùïîèëæãåíåþøò, ìïæïú òîåèì, öòõâì æï ï. ø. úâäòì ìïäëúïâøò èëìóäò õïîò. ïèæåíïæ ïîáåëäëãòóîò æï åàíëãîïôòóäò èïìïäòì øåðòîòìðòîåþï ãâïûäåâì ìïêèïëæ èêïôòë ìóîïàì, ìïæïú óûâåäåì åüïðçå ùïîèëæãåíòäòï íïæòîò, øåèæãëè øóïäåæóîò øòíïóîò úõëâåäò, àõï, õëäë ìïþëäëëæ õïîò, îëãëîú óèïéäåìò æëíå çëëèëîôóäò ìïêîïäóîëþòìï. àõòì ãïíìïêóàîåþóäò èæãëèïîåëþï ûâåä êóäüóîåþøò àïíïèåæîëâåëþòìïàâòì òûäåâï øåþîóíåþóä ìóîïàì: 167 òãò, îëãëîú íêïäåþ ðîëæóáüòóîò úõëâåäò, îëèåäìïú øåíïî÷óíåþóäò ïáâì ãïîåóäòì îòãò àâòìåþåþò, óùèòíæóîïæ òàâäåþï æï èõëäëæ ìïãïíãåþë øåèàõâåâåþøò øåìïûäë øåìïùòî úõëâåäì, ïí, ûïéäòì èìãïâìïæ, ïíüòìèìõâåîðäì ùïîèëïæãåíì. ãïîåóä íïæòîìï æï àõïì úâäòì ìïèìõâåîðäë úõâïîò, õïîò, îëèäåþòú ëðüòèïäóîïæ ùïîèëìïõïâåí èòùïàèëáèåæòì òíüåîåìì. øåòùòîåþï ïîï èóøï úõëâåäò, ïîïèåæ èùïîèëåþåäò õïîò, ïí èëçâåîò, îëèåäìïú óéåäò ïîïìëæåì æãèòï. ïá ïøêïîïæ ÷ïíì üåíüåíúòï, îëèäòì àïíïõèïæ ìïèìõâåîðäë, ïíó ùèòíæï úõëâåäò ïîòì ãïîåóäò, ïí òìåàò øòíïóîò, îëèåäìïú þóíåþîòâò àâòìåþåþò ïî æïóêïîãïâì. èëãâòïíåþòà æïèëêòæåþóäåþï èìõâåîðäøåùòîâòìïæèò òúâäåþï. ïíüòêóî ìïèñïîëøò óêâå ïòêîûïäï èõâíåäò èóøï ìïáëíäòì øåùòîâï æï àó ïìåàò îïè èëõæåþëæï, æïóìöåäò ïî î÷åþëæï24. áîòìüòïíëþïè ðîòíúòðóäïæ øåúâïäï ìòìõäòïíò èìõâåîðäøåùòîâòìïæèò æïèëêòæåþóäåþï. ñëâåäò ïìåàò èìõâåîðäøåùòîâï ìïìüòêïæ òæåâíåþëæï ëôòúòïäóîò áîòìüòïíóäò æëáüîòíòà25. ïèæåíïæ ïè îòüóïäòì ïîáïóäò, ùòíïáîòìüòïíóäò ùïîèëèïâäëþï æïâïì ïî òùâåâì. òãò ïéèëúåíåþóäò æï ÷ïèëñïäòþåþóäòï âîúåä êóäüóîóä ùîåøò, íïñëôòåîåþòì êóäüòì õïíãîûäòâò ãïíâòàïîåþòì èõïîæïèõïî. ïè æòæ ðëäòåàíòêóî ãïîåèëøò ïáüòóîïæ èëíïùòäåëþæíåí áïîàâåäàï ùòíïðîåþòú, îëèåäàï êóäüóîóäèï èëíïðëâïîèï ïèï àó òè ôëîèòà æéåèæå øåèëòíïõï àïâò. ãïèëñåíåþóäò äòüåîïüóîï: 1. ïîáïíöåäë äïèþåîüò — ìïèåãîåäëì ïéùåîï, àþòäòìò 1936; áïîàäòì úõëâîåþï, XV, àþòäòìò, 1973, ãâ. 779-780; øïîæåíòì èëãçïóîëþï ìðïîìåàìï æï ïéèëìïâäåàòì ìõâï áâåñíåþøò. àþòäòìò, 1975, ãâ. 196-200. 2. История войны и владычества русских на кавказе., Н. Дубровина, т. I. Очерк Кавказа и народов его населяющих СПБ, 1871, стр. 16-17). 3. ïîáïíöåäë äïèþåîüò, æïìïõ. íïøî. ãâ. 142-143. 4. ã. ÷òüïòï, øîëèåþò I, àþ., 1997, 15-16; Н. Джанашия, Религиозные верования абхазов, Христианский Восток, т. IV стр. 97-98; Г. Ф. Чурсин, Материалы по этнографии Абхазии, Сухум, 1957, стр. 31. 168 5. áïîàóäò õïäõóîò ðëåçòï, ü. I, àþòäòìò, 1972, ãâ. 142-146; 354-358. 6. â. þïîæïâåäòûå, ïéèëìïâäåà ìïáïîàâåäëì èàòåäàï ìïìóäòåîë üåáìüåþò. èïìïäåþò ìïáïîàâåäëì åàíëãîïôòòìïàâòì I ãâ. 39-42; ò. ìóîãóäïûå, áïîàóäò õïäõóîò ëîíïèåíüòì ìòèþëäòêï àþòäòìò, 1993, ãâ. 177. 7. áïîàäòì úõëâîåþï, ì. ñïóõ÷òøâòäòì îåæïáúòòà ü.I. àþòäòìò, 1995. ãâ. 89. 8. ò. ìóîãóäïûå, - åîàò ìïáëîùòäë ùåìòì èòàëìóîò æï ìëúòïäóîò þóíåþòìïàâòì (èåôòì ãïíïæòîåþòì ïíïäòçòì úæï), „èïúíå”, òìüëîòòì... ìåîòï, ¹2, 1989. 9. þïüëíòøâòäò âïõóøüò, - ïéùåîï ìïèåôëìï ìïáïîàâåäëìï, áïîàäòì úõëâîåþï, IV, àþ., 1973 ù. ãâ. 28-29. 10. ò. ìóîãóäïûå, - åîàò ìïáëîùòäë .... ãâ. 35-62. 11. ã. åîáëèïòøâòäò - „ëæòìåïì” X ìòèéåîòì åîàò ðïìïýòì òíüåîðîåüïúòòìïàâòì, ôòäëäëãòóî-òìüëîòóäò ûòåþïíò, ïêïæ. àòíïàòí ñïóõ÷òøâòäòì ìïòóþòäåëæ èòûéâíòäò êîåþóäò, àþ., 1999, ãâ. 151. 12. Новгородский сборник, I, 1865, стр. 286 в ст. И. И. Толстого «Чудо у жертвенника Ахилла на Белом острове. В сборнике И. И. Толстой, Статьи по фольклору, М-Л., 1966, СТР. 19-23. 13. èïìïäï ìõâïæïìõâï ãïèëúåèåþòæïí, èëüïíòäò ã. ô. ÷óîìòíòì èòåî òõ. èòìò Очерки этнографии Абхазии, стр. 30-32. 14. òáâå. 15. ôäïâòóì ïîòïíå, èëãçïóîëþï øïâò çéâòì ãïîøåèë, àïîãèïíò, ãïèëêâäåâï êëèåíüïîò æï îóêï íïàåäï êåÿåéèïûòìï àþ., 1961. ãâ. 57. 16. ò. ìóîãóäïûå, „üñïâòì ìòèþëäòêï æï üñïëìíòì èòàëäëãåèï áïîàóä èòàëìøò. èïìïäåþò ìïáïîàâåäëì åàíëãîïôòòìïàâòì, XXIV ãâ. 166. òáâå ìïàïíïæë äòüåîïüóîï. 17. ôäïâòóì ïîòïíå, æïìïõ. íïøî. ãâ. 56. 18. Реальный словарь классических древностей по Любкеру, СПб, 1885. (øåìïþïèòì ìüïüòïøò). 19. Реальный словарь... ст. Sacrificia, В. В. Латышев, Очерки греческих древностей. СПб, 1899, стр. 89-90. 20. И. И. Толстой, ук. соч. стр. 21. 21. К. Йетмар, Гелигии Гиндукуша, М., 1986, стр. 229, 257. 22. В. М. Массон, Средняя Азия и Древний Восток. Л. 1964. рис. 72. 169 23. В. М. Массон, ук. соч. стр. 24. В. В. Латышев, ук. соч. стр. 91. 25. å. èåüîåâåäò - 1784 ùäòì ìïåêäåìòë êîåþòì æïæãåíòäåþï. ìïáïîàâåäëì ìïõåäèùòôë èóçåóèòì èëïèþå, ü. XIX-A æï XXI-B. ÈÅÔÅ-ÈËÍÏÆÒÎÅ (ÅÎÀÒ ÌÏÁËÎÙÒÄË ÙÅÌÒÌ ÌËÚÒÏÄÓÎÒ ÞÓÍÅÞÒÌÏÀÂÒÌ) saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul saqorwilo ritualebs Soris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs e. w. „mefis//nefis“ ganadirebis wesi, romel- 170 sac uaxloes warsulSi asrulebdnen Cveni qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. yvelaze srulyofilad es wesi mesxeT-javaxeTSi yofila Semonaxuli da rogorc specialuri literaturis monacemebi mowmobdnen, aTi, TxuTmeti wlis win sayovelTaod yofila gavrcelebuli. igi Semdegnairad tardeboda: „qorwilis meore dRes, saRamos pirs, nefe-dedofali mayrebisa da yvela stumris TanxlebiT ezoSi gavidodnen da cekva-TamaSiT erTobodnen. am dros nefis deda banidan qaTams gadaafrenda, romlis cocxlad daWeras yvela cdilobda. vinc qaTams daiWerda, mis sakuTrebad iTvleboda. xSirad am saqmes dedoflis mayrebs miandobdnen, romelTac daWerili qaTami dedoflis saxlSi wasvlisas Tan mihqondaT. rogori civi da araxelsayreli amindic ar unda yofiliyo, „nefis ganadirebis“ ceremoniali mainc sruldeboda cekvebiTa da ferxulebiT. am sanaxaobis sanaxavad, - „qorwilis sayureblad“ soflis mTeli mosaxleoba sazeimod Cacmul-daxuruli iyrida Tavs. mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT, ufro adre, qorwilis meore dRes nefe-dedofali, mayrebi, meqorwile xalxi musikosebis TanxlebiT karze gamovidodnen da simRera-cekva-TamaSiT Camoivlidnen naTesav-mezoblebis ojaxebs, sadac saxeldaxelod gaSlil sufras axvedrebdnen. ramdenime sadRegrZelos Semdeg sxva ojaxSi gadainacvlebdnen, sadac igive meordeboda. wasvlisas ojaxis diasaxlisi maT qaTams, an sxva saxis saWmel-sasmels (xili, arayi da a. S.) aCuqebda, romelic nefis saxlSi mihqondaT“1. roca „nefis“ saxlSi dabrundebodnen, iq saxlSi Sesvlamde banze, an ezoSi icekvebdnen, mere usaTuod ferxuls „daabamdnen“, uferxulod saxlSi ar Sevidodnen. yovelive amas isev puroba mosdevda. aRsaniSnavia, rom „Svidi wyvili ferxulis Sesruleba“ savaldebulo yofila „mefis ganadirebisas“. scodniaT rogorc erTsarTuliani, Sereuli (qalebisa da kacebis monawileobiT) ferxulebi, ise kacebis orsarTuliani ferxulebic2. zogjer ganadirebis Semdeg, imdeni qaTami grovdeboda, rom mTel sufras yofnida. v. koptonaSvilis cnobis mixedviT „saRamoTi nefes gaanadirebdnen banze mayrebTan erTad, banze lxinobdnen, aqeT-iqedan mohyavdaT qaTmebi da TiTo dakvriT mefem, mejvarem da mayrebma Tavi unda gaagdebinon xanjliT“3. analogiur masalas gvawvdis s. makalaTia, s. xositaSvili, g. zedginiZe4. „ganadireba“ qorwilis meore dRes qarTlSic scodniaT, sadac diasaxlisi jer sufras gauSlida, xolo wasvlisas qaTams gaatanda nefesa 171 da mayrebs, romlebic saxlSi brundebodnen simReriT: „Cvens mefes gaumarjvnia bazaleTisa tbazeda, mouklavs xari iremi, tyavi hkidia mxarzeda“5. igive wesi kaxeTSic aris damowmebuli: aqac, sufris Semdeg, mayrebs qaTami mihyavdaT, romelsac ezoSi Sesuli mayrebi gamoudgebodnen, daiWerdnen da ejib-mefes miuyvandnen. ganadirebas aucileblad mosdevda „ZRvnoba“, anu „niWi“. am wesis Sesabamisad naTesavebsa da mezoblebs mohyavdaT burvaki, Toxli, indaurebi, qaTmebi, batebi; mohqondaT puri, kvercxi, Rvino. samcxe-javaxeTSi „niWi“ win uswrebda ganadirebas“6. analogiuri wesebi dasavleT saqarTveloSic yofila gavrcelebuli (imereTi, samegrelo, raWa, leCxumi). qorwilis meore dRes, vidre sufras miusxdebodnen, dedoflis mayrebi (zogjer vaJis mayrebica da TviT mefe-dedofalic) qorwilSi wveulTa ojaxebSi (e. i. naTesavebis ojaxebSi - i.s.) Camoivlidnen, sadac maT xiliTa da sasmeliT umaspinZldebodnen, xolo wasvlisas cocxal qaTams gaatandnen. am dros maspinZlis ojaxidan Zroxac rom waeyvanaT, ojaxis wevrebi verafers ver etyodnen, radgan uaris Tqva miuRebeli iyo. imereTSi mayrebis aseT Camovlas „aliloze“ Camovlas eZaxdnen. nefis ojaxSi dabrunebulebs maspinZeli ezoSi Txas, an Zroxas dauklavda7. mayrebis saqcieli adre Turme ufro kategoriul xasiaTs atarebda. amitom es ucnauri wesi adreve iqna SemCneuli da specialur literaturasa da eTnografiul aRwerilobebSi jer kidev XIX s-Sia fiqsireuli. m. saRaraZis aRwerilobis Tanaxmad, imereTSi, qorwilis meore dRes „mayrebi“ nefis mezoblebis ojaxebSi Camoivlidnen, Tan simReras ambobdnen, visac miadgebodnen, is ojaxi valdebuli iyo sufra gaeSala da Tan saCuqari gaetanebina. Tu mayrebs saCuqari ar moewonebodaT, maSin ezoSi qaTmebs autexdnen srolas da daxocili qaTmebisagan maspinZels sauzme unda moemzadebina maTTvis, mayrebis saqcieli im xanad imdenad Cveulebriv movlenad iTvleboda, rom aravis ar mosdioda TavSi azrad raime winaaRmdegoba gaewia maTTvis, magram „Tavgasulobad“ ki iTvleboda. Sinauri pirutyvisa da frinvelis daxocvis Cveuleba guriaSic aris damowmebuli, magram mayrebis Camovla aRwerili ar Cans9. meqorwile stumrebis gadawveva aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSic icodnen, magram „mefis ganadirebis“ savaldebulo wesi, garda fSavisa, damowmebuli da aRwerili ar aris10. arsebobs fSavSi T. razi- 172 kaSvilis mier Cawerili saqorwilo mayruli leqsi, romelic am wesis arsebobas gulisxmobs: „SamamxedeniT qalebo, wiTel-yviTela vyudivar, wamosuli var mayrada, qalisa-d qaTmis qurdi var“11. leqsSi aRweril viTarebas amowmebs a. oCiauris masalebic: fSavSi qalis mayrebi RamiT sofels moedebodnen da sadac ki qaTams Seagulebdnen, moiparavdnen da qorwilSi moiyvandnen. es Cveuleba ZvelTagan yofila gavrcelebuli da amisaTvis aravis ar daZraxavdnen. piriqiT ki SeiZleba momxdariyo: mayari Tu qaTams ver moaxelebda, qalaCunas dauZaxebdnen12. zemoT aRwerili rituali gansxvavebuli saxiT aris gadmocemuli r. erisTavis mier. igi qorwilis meore dRes ar sruldeboda da arc ganadireba hqvia, magram mayrebis qcevaSi aris damowmebuli moqmedebaTa mTeli kompleqsi, romelic maT „mefis ganadirebis“ ritualis tolfas movlenad warmogvidgens: igi wers: "Жених собирает - "макреби" родственников, знакомых и едет за 80, за 100 верст венчаться. Но он должен избрать себе такую дорогу, по которой ему еще не пришлось бы проезжать обратно с женой, - таков обычай. Вот жених отправляется в сопровождении множества конных макреби и на пути, что ни попадись им: овца, корова, курица, - режут в честь мепе (царя), тот за все уж отвечает. Проезд через деревни сопровождается песнями макрули - в два хора13. cxadia, aq aRwerili saqorwino msvlelobis momentebi srul msgavsebas amJRavneben „nefis ganadirebis“ ritualTan. gansxvaveba gamoxatulia upirveles yovlisa imiT, rom „ganadireba“ xdeba ara qorwilis meore dRes, aramed „mefis“ mgzavrobisas. aq mayrebs ki ar umaspinZldebian, aramed isini Tavad „nadiroben“, xolo mosaxleobisaTvis miyenebuli zaralis safasurs „mefe“ ixdis. aseTive TviTneburi elmentebi „ganadgurebis“ zemoT aRweril epizodebSic Cans, roca dedoflis mayrebi iparavdnen qaTmebs (fSavi), an xocavdnen frinvelsa Tu pirutyvs maspinZelTa kar-midamoSi (imereTi). Tu saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi aRwerli rituali naklebad gavs „nadirobas“ da aseTad igi pirobiTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, r. erisTavis mier aRwerili mayrionis mogzauroba, garegnuli niSnebiT ufro uaxlovdeba namdvil nadirobas. igi „aznauruli“ TareSis STabeWdilebas tovebs, maSin roca danarCeni aRwerilobebi ufro reglamentirebuli, kanonikuri da Sesabamisad metad stilizebuli saxiT sruldeboda. arsebobs xalxuri Sexeduleba qorwilze, romelic am uka- 173 nasknels laSqrobas adarebs14. r. erisTavis aRweriloba marTlac uaxlovdeba laSqrobas. amasTanave, erTi saqorwilo xalxuri leqsis komentarSi15 naTqvamia, rom saqorwilo simRerebSi Tofis aRebaze mowodeba srolaSi gajibrebas moaswavebs. aseTi Sejibri, saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi imarTeboda. samizned usulo sagnebis garda SeiZleba yofiliyo qaTami, indauri, cxvari, xbo16. am cnobaSic aris SemorCenili „ganadirebis“ anarekli da aqac nadirobis obieqtad isev Sinauri frinveli da cxoveli rCeba. Tavis droze am wess yuradReba miaqcia v. kotetiSvilma da igi uZvelesi motacebis wesis gadmonaSTad miiCnia. aqve man dasva saqorwilo misteriis safuZvliani Seswavlis sakiTxi16a. es wesi nayofierebis aRqmebs daukavSira e. virsalaZem, romelmac ZiriTadad gaiziara v. kotetiSvilis mosazreba16b. ukanasknelad am rituals Seexo T. ivelaSvili, romelic cdilobs igi axsnas mdidari eTnografiuli monacemeis safuZvelze da mas socialuri TvalsazrisiT ganixilavs. igi damswreT yofs or nawilad, qorwilis monawileebad, wveulebad da soflis danarCen mosaxleobad, romelic qorwilis „sanaxavad“ aris Segrovili. ase rom, aq warmodgenilia saerTo-saxalxo aqcia, romelic Sedgeba ritualis Semsruleblebisa da mayureblebisagan. misi mosazrebiT aq warmodgenilia magiuri moqmedeba, romelsac ceremoniuli xasiaTi aqvs da, amdenad, sanaxaobasac warmoadgens. sayuradRebo da angariSgasawevia T. ivelaSvilis azri „nefis ganadirebis“ ceremonialisa da berikaoba-yeenobis Sedarebisas, radgan am ori kulturuli movlenis Semadgeneli elementebis sagrZnobi msgavseba udavod did interess iwvevs. msgavs elementebTagan erT jgufSi warmodgenilia sofelSi Camovlis wesi, xolo, meore mxriv, ki ritualSi monawileTa saxelwodebani da funqciebi. berikaobaSi monawileobs beri//berka, mefe, Sahi, keisari, yaeni, - mTavari moqmedi piri, dedofali, amalis mestvire, naTlia da a. S. esaa mTeli jgufi, romelic groteskul qorwils ganasaxierebs, xolo „ganadirebaSi“ bers, Sahs, keisars, yaens cvlis „mefe“, sasiZo, dedofali da sxvebi, - realuri saqorwilo wesis realuri monawileebi. orive SemTxvevaSi imarTeboda savaldebulo ferxulebi17. aseTia is ZiriTadi monacemebi, romelTac emyareba mTeli Cveni codna „mefis ganadirebis“ ritualis Sesaxeb. 174 upirveles yovlisa yuradRebas ipyrobs am ritualTan dakavSirebuli simRerebis teqstebi, sadac yvelgan aris naxsenebi warmatebiT dasrulebuli nadiroba mefisa, aseve CamoTvlilia misi nadavli: iremi, arCvi, Sveli, nukri, xoxobi18. radgan leqsi nadirobas Seexeba, cxadia, nadavlic gareuli frinveli da cxoveli unda iyos. aRsaniSnavia, rom gareuli frinveli da cxoveli, ZiriTadad cxoveli, aqtiurad aris CarTuli mraval ritualSi. nadirs xSirad gamosaxaven xolme saweso mxatvrobaSi. magaliTad, svaneTSi micvalebulis dReobebSi Seswiravdnen sxvadasxva cxovels: xars, Zroxas, cxvars, Txas, Rors; aseve cdilobdnen jixvi da arCvi moeklaT sagangebod am dReebisaTvis. SinaurTan erTad gareuli cxovelisa da frinvelis gamosaxulebebs Zerwavdnen comisagan da acxobdnen ritualuri kverebis saxiT19. motanili masalidan yuradRebas ipyrobs is garemoeba, rom „mefis ganadirebis“ sasimRero teqstebSi yvelgan laparakia gareul nadirsa da frinvelze, xolo mis Sesabamis ritualur moqmedebaSi gareuls enacvleba Sinauri frinveli da cxoveli. rogorc Cans, Sinauri cxoveli da frinveli simbolurad ganasaxierebs velurs. am mosazrebis sasargeblod metyvelebs iaraRic, romelsac mefe da mayrebi iyenebdnen (qaTmebisaTvis xanjliT Tavis gagdebineba, an cxovel-frinvelis TofiT daxocva), rac pirdapir migvaniSnebs, rom rituali aris realuri nadirobis imitacia. aRniSnuli saqorwilo simRerebi aRweren miTosuri „mefis“ nadirobas, romlis drosac mas uxvad moupovebia nadiri. etyoba am „miTosur nadirobas“ Tan sdevda saqorwilo urTierTobebi, an sasiyvarulo kavSiri Wabuk monadiresa da qalRvTaebas Soris, ris dasamowmebel faqtebs uxvad gvawvdis zepirsityvierebis, eTnografiuli Tu arqeologiuri masala. amitom uxvi nadirobis Sedegad mopovebuli nanadirevi SesaZlebelia qalRvTaebis wyalobad CaiTvalos. aseTi „wyalobis“ axsna SeiZleba vipovoT samonadireo eposSi daculi simRerebisa da legendebis im nawilSi, romelic mogviTxrobs RvTaebis rCeul monadireTa warmatebis mizezebze. aseve niSandoblivad gveCveneba gareuli cxovelisa da frinvelis ritualuri da simboluri mniSvneloba, am SemTxvevaSi ki irmisa da jixvisa. sayovelTaod cnobilia faqtebi, saidanac Cans am cxovelTa saweso aqtivoba rogorc saqorwilo, ise dakrZalvis ceremonialSi. dakrZalvisas xSirad moaqvT jixvisa da arCvis fituli, miTosis Tanaxmad Wabuk 175 monadireebs dastiris qali RvTaeba, dali, romlis zoomorfuli saxe aris jixvi20. radgan dakrZalvis ritualSi iseTi komponentebic mowmdeba, romelTac miTosuri da simbolur-religiuri aspeqtebic aqvT, swori ar viqnebiT, Tu mTeli ritualis ideur-sarwmunoebrivi mxaris Sefasebisas ar gaviTvaliswinebT mis arqaul, miTosur-religiur mniSvnelobas.am Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, darkZalvis wesebi unda ganvixiloT rogorc Wabuki monadirisa da qali RvTaebis siyvarulis dasasruli, romelic Tavis TavSive Seicavs misi aRdgenis, ganaxlebis, cikluri ganmeorebis perspeqtivebs. amitom dakrZalvis ceremonialSi damowmebuli faqtebis motana saqorwilo ritualebis paralelurad, erTi SexedviT sapirispiro mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebis gaumarTlebel dajgufebad warmogvidgeba, magram Tu miTosuri da misteriuli TvalsazrisiT SevxedavT, es siaxlove araviTar eWvs ar gamoiwvevs radgan isini, oriveni aRdgenili ada mokvdavi RvTaebis miTosis nawilebs warmoadgendnen da am struqturis diametrul wertilebze arian ganlagebuli, sadac, wriuli ciklis principebis Sesabamisad, erTi naxevris dasasruli meoris dasawyiss gulisxmobs. amitom qorwilisa da dakrZalvisas xsenebuli faqtebis damowmebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs, radganac am gziT SesaZlebeli xdeba daSlili da danawevrebuli uZvelesi miTosisa da misi praqtikulad realizebuli formis, misteriis rekonstruqcia, Tuki am monacemTa saTanado da yovelmxrivi gaSuqeba moxerxda. CvenTvis saintereso ritualis SeswavlisaTvis sayuradRebo monacemebs Seicavs TviT misi saxelwodeba, „mefis ganadireba“. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT sityva „mefe“, Tavisi erT-erTi mniSvnelobiT aris „mamakaci, vinc cols irTavs (qorwili aqvs); mefe-dedofali - axaldaqorwinebulni; „mefe“, igivea, rac „nefe“, xolo „mefe-dedofali“ igive, rac „mefe-patarZali“, „nefisa“ da „mefis“ monacvleoba yvela dialeqtur leqsikonSia damowmebuli, Tuki es sityvebi aris motanili, magram aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom arc sulxan-saba orbelianTan, arc i. abulaZis Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonSi „mefe//nefe“ Tavisi arc erTi mniSvnelobiT ar ganimarteba rogorc meqorwile, siZe. amis mizezi, Cveni azriT, unda iyos „mefis“ socialuri mniSvneloba feodaluri sazogadoebis oficialur sityvierebaSi, romelic ar aRiarebda xalxuri enisa da azrovnebis bevr normas. „nefe//mefis“ amJamad CvenTvis saintere- 176 so mniSvneloba xalxuri kulturis arqauli fenebidan momdinareobda da ganviTarebuli feodaluri sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos ena albaT Tavs aridebda umaRlesi ierarqiuli donis aRmniSvneli terminis xalxur aspeqtebs. „mefis“ CvenTvis saintereso mniSvnelobis saTaveebi uaRresad arqaul xanebSia saZiebeli. rogorc z. aleqsiZe da g. maWavariani fiqroben, termini „mefe“ da misi antonimi „sefe“, e. i. is, visac raRaca aqvs, ekuTvnis, flobs da is, rac viRacas ekuTvnis, unda aRmocenebuliyo zanur-qarTuli erTianobis xanaSi. daaxloebiT meore aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi, Sua brinjaos xanaSi da warmoadgens „kuTvnilebasa“ da „meqonleobaze“ damyarebul termins. Tavisi adrindeli SinaarsiT „mefe“ niSnavda mflobels, mqonebels da ara monarqs. es ukanaskneli mniSvneloba SeiZleboda gaCeniliyo garkveul istoriul da socialuri niSnebis mqone garemoSi, e. i. gacilebiT ufro gvian, saxelmwifos warmoSobasTan erTad, sazogadoebis socialuri diferenciaciis gaRrmavebis bazaze, magram rogorc „mqonebelis“ aRmniSvneli termini, winaaRmdeg armqoneblisa, igi albaT yovelTvis aRniSnavda garkveul socialur upiratesobasac, miT ufro rom igi socialurad enaTesaveba saerTo qarTvelur „xucess“, romlis Sinaarsis safuZvelSi, mqoneblobis sapirispirod, „umcros-ufrosobis“ principia Cadebuli21. aqedan cxadia, rom terminma „mefem“ gaiara ganviTareba-formirebis rTuli gza, romlis sawyis etapze igi asaxavda adreklasobriv „mqonebels“, xolo dasasrulSi umaRlesi xelisuflis aRmniSvnelad iqca. samwuxarod, am terminis sakulto mniSvnelobaze dasaxelebuli naSromis avtorebs araferi aqvT naTqvami. kultis TvalsazrisiT isini ganixilaven termin „xucess“ da fiqroben, rom igi „kultis msaxuris funqciebsac iTavsebda da erTdroulad „tomis beladsa“ da „qurums“ aRniSnavda. analogiad gamodgeba xevsuruli xucesi, romelic semantikurad fSaur-moxevur xevisbers Seesabameba. xevisberi aSkarad ufro gviandelia, vidre xucesi. igi Sedgenili, „aRwerili“ terminia, romlis meore komponenti, beri - ucxo, iranuli warmomavlobisad iTvleba, xolo xucesi saerTo qarTveluri warmomavlobis mTliani sityvaa. klasobrivi urTierTobebis gaRrmavebis Sedegad, roca tomis beladi „mefe“ gaxda da mas Camoscilda kultis msaxuris funqciebi (Sdr. strabonis cnoba iberiis mosaxleobis pirveli da meore genosis Sesaxeb), xucesi, Cans, mxolod „qurums“-Ra niSnavda. qristianobis Semosvlis 177 Semdeg xucesi - „qurumi“ iqceva xuces-mRvdlad, sadac xucesi da mRvdeli sinonimebia. konkurenciis procesSi imarjvebs termini mRvdeli, Tumca mTlianad ver devnis xucess22. aqedan unda vivaraudoT, rom roca „mefe“ umaRlesi ierarqiuli rangis aRmniSvnel terminad iqceva, mas CamoSorebuli unda hqonoda religiuri funqcia (yovel SemTxvevaSi misi ZiriTadi nawili) da igi sxva pirTa movaleobad unda yofiliyo qceuli (xucesi, xevis beri). amitom meqorwileTaTvis „mefisa“ da „dedoflis“ saxelis miniWeba SesaZlo iqneboda maSin, roca „mefis“ pirovneba ansaxierebda miTosur-sakralur figuras, romelic amave dros patriarqaluri kultis aRsrulebis moTavec unda yofiliyo. cnobilia, rom nayofierebis ritualebSi umTavresi adgili eWira ojaxis ufross, aseve xazgasmiT gamoyofili Cans misi roli inkorporaciis ritualebSic23. yvela es wesi sqesTa urTierTobis simbolikis im sakulto nakvaleviTaa aRbeWdili da met-naklebad Tanamimdevrulad agviwers im sakulto moqmedebebis rigsa da socialur datvirTvas, romelic „mefis“ movaleobas Seadgenda winasaxelmwifoebriv xanebSi24. rogorc Cans, motanili masalis meoxebiT warmoCenili miTosur-religiur warmodgenaTa mTeli sistema albaT funqcionirebda didi misteriis saxiT, romelsac „mefis“ meTaurobiT asrulebda mTeli socialuri jgufi, am misteriis umTavresi momenti iqneboda „mefis“ RvTaebaze daqorwinebis scena, romelic, rogorc miTosuri aRorZinebis aqti, socialuri jgufis aRorZineba-gamravlebis simboloc unda yofiliyo. am misteriis gadmonaSTebi, rigi saxecvlilebiT Semoinaxa qarTul xalxur dResaswaulebSi da maT Soris qorwilSic. specialuri literaturidan kargad aris cnobili religiur-miTosuri koncefcia, romlis centrSi dgas sakraluri mefis monumenturi figura; miTosis Tanaxmad igi RvTaebrivi niSnebiTaa aRbeWdili, aris RvTaebis Svili, an Tavad RvTaebis gamovlena da sabolood misi sawyisi „kulturuli gmiris“ cnebas ukavSirdeba25. aseTi mefeebi wmindanad arian miCneulni da miTosur-religiuri da kosmosuri TvalsazrisiT isini ganasaxiereben centrs, rogorc socialur, ise kosmosurs, maT garSemo mimdinareobs socialuri da religiuri konsolidaciis procesi. mefe ZiriTadi figuraa kvdomisa da aRorZinebis principebze agebul warmodgenebSi, sadac igi, cocxali da Zlieri, ganasaxierebs bunebis aRorZinebis Zalebs, xolo sapirispirod amisa, misi sikvdili SemoqmedebiTi potenciis kvdo- 178 mis simboloa. ufro gviandel, maRalganviTarebul miTosSi, mefe, rogorc RvTaebis reprezentanti, ganagebs ciur Zalebs, wylisa da sikvdilis samyaros, igi iqceva msoflios xis analogiuri mniSvnelobis matarebel obieqtad. erT-erTi umTavresi ritualuri aqti, romliTac igi Tavis RvTaebriv arss gamoxatavs, aris wminda qorwili, romlis saSualebiT mefes moqmedebaSi mohyavs bunebis aRorZineba-ganaxlebis Zalebi; mefe, rogorc wliuri ciklis dinebis warmmarTveli, ganagebs sezonTa cvalebadobas, iZleva wvimas, icavs Tavis saymos avadmyofobisagan da a. S. amitom qorwineba, rogorc gansakuTrebuli kosmosuri da religiur-miTosuri mnivSnelobis aqcia, mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli mefis saxesTan * . mefis qorwineba aris am aqtis umaRlesi sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis gamovlena, igi moqmedebs, rogorc misi sakraluri da socialuri SesaZleblobebis Semkrebi da katalizatori. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mefis unari, zegardmo „niWi“, ganapirobebs mefobas, romlis socialuri aspeqtebis realizaciis erT-erTi forma praqtikaSi gamoxatulia mefis sqesobrivi ZaliT, xolo sqesobrivi SesaZleblobani, viTarca gansaxiereba amaRorZinebeli Zalisa, miTosSi da religiaSi Tavisi upirvelesi saxiT ganapirobeben mefobis SesaZleblobas. am ori komponentis damTxvevis gareSe miTosuri mefoba ar arsebobs ** . aqedan gamomdinare mefis qorwineba misi sakraluri bunebis Semoqmedebis kvintesenciuri momentia, romlis sapirispirod arsebobs mefis sakraluri mokvdineba. es xdeba maSin, roca mixrwnili mefe kargavs SemoqmedebiT unars26. mogvianebiT es idea farTod gavrcelda msoTflios xalxTa zepirsityvierebaSi, sadac mefis, mefis wulebisa Tu asulebis qorwineba sxva socialuri wridan gamosul axalgazrda gmirebTan sayovelTao bednierebis simbolodaa warmosaxuli, xolo maTi siyvarulis tragikuli dasasruli aseve kosmosuri sikvdilis desakralizebul reminiscencias warmoadgens. * „mefis“ aseTi mniSvneloba SeiZleba areklili iyos qarTul terminSi „xelmwife“, romelic socialurTan erTad mis sakralur arssac gamoxatavs. am mosazrebis sasargeblod metyvelebs rogorc „xelis“ religiur-socialuri gaazreba, ise sityva „mwifes“ mniSvnelobac (xili moJamebuli, saba). ** varaudis saxiT: „mefis“ am mniSvnelobis hipertrofirebuli gardasaxvis Sedegi unda iyos aziel mefeTa uzarmazari haramxanebi; aseve cnoba mefe solomonis Svidasi colisa da samasi mxevlis Sesaxeb (dab. mefeTa 1. 10. 11 .3). 179 yvelaferi, rac cnobilia am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb zogad literaturaSi, met-naklebi sizustiT TiTqmis ukanasknel xanebamde Semoinaxa qarTulma yofam. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTvelTa TvalsazrisiT qorwili sayovelTao lxinisa da sixarulis optimalur gamoxatulebad iTvleba, rac kargad aris aRbeWdili xalxuri sityvierebis ZeglebSi, magram misi mniSvneloba aqtiurad igrZnoba sxvadasxva daniSnulebis saweso moqmedebasa da ceremonialSi. umartivesi moqmedebebi, romelTa safuZvelSi devs sqesTa pirispirobisa da maT Soris urTierTobis religiur-kosmogoniuri gaazreba saqorwilo aqtis gareSe, Tavis droze Seiswavles iv. javaxiSvilma27, v. bardaveliZem, i. janeliZem, j. ruxaZem, j. onianma da sxvebma, romelTa Sromebi mravaljer gvaqvs miTiTebuli. am TvalsazrisiT CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa wvimis gamowvevis ritualebi, sadac sqesobrivi aqti, rogorc sakraluri simbolo da ritualuri moqmedebaTa arsis gamomxatveli momenti, uaRresad farTodaa gavrcelebuli. am ritualebis ZiriTadi personaJi aris faliuri Tojina, lazare, romelsac gvalvisas Camoatareben xolme. misi paraleluri saxelwodebebi da epiTetebi damatebiT axasiaTeben miTosur personaJs. mas uwodeben „koti-kotias“, „kvercxas“ da a. S. riTac lazares faliurobaa xazgasmuli. lazares paralelurad gvxvdeba termini „beri“, romelic, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT „xucesis“ mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. „berTan“ dakavSirebiT mravali ritualia Seswavlili, sadac am ukanasknelis faliuroba sruliad aSkarad aris gamovlenili. lazares paralelurad CvenTvis didad sainteresoa ritualis is dasavlur-qarTuli variante- bi, sadac Tojina qals ganasaxierebs da mas „patarZals“ eZaxian. aseTi wesi gansakuTrebiT samegreloSia gavrcelebuli. aqvea gamovlenili varianti, romlis Tanaxmad (zugdidis raionSi) gvalvisas Semosavdnen or Tojinas, qalsa da kacs. vaJs qudi axuravs, qals Tavsafari. xalxis msvlelobas Tojinebi wyalze mihyavs, iq mdinareSi abanaveben, Semdeg aSiSvleben, qvaze deben da tansacmeli saxlSi moaqvT. gaSiSvlebisas tirodnen, pirjvars iwerdnen da wvimas Txovdnen RmerTs28. rogorc vxedavT, rituali da Tojinis saxelwodeba (patarZali - moWyudia) pirdapir miuTiTebs saqorwilo urTierTobaze. igive rituali, oRond ufro rTulad SemorCenili, damowmebulia imereTSi, sadac wesad hqoniaT gvalvisas ori gogonas Camotareba. eWvi araa, rom isini wyvils „nefe-pata- 180 rZals“ ganasaxierebdnen. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa igive rituali aWaraSi, sadac sawvimar Tojinas qalad rTaven da „qefCaxaTuns“ (kovzis dedofals) uwodeben (Seadare Cerqezuli „xace guaSa“ - niCbis dedofali), magram sasimRero teqstebSi „lazarias“ axseneben, uxvadac amkoben faliuri epiTetebiT29. TuSeTSi „sawvimara gugais“ saxeliT cnobil Tojinas tanze patarZlis tansacmeli ecva30. cxadia, aqac rituali nakluli saxiTaa SemorCenili, etyoba odesRac masSi wyvili monawileobda, razedac migviTiTebs sasimRero teqstSi dasaxelebuli mamrobiTi niSnebi da qaluri Tojina. radgan rituali gamartivebisaken amJRavnebs midrekilebas, rac am SemTxvevaSi wyvilis erTi, mamrobiTi wevris dakargviT gamoixateba, SeiZleba vivaraudloT, rom sxvagan SeiZleba qaluri wevri dakarguliyo. amitom, dasaSvebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos qaluri wevris dakargva qarTl-kaxur, raWul, svanur wvimis gamosawvev ritualebSi, sadac mamrobiTi nawili didi sqesobrivi aqtiurobiTaa gamoxatuli. meore mxriv, isic dasaSvebia, rom wyvilis ritualur-simboluri gamoxatvisaTvis sruliad sakmarisad miaCndeT misi romelime wevris aqcentireba, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs meore wevris arsebobas. aseTi wevri, Tu igi iqneba zeciuri mamri, an miwis ganmasaxierebeli deda, SeiZleba dafaruli da tabuirebuli yofiliyo, aseT SemTxvevaSi misdami mimarTuli rituali miiRebda miwieri qalis, an mamakacis mier Sesrulebuli calmxrivi simboluri moqmedebebis saxes. ritualSi qristianuli saxeli „lazare“ gvian aris Sesuli. am mosazrebis sasargeblod laparakobs „beri“. garda amisa, Tojinis Camotarebis rituali, romelic yvela ZiriTadi niSniT Zlier Camogavs qarTul „lazarobas“, aRwerili aqvs herodotes egviptelTa Soris dionises dResaswaulis dros. rogorc Cans, faliuri RvTaebis Camotarebis rituali nayofierebis an wvimis gamowvevis mizniT farTod yofila gavrcelebuli axlo aRmosavleTSi. falosis Camotarebis ritualuri msvlelobebis SemoRebas herodote melampuss miawers31. seqsTa urTierToba Zalze cxadad aris gamoxatuli e. w. „wylis moxvnis“ wesSi, romelic saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSia damowmebuli da didi xania miiqcia mkvlevarTa yuradReba. am wess qalebi asrulebdnen da imitirebuli mamruli aqtivoba mimarTulia guTnisdedis colis mimarT, romelic, Tavisi movaleobis gamo (igi guTans misdevda) ritualis ZiriTad moqmed pirad iTvleboda. es rituali Tavis droze Seafasa 181 g. Citaiam da albaT savsebiT samarTlianad casa da miwas Soris damyarebuli gamanayofierebeli aqciis gamoxatulebad miiCnia, sadac mdedri miwas ganasaxierebs, xolo mamri (Sesabamisad erqvani, saxvneli), zecas32. gadaWarbebuli esxrologia, sqesTa urTierTobis amsaxveli scenebi, roca monawileTa mier sqesobrivi aqti sityvierad da simboluri moqmedebiT sruldeba, aseve xvna, da gawuwva, sadac igive igulisxmeba, rogorc eqvivalenturi Rirebuleba, am kavSiris gansxvavebuli saweso moqmedebiT warmosaxvis cdas, mis simbolos warmoadgens. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi rituali uazroba iqneboda. aqve yuradReba unda mivaqcioT monawileTa Semadgenlobas: rituals asruleben mxolod qalebi da maTi mizania mamruli, e. i. zeciuri Zalebis provocireba. cxadia, rom am SemTxvevaSic mTeli rituali sqesTa urTierTobis demonstracias warmoadgens, romlis saboloo mizania wvimis gamowveva. gansakuTrebiT mravalferovani masalaa SemorCenili xalxur karnavalSi, romelic berikaoba-yeenobis saxeliTaa cnobili. es friad mnivSnelovani movlenaa, romelic organulad axasiaTebs Zveli msoflios xalxebis yofas, magram yvelgan arsebobs Taviseburi, adgilobrivi saxiT, sadac asaxulia ama Tu im konkretuli xalxis kulturuli specifika. karnavalebis agraruli xasiaTi da miTosuri Ziri uZvelesi religiur-sameurneo mrwamsidan momdinareobs, romlis genezisis procesi ramdenime aTasi wliT uswrebs Tanamedrove didi religiebis aRmocenebis xanas. miuxedavad amisa, religiuri aRmsareblobisagan damoukideblad, uZvelesi karnavalebis elementebi Semoinaxa rogorc aRmosavleTSi, ise dasavleTSi33. qarTul karnavalSi yuradRebas imsaxurebs monawileTa saxelebi, magram amJamad Cvens sakiTxs mTavar personaJTa vinaoba emsaxureba. mas eZaxian „bers“, an „berikas“, aseve „mefes“, „keisars“, „xakans“, „Sahs“, „yaens“, xolo misi meuRle iwodeba „dedoflad“, „kekelad“, „patarZali“, terminebi „mefe“, „beri//berika“, aseve „dedofali“ albaT pirveladi mniSvnelobiT dainerga da SesaZloa TviT ritualis formirebis xanidan momdinareoben, xolo sxvebi (keisari, Sahi, xakani, yaeni) momdevno xanebSi, garkveuli istoriuli TanamimdevrobiT unda damkvidrebuliyvnen masSi. mTeli es procesi SeiZleba SevafasoT rogorc specifiuri tendencia, saidanac naTeli xdeba, rom mTeli Tavisi istoriuli arsebobis manZilze rituali eswrafvis Tavis struqturaSi umaRlesi socialuri rangebis 182 CarTvas34. terminTa didi mravalferovneba, romlebic mxolod da mxolod erTi da imave mniSvnelobis niuansur variantebs aRniSnaven, ganpirobebulia ritualSi „mefis“ paraleluri ucxouri cnebebis SeWriT, romelTac arsebiTad am ukanasknelis adeqvaturi mnivSneloba aqvT da amitom gansakuTrebuli konfliqtis gareSe ikidebdnen fexs. meore mxriv, garkveuli istoriul-politikuri pirobebidan gamomdinare, isini ufro maRal xelisuflebasac gansaxierebdnen, vidre adgilobrivi „mefe“ da amitom gansakuTrebiT xelsayrel masalas iZlevian politikur-socialuri groteskisaTvis, romelic rogorc cnobilia, polarul cnebaTa daaxloeba-dapirispirebas emyareba35. Tanamedrove, yofaSi damowmebuli karnavali, miuxedavad mwvave, groteskuli xasiaTisa, Tavisi ZiriTadi SriT warmoadgens „mefis“ sakralur qorwinebas, romlis upirvelesi mizani iyo biologiuri, socialuri da ekonomiuri procesebis stimulireba. misteriis mTeli kompozicia iSleba aqtiuri seqsualuri aqcentebis fonze, radgan igi miTosis mier miCneulia empiriul safuZvlad aRdgenaganaxlebis procesisaTvis (wyvilebi ca-dedamwa, Sina-gare, socialuriarasocialuri xSirad gamoixateba dapirispirebiT mamakaci-qali), xolo meore mxriv warmoadgens erTaderT saSualebas SexedulebaTa praqtikuli realizaciisaTvis. misteria warmosaxavda bunebis kvdoma-aRorZinebas da am, urTierTCanacvlebadi sikvdilisa da ganaxlebis saSualebiT gamovlenili procesis mamoZravebel energiad sqesTa niSnebiT dapirispirebuli kosmosis elementebis urTierTswrafva miaCnda. Cveni msjelobisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mnivSnelovania is garemoeba, rom nayofiereba-aRorZinebis Zalebis uzenaesi gamoxatuleba „beri-yeeni“, igive mefea, romelic „ganadirebis“ rituals asrulebs. xalxis sityviT mas kargi gazafxuli unda moeyvana, nami ar unda moeklo naTesebisaTvis, xolo cxovel-frinvelisaTvis gamravlebis didi unari mieniWebina. am mizniT berikas, yeens da sxva monawileebs xelovnur wvers aglejdnen da dedaboZze, kedelSi, saqonlis sadgomsa da kruxis sabudarSi debdnen, rac „baraqis“ motanas ganapirobebda36. wveri da Tma ki Zveli miTosuri sistemebis Tanaxmad mcenareTa eqvivalentur Rirebulebad ganixileboda, rasac safuZvlad edo miwisa da sxeulis analogiuri, urTierTCanacvlebadi mniSvneloba37. berikaoba//yeenobaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira mTavar monawileTa wyalSi Cagdebas, aseve mTeli xalxis dasvelebas. aqve iyo Setanili 183 wylis moxvnac, oRond aq mas mamakacebi asrulebdnen. yeeni da dedofali wyalze mTel xalxs mihyavda. maT dasvamdnen uremze, xeluremze, cxenze, saxedarze da a. S. zogjer mxarze Sesmac scodniaT, an guTanze mjdomareT Seiyvandnen wyalSi. yeeni da dedofali mdinareSi Widaobdnen (rac aq sqesobrivi aqtis simbolur gamosaxvad unda miviCnioT), maT sxvebic „CaeSvelebodnen“, dedofals hkocnidnen, yeens zurgze axtebodnen da iZaxdnen „simdidre Segvmateo“. yaenis kargad yofna mosavalsa da saerTo simravles moaswavebda, rac kargad Cans mTxrobelTa sityvebidan: „yeeni imis guliTvin iyo, ro kargi Wirnaxuli mosuliyo“. amasTanave yeeni axaldaqorwinebuli, maRali da Zlieri kaci unda yofiliyo, radgan maSin mosavalic maRali da jansaRi movidoda. igi zogjer xalxs exveweboda, „bevrs nu damasxamTo, me rom movkvde mosavali ar mogivaT Cemi codviTao“38. motanili masala cxadyofs, rom amindis gamowvevis rituali „berikaoba-yeenobaSi“ calke Temas warmoadgenda, xolo gvalvisas „lazarobagonjaobis“ saxiT, damoukideblad sruldeboda. es wesi, Tavisi srulyofili saxiT, wyvilis mier TamaSdeboda, an sxva, arapirdapiri xerxiT mianiSnebda wyvilTa urTierTobas. ase rom, aRniSnul ritualTa mTavari wevri yvelgan aris mefe, sasiZo, romelic Tavisi amaRorZinebeli unariT ganapirobebda mTeli socialuri jgufis ganaxleba-aRorZinebas. es Sexeduleba ki safuZvlad edo warmodgenebs sakraluri mefeebis Sesaxeb, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom odesRac meqorwile „mefis“, sasiZosa da socialuri mefis mniSvnelobebi realurad iyridnen erT terminSi Tavs. „mefis“ sakraluri da socialuri funqciis kulminaciuri gamovlena unda yofiliyo sakraluri qorwineba, romlis anarekli, rogorc vnaxeT kargad aris Semonaxuli xalxur yofaSi. Tanaxmad ritualisa, aseTi „mefe“ yovelwliurad uuRldeboda bunebis dedos, gareuli cxovelebis mfarvel RvTaebas, rac simbolurad gamoxatavda nayofierebis Zalebis ganaxleba-aRorZinebas. amis dasturad migvaCnia misteriaSi zoomorful niRabTa monawileoba, gansakuTrebiT mTavapri personaJis, berikas niRabi, romelsac „daTos“, „daTunas“, „tax-berikas“ * eZaxdnen. igi momakvdavi da * Cemi azriT, mamrobiTis gansakuTrebul aqcents warmoadgens gareuli Roris, eSvis saxeli „taxi“, rac nominalurad mamal mwarmoebul Rors aRniSnavs. amave 184 aRdgenadi gmiria da mTeli misteria praqtikulad misi sakraluri Tavgadasavlis aRweras warmoadgens: berika aTasgvari xerxebiT gamoxatavs Tavis siyvaruls „dedoflisadmi“, icavs mas Tavdamsxmelebisa da gamtaceblebisagan, iRupeba da cocxldeba, ibrunebs Tavis satrfos da sabolood gamarjvebiT asrulebs Tavis misias. gatacebuli qalis gamoxsnis motivi uaRresad popularulia qarTul miTosSi, xolo zoomorfuli saxeebis siWarbe da orgiastuli elementebi mkveTrad gamosaxul agrarul da kosmosur iers aniWebs mas. cxovelur niRabTa monawileoba sajaro msvlelobebsa da zeimebSi Rrma istoriuli fenebidan iRebs saTaves, razedac aSkarad migviTiTebs arqeologiuri Zeglebi. mravalgzis aris aRniSnuli specialistTa es momenti mier39. sqesTa urTerTobis ritualur-simboluri mniSvneloba aSkarad Cans saojaxo dResaswaulebSic, romlebic aseT dReebSi calkeul ojaxebSi tardeboda. „TavisTavad cxadia, - wers v. bardaveliZe, - rom bembRu-bosloba Rames gadaWarbebuli col-qmruli urTierToba religiuri wes-Cveuleba iyo, romelic sqesobrivi ganayofierebisa da, kerZod, saqonlis gamravlebis mfarveli RvTaebis Tayvaniscemis gadmonaSTs warmoadgenda... amas savsebiT naTelyofs religiuri da religiur-magiuri xasiaTis sagangebo wesebi, romlebic boslobis, lifanalis, da axalweliwadis dResaswaulTa imave leCxumur, raWul da svanur, agreTve sxva qarTveli Temebis axalwlis gadmonaSTebSia daculi“40. v. bardaveliZis azriT, aseTive simboluri bunebisa yofila wriuli ferxulebi, cekvebi; es motivebi naTlad aris areklili svanur saweso grafikaSi41. cxadia, adresagazafxulo misteriaSi cxovelTa niRbebi groteskis gamo ar Sesula. misteriis groteskuli aspeqti SedarebiT axlo warsulSi aRmocenda, xolo zoomorful niRabTa arseboba uZvelesi xanebidan aris cnobili. Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobiT cxovelebi warmosaxavdnen qalRvTaebis samyaros, romelsac sakraluri qorwinebiT uerTdeboda „mefe“, misteria pirveladi mnivSnelobiT warmoadgenda aRorZinebis miTosis dros igi aris am cxovelis veluri saxeobis aRmniSvneli termini. rogorc Cans am cxovels, Tavisi uxvi nayofierebisa da didi fizikuri gulis gamo, mniSvnelovani adgili unda sWeroda miTossa da ritualSi. amis anareklad vTvliT karnavalSi „tax-berikas“ monawileobas, aseve gavrcelebul gamoTqmas „taxiviT biWi“. aseTi mosazrebis sasargeblod metyvelebs taxis gamosaxulebaTa simravle arqeologiur Zeglebze. 185 praqtikul xorcSesxmas, misi socialuri realizaciis formas, gamoxatavda socialuri jgufis adgilsa da funqcias samyaroSi. misteriis groteskuli gardasaxva mogvianebiT, rTuli agebulebis sazogadoebaSi unda momxdariyo, mas Semdeg, rac misteriis sarwmunoebrivi da socialuri safuZveli daiSala da igi, sxvadasxva qvevariantebis saxiT damkvidrda yofis sxvadasxva sferoSi (mag., qorwili da dakrZalvis ceremoniebi, nayofierebis ritualebi da a. S.). sakraluri qorwilis gardaqmnili forma dadasturebuli aqvs v. bardaveliZes svaneTSi, rasac am ormocdaaTi wlis ukan marTavdnen uSgulSi. rituali garegnuli niSnebiT qristianulia, magram arsebiTad warmarTuli RvTaebebis qorwinebis misteriis aSkara gadmonaSTs warmoadgens. xalxi aqorwinebda sof. Jibianis, sof. CaJaSisa da murymelis eklesiebis wmindanebs. qorwinebis obieqtebi am eklesiebidan gamotanili jvrebiT iyvnen warmodgenili. pirveli ori eklesiidan gamotanili jvrebi „dedoflebs“, xolo mesame eklesiis jvari „nefes“ ganasaxierebda. „dedoflebi“ maTi mdgomareobis Sesafer tansacmelSi yofilan gamowyobili, xolo „nefes“ araferi ar emosa42. jvrebis sakraluri qorwinebis suraTis v. bardaveliZes sruliad samarTlianad qristianuli elferi gviandeli xanebis Sedegad miaC- nia, radgan uZvelesi kosmogoniuri, sakraluri niSnis, jvris qristianobis simbolod qcevis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi igi ganasaxierebda qristesac da sxva wimndanebs da amitom daiWira aseTi adgili sakraluri qorwinebis ritualSi. aq mocemuli gvaqvs uZvelesi ritualebisa da qristianobis „Seguebis“, xalxis ZirZveli rwmenebis qristianuli formiT gaazrebis mSvenieri magaliTi. „mefis ganadirebis“ wesis warmoSobisa da mniSvnelobisaTvis uaRresad sayuradRebo maslas gvawvdis zepirsityviereba da istoriuli wyaroebis monacemebi. qarTuli eposis erT-erT umTavres da popularul siuJets warmoadgens „gmiris dabadeba“, romelic, ukiduresad ganzogadebuli saxiT rom gadmovceT, eposis gmirs, an mefes miiCnevs qalRmerTis, Tu misi romelime ipostasuri cxovelis (ZiriTadad irmis) dabadebulad an aRzrdilad. siuJetis mixedviT yrmis mama aris monadire. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb vrceli literatura arsebobs da mis ganxilvas ar SevudgebiT43. ar- 186 si xsenebuli epizodisa gamoixateba miwieri Wabukis sanadirod wasvliTa da misi sasiyvarulo urTierTobiT nadirTa mfarvel qalRvTaebasTan44. urTierTobis Sedegad ibadeba gmiri. amiranis eposSi es momenti gardaqmnilia amiranis mier RvTaebis asulis motacebad caSi dakidebuli koSkidan, rasac win uZRvis gmiris sanadirod wasvla da irmis devna. monadirea somxuri eposis „daviT sasuncis“ gmiri daviTic45. nadirobis epizodi CarTulia mefe farnavazis biografiaSi. marTalia, nadiroba aq ar aris dakavSirebuli arc sasiyvarulo urTierTobasTan, arc qorwinebasTan, magram igi mniSvnelovan, mizezobriv rols asrulebs sazogadoebis da saxelmwifos regeneraciis procesSi: irmis devnisas napovni ganZiT farnavazma Tavisi samefo uflebebi aRidgina da axali saxelmwifo Seqmna46. amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom farnavazi, Tanaxmad misi sizmrisa, mzis rCeulad, „solarul gmirad“ gvevlineba, da mis warmatebas ganapirobebs mzis keTilganwyoba. motanili legendaruli siuJeti cxadyofs, rom leonti mrovelis xanaSi xalxuri sityviereba, farnavazs warmosaxavda rogorc miTosur gmirs, pirvel mefes, saxelmwifos damaarsebels, axali religiis SemomRebs, romlis biografiac am tipiuri saxisaTvis damaxasieTebeli qargis mixedviT iyo agebuli. am warmodgenis Sesabamisad, gardacvalebis Semdgom, qarTlosis msgavsad, igi ikraZaleba sakralur centrSi, armazis kerpis winaSe da mis mier Camoyalibebuli socialuri organizaciis sarwmunoebriv samyaroSi agrZelebs arsebobas. amitom sayuradRebod gveCveneba is garemoeba, rom xalxuri warmodgena farnavazis Wabukobisas monadireobas miawers (Tumca SeiZleboda Tavis dafarvis mizniT nebismieri sxva saqme ekeTebina), ramac gadamwyveti praqtikuli da miTosuri roli Seasrula momavali mefis cxovrebaSi. am gadmocemaSi areklilia monadiresTan dakavSirebuli uZvelesi miTosuri warmodgenebi, rac Wabuki monadirisa da qalRvTaebis sasiyvarulo urTierTobebSi, „garesa“ da „Sinas“ dapirispirebasa da „monadire-mefis“ mier socialuri jgufis regeneraciis Sesaxeb arsebul warmodgenebSi iRebs saTaves. Tavisi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba nadirobam feodaluri Sua saukuneebis manZilze Semoinaxa. nadirobas zogjer iseTi specifikuri forma eZleoda, rom misi ritualuri mniSvneloba sruliad ueWvelad gveCveneba. magaliTad, „xelmwifis karis garigeba“ XIV s-is Zegli, gvamcnobs, rom axal wels sazeimod imoseboda monadireTuxucesi (saxelomokle yviTeli 187 yabaCiT), mefes miarTmeven moxarSul Tavs veluri taxisas da mwvads. monadireTuxucesi ikiTxavs Tu xval saiT apirebs mefe nadirobas, pasuxs rom miiRebs, Semdeg mefe Wiqas uboZebs monadireTuxucess, igi mwvads SesWams da ukanve, Tavis adgilas midgeba47. samwuxarod, aRwerili ar aris Tu rogor tardeba nadiroba, magram naTqvamia, rom mefis karze ikribebian monadireebi Sobis Semdgom da rCebian xorcielis aRebamde, e. i. vidre yvelieri da marxva daiwyebodes. miuxedavad cnobebis simcirisa, cxadia, rom saaxalwlod mirTmeul taxis Tavs garkveuli ritualuri mniSvneloba unda hqonoda, rasac cxadad mowmobs saqarTveloSi saaxalwlod Roris Sewirvis Cveuleba. amasTanave gareuli taxis kavkasiuri da aRmosavluri miTosi mraval saintereso Tvisebas miawers48. igi „berikaoba-yeenobis“ erT-erTi mTavari monawilea, aris dionisos mkvleli da a. S. ufro vrcel cnobas am saaxalwlo nadirobis Sesaxeb vaxuSti bagrationi gvawvdis: „...axal wels, erT ianvars, ...Semdgomad wirvisa sruliad erisTavni, xelisufalni da darbazis erni (mefes ukvlevda i.s.) TavisTvisTa barebuliTa, es igi ars: bazierTuxucesi – Savarden-qorsa da Tavsa veluris eSvisasa mooqrovilisa... xolo erisTavni - cxenTa arakeTilTa..., xolo cxenTa maT erisTavTa morTmeulTa ganiyvanis bazierTuxucesi, sada iyo sanadiro mefisa SemoRobili axlos mefisa samyofisa, da daxocnis cxenni igini mwuxrisa mas SamoRobilsa mas Sina, da mas Ramesa aRivsis SemoRobili igi meliTa, turiTa, mgliTa, da dilasa mcvelman misgan Camoxurnis karni daamwyvdivis mas Sina. xolo meore dResa Sejdis mefe warCinebuliTa TvisiTa da mividis adrian mun, maSin gamouSvian mxecni igini da dauwyian isriTa srola da sikudili maTi. esreT ikulevdian da Semovidon mxiarulni sanadimod“49. didi nadiroba imarTeboda samegreloSi sayvelierod, amis Sesaxeb cnoba daculi aqvs arqanjelo lambertis. nadiroba Zlier uxvi yofila, rasac mowmobs misioneris mier motanili ricxovbriTi monacemebi50. amasTanave, gansxvavebiT vaxuStis aRwerilobasTan, aq monadireebi iremze nadirobdnen, cxendacxen misdevdnen da isars styorcnidnen, oRond nadiris Segroveba-aRmoCena winaswar evaleboda momsaxure personals. axali wlis dResaswaulis es Tavisebureba kargad SeumCnevia n. xizaniSvilsac, romlis Tanaxmad, „Zvel droSi axalweliwads vaJkacobis ieri edo da maRali wodebac am dResaswauls ise miegebeboda xolme, 188 TiTqos saomari dReao, saomari varjiSobaao... maTi saaxalwlo nadimoba warmoadgenda saomars dReobas... saaxalwlo dReobis sulsa da guls nadiroba Seadgenda“51. gansxvavebiT maRali wris saaxalwlo wesisagan, igi iqve aRwers dabali wris wesebsac, sadac Tu Roris Tavs ar CavTvliT, nadirobis araviTari nakvalevi ar Cans, magram Roris Tavi usaTuod TvalsaCino ritualur Senawirad iTvleba da „abramianze“ devs keris win. sxva danarCeni, rac saweso sufrazea motanili (gansakuTrebiT ritualuri, sxvadasxva formis purebi), mTlianad agraruli interesebis sferoSia moqceuli. amasTanave xalxur dResaswaulTa wlis cikli sqesTa urTierTobis niSniT aRbeWdili ritualebiT tardeboda, romelic adamianTa da cxovelTa gamravlebisaTvis iyo gamiznuli52. motanili masala, mTeli zoomorfuli da agraruli simbolika, miznad isaxavs bunebis Zalebis aRorZinebis provocirebas da mtkice sasicocxlo garantiebis Seqmnas rogorc samiwaTmoqmedo, ise mecxoveleobisa da gareuli bunebis sivrceebze. ra Tqma unda, seqsualuri niSniT aRbeWdili monadireebis gamosaxulebebi arqeologiur Zeglebze, aseve seqsualuri niSnebiT aRbeWdili saTemo da saojaxo dResaswaulebi da ritualebi, romelTac lamis Tanamedroveobamde Semoinaxes Tavi, am ideis realizaciis istoriuli procesia da mas Tavisi sawyisi gaaCnia. samecniero literaturaSi araerTgzis aris aRniSnuli, rom amTvisebeli meurneobis mqone xalxebs, romlebic Semgrovebloba-mesaqonleobas misdevdnen, ar esmodaT adamianis gaCenis realuri mizezi da orsuloba-mSobiarobas qalis sxeulSi totemuri winapris SesaxlebiT xsnidnen. amitom seqsualur urTierTobebs maT rwmena-warmodgenebSi didi yuradReba ar eqceva. maTi aRmoceneba da sistemuri saxiT Camoyalibeba, rogorc nayofierebis kultis umTavresi elementisa, ukavSirdeba cxovelTa domestifikaciis Semdgom periods da, empiruli seleqcias, rac am dargis aRmocenebas mohyva. sqesTa urTierobis niSniT aRbeWdili ritualebis gavrceleba mxolod amis Semdeg moxda. sqesobrivi nayofierebis ganmaxaliseblebi iyvnen jer qalRvTaebebi, romelTa SemoqmedebiTi Zala mSobiarobis scenebiT iyo simbolizirebuli, rasac ufro gvian, mesaqonleobis ganviTarebasTan erTad, emateba nayofierebis mamrobiTi Zalebis kultic. mxolod ganviTarebuli mesaqonleobis xanidan aris sagulisxmo nadirTa patronebisa da monadireTa urTierTobebze dafuZnebuli miTosis aRmoceneba, sadac qali 189 RvTaeba – nadirT mwyemsi warmarTavs Tavis sxeuls, monadiris guls da socialur aRzevebamde mihyavs igi. brinjaosa da adre xanis Zeglebze ganviTarebuli miTosuri siuJetebi, sadac adrerkinis xanis Zeglebze ganTivarebuli miTosuri siuJetebi, sadac mtacebeli cxovelebis da faliuri monadireebis mier nadiris devna-Sepyrobis cnebebi Tavisi mniSvnelobiT igivea, rac samiwaTmoqmedo miTosSi mamri cisa da mdedri miwis sqesTa kavSiriT gamoxatuli nayofiereba, qalRvTaebisa (mag. demetras – i.s.) da misi sxeuli gmiris sqesobrivi SekavSireba samgzis moxnul mindorze da sxv. amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom nadirobis scenebSi yovelTvis devnaa gamosaxuli da ara mokluli nadiris daWra-gatyaveba. rogorc Cans, arqaul miTosSi simboluri mniSvnelobiT datvirTuli unda yofiliyo nadiris devnis procesi da ara nanadirevis aTviseba. es scenebi brinjaos nivTebze gamosaxul siuJetebSi kanonikur Temad unda CaiTvalos. Sesabamisad, unda davuSvaT, rom religiuri, kosmogoniuri da miTologiuri aspeqtebi gadmoicema monadire-qalRvTaeba//nadiris wyviliT, romelsac bunebaSi mimdinare procesebi, aseve sociumisa da gare samyaros Soris arsebuli dapirispireba Tavis simboluri, uzogadesi mniSvnelobiT uwyvetobaSi, drois perspeqtivaSi gadahyavs, sadac igi yovelwliurad kvdoma-aRdgomis ciklis, e. i. wyvetili procesis saxiT xorcieldeba. aseT ideur samyaroSi utilitaruli momentis Setana (mokluli nadiri, xorci da a. S.) bunebrivia, ar iqneboda mxatvris mizani da msgavsi ram arc erT CvenTvis cnobil SemTxvevaSi ar aris aRwerili. aq kidev erTxel mowmdeba mecnierebaSi gamoTqmuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom arqauli xelovnebisaTvis ucxoa viwro, memoratuli, individebis konkretuli gancdebis amsaxveli scenebi. masSi yovelTvis zogadi, farTo sazogadoebrivi planis amsaxveli idea unda veZioT. viwro, konkretul ambavs ar gaaCnia kosmogoniuri da miTologiuri problemebis, drois uwyvetobis, mudmivi moZraobis da aRorZinebis gadmocemisaTvis saWiro tevadoba. aseTi scenebi miTosur garemoSi mogvianebiT iWreba da mis profanacias iwvevs. amitom SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos zoomorful figuraTa ganlagebis zemoxsenebuli topografiac. igi usaTuod mkacri kosmogoniuri principis mixedviTaa agebuli da Tu gvaqvs misgan gadaxvevis SemTxvevebi, saTanado axsnac unda moeZebnos. 190 zemoT motanili masala, sadac sadResaswaulo nadiroba da ritualebia aRwerili, iseve rogorc uxvi nadiroba, erTi da imave sistemis nawilebia da garkveulad adeqvatur Rirebulebebs warmoadgenen. Tu mefisa da maRali wris saaxalwlo ritualis „suli da guli „nadiroba“ iyo, dabal fenebSi igi Semonaxula „mefis ganadirebis“ saxiT, roca sasiZo, „mefis“ rangSi myofi piri sqesobrivi aqtivobis xanaSi, Tavis mdgomareobasa da sazogadoebriv mniSvnelobas aqcents nadirobiT usvams. uZvelesi misteriis eniT igi, iseve rogorc arqauli „mefe“, am momentSi Wabuk RvTaebas ganasaxierebs da deda RvTaebis wiaRSi miiltvis Tavisi miTosuri mrwamisaTvis xorcis Sesasxmelad. kosmosuri aRdgenis erotiuli ZalebiT Sepyrobili „mefe“ is miTosuri monadirea, romlis gamosaxulebebsac vxedavT cnobil brinjaos sartylebze. Cveni azriT, am Zeglebze Tavs iyris yvela komponenti, romelic motanil mravalferovan masalaSi calkeul elementebadaa gabneuli: aq aris faliuri gmiri, monadire, romlis moqmedeba araekzogamiur garemoSia gaSlili (radgan igi faliuria!). Tu ras SeiZleba niSnevdes es scena, es garkveviTaa naTqvami qarTul da msoflio miTosSi. aq Wabuki „monadire-mefe“ daeZebs Tavis mijnurs, mSvenier qal-RvTaebas, raTa sikvdilis fasad mopovebuli siyvaruliT kvlav aaRorZinos miZinebuli qveyana da kidev erTi cikli, erTi wre miumatos drois krialosans. qarTuli xalxuri qorwili, axali weli, wvimis gamowveva, Tu berikaoba-yeenoba, uZvelesi sagazafxulo misteriis saxeSecvlili nairsaxeobebi Tu damoukidebel dResaswaulebad qceuli fragmentebi unda iyos, romelTa Soris TvalCenili gansxvavebis miuxedavad, kargad Cans maTi safuZveli, genetikuri Ziri, romelSic sxvadasxva istoriul xanaSi da socialur garemoSi specifiuri, konkretuli saxeebi warmoiSva. aseTive gadmonaSTi unda iyos CvenTvis amJamad saintereso „mefis ganadirebis“ rituali, romelic uZvelesi, adreklasobrivi epoqebidan dRemde Semounaxavs qarTvel xalxs. kulturis elementis aseTi mdgradoba ara marto miTosur-religiuri TvalsazrisiTaa saintereso, aramed igi mniSvnelovani argumentia kulturul-genetikuri da eTnogenetikuri sakiTxebis kvlevisas. „mefis ganadirebis“ rituals Tavisi istoriis manZilze gavlili aqvs sruli desakralizaciis procesi da misi Zveli mniSvnelobis povna, rogorc vnaxeT, mxolod sagangebo kvleviT Tu moxerxdeba. rigi faqte- 191 bisa metyveleben, rom desakralizacias vulgarizaciac mohyolia da es arqauli wesi xSirad uSveri Rreobisa da Tavgasulobis uxams gamoxatulebad qceula. zemoT ukve iyo aRniSnuli, rom zogjer mayrebis saqciels „umsgavsad“ Tvlidnen, magram wesis gamo verafers eubnebodnen. aseve „umsgavsad“ iqceoda albaT is mayrionic, romelic r. erisTavis aRwerilobiT, axlda mefes da soflebSi pirutyvs xocavda. safiqrebelia, rom mefis mxriv zaralis kompensacia yovelTvis ar kmaroda konfliqtis amosawuravad. axal qarTul literaturaSi sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba scenebi, sadac SezarxoSebuli batonebi garTobis mizniT xocaven glexebis pirutyvs, aseve xSiria yofaSi wregadasuli lxinisas maspinZlis Tu sakuTari frinvelisa da pirutyvis sxvadasxva iaraRiT daxocvis magaliTebi. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs arqanjelo lambertis erTi cnoba, igi wers: „erTxel me mivedi Cems megobar episkoposTan, romelic Tumca xnieri iyo, magram darbaisloba aklda (episkoposi da misi axloblebi xuTi saaTi sufrasTan isxdnen da ukve mTvralebi iyvnen i.s.)... roca episkoposs Cemi misvlis ambavi moaxsenes, uecrad wamoxta sufridan da didad gaxarebuli Semomegeba. momisva gverdiT da brZana misi jogidan saukeTeso xbo moeyvanaT, xbo rom moiyvanes, cocxali miabmevina xeze da Cemi siamovnebisaTvis da pativs sacemlad moisurva Tavis xeliT moekla. amisaTvis moatanina Tofi, esrola xbos da mohkla. amiT TviTonac isiamovna da mTelma Sekrebilebma taSi daukres. xbo maSinve gaatyaves da waiRes samzareuloSi, saCqarod Sewevs, moamzades da moitanes sufraze“53. cxadia, am saqciels „mefis ganadirebasTan“ pirdapiri kavSiri ara aqvs, magram misi „prestiJuloba“ saTaves iRebs mravalsafexuriani arqauli misteriidan, romelSic purobasTan erTad ritualuri nadirobac Sedioda. feodalur sazogadoebaSi, desakralizaciis Semdgom, am rigis moqmedebebma specifikuri socialuri Seferiloba da zneobrivad degradirebuli saxe miiRo. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTul xalxur qorwilSi Semonaxuli rituali, „mefis ganadireba“ saTaves iRebs miwismoqmed, ukve diferencirebul sazogadoebaSi. didi agraruli misteriis mTliani bloki, romelic xalxurma yofam misi ori naxevris, qorwilisa da datirebis saxiT Semoinaxa, aris 192 qarTvelTa winaqristianuli miTo-religiuri sistemis yvelaze masStaburi gamovlineba, romelSiac samonadireo warmodgenebi inkorporirebul segments warmoadgenen da sakuTari socio-simboluri simbolikiT xorcieldeba. „mefis ganadireba“ am segmentis organul nawils warmoadgens. damowmebuli literatura: 1. T. ivelaSvili, xalxuri warmodgenebis elementebi saqorwilo ritualSi, masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XXIII, 1987, gv. 108-113; misive, saqorwino wes-Cveulebani samcxe-javaxeTSi, Tb., 1987, gv. 100-105. 2. 3. iqve. b. koptonaSvili axalcixis mazris qarTvelTa Sesaxeb, „iveria“, 1949, #3. 4. s. makalaTia, mesxeT-javaxeTi, Tb., 1938, gv. 85-86; s. xositaSvili, qorwinebisa da micvalebulis dakrZalvis wesebi samcxe-javaxeTSi, Tb., 1983, gv. 73; g. zedginiZe, javaxelTa wes-Cveulebani; iv. javaxiSvilis sax. samcxe-javaxeTis istoriuli muzeumi, #66, xelnawerTa fondi, 100, 1079. 5. n. maCabeli, qorwinebis instituti qarTlSi, Tb., 1976, gv. 112. 6. n. nanobaSvili, saqorwino wes-Cveulebani kaxeTSi, disertacia ist. mecn. kand. samecniero xarisxis mosavpoveblad, xelnaweri, gv. 146; T. ivelaSvili, saqorwino wes-Cveulebani samcxe javaxeTSi, gv. 96-100. 7. T. ivelaSvili, xalxuri sanaxaobiTi warmodgenebis elementebi... gv. 110. 8. М. Сагарадзе, Обычаи и верования в Имерети, СМОМПК, 1899, 26, с. 10. 9. T. ivelaSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 111. 10. a. oCiauri, stumar-maspinZloba xevsureTSi, Tb., 1980, gv. 111-136; v. iToniSvili, qarTveli xalxis saojaxo yofis urTierTobis istoriidan, Tb., 1960, gv. 225. 11. xalxuri sityviereba, Tb., 1953; gv. 207; a. oCiauri, iqve. 12. l. xizaniSvili, fSaveTi da fSavelebi, „iveria“, 1891, #29, T. ivelaSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 111. 193 13. r. erisTavi, folklorul-eTnografiuli werilebi, Tb., 1986, gv. 48. 14. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, V, Tb., 1976, gv. 503. 15. iqve, gv. 260, #432. „biWo aiReT Tofebi, avdgeT gavideT wyalzeda, movklaT dedali xoxobi, gadavikidoT mxarzeda“. 16. iqve, gv. 503, #432. 16a. v. kotetitSvili, xalxuri poezia, Tb., 1961, gv. 391-392. 16b. e. virsalaZe, qarTuli samonadireo eposi, Tb., 1964; gv. 148. 17. T. ivelaSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 101, 111-113. 18. qarT. xalxis poezia, V, gv. 259-dan da Semdeg ##432; 433; 451; 457; 577... 19. v. bardaveliZe, qarTuli (svanuri) saweso grafikuli xelovnebis nimuSebi, Tb., 1953, gv. 66-73. 20. v. bardaveliZe, dasax. naSromi, iqve; i. surgulaZe, zoomorfuli simbolikis SeswavlisaTvis, Tsu Sromebi, istoria, eTnografia, xelovnebaTmcodneoba, t. 243 V, Tb., 1983, gv. 121-134; misive, qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika, gv. 81-119. 21. z. aleqsiZe, g. maWavarani, uZvelesi qarTuli socialuri terminebi, Tsu Sromebi, t. 127, 1968, gv. 396-402. 22. iqve, gv. 400. 23. v. bardaveliZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 92-127; T. ivelaSvili, saqorwino urTierTobaTa istoriidan (mosakiTxi da masTan dakavSirebuli wesCveulebebi mesxeT-javaxeTi) xelnaweri; i. surgulaZe, sivrcobrivi aspeqtebi qarTvelTa religiur da miTosur warmodgenebSi. masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiidan, XXIII, gv. 154-156. 24. i. gagoSiZe, adreantikuri xanis Zeglebi qsnis xeobidan, Tb., 1964, gv. 81. 25. Е. Мелетинский, Поэтика мифа, М., 1976, часть II. 26. Мифы народов мира, т. II. М., 1983. 27. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. I, Tb., 1979, gv. 102116; v. bardaveliZe, dasax. naSromi, iqve. 28. К. Читанава. Западно-грузинская музыкальная культура, канд. дисс., Тб., 1987, с. 119 (рукопись). 29. z. Tandilava, lazaroba aWaraSi, samxreT dasavleT saqarTvelos zepirsityivreba, I, 1974, baTumi. 194 30. v. bardaveliZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 50. 31. herodote, II, 48, 49. 32. g. Citaia, mogazuroba aRbulaRis raionSi, saq. muzeumis moambe, Tb., 1982, gv. 226-228. 33. i. surgulaZe, qarTvelTa agraruli rwmena-warmodgenebis istoriidan (mokvdavi da aRdgenadi RvTaebebi) masalebi saq. eTnografiisaTvis, XIX Tb., 1978, gv. 75-92. 34. i. surgulaZe, arqauli elementebi qarTul xalxur dResaswaulebSi, masalebi, saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XXI, Tb., 1981, gv. 108-120. 35. М. М. Бахтин, Творчество Франсуа Рабле и народная культура Ренессанса, М., 1964, с. 3-50. 36. j. ruxaZe, iqve gv. 52; s. makalaTia, mTiuleTi, Tb., 1930, gv. 135-136; misive, mesxeT-javaxeTi, Tb., 1938, gv. 107-108. 37. i. surgulaZe, qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika, Tb., 1986, gv. 100-102. 38. j. ruxaZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 106-112. 39. S. amiranaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, Tb., 1944, gv. 71-74; m. xidaSeli, centraluri amierkavkasiis grafikuli xelovneba adreuli rkinis xanaSi, Tb., 1982. 40. v. bardaveliZe, qarTuli (svanuri) saweso... gv. 92-127. 41. iqve, gv. 127-130. 42. iqve, gv. 49-50. 43. m. Ciqovani, mijaWvuli amirani, teqsti # 37; e. virsalaZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 75; 91-114; i. surgulaZe, dasax. naSromi gv. 83-9. 44. i. surgulaZe, sivrcobrivi aspeqtebi..., gv. 148-152. 45. Давид Сасунский, Ереван, 1939, с. 192-220. 46. qarTlis cxovreba, I, s. yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT, gv. 20-26. 47. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, wigni II, Tb., 1966, gv. 80. 48. Адигейские сказки, Майкоп, 1957, с. 134-135. 49. qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 28-29. 50. arqanjelo-lamberti, saqarTvelos aRwera, Tb., 1958, gv. 59-60. 51. n. xizaniSvili, eTnografiuli Canawerebi, Tb., 1940, gv. 142-149. 52. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria I, Tb., 19; v. bardaveliZe, qarTuli (svanuri) saweso... gv. 92 da Semdeg; j. ruxaZe, qarTveli 195 xalxis sameurneo yofis istoriidan, Tb., 1954. (xelnaweri); j. oniani, qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan (svanuri muryvamoba-kviraoba), Tb., 1969 (xelnaweri). 53. arqanjelo-lamberti, iqve, gv. 123-126. ÍÏÚÂÏÄËÞÒÌ ÊËÍÚÅÔÚÒÏ ÁÏÎÀÓÄ ÈÒÀËÌØÒ â. êëüåüòøâòäì àïâòì „õïäõóî ðëåçòïøò” ãïèëáâåñíåþóäò ïáâì åîàò òøâòïàò õïäõóîò äåáìò, ìïõåäùëæåþòà „èåíïúâïäå”. ïè äåáìì àó àïíïèåæîëâå àâïäìïçîòìòà øåâõåæïâà, âíïõïâà, îëè ìïêòàõò óúíïóîïæ ïîòì æïìèóäò: ìóþòåáüò àõëâì æåæïì, èïèïì, æïì, ûèïì, 196 úëäìï æï ìïñâïîåäì „ìòêâæòä èòàõëâì” æï èåíïúâïäåà, ïíó îëèåäòèå ÷åèì èïãòåî ùïâòæåì ìïòáòëì — å. ò. èëêâæåìë. ùèòíæï åàòêóîò àâïäìïçîòìòà êïúèï îïüëè óíæï ìàõëâëì èåëîå ðòîì, îëè ÷åèì èïãòåî èëêâæòë. äåáìøò ïè àõëâíïçå ìóþòåáüì ñâåäï ïùþòäåþì æï åîàò èòóàòàåþì èåëîåçå: æåæï ïèþëþì, èïèï ãñïâì æï ãåíïúâïäëì æï ï. ø. ìïáèå ìïñâïîäïèæå èòæòì, îëèåäòú ðïìóõëþì: ãåíïúâïäåþò, øåíìï èçåìï, ãçï ìïòà ïîì èòèïìùïâäåë”. â. êëüåüòøâòäò ïè äåáìì æïóòíüåîåìåþòï æï êëèåíüïîåþøò ìïêèïë æï ìïòíüåîåìë ðïîïäåäåþòú èëóûåþíòï ìåîþóä, óêîïòíóä, ðëîüóãïäòóî, ôîïíãóä æï ãåîèïíóä õïäõóî øåèëáèåæåþïøò. ãïíìïêóàîåþòà ìïòíüåîåìëï èòì èòåî èëñâïíòäò áïîàóäò ðïîïäåäò, ìïòæïíïú ÷ïíì, îëè ïîìåþëþæï (òøâòïàò ãïèëíïêäòìòì ìïõòà) ìòóýåüåþò, îëèåäàï àïíïõèïæ øâòäòì èïãòâîïæ æåæï àïâì ïî ìùòîïâì. èòóõåæïâïæ, ïèòìï, â. êëüåüòøâòäèï èïòíú òðëâï ðåîìðåáüòâï, ìïòàêåíïú èòèïîàï êâäåâï. åìïï àâòà äåáìòì ïíüòôëíòóîò ôëîèï, òãò „¸ãóäòìõèëþì ãïîêâåóä èëáèåæåþòàò, àó èëûîïëþòàò øåìîóäåþïì, îïú ùåìòì íòøíåþì ï÷åíì æï ãâãëíòï, îëè åì ìòèéåîï ìïùåìë õïìòïàòìï óíæï ñëôòäòñë. ïèïì ãâïôòáîåþòíåþì òì ïíïäëãòóîò õïìòïàòìï æï ïéíïãëþòì ìïùåìë ìòèéåîåþò, îëèåäòú ãâõâæåþï ìõâïæïìõâï èëæãèïàï øëîòì”, - ùåîì òãò. ìïèùóõïîëæ, ïè çéâïîì òáòà â. êëüåüòøâòäì ìïêòàõòì êâäåâï ïéïî ãïóãîûåäåþòï1. ïè ìïêòàõçå øåìïûäëï êâäåâï ïéïîú ãïãîûåäåþóäòñë, àó ïîï àâòà æòæò èåúíòåîòì øåôïìåþï, äåáìøò óûâåäåìò ùåìò òèïäåþïë. ïèïì êòæåâ åèïüåþï áïîàóäò åíòìïàâòì óïéîåìïæ æïèïõïìòïàåþåäò æï ãïâîúåäåþóäò èòèïîàâï, „ãåíïúâïäå”, îëèåäòú óàóëæ îùèåíòìï æï çíåëþîòâ ìïôóûâåäì ãóäòìõèëþì. ùòíïïéèæåã øåèàõâåâïøò åì ãïèëàáèï ïìåàò ðëðóäïîóäò âåî ãïõæåþëæï. åàíëãîïôòóäò èïìïäï ïè ìïêòàõì ïìåâå óïéîåìïæ ìïòíüåîåìëæ ïøóáåþì: òîêâåâï, îëè ûâåä ìïáïîàâåäëøò ïîìåþëþæï ùåìò íïúâïäëþòìï, îëúï æåæï, ïí ìõâï ïõäëþåäò, ìõâïæïìõâï îòüóïäòì ìïøóïäåþòà úæòäëþæï ïâïæèñëô øâòäì (ûòîòàïæïæ), ïí ìõâï ïõäëþåäì „÷ïíïúâäåþëæï”, ùïìóäòñë ìïòáòëøò, ëéëíæ ìïñâïîåäò ïîìåþï ãïæïåî÷òíï, ïè áâåñíïæ æïåüëâåþòíï. åì ùåìò æïèëùèåþóäòï èàïøò æï èïì „àïâøåèëâäï”, ïíó øåèëâäåþï îáèåâòï. àó ïâïæèñëôò ûïäòïí øåùóõæåþëæï, èïøòí æåæï, ïí âòíèå ïõäëþåäò, ïâïæèñëôì øåèëóâäòæï æï òüñëæï — éèåîàë ÷åèò àïâò ïòôïîå æï åì ïóøâòë2. øåèëâäï, ïíó øåèëâäåþï ìõâïæïìõâï îòüóïäòì øåèïæãåíåäò ïáúòï òñë, îëèåäòú èòçíïæ òìïõïâæï èåëîå ðòîòì, ïí 197 èìõâåîðäòì, àó ìõâï øåìïùòîòì õïîöçå ëþòåáüìïãïí ïâïæèñëôëþòì ïíó éâàïåþòì îòìõâòì ïîòæåþïì3. ïìå îëè, ïè îòüóïäàï èåøâåëþòà òîêâåâï áïîàóäøò ôïîàëæ ãïâîúåäåþóäò ãïèëàáèï, „øåèëãåâäå” ðïîïäåäóî ïçîëþîòâ æï áèåæåþòà êëèðäåáìì ãóäòìõèëþì, ëéëíæ øåèæåãò ãïíìõâïâåþòà: àó ðòîâåä øåèàõâåâïøò ìïáèå åõåþï åîàò ìóþòåáüòì óøóïäë ÷ïíïúâäåþïì èåëîåàò ìòêâæòäàïí æïêïâøòîåþóä ùïîèëæãåíåþøò, èåëîå, øåèëâäåþï, ãóäòìõèëþì ëþòåáüòìïàâòì àïâì „øåèëâäåþòì” ãçòà, àïâòì, ïí ìïåîàëæ èòì ãïîøåèë øåèëþîóíåþòà, ÿòîòì èëõæïì æï øåèëâäåþóäòìïàâòì ãïæïúåèïì. ïèïâå ùïîèëæãåíåþòì ìïôóûâåäçåï ïéèëúåíåþóäò èåìïèå ãïèëàáèïú, „ÿòîòèå (øåíò)”, îëèåäòú ìïñâïîåäò ïîìåþòìïãïí ÿòîòì èëõæïìï æï ëþòåáüòìïãïí ïè ÿòîòì ìïêóàïî àïâçå èòéåþïì ãóäòìõèëþì. ùïîèëæãåíòäò èïìïäï æï èòìò çåæïðòîóäò òíüåîåðîåüïúòïú êò åÿâì ïî üëâåþì òèòì àïëþïçåæ, îëè ïá ïîåêäòäòï óûâåäåì ùïîèëæãåíïàï èùñëþîò ìòìüåèï, îëèåäìïú, áïîàóäò üåîèòíòæïí ãïèëèæòíïîå, øåìïûäëï „íïúâïäëþòì òíìüòüóüò” âóùëæëà. òãò ôïîàëæ ñëôòäï ãïâîúåäåþóäò èàåäì ûâåä èìëôäòëøò æï åèñïîåþëæï óôîë ôïàîë èòàëìóî-îåäòãòóî êëíúåôúïòì ìïòáòë ìïèñïîëìï æï èïìàïí óîàòåîàëþïàï ðîòíúòðåþòì øåìïõåþ. æïâóþîóíæåà òìåâ áïîàóä õåäõóî äåáìì: òá ïîòì ïéùåîòäò êëíêîåüóäò ìòüóïúòï, îëúï èëèïêâæïâò ÿïþóêòì íïúâäïæ ìïòáòëøò ùïìâäïçå àïíõèëþïì ïéõïæåþì ìïñâïîåäò áïäò//úëäò. ïìåàò ìúåíï ïéùåîòäò ïáâì åâîòðòæåì àïâòì æîïèïøò „ïäêåìüòæï”. ïæêåìüòìò, ïìóäò èåôå ðåäòïìòìï, òñë èåôå ïæèåüëìòì èåóéäå, õëäë ãèòîò ïæèåüëìò, ïîãëíïâüåþòì äïøáîëþòì èëíïùòäå, ¸åîïêäåì èåãëþïîò æï ï. ø., ïðëäëíòì î÷åóäò òñë. ïðëäëíòì æïõèïîåþòà èïí èëïõåîõï åüäøò äëèåþò æï ãïîåóäò üïõåþò øååþï æï ïè ãçòà èëåðëâåþòíï èøâåíòåîò ïäêåìüòìò. ïðëäëíòìïâå øóïèæãëèäëþòà ïæèåüîëìì èëòîåþò øå¸ðòîæíåí ïè áâåñíïæ ìïèóæïèëæ ñëôíïì, àó êò âòíèåì æïòàïíõèåþæï èòì èïãòåî ùïìóäòñë ¸ïæåìøò. îëúï åì æîë æïæãï, ïæèåüëìèï ðòîâåä îòãøò ïìåàò ïõëâíòà èòèïîàï àïâòì óêâå éîèïæ èëõóúåþóä èøëþäåþì, îëèåäàïú óïîò àáâåì øâòäòì íïúâäïæ ùï¸ñëäëæíåí ìòêâæòäòì éâàïåþïì àïíïüëìì, èïãîïè àïíõèëþï ãïíïúõïæï ìîóäòïæ ïõïäãïçîæï ïäêåìüòìèï. òãò ïäþïà ìïèóæïèëæ æïî÷åþëæï òá, îëè æåæëôïä ðåîìåôëíåì ïî ãïèëå÷òíï ìóäãîûåäëþï. èïí óèïäâå æïïþîóíï ìïòáòëøò íåþòà ùïìóäò ïäêåìüòìò. èåëîå âåîìòòì àïíïõèïæ, îëèåäìïú åñîæíëþï åâîòðòæå 198 àïâòì æîïèïøò, ïäêåìüòìì, îëãëîú ãïèëìïìñòæì èòì èòåî øåðñîëþòäò æï üñâåæáèíòäò àïíïüëìòì ìïíïúâäëæ, ïþîóíåþì ¸åîïêäå. åì ïîòì èòìò èåîâå ãèòîëþòì åðòçëæò, ìïæïú ûòîòàïæ èòçïíì øåïæãåíì æòëèåæåì úõåíåþòì èëüïúåþï. åîïêäå ãçïæ èùóõïîå ïæèåüëìàïí øåòâäòì, îëèåäòú ãèòîì ÷âåóäåþîòâò èõòïîóäåþòà øåõâæåþï æï àïâòì èùóõåîåþïì ïî ïãîûíëþòíåþì4. ïá ìòóýåüò ãïèæòæîåþóäòï èåëîå èòàëìòà ìïóêåàåìë èïìðòíûäòì øåìïõåþ. ïè ìòóýåüòì èîïâïäò âåîìòï ìõâïæïìõâï õïäõøòï ãïþíåóäò. åîà-åîàò èïàãïíò ïîòì äåãåíæï òìäïèïèæåäò ïîïþò ðëåüòì, ¸ïüòè ïà-àïòì éâàïåþîòâò õåäãïøäòäëþòì øåìïõåþ. òãò ìïõåäãïíàáèóäò òñë îëãëîú ìùëîóðëâïîò èïìðòíûåäò, îëèåäòú ìüóèïîì ñâåäï ìóîâòäì óìîóäåþæï. åîàõåä äõòíòì èåëîå æéåì ìüóèïîì ¸êòàõï ¸ïüòèèï àïâòìò èëìâäòì èòçåçò. ìüóèïîèï ïóùñï: óíæï èëèúå øåíò úõåíò, îëèåäòú ìïêóàïî àïâçå èåüïæ ãòñâïîìë. èïìðòíûåäò ïüòîåþóäï. øåùóõåþóä ìüóèïîì àïâòìò àõëâíï óêïí ùïóéòï, îïçåú ¸ïüòèì óðïìóõíòï, èå òèòüëè êò ïî âüòîò, îëè úõåíò èåíïíåþï øåíàâòì, ïîïèåæ òèòüëè, îëè òûóäåþóäò âïî óïîòà ãïãòìüóèîë, îïæãïí îëúï øåí èåìüóèîå, øòí ïîïôåîò èåþïæï, òì úõåíò æïãòêïäò æï ìóôîïçå èëãïîàâòë5. ïè úòêäì ãïíåêóàâíåþï êïâêïìòòì õïäõåþøò ãïâîúåäåþóäò äåíåãæï õïäõòìïãïí æåâíòäò èêâäåäòì øåìïõåþ, îëèåäòú øåèàõâåâòà èëêäóäòì èøëþäåþàïí ïðòîåþæï æïèïäâïì. èøëþäåþò ïî ãïìúåèåí ìüóèïîì æï èøâòæëþòà òìüóèîåþåí, îëãëîú ïèïì ìüóèïî-èïìðòíûääëþòì ùåìò èëòàõëâì. ïè ìóýåüçåï æïùåîòäò âïýï-ôøïâåäïì ðëåèï „ìüóèïî-èïìðòíûåäò”. îëãëîú âõåæïâà, ïæèåüëìèï ìüóèïî-èïìðòíûäëþòì ùåìòì ãïíóõîåäò æïúâòà æïòþîóíï ìïñâïîåäò úëäò. åì êòæåâ åîàò, æïèëóêòæåþåäò ìïêòàõòï, îëèäòì øåìùïâäï øåìïþïèòì êâäåâïì ìïÿòîëåþì. ìüóèïî-èïìðòíûäëþòì ùåìì ìåîòëçóäò ïæãòäò ìÿåîòï ìïçëãïæëåþïøò àâòà êäïìòêóî ìïþåîûíåàøòú6. îëãëîú âíïõåà, áïîàóäò õïäõóîò äåáìò æï ûâåäþåîûíóäò ìòóýåüò èåôå ïæèåüëìòì øåìïõåþ çóìüïæ åèàõâåâï åîàèïíåàì. áïîàóäøò ïøêïîïæ ãâòïíæåäòï æï-ûèòì îãëäò æï ìïñâïîåäò áïäòì ëî ðåîìëíïýïæ, úëäïæ æï ìïñâïîäïæ ãïñëôï, îïú ìõâï ìëúòïäóîò ãïîåèëì ñëôòàò ãïâäåíòì øåæåãòï. èòàëìò, àïâòìò ìîóäñëôòäò þóíåþòà, ïìåà „ãïîàóäåþïì” ïî ìïÿòîëåþì. æïèàõâåâï èòà óôîë ìïñóîïæéåþëï, îïèæåíïæïú òãò åôóûíåþï èòàëìóî-îåäòãòóî ùïîèëæãåíïàï ìåîòëçóä ðäïìüì, æï èòì ùòïéøò ¸ðëâåþì ïõìíïì. ïè ìòóýåüòìïàâòì ãïíìïêóàîåþóäò ñóîïæéåþï óêâå ûâåä 199 ìïþåîûíåàøòâå èòóáúåâòïà. ïò îïì ïèþëþì ôåæîëìò ïäêåìüòìòì çíåëþîòâò ãèòîåþòìï æï ìòñâïîóäòìïàâòì àïâãïíùòîâòì ãïèë, ðäïüëíòì úíëþòä æòïäëãøò „äõòíò”: „åîëüò æòæò éèåîàòï, îëèåäòú èîïâïäò èòçåçàï ãïèë ïéïôîàëâïíåþì ïæïèòïíåþìï æï éèåîàåþì... ãïíï èëòûåþíåþï ìïæèå áâåñíïæ èõæïäò, îëèåäìïú àâòà åîëüòú êò âåî øàïóíåîãïâæï èåæãîëþïì æï ãïóüëäæåþæï èïì æïþïæåþòìàïíïâå èïèïúì? õëäë åîàèïíåàòì ãïèë ìòêâæòäòìïàâòì èçïîæò ïîòïí èõëäëæ èëñâïîóäíò æï ïîï èïîüë èïèîåþò, ïîïèåæ èæåæîåþòú. þåîûåíàï øëîòì åì ìïâìåþòà æïïèüêòúï ïäêåìüòæïè, ðåäòïìòì áïäèï: èõëäëæ èïí ãïæïùñâòüï èëèêâæïîòñë íïúâäïæ àïâòì áèîòìï, àóèúï áèïîì æåæïú úëúõïäò ¸ñïâæï æï èïèïú. ìòñâïîóäòì ãïèë èïí òèæåíïæ ãïæïïÿïîþï èøëþäåþì èïàò ìïêóàïîò øâòäòìïæèò åîàãóäåþïøò, îëè ñâåäïì ï÷âåíï: òìòíò èõëäëæ òàâäåþòïí íïàåìïâåþïæ, èïãîïè ìòíïèæâòäåøò óúõëíò ïîòïí èòìàâòì; åì ìòáâåäå áïäòìï øåïáåì ïîï èõëäëæ ïæïèòïíåþèï, ïîïèåæ éèåîàåþèïú æï àó êåàòä ìïáèåàï èëáèåæ èîïâïä èëêâæïâàïãïí òèïà èõëäëæ îïèæåíòèåì óùñïäëþåì ìïðïüòë óôäåþï ìóäòì ¸ïæåìòæïí æïþîóíåþòìï, ïäêåìüòæïì ìóäò ìóäåàòæïí ãïèëóøâåì, îïæãïí èòìò ìïáúòåäòà ïéôîàëâïíæíåí. ïìå îëè, ìòñâïîóäøò åîàãóäåþïìï æï àïâãïíùòîóäëþïì éèåîàåþò æòæïæ ïôïìåþæíåí”7. îëãëîú âõåæïâà, èòàëìóîò ìòóýåüò, îëèåäòú ïãåþóäòï íïúâïäëþòì îåäòãòóîò êëíúåôúòòì ìïôóûâåäçå, óêâå ûâåä ìïþåîûíåàøò ãïìúæåíòï èòàëìóî ùïîèëæãåíïàï çéâïîì æï çíåëþîòâò íëîèòì ìïõòà ãïíçëãïæåþóäï. ìùëîåæ ïè èíòøâíåäëþòì ãïèë åì ìòóýåüò ôïîàëæ ïîòì ïìïõóäò äòüåîïüóîòìï æï õåäëâíåþòì ìõâï æïîãåþøò îëãëîú ïíüòêóî, òìå èëèæåâíë õïíåþøò8. ùïîèëæãåíåþò ÷ïíïúâäåþòì øåìïõåþ ïîï èïîüë þåîûíóä èòàëìøòï æïèëùèåþóäò. ÷ïíïúâäåþòì ìïòíüåîåìë èïãïäòàì âõåæïâà øóèåîóä èòàëìøò, îëèåäòú áïäéâïåþï òíïíïì ìóäåàøò èëãçïóîëþïì óêïâøòîæåþï. òíïíï, îëèåäòú ìóäåàøò ãïíìïêóàîåþóäò èëìïçîåþòì ãïèë ãïåèãçïâîï, òá æïïêïâï ìóäàï ìïèñïîëì æåæëôïäèï åîåøêòãïäèï. èïí èëêäï òíïíï æï øòøâåäò ãâïèò ïíùóõçå ÷ïèëêòæï. èõëäëæ èòìò åîàãóäò èìïóõîòì, íòí-øóþóîòìï æï éâàïåþï åíáòì èúæåäëþòà ãïïúëúõäåì (èòìúåì óêâæïâåþòì ìïçîæåäò æï ùñïäò). òíïíï áâåìêíåäòæïí ïèëìâäòìïì ïíóíïêåþèï æïïêïâåì: „... óêïåàó òíïíï áâåìêíåäòæïí ïèëâòæï, íïúâïäò âòíèå, àïâòìæï íïúâäïæ èëãâúåì”. 200 ïèþëþæíåí ìóäåàòì èúâåäåþò, îëèäåþòú ãïëúåþóäíò ïîòïí: „âòí ïèëìóäï áâåìêíåäòæïí, áâåìêíåäòæïí èîàåäò âòí ïèëìóäï?” îëãëîú èòàëìò ïùåìåþì, àó ïìåàò îïè èëõæï, èïøòí áâåìêíåäøò âòíèå ìõâï óíæï ùïâòæåì òíïíïì íïúâïäì ìàõëâæíåí. èïà öåî íòíøóþóîòì ùïñâïíï ãïæïùñâòüåì, èïãîïè òíïíïè ïî æïïíåþï. øåèæåã òíïíïì èãïäëþäòì, èïîïì ùïñâïíï èëòíæëèåì. èïîï òíïíïì ôåõàòà æïåèõë, òìåâå îëãëîú íòíøóþîò æï òìòú èïìïâòà èüâåîøò ÷ïèöæïîò ôïäïìòà øåòèëìï. òíïíïè òìòú âåî ãïòèåüï. øåèæåã ðîëúåìòï æóèóçòì èòïæãï, îëèåäòú ìïèåôëæ øåèëìòä æòæåþóä üïõüçå òöæï æï úëäòì æïíïõâïçå ïîú àïâáâå æïèõëþòäï æï ïîú èüâåîøò ÷ïèöæïîï. òíïíïè ïíóíïêåþì æóèóçòçå èòóàòàï æï ïèóíïêåþèïú áïäéâàïåþòì íïúâäïæ èòìò áèïîò ÷ïïàîòåì áâåìêíåäøò9. ïá „÷ïíïúâäåþï” óêâå ïéïî ùïîèëïæãåíì íåþïñëôòäåþòà èìõâåîðäì æï çíåëþîòâò ãèòîëþòì èïãïäòàì. òãò óôîë, èòàëìóîò ïóúòäåþäëþòà íïêïîíïõåâò áúåâïï, ìïæïú úëäò óñëñèïíëæ ìùòîïâì óèïéäåì êåàòäæéåëþïøò èñëô áèïîì. ïáâå óíæï øåâíòøíëà, îëè îëúï ãòäãïèåøò ìóäåàøò ïãçïâíòì åíáòæóì æëäòìï æï èòìò öëõåþòì ïèëìïüïíïæ, èïì óî÷åâì ûïûòà øåòèëìëì æï àïâèæïþäïæ èëòáúåì, îïàï áâåìêíåäòì ûïäåþò ïî ãïïéòçòïíëì. åíáòæó ïè î÷åâïì ïî òúïâì æï èïì ìïèóæïèëæ üëâåþåí áâåìêíåäøò. òíïíïì øåèàõâåâïøòú íòí-øóþóîò æï èïîï àïâçå èüâåîì òñîòïí, ûïûòà òèëìåþòïí æï ùòíïïéèæåã æóèóçòì èæòîóäò üïíìïúèäòìï æï áåæèïéäóîò ðëçòìï, èòùïçå ïîòïí ãïîàõèóäíò. æóèóçòì ìïáúòåäò, òìåâå îëãëîú åíáòæóìò, ìòêâæòäòì „ûïäàï ïáüòóîëþïì òùâåâì”10. åíáòæó, òìåâå îëãëîú æóèóçò, „íïúâïäòï” ìïòáòëøò, ëéëíæ íåþïñëôòäëþòàò, îïæãïí òãò ãòäãïèåøèï òá àïâòìò æëäòìï æï öëõåþòì ïèëìïüïíïæ ãïãçïâíï, åíáòæóìòìâå àïíõèëþòà. èòì áúåâï úëúõïä ïèðïîüïâïíì óôîë øååôåîåþï, âòæîå ìóäåàòì èëêîûïäåþóä ìüóèïîì. „éâàïåþîòâò êëèåæòòì” èòõåæâòà ìóäåàòì æïîïöò åîàò àâïäòì øåâäåþòà úíëþì úëúõïäì, îïæãïí èïì ÷îæòäò ïáâì, æï òÿâíåóäïæ åáúåâï èïì. æïíüå ïäòãòåîò àïâòìïæèò èüîóäò æïèëêòæåþóäåþòì íòâåäòîåþïì èõëäëæ éèåîàòì ïâüëîòüåüòì ìïøóïäåþòà ïõåîûåþì11. ïéìïíòøíïâòï, îëè òïîïéòìï æï ìïèêïóäòì ãïèëóìïæåãëþï ìóäåàøò, ìòøòøâäå æï óàèëþï áïîàóä 12 ôëäêäëîøòú ïîòì æïèëùèåþóäò . òíïíïì ìóäåàòì ñëâåä êïîàïí àòàë îïèåì ïîàèåâåí üïíìïúèåä-ìïèêïóäòìï æï àïí ùïéåþóäò „øâòæò íòÿòæïí”. ïìå îëè, åîåøêòãïäòì ùòíïøå òãò ìïâìåþòà ãïøòøâäåþóäò æãïì, îëãëîú ìóäåàì øååôåîåþï13 æï ïèòüëè èêâæïîòú 201 øòøâåäòï. áïîàâåäàï øåìïþïèòìò ùïîèëæãåíåþò ïè ìïêòàõøòú æòæ èìãïâìåþïì ïèýéïâíåþåí ûâåä ïéèëìïâäåàìï æï ïíüòêóî ìïèñïîëøò ãïâîúåäåþóä èòàëìóî æï îåäòãòóî øåõåæóäåþåþàïí. èëíïúâäåëþòì ðîïáüòêï èàåäì èìëôäòëøò ñëôòäï ãïâîúåäåþóäò. àïâòìò ïîìòà òãò ïîïàïíïþïîò, óêâå æòôåîåíúòîåþóäò ìëúòïäóîò ìïèñïîëìïàâòì ïîòì æïèïõïìòïàåþåäò, ìïæïú ïîìåþëþì ùïîèëæãåíï òíæòâòæòì ìïêóàïî þåæìï æï ùòíïìùïî ãïí÷òíåþóäò õâåæîòì øåìïõåþ. óèïéäåì ìëúòïäóî æëíåçå èëíïúâäåëþï èëáèåæåþæï ìïêîïäóî èåôååþàïí æïêïâøòîåþóä ìòüóïúòïøò. úíëþòäòï, îëè üëèàï þåäïæåþì, îëèäåþòú üëèòì (øåèæåã ìïõåäèùòôëì) þåæìï æï êåàòäæéåëþïì ãïíïìïõòåîåþæíåí, ôòçòêóîò øåìïûäåþäëþåþòì æïáâåòàåþòì øåèæåã êäïâæíåí. øåèëòéåì þåäïæàï æï èåôåàï//õåäèùòôåàï æéåãîûåäëþòìï æï ìîóäôïìëâíåþòì ïéèæãåíò îòüóïäåþò, ïìåâå ïîìåþóäï èåôòì èïãòåî èòìò ïõäëþäòì, çëãöåî øâòäòì øåùòîâòì ùåìò, îëèåäòú ìïþëäëëæ èëíòì øåùòîâïæ ãïæïáúåóäï.. þëäëì åì ùåìò òèæåíïæ ôëîèïäóîò ãïõæï, îëè èëíïàï æï úõëâåäåþòì, ïí íïèæâòäò ìïèêïóäåþòìï æï ðîëæóáüòì íïúâäïæ, ìòèþëäóîò ãïèëìïõóäåþïíò, óþîïäë ôòãóîåþò òùòîåþëæï. ãïíìïêóàîåþòà ôïîàë èïìøüïþò ïè îòãòì îòüóïäåþì øåóûåíòïà ûâåä åãâòðüåøò14. úõïæòï, ïìåà ãïîåèëøò èëáèåæåþïì òùñåþæï íåþïñëôäëþòàò èòàëìóîò èìõâåîðäòì òæåï, îëèåäòú úõëâåäàï èòèïîà ìïâìåþòà ïøêïîïæ ïîòì æïèëùèåþóäò ñëôïøò. ìïôòáîåþåäòï, îëè åì êëíúåôúòï âîúåäæåþëæï ïæïèòïíàï èìõâåîðäøåùòîâïçåæïú, îëúï ïæïèòïíì ìõâòì „íïúâäïæ” æïïñåíåþæíåí. åì çåèëà ïéíòøíóä ìëúòïäóîïæ óêâå æòôåîåíúòîåþóä ìïçëãïæëåþïøò óíæï èëèõæïîòñë, îëúï üñâå, èëíï æï ï. ø. óíæï øåíïúâäåþëæï ìòêâæòäøò èåôåì. ïá íåþïñëôäëþïçå äïðïîïêò çåæèåüòï, èïãîïè íåþïñëôäëþï òìåâå àïèïøæåþëæï, îëãëîú åì õæåþëæï úõëâåäàï øåùòîâòìïì. úõëâåäò „èïæäòïíïæ” óíæï øåùòîâëæï, å. ò. ùòíïïéèæåãëþï ïî óíæï ãïåùòï. ïè èòçíòà ìïáëíåäì çëãöåî ïàîëþæíåí, ãïíìïêóàîåþòà õïîåþì. úíëþòäòï ãïæèëúåèåþòú àïâòìò íåþòà èëìóä øåìïùòîïâ úõëâåäàï øåìïõåþïú. àïíæïàïí åì øåõåæóäåþåþò åîà èüêòúå ìòìüåèïæ øåêîóäï, îëèåäòú ìïåîàë êëíúåôúòòà òñë ãïåîàòïíåþóäò. àïíïõèïæ ïè êëíúåôúòòìï, ñëâåäò ïæïèòïíò àïâòì æîëçå èòæòì ìóäåàøò æï òá î÷åþï. àó òì àïâòì æîëçå ïî èòâï, àïâòì èïãòåî óíæï ãïïãçïâíëì àïâòìò ùòäò (èïã. øâåæóîò äåãåíæòì àïíïõèïæ øâåæåàòì åîàò èåôå ñëâåä øâòæ ùåäòùïæøò àïâòì èïãòåî àòàë 202 ìïêóàïî âïýì ìùòîïâæï)15. ïèòüëè üëèòì þåäïæì, õåäòìóôïäì, õåäèùòôåì, îëèåäòú èàåäò üëèòì êåàòäæéåëþïì ãïíìïõòåîåþæï, ïæîå ìòþåîòì øåðïîâòìàïíïâå êäïâæíåí, èïãîïè ìëúòïäóî ìüîóáüóîïàï ãïíèüêòúåþïìàïí åîàïæ èïì ó÷íæåþï íïúâïäò. ïîïëôòúòïäóîïæ, ìïñëâåäàïë-ìïõïäõë æëíåçå íïúâäëþï ïäþïà èïîàäïú íåþïñëôäëþòàò òáíåþëæï, îïæãïí ïèïì êòìîóäëþæï ÷âåóäåþîòâ èøëþåäò, îëèåäòú àïíõèæåþëæï øâòäòì èïãòåî ùïìóäòñë ìóäåàøò. òãòâå èëâïäåëþï øåòûäåþëæï åêòìîï èëñâïîóä èåãëþïîì (åíáòæó?) ïí ìïñâïîåä áïäì (ïäêåìüòìò). ñëâåä øåèàõâåâïøò ïìåàò èïãïäòàåþò õïäõòì èåõìòåîåþïøò ïéòþåÿæåþëæï æï èíòøâíåäëâïí îëäì àïèïøëþæï çíåëþîòâò èëæåäòì ôëîèòîåþòì ðîëúåìøò. þåîûíóäò ìòóýåüò áèîòìïàâòì àïâãïíùòîâòì àïëþïçå, îëèåäìïú áïîàóäøò „ïíæîåçåþò” øååìïþïèåþï, õïäõóîò èåõìòåîåþòì ïîìåíïäòæïí ãïæïæòì ùèòíæï èòàëìøò. òãò ùñâåüì êïâøòîì úëúõïä üîïæòúòïìàïí æï ìïþëäëëæ òìïæãóîåþì óèïéäåìò çíåëþîòâò íëîèåþòì ìôåîëøò. áïîàóäò õïäõóîò äåáìò „èåíïúâïäå”, ìïòæïíïú æïòùñë ÷âåíò èìöåäëþï, úõïæòï, ïè ùïîèëæãåíïàï ãïîåèëøòï ïéèëúåíåþóäò. ìïôòáîåþåäòï, îëè ïè ùåìòì õïäõóî æï ìïçëãïæë èíòøâíåäëþòà æïìïèêâòæîåþäïæ ìïÿòîë òñë èòìò ïèëáèåæåþï ìëúòïäóîò òåîïîáòòì óèïéäåì æëíåçå, ìïæïú òãò ìïêîïäóîëþïì æï ìïçëãïæëåþîòâïæ ðëçòüòâóî ìïíáúòïì òéåþæï. èõëäëæ ïèòì øåèæåã øåòûäåþëæï òãò áúåóäòñë òíæòâòæóïäóîò áúåâòì óèïéäåì íëîèïæ æï ïæïèòïíóîò êåàòäøëþòäåþòì ëðüòèïäóî ãïèëõïüóäåþïæ. ñëâåäòâå ïèïí êò ãïíïðòîëþï üåîèòíòì „ãåíïúâïäåì” ïéèëúåíåþï æï æïèêâòæîåþï åíïìï æï åàíòêóî ôìòáòêïøò èåüïæ èîïâïäôåîëâïíò ïìðåáüòà, îëèåäàïú çëãöåî òíüëíïúòóîò æëíååþòà ãïíïìõâïâåþåí åîàèïíåàòìïãïí. ñëâåäòâå çåèëàáèóäòì øåèæåã ûíåäò ïî ïîòì æïíïî÷åí çåèëà íïõìåíåþ üåîèòíàï „øåíò ÿòîòèåìï” æï „øåèëãåâäåì” èíòøâíåäëþïàï ãïîêâåâï. õïäõóî ñëôïøò æïèëùèåþóäòï îòüóïäóîò èëáèåæåþåþò, îëèåäàï èåëõåþòà èøëþåäò úæòäëþæï ÷ïíïúâäåþëæï èûòèå ìïõïæòà, ãïíìïêóàîåþòà þïüëíåþòà ïâïæèñëôì16. ïè èëáèåæåþïàïãïí ãïèëòñëôï „øåèëâäåþï” æï „ãïîøåèëâäåþï”, îëúï „øåèëåâäåþòïí” ïâïæèñëôì, ïí ãïîì øåèëóâäòïí ìïäëúïâì. èïãîïè ïîìåþëþì àïâçå øåèëâäåþï”, îëèåäòú òíæòâòæòìïãïí ñëâåäò ÿòîòì èëõæïì íòøíïâì. ÿòîìï æï óþåæóîåþïì òéåþì òì ìïãïíò, ìïèìõâåîðäë ôîòíâåäò ïí úõëâåäò, ïí ïæïèòïíò, âòíú ìóþòåáüì „àïâì, ïí ãïîì øåèëåâäåþï”. ìùëîåæ ïèãâïî ÿòîòì èëõæïì, ìõâòìò ÿòîòì ìïêóàïî àïâçå èòéåþïì 203 ãóäòìõèëþæï üåîèòíò „øåí ÿòîòèå” æï ïéíòøíóäò ìõâï üåîèòíåþò àïâòìò ìïêîïäóîò øòíïïîìòà, õëäë æåìïêîïäòçïúòòì øåèæãëè çîæòäëþòïíò æïèëêòæåþóäåþòìï æï ìïóêåàåìë ìóîâòäåþòì èïüïîåþåä ìòüñâåþïæ æï ãïèëàáèåþïæ òáúíåí. ñëâåäòâå çåèëàáèóäòìï æï èëüïíòäò èïìïäòì ìïôóûâåäçå øåòûäåþï æïâïìêâíïà øåèæåãò: ìïâìåþòà èïîàåþóäò ïîòì â. êëüåüòøâòäòì èëìïçîåþï õïäõóîò äåáìòì, „èåíïúâïäåì” øåìïõåþ, îëúï èïí èõëäëæ ïíüòôëíòóîëþïçå æïñîæíëþòà òãò ìïîòüóïäë ðîïáüòêòì ïéèíòøâíåä üåáìüïæ èòò÷íòï. ïøêïîïï, îëè ïè äåáìòì øòíïïîìòì ÷ïèëñïäòþåþï óíæï èëèõæïîòñë ïîï èåáïíòêóî-æòôóçòóîò ðîëúåìòì ìïôóûâåäçå, ïîïèåæ òãò øåòûäåþëæï ïéèëúåíåþóäòñë âîúåä êóäüóîóä-òìüëîòóä ìòâîúåøò, îëèäòìàâòìïú æïèïõïìòïàåþåäòï ûòîòàïæò èòàëìóî-ìïîùèóíëåþîòâò éòîåþóäåþòì åîàòïíò ìòìüåèï. øåèæåã òãò êåîûë áâåâïîòïíüåþòì ìïõòà èýéïâíæåþï ìõâïæïìõâï åàíëìøò. áïîàâåäàï ùòíïðîåþò òè êóäüóîóäò ìòâîúòì þòíïæïîíò ïîòïí, îëèåäìïú ãïíåêóàâíåþòïí óûâåäåìò, ïæîåìïèòùïàèëáèåæë õïíåþòæïí èòì èåçëþäïæ èúõëâîåþò ìõâïæïìõâï åàíòêóîò ùïîèëèïäëþòì üëèåþò, îëèäåþòú æéåì óæòæåì ìòâîúåçå ãïíôåíòäëþòì èòóõåæïâïæ, èïòíú òíïî÷óíåþåí ìõâïæïìõâï ôëîèòà ïæïðüòîåþóä êâïíûåþì ïæîåóäò êóäüóîóäò õïíòæïí, îëèåäòú øåòáèíï êóäüóîóäò àïíïúõëâîåþòì øëîåóä òìüëîòóä åüïðçå. ãïèëñåíåþóäò äòüåîïüóîï: 1. 2. 3. â. êëüåüòøâòäò, õïäõóîò ðëåçòï, àþòäòìò, 1966 ù., ãâ. 80, 361-2. ì. èïêïäïàòï, õåâìóîåàò, àþòäòìò, 1935 ù., ãâ. 235. í. èòíæïûå, áïîàóäò õïäõóîò èåæòúòíï, àþòäòìò, 1961 ù., ãâ. 71 æï øåèæåã. 4. 5. Реальный словарь классических древнестей полюбкеру, С.-Петербург, 1885 г., ст. Адмет, Мифы народов мира, I, Москва, 1980 г., ст. Адмет, Алкестида. Тысяча и одна ночь, т. 4, М., 1959, стр. 3, ночь 271. 6. 7. 8. Ксенофонт, Анабасис, I, 10, М-Л., 1951, стр. 250. Платон, Сочинения в трех томах, Т. 3, М., Пир, 179, стр. 104-105. Мифы и народов мира, I, Адмет, Алкестида. 204 9. àïèóçòì ìòçèïîò, ûâåäò øóïèæòíïîåàòì ðëåçòï, àþòäòìò, 1969, àïîãèíï ç. êòêíïûåè, ãâ. 36-44, С. Н. Крамер, История начинается в Шумере, Москва, 1965, стр. 180-193. 10. 11. 12. æóèïçòì ìòçèïîò, òáâå, С. Н. Крамер, История... ук. стр. æïíüå ïäòãîòåäò, éâàïåþîòâò êëèåæòï, öëöëõåàò, ìòèéåîï 3. áïîàóäò õïäõóîò ðëåçòï, II, àþòäòìò, 1973, ãâ. 63-83. èòõ. ÷òáëâïíò, èòöïÿâóäò ïèòîïíò, àþòäòìò, 1947 ù., ãâ. 275, 283, 308... 13. 14. 15. 16. С. Н. Крамер, стория... ук. стр. 188. М. Э. Матье, Хаб-Сед, Вестник древней истории, №3, 1956 г. стр. 8-9. Дж. Фрэзер, Золотая ветвь, Москва, 1980 г. стр. 18-19; 299-529. В. Бардавелидзе, Древнейшие религиозные верования и обрядовое графическое искусство грузинских племен, Тбилиси, 1957 г. стр. 85. 205 ÌÒÂÎÚÅ ÁÏÎÀÂÅÄÀÏ ÈÒÀËÌÌÏ ÆÏ ÎÒÜÓÏÄØÒ I. ØÒÍÏ-ÃÏÎÅ qarTveli xalxis sulieri Tu sameurneo cxovrebis yovel sferoSi asaxulia ganogadebuli Sexedulebebi qveynierebis agebulebis Sesaxeb, romelic emyareba empiriul praqtikaSi istoriulad SemuSavebul codnas. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad es momenti igrZnoba sivrcis organizaciis Sesaxeb arsebul warmodgenebSi, romelTa moqmedeba ZiriTadad religiurmiTologiur SexedulebebSi vlindeba, magram maTi mniSvneloba sameurneo da socialur cxovrebaSic didia. sivrcis organizaciis problemebidan ZiriTadad gvinda gamovyof is nawili, romelic gamoxatulia cnebebis “Sina“ da “gare“ da Tvali gavadevnoT am sapirispiro niSnebiT aRbeWdili faqtebisa da movlenebis nakvalevs religiur-socialuri da miTologiuri azrovnebis doneze. upirveles yovlisa unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom es cnebebi gamoxatavs mTeli socialuri jgufis, koleqivis Sexedulebebs da misi niSanTvisebebidan momdinareobs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, rodesac socialur jgufi Seicnobs „Sinas“, sivrcis garkvel nawils, rogorc misi ganfenis teritorias, maSinve unda aRmocendes cneba „gare“, romelic am teritorias ar emTxveva. TiToeuli es cneba gulisxmobs gansxvavebuli parametrebisa da bio-socialuri niSnebis mqone garemos, romelTa zemoqmedeba specifikuri, TiToeuli maTganisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli da erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli pirobebiT zemoqmedebs sazogadoebis cxovrebaze. sazogadoebis mier sivrcis gaazrebis problemebi mecnierebas didi xania ainteresebs da mravalferovan samenicro literaturaSi sakmaod srulyofiladaa damuSavebuli misi ZiriTadi niSnebi Tu etapebi. erT-erTi aseTi Teoria samyaros centrSi ayenebs individums, romelic socialur jgufTan mTlianobaSi unda ganixilebodes. mas gars artyia Secnobili, mowesrigebuli garemo, xolo am ukanasknels ki Seucnobeli, SeuRwevadi sivrce. wamoyenebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, „Sina“ mowesrigebuli, socialuri erTeulis Tvalsawierze ganlagebuli teritoriaa, romelic horizontis xaziT esazRvreba „gares“, qaoss, stiqiaTa araorganizebulad gamovlenis asparezs1, misi mowesrigebis, kreaciis procesi, m. eliades sityviT rom vTqvaT, miTosur droSi mimdinareobs. am process RvTaebebi 206 axorcieleben. mouwesrigebeli, arasocialuri sivrcis qceva socialurad, anu kulturis dadgena bunebaSi, sakraluri aqciaa, romelic moaswavebs Seqmnas, ris qaosidan Sedegada axali, qaosi Tvisobrivad iqceva gansxvavebuli kosmosad, uxilavi garemos xilulad2. naSromi, romelSiac saxelmZRvanelo debulebad miRebulia Cvens mier motanili, an sxva msgavsi Sexedulebebi, saqarTveloSiac Seiqmna, sadac aris cda qarTveli miTosuri masalis Sesabamisi struqturiT danaxvisa3. ase rom, sivrcis problema karga xania aqtiurad iTvleba ucxour Tu sabWoTa samecniero literaturaSi. qaosis kosmosad qceva, e. i. araorganizebuli materiis sivrceSi mowesrigeba, qvenierebis Seqmnis miTosur sawyiss warmogvidgens. “garesa“ da „Sinas“ problemaSi miTosi srul wesrigs ver amyarebs, radgan maT Soris sademarkacio xazi yoveldRiurad irRveva praqtikuli mizezebis gamo. Tu kosmosi qveynierebis, cisa da miwieri Zalebis sayovelTao, mowesrigebuli gamovlinebaa, „Sina“ socialuri jgufisa da individis saarsebo, mowesrigebuli sivrcea, romelic iseve upirispirdeba „gares“, rogorc kosmosi qaoss. „gares“ gaazrebaSi SenarCunebulia „qaosuri“ buneba da amitom Tu „Sina“ sakraluri da wmindaa, „gare“ SeiZleba uwminduri da mavne iyos. amitom am or samyaros Soris garduvali urTierToba garkveuli wesiT xorcieldeba, rac gamoixateba sagangebo ritualuri moqmedebiT. am ritualebSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba imitacias, ganwmendas da a. S., romelTa mizania ucxo niSanTa nivelireba, e. i. konfliqturi situaciis mospoba. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, TiToeuli am dapirispirebuli samyarodan sakuTari parametrebiTa da sapirispiro niSnebiT xasiaTdeba. qarTul miTosSi, saistorio mwerlobaSi, literaturaSi rwmena-warmodgenebSi, sameurneo yofaSi da a. S. darCenilia bevri rame, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs gavarkvioT am dapirispirebulobaTa realuroba da mniSvneloba warmodgenaTa struqturaSi. naSromis interesebidan gamomdinare, aucileblad migvaCnia amosaval faqtad iseTi magaliTis moyvana, romelic yovelmxriv dazRveuli iqneba Tanamedroveobis uSualo Tu sxvagvarad SesaZlebeli raime gavlenisagan. murvan yrus Semosevebis aRwerisas juanSeri ambobs: „xolo iqmna mas Jamsa garyunil queyana qarTlisa, somxiTisa da ranisa da arRara ipovebo- 207 dis naSenebi, arca Wamadi kacTa da pirutyvTa yovladve“4. am frazis analiziT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom „qveyana“ aris „naSenebi“, sadac ipoveba (unda ipovebodes) saarsebo saSualeba kacTa da pirutyvTaTvis, e. i. Sinauri cxovelisaTvis, radgan terminiT „pirutyvi“ qarTulSi mxolod es ukanasknelni aRiniSnebian. ufro vrcelia da am TvalsazrisiT mdidar masalas Seicavs daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis aRweriloba; „aresa Tana gazafxulisasa movidian Turqni da maTve pirvelTave saqmeTa iqmodian da zamTris warvidian. da ara iyo maT Sina Tesva da mka: mooxrda qveyana da tyed gardaiqca da nacvlad kacTa mxecni da nadirni velisani daemkvidres mas Sina“5. aq „qveyana“ imave mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari, rogoriTac juanSeris Txzulebis fragmentSi, e. i. igi kacTa samkvidreblad aris miCneuli, magram amave dros moxseniebulia „qveynis“ sapirispiro samyaro da misi mdgmurni - tye-veli da nadirni, mxecni, e. i. Zveli qarTuli mwignobruli Zeglebis mixedviT, erTmaneTis sapirispiro niSnebis mqone samyaroebia „qveyana“, romelSic kacni da pirutyvni damkvidrebuclan, da „tye-veli“ - mxecTa da nadirTa sauflo. aseTi wesi erTgvar kanons Seadgens qarTuli literaturisaTvis. „vefxistyaosnis“ 653 strofSi tarieli aRwers Tavisi gadakargvis, velad gaWris ambavs da ambob: „magra davyarne areni me kacrielTa TemTani; saxlad samyofad mimaCndes TxaTa da maT iremTani, gaviWer, srulad davtkebnen qve mindori da ze mTani“. avTandilis Sesaxeb naTqvamia: „mas mindorsa daemarTa, gza TvaliTa gamosaxa; Tvesa erTsa sulieri kaci arsad ar enaxa, mxecni iyvnen saSineli, magra ara SeuZaxa“ (194). analogiuri aRwerilobTa nimuSebi SeiZleba kidev mravlad vipovoT. rogorc daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosisa da juanSeris Txzulebebidan motanili fragmentebic metyveleben, savsebiT naTlad Cans, rom „qve mindori da ze mTani“ aris TxaTa da iremTa samefo da tarielma igi miiCnia saxlad mas mere, rac „kacrielTa Temebi“ miatova. avTandilsac, erT Tves ukacrielsa da udabno velze moxetiales, mxolod saSineli mxecebi xvdeba. SeiZleba gadawvetiT vTqvaT: istorikosebi da „vefxistya- 208 osnis“ avtori erTxmad miiCneven, rom „qveyana“ kacTa da pirutyvTa sadgomia, xolo tye-veli - nadirisa da mxecisa. „qveyana“ am SemTxvevaSi „Sinas“ Seesabameba, xolo tye-veli (qve mindori, ze mTani) - „gares“; Tu ufro gavavrcobT Cvens daskvnas, aq SeiZleba davinaxoT cnobili dapirispireba: „kultura - buneba“, romelic Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi kulturis erT-erT universialur gansazRvrebad da daxasiaTebad iTvleba. motanili masala warmogvidgens sapirispiro niSniT aRbeWdil samyaros, romelTa urTierTobis Teoriul mxares aRwers miTosi, xolo maT Soris praqtikuli urTierTobis regulireba xdeba ritualis saSualebiT. imisaTvis, rom ufro naTlad warmovidginoT xsenebul samyaroTa Soris SesaZlebeli kontaqtebi, unda detalurad gavecnoT im realursa Tu iracionalur Zalebs, romelTa moqmedebis asparezad miaCndaT „gare“ samyaro „Sinas“ mdgmurT. qarTvelTa warmodgeniT, mTebSi, xevebsa da tyeebSi, garda realurad arsebuli nadirisa, cxovroben borot ZalTa ganmasaxierebeli, zebunebrivi arsebebi, romelTagan yvelaze popularulni arian devebi * . qarTul literaturaSi devi pirvelad iakob xucesTanaa naxsenebi. maTi sacxovrebeli garemosa da sxva niSnebis sakmaod detalur aRweras gvaZlevs „vefxistyaosani“ ai, rogor aris warmosaxuli poemaSi devTa sacxovrebeli: „dRsiT vles da saRamo-Jam gamouCndes didni kldeni, kldeTa Sigan qvabi iyvnes, Zirsa wyali Canadeni, wylisa pirsa, ar iTqmoda, Sambi iyo Tu radeni, xe didroni, Tval-wvdomi, maRla kldemdis anayrdeni“. (219) „ese qvabnis ukacurni vpoven, devTa Seekafnes, Semovebi, amovwyvdien, yola veras ver mexafnes“. (654) xalxuri aRwerilobiT, devebi adamianebs hgvanan, tanad ufro didebi arian, balani asxiaT da terfebi ukan aqvT Sebrunebuli. xelobiT ZiriTadad mWedlobas etanebian, uyvarT Rame siaruli. maTi sacxovreblis Taobaze orgmari azri arsebobs: zogan devebs aqvT naSenebi soflebi, aCveneben maT dangreul nasaxlarebs. sxva miTiTebaTa Tanaxmad ki, isini * mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs aRm. saqarTvelos mTielTa miTosisa da gadmocemebis devebi da ara zRapruli devebi, romelebic sruliad gansxvavebuli, demonuri samyaros warmonaqmni arian. 209 gamoqvabulebis, jurRmulebis, bneli xevebisa da wyalTa wiaRis mdgmurebad miiCnevian. ufskrulebSi isini sacxovrebelTan erTad marTaven saxe- losnoebs6 Cans, rom devebs wyali uyvarT da misken da ganZTsacavebs7. miiswrafian. erTi gadmocemis Tanaxmad, devis Svilebi, romlebic garkveuli viTarebis gamo adamianebTan izrdebodnen, sul wyalSi msxdaran, Cadiodnen da amodiodnen, pursac iqa Wamdnen. kopalasagan devnilma devma, raki wyali misi mSobliuri stiqia iyo, swored tbas Seafara Tavi. arsebobs gadmocema, sadac aRwerilia tbis fskerze gaSlili devebis sofeli8. rusTavelis mier aRwerili wyliani xevi, sadac devebi binadroben da ganZsac icaven, yvela niSniT uigivdeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa warmoldgenebs devTa Sesaxeb. am garegnul niSnebTan erTad, devebi sxva TvisebebiTac gaomirCevian, pirvel rigSi isini kaciWamiebi arian. epiTetad aqvT „pirmZoriani“. isini SesaniSnavad arian daxasiaTebulni leqsSi, romelic amiranis eposis fSaur variantSi Sedis: „...devebsa hqondaT qorwili, simRera amodioda... dedobilebis nacxobi qada kecebSi Sxioda, SahWames, Samaayenes, kacis Tav-fexi dioda; saRviniT Rvino mogvarTves, Sig gvel-bayayi wioda“9. igive suraTebi aqvs daxatuli vaJa-fSavelas Tavis nawarmoebSi, sadac devTa yofa aqvs warmodgenili10. gasaocrad emTxveva devebTan brZolis suraTebi „vefxistyaosansa“ da vaJas poeziaSi. safiqrebelia, rom orive avtors es motivebi erTidaimave wyaros gavleniT hqondaT Seqmnili. oriveni devebis brZolaSi kosmiur Zvrebs xedaven, rac usaTuod xalxuri SexedulebebiT aris inspirirebuli. „devTa yvirili, zaxili zecamdis aiweoda; maTisa laxtis cemiTa qveyana Sairyeoda;, mze daabneles mtveriTa, alvis Sto Seirxeoda“...(655) vaJasTan analogiuri suraTia aRwerili: „roca gamoCndis Rrubeli, wvimam daiwyis Sriali, devT laxti mauRerian da astexian Rriali“11. 210 orive frontidan Cans, rom devTa iaraRi arqauli, zRapruli laxtia, orive SemTxvevaSi maTi brZola kosmosur plans qmnis. xalxuri Semoqmedebis Tanaxmad, devebi friad avxorcni yofilan. maTi Zalmomreobis erT-erTi da umTavresi forma swored qalebze Zaladobaa. isini, rogorc mWedlobis xelovnebis mesaidumleni, liTonis iaraRs Weddnen jer kidev maSin, vidre am saqmes adamianebi daeuflebodnen; amiT sargeblobdnen da iaraRs xalxs mxolod mas mere miscemdnen, roca es ukanasknelni TavianT qalebs mihgvridnen12. devebi ar uarobdnen SemTxveviT RamiT gzadSemxvedr qalebTan kavSirs da aseTi urTierTobisagan bavSvebic uCndebodaT13. svanuri gadmocemebis Tanaxmad, devi dasdevs dals, romelic kiviliT gaurbis mas14. teqstebSi naxsenebia devebis deda, devebis da, e. i. safiqrebelia, rom devebis „sazogadoeba“ ekzogamuri yofiliyo, Tumca aseTi warmodgena srulebiT ar Seesabameba maTi samyaros saerTo daxasiaTebas. aseTi momentebi albaT adamianTa socialuri yofis gavleniT unda aixsnas. „qarTlis cxovrebaSi“ aRwerilia qarTvelTa urwmunoebis gamovlenis gansakuTrebiT mZafri suraTebi, roca jer kidev ar iyo Semosuli qristes sjuli. istorikosi xalxs devur codvebs, kacis Wamasa da sisxlis aRrevas abralebs da am gziT unda daxatos sazogadoebisa da kulturis sapirispiro viTareba, qaosi da aRreva, rac qristianisaTvis „urwmunos“ cnebaSi mTliandeba. amasve, oRond ufro detalurad imeorebs vaxuSti bagrationic15. safiqrebelia, rom xalxur gadmocemebSi Semonaxuli cnoba devTa avxorcobis Sesaxeb swored am Zveli warmodgenebis gamoZaxili iyos. es motivi friad arqauli warmomavlobisa Cans, SeiZleba iranuli religiidanac momdinareobdes, sadac devebi yovelgvari keTilis mimarT aqtiurad mebrZol borot Zalas ganasaxiereben. yuradRebas imsaxurebs is garemoeba, rom adreqristianobis xanaSi termini „devi“ ufro abstraqtuli mniSvnelobiT ixmareba da saerTod „urwmunos“ aRniSnavs. SuSaniki varsqenisaTvis gadasacem sityvaSi ambobs „...mamaman Senman wmindani Semoixuna saxid Tvisa, xolo Sen devni Semoixuen“. aq devi WeSmariti sarwmunoebis sawinaaRmdego movlenaa, rac kargad mowmdeba am teqstis gagrZelebaSi „RmerTi WeSmaritisa“ da „cecxlis“ dapirispirebiT16. „devis“ araqristianuli mniSvneloba naTlad gamosWvivis xevsurul teqstebSi Semonaxuli gamoTqmidan „dev-kerpni“17. aq SeiZleba mogveCve- 211 nos, TiTqos „devi“ da „kerpi“ erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel mniSvneloba atareben (rogorc „xar-kameCi“, an „dRe-Rame“). arsebobs devebis nadgomis aRmniSvneli sxva terminic, - „sakerpo“, riTac TiTqos eWvgareSe dgeba „devisa“ da „kerpis“ igiveoba. miuxedavad amisa aq albaT ufro ori cnebis erT kategoriaSi moqceva igulisxmeba, vidre zusti igiveoba (iseve rogorc „xar-kameCi“ mTlianad gamwev saqonels aRniSnavs, xolo „dReRame“ samzeosa da sabnelos e. i. dros). maTi erT kategoriaSi gaerTianeba isev „devisa“ rogorc urwmunos mniSvnelobidan momdinareobs. Zvel qarTulSi „kerpi“ devisagan sruliad damoukideblad ixmareba, rogorc winaqristianuli, an araqristianuli RvTaebis qandakeba, misi nivTieri gamosaxuleba. kerpi ewodeba armazs, zadens da sxvaTa. andria pirvelwodebulis mogzaurobis aRweraSi naTqvamia, rom „...daivana adgilsa erTsa, sada iyo taZari sakerpo, romelsa aw Zveli eklesia ewodebis... xolo iyo qalaqsa mas Sina bomoni sakerpo, romelsa Sina imsaxurebodes bilwni RmerTni maTni artemi da apolon“18. kerpebi yovelTvis imsxvrevian qristes ZaliT qristian moRvaweTa mier. aseTi suraTebi mravlad aris aRwerili wyaroebSi. magaliTad, agaTangelosi, iseve rogorc ze- moxsenebuli qarTuli teqsti, aRwers wminda grigolis mier Zveli taZrebis Semusvras, sadac idga kerpebi da bomonebi: „amisaTvis warvides netarisa grigolisa Tana da gare moudges da moicvnes taZarni igi kerpisani da bomonni daaqcines“19. rogorc vxedavT, aq, gansxvavebiT xevsurTa sityvierebidan, erTad ixsenieba kerpi da bomoni, magram, cxadia, isini gaigivebuli arian. „devisa“ da „kerpis“ erT wyvilSi gaerTianeba adreqrisianobis xanaSi unda momxdariyo, roca praqtikulad kidev arsebobda warmarTuli RvTaebebis gamosaxulebebi, kerpebi, romlebic, mogvianebiT TavianTi mniSvnelobiT sibilwisa da urwmunoebis eqvivalents, devs, dauaxlovdnen. devTa damaxasiaTebeli niSania Zlieri xma, Rriali, rogorc maTi aqtivobis gamoxatvTis saSualeba. „vefxistyaosnisa“ da vaJa-fSavelas leqsis nawyvetidan Cans, rom devTa Rriali cas swvdeba, maTi xmauri kosmosur ZvrebTan aris gaigivebuli. amiranis eposis zog variantSi gmirebi devebs swored TavianTi saswaulebrivad Zlieri xmiT aSineben20. cxadia, devTa Semmusvreli miTosuri personaJebisaTvis am Tvisebis miwera ganapiroba am specifiur, devur niSanSi gmirisaTvis upiratesobis mi- 212 niWebisadmi miswrafebam. devTa aseTi Tvisebebi mazdeanTa sjulis wignebSia aRwerili da Cvens miTossa da folklorSi aqedan aris Semosuli. yovelive zemoTqmulidan SeiZleba CamovayaliboT devTa Tvisebebi: isini mxolod siluetiT hgvanan adamianebs, arian tanad didni, balniT mosilni, saxiT maxinjni, SeiZleba hqondeT rqa, terfebi usaTuod ukan aqvT miqceuli; gamoirCevian avxorcobiT, albaT, ara aqvT ekzogamia; ganageben miwis siRrmeebis ganZs, liTons, floben mWedlobis xelovnebas; cxovroben wyalTa siRrmeebsa da bnel xevebSi, gamodian Rame, Wamen kacis xorcs. miTosis matarebeli mosaxleoba fuZndeba xvTisSvilTa mier devebis mospobis Semdeg. kopala - iaxsaris miTosSi Semonaxul devTa cxovrebis wesebsa da maTTan brZolebis aRwerebSi imdenad realuri suraTebia daxatuli, rom saTanado analizis Semdgom T. oCiaurma am scenebSi dainaxa aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis am regionis Tanamedrove mosaxleobis winaprebisa da maTze adre aq damkvidrebul tomebs Soris brZolis anarekli21. es saintereso debuleba dafuZnebulia miTosSi Semonaxuli masalis istoriuli aspeqtebis analizze. igi kidev ufro myar safuZvelze ayenebs sivrcobrivi warmodgenebis Seswavlas, radgan mowinaaRmdege gaigivebulia borot ZalasTan da „gare“ samyaros binadrad cxaddeba. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom boroti Zalebi xalxur warmodgenebSi ara mxolod devis saxiT aris warmodgenili, masTan erTad cnobilia sxvadasxva saxis avsulebi, tyis qalebi da kacebi, „Winkebi“, „maqciebi“, „qajebi“ da a. S., romlebic devebTan erTad borotis Sesaxeb arsebul ganzogadebul warmodgenebSi arian CarTulni da isinic „gare“ samyaros binadrebad iTvlebian. TiToeul maTgans aqvs gansakuTrebuli, individualuri niSnebi, rac borot Zalebis Sesaxeb arsebuli, adgilobrivi, diferencirebuli warmodgenebis anareklia, magram radgan es Sexedulebebi sivrcobrivi TvalsazrisiT axals arafers gvaZleven, amitom maTi ganxilva amJamad savaldebulod ar migvaCnia. sayuradReboa is garemoebac, rom miTosSi zedmiwevniT zustad aris gansazRvruli adgili, sadac SeiZleba adamiani Sexvdes devs; mtkiced isazRvreba rogorc SesaZlebeli kontaqtebis areali, aseve am kontaqtebis garduvaloba. amisaTvis sakmarisia adamiani daSordes kacTa sacxovre- 213 bels, radgan devi sofelSi ar Semodis * . maT xvdebian wisqvilSi RamisTevisas, dakarguli saqonlis Zebnisas, nadirobisas, saqonlis mwyemsvisas. aseT Sexvedrebisas devi qalebs auxlovdeba da am ukanasknelT misgan Svilebic uCndebaT22. e. i. yovel nebisimer SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia, „Sina“-dan „gare“ samyaroSi gasvla, rac miTosSi konfliqturi situaciis Seqmnis ZiriTad pirobas warmoadgens. aseTi situacia ZiriTadad ori tipiT aris gamoxatuli: 1) adamianTa brZolebiT devebTan, amisaTvis adamianebi usaTuod gadian „gare“ samyaroSi, Tundac sanadirod wasvlis motiviT. amitom miTosi xSirad iwyeba sanadirod wasvliT, raTa Seiqmnas movlenaTa Semdgomi dinebisaTvis saWiro konfliqti. es konfliqti ki gamoxatulia devebTan brZoliT, an nadirT mfarvel qalRvTaebasTan SexvedriT, rac ganapirobebs gmirTa saswaulebriv dabadebas. magaliTad, versiebi, amirans monadirisa da RvTaeba dalis Svilad warmogvidgenen. am SemTxvevaSic maTi Sexvedra „gare“ samyaroSi, momavali mamis sanadirod yofnisas xdeba23. „gare“ samyaroSi RvTaebasTan Sexvedra tipiuri siuJetia msoflios mravali xalxis miTologiaSi. es epizodi damowmebulia wyaroebSic: mag., herodotes erT-erTi versiis Tanaxmad, skviTTa winapari Cndeba heraklesa da gamoqvabulSi mcxovrebi RvTaebis naxevrad gvelis, naxevrad qalis sasiyvarulo kavSiris Sedegad. herakle gamoqvabulSi moxvdeba dakarguli cxenebis Zebnisas24. 2) mudmivi ganaxlebis, sikvdilisa da mkvdreTiT aRdgenis siuJetebiT, roca gmirebi an RvTaebebi Cadian qvesknelSi, midian qajeTSi da a. S. qalisa da ganZis, an saqonldis gamosaxsnelad. aqac „Sina“-dan gare samyaroSi gasvlisa da ukan dabrunebis motivis meSveobiT gamoixateba pirvelqmnilis arsi, romelic miTosur droSi xdeba da simbolurad xsnis bunebis kvdomisa da aRorZinebis maradiul process, maT uwyvet monacvleobas. aseTi miTologiuri warmodgenebi safuZvlad daedo Zvel agrarul religiebs, sadac warmodgenaTa * aris aRwerili SemTxvevebi, roca esa Tu is piri garkveuli magiuri xerxiT imorCilebs devs da saxlSi imsaxurebs, Tumca sabolood devi mainc axerxebs gaqcevas. aseve, Tanaxmad erTi gadmocemisa, devi saxlis karamde misdevs da banze uvardeba mosisxles. pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs parcialuri magiis garTulebul formasTan, romelic gamoiyeneba Winkis, qajis, eSmakis, devis da a. S. Sesapyrobad, magram ar aris tipiuri devTan dakavSirebuli, qarTuli miTosuri warmodgenebisaTvis; meore SemTxvevaSi (ix. T. oCiauri, dasax. naSr. gv. 174). „Sinad“, sadac devs Sesvla ar SeuZlia, unda ganvixiloT saxli da ara mTeli sofeli. 214 ideuri arsi gansazRvrulia bunebis ganaxlebis mudmivobiT, xolo ritualuri moqmedebiT xdeboda adamianTa, morwmuneTa yovelwliuri ziareba pirvelsaidumlosTan. aqciis mizani ki iyo ganmeorebis saSualebiT socialuri jgufis wevrTa moqceva sakralur droSi da amiT bunebis cxovelmyofel ZalTa aqtiurobisaTvis xelis Sewyoba praqtikuli drois axal ciklSi. amdenad SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom devi da devTa sacxovrebeli sivrce simbolurad gvixasiaTebs adamianTa sazogadoebis samyofels, „Sinas“ garemomcvel samyaros, romelic winaaRmdegobebiT, moulodnelobiTa da xifaTiTaa aRsavse. „Sinadan“ „gareSi“ gasvla qaosSi kulturis infiltraciis procesad unda warmovidginoT, xolo gmirebi, kulturis gamtanni da adamianTa yofis damdgenelni, kulturis agentebad gvevlinebian iseT viTarebaSi, sadac jer sazogadoebas fexia ar moukidebia. rogorc Semdgomi msjeloba dagvanaxvebs, es idea universialuri mniSvnelobisa aris da misi realizacia sxvadasxva istoriul epoqaSi aRebuli momentisaTvis xelmisawvdomi saSualebebiT xdeboda * . Zalauneburad, miTologiuri motivebis analizisas ismis kiTxva maTi istoriuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. ra droidan aris sagulisxmebeli sxvadasxva niSniT aRbeWdil samyaroTa konfliqturi kontaqtebis gaazreba iseTi saxiT, rogorc es „garesa“ da „Sinas“ zemoT aRniSnul suraTSia gamoxatuli? unda vifiqroT, rom sivrcis „Sina“ da „gare“ samyaroebad dnawevreba uZveles dros, kerZod im xanebSi unda momxdariyo, rom socialurma jgufma Tavisis sameuneo teritoria daimkvidra. eTnografiul mecnierebaSi cnobilia, Tu ra gulmodgine;d icavdnen calkeuli jnufebi TavianT saarsebo sivrces da ra urTierToba hqondlaT „ucxosTan“ - sxva jgufebis warmomadgenlebTan. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi es urTierTobani mudmivi mesisxleobiTa da droebiTi samSvidobo kavSirebiT gamoixateboda. aq ukve SeiZleboda socialur jgufs sakuTari teritoria „Sinad“ CaeTvala * struqturuli TvalsazrisiT igive viTareba meordeba mogzauri raindebis TavgadasavlebSi, roca isini qristes saxeliT iwyeben Sor qveynebSi sagmiro saqmeebisa da faTerakebis Zebnas. qristianuli centridan („Sina samyaro“) gasuli raindi aris am sarwmunoebis agenti, romelic velur, warmarTul, „uwmindur“ garemoSi („gare samyaro“) sagmiro saqmeebiT amkvidrebs da adidebs qristes sjuls. 215 sapirispirod mTeli danarCeni samyarosi, romelic misTvis ucxo da Sesabamisad saxifaToc unda yofiliyo. cxadia, SedarebiT axlo wrasulSi Seswavlili eTnikur jgufebis kultura principuladaa daSorebuli aseT istoriul siRrmeebs, magram ZiriTadi da uZvelesi socialuri moenapovrebis, maT Soris egzogamiisa da masTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis arsi da istoriuli perspeqtiuloba, SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs davuSvaT, rom „Sinas“ da „gares“ gaazreba, rogorc am viTarebis praqtikuli Sedegi, aseve Zveli unda iyos. am mosazrebas mxars uWers totemur warmodgenaTa sistema da misi socialuri struqtura * . Sesabamisad qarTvelTa winaprebisaTvis „garesa“ da borotis uZvelesi gansaxiereba ar SeiZleba yofiliyo devi, radgan igi qarTul miTosSi garkveuli kulturul-istoriuli kontaqtebis Sedegad Cndeba. am miTosurma saxem bevri ram SeiTvisa adgilobrivi warmodgenebidan, romelTa nakvalevi mkrTalad Semoinaxa arqeologiurma masalam. brinjaosa da rkinis xanis siuJeturi mxatvroba ar gvaZlevs saSualebas davuSvaT am xanebisaTvis devTa Sesaxeb iseTi warmodgenebis arseboba, rogoric qarTuli miTosis Tanamedrove donezea aRwerili. aq ara Tu devebis gamosaxulebas ar vxvdebiT, aramed ukiduresad iSviaTia realur models principulad daSorebuli scenebi. es viTareba SeiZleba ganvazogadoT da davaskvnaT, rom rac ufro Rrmad SevdivarT kulturis wiaRSi, miT ufro naklebia fantastika. es ar gamoricxavs iracionaluri da irrealu- ri Sexedulebebis arsebobas, magram bunebasTan ufro axlo mdgomi formiT warmogvidgens maT. fantasturi zoo Tu anTropomorfuli gamosaxulebebi kavkasiis brinjaos kulturaSi ar aris gabatonebuli. gamosaxulebaTa ararealuroba, ZiriTadad gadmocemulia figuraTa stilizaciisa da arayofisimeri situaciebis gamosaxvis gziT, rac principulad ganasxvavebs am epoqis masalas Suasaukuneebis qristianuli werilobiTi, mxatvrobisa Tu zepirsitybvierebis Zeglebisagan, sadac fantastikuri da saswaulebrivi gansakuTrebul simaRlezea ayvanili. es viTareba TavisTavad gamoricxavs devTa Sesaxeb warmodgenebis fantastikur gamovlenas, * mogvianebiT, albaT am warmodgenebis safuZvelze Seiqmna samSoblos „siwmindis“, misdami amaRlebuli siyvarulisa da samsaxuris maRalw;zneobriobis idea, rac sabolood patriotizmis saxiT Camoyalibda. meore mxriv warmodgenebi sxvaTa samSoblos, gansakuTrebiT mtrulad ganwyobili qveynebis, uwmindurobasa da siZulvilze igive viTarebis sapirispiro gaazrebazea aRmocenebuli. 216 magaliTad, rkina-brinjaos epoqisaTvis da bunebrivia, rom am xanebSi aseTi gamosaxulebebi arc aris damowmebuli. „devi“ rogorc iranuli warmomavlobis termini da iqauri ideologiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlena, qarTul miTosSi SeiZleboda SemoWriliyo iranis saxelmwifos warmoSobisa da kavkasiis xalxebis masTan kontaqtSi Sesvlis Semdgom, magram qarTul da kavkasiur miTosSi am saxem mxolod garkveuli gadamuSavebis Semdgom moikida fexi. yovel SemTxvevaSi cxadia, rom qarTvelTa warmodgenebi devTa Sesaxeb am ukanasknelT ar gviCveneben iseTi ganzogadebul, zneobriv mankierebaTa saxiT, rogorc es avestasaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. aqedan SeiZleba ramdenime daskvna gamovitanoT: 1) qarTvelTa winaprebis miTologiuri palitra ramdenime niSniT gansxvavdeba Suasaukuneebis qarTuli miTologiuri warmodgenebisagan. masSi ar Cans iseTi mniSvnelovani momenti, rogoricaa RvTaebaTa brZola devTa winaaRmdeg. SedarebiT dabalia fantasturobis saerTo koeficienti; 2) aseve ar aris cnobili wylis gamgebeli urCxulebi, gvel-veSapebi da a. S. romelTa winaaRmdeg ibrZvian miTosuri gmirebi da RvTaebebi; 3) masSi metia simbolika, vidre fantastika, riTac aRniSnuli miTosi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba momdevno xanis Sesabamisi warmodgenebisagan; 4) brinjaos xanis mxatvrul Zeglebze ar Cans qveynierebis Semqnis iseTi motivebi, rogoric damowmebulia aRmosavlur qarTul miTosSi; 5) rogorc qarTuli, ise kavkasiuri miTosis uZvelesi fenebi dakavSirebulia liTonis dauflebis procesTan da ara Rrmad arqaul totemistur, Tu sxva rigis religiur warmodgenebTan, Tumca aseTi warmodgenebis nakvalevi mravalad SeiZleba damowmdes masSi. miTosidan Cans, rom liTonis daufleba aris is masStaburi, farTosazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis movlena, romelic eTnosis mexsierebis, eTnokulturuli TviTSegnebis yvelaze dabali Sreebis istoriul fons qmnis (SeiZleba gavixsenoT yabardoelTa miTosur mWedlebi, debeCi da TlefSi, amiranis xmlis wrToba, xaxmatis wm. giorgis mier qajveTidan grdemlis gamotaceba, devTa mWedloba da a. S.). es viTareba gapirobebulia liTonis aTvisebis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobiT, rasac Sedegad mohyva udidesi praqtikuli Zvrebi. am ukanasknelis gavleniT moxda mTeli winare religiur-miTologiuri warmodgenebis principuli gardaqmna, rac gamoixata axali miTosuri donis warmoqmniT. qarTul da kavkasiur miTosSi pirvelqmnisa da socialur damkvidrebis arss swored es fena udevs sa- 217 fuZvlad da yovelive amas kosmosuri masStabi aqvs miniWebuli. igive viTareba mowmdeba Zveli msoflios maRalkulturuli xalxebis miTologiaSi. 6) qarTuli miTosi ar aris Caketili sistema. uukanaskneli saukuneebis manZilze igi Seivso da gardaiqmna Sinagani kulturul-socialuri Zvrebis Sesabamisad, rac migvaniSnebs, rom misi formirebis e. i. zepiri moqmedebis, improvizaciis procesi grZeldeboda SedarebiT axlo warsulamde; 7) miTosis desakralizacia da profanacia saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad gamoixata misi zRaparTan daaxloebis formiT. TiToeuli es sakiTxi damoukidebel monografiul gnamokvlevas saWiroebs, rac saSualebas mogvcems ufro TvalsaCinod davinaxoT qarTuli miTosis Sinagani dinamika. „gare“ samyaros daxasiaTebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT sayura;dRebod migvaCnia samegreloSi gavrcelebuli warmodgenebi „galeniSi orTas“ Sesaxeb (galeniSi-gareSe, veluri), romelic i. qobalias nadirTamfarvelad miaCnia. misadmi miZRvnili rituali saidumlod tardeboda. igi ar iyo dakavSirebuli romelime kalendarul dResaswaulTan da misi Sesruleba yovelTvis SeiZleboda saWiroebisas. locva mimdinareobda saqondlis sadgomSi gaSlili sufris win, romelzedac ido Semwvari Txa, rZiTa da fqviliT damzadebuli produqtebi, Rvino. locvas atarebda muxlze mdgomi, qudmoxdili ojaxis ufrosi, romelsac mohqonda wyali da xels abaninebda uxilav stumrebs,. micvalebulTa sulebs, Tan sufrasTan iwvevda, daCoqili usxamda Rvinos da ambobda: „galeniSi orTa, didebulo, saxelovano, Cems saqonelze mowyaleba gaiRe da gamimravle, mouxarSav-Seumwvaris mWamels kbilebi Seukari“25. daaxloebiT aseTsave aRwerilobas iZleva s. makalaTiac. misi monacemebiT es ritual saqonlis avadmyofobisagan dacvis mizniT imarTveboda; aseve mimarTavdnen mas micvalebulis cxenisa da xarebis dacvisaTvis26. iv. javaxiSvili, qobalias masalaze dayrdnobiT, „gSaleniSi orTas“ nadirT batonad miiCnevs da sagangebo yuradRebas aqcevs wesis Sesrulebisadmi gansakuTrebul damokidebulebas27. es sakiTxi Seiswavla da uaRresad saWiro masala daamowma m. makalaTiam, romelmac gamoavlina, rom „galeniSis“ umarTavdnen rogorc melogine qalebs (mSobiarobidan erTi Tvis Tavze) da avadmyof bavSvebs, ise axlad xbomogebul Zroxasac. saqonelze micvalebulis zemoqmedebis faqtebi mas xevsureTSiac aqvs dadasturebuli. m. makalaTias gansakuTrebiT sayucradRebod moeCvena micvalebulTa sulebisa da nadirTmfarvelis 218 funqciebis daaxloeba da es sakiTxi sagangebod dauzustebia velze muSaobisa. gairkva, rom mTxrobelTa azriT „galeniSi“ micvalebuls ewodeba da amdenad mas SeuZlia nadirisagan daicvas saqoneli. igi askvnis: „rogorc motanili masala gviCvenebs, micvalebulTa sulebi (galeniSi) TiTqmis adamianisa da saqondlis mfarveli RvTaebis donemde arian ayvanilni... xalxSi gavrcelebuli rwmeniT micvalebulebs SeswevT Zala daicvan saqoneli gareuli nadirisagan (TavisTavad es metad saintereso faqtia) da isini yovlisSemZleni Canan“28. igive viTareba, garkveuli niuansuri gansxvavebiT, damowmebuli aqvs n. abakeliasac. arsebuli literaturisa da savele masalis safuZvelze igi askvnis: „galeniSi orTas loculoben 1. saqonlis dabadebidan erTi kviris Semdeg, an maSin, roca icodnen saqonlisaTvis locva. 2. adamianis avadmyofobis dros. 3. xatze gadacemuli ojaxis amowyvetisas. gadamcemi locvas Caatarebda, raTa wyevla mas ar mihbruneboda, e. i. atarebda gansawmend locvas, rasac unda daeSoSminebina avismomtan ZalTa moqmedeba. 4. micvalebulisaTvis igi „galen Suri“, micvalebulis sulia, rac, Tanaxmad xalxis warmodgenisa, garesamyaroSi binadrobs. 5. „galeniSi“ ojaxebidan gasuli, gared dasxlebuli Svilebis salocavia. 6. „galeniS tabakis“ dadgma icodnen im ojaxebSi sadac micvalebuli iyo da im dros bavSvi daibadeboda29. es saintereso masala n. abakeliam „Jini anTaris“ paralelurad ganixila, Seiswavla „zena“, „qve“ da „gare“ samyarosTan dakavSirebuli rwmenebi da aRwera am samyaroTa ganmgebeli Zalebis ritualebi. dakvirvebebi miT ufro sainteresod mogveCveneba, Tu movigonebT svanur lifanals, micvalebulTa sagangebo dResaswauls, sadac TiTqmis zustad meordeba „galeniSi orTas“ ritualuri sufra da wesi29a. es msgavseba uaRresad saintereso kvlevis obieqtebs Seicavs. zemovT motanili masalis safuZvelze SeiZdleba davaskvnaT, rom „gare“ warmoadgens nadiris mbrZaneblis sauflos. am RvTaebas SeuZlia saqonlis dacva mtaceblebisagan. „gares“ moekiTxeba avadmyofobis Seyra da misgan ganTavisufleba; „gare“ samyaroSi binadroben micvalebulis sulebi, igia damsjeli Zala, aseve gareT dasaxlebul SvilTa mfarveli. Znelia iTqvas, yovelive es Tavidanve erT RvTaebas moekiTxeboda, Tu TiToeuli kerZo momneti damoukidebeli kultiT iyo gamoxatuli arqaul mravalRvTaebian sistemaSi. am 219 kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema eTnografiul masalaze dayrdnobiT Wirs, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom n. abakelias damowmebuli aqvs tendencia, romlis Sesabamisad, erT sivrcobriv sartyelTan dakavSirebuli rwmenebi amJRavneben ufro farTo moculobis, mTlian kultad formirebis midrekilebas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom megruli zepirsityvierebis Tanaxmad, „gare“ samyaro, iseve rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, dasaxlebulia zemoT ukve naxsenebi zebunebrivi arsebebiT, ris gamoc misi semantikuri niSnebi savsebiT emTxveva saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis analogiur monacemebs. aqauri specifika „galeniSi orTasa“ da „galen Suris“ uaRresad saintereso samsaxuriTa da rwmeniT gamoixateba. zemoTmotanili masala da specialistTa kvlevis Sedegebi Cveni msjelobisaTvis gansakuTrebiT imiT aris sayuradRebo, rom maT Tanaxmad dasturdeba suleTisa da nadirTa samyaros, anu „gares“ sruli damTxveva rogorc sivrciTi koordinatebiT, ise semantikuri aspeqtebiT. es rwmena Zlier arqauli warmomavlobisa unda iyos, radgan micvalebulTa samyaros horzontalur sivrceSi mdebared miiCnevdnen axlo aRmosavleTis Zveli xalxebi, aseve gvarovnili wyobilebis doneze mdgomi xalxebi avstraliis, afrikis, amerikis kontinentebze. samyaros vertikaluri RerZis boloze „suleTis qveyanam“ SedarebiT gvian gadainacvla30. „gare“ samyaroSi sulTa moqceva mas micvalebulTa qveyanas amsgavsebs. zemoTaRniSnuli iyo „gare samyaros“ is niSnebi, romliTac igi upirispirdeba socialur garemos. aqedan gamomdinare arasocialuroba, TiTqos suleTzec unda gavrceldes, magram es ase ar aris. rogorc eTnografiuli masala, ise saTnado samecniero gamokvlevebi naTlad gviCveneben, rom suleTi mkacrad iyo socializebuli. yvela micvalebuls iq xvdeboda TavisianTa, naTesavTa jgufi, romelSic igi unda dabinavebuliyo31. suleTi samzeos anareklia, organizaciaa, oRond sxva sivrciT sartyelSi, sadac adamianis suli unda damkvidrdes. amitom misi socialuri struqtura uaRresad sainteresoa. suleTis agebulebis Sesaxeb xalxSi mravalferovani warmodgenebia Semonaxuli, sadac sartyelTa uZveles horizonatuluri ganlagebis gverdiT TvalnaTliv Cans ufro gviandeli Sexedulebebi, aseve mazdeanobisa da qristianobis kvali. uZvelesi Sre am warmodgenebisa, romelic adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturebidan ikidebs fexs, gansakuTrebiT naTlad SemorCa miTosSi. aq sikvdili aRorZinebis winamorbe- 220 dia da masTan erTad qmnis mobilur sistemas, romelic simbolurad aris asaxuli rogorc miTosSi, ise ritualSi. am SexedulebaTa Tanaxmad RvTaeba, an gmiri, periodulad iRupeba (ozirisi, adonisi), ikargeba (telepinusi), mijaWvulni arian, Tu sZinavT, an Soreul qveynebSi mogzauroben da maT gaRviZebas, dabrunebas Tu jaWvisagan ganTavisuflebas, plutarqes sityviT rom vTqvaT, xalxi dionisuri dResaswaulebiT egebeba32. es siuJeti SesaniSnavadaa daculi herakles skviTur TavgadasavalSi, roca igi gerionesis xarebs mierekeba da yinvian zamTars lomis tyavSi gaxveuli, mZinare atarebs33. es motivi gansakuTrebiT popularuli gaxda sagmiro eposSi, sadac religiur-miTologiuri struqtura mTlianad gmiris Tavgadasavlis aRwerisaTvisaaa daqvemdebarebuli. aq gmiri periodulad udabnoSi ikargeba, e. i. „Sinidan“ „gare“ samyaroSi gadis, an tyve qalis gamosaxsnelad qveynierebis sartyelTa gammijvnel zRvars gadalaxavs. zogjer mas urCxuli ylapavs da a. S. es uZvelesi religiur-miTologiuri motivi aris realizebuli „vefxistyaorsanSi“ dakarguli nestanis saZebnelad tarielis velad gaWris siuJetiT. oriveni droebiT arasocialur garemosa da miTosur, ciklur droSi eqcevian, magram sabolood ubrundebian adamianTa sadgurs. tarieli amasTanave Semosilia vefxis tyaviT, uZvelesi simboluri, sakraluri mniSvnelobis samoseliT, romelis semantikas nayofierebis dedebis, miwis, xaliCis, qveda samyarosa da Sesabamisad xTonuri Zalebis sferoSi SevyavarT. SeiZleba movigonoT, rom egviptelebi agrarul RvTaeba oziriss, romelic micvalebulTa meufedac iTvleboda, dasavleTSi anu libiis ukacriel udabnoSi mcxovrebs eZaxdnen. devebis balniani sxeuli da „gare Tma“ tyavis samoseli saerTo semantikuri garemodan momdinareobs da erTmaneTis adeqvatur niSnebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. balniT Semosiloba „gares“ macxovrebelTa, veluris niSnadaa miCneuli. gilgameSis eposSi aRwerilia enkidus garegnoba, vidre igi velad darbis nadirTan erTad: „warmoSobili SuaRamisagan, ninuraTas meomari, bewviTaa dafaruli misi tani, qaliviT atarebs Tmebs, kululebi aqvs, rogorc jejili; arc xalxi, arc sofeli ar icis man. gazelebTan erTad Zovs balaxs, mxecebTan erTad wyalze miiCqaris“. ase „gareulad“ darCa igi, vidre meZavi qalis sxeuliT ar aziares „Sinas“, kacTa samyaros, qalaqs34. aRsaniSnavia, rom tarielis vefxis tyavis samoseli Cndeba nestanis dakargvis Semdeg, glovisa da velad xetialis periodSi. igi 221 uZvelesi xanidan trauris niSngad yofila miCneuli. enkidus sikvdilis Semdgom lomis tyaviT imoseba da udabnoSi garbis gilgameSi, romlis mizania sikvdil-sicocxlis saidumlos axsna. isic tarielis msgavsad xocavs lomebs; glovis niSnad lomis tyaviT Semosili da mtvrT dafaruli warudgeba igi siduris, RmerTebis diasaxliss35. ai rogor aqvs aRwerili Tavisi xetiali gilgameSs: „...me didxans vixetiale, bevri qveyana moviare, yvela zRva gadavcure tkbili ZiliT ar damiamebia Tvali, vewame ganuwyveteli sifxizliT. Cemi sxeuli avavse naRveliT... vxocavdi daTvs, afTars, loms, jixvsa da vefxvs, iremsa da arCvs, vWamdi maT xorcs da tyaviT vifaravdi sxeuls“. ZaZasa da tyavebs igi gadayris glovis, velad xetialis dasrulebis Semdeg36. aq aRwerili viTareba mravali niSniT Camohgavs „vefxistyaosanSi“ tarielis velad gaWras. rogorc Cans, glovis aseTi forma da misi Sesabamisi motivebi uaRrsad tradiciulia aRmosavleTisaTvis. eWvgareSea, rom socialuri samyarodan gasvla an izolireba adamianTagan, rogorc es aqilevsis glovis SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs, kosmosuri trauris, sikvdilis simboloa da CvenTvis amJamad saintereso „gare“ samyaros saucxoo damaxasiaTeblad gvevlineba. amave dros igi SesaniSnavad xsnis samegreloSi damowmebul rwmenebs „galeniSi orTasa“ da „galen-Suris“ Sesaxeb. glovisas ganmartoeba tipiuria qarTvelTa Sesabamis ritualebSi. vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT mgloviareni „...tirodian da sabnelosa sxdian m dRe, aRiparsian Tavni, wuer-ulvaSni. warbni, wamwamni da Caixdidian welamde samoselTa mamrni da mdedrni, icemdian, vidre sisxldinebisamde, ara sWamdian xorcsa da cxovelsa wlamde“37. trauris es uvelesi modeli plutarqesac aqvs damowmebuli: egvipteli qurumebi adgilobrivTa rwmeniT Tavs glovis gamo iparsavdnen38. bnelSi jdoma, Tma-wveris gaparsva da Wamis aRkveTa cocxal mgloviareTa yofas amgvanebda micvalebulebisas; es moqmedebebi micvalebulTa mdgomareobis imitaciis mizniT sruldeboda da amasTanave gardacvlilTa qveynis Sesaxeb arsebul garkveul warmodgenebs aireklavda, romelva erT-erTi niSania samgloviaro samoselis Savi feriT gamoxatuli sibnele, aseve Tmis moSoreba sxeulidan, - mcenareuli samyaros kvdomis eqvivalenturi simbolo. qarTvelTa warmodgeniT micvalebuls Tma-wveri dascviva, an „surieli (gveli) wasZovs“39. Tma-wveri aqvs dacvenili veSapis wiaRidan gamosul amiransac40. 222 aq veSapis mier Caylapva sikvdilis simboloa, xolo gmiris gamosvla veSapis gverdidan ki misi ganaxleba-aRdgomisa, rac ase tipiuria Zveli agraruli religiebisaTvis. yvelaferi es gaigivebulia mcenareuli samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebel procesebTan, foTolcvenasTan, balaxis daWknobasTan, kanis gayviTleasTan - mwvane bunebis kvdomis nebismier gamovlinebasTan. am arqaulma warmodgenebma uaRresad didi roli Seasrules qristianuli simbolikis gaformebisas da miuxedavad sruliad axleburi mrwamsisa, mainc SeinarCunes warmarTuli ferovneba. sakmarisia movixsenioT erTi SesaniSnavi pasaJi „SuSanikis martvilobidan“. sadac mowme varsqenis Zalmomreobas uCivis: „...man uJamod nayofni Cemni moisTulna... da yvavili Cemi daaWno“. mcenareTa perioduli kvdoma-aRorZinebis suraTis pirdapiri analogiiT, mkvdari miwis mwvane samoselisagan ganZarcvis msgavsad, sikvdilis saufloSi Sesul kacs „yvavili uWneba“. sikvdilis mosvlis aRsaniSnavad ar aris aucilebeli misi xseneba: amisaTvis sakmarisia misi Tundac erTi romelime niSnis gamoCena, „yvavilis daWnoba“ iqneba es, Tmawveris Tu nawnavis „waZovna“. motanili suraTi TiTqos literatorTa dakvirvebis obieqti ufroa, magram unda aRvniSnoT, rom maT safuZvlad udevs rwmena-warmodgenaTa mwyobri sistema, romelic garkveul periodSi SeimuSava sazogadoebam. aseT formirebaSi yovelTvis igulisxmeba aRdgenadi RvTaebis - gmiris sikvdilis wiaRSi Sesvla, romlis sauflo yovelTvis „gareT“, damoukidebeli struqturis mqone samyaroSia moqceuli. amitom unda vigulisxmoT, rom kvdoma-aRorZinebis ideis asaxvisas am movlenis aRmweri cnebebi specifiuri niSnebiTaa aRbeWdili, maTi semantika mravalmxrivi mniSvnelobiTaa datvirTuli, romlis erT-erT gamovlinebad sivrcobrivi aspeqtic unda miviCnioT. „gare samyaros“ Sesaxeb arsebuli warmodgenebi unda iyos asaxuli sivrcobriv dapirispirebaSi - „aq-iq“. „aq“ gulisxmobs „Sinas“, maSin rodesac „iq“ yovelTvis „garea“. am dapisripirebazea damyarebuli qarTuli zRaprebis formulad Camoyalibebuli boloTqma: „Wiri iqa, lxini aqa, qato iqa, fqvili aqa“, an agunasadmi mimarTuli locva; „Cems venaxSi yurZeniao, sxvis venaxSi furcelio“, sadac „Cemi“ da „sxvisi“ ise upirispirdeba „erTmaneTs“, rogorc „Sina“-„gares“ da mis kerZo aspeqts warmoadgens. am dapirispirebis safuZvelzea aRmocenebuli termini „saiqio“ - micvalebulTa samyaro. „iq“ 223 upirveles yovlisa aRniSnavs sxvagan, gareT yofnas da saiqios upirvelesi gagebac swored gareT yofnasTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli41. micvalebuli uwmindurad iyo miCneuli. aseTadve miaCndaT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielebs dedaTwesSi mdgomi qali, romelsac „gareT myofs“ uwodebdnen * (radgan samrevlo „gareT“ iTvleboda). „gare“ samyaros, anu periferiuli kosmosis semantikur igiveobas qveda samyarosTan skviTur xelovnebaSi adasturebs d. raevskic42. amdenad, motanili magaliTebi cxadyofen, rom qarTvelTa kosmogoniur da miTosur masalaSi areklilia rwmenebi, romelTa Tanaxmad „gare“ samyaro Tavisi semantikuri mniSvnelobiT uaxlovdeba „qvesknels“. es movlena tipiuri Cans Zveli xalxebis miTosisa da kosmogonisaTvis. Tanamedrove qarTul miTlogiaSi cnobil siuJetebsa da iseT Zeglebs Soris, rogoricaa yazbegis ganZi, brinjaos sartyelebis mxatvrobis zogierTi nimuSi da sxv. damowmebulia rigi motivebisa, romlebic uwyvetad moqmedebn xangrZlivi istoriuli drois manZilze da TavianTi semantikiT gansazRvraven mTeli miTosuri siuJetis tips, mis religiur-komogoniur da socialur aspeqtebs, romelTa realizacia garkveul sivrcobrpiv ganfenasTan aris dakavSirebuli. aseTTa Soris upirvelesad unda davasaxeloT nadirobis motivi qarTvelTa miTosSi, literaturasa da xelovnebaSi maTi arsebobis mTeli istoriis manZilze. daviwyoT imiT, rom nadiroba uaRresad popularulia qarTul xalxur zRaprebSi, romelTa umetesoba swored am epizodiT iwyeba da mTeli danarCeni moqmedeba misiTaa ganpirobebuli. SesaZloa mogveCvenos, rom qarTuli zRaprebi am mxriv aRmosavlur tradicias imeoreben, radgan nadiroba iqac analogiuri mniSvnelobiTaa datvirTuli. es ase ar aris, radgan nadirobis miToss uaRresad didi tradicia aqvs CvenSi da yovelTvis gansxvavdeba aRmosavluri versiebisagan. ukve aRvniSneT, rom amiranis eposi iwyeba monadirisa da dalis urTierTobiT, rasac amiranis dabadeba mohyveba. sanadirod wasuli amirani da misi Zmebi oqrosrqiani irmis devnisas pouloben ukaro koSks. sanadirod myofma farnavazmac irmis devnisas ipova ganZi43. nadirobis drosve xvdebian rostevani da avTandili velad gaWril „ucxo moymes“, e. i. nadirobis saSualebiT eqcevian isini tarielis samyaroSi. yvela xsenebul SemTxvevaSi sanadirod wasvla * cnoba mogvawoda istoriul mecnierebaTa doqtorma T. oCiaurma. 224 aris mizezi moqmedebis Semdgomi gaSlisaTvis, riTac iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom miTosi siuJetSi nadirobis epizodi sruliad garkveul, struqturul rols asrulebs. igi aucilebelia gmiris saTanado garemoSi mosaxvedrad, iseT garemoSi sadac SesaZloa faTerakebiT aRsavse Tavgadasavali gaiSalos. es Tavgadasavali Tavis droze mokvdavi da aRdgenadi gmiris (RvTaebis) miTosur gzas aRwerda da Rrma religiur-kosmogoniuri da ritualuri mniSvnelobiT iyo datvirTuli. axali drois teqstebSi ki gmiri midis sruliad Cveulebriv saqmeze, magaliTad, saqonlis saZebrad, wisqvilSi, tyeSi SeSaze da a. S. am ubralo, yofiT faqts mTxrobelebi sruliad araCveulebrivi, realuri samyarosaTvis ucxo, religiur-miTologiuri da kosmogoniuri sferosaTvis damaxasiaTebel movlenaTa mizezad warmosaxaven, radgan xsenebul moqmedebaTa SesrulebisaTvis adamiani usaTuod „gare“ samyaroSi unda gavides. yofiT, banalur movlenebTan gaigivebis gamo nadirobis epizods TiTqos daekarga gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mas Semdeg, rac „gare“ samyarosTan urTierTobam sagmiro Tavgadsavlis nawilis saxe miiRo. sakraluri da miTosuri gaazrebis gaqrobis Semdeg, ris bazaze xdeboda ori, sapirispiro niSniT aRbeWdil samyaroTa Sexebis xazze kontaqtis regulireba, roca semantikuri wiaRi daicala mniSvnelobisagan da sagmiro ambavTa galad iqca, kontaqtis dasasabuTeblad axali piroba Seiqmna saWiro. profanaciis gzaze Semdgari miTosi, ukve lamis gazRaprebuli ambavi, am problemas sruliad meqanikurad Wris: gmiri saWiro sartyelSi eqceva yofiTi aucileblobis gamo da yvelaferi, rac amas mosdevs, faTerakisa da saswaulis doneze ganixileba. am Tvalsazrisis sailustraciod uaRresad sayuradRebo, TiTqmis absurdamde dayvanil magaliTs iZleva amiranis dasavluri varianetebis erTi epizodi, kerZod amiranis yovelwliuri xelaxali mijaWvis mi- zezobrivi safuZveli44. miTosuri tradiciis amirani mijaWvulia da ibrZvis; yovel wels xelmeored Tu ar daeba maSin miTosi faqtad unda iqces, e. i. amiranma Tavi unda aiSvas da xalxSi gamovides. es SeuZlebelia. amisaTvis aucilebelia misi saswaulebrivi xelaxali mijaWva. mudmivi aRdgenisa da sikvdilis miTis cikluroba sarwmunoebrivi „Teoriidan“ ukve gamqralia; RvTaebis miZinebis Tu mijaWvis gaRviZeba-ganTavisuflebis dResaswaulebs, rogorc amas plutarqe aRwerda, xalxi dionisuri ze- 225 imiT aRar aRniSnavs. radgan ar arsebobs religiur-miTiuri axsna, saqme martivad wydeba - amiranis moryeul paloze boloqanqala jdeba da gabrazebuli demiurgi, adamianisaTvis cecxlis momtani, devTa amomwyveti da a. S. giganturi ZaliT dascems Cits uros da xelaxla miijaWvavs Tavs. Citi Tavis gziT mifrinavs, raTa erTi wlis Semdgom isev gamoecxados gmirs da isev daabmevinos sakuTari Tavi. motanili epizodis safuZvelze SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom amirans meti windaxeduloba Sehferis. magram es momenti ar afiqrebs xalxs, radgan misTvis mTavaria gmiri xelmeored daebas da cikli Seikras, radgan epizods araviTari semantikuri datvirTva aRar gaCnia, mniSvneloba aRar aqvs Tu rogor moxdeba es. zRapruli konfliqti miTosurisgan gansxvavebiT martivad wydeba. aq meqanikuri mizezi savsebiT damakmayofileblad cvlis semantikur garemos, iseve rogorc zRapari miToss45. Suasaukuneebisa da axli drois folklorSi semantikuri velis Sesustebam gamoiwvia wina planze sqemis gamotana. rogorc es zemoT motanil epizodSi gvaqvs, magram tradiciuli, miTosuri sqemis arseboba TvalnaTliv adasturebs Sesabamisi msoflmxedvTelobiTi da kosmogoniuri sistemis gadarCenis, Semonaxvis faqts. amitom miTosur Tu zRaprul siuJetebSi moqmedebis gaxsnis isev tradiciuli, miTosuri, magram desakralizebuli epizodebiT sargebloben. erT-erTi aseTi albaT yvelaze popularuli epizodia nadiroba, romlis mniSvneloba miTosisa da xelovnebis sxvadasxva saSualebiT SeiZleba Tvali gavadevnoT saukuneTa siRrmeSi. retrospeqtuli kvlevisaTvis saWiro masalas didi siuxviT gvawvdis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, romelTa saTanado TvalsazrisiT Seswavlam Seqmna SesaZlebloba gamovleniliyo miTosur-religiuri da kosmogoniur warmodgenaTa mravalplaniani aspeqtebi. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs kavkasiuri brinjaos sartyelebis mxatvroba (IX-VII ss. Zv. w.), romelSic nadirobis Temas gabatonebuli adgili uWiravs. maT gverdiT kidev SeiZleba davasaxeloT mravali Zegli, romelic CvenTvis saintereso rwmena-warmodgenis aRsawerad gamodgeboda, magram maTi ganxilva uaRresad did dros saWiroebs. Cveni mosazrebis naTelsayofad sruliad sakmarisia sartyelebis dekoris mimoxilva. 226 yvela mkvlevari erTxmad aRniSnavda, rom sartyelze nayofierebis RvTaebis amyaro da nayofierebis Zalebis moqmedebis asparezi unda gvqondes asaxuli. amasTanave gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen samyaros sxvadasxva elementTa erTobliobis asaxviT kosmosis simboluri suraTs gadmocemas. akad. S. amiranaSvili miiCnevda, rom „sartyelTa moWedilobis Seswavla Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT saw;Sualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT, rom moWedilobaze gamosaxulia sxvadasxva cxoveli, romlebic kosmosis samive nawilis damaxasiaTebelia: frinveli da astraluri niSnebi cas (zecas) asaxavs, iremi, Txa, xari - qveyanas, Tevzi, gveli - wyals (qvesknels)“. astraluri niSnebisa da cxovelTa moTavseba erT kompoziciaSi mas nayofierebis im qalRmerTis kultis asaxvis Sedegad miaCnia, romelic ganasaxierebda dedamiwas, „mdedrobiTi sqesobriv Zalas“ da iTvleboda RmerTebis dedad da nadirTa mfarvelad46. ukanasknel xanaSi sartylebi monografiulad Seiswavla m. xidaSelma. misi mosazrebiTac maTze gamosaxulia nayofierebis sampiorovnuli qalRvTaebis samyaro, romelic sam vertikalur sknels ganagebs da romlis inkarnaciaa sartyelebze gamoyvanili yvela cxoveli47. es mosazrebebi praqtikulad erTidaigivea, miuxedavad niuansuri gansxvavebisa CvenTvis amJamad sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom mkvlevarebi am scenebs kultTan dakavSirebulad miiCneven da miTosur siuJetebsac gamoyofen48. magram motanili kvalifikacia ar kmara masalis religiuri, miTologiuri da kosmogoniuri daxasiaTebisaTvis upirveles yovlisa imis gamo, rom religiuri warmodgenebi aq ufro diferencirebulia, vidre es nayofierebis dedis kultSi maTi gaerTianebiT SeiZleba gamoCndes. aseve cxadia, rom mamrobiTi kulti saTanadod Sefasebuli ar aris. xsenebuli siuJetebidan CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa Semdegi faqti: cxovelTa da nadirTa samyaro aqac iseve, rogorc zemoT motanil magaliTebSi, upirispirdeba socialurs, „Sinas“. aq gamosaxulia specialuri scenebi, romelic „Sina“ samyaroSi ar SeiZleba gaTamaSdes da mxolod „gares“ bunebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. marTalia, garebuneba qalurad aris miCneuli49 da am mosazrebas eTnografiuli monacemebic uWers mxars, magram aseTi gancxadeba marTebuli iqneba mxolod garkveuli klasifikaciis gaTvaliswinebiT. siuJeteSi monawile mamri monadireebi rig SemTxvevaSi faliuri nSnebiT arian warmodgenilni, rac aadvilebs 227 am scenebis deda-RvTaebasTan da mudmiv aRorZinebasTan dakavSirebas, magram gamoxatuli mamri monadireebi mkveTrad amJRavneben TavianT socialur bunebas. es gamoixateba upirveles yovlisa iaraRiT, sasmeliT, niRbebiT, ritualur moqmedebiT, cekviT da a. S., e. i. yvelferi imiT, rac kulturas Seadgens da sartylebis siuJetebSi mxolod mamrul personaJebTanaa dakavSirebuli. amas emateba scenebi mxedris, monadire-ZaRlisa da monadire frinvelis gamosaxulebaTa gamoCena, bataluri scenebi, etli da sxva, cxovelTa sauflos, velisa da tyis binadarTa garemos sruliad sapirispiro niSnebi, rac savsebiT naTlad migvaniSnebs, rom sartyelebis mxatvroba amJRavnebs mkveTr socialur tendenciebs. amdenad sartylebze gamosaxuli yovelive mamruli socialuri niSniTaa aRbeWdili da am niSniTaa gamijnuli mis garemomcvel „gare“ samyarosagan. maTi saxiT, sakulto nadirobiT, ritualuri moqmedebiT da a. S. gamoxatulia kulturis infiltracia bunebaSi, rogorc cda qaosis organizebisa. es garemoeba uaRresad konkretul daxasiaTebas aZlevs sartylebis mxatvrobas, romlis siuJetebSi asaxul miTosSi jer kidev metad aqtualuria „gare bunebis“ sakiTxebi; igi, gansxvavebiT bolomde socializebuli miTosisagan (mag., troas omi, oidiposi, argonavtebi da a. S.), ganekuTvneba iseT sazogadoebas, romlis ideologiaSi socialuri problematika jer ar gabatonebula sabolood e. i. igi jer kidev ar aris mkveTrad diferencirebuli, rasac socialuri Tematikis sruli gabatoneba unda gamoewvia. amasave miuTiTebs fantasturi motivebis simcire da cxovelTa da adamianTa gamosaxvisas ZiriTadad stilizaciiT Semofargvla. safiqrebelia, rom sartylebze kidev erT, amJamad CvenTvis saintereso moments vxvdebiT. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs a. kalandaZis mier samTavroze aRmoCenili sartyeli uaRresad saintereso SinaarsiT. cxovelTa, frinvelTa da monadireebis gverdiT vxedavT or ucnaur figuras. pirveli adamiania zoomorfuli niRbiT. misi saxe damkvirveblisakenaa mobrunebuli maSin, roca fexebi sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT aris miqceuli, iqve, mis gverdiT, meore msgavsi, iseve orfexa figuraa gamosaxuli, romlis rakursi ar gvaZlevs zustad Sefasebis saSualebas da mxolod igive varauds badebs, Tumca am ukanasknels, gansxvavebiT pirvelisagan, sruliad aSkarad cxovelis fexebi aqvs50. pirveli figura, cxovelis niRbiT Semosili adamiania da ukan terfebSeqceul arsebas ganasaxierebs. e. i. 228 SeiZleba davuSvaT mosazreba, rom Tanamedrove yofaSi fiqsirebuli Sexeduleba „gareT“, tyesa da Rrma xevebSi mcxovrebi terfebSeqceuli boroti arsebis Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli iyo Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyis xanebSi. aseTi faqtebis dadastureba TavisTavad niSnavs, rom mTeli sistema qveynierebis nawilTa Sesaxeb, zeskneli-skneli-qveskneli vertikalur WrilSi, xolo horizontalurad wina da ukana sknelebSi - ukve ganyenebuli saxiT iyo gaazrebuli am periodSi. TiToeuls am sartyelTagan Tavisi mobinadre hyavda, riTac misi specifikac iyo gamoxatuli. ukanaskneli, rogorc boroti da saSiSi samyaro, swored terfebSeqceuli avsulebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. rogorc Cans, es warmodgenebi uZvelesi xanebidanve farTod yofila gavrcelebuli CvenSi da ufro mogvianebiT dahkavSirebia iranuli samyarodan SemoWril „devs“. igive viTarebas unda mowmobdes sartylebis siuJetebSi gamosaxuli, faliuri niSnebiT aRbeWdili monadireebi. maTi sqesobrivi aqtiuroba upirveles yovlisa araekzogamur garemos gulisxmolbs. e. i. garemo, romelSic figurebia gamoxatuli ar aris, „Sina“, ekzogamiuri jgufis ganfenis teritoria, rac TavisTavad aTavisuflebs monadires sqesobrivi SezRudvisagan. analogiuri viTareba eTnografiul yofaSi mowmdeba. monadire sanadirod mzadebis periodSi usastikes sqesobriv akrZalvebs icavs. amave dros, sanadirod myofs nadirTmfarvel qalebTan sasiyvarulo urTierToba miewereba da miToss es dasaSvebad miaCnia51. garda sartyelebisa, analogiuri bunebis qveteqstebis mqone Zeglebi SeiZleba davamowmoT maTze adrec da maT Semdegac, rac cxadad mowmobs, rom nadirobis siuJeti yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT sargeblobda rogorc saxviT xelovnebaSi, ise sityvierebaSi. eWvs gareSea, rom faliuri monadireebis gamosaxvis tradicia maTi samoqmedo sivrcis dedur gaazrebaze miuTiTebs. ritualis sqesobrivi niSniT aRbeWdva uZvelesi xanidan aris cnobili da jer kidev totemuri warmodgenebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli52, magram samiwaTmoqmedo meurneobis pirobebSi man mkveTrad icvala xasiaTi da miwis nayofierebis ideas daukavSirda. Tu adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturebSi misi gamosaxvis saukeTeso saSualebad miCneuli iyo qalis sxeuli, sartyelebze mas ukve faliuri mamakaci cvlis, rac rwmenebSi saTanado cvlilebebis Sedegi unda iyos. am mxatv- 229 robaSi qalur sawyisis kategoriuli ignorireba gamowveulia aRorZinebsa da nayofierebis mamruli Zalebis mniSvnelobis wina planze gamotaniT. sartyelebis Semoqmedi xalxis ideologiaSi gadamwveti roli akisria mamrobiT RvTaebas, romelic aq „Sinas“, socialuri garemos simboloa da upirispirdeba „gare“ mdedrul bunebas53. „gare“ sayarosTan erTad Cven ganvixileT misi sivrcobrivi ganfenis sakiTxi, aseve erTi ritualiT SevecadeT gveCvenebina iq mcxovrebi zebunebrivi Zalebis arsi da am samyaros kavSiri sulTa qveyanasTan. „gare“ qveyanaSi adamianis Sesvla miTosis mixedviT sagangebo, gansakuTrebuli movlenaa, radgan igi aris nadiris sauflo. amitom miTosi cdilobs mis axsnas konkretuli viTarebiT, romelic gamomdinareobs sameurneo pirobebidan (saqonlis Zebna, wisqvilSi wasvla, nadiroba da a. S.). ComoTlil pirobaTagan umTavresi mniSvneloba eniWeba nadirobas, rac arqeologiuri masaliT mowmdeba. „gare“ bunebis asaxva, masSi gansakuTrebiT nadirTa msvlelobisa da nadirobis scenebisadmi miswrafeba paleoliTuri xelovnebidan iwyeba, magram am scenebs ZiriTadad nadirobas da magias ukavSireben. CvenTvis saintereso epoqaSi rogorc nadirobis procesis asaxva, ise Tavad monadireTa daxasiaTeba, miwaTmoqmed da liTonis kargad mcodne ganviTarebul socialur mTlianobaTa warmodegenebs aireklavs, sadac praqtikul cxovrebaSi gabatonebulia mamris ufleba, xolo ideologiasa da miTosSi mamrobiTi RvTaebisa. am xanis mxatvrobaSi damkvidrebuli falikuri kulti mowmobs socialuri garemos mamruli niSniT gaazrebas, amasTanave gabatonebas. rogorc Cans, am periodSi ukana planze gadadis mdedrobiT RvTaebaTa mniSvneloba (rogorc es moxda msoflios Zveli xalxebis religiebSi. SedarebisaTvis gavixsenoT berZnuli gea da hestia), Tumca bunebis Semoqmedebis dedur Zalebze warmodgenebi Rrmavdeba da konceptualurad ufro rTuli xdeba, rasac naTlad mowmobs eTnografiuli da enobrivi monacemebi54. socialuri garemos mamruli buneba, romelic funqcionirebs mdedruli garesamyaros wiaRSi da masTan erTad, SemCneulia qarTvelTa religiaSi g. SaraSiZis mier55. misi nakvalevi Cans indoevropuli xalxebis miTossa da sarwmunoebaSi (SedarebisaTvis Seqtizmi). am viTarebis gamovlinebad unda CaiTvalos faliuri monadireebis paralelurad an maTi monadire mxedrebis gamoCena. TavisTavad mxedari ara marto mamruli sawyisis gamovlinebaa, aramed upirvelesad socialu- 230 ri Zalaa, romlis miTossa da religiaSi SeWra mamrobiTi principis srul gabatonebaze migvaniSnebs. maTi gamosaxulebebi sartylebze unda ganvixiloT, erTi mxriv, rogorc bunebis momwesrigebeli, misTvis SemoqmedebiTi aRorZinebis mimniWebeli miTosuri figura, xolo, meore mxriv, rogorc socialuri samyaros „Sinas“ agenti „gare“ bunebaSi. rwmenaTa samyaroSi socialuri garemos gardaqmnasTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebi SesaniSnavad isaxeba sartylebis mxatvrobis semantikazec. zogierTi sartylis siuJets, gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis baiernis da a. kalandaZis mier samTavroSi aRmoCenil sartylebze, ukve etyoba mniSvnelovani desakralizacia, maTi mxatvruli kompozicia gamartivebulia, nadiroben cxenosnebi, axlavT monadire ZaRlebi, SesaZloa icodnen sanadiro mtacebeli frinvelebis gamoyeneba, dahyavdaT marqafa cxeni. rogorc S. amiranaSvili fiqrobs, SesaZloa axldeT msaxuric56. am sartylebze fantasturobis nakvalevi saerTod ar gvxvdeba, Tu ar CavTvliT ZaRlis momrgvalebul da gasxivosnebul kuds. gansakuTrebiT cxadad igrZnoba stilizacia, magram gamosaxulebaTa tipi farTodaa gavrcelebuli am regionSi. sainteresoa, rom siuJetur gamartivebasTan erTad mxatvroba aRar inarCunebs wriul kompozicias, rac desakralizaciis gamoxatuleba unda iyos. miuxedavad misa, rom samonadiro scena sagrZnoblad Secvlil socialur garemos asaxavs, inarCunebs garkveul sakulto mniSvnelobas, winaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas arc gamoxatavdnen, rogorc sazogadoebrivi interesis gareSe mdgom movlenas. zemoT aRniSnuli iyo, rom monadireTa faliuroba miuTiTebs maT moqmedebas iseT garemoebaSi, sadac ar iqnebodnen SezRudulni ekzogamiis wesebis zemoqmedebiT. e. i. isini moqmedeben ekzogamiis kanonebis gavlenis „gareT“ myof sivrceSi. sqesobrivi aqtivobis momenti Zlier damaxasiaTebelia qarTvelTa samonadireo miTosisaTvis, rac SeiZleba davadasturoT Tavad „gare“ samyaros binadarTa sqesobrivi aqtivobiT. svanuri gadmocemebis mixedviT, avxorci devi dasdevs dals, romelic ukiduresi gaWirvebisas monadires sTxovs Svelas. es motivi, romelic SesaniSnavad axasiaTebs „gare“ bunebas, rogorc aRorZinebis Zalebis samoqmedo asparezs, analogiuria panis, an sxva RvTaebaTa mier (apoloni da dafne) nimfebis devnisa da, eWvs gareSea, sarTo Ziridan momdinareoben. sartylebis mxatvrobaSi, gansxvavebiT antikuri siuJetisagan, faliuri monadireebis 231 asaxviT personificirebuli sqesobrivi aqcia ki ar aris gamosaxuli, aramed mamris amaRorZinebeli, mudmivmoqmedi Zala, romelic bunebis dedurobasTan uwyvet kavSirSi moqmedebs, rogorc Saqta Tavis mamrul sawyisTan. yovelive zemoTqmuli ZiriTadad axasiaTebda „gare“ samyaros, rogorc „Sinas“ sapirispiro movlenas. es ukanaskneli, bunebrivia, socialuri cxovrebis normebiT aRiwereba da misi ZiriTadi gamovlinebaa wesrigi, movlenaTa kanonzomieri urTierTmonacvleoba. „Sinas“ ZiriTadi niSnebi gamoixateba mkacri ekzogamiiT, saojaxo yofiT, qorwinebasTan da micvalebulTan dakavSirebuli wesebiT, sadac gansakuTrebiT aqtivobiT vlindeba xelovnuri naTesaobisa da inkorporaciis ritualebi. es sakiTxi kargad aris damuSavebuli Cvens mecnierebaSi da maT detalurad ganxilvas ar SevudgebiT, Tumca am sferos sivrcobrivi TvalsazrisiT Sefaseba jer aravis ucdia. am sakiTxis damuSavebas monografiuli gamokvleva sWirdeba. „Sinas“ ganfeniloba Tavidan SemoizRudeboda monaTesave jgufis sacxovrebeli da sameurneo teritoriiT, romelic, Temis Camoyalibebis Semdgom, ufro rTuli struqturuli sqemiT aigo. samezoblo Temi da misi teritoria saerTo „Sinaa“, Tumca am TvalsazrisiT struqturul damoukideblobas inarCunebs yvela saxli. amas naTlad mowmobs uaRresad aqtiuri saojaxo kulti, sacxovreblis teritoriuli danawileba sqesTa Soris, mekvle, stumaris da a. S. romlebic cxvd;yofen TiToeuli ojaxis struqturul avtonomias gvaris, an ufro farTo socialuri gaerTianebis SigniT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Temis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac arsebobs mravali religiuri da ritualuri momenti, romelic Tems warmogvidgens, rogorc struqturulad mTlian, TviTkmar socialur organizacias. amjerad SeiZleba CamovTvaloT is ZirTadi momentebi, sadac gansakuTrebiT TvalnaTliv aris aRbeWdili „SinasTan“ dakavSirebuli sivrcobrivi aspeqtebi. upirveles yovlisa unda aRvniSnoT is movlenebi, romelic sqesTa urTierTobas da ekzogamias ukavSirdeba. mTavari amaTgan aris qorwineba, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli urTulesi wesebiT da ritualuri moqmedebebiT, romelTa mizania gareSe piris (qalis) ekzogamiur jgufSi Semoyvana. amisaTvis sruldeba mravalgvari simbolur moqmedebani, rogoricaa zRurblze Segebeba, keris Semovla, keris jaWvisaTvis xelis Se- 232 xeba da a. S. maTi saSualebiT patarZali kontaqts amyarebs ojaxis sa- kraluri da socialuri centris ganmasaxierebel obieqtebTan. umTavresi momenti, romelic gamoxatavs am procesis arss, aris erTad wolis saSualebiT naTesaur urTierTobaTa simboluri warmosaxva patarZlisa da saqmros mamrobiT naTesaobas Soris. zogi wesis Tanaxmad, patarZali pirvel Rames aTevda saqmros mamasTan57, an saqmros uaxloes naTesavebTan. rogorc Cans, ucxo qalTa;n danaTesavebis gamoxatuleba sqesobrivi urTierTobaTagan, romelsac asruleben ojaxis wevrebi an uaxloesi naTesavebi. sqesobrivi urTierTobis aRkveTa erTad wolisas rom mtkice xelovnur naTesaobas qmnida, es kargad Cans „sworfrobis“ wesebidan Tu „sworfroba“ colqmrobaSi an raime ufro miuRebelSi gadaizrdeboda, maSin damnaSaveebs ojaxi da sofeli moikveTda. sainteresoa am viTarebaSi warmoTqmuli teqsti: „qals vikveTav, viSoreb Tavidan imis saxel-sircxvils. raxan egeTi saqme qna, colad Zmas gahyva, isic woladgomiT, sworfers, wesi daarRviva, wesi Zmobisa da saxlikacobisa. arc ded-mamis xaTri daiWira, arc jvar-jvriskarisa. Tavis sworfers qmrad dauwyo Sexedva. me is am dReis iqiT Svilad ar mimaCnia...“58. e. i. erTad wolis, anu naTesaobis imitaciiT myardeboda iseTi urTierToba, romelic mtkice egzogamurobis realizacias axdenda sqesTa kavSiri. igi am ritualis umTavres elementad gvevlineba. erTi SexedviT ucnauri, Tanamedrove TvalsazrisiT sruliad gaugebari „sworfroba“ xelovnur naTesaobas amyarebda stumarTanac. garedan mosulTan, araekzogamuri jgufis wevrTan. aseT SemTxvevaSi „sworfroba“ epizoduri urTierTobiT izRudeba, xolo am wesiT daaxloebuli qal-vaJi Tuki regularul urTierTobas SeinarCuneben, erTmaneTis „dobil-Zmobilebad“ iqcevian. maT Soris colqmroba dauSvebelia. rogorc Cans erTad woliT iqmneboda samezoblo Temis mcxovrebTa urTierTobisaTvis aucilebeli xelovnuri sanaTesao kavSirebi da yalibdeboda „naTesavTa“ „da-ZmaTa“ Sesabamisi tipi, romelic mkacri egzogamuri reJimis SenarCunebas, magram am sakiTxze sxva mosazrebac arsebobs. mTeli msofliso civilizebul Tu CamorCenil xalxebSi iyo gavrcelebuli ucxosTan qalis saSualebiT urTierTobis damyarebis wesi. aRwerilia SemTxvevebi, roca qalebis gacvlis, an mezobel tomSi gagzavniT aRwevdnen keTil damokidebulebas. spensersa Tu gilens motanili aqvT 233 zogierTi avstraliur tomSi gavrcelebuli Cveuleba, roca dResaswaulze mosapatiJeblad wasul macnes mezobel tomSi mihyvebodnen qalebi. Tu maspinZlebi am qalebTan urTierTobas daamyarebdnen, es keTilganwyobasa da mipatiJebas niSnavda. qalTan urTierTobis SeTavazeba avstraliaSi sisxlis sanacvlodac yofila gavrcelebuli. roca mosisxleebi movidodnen, maT SesTavazebdnen qalebs da Tu isini daTanxmdebodnen, incidenti amowurulad iTvleboda59. aseTi magaliTebi msoflios xalxebis kulturidan vrclad aqvs aRwerli e. vestermarks. qalebiT keTilurTierTobis damyareba, danaTesaveba an Serigeba TiTqmis mTel dedamwiazea gavrcelebuli60. stumrisaTvis qalis SeTavazebis wess, misi rogorc Temis droebiTi wevris uflebas ganixilavs veberi61. vestermarks am rigis movlenaTa Soris ganxiluli aqvs pirveli Ramis ufleba, rogorc inkorporaciis erT-erTi forma62. qalTan urTierTobis saSualebiT danaTesaveba, an ucxo piris socialur jgufSi Seyvanis magaliTia gilgameSis eposSi aRwerili epizodi enqidusa da Samxatis urTierTobisa. Samxatis saSualebiT qalaqma moaxerxa veluri enqidus socialur wreSi Semoyvana63. amave warmodgenebis, e. i. ucxos daaxloebis Tu keTilganwyobis anareklia herodotes mier aRwerili Cveuleba, sadac adgilobrivi taZris qalebi ucxoebTan prostitucias eweodnen64. am uaRresad saintereso da rTuli problemis kvleva metad Sors wagviyvans da amjerad mxolod motanili magaliTebiT SemovisazRvrebiT. aRniSnuli rwmena universaluria, mTeli msoflios xalxebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom misi realizacia xdeboda ama Tu im xalxis kulturuli donis Sesabamisad. ucxo „gare“ samyarodan iyo mosuli da masTan urTierToba SeiZleboda mxolod xelovnuri danaTesavebis Semdgom. „gareSes“ aseT miRebas specialistebi stumarmaspinZlobis erT-erT gamovlinebad Tvlian, rac nebismier xalxSi iyo gavrcelebuli rogorc universaluri wesi. mosulTan urTierTobaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira mis saojaxo sufrasTan dasmas - dapurebas. es wesic ekzogamiuri erTeulis bunebidan gamomdinareobs, ramdenadac erTad puroba sisxliT monaTesaveTa erTad mcxovrebTa prerogativas Seadgens. ucxo pirisaTvis sufris gaziareba masTan xelovnur danaTesavebas niSnavda. eTnografiuli masalidan 234 cnobilia, rom qarTvelebi „puris gatexis“ Cveuleba udides mniSvneloba aniWebdnen. es procesi adamianTa daaxloebis yvelaze efeqtur saSualebad iTvleboda. aseve iyo igi Sefasebuli msofliso mraval xalxSi. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom Zvel berZnebSi stumarmaspinZlobas Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. am wesebis mixedviT xdeboda urTierTobaTa regulireba sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeTa Soris, dacva erTmaneTis qonebisa da sicocxlisa65. qarTvel mTielTa stumarmaspinZlobis wesebis Sesaxeb uaRresad saintereso mravalferovani masala gamoavlina al. oCiaurma66. aseve sayuradReboa vaJa-fSavelas poema „stumar-maspinZelSi“ mocemuli Sefasebebi. stumarmaspinZlobis qarTul wesebSi metad uxvad aris mocemuli sivrcobrivi aspeqtebi, romelic sufris wesebTan da qalis saSualebiT xelovnuri naTesavobis damyarebasTanaa SeerTebuli. „gare“ samyarodan mosuls, anu sucxos, xSirad ukavSirdebodnen Zmadgaficvis saSualebiT. am wess damoukidebeli gamokvleva uZRvna prof. v. bardaveliZem da eTnografiuli masalis mgverdiT moitana rogorc qarTuli, ise arqauli istoriuli wyaroebis uaRresad saintereso monacemebi. Zmadgaficvis ramdenime wesi arsebobda; umetes SemTxvevaSi icodnen xelis gaWra da sisxlis Sereva. aseTi cnobebi iberiisa da albaneTis mefeebis Zmadgaficvis Sesaxeb Semonaxuli aqvs strabons67. momdevno xanebSiac xelovnuri daZmobilebis instituti farTod iyo gavrcelebuli sazogadoebriv da politikur cxovrebaSi. igi xalxisaTvis realur naTesaobas udrida. n. baliauri wers, rom „xevsureTSi „CxiriT nacxebi“ sisxlic rom hqondeT erTimeoresTan, iseve afaseben erTmaneTs, rogorc namdvili sisxliT naTesavebi“. aseve did naTesaur siaxloves amJRavnebdnen dobil qalebTan Zvelad. misi colad SerTva dauSvebeli iyo, Svilebis Zmobilebisa da dobilebs did pativs scemda ojaxi“68. ganxiluli SemTxvevebidan qali da vaJi naTesavdebian erTad wolis, anu naTesauri urTierTobis imitaciis saSualebiT, xolo vaJebi sisxlis SereviT (amas emateboda sasmelSi sisxlis Cawurva, an vercxlis CaTla da kultmsaxurebis mier dalocva). cxadia, rom es aqciebi erTmaneTTan kavSirSi da erTmaneTis eqvivalentur movlenad ganixileboda. orive wesi (yovel SemTxvevaSi, meore) aranaTesavTa Soris sruldeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom es aqciebi Zlier aris saxeSecvlili da dacilebuli Tavis pirvandel mniSvnelobas, masSi advili amosacnobia ucxo pirTa ekzogami- 235 uri kavSirebis damyarebis xelovnuri xerxi. CamorCenil xalxebSi daculi pirvandeli naturalizmi qarTvelTa Soris simbolikiTaa Secvlili da adgilobrivi qceviTi tipis zneobrivi kodeqsis Sesabamisi normebis dacviT xorcieldeba. am urTierTobebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda hqonoda arqaul xanaSi, roca gvarovnuli sazogadoebis wevris TvalsazrisiT yvela „ucxo“ potenciuri mteri iyo. „yvela, vinc toms gareT idga, - werda f. engelsi, - kanongareSed miaCnda... tomTa Soris omi iyo gaCaRebuli69. SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom socialuri jgufisaTvis ucxo piris, „gare“ samyarodan mosulis miRebisa da daaxloebisaTvis saWiro iyo garkveuli ritualebis Catareba, raca ucxo Sinaurad qceuliyo. am rtualTagan upirvelesi mniSvneloba eniWeboda purobis wesebs stumris miRebisas, ufro maRal doneze ki stumarTan ojaxis wevri qalis dawvenas, aseve garkveul konkretul pirobebSi Zmad gaficvas. es ritualebi aregulirebdnen konfliqtur situacias Sinasa da gares Soris maSin, roca saqme exeboda cocxalTa urTierTobas, eTnograf v. Ciqovanis azriT, ritualTa mTeli sistemiT rigdeboda socialuri jgufidan gasvlac, risi TvalsaCino magaliTia micvalebulis gacileba-dakrZalvasTan dakavSirebuli ritualebi. es wesebi stumris miRebis sapirispiro, Sebrunebul mwkrivad SeiZleba warmovidginoT * . amave rigis movlenad albaT SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes Temis wevris „mokveTis“, Temidan gaZevebisas Sesrulebuli ritualebi, romelTa moqmedebaSi moyvaniT Temis yofili wevri, Sinauri, ucxod iqceoda. motanili masalis analizi safuZvels gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom sivrciTi aspeqtebi vlindeba kulturis sxvadasxva sferoSi, magram maTi moqmedeba gansakuTrebiT aqtiuria miTosSi, religiasa da socialur urTierTobebSi, radgan mxolod sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis am niSnebiT iyo SesaZlebeli socialur jgufTa teritoriuli, eTno-kulturuli da socialuri avtonomiis gamoxatva. maTi saTanado Seswavla saintereso perspeqtivebs qmnis kulturis istoriis problemaTa kvlevis gzaze. * es Sexeduleba pirad saubarSi mogvawoda eTnografma v. Ciqovanma. 236 gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. 2. Samivel, Hommes, cimes et dieux, 1973, p. 14. M. Eliade, Le Mithe de l'eternel retour, p. 5-8. 3. z. kiankaZe, qarTul miTologiur gadmocemaTa sistema, Tb., 1985. 4. qarTlis cxovreba I, gv. 239. 5. iqve, gv. 320. 6. a. oCiauri, miTologiuri gadmocemebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. eTnografiuli seqtoris arqivi 15, rv. 16. 7. „vefxistyaosani“, 1364-1373. 8. T. oCiauri, miTologiuri gadmocemebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. Tb., 1967, gv. 148-9, 172; a. oCiauri, miT. masala, rv. 5. 9. m. Ciqovani, mijaWvuli amirani, Tb., 1947, gv. 318. 10. T. Cxenkeli, tragikuli niRbebi, Tb., 1971, gv. 81-142. 11. iqve, gv. 13-15. 12. T. oCiauri, dasax. naSr., gv. 167, 170, 171. 13. iqve, gv. 172. 14. e. virsalaZe, qarTuli samonadireo eposi, Tb., 1964, gv. 218. 15. qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 15-16. 16. Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia. Tb., 1946, gv. 36. 17. T. oCiauri, dasax. naSr., gv. 169. 18. qarTlis cxovreba I, gv. 39. 19. Мурадиян, П. М., Древногрузинские редакции Агафангеля, Ереван, 1982, с. 204. 20. m. Ciqovani, dasax. naSromi, gv. 169. 21. T. oCiauri, dasax. naSromi, gv. 130-136. 22. iqve, gv. 172-74; e. virsalaZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 218-22. 23. m. Ciqovani, dasax. naSromi, teqstebi. 24. herodote, IV, 8-10. 25. И. Кобалия, Из мифической колхиды, СМОМПК, XXXII, Тифлис, 1903, с. 112-113. 26. s. makalaTia, saqarTvelos istoria da eTnografia, Tb., 1941, gv. 287, 330. 27. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, I, Tb., !(&(, gv. 136. 237 28. m. makalaTia, mesaqonleobasTan dakavSirebuli rwmena-warmodgenebi samegreloSi. kreb. „samegrelo“, Tb., 1979, gv. 74-75. 29. n. abakelia, cis Tayvaniscema dasavleT saqarTveloSi. „macne“, istoriis seria, #2, 1983, gv. 148. 29a . v. bardaveliZe, qarTuli (svanuri) saweso grafikuli xelovnebis nimuSebi. Tb., 1953, gv. 49-64. 30. 31. Бахин М. М., Франсуа Рабле и народная культура ренесанса, М., 1965, с. 26; Гуревич А. Я., Каиегории средновековой культуры. М., 1972, с. 38-83. G. Charachidhe, Le susteme religieux de la Georgie paiennem Paris, 1968, pp. 261-262. 32. plutarqe, isisi da osirisi „saunje“ #5, 1984, gv. 69. 33. herodote, IV, 8. 34. Эпос о Гильгамеше. Перевод с акадского И. М. Дьяконова. М.-Л., 1961, сс. 50-57. 35. iqve, gv. 70. 36. iqve, gv. 80-82. 37. qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 24. 38. plutarqe, iqve gv. 4. 39. qarTuli xalxuri poezia II, Tb., 1937, gv. 69, 76, 78. 40. m. Ciqovani, dasax. naSromi, teqstebi. 41. Сургуладзе И. К., Эмпирическая космогония народов Кавказа, „macre“, istoriis... seria, 1984, #4, gv. 144-151. 42. Раевский Д. С., Модель мира скифский культуры, М., 1985, с. 119. 43. qarTlis cxovreba I, gv. 21-22, i. surgulaZe, zoomorfuli simbolikis SeswavlisaTvis (imeri-lomi), Tsu Sromebi, Tb., 1983, gv. 121-37. 44. m. Ciqovani, dasax. naSromi, gv. 350, 375. 45. Леви-Стросс К., Как умирают мифы. Зарубежные исследования по семиотике фольклора. М., 1985, сс. 121-127. 46. S. amiranaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, Tb., 1944, gv. 48-49. 47. m. xidaSeli, centraluri amierkavkasiis grafikuli xelovneba adreul rkinis xanaSi, Tb., 1982, gv. 138; t. CubinaSvili, amiranis gora, Tb., 1963, gv. 936 da sxv. 48. iqve. 238 49. e. virsalaZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 91-114. 50. m. xidaSeli, dasax. naSromi, tab. VII. 51. m. Ciqovani, e. virsalaZe, dasax. naSromebi. 52. Семенов Ю. И. Как возникло человечество, М., 1966, сс. 414-442. 53. g. SaraSiZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 493-637. 54. Сургуладзе И., ук. соч., с. 149-150. 55. g. SaraSiZe, dasax. naSromi, miTiTebul TavSi. 56. m. amiranaSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 48-49. 57. T. ivelaSvili, saqorwino urTierTobaTa istoriidan (mosakiTxi da masTan dakavSirebuli wes-Cveulebebi mesxeT-javaxeTSi), xelnaweri. 58. n. baliauri, sworferoba arxotsa da piraqeT xevsureTSi, 1938, gv. 88; eTnografiis seqtoris arqivi. 59. Spenser B. and Gillen T. T. The native tribes of Central Australia, R. J. 1899, pp. 97-8. citirebulia i. semionovis dasax. naSromis mixedviT. gv. 415. 60. Westermark E., The history of human mariage, vol. I, London, 1925, pp. 225-334. 61. vestermarqi, dasax. naromi, gv. 225. 62. iqve, gv. 166-206. 63. Эпос о Гильгамеше, с. 11-19. 64. herodote, I, 199. 65. Ксенофонт, Анабазис, I, гл., II., 10, см. зам. 15. 66. a. oCiauri, stumar-maspinZloba xevsureTSi. Tb., 1980. 67. v. bardaveliZe, mTisa da baris urTierTobis istoriidan saqarTveloSi (moZmeobis instituti), „macne“, istoriis... seria, Tb., 1971, #3. 68. n. baliauri, miT. masala, gv. 163-6. 69. Энгельс, Ф., Происхождение семьи, частной собственности и государства; К. Маркс и Ф. Энгельс, Сочинения, изд. 2, т. 21, с. 99. 239 ÌÒÂÎÚÅ ÁÏÎÀÂÅÄÀÏ ÈÒÀËÌÌÏ ÆÏ ÎÒÜÓÏÄØÒ II. ÌÏÚÕËÂÎÅÞÅÄÒ-ÆÏÌÏÕÄÅÞÏ-ÌÏÈÑÏÎË sicocxlisa da cxovrebis xeebs Zveli xalxebis kosmosuri da miTo-religiuri warmodgenebis sistemaSi ganixilavdnen, rogorc samyaros centrs. Sesabamisad miTosuri warmodgenebisa, aseTi centri, sakraluri ideali gaaCnda yovel saxls, yovel dasaxlebas da dasaxlebaTa yovel gaerTianebas. am obieqtTa dafuZneba xdeboda Sesabamis socialuri struqturis aRmocenebasTan erTad, rogorc misi sivrcobrivi ganfenisa da damagrebis winapiroba, romelic sociumis struqturas sivrceSi uqmnida centrs. warmodgenebi centrisa da kerZod centraluri xis Sesaxeb SeiWra samyaros struqturaSic, sadac xe da misi semantikurad adeqvaturi Rirebulebebi (koSki, sveti, mTa, jaWvi da a. S.) iWeren gardamavali, mesame wevris adgils dapirispirebaSi „ca-dedemiwa“, riTac mTavrdeba kosmosis samdoniani vertikaluri RerZis ageba, razedac qvemoT gveqneba msjeloba. adamianis mier agebuli struqtura-garkveuli motiviT Caketili sivrce, romlis niSnebi gadadis mTel samyaroze, warmoqmnis samyaros universalur saxes, „...agebs universumis models: adamianis mier agebuli da mis mier aTvisebuli sivrcis struqtura iwyebs gavrcelebas mTel samyaroze, meores mxriv igi (arqiteqturuli sivrce, i.s.) modelirdeba universumis mier: adamianis mier agebuli sivrce anxorcielebs Tavis TavSi mis warmodgenas, samyaros globaluri struqturis Sesaxeb. uSualod aqedan gamomdinareobs Rrma simbolizmi yovelive imisa, rac ase Tu ise, ganekuTvneba adamianis mier Seqmnil sacxovrebel sivrces“1. Tanaxmad am mosazrebisa, romelic gacilebiT gvianaa gamoTqmuli, vidre qarTveli specialistebi daiwyebdnen am sakiTxebis damuSavebas, oikogania, anu Sexedulebebi sacxovreblis sivrcis raobaze, safuZvlad edeba Sexedulebas samyaros sivrcis raobaze, anu kosmogonias, rac momdevno etapze Sebrunebul efeqts iZleva: samyaros agebulebis Sesaxeb arsebuli warmodgenebi iwyebs asaxvas arqiteqturul, modelirebul sivrceSi. warmoiqmneba polifunqciuri sivrce, romlis struqturis materialuri elementebi itvirTebian samyaros aramaterialuri, araxiluli, an uaRresad daSorebuli obieqtebis simboluri mniSvnelobebiT. Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi es procesi iswavleba rogorc xalxur kulturaSi, ise Tanamedrove 240 literaturaSi, xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebSi, sadac saxli - samyaro, anu mikrokosmi-makrokosmi urTierTCanacvlebuli da TanaSewonadi Rirebulebebis saxiT warmogvidgebian. saxli - Caketili sivrce iseve xasiaTdeba sakuTari niSnebiT, rogorc samyaros bunebrivi obieqtebiT2. am mniSvnelobaTa Sesabamisad axleburad ismis kosmogoniisa da oikogonis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebi, romelic Tanamedrove teritoriuli Zeglebisa Tu xelovnebisa da sameurneo saqmianobis sxvadasxva sferoTa wiaRSi naklebi TanmimdevrobiTa da konkretulobiT xasiaTdeba, gansxvavebiT Tanamedrove eTnografiuli masalisa da argumentebisa istoriis monacemebisagan, sadac fiqsirebuli suraTi miTo-religiur sistemebTan mniSvnelovan Sesabamisobas inarCunebs. yovel SemTxvevaSi, qarTul xalxur kulturaSi sivrcis organizaciis sakiTxi advilad emorCileba analizs, mihyveba istoriuli ganviTarebis mimdinareobas da misi Sesabamisi formaTmonacvleobiT mJRavndeba. centri, rogorc sacxovreblis Sida sivrcis maorganizebeli wertili, yovelTvis Tu ara ZiriTadad emTxveva keras, magram yovelTvis emTxveva amjerad CvenTvis saintereso nagebobaSi, darbazuli tipis sacxovrebelSi, sadac centri kera-dedaboZi-gvirgvinis erTobliobiT aris warmodgenili. am saxiT igi ukve gvevlineba uaRresad saintereso sakvlev obieqtad. aRniSnul struqturaSi aSkarad igrZnoba Zlieri simboluri datvirTva, rac ukve ramdenime welia qarTveli eTnografebisa da arqeologebis gacxovelebul yuradRebas ipyrobs. swored kera iTvleboda saxlis centrad, sadac sruldeboda mravali saxis religiuri ceremoniali, dakavSirebuli astralur nayofierebisa da micvalebulis kultebTan3. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sacxovreblebSi dedaboZi ganuyrelad kerasTan idga da orive erT mTlian kompleqss qmnida. Zvelad didi yuradReba eqceoda mis gaformebasac da gansakuTrebul pativs scemdnen ojaxs, sadac kargad daWrelebuli dedaboZi idga, kera da dedaboZi iyo am korporaciis ceremonialis centri; axlad moyvanil patarZals samjer Semoatarebdnen kerisa da boZis garSemo. akademikos g. Citaia dedaboZs ukavSirebs xurituli saxlis svetebs da iunur kolonebs, romlebic mcire aziidan unda momdinareobdnen4. qarTul xalxur sityvierebaSi sakmaod vrceli masalaa SemorCenili, romlis mixedviT boZTan dakavSirebuli sarwmunoebrivi gadmo- 241 naSTebi genetikurad xis kultis uZvelesi formebidan unda momdinareobdes. al. oCiauris xevsurul masalebSi daculia gadmocema Subnuris xatis daarsebis Taobaze, rasac pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs Cveni kvlevis saganTan. moSuRle xevsurTagan daCagrul pirs, romelic ucxo sjulisa yofila da TuSeTidan Camosaxlebula xevsureTSi, Tavis damcvelad TuSeTidan wamouRia am jvaris sakuTreba, vercxlis Tasi da imaT saxlSi Caumalavs, visac mtrobda. amis Semdeg im ojaxis keris Sua amosula ifnis xe, romelic mouWriaT da gadaugdiaT, magram meore dilas xe isev amosula. isev mouWriaT. mesame diliT kvlav amosula, magram axla gveli yolia zed Semoxveuli. ojaxma igrZno, rom es raRac gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva unda yofiliyo da saxli miatoves. am ojaxis erT-erT wevrs, saxelad Calixs, wasvlisas saxlisTvis cecxli SeunTia da gaclia iqaurobas. karga manZilis gavlis Semdeg ukan mouxedavs. xanZridan gamovardnila didi naperwkali da misTvis cxviri mouwvavs. amis Semdeg, adgili, sadac es ambavi moxda, mcxovreblebma miatoves da aq Subnuris jvari damkvidrda. legendis Tanaxmad, xes amoyolil gvels aqa-iq xedavdnen da yvela misi Seuracxmyofeli sastikad isjeboda. magaliTad, vinme kvirike liqokels, romelmac gvels qva esrola, sami Svili moukvda5. aseTive legenda arsebobs cabaurTas mTavarngelozis salocavzedac. am adgilas ukanasknel xanebamde iyo darCenili nasaxlarebi. mcxovreblebs adgili iZulebiT miutovebiaT. aq xatis gaCenamde erT kacs keraSi ifani amosvlia, romelsac zed gveli exvia. roca xe simaRliT sacecxlurs ascdenia, saxlis patrons gveli mouklavs. mkiTxavs urCevia adgilis gamocvla, magram kaci gajiutebula. meore dilas igive momxdara. es kaci daavadmyofebula da mxolod amis Semdeg daujerebia mkiTxavisaTvis. sofeli ayrila da im adgils xati dapatronebia. aqedan moyolebuli amaRleba dRes xats saklavs uklavdnen. analogiuri legenda arsebobs saRvTo gudanis jvaris Sesaxebac. erT axalgazrdas kargi Sveli mouklavs. Sin rom dabrunebula, mamas miucia erTi qisa xorbali, romelic im adgilze dauTesia, sadac Sveli mokla. mosula zRapruli mosavali. amis Semdeg mTeli ojaxi iq gadasaxlebula, magram male xats zemoxsenebuli wesiT gauZevebia isini da adgili TviT daukavebia. 242 rogorc zemoT moyvanili magaliTebi cxadyofen, xe da gveli RvTaebaTa gamovlinebad warmogvidgebian. SesaZloa, aseve RvTaebrivi cxoveli yofiliyo xsenebuli Svelic, radgan, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa rwmeniT, irmisa da Svlis saxes xSirad iRebdnen RvTisSvilebi. magaliTad, kopalas salocavi pirvelad daarsda uZilaurTaSi, saxeldobr, iremTkaloSi. erTxel es RvTaeba sof. CiRoSi TuSebs irmis saxiT gamoecxada; kopala vacverZis saxiT ibrZvis qistebis winaaRmdeg6. analogiuri rwmenebi ukavSirdeba xevsurTa saxlis Tavxes, romelsac kezi ewodeba. kezi Zalian msxvili xea da Zirs boZebi udgas. igi mTel saxls amagrebs, ris gamoc mas saxlSi mTavar sayrdenad Tvlidnen. amboben, rom yvela saxls hyavs „mekeziswvre angelozi“ da mas SesTxoven ojaxis dafarvas borotebisagan. igi iTvleba im salocavis morCilad, romelsac ekuTvnis saxlis patronis gvari7. am ori SemTxvevidan erTgan keraSi amosuli xe RvTaebis gamovlinebas warmoadgens; xolo meoregan saxlis umtkices sayrdenSi, xis morSi damkvidrebula ojaxis mfarveli suli. orive magaliTi cxadyofs, rom saxlis konstruqciaSi Sesuli xis sakraluri xasiaTi ukavSirdeba bunebaSi arsebuli, gaRmerTebuli xeebis rwmenas. xis kultis farTod gavrcelebaze saqarvTveloSi miuTiTebdnen akademikosi ivane javaxiSvili, n. mari, v. bardaveliZe. maT xis kultis gadmonaSTebi daadastures rogorc yofaSi, ise werilobiT wyaroebSi, kultmsaxurebaSi, enobriv monacemebsa da toponimikaSi. gamoirkva, rom kultis aRmniSvneli sityvebi „xati“ da „jvari“ - enaTesavebian xesa da Zels, xolo amaTTan kavSirSia svanuri da megruli RvTaebebis saxelebi - „jgragi“ da „jgege“8. Cven aq SevCerdebiT saqarTveloSi uaRresad gavrcelebul rwmenebze xatis tyeebisa da wminda xeebis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac es masala aRwerili da Seswavlilia mravali mkvlevaris mier da mxolod maTi daskvnebiT vsargeblobT. aRsaniSnavia, rom wminda xeebs odiTganve didi Zala miewereboda, gansakuTrebiT cacxvsa da muxas. erTi qarTuli gadmocemis Tanaxmad, mcxeTis sveticxovlis adgilze uzarmazari wminda muxa mdgara, romelsac xalxi Tayvans scemda, mirian mefes, qristianobis miRebis Semdeg, muxa mouWria da mis adgilze jer xis, Semdeg qvis eklesia auSenebia9. es legenda, albaT, realurad arsebul rwmenebs emyareba. am rwmenebis anarekli kargad Cans TviT saxelwodebaSi „sveticxoveli“, rac si- 243 cocxlis (an cxovrebis) momniWebel svets, sicocxlis xes niSnavs. sicocxlis momniWebeli da Wrilobisagan gamkurnebeli xe aris aRwerili legendaSi. patiosani jvris aRmarTvis Sesaxeb. leonti mroveli mogviTxrobs, rom borcvis wverze, Seuval kldeze mdgara mSvenieri da surnelovani xe, romelic Tavisi saswaulebrivi TvisebebiT didad aocebda warmarTebs. Tu xesTan daWrili nadiri mividoda da mis furcels an Tesls SeWamda, rac ar unda mZime Wriloba hqonoda, usaTuod ganikurneboda. xe zamTar-zafxul mwvaniT yofila Semosili da moWridan ocdaCvidmeti dRis manZilze ar dasWknobia foToli. am xisagan SeuqmniaT da aRumarTavT kvari patiosani10. safiqrebelia, rom aseTive xe unda iyos aRwerili TuSuri qorbeRelas teqstebSi. aq naTqvamia, rom „Cveni batonis“, an wminda Tevdores, an wminda giorgis karze xe aris alvad amosuli, romelzec maRlari vazia asuli da yurZeni mwifs. am yurZnis uWmeli qal-vaJi, teqstis erTi variantis mixedviT, udrood ixoceba11. leontis mroveliseuli legendis saswaulmoqmedi xe arCens wyluls da sasikvdilod ganwirul nadirs sicocxles aniWebs. rac Seexeba qorbeRelas teqstis xes, igi sicocxles yurZnis saSualebiT aniWebs. Tumca arsebobs variantebi, romelTa Tanaxmad kvdeba is, vinc yurZeni Wama. radgan xe sicocxlisa da cxovrebis maradiuli simboloa msoflios xalxTa miTosSi, ufro sarwmunod migvaCnia miTosis is varianti, roca xe Tavis (am SemTxvevaSi zed Sesuli vazis) nayofiT sicocxles aniWebs. am motivis analizis Semdgom gasagebi xdeba erTi nawyveti amiranis Tavgadasavlisa. fSavuri variantiT, amira- ni badrs sTxovs cxens, TeTrons, romliTac zRvaSi unda gavides da moitacos „qali, lamazi mze viTa“ da Tan dedis rZesaviT tkbili yurZeni unda gaayolos. qarTlur variantSi qalis mosataceblad igi usups sTxovs Sav cxens, oRond aq yurZnis nacvlad dedis rZesaviT tkbili Rvinis gamoyolebas apirebs. mesxeT-javaxeTSi Cawerili variantis Tanaxmad, amirans zRvis gaRma „dedis rZian“, tkbil qals miaswavlis devi12. am epizodis mravali varianti arsebobs, romelTa mixedviT zRvis gaRma aris lamazi qali, amirani zRvazec cxeniT unda gavides, moitacos es qali da Tan yurZeni, an Rvino gamoayolos, romelic dedis rZesaviT tkbilia. epizodis mixedviT gaugebaria, ra SuaSia aq Rvino an yurZeni, magram Tu mis axsnas qorbeRelas teqstis saSualebiT SevecdebiT, metnaklebad na- 244 Tel suraTs miviRebT: zRvas gaRma dakidul koSkSi mcxovrebi qali, yamari, aris cis, wvimis da Weqa-quxilis gamgeblis asuli. mis karze ki sruliad bunebrivia xarobdes vaziT mosili, sicocxlis momniWebeli nayofis mqone xe. amitomac moaqvs amirans „zRvis gaRmidan“ yurZeni Tu Rvino, „tkbili dedis rZe viTa“, rogorc simbolo sicocxlis aRorZinebis ZalebTan ziarebisa. nayofieri xis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba kargad aris cnobili msoflios miTologiaSi, magram am SemTxvevaSi yuradRebas ipyrobs Zv. w-is 16-14 saukuneebis akldamis moxatuloba Tebedan, sadac yurZniT daxunZluli xis totebidan qalRmerTi makurnebel siTxes awvdis sneulT. motiviT TiTqmis emTxveva qarTul versias sicocxlis momniWebeli xis Sesaxeb13. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos mTielTa Soris xis salocavSi dargva da misi movla-gaxareba bevrad ufro mniSvnelovan samsaxurad iTvleboda, vidre cxovelis Sewirva14. aseT wminda xeebs „xemxvivani“ ewodeboda. xemxvivani (mxvivani udris xvavians), anu nayofierebis xe, igive sicocxlis momniWebeli miTologiuri xis simboloa da amitom rgaven xatis karze. e. i. am wesSiac igive warmodgenaa asaxuli, rac amiranis eposSi, sadac yamaris, Sesabamisad misi mamis, tarosis gamgebeli RvTaebis karze mdgari vaziT Semosili wminda xea nagulisxmevi. sicocxlisa da nayofierebis xis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi farTod Cans gavrcelebuli mTel saqarTveloSi, ramac ganapiroba am xis mravalferovan simboloTa aRmoceneba da ganmtkiceba ritualur praqtikaSi. v. bardaveliZem, romelmac sagangebod Seiswavla sicocxlis xis variantebi, daadgina, rom aseTi xe igulisxmeboda TuSur qorbeRelas teqstSi da mis garSemo sruldeboda saweso ferxuli. aseTive simbolod miiCnia man aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa sakulto droSebi da svanuri droSa „lemi“, romelzedac calke SevCerdebiT. gansakuTrebiT didi adgili eWira saqarTvelos baris analogiur warmodgenebSi Wuris Tavsa da marans, romelTac mTaSi Seesabameba fantastikuri maranSi amosuli, Zvirfasi qvebiT Semkuli da vaziT Semosili alva an Cinari, romelzedac mgalobeli frinvelebi sxedan. sicocxlis xis simbolo Cans guruli CiCilaki, romelsac maranSi inaxaven, aseve „batonebis“, gadamdeb saxadTa misarTmevi, tkbileuliT, feradi naWrebiT da saTamaSoebiT Semkuli, xis ayvavebuli toti, e. w. „batonebis misarTmevi xe“15. 245 sicocxlis xis simboloTa ricxvi amiT ar amoiwureba. maT Soris SeiZleba davasaxeloT saqorwilo ritualebSi gavrcelebuli „maSxala“, an „CiraRdani“ da „jvris“ puri. „maSxala“ da „CiraRdani“ xisgan damzadebuli, mravaltotiani xis formis sagania, romelzec Camokidebuli iyo xili, CurCxelebi, yvavilebi, cxovelTa da adamianis puris comisagan gamomcxvari figurebi, aseve mrgvalad moxarSuli qaTami, romelsac Tavze bumbuli hqonda datovebuli. zoomorfuli, gamomcxvari figurebiT iyo Semkuli jvris formis,e. w. „jvaris puri“, romelsac aseve meqorwineebs mimarTavdnen * . sayuradReboa „CiraRdanze“ Tavze bumbulSemovlebuli qaTmis Camokidebis wesi. igi imeorebs CiCilakze gaputuli SaSvis Camokidebis Cveulebas, romelsac aseve Tavze, frTebsa da boloze utovebdnen bumbuls16. orive SemTxvevaSi ritualurma saganma da moqmedebam Seinaxa miTosSi daculi RvTaebrivi xis saxe, romelzedac frinvelebi sxedan. sicocxlis xis simbolos mirTmeva meqorwileTaTvis „CiraRdnis“, „maSxalisa“ da „jvris puris“ saxiT da am ukanasknelTa Semkuloba, gvafiqrebinebs, rom rituali praqtikaSi axorcielebs miTologiur suraTs, romlis Sesabamisad, vinc nayofierebis xis nayofs ar igemebs, udrood daSavdeba, mokvdeba. am wesis mixedviT sicocxle ganxilulia sicocxlis xisgan miRebul niWad. sicocxlis xis nairsaxeobad unda CavTvaloT erTnaxevari arSinis simaRle manaTobeli konusis, e. w. „jvris Zalis“ sabrZanisi xe. „jvris Zali“ xeze cida eSveba da erTxans yovndeboda zed. Wuris TavSi mdgomi rcxila, romelzedac, imerlebis warmodgeniT angelozebi dabrZandebian. svanuri „kamraÁ“, SesawiravebiT datvirTuli, gadmoxrili wveriT miwaze mimagrebuli xe ** , aseve wminda xeebi svaneTSi, romlebzedac mzis simbolos, „girgedis“ (aJurulad gaformebuli rkinis wriT) mimagreba icodnen Zvelad17. es ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, CvenTvis, radgan aq Cans xeze ciuri sxeulis simbolos damagrebis faqti, rac konkretulad exmaureba dedaboZis motivebs. wminda xis simbolikaSi mnaTobTa * „maSxalas“ Sesaxeb damatebiTi cnobebi mogvawodes eTnografebma l. meliqiSvilma da j. ruxaZem. ** svanuri kamraÁs Sesaxeb cnobebi mogvawoda sof. Jaxunderis skolis direqtorma, istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatma j. onianma. 246 simboloebisa da maTi moZraobis amsaxveli sagnebis Semotana gavrcelebuli movlenaa rogorc miTosSi, ise ritualSi. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresod gveCveneba leCxumuri saaxalwlo „gvergvi“ da guruli CiCilakis „kalpi“. leCxumuri gvergvi vazis lerwebisagan mownuli rgolia, romlis SigniT, jvaredinad Txilis momsxo joxebia gayrili ise, rom oTxive wveri rgols gareTaa gamoSverili. joxebi sigrZezea CaTlili, wvrili naTali zedve aqvs SerCenili, rgols Signidan efineba da wreSi gansxivebul jvars gamoxatavs. jvris wamaxul wverebze, wris gareT icodnen wiTeli vaSlebis Camocma, romlebSic vercxlis fulebs CaarWobdnen. rgols garedan maradmwvane ekliani mcenaris, baZgaris foTliani totebi hqonda Semoyolebuli. „gvergveris“ centrSi debdnen SuaSi jvardasmul, e. w. „saojaxo tablas“, romelzec jamiT Tafls dgamdnen, an vercxlis wvril fuls da Saqris naWrebs awyobdnen18. wriuli agebulebisaa CiCilakis kalpi. igi Txilis totebisaganaa mownuli da wiTelnayofiani kurkantelis mwvane totebiTaa Semkuli. aseT wres CiCilaks Camoacmevdnen da mis gafuebul „wverebze“ daamagrebdnen, Semdeg CiCilakis wveroze Camoacmevdnen gulamoWril (ise, rom Sig CiCilakis Rero gasuliyo), yvelisa da kvercxis gulian kvers, bokels. CiCilakis Reros bolos jvaredinad CaWridnen da Sig horizontalurad Casvamdnen gaTlil joxebs. am jvars boloebze Camoacmevdnen or vaSls an broweuls, orsac sferul kvers, „yinCilas“. rogorc motanili aRwerilobidan Cans, „gvergvi“ wrea, romlis garSemo, jvris maxvil wveroebze oTxi wiTeli vaSlia Camocmuli. kalpiani CiCilakis wverze ki horizontaluradaa damagrebuli jvari, romlis wveroebzedac aseve sferuli simboloebi, kveri da nayofia Camocmuli, orive SemTxvevaSi es sagnebi solarul simboloebad migvaCnia, radgan axali weli mzis ciklis dResaswaulia. garda amisa, cnobilia analogiuri agebulebis simboloebi da ritualuri sagnebi, romlebic caze mzis oTx mdgomareobas gadmoscemdnen19. „gvergvsa“ da „kalpze“ damagrebuli jvrebi ar migvaCnia qristianul jvrad, radgan isini horizontalur sibrtyeSia moqceuli. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis CiCilakis jvarze, romlis mizania sakraluri sagnis wverze mnaTobis oTxi mdgomareobis fiqsireba. is rom qristianuli jvari yofiliyo, mas usaTuod aR- 247 marTuls daamagrebdnen CiCilakis wveroze, radgan qristianuli wesisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli jvris horizontalur sibrtyeSi moqceva, roca situacia misi aRmarTvis SesaZleblobas iZleva. qristianuli jvari aRmarTuli jvaria. aseve farTod aris gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba casTan SibiT, anu jaWviT Sekruli xis Sesaxeb. am SibiT RvTaebebi, kerZod is, visi sabrZanisicaa xe, cidan Camodis da zed dabrZandeba. aseTi yofila laSaris jvris muxa fSavSi, xmelgorSi, romelic zurab erisTavs mouWria. xeebis RvTaebaTa sabrZanisad miCneva tipiuria sicocxlis xis miTosisaTvis saerTod mTel msoTflioSi, xolo qarTul variantSi mas emateba Sibi, rogorc casa da xes Soris sakomunikacio saSualeba. aseTi Sibebi, gabmuli or sakulto adgils Soris, cnobilia iaxsaris miTidanac20. rogorc Cans, RvTaebebi Sibs miwaze dasaSvebad, kibis magier iyenebdnen, iseve rogorc zRvis dasaZlevad amirani iyenebda cxens. cidan daSvebuli Sibis motivi Cans yamaris koSkis aRweraSic. es koSki ukaroa da cazea „Camokidebuli“, anu SeerTebulia jaWviT casTan. koSkis ukaroba imaze migviTiTebs, rom masSi mxolod zecidan Cadian jaWvis saSualebiT. amiranma gawyvita es kavSiri zecasTan. zeciuri Sibis Sesaxeb saintereso masalaa daculi legendaSi kopalas salocavis daarsebis Sesaxeb. karatis wverze, saZovarze mwyemsebs, axalgazrda qal-vaJs, romelTac da-ZmasaviT uyvardaT erTmaneTi, raRac wivili da JRaruni SemoesmaT da dainaxes, rom cidan daeSva erTi Tasi da vercxlis jaWvi. qalma Sibi aiRo, vaJma ki Tasi. Semdeg, sxvadasxva konkretuli ambebis gamo, Tasi da Sibis nawili imave adgilas,sadac nivTebi cidan Camovarda, miwaSi Cafles da zed patara koSki aaSenes. Sibis meore naxevari dabla, liqokSi damarxes da aqac samlocvelo dadges. ase daarsebula karates jvris (kopalas) salocavi. jvars qali Tavis dad gauxdia da adgilis dedad dauyenebia21. gadmocema cidan Camovardnili Tasis Sesaxeb eTanxmeba meore aseTsave legendas guTnis warmoSobaze, romlis Tanaxmad fitareTel osebSi cidan Camovardnila guTnis suraTi, qarTvels unaxavs, gaukeTebia imgvari guTani da mere sxvebsac gadauRiaT22. iv. javaxiSvilma yuradReba miaqcia am motivis siZveles da masSi dainaxa herodotes mier aRwerili skviTuri legendis fragmenti23. herodoteseuli legendis Tanaxmad, skviTTa 248 legendaruli mefis, targitaisa da misi Svilebis dros cidan Camovarda oqros oTxi nivTi: guTani, uReli, culi da Tasi. roca oqros rigrigobiT miuaxlovda ori ufrosi Zma, nivTebs cecxli moedo. maTi aReba mxolod umcrosma SeZlo. mogvianebiT es nivTebi kultmsaxurebis obieqtad iqca skviTTa Soris24. samwuxarod iv. javaxiSvili ar icnobda zemoT motanil xevsurul gadmocemas Tasisa da Sibis Sesaxeb, romelic skviTuri miTosis kidev erT fragments Seicavs. es miTosi, eWvi araa, miwaTmoqmedi kavkasieli mosaxleobis samyarodan mogvianebiT SeuTvisebiaT skviTebs, radgan herodotes mier aRwerili periodisaTvis isini momTabareebi iyvnen da saxvneli miTi miTologiaSi mxolod garedan Tu moxvdeboda. qarTuli masala kopalas salocavis daarsebis Sesaxeb imiTacaa saintereso, rom aq Sesulia Sibis, rogorc samyaros nawilebs Soris kosmosuri xidis motivi, rac skviTebsa da berZnebs gamorCeniaT. am motivis arqauloba kidev ufro sarwmunos xdis miTosis skviTuri variantis meoradobas. herodoteseuli miTosis motivebi meordeba qarTvelTa warmodgenebSi setyvis Sesaxebac, romelTa Tanaxmad, setyvis zogi marcvali guTans Camohgavs, zogi CaquCs, urmis Tvals da a. S. es monacemebi cxadyofen, rom Sexedulebebi Sromis iaraRebis cidan Camovardnis Sesaxeb tradiciulia saqarTveloSi. marTalia, maT Soris ar ixsenieba sabrZolo iaraRi, rac sruliad dasaSvebia xalxisaTvis, romlis ZiriTadi saqmianoba saukuneTa manZilze miwaTmoqmedeba iyo. es warmodgenebi mTlianad desakralizebulia da sameurneo rwmena-warmodgenebs ukavSirdeba, magram RvTaebis simboloebis, sakulto da Tasisa da vercxlis jaWvis cidan CamoSvebis Sesaxeb mTaSi Semonaxuli gadmocemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom adre aseTi Sexedulebebi religiur da socialur samyarosTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. motanili masala cxadyofs, rom xe da koSki urTierTmonacvle, identuri simboloebia, romlebic casTan SibiT arian SeerTebuli. es ukanasneli momenti xisa da koSkis simbolikis kosmogoniur gankuTvnebaze migviTiTebs. TavianTi safuZvliT isini miwieri warmoSobisa arian da cas garegani, mesame, Sualeduri elementiT unda ukavSirdebodnen. aseTi Sualeduri, elementi iseve, rogorc koSki, sveti da a. S. aris Sibi-jaWvic. 249 qarTuli folkloruli masalis mixedviT, koSkisa da xis tolfasovani simboluri mnSvneloba hqonda irmis rqasac. miwis nayofierebis RvTaebis zoomorfuli ipostasi - iremi - cnobilia adremiwismoqmedTa religiasa da mxatvrobaSi da, rogorc simbolo, kidev ufro konkretdeba miTosSi, sadac cxovelis rqebi kosmogoniuri xis adeqvatur mniSvnelobas iZens. zemoT motanili zRapris mixedviT, misi rqebis meoxebiT SeiZleba caze asvla. es motivi gansakuTrebuli damajereblobiT meordeba arqeologiur Zeglebze, sadac am cxovelis rqebi Zlier utrirebuladaa gadmocemuli da xis asociacias iwvevs. yobanur culze irmis uzarmazar rqebs uerTdeba yuaze gamosaxuli, fxiseburi motiviTa da texiliT Sedgenili zolisagan ormxriv daSvebuli grexili, Cveni azriT, Sibi. am mosazrebis damadasturebel monacemebs brinjaos xanis Zeglebi gvawvdian, sadac farTod aris gavrcelebuli Zewkvis Tu Sibis saSualebiT Standartebze anTropomorfuli an zoomorfuli figurebis Camokideba. am figuraTa sakraluri daniSnuleba iWvs ar iwvevs. amasTanave, unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom brinjaos xanis Zeglebis simbolika da zed gamosaxuli siuJetebi usaTuod miTologiur-kosmogoniuri samyarodan aris aRebuli da farTo, sazogadoebrivi mniSivnelobis ideas asaxaven. specialur literaturaSi araerTxel aRniSnula, rom xalxur kulturebSi sagani xSirad danawevrebuladaa warmodgenili, ise rom, misi garkveuli nawilebi kosmosis calkeul elementebTan SesabamisobaSia gaazrebuli. amdenad, advili dasaSvebia culis qveda nawili, samuSao piri miwas Seesabamebodes, razedac, sxvaTa Soris, irmis figuris semantikac migviTiTebs. maSin yua da misi ornamenti casTanaa gaigivebuli. cnobilia ritualuri culebi, romelTa yuaze mtacebeli cxovelebia gamosaxuli. isini, SesaZloa, cis semantikur velSi iyvnen moqceuli, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sruliad dasaSvebia, rom sagangebod gaformebuli culi sakulto daniSnulebisa yofiliyo da mis mxatvrobas kosmogoniur-miTologiuri aspeqti gaaCndes, romelic TviT culis nawilebis gaazrebis Sesabamisad iqneboda agebuli. culis konstruqcia marTlac Seicavs dapirispirebas „qveze“. moqmedebis procesSi culis piri yovelTvis „qvesTan“ aris mimarTebaSi, xolo yua ki „zesTan“ aseTi warmodgenebi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli da mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda garemos kosmogoniuri TvalTaxedviT Sefasebis procesze. am mosazrebas mxars uWers herodotes 250 monacemebi, romelTa Tanaxmad, culi zeciuri warmoSobisaa, solarul samyaros ganekuTvneba (oqrosganaa damzadebuli), mxurvalea da, rogorc socialuri simbolo, kultis obieqtad iqceva pirveli aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris dasasrulis skviTur sazogadoebaSi. casTan SibiT-jaWviT SeerTebuli koSkebisa xeebis kategorias ganekuTvneba zemoTxsenebuli „caSi dakidebuli“ koSki, sadac cxovrobs amiranis satrfo, yamari. „caSi dakideba“ albaT gviandeli interpretacia aris „casTan SeerTebulia“, radgan „dakidebis“ saSualebiT aixsna koS- kis wverze arsebuli jaWvi mas Semdeg, rac xalxSi gaqra codna casTan SemaerTebel jaWvze, romlis saSualebiT RvTaebebi Camodiodnen TavianT salocavebSi (an adiodnen, Tu amis saWiroeba iqneboda). aseT viTarebaSi xalxma martivad axsna cidan koSkis wverze Camosuli jaWvis arsebobis faqti: koSki miwaze ki ar dgas, aramed cazea Camokidebuli. aseTi movlena tipiuria miTosis zRaprad gadaqcevis procesisaTvis. miuxedavad aseTi gardaqmnisa, xalxur kulturaSi, rogorc CvenSi, ise sxvagan, moipoveba faqtebi, romlebic gvexmarebian msgavsi saxecvlilebaTa WeSmariti bunebis garkvevaSi. magaliTad, xevsuruli poeziis monacemebi cxadyofen, rom xatebs samyaros sxvadasxva zonebs Soris „Sib-Toki“ hqoniaT, gabmuli da am SibebiT gamarTul wminda trasebze dadian. iaxsari, romelmac tbaSi devi Cakla da iqidan amosvla mxolod ganwmendis ritualis meSveobiT SeZlo, ambobs: „aqedan karatemdina Sib-Tokze gasavalia, eg agre gamaviare, aravin mamkidis Tvalia“. sxva variantiT: „karatiT karates mame Toki, zed gasavalia, ase gavide Tokzeda, veravin mamkidos Tvalia“, an „aeqiT karatebdena ars Siqze gasavlelio, agre gavivli Sibzeda vervin mamkidos Tvalio“26. rogorc motanili masalis SinaarsiT, ise leqsis formac Zalaunebrivad magonebs fridonis TaTbirs „vefxistyaosnidan“. iq naTqvamia: „Cemsa simcrosa gamzrdelni samuSaiTod mzrdidian, asre gavedi sabelsa, rom Tvalni ver mamkidian...“ aSkaraa, rom rusTavelma icoda RvTaebaTa „Sib-Tofis“ ambavi da saWiroebisas gamoiyena igi, Zneli warmosadgenia vifiqroT piriqiT, TiTqos am umniSvnelo epizodma, romelsac mxolod sagangebo dakvirvebisas Tu SeamCnev, iseTi STabeWdileba moaxdina xalxze, rom igi RvTaebaTa TavgadasavalSi Seitanes. rogorc Cans mTels aziaSi da kavkasiaSi gavrce- 251 lebuli xelovneba muSaiTobisa, romelSic sxva saxeobasTan erTad Tavze siarulic Sedioda, miznad isaxavda RvTaebebis Tavgadasavlebis miTosur siuJetebis warmodgenas. es xelovneba uZvelesi droidan momdinareobs, Tavze gasuli muSaiTi naxsenebia erT Tabalur sangamSi, romelic Cv. w. II-III saukuneebSia dawerili27. rogorc Cans rwmena RvTaebaTa jaWvze gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb uZveles droebaSi unda aRmocenebuliyo, rac erTgvarad gasagebs xdis muSaTTa xelovnebis ase farTod gavrcelebas. am mosazrebis Sesaxeb metyvelebs is garemoeba, rom analogiuri warmodgenebi evropis xalxebSicaa cnobili. sakmarisia gavixsenoT a. puSkinis poemis, „ruslanisa da liudmilas“ Sesavali, sadac naTqvamia: „У лукоморья дуб зелённый, зламая цепь на рубе том...“ miuxedavad imisa, rom a. puSkinTan miTosis struqtura darRveulia, oqrosjaWviani, qveynis kideze mdgari muxa, damoukidebeli erTeulis saxiT Semoinaxa. aRsaniSnavia, rom analogiur suraTs kidev ufro Sorsac vpoulobT. 1070 wels adam germanelis mier aRwerili upsalis taZari SvedeTSi ase gamoiyureba: „upsalis taZarSi, romelic oqroTi aris Semkuli, xalxi sami RvTaebis qandakebas scems Tayvans. maTgan yvelaze Zlieria tori, romelic taZris SuagulSi zis Tavis taxtze. vodani da friko aqeT-iqidan usxedan: maTi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebia: tori, rogorc miaCniaT, haers flobs, mexsa da elvas, qarsa da wvimas, karg amindsa da mosavals ganagebs. meore vodani, „risxvas“ niSnavs, meomrebis ufrosia da xalxs mtris pirispir guladobas aniWebs. mesame, friko, mokvdavebs siames aZlevs. misi kerpi uzarmazari saSvilosno asoTia aRWurvili. vodans isini gamosaxaven SejavSnuls, rogorc Cven marss, xolo tori Tavis skiptriT (e. i. uroTi. i.s.) iupiters Camogavs. taZris gverdiT uzarmazari xe dgas... is maradmwvanea... iqve aris wyaro, romelSiac warmarTebs wesad aqvT msxverplSewirva: aRrCoben cocxal kacs. Tu igi ar amotivtivda, maSin ician, rom Txovna Sesruldeba. taZars aqvs movlebuli oqros jaWvi, romelic Senobis saxuravzea dakiduli ise, rom Soridan momavalni maSinve amCneven mis brWyvials“28. rogorc Cans casTan SeerTebuli koSki, xe, mTa da a. S. uaRresad popularulia miTosSi da igi yvelgan saerTo tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT aris aRniSnuli. 252 mimoxiluli masalidan irkveva, rom qarTvelTa warmodgenebis Tanaxmad xe sicocxlis mimniWebeli ZaliTaa mosili, radgan igi RvTaebis sadguria da casTan SibiTaa dakavSirebuli. analogiuri mniSvnelobis mqone obieqtad gvesaxeba koSki da irmis rqa. xesTan dakavSirebuli rwmena-warmodgenebi sabolood yvelaze fundamenturad Camoyalibda sicocxlisa da cxovrebis xis kosmogoniur-miTologiuri koncefciis saxiT, romelic saqarTveloSiac farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. koSki da irmis rqa amave mniSvnelobis mqone obieqtebia. am ukanasknelis gareSemo arsebuli warmodgenebi Soreul warsulSiac dasturdeba. sicocxlis xis emblemaTa Soris gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa qarTvel mTielTa droSebi, romelTac uaRresad didi sakraluri mniSvneloba ukanasknel xanebamde Semoinaxes. mTielTa salocavebSi droSa mTavar sakulto SenobaSi, „darbazSi“ an „beRelSi“ iyo dasvenebuli. amas garda, arsebobda specialuri nageboba, „droSaT sabrZani koSki“, sadac droSas amagrebdnen xolme dResaswaulebisas. droSis xelis xlebis ufleba mxolod sagangebo saritualo uflebebiT mosil pirs, mkadres hqonda, romelic mas gareT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani ambebisa da didi dResaswaulebisas gamohqonda. droSa warmoadgenda xis tars wveroze liTonisjvriani burTuliani Subis piriT, romelTa qvemoT mimagrebuli iyo zarakebi da ramdenime feradi oTxkuTxa naWeri, samkadreo. jvarTan salaparako specialuri terminologiiT, droSas „alvis tani“ ewodeboda29, rac miuTiTebs am sagnis kavSiris RvTaebaTa karze amosul, RvTaebaTa sabrZanis miTur xesTan, xolo mis Semdgeneli elementebis mixedviT droSa simbolurad warmoadgens xis, cisa da astraluri samyaros urTierTobas. svaneTSi aseT wminda droSad iTvleboda „lemi“, xis tarze damagrebuli, qsovilisagan gamoWrili cxovelis gamosaxuleba, romelic medroSis moZraobisas qariT ibereboda. v. bardaveliZis „lem“ totemuri mglis gamosaxulebad miaCnia. am debulebis Sesamagreblad mas mohyavs svaneTSi mglisadmi „naTesauri“ damokidebulebis amsaxveli masala, aseve sagangebo yuradRebas aqcevs mglis tyavis samoslis did gavrcelebas svanTa Soris. mglis tyavis usaxelo jubebs Zvelad svaneTSi Turme kudebsac utovebdnen. yvelaferi es prof. v. bardaveliZem totemizmis gadmonaSTad miiCnia. mgelTan dakavSirebuli ceremonialidan gansakuTrebiT 253 sainteresoa mamakacebis procesia, „aSangelo“ Tu „SaSangelo“, romelic misi azriT, damaxinjebuli qarTuli sityva „samgelo“ unda iyos. am dros sagangebod klavdnen mgels, mis tyavs grZel latanze daamagrebdnen da mglis momkvlels daaWerinebdnen xelSi, romelic win miuZRoda procesias. mamakacebi mTel sofels Semouvlidnen, yovel saxlTan Cerdebodnen da simReras ityodnen. sasaxlidan maTTvis tyvia-wamali gamohqondaT. am wesSi v. bardaveliZe totemi mglis koleqtiur mokvdinebas xedavs30. samwuxarod, ar aris naTqvami rodis, an ra SemTxvevaSi sruldeboda es wesi, kalendaruli dRe iyo misTvis gamoyofili, Tu moZraobda, an kidev, yovel wels savaldebulod iTvleboda misi Sesruleba, Tu ara. aseve sainteresoa, kerZod, ra simReras asrulebdnen mamakacebi. nadirTan megobrobisa da naTesaobis motivi mTel msoTlioSia gavrcelebuli. aseve cnobilia mglebis mier bavSvis aRzrdis saswaulebrivi istoriebi da yvelafer amas saTanado adgili uWiravs Zvelsa da axal literaturaSi. aseve cnobilia, mxecebis Zvlebis, sasqeso organoebis, qonis, Tvalisa da a. S. samkurnalo da damcveli Tvisebebi, rasac svanebi, Tanaxmad profesor v. bardaveliZis masalisa, miawerdnen mgels. rame gansakuTrebuli mizani ar unda hqondes am nadiris tyavis zeda samosad gamoyenebas, radgan saamisod uamravi jiSis cxovelis tyavs iyenebdnen, rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise mTel msoflioSi. SesaZloa, am garemoebas odesRac hqonda konkretuli religiuri mniSvneloba, magram ukanasknel xanebamde misi Semonaxva mxolod praqtikulma mizezebma ganapirobes. sainteresoa grZel latanze damagrebuli mglis tyaviT soflis Semovla, rac, Cveni azriT, exmaureba mTel saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul wess, roca samsxverplo cxovelis (Txis, cxvris da a. S.) tyavs maRla xeze dakidebdnen, an xorcis nawilTan erTad tovebdnen xeze, romelzedac samsxverplo cxoveli iyo Camokidebuli. aseTi wesi osebSi damowmebuli aqvs vaxuStis31. kolxTa Soris Sewiruli cxovelis tyavis xeze dakidebis motivi jer kidev argonavtebis miTosidanaa cnobili. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Cven mier wina TavebSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas bewvis, Sesabamisad tyavis, simbolikis Sesaxeb, maSin latanze an xeze Camokidebuli tyavi totemuri gadmonaSTi ki ar iqneba, aramed agraruli miTis amsaxveli ritualis nawili. aseTi TvalsazrisiT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos 254 mTielTa droSa ramdenadme uaxlovdeba „lems“. Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi ayvavebuli xisa da solaruli simboloebis gaerTianebis cda gvaqvs mocemuli, „lemi“, rogorc sakraluri sagani, isev nayofierebis mcenareuli da cxoveluri sawyisebis simbolur mTlianobad unda miviCnioT da isic aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa droSis analogiur sakulto obieqtad CavTvaloT. aRsaniSnavia, rom 30-iani wlebis samecniero literaturaSi termini „totemi“ ar ixmareboda iseTi mkacri socialuri mniSvnelobiT, rogorc es dResaa miRebuli (mag. n. maris, a. milerisa da sxvaTa naSromebSi). maSin am termins ufro sakraluri, sakulto mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen da naklebad iTvaliswinebdnen am istoriul epoqas da socialur-ekonomikuri garemos specifikas, romelsac gulisxmobs totemi da totemizmi. amdenad, v. bardaveliZis mier svanTa XIX s. dasasrulisa da XX s. dasawyisis ritualuri praqtikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogierTi detalis Sefaseba totemizmis realuri gadmonaSTebis dadasturebad ki ar unda CavTvaloT, aramed masSi unda davinaxoT am sazogadoebis religiuri azrovnebisaTvis tipiuri, misi istoriuli ganviTarebisaTvis Sesabamisi sarwmunoebrivi samsaxuris elementebi, romlebic TavianTi arsiT Zlier daSorebulni arian totemizmisagan. aseTsave Tvalsazriss adgas prof. v. bardaveliZe Tavis naSromebSi saqarTvelos mTis socialuri ganviTarebis donis Sefasebisas. termini „totemis“ svanTa ritualis aRsaniSnavad mxolod pirobiTad SeiZleba iyos xmarebuli. vfiqrobT, rom maRal Wokze damagrebuli mglis tyavi, droSa „lemi“ da xeze Camokidebuli samsxverplo cxovelis tyavi, erTi semantikuri mwkrivis simboloTa urTierTkavSirs gamoxatavs da agraruli warmodgenebis wiaRSi poulobs axsnas. qarTul xalxur warmodgenebSi xesTan da cxovelis rqebTan mWidro kavSirSi arian qristianuli wmindanebic. aseTia, magaliTad, legenda rkonisidan lekebis mier gatacebuli RvTismSoblis xatis Sesaxeb, romelic mZarcvelTa meTaurs miuTvisebia. erT wels daRestanSi balaxi gaxma, Sinauri frinveli da cxoveli gawyda da mcxovreblebi raRac avadmyofobiT daixocnen. es ubedurobebi motacebul RvTismSoblis xats miaweres da gadawyvites misi dawva. xatma, cecxlis mikarebisTanave,. qalurad daikivla, avarda da iqve mdgom xars rqebze daesvena. Se- 255 Sinebulma lekebma xati xaris rqebze daamagres da xari gauSves. igi, didi xnis siarulis Semdeg, rkonis wm. giorgis cacxvs miadga. xati gadmoeSva xaris rqebidan da cacxvis totebze daesvena32. meore legendis Tanaxmad, XVII s. lanCxuTSi, eklesiis dangrevis Semdeg wminda giorgis xati davanebula iqve mdgomi muxis xis totebSi. xati iqidan axlad aSenebul eklesiaSi gadaasvenes, magram iq ar dadga da isev Tavis muxaze dabrunda. ase gagrZelda manam, vidre muxis adgilas ar aages axali eklesia, sadac xati sabolood dabinavda. XIX s. eklesias afxazebi dascemian, xati gautacniaT da iloris eklesiaSi miutaniaT33. motanili ori legendis monacemebi cxadyofen, rom xaris rqebi da xe identuri mniSvnelobis mqone sakraluri obieqtebia, radganac erTica da meorec qristianul wmindanTaTvis sasurveli sabrZanisia. am monacemebiT ver davamtkicebT, raime sistemis an wesis arsebobas mamri da mdedri wmindanebis mier cxovelTa Tu saganTa arCevaSi, e. i. ver vityviT, romeli cxoveli an sagani ganekuTvneba mamr an mdedr wmindans. motanili magaliTebis mixedviT, xari TiTqos RvTismSoblis rCeulia, magram sxva SemTxvevebSi iremica da xaric wminda giorgis cxovelebad iTvlebian da mis saydarSi cxaddebian nebayoflobiTi samsxverplo ceremonialis asasruleblad34. gadaWriT ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom muxa wminda giorgis saxelTan Zalze xSirad aris dakavSirebuli. es kavSiri ise mniSvnelovania, rom xalxuri giorgis kultis geneziss muxis kultSi eZeben. gamonaklisi aqac arsebobs, Cerqezebsa da afxazebSi wminda xeebs xSirad RvTismSobelsac ukavSirebdnen. amdenad, gadaWriT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rCeul cxovelTa danawileba wmindanTa sqesis mixedviT qristianul warmodgenebSi sabolood dadgenili ar aris. aRwerili masalidan TvalnaTliv Cans, rom RvTaebebis miwieri sadguri aris sakulto xe, romelic TavisTavad kultis obieqtia, an sakulto nagebobebidan dgas. aseTive Sexedulebebi arsebobda dedaboZis Sesaxebac. erT zRaparSi, romelic kaxeTSia Cawerili gasuli saukunis damlevs, boZis rols oqros Zewkvi asrulebda. mogvyavs am zRapris mokle Sinaarsi: erT xelmwifes hyavda mzeTunaxavi qaliSvili, romelsac iasa da vards ufendnen sawolSi. ia da vardi yovel diliT dauWknobeli xvdebodaT, rac qalis ubiwoebis niSnad iyo miCneuli. 256 erTxel qals damWknari yvavilebi dauyares da cili daswames - vezirs yvarobso. ganrisxebulma mefem oriveni gandevna uRran tyeSi. devnilebma qoxi aiSenes. qals erTi oqros Zewkvi gamohyoloda saxlidan da qoxs es Zewkvi Seudges boZad. gavida xani da qali samSobiarod dawva. veziri am dros saxlSi ar iyo. banze Camojda mze, mTvare da yorani da daiwyes am qalis Tavgadasavlis moyola. mere CamoeSvnen im oqros Zewkvze, iqcnen dedakacebad da uSveles mSobiares. gaCnda lamazi gogona, romelsac es dedakacebi uvlidnen da mere kidevac monaTles. mzem daanaTla brwyinvaleba, mTvarem badri saxe, yoranma Tavisi feris Tval-warbi da daloces: icinode - ia da vardi geSlebodes, tirode - Tvalmargaliti gcviodeso36. rogorc vnaxeT, laSaris jvaris muxis oqros Sibi da devnili mzeTunaxavis oqros Zewkvi RvTaebaTa savali kibea, magram garda am aucilebeli daskvnisa, mniSvnelobas ar aris moklebuli is garemoeba, room Zewkvi gamoyenebulia boZad da masze astraluri RvTaebebi CamobrZandebian. siuJeti xsenebuli zRaprisa iseT gadmonaSTebs Seicavs, romelTa axsna Cveni winaprebis winaqristianul rwmena-warmodgenebSi unda veZioT. cnobilia, rom qarTvelTa mzeTunaxavebi koSkSi gamoketili lamazmanebi ki ar arian, romelTac „mze ar unaxavT“, aramed maTi saxiT saqme gvaqvs RvTaebis niSnian pirebTan, romelTa mze aravis unaxavs, e. i. zRapris personaJi Cveulebrivi qali ki ar aris, aramed igi nawiliania da aRbeWdilia misi mfarveli RvTaebis niSniT37. zRapris gmiri qali rom Cve- ulebrivi mokvdavi ar aris iqidanac Cans, rom mas zebunebrivi gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia mcenareul samyaroze (iisa da vardis daWknoba). amasve migvaniSnebs sami RvTaebrivi stumari, romlebic mSobiares ewvivnen. yvela am niSnis mixedviT, es qali aRorZinebisa da solaruli Zalebis samyarosTan Cans naziarebi. motanili fragmentidan CvenTvis umniSvnelovanes cnobebs Seicavs ori momenti: 1. RvTaebebi banidan CamoeSvnen Zewkvze. 2. es Zewkvi am dros dedaboZis rols asrulebs. am magaliTma kidev ufro migvaaxlova Cvens saboloo saTqmels. xis kultis zogierTi niSani saqarTveloSi gviCvnebs, rom Cveni winaprebis kosmogoniur SexedulebebSi xes gardamavali rgolis funqcia ekisreboda. misi, an xidan caSi asuli Sibis saSualebiT RvTaebebi, romlebic xSirad astralur sxeulebs ganasaxierebdnen, cidan eSvebodnen da xeze daivanebdnen. xe iyo nayofierebisa da sicocxlis 257 ZalTa ganmasaxierebeli, samyarosa da, Sesabamisad, sakulto centri. misadmi Tayvaniscema, rogorc aRvniSneT, qarTvelTa Soris mravalferovani ritualiTa da simboloTi gamoixateboda. aseTi xis erT-erTi simbolo sacxovreblis interierSi dedaboZi unda iyos. am debulebis sasargeblod metyvelebs dedaboZis ornamentuli qarga: masSi gamosaxulia jvari, borjRala, varskvlaviseburi rozeti, koncentruli wreebi, anTropomorfuli, iTifaluri figurebi da a. S. TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgens mzis (zogjer, albaT, mTvarisac), ciskris varskvlavis, mnaTobTa moZraobisa da anTropomorfuli, astraluri RvTaebis niSnebs. dedaboZis Semkuloba savsebiT eTanxmeba msoflios Zveli xalxebis Sexedulebas sicocxlis xeze. amasve migvaniSnebs kerasTan dakavSirebuli kultmsaxurebis mravalferovani ceremoniali, romelSic dedaboZs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba; aseTia micvalebulis kultTan dakavSirebuli ritualebi, cxovelTa da mcenareTa gamravlebis, ciur sxeulTa Tayvaniscemis amsaxveli religiuri sistemis gadmonaSTebi, kerisa da boZis, rogorc ojaxis centris adgili saxlis socialur struqturaSi, inkorporaciis wesSi boZis mniSvneloba da a. S. yovelive es savsebiT Seesabameba sicocxlis xesTan dakavSirebul, istoriul wyaroebSi dacul monacemebs da kargadaa cnobili samecniero literaturaSi. sakulto xis sacxovrebelSi moqceva konkretuli faqtebiTaa damowmebuli. cnobilia, rom saqarTveloSi scodniaT (bunebrivad mdgari) xis garSemo saxlis aSeneba da am xis dedaboZad gamoyeneba * . aseTi wesi gavrcelebuli yofila Sua aziaSi ** , indoeTSi da a. S. msgavsi cnoba mogvepoveba homerosTanac: odisevsma gadaWra zeTisxilis xe da garSemo Senoba aago. Semdeg gadaWril xeze sawoli gamarTa38. qarTuli dedaboZis msgavsad, Semkuli svetebi cnobilia daRestnis tradiciul arqiteqturaSi39. saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom gvirgviniani gadaxurvis principi uzarmazar teritoriazea gavrcelebuli (Crd. indoeTi, avRaneTi, Sua azia, kavkasia, balkaneTi) da yvelgan SeimCneva centraluri boZisadmi gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba, magram saqarTvelos am mxriv sruliad * cnoba mogvawoda arqeologma i. gagoSiZem. cnoba mogvawoda akad. g. Citaiam. ** 258 damoukidebel qvetips qmnis rogorc arqiteqturis, ise dekorisa da religiuri koncefciis TvalsazrisiT40. sakulto xisa da nagebobebis urTierTkavSiris problema didi xania ainteresebT specialistebs. jer kidev XVIII s. gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom taZris inglisuri da germanuli saxelwodeba unda momdinareobdes muxis laTinuri saxelwodebidan. l. i. Stenbergi varaudobda, rom xis garegan iers garkveuli gavlena unda moexdina taZrebis formaze, da sailustraciod mohyavs induri taZrebis magaliTi, sadac igi xesTan sagrZnob garegnul msgavsebas xedavs41. dedaboZis sakulto mniSvnelobas gansakuTrebiT xazs usvams misi kavSiri gvirgvinTan. kera boZi da gvirgvini qarTuli xalxuri sacxovreblis interierSi warmoadgens erTian arqiteqturul ansabls, erTiania igi, rogorc sami vertikaluri zolis simbolo da sacxovreblis sakraluri centri. maTgan, erTmaneTis sapirispirod sacxovreblis „Sinas“ farTobi iyofoda mamakacebisa da qalebis mxared. am dayofas, garda ojaxis socialuri struqturis organizaciisa, gansakuTrebuli religiurmiTologiuri da kosmogoniuri aspeqtebic gaaCnda. qalebi TavianT mxareze xSirad asrulebdnen iseT ritualebs, romelTa msvlelobaSi monawileoba, an ubralod daswreba kacebisaTvis akrZaluli iyo. arsebobda mravali iseTi rituali, romelTac mxolod mamakacebi asrulebdnen. mamakacTa ritualebi saerTod naklebad iyo gasaidumloebuli, gansxvavebiT qalebis saweso moqmedebisagan, romlebic, rogorc cnobilia, miwis nayofirebisaTvis iyo gamiznuli, xolo miwisadmi mimarTuli ritualebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia akrZalvebi da saidumlo moqmedebani. sacxovreblis farTobis dedur da mamakacur nawilebad dana- wevrebis saintereso magaliTi gvaqvs xevsurul saxlSi, sadac pirveli sarTulis horizontalur dayofasTan erTad gvaqvs vertikaluri dayofac, romlis mixedviT pirveli sarTulis samamo naxevarTan erTad, mamakacebis nawilad iTvleboda saxlis zeda sarTuli. mamakacebi qveda sarTulSi Cadiodnen zevidan, Werxodan, maT ar SeeZloT qveda sarTulSi Sesuliyvnen im gziT, saidanac qali da saqoneli dadioda, radgan gauwmindurdebodnen da angelozi gauwyrebodaT42. es warmodgenebi realizebulia sarTulTa saxelwodebebSic, romelTac ewodebaT „ZirisTva- 259 li“ (anu boseli), „SuaTvali“ da „zeTasTvali“43. aseve mkacrad iyo danawilebuli „Sinas“ farTobi svanur saxlSi. aq keris garSemo ojaxis wevrTa ganawileba maTi uflebrivi ierarqiis mixedviT xdeboda. keris erTi, gverdiTi da wina mxare mamakacebs ekuTvnodaT, xolo sapirispiro mxareebi, meore gverdi da ukana mxare qalebisaTvis iyo daTmobili. didi stumrianobisas, adgilis simciris gamo, kacebi SeiZleba qalebis mxares damsxdariyvnen, oRond keris ukan ara, radgan es did damcirebad iTvleboda. mamakacebis mxares idga ojaxis ufrosi savarZeli. kacebis mxares kacebis saqmianobisaTvis saWiro iaraRi ewyo, xolo qalebisas - samuSao inventari. saxlis „Sinas“ farTobis saqalebo da samamro mxareebad dayofa adre mTel saqarTveloSi yofila gavrcelebuli, risi gadmonaSTebi sxva, mravalferovani saxiT aris damowmebuli sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. safiqrebelia, rom aseTi wesi Soreuli warsulidan momdinareobs, radgan SuSanikis martvilobaSi damowmebulia dedaTa da mamaTa gancalkevebiT purobiT wesi. aseTi wesi, bunebrivia, garkveul tradicias emyareboda ukve im xanebSi da, albaT, saTanado saweso sabuTianobac gaaCnda. teqstis mixedviT, igi adgilobrivi Cans, radgan erTad puroba sparsTa wesad aris miCneuli. purobisas gancalkeveba sacxovrebelSi usaTuod gulisxmobs dedaTa da mamaTa seqciebis arsebobas, rac dabal socialur doneze, erTkamerian sacxrvrebelSi deduri nawili calke saxiT unda yofiliyo gamoyofili. naxevarTa gamoyofisaTvis aucilebeli orientiri, rogorc amas eTnografiuli monacemebi cxadyofen, kera da, Sesabamisad, dedaboZi iqneboda, romelic sakulto obieqts warmoadgenda da ojaxis mfarveli angelozis sadgomad iTvleboda. motanili masalidan Cans, rom sacxovreblis „Sinas“ danawileba sapirispiro mniSvnelobis mqone sivrcobriv nakveTebad xdeba rogorc horizontalur, ise vertikalur WrilSi, magram jerjerobiT cnobili masalis safuZvelze erTdroulad, erT obieqtze damowmebulia mxolod xevsurul sacxovrebelSi. samwuxarod, savele masalebi jer saTanadod mokvleuli ar aris da kidev bevri saintereso faqtis gamovlenaa mosalodneli. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, dedaboZisa da misi paraleluri Sesabamisobis - koSkis, rqebis, xis Zewkvis (jaWvi) - vertikaluroba e. i. „ze“ da „qve“ samyaroTa Soris gadamyvani sakomunikacio saSualebis funqcia 260 gamovlenilia folkloruli, eTnografiuli Tu arqeologiuri masalis safuZvelze. amdenad, dedaboZi, rogorc kosmogoniuri elementebi da amave dros, interieris centri kerasTan erTad, „Sinas“ mTeli sivrcis socialurad da kosmogoniurad maorganizebeli komponentia. garda sadedo da samamro mxarisa, kerasTan gamoyofili iyo adgili ojaxis ufrosisaTvis da misi mimyoli adgilebic garkveuli ierarqiis Sesabamisad, rom igive wesi daculi iqneboda qalebis naxevarSic. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ufrosi qalis roli ritualsa da saqmianobis ganmgeblobaSi dawinaurebuli Cans. es ierarqia kerasTan da boZTan mimarTebaSic dasturdeba. yofaSi damowmebuli sistemuri Sexedulebebi cis mamurobisa da miwis dedurobis Sesaxeb Tanamimdevrulad realizdeboda ritualSi. eTnografiis da folkloris monacemebi, arqeologiur ZeglebTan erTad, gvidastureben vertikalur zonalobaSi sqesTa gaazrebas. am sistemis mixedviTaa ganlagebuli xelovnebis Zeglebze xSirad sxvadasxva zoomorfuli simboluri gamosaxulebanic. Tu balaxismWamelebi ZiriTadad miwis samyarosTanaa dakavSirebuli, mtaceblebi, romlebic aqtiurad arian Cabmulni simbolikasa da miTosSi, ufro ciur samyarosa da solarul Zalebs ganasaxiereben. yovelive es migvaniSnebs, rom saxlis centrs romelic kera-dedaboZi-gvirgvinis saxiT moiazreboda, ganixilavdnen mTels interierTan mimarTebaSi da igi, rogorc oikogoniuri modelis maorganizebeli wertili, srul SesabamisobaSi iyo kosmogoniur modelTan. saxlis centri, iseve rogorc samyaros centri, warmoadgenda aTvlis wertils, romelTan mimarTebaSi, warmodgenaTa arsebuli sistemis Sesabamisad, lagdeboda samyaros (saxlis) yvela seqtori. centridan aiTvleboda sami done vertikalur RerZze, xolo horizontaluri sakordinacio jvari, romlis centri emTxveoda keras, gadioda vertikaluri RerZi dedaboZ-gvirgvinis kompleqsis gavliT. sakordinacio jvari horizontalur WrilSi orientirebuli iyo mzis oTxi mdgomareobiT caze, romelTagan sami aRmosavleTi, samxreTi da dasavleTi Seadgenda samzeos, xolo CrdiloeTSi mze mogzaurobda maradiuli Ramis mxareSi, romlis gadavliT igi yovel diliT amodioda aRmosavleTidan. samyaros TiToeuli segmentis daxasiaTebas iZleva enis monacemebi, sadac Cans istoriulad Camoyalibebuli diferencirebuli azri gare- 261 momcveli sivrcis Sesaxeb. TiToeul segments Tavisi miTosur-religiuri datvirTvac gaaCnia. amaT Soris uZvelesi unda iyos sivrcis ori monakveTis diametrulad gansxvavebul Tvisebebze damyarebuli pirispiroba, sadac „Sina-gares“ saxiT gamosaxulia socialurisa da arasocialuris winaaRmdegobrioba. „Sina“ sivrcis im segments gulisxmobs romelzedac ganfenilia socialuri jgufi, da ojaxi, xolo aqedan aRmocenda cneba „Sinauri“. Tavis mxriv, „gare“-d sivrcis is nawili iTvleba, romliTac garemoculia „Sina“. igi sociumis mier auTvisebeli sivrcea. misi mdgmuria „gareuli“. Tu Sina, rogorc sociuamis sabinadro adgili, mowesrigebul, Sesabamisad, keTil sivrced iTvleba, „gare“ arasocialuri, mouwesrigebelia, qaosis gamovlinebaa da saSiSia. igive pirispiroba arsebobs „gareulsa“ da „Sinaurs“ Soris. „Sinas“ binadaria naTesavi (Tavisi), ojaxis wevri (aseve pirutyvi), xolo „garesi“ ucxo. aranaTesavi, saxifaTo, sxva socialuri jgufi da misi warmomadgenlebi (aseve gareuli cxovelebi mxeci da nadiri), religiur-miTologiuri TvalsazrisiT Sinas ganageben socialuri jgufisa da ojaxis mfarveli RvTaebebi da maTi cxoveluri hipostasebi, gareSe ki batonoben bunebis kvdoma-aRorZinebis gamgebeli RvTaebebi, nadirT mfarvelebi, demonuri Zalebi (devi, qaji, Winka, ali da a. S)., aqvea micvalebulTa samyaroc. dawesebuli wesrigis moSlis aRweris mizniT, istoriul wyaroebSi xSiria suraTebi, sadac am samyaroTa ZiriTadi niSanTvisebebi erTidan meoreze gadadis. qarTlis cxovrebaSi ramdenimejer aris aRniSnuli, rom roca mterma qveyana moaoxra „arRara ipovebodes naSenebi, arca Wamadi kacTa da pirutyvTa“45 „...da ara iyo mas Jamsa Sina Tesva da mka: mooxrda qveyana da tyed gadaiqca, da nacvlad kacTa mxecni da nadirni velisani daemkvidres mas Sina“46. am nawyvetebidan naTlad Cans „Sinas“ Tvisebebis (naSenebi, kacTa da pirutyvTa, anu Sinaur cxovelTa sacxovrebeli, maTi arsebobis garantia (Wamadi), meurneoba (Tesva da mka) da a. S. gaqrobisa da mis magier „gares“ Tvisebebis, mxecisa da nadiris damkvidrebis suraTi. kulturuli, sociaruli wesrigis mospoba aRwerilia gare samyaros TvisebaTa simbolikis gamoyenebiT. am SemTxvevaSi „gare“ samyaro, misi mdgmurebis meoxebiT, iWers „Sinas“ teritorias, rac am ukanasknelis ganadgurebas aRniSnavs. is garemoeba, rom istoriuli wyarodan motanili magaliTebi sxvadasxva drosa da avtorebs ganekuTvneba, adastu- 262 rebs, rom aRweril warmodgenebze dafuZnebuli, STabeWdilebis gamaZlierebeli xerxi, tradiciuli literaturuli forma yofila. am sakiTxs kidev davubrundebiT, roca sxva analogiur sistemebs ganvixilavT. zemoxsenebuli dapirispireba mecnierebaSi kargad cnobili, ZiriTadi pirispirobis „kultura - buneba“-s erT-erTi qvevariantia. enobrivi monacemebidan amokrefili amgvari opoziciuri wyvilebi Tavisi SinaarsiT savsebiT Seesabameba warmodgenebs samyaros struqturaze, rasac Tavis mxriv, imeorebs dasaxleba da sacxovrebeli, romlis socialuri centria saTemo salocavi, kera da dedaboZi, xolo miTosSi - cxovrebis xe. garesamyaros Sesaxeb warmodgenebi sakmaod diferencirebuladaa Semonaxuli da maTi ramdenime versia arsebobs, sadac sivrce samganzomilebiani sasruli moculobis saxiT aris aRwerili. amasTanave, es moculoba, rogorc vertikaluri, ise horizontalur WrilSi, ramdenime sartylad, erTeulad iyofa. dayofis umartivesi saxe orwevriania da ZiriTadad gamijnavs kacTa da RvTaebaTa, sulTa sauflos. msgavsi warmodgenebis nakvalevi Semonaxulia dapirispirebaSi, „aq“ da „iq“, „ze“ da „qve“, „wina“ da „ukana“, sadac sivrciTi danayofebi erTmaneTs diametruli mniSvnelobiT upirispirdeba. maTi mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa terminebSi - „saiqio“ da „saaqao“, rogorc urTierTgamomricxavi niSnebiT aRwerili, mkvdarTa da cocxalTa samyofi sivrciTi segmentebis pirispiroba. erTi segmentidan meoreSi gadanacvleba SeuZlia RvTaebas an RvTaebriv gmirs zebunebrivi mediatoris daxmarebiT (fantasturi cxovelebi, frinvelebi, mTa, sveti da a. S.), radgan samyaros nawilebi erTmaneTisagan gamoyofilia damabrkolebeli sartyliT (qedi, zRva, haeris an miwis wiaRi). adamiani sartylidan sartyelSi gadadis mxolod daSlis, sxeulisa da sulis gayris Semdgom. mogzaurobs suli, sxeuli adgilze rCeba. dayofa „ze“ da „qve“ ciurisa da miwieris dapirispirebas gulisxmobs, maSin roca „wina“ da „ukana“ horizontalur samyaros axarisxebs keTil da borot sivrceebad. igi ramdenadme Seesabameba dapirispirebas „gare“ da „Sina“. „wina“ gulisxmobs adamianis TvaliT xilul, mis Tvalwin gaSlil sivrcis dadebiTobas, aRqmadobasa da, amdenad, usafrTxoebas sapirispirod „ukanasi“, romelic isea ganlagebuli, rom mas adamianis Tvali ar udgeba, uxilavia. igi bneli ki ar aris, e. i. misi uxilavoba sinaTlis aryofniT ki ar aris gamowveuli, aramed adamianis ukan moq- 263 ceuli sivrcea, romelic miudgomelia, mxedvelobisaTvis. es warmodgenebi saTanado adgils iWers mogvianebiT Seqmnil, ufro rTul sistemaSi, romelsac ufro qvemoT SevexebiT. „wina“ savsebiT Seesabameba termins „aq“, maSin roca „ukana“ terminis „iq“ eqvivalenturi unda iyos. safiqrebelia, rom am pirispirobaSi areklilia uZvelesi warmodgenebi sivrcis keTil da borot sartylebad dayofaze. ramdenadac „saiqio“ moqceulia horizontalur WrilSi „saaqaosTan“ erTad. am warmodgenebze Cans agebuli magiuri verbaruli formula, romliTac yvela qarTuli zRapari mTavrdeba: „Wiri iqa, lxini aqa, qato iqa, fqvili aqa“. zemoxsenebuli dapirispirebebi arseboben rogorc abstraqcia, gamoxatuli sapirispiro niSnebTan mTlianobiT. maT avtonomiuri mniSvneloba ar gaaCniaT. e. i. „ze“ arsebobs mxolod „qve“-sa da „ukan“ mimarTebaSi. erTmaneTisagan daSorebuli ganyenebuli mniSvneloba maT ar gaaCniaT da konkretul gansagnebas iZenen sivrcis aRmniSvnel terminebTan erTad, rogoricaa „ca“, „skneli“, romlebic aRniSnaven samyaros garkveul sartyels, horizonts, Caketil sazRvrul segments, rasac sulxan-saba orbeliani „gareSemowerils“ uwodebs. enaSi SemorCenili, sivrcis aRmniSvneli terminebis urTierTmimarTebebSi mJRavndeba samyaros arqauli modelis formirebis gza, misi ganviTarebis etapebi da qveynierebis empiriuli Secnobis done, sadac moculobiTi samyaro saerTo RerZze ganlagebul, racionalur da iracionalur nawilTa struqturul mTlianobad aris warmodgenili. sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonis mixedviT „cas“ rTuli, mravalferovani agebuleba aqvs, magram xalxur warmodgenebSi igi asaxuli ar aris. amdenad leqsikonSi warmodgenili masalis amomwuravi ganxilva Cveni interesis sferos cildeba. leqsikonis gansazRvrebidan CvenTvis sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom ca usazRvro ar aris. sabas sityviT rom vTqvaT, garSemowerili, e. i. usazRvro mxolod RmerTia. Sexedulebebi cis sasrulobis Sesaxeb xalxur warmodgenebSic dasturdleba. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa metyvelebaSi moqmedi sinonimuri terminebi „ca“ da „zeca“. sapirispiro termini, „qveca“ damoukidebeli saxiT ar ixmareba. mimarTebis aRmniSvneli nawilakis „zes“ dakavSireba casTan migvaniSnebs, rom warmoqmnili kompozitis mniSvneloba cis sawyisi mniSvnelobisagan gansxvavdeba, igulisxmeba, rom igi, Tu da- 264 moukidebel sartyladaa miCneuli, caze maRalia, an cis ukidures simaRles gamoxatavs. magram SemorCenili terminebi - „zecrielni“ da „qvecrielni“ cxadyofen, rom maTi saSualebiT mxolod cis, Cveni gagebiT, atmosferos diferenciacia ar xdeba. pirveli aRniSnavs RvTaebis, xolo meore qvesknelis binadar „dev-dedabrebs“, saerTod borot Zalas47. termini „qvecrielni“ cxadad migvaniSnebs, rom odesRac arsebobda warmodgenebi „zecas“ sapirispiro „qveca“-ze, romelic qveda samyaros aRniSnavda da centraluri RerZis boloze iyo moqceuli. misi aRdgenis gziT miviRebT vertikalur RerZze ganlagebul samyaros sam elements „zeca“ca-qveca“-s, romelTac sakuTari parametrebi da mobinadreni gaaCniaT. Tu „zecisa“ da „qvecis“ macxovreblebi Sesabamisad RvTaebebi da boroti Zalebi arian, maSin ca kacTa modgmisa da mcenare-cxovelTa mier aTvisebuli sivrce unda iyos. misi pirvandeli mniSvneloba adre albaT Tvalsawiers udrida da „zecas“ sinonimi ufro gvian unda gamxdariyo. msgavs sqemazea agebuli meore struqtura, romlis aRsaricxi erTeuli, „ca“-s msgavsad, aris „yana“. Tanamedrove qarvulSi igi naTes farTobs aRniSnavs, sulxan-saba orbeliani am mniSvnelobas „qveyanasac“ umatebs, romelsac Tavis mxriv vrcel gansazRvrebas aZlevs da detalurad aRwers rogorc mis Tvisebebs, ise kosmosur arssac. ganmartebis Tanaxmad igi dedamiwas udris. Cveni msjelobisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania termini „qveyana“, romelic mimarTebis aRmniSvneli „qve“-sa da „yana“-s SeerTebiTaa Sedgenili. am sakiTxiT Tavis droze dainteresda akad. n. berZeniSvili, romelic aRniSnavda, rom „qveyana TiTqos dapirispirebis Sedegad Seqmnili terminia: „ze-ca, queyana (Sdr. ze-skneli, queskneli)“. igi mivida im daskvnamde, rom „qveyana“ imTaviTve miwis farTobis aRmniSvneli termini unda yofiliyo, romelic SeiZleba ganekuTvnebodes gvars, toms da a. S.48. cxadia mkvlevari dainteresebulia terminis sivrciT ganfenilobisa da misi eTno-socialur jgufTan Sefardebis problemiT. CvenTvis „qveyana“, pirvel rigSi, sainteresoa, Tavisi kosmogoniuri aspeqtiT, sadac samyaros nawilTa asaTvlel erTeulad gamoyenebulia termini „yana“ „yana - qveyana“, iseve, rogorc „ca-qveca“, kosmosuri sartylebis aRmnusxveli terminebia. Tu am wyvilSi CavsvamT „Suayanas“, rac qiziySi miwatkepnil iataks, e. i. miwis pirs aRniSnavs (ix. st. menTeSaSvili, qiziyuri leqsikoni), viRebT samwevrian mwkrivs: „yana- 265 Suayana-qveyana“, romelic gansakuTrebul niuansur viTarebas unda gadmogvcemdes, radgan misi zeda wevri cis samyarosTan dakavSirebuli ar Cans. „yanas“ aspeqtTa dadgenisaTvis saintereso masalas iZleva kompoziti „Tavyaniscema“, rac Tanamedrove „Tayvaniscemas“ udris. „Tavyanis- cema“, i. abulaZis ganmartebiT, locviT samsaxuria, iseve rogorc „Tavis yofa“, pativis cemas, pativis migebas niSnavs. orive terminSi amosavalia Tavi, adamianis pirovneba, romelic, motanil terminTa Sesabamisad, ierarqiulad damcrobil mdgomareobaSia warmodgenili, radgan „Tayvaniscema“, „Tayvaneba“ da a. S. garda sakraluri aqtisa, yofaSi aRniSnavs morCilebas, vismes winaSe moxras, Tavis miwamde modrekas, aseve usazRvro siyvarulsac da erTgulebasac. terminSi cxadad gamosWvivis misi socialuri aspeqti, gamosaxuli maRlis damdablebiT ierarqiulad ufro meti donis winaSe, rac praqtikulad Tavis miwamde daxriT gamoixateba (mimarTebaze - „qve“). aq areklilia Sexeduleba adamianis agebulebis sivrcobriv-topografiuli gaazrebis Sesaxeb. Tavis, rogorc „zes“ Sesabamisobis gadatana „yana-qve“-s garemoSi zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT morCilebas gamoxatavs (Tavyofili - morCili - i. abulaZe), xolo CvenTvis saintereso termin „yanas“ ganmartavs rogorc dabal dones, miwis pirs. ase rom, mwkrivi „yana - Sua yana - qveyana“ aRwers kerZod miwis, rogorc samyaros erTi seqtoris, struqturas. Tanamedrove sasaubro enaSi samive wevri sinonimur mniSvnelobas atarebs, magram niuansuri sxvaoba mainc igrZnoba. „Tayvaniscemis“ sakraluri mniSvnelobis saintereso ganmartebas iZleva sulxan-saba orbeliani. igi termins akavSrebs kerpTan (ix. kerpTa Tayvaniscema) da am poziciaSi „samsaxurTan“ (mxedvelobaSi aqvs sakraluri aqcia), morCileba-damdablebasTan erTad, religiur egzaltaciasac aRniSnavda (Sdr. „gamoTayvaneba“) riTac kosmogoniur-socialur safuZvelze SemuSavebuli mniSvnelobaTa mwkrivis sxvadasxva aspeqtebs emateba RvTaebisadmi morCileba-siyvaruliT aRZruli aranormaluri sulieri mdgomareobis, transis, religiuri ekzaltaciis aRmweri aspeqti. enaSi Semonaxulia mimarTebaTa kidev erTi sistema, romelSiac samyaros diferencirebuli xedvaa areklili. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs terminebi - „zedaSe“ - qveSe - gareSe“ „winaSe“, romelTa urTierTkavSiri qvey- 266 nierebis elementTa Tanawyobis kidev erT, uaRresad Tavisebur suraTs warmogvidgens. yvela sxva sistemaSi moqmedebs zogadi mniSvnelobis mqone sivrcobrivi erTeuli, mag., skneli, ca, yana da a. S., romelTagan daerTvis mimarTebis aRmniSvneli nawilakebi „ze-qve-win“ da a. S., risi saSualebiTac yalibdeba samyaros konkretul seqtorTa saxelebi. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs terminTa wyeba, romelTa agebulebaSi ar Sedis konkretuli saxeli. isini Sedgenilia mimarTebis aRmniSvneli nawilakebisagan, romelTac daerTvis sakmaod bundovani mniSvnelobis mqone bolosarTi „Se“. akad. a. SaniZis azriT, xsenebul terminebSi „Se“ warmoSobiT“ igivea, rac zmniswini „Se“49. akad. s. yauxCiSvili zemoT motanil mwkrivs umatebs termin „TanaSe“-s enis problemebis kvleva, bunebrivia, Cvens kompetenciaSi ar Sedis, magram am terminebSi dafaruli azris gamovlena usaTuod sasargeblo iqneba gansaxilveli problemis ukeT gaazrebisaTvis. azrobrivi analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xsenebul termi- nebSi mimarTebiT aRmniSvneli nawilakebi damoukidebeli arsebiTi saxelis mniSvnelobas iZenen da bolosarT „Se“-s darTviT garkveul mimarTebas gamoxataven subeiqtsa da obieqts Soris, ise rom, srul Tanxvedras inarCuneben cnobil sivrcobriv struqturasTan. motanili oTxi terminidan ori maTgani, kerZod „winaSe“ da „gareSe“, savsebiT gasageb Sinaarss gamoxatavs. „gareSe“ Tanamedrove enaSi aRniSnavs „ucxos“, xolo „winaSe“ gulisxmobs subieqtis wardgomas, misvlas, obieqtTan, oRond aqcentiT obieqtis ierarqiul upiratesobaze. „gareSes“ konkretuli arsi arafers xelismosakidebels ar gvaZlevs sxva terminTa axsnisaTvis, magram termin „winaSe“-Si xazgasmuli specifikuri damokidebuleba subieqtsa da obieqts Soris, misi Sejereba eTnografiul masalasTan, saintereso perspeqbtivebs qmnis rogorc ori terminis („zedaSe - qveSe“), ise mTeli sistemis sakralur-kosmosuri mniSvnelobis gamovlenisaTvis. „winaSes“ Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlo xdeba ukeT gaverkveT „zedaSes“ mniSvnelobaSi. am terminiT karga xania dainteresdnen specialistebi da gamoavlines kidevac masTan dakavSirebuli ritualebi, magram igi iswavleboda ganmxoloebulad, ara rogorc sivrcobrivi sistemis nawili, aramed rogorc sakulto faqti, ramac garkveulad Seaviwrova misi mniSvneloba. 267 sulxan-saba orbeliani ganmartebiT „zedaSe“ aris Sewiruli Rvino. aw gansvenebuli eTnografis n. Tofurias savele masalasa da gamokvlevebSi dadgenilia, rom „zedaSe“ iyo ara mxolod Rvinis wliuri mosavlidan saRvTod Sesawiravi, aramed ase ewodeboda miwaTmoqmedebisa da mesaqonleobis yvela produqts, romelic wlis Semosavlidan ama Tu im RvTaebaTa saxelze iqneboda aRTqmuli. n. Tofuriam dasavleT saqarTveleoSi daamowma Rvinis „zedaSeTa“ rTuli sistema, romelic maranSi sxvadasxva RvTaebis saxelze awesebda sagangebo qvevrebs. SeTqmul qvevrebs Sesabamis RvTaebaTa Tu wmindanTa dResaswaulebze gaxsnidnen da daxarjavdnen. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod, kaxeTSi, zedaSes, Rvinis savse, Sewiruli Wuris saxiT Tayvans scemdnen, rogorc ojaxis mfarvel RvTaebas. am WurTan imarTeboda saojaxo da sagvareulo ritualebi, romlis drosac ikribeobdnen ojaxis wevrebi, sxvagan dasaxlebuli vaJebi da gaTxovili qalebi. „zedaSes“ qvevris gadatana ar SeiZleboda (dasaSvebi iyo axlis daarseba axal adgilas) da amitom bevrgan, ukve mitovebul nasaxlarebzec ki icavdnen Zvel zedaSeebs, romelTac adrindeli patronebi isev akiTxavdnen, wess asrulebdnen da uvlidnen. ase rom, „zedaSe“ Sesawiravia, magram Sesawiravi „zeda“-sadmi, raRac RvTaebrivi Zalisadmi, romelic sivrcobriv mdgomareobaSia aRwerili. v. bardaveliZis azriT, xelapyrobili locva, an maRlidan xeldasmagardmovlena Cveulebrivi movlenaa qarTuli ritualuri praqtikisaTvis, rasac mowmobs xalxur mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi da sakralur moqmedeb- ebSi fiqsirebuli, Sesabamis pozaSi mdgomi mlocvelebi da mavedreblebi50. xisadmi xelapyrobili figurebi da Sesabamisi ritualuri WurWli damowmebuli aqvs b. ribakovs tripolies kulturaSi51, aseTive daniSnulebisa da Sinaarsis Zeglebze yuradRebas amaxvilebs n. mileric52. aseTi poza bunebrivia qristianuli samsaxurisTvisac. aq gaurkveveli araferia, radgan RmerTis cnebis gaCenis Semdgom adamianebi raime formiT yovelTvis mimarTavdnen cas. swored es mimarTva da Sewirva aris areklili termin „zedaSe“-Si, romelsac TandaTan daukargavs sistemis danarCen wevrebTan kavSiri da damoukidebeli mniSvneloba SeuZenia „zeda“, rogorc sakraluri obieqti, mTel saqarTveloSi yofila cnobili. sulxan-saba orbeliani ganmartavs termin „zedeTi-zedaTi“-s rogorc “uzemoess“, romelic agviwers zeda mxares, zeda qveyanas. samyaros am na- 268 wilis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi mSvenivrad aris daculi samegreloSi, sadac gamovlenilia „JiniSi“-s, „zedas“, „zeviTuris“ Zlieri kulti53. irkveva, rom „zedaSes“-s droTa ganmavlobaSi damoukidebeli mniSvneloba SeuZenia, xolo samegreloSi „JiniSis“ paralelurad Sesawiravis mniSvnelobiT Semonaxula. „JiniSis“ da „zedaSes“ kultis arseboba cxadyofs, rom „zeda-zedeTi“, e. i. zeca, rogorc samyaros nawili, damoukidebeli kultis obieqti yofila, romlis gadmonaSTebi yofam TiTqmis ukanasknel xanebamde Semoinaxa. „zedaSes“ mniSvnelobis garkvevis Semdgom ukve xelmisawvdomi xdeba „qveSes“ Sinaarsic. es termini aRniSnavs Zirs, dabla, igi Semonaxulia toponimSi „qveSeTi“, romelic „zedeTis“ msgavsad aris warmoebuli da albaT mis sapirispiro mniSvnelobas atarebs. rogorc kosmosis nawili, igi dabla samyaros unda udrides, romlis Tayvaniscema dedamiwis, an miwis kultis saxiT damowmebulia qarTvelTa ritualur praqtikaSi. guriaSi ap. wulaZes aRwerili aqvs miwis gajerebis wesi, „nerCis“ saxelobaze, romlis Sesruleba miznad isaxavda axalSobilis janmrTelobis gamoTxovnas miwisaTvis54. am mizniT miwaSi, saxlis iatakSi, marxavdnen Sesawiravs da asxamdnen Rvinos. miwisadmi sasmelis Sewirva, e. i. misi miwaze daRvra, libacia uaRresad gavrcelebuli wesia micvalebulTa kultmsaxurebaSi. miwis Tayvaniscema mravalferovani ritualebiTa da warmodgenis saxiT aris cnobili, romelTa Zebna amJamad dagvaSorebs sakiTxs. mTavaria, rom miwa aqtiuri sakulto obieqti iyo. amdenad „qveSes“ religiuri arsi SesaZloa xsenebuli warmodgenebiT, e. i. miwis rogorc nayofierebis sawyisisa da mfarvelis mniSvnelobiT iyos gansazRvruli. analogiuri warmodgenebi Tavs iyrian terminSi „gareSe“, romelic Tanamedrove qarTulSi ucxos, garedan mosuls aRniSnavs. eTnografiuli masala cxadyofs, rom am termins Zvelad rTuli kosmogoniuri da religiuri Sinaarsi hqonia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tu terminebs „zedaSe“ da „qveSe“ raime mniSvnelobiT datvirTulad CavTvliT, es mimarTebebi aqac sagulisxmebelia. „gare-Sinas“ pirispirobaze agebuli, sawinaaRmdego niSnebiT aRbeWdili samyaroebi Tavisi socialuri, religiur-kosmogoniuri da miTosuri aspeqtebiT, didi TvalsaCinoebiT iyo asaxuli qar- 269 TvelTa warmodgenebSi da maTi gamosaxva terminSi „gareSe“ sruliad bunebrivad migvaCnia. „gareSes“ religiuri mniSvnelobis axsnisaTvis SesaniSnavi masala aris fiqsirebuli samegreloSi. „galeniSi orTa“, anu „gareSe salocavi“, iseve rogorc „JinSi“, samegreloSi didad swamdaT da sagangebo ritualebsac asrulebdnen mis saxelze. igi miaCndaT saqonlis nadirisagan da avadmyofobisagan mfarvelad, misi gamravlebis xelis Semwyobad, mas avedrebdnen avadmyof an axladSobil bavSvebs, melogine qalebs; „galeniSi“ eZaxdnen micvalebulTa sulebs, romelTac „galeniSis“ saxelobis tablas udgamdnen micvalebulis suls „galen Suri“ anu gareSe suli ewodeba. aseTive saxeli erqva gareT myof ojaxis wevrsac. sayuradReboa, rom „galeniSi orTas“ ritualis Sesrulebisas mlocvelis moqmedebaSi igrZnoboda uCinari stumrebisadmi pativiscema, daxvedra da maspinZloba55, rogorc es xdeboda svaneTSi micvalebulTa dResaswaulis - lifanalis dros, roca maT sulebs umaspinZldebodnen. micvalebulTa sulebi, xalxis rwmeniT, cocxlebs mfarvelobdnen da maT es Zala miewerebodaT, rac kargadaa cnobili qarTul Tu ucxour literaturaSi, magram megruli masalis Tanaxmad, maTi Zliereba xazgasmuli funqciiTa da profiliTaa warmodgenili, rogorc adamianTa da pirutyvis mfarvelisa. „galeniSis“ daxasiaTebisas gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebod gveCveneba erTi momenti. kerZod, misi da nadirTa samyaros erTianoba. „galeniSi“, anu micvalebulTa sulebi RamiT gareT darCenil saqonels icavdnen nadirisagan. am sakiTxs sagangebod miaqcia yuradReba eTnografma m. makalaTiam56, magram radganac mas sakiTxis kosmogoniuri mxare nakleb ainteresebda, samwuxarod, kvleva am mxriv ar gauRrmaTebia. motanili masala cxadyofs, rom „gareSe - galeniSi“ samegreloSi micvalebulTa sulebs ewodeboda, romlebic socialuri garemodan (Sina) gasulad iTvlebodnen. gare samyaro, rogorc Tayvaniscemis obieqti, marto micvalebulebs ki ar gulisxmobda, aramed igi ganixileboda, rogorc mravalgvar sakralur obieqtTa erToblioba, romelTa moqmedebis asparezi „Sinas“ garemomcveli qveyniereba iyo. maT Soris garkveuli, sapatio adgili micvalebulTa sulebsac sWeriaT. am warmodgenis did siZveleze migvaniSnebs micvalebulTa samyaros horizontalur WrilSi dagulveba, romelmac 270 ufro mogvianebiT kosmogoniuri RerZis qveda boloze, qvesknelSi gadainacvla. SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom „gareSe“ iseve rogorc „zedaSe“ e. i. garesa da zedas mxareebi, samyaros nawilia da konkretuli miTologiuri da religiuri datvirTva gaaCnda. am mxareebisadmi kultmsaxurebis gadmonaSTebi TiTqmis ukanasknel xanebamde Semoinaxa xalxurma yofam. samwuxarod, „winaSe“-s dasaxasiaTeblad msgavsi, konkretuli xasi- aTis masala ar mogvepoveba. rogorc ukve iTqva, igi aRniSnavs subieqtis wardgomas, misvlas iseT obieqtTan, romelsac garkveuli ierarqiuli, socialuri Tu religiuri upiratesoba gaaCnia da Tayvaniscemas gulisxmobs (mag., „aRar mivuSvi, vakoce, qmnadRa Tayvaniscemad“ - „vefxistyaosani“, 491). gansxvavebiT „zedaSe-qveSe- gareSe“-sgan, „winaSe“ romelime konkretul mxares ar aRniSnavs, igi, iseve rogorc „uku“, subieqtis poziTa da mdgomareobiT ganisazRvreba. amitom „winaSe“-s mniSvneloba mxo- lod SedardebiTi, garemoTi gansazRvruli poziciiT SeiZleba gamoixatos. locvisa da Tayvaniscemis dros yovelTvis raime obieqts mimarTavdnen, an sagangebod Sebrundebodnen romelime mxares, saiTkenac locviT da SesawiraviT wardgoma iyo saWiro. amitom „winaSe“-s sakulto da kosmogoniuri mniSvneloba aseTi moqmedebiTaa dafaruli. konkretul mniSvnelobas termini iZens mxolod saerTo SkalaSi, sadac igi ganxiluli iqneba „zedaSe - qveSe - gareSe“-sTan mimarTebaSi. am midgomiT qarTul enaSi ara erTi, Tu ori terminis, Tu cnebaTa jgufis dadasturebaa SesaZlebeli, romelTa mniSvnelovani nawili ukve daSorebulia Tavis pirvandel mniSvnelobas, magram aSkarad inarCunebs or, Tu oTxwevrian sqemas Sesabamisi negatiuri da pozitiuri aspeqtebiT. aseTia, magaliTad „Sinaarsi - garearsi (garsi?), sadac sadReisod dakargulia pirveladi aRsaweri materialuri obieqti, magram Sinasa da gares dapirispireba rCeba da axal TvisobrivobaSi gadadis. ufro srulyofil suraTs gvaZlevs sivrcul mimarTebebze „war“ TandebuliT nawarmoebi sityvebi. i. abulaZis leqsikonSi ganmartebulia „winaÁs-war“, ris mniSvneloba Tanamedroves emTxveva. aqvea sityva„ukuanawar“, rac ukana mxares da sasircxo organos aRniSnavs, gvaqvs termini „zewar-i“, mosasxamis, filonis mniSvnelobiT da „qvewar-mavali“, romlis mniSvneloba Tanamedroves emTxveva da cxovelTa garkveul jgufs aRniSnavs. misi para- 271 leluri formaa „quemZromi“ da a. S. amave rigis sityva „garewari“-i, rac aRniSnul leqsikonSi ganmartebulia rogorc „gareSe“, gagdebuli, mdabio, upatio, zedmeti. rogorc vxedavT, saxezea mimarTebis aRmniSvnelTa erToblioba rogorc horizontalur, ise vertikalur RerZebze. negatiuri da pozitiuri mniSvnelobebi aRmocendeba sivrcis segmentTa kosmogoniuri, Tu oikogoniuri aspeqtebis Sesabamisad. „gares“-sTan, „uku“sTan da „qve“-sTan, „war“-is SeerTebiT warmoqmnili negatiuri mniSvnelobebi meordeba sivrcis am segmentTa monawileobiT, magaliTad, „gare mjdomeli“, dedaT wesSi dgomi, uwminduri qalebi, romlebic soflis gareT qox-samreloebSi idgnen, „qvecrielni“, igive qvewarmavalni da a. S. es ki Sedegia qarTvelTa Soris arsebuli myari warmodgenebisa danawevrebuli sivrcis calkeul segmentTa dapirispirebiT gamoxatuli Tvisobrivi mniSvnelobebis Sesaxeb. Cveni winaprebis SexedulebiT sivrce sawinaaRmdego mniSvnelobiT aRbeWdil pirispirobaTa erTobliobas warmoadgenda. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare unda vivaraudoT, rom motanili terminebis erToblioba Seicavs religiuri da kosmogoniuri warmodgenebis saintereso fenas, sadac kultis obieqtia qveynierebis sxva- dasxva mxareTa gamgebeli Zalebi. terminebSi aRwerilia maTi Tayvaniscemis procesi, romelic uaRresi sarwmunoebrivi morCilebiTa da Tavis damdablebiTaa gamovlenili. yvela motanil sistemaSi sivrcobrivi warmodgenebi moqmedeben erTian struqturaSi, erTmaneTTan dapirispirebis gziT aRsaniSnavia, rom sistemas yovelTvis, an TiTqmis yovelTvis aklia, romelime wevri romlis arseboba logikurad aucilebelia, magram misi aRniSvna mTeli sistemuri mTlianobisaTvis ar iyo aucilebeli. sivrcobrivi erTeulebi zogierT poziciaSi ar itvirTebian semantikuri mniSvnelobiT, magram miuxedavad amisa saerTo struqtura naklovanis STabeWdilebas ar tovebs. qarTul enaSi cnobilia termini, „skneli“, romelic mxolod samyaros calkeuli seqtoris aRmniSvnelad ki ar warmogvidgebian, aramed ganyenebulad aRniSnaven saerTod seqtors da ara kerZod romelime maTgans. magram unda aRvniSnoT, rom igi damoukidebeli saxelis saxiT enaSi ar ixmareba da miRebulia xelovnuri rekonstruqciis gziT. „z. aleqsiZis azriT rTul sityvebSi „skneli“-s, rogorc calke komponentis gamoyofa 272 ar SeiZleba. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa „ukanaskneli“. am sityvis Zveli qarTuli formebi (ukanaÁsknel-i//ukuanaÁsknel-i// ukuaniskneli) sxvagvarad misi daSlis uflebas ar gvaZlevs, Tu ara: ukanas-k(e)n-el-i// ukuana-s-k(e)n-el-i//ukan-is-k(e)nel-i. semantikurad es aris is, rac an vinc raimes an vismes ukana mxares (ukanisaken) mdebareobs an imyofeba. gramatikulad igive movlena SeiZleba ase aRiweros: naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmuli adgilis zmnizeda + mimarTulebis maCvenebeli Tandebuli (SekumSuli formiT) + warmomavlobis an funqciis maCvenebeli sufiqsi (Sdr. navTsayudel-i) = arsebiTi saxeli. magram, cxadia, ukve adreul Sua saukuneebSi aseTi warmoeba aRar aris gacnobierebuli, radgan afiqsebi Sexorcebulni arian fuZesTan. „skneli“ damoukidebel sityvas rom warmoadgendes, Zvel qarTulSic ueWvelad gveqneboda ukanaskneli// ukuanaskneli da ara ukanaÁskneli// ukuanaÁskneli... „skneli“ SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas rogorc pirobiTi, xelovnuri termini, magram masze Teoriuli konstruqciebi ar unda aigos rogorc qarTveli xalxis „miTologiuri azrovnebis produqtze“*. aqve SevniSnavT, rom „miTologiuri azrovnebis produqti“ aris ara termin „sknelis“ formirebis gza, aramed is faqtiuri aucilebloba, romelmac gamoiwvia terminis am gziT aRmoceneba. ukve Soreul warsulSi qarTuli ena aRniSnavda da damoukidebeli mniSvnelobiT tvirTavda samyaros calkeul seqtorebs. sabolood aman ganapiroba termin „sknelis“ sakuTari, ganyenebuli mniSvnelobis warmoqmna. Tu ara z. aleqsiZis mier savsebiT damajereblad aRwerili gza, qaruli ena am terminis eqvivalents an Tavad Seqmnida an sxva enas daesesxeboda. rogorc zemoT SevZeli meCvenebina, sakoordinacio jvarze ena ganalagebs ara mxolod xelovnurad gamoyofil „sknelebs“ aramed sxva enobriv masalasac, rac warmosaxviTi jvris dadasturebad mimaCnia. gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebod meCveneba jvris ara absoluturi, detaluri realizeba, aramed misi ageba warmosaxvisa da realobis Sexebis zRvarze: sadac realoba da TvalsaCinoeba davas ar iwvevs iq termini ar warmoiqmneba (magaliTad Suaskneli, ukuSe da a. S.). amdenad, aRniSnuli terminebi, romlebic samyaros sivrcul seqtorTa arsebobasa da maT Soris arsebul gansxvavebebze migvaniSnebs, qmnian aucileblobas SemuSavdes TviT seqto* xelT maqvs prof. z. aleqsiZis dasabeWdad gadacemuli werili, romlis mowodebisaTvis mas did madlobas movaxseneb. 273 ris, rogorc erTeulis aRmniSvneli termini, aseT terminad aRmocenda „skneli“, romelic savsebiT damakmayofileblad gamoxatavs xalxis cnobierebaSi Camoyalibebul warmodgenas qveynierebis, samyaros Semadgeneli erTeulis Sesaxeb. „ukanaskneli“, Tavisi adrindeli mniSvnelobiT, samyaros im nawilis aRmniSvneli termini Cans, romelic gamoixateboda mimarTebiT „ukan“ da konkretuli sivrciT segmentis aRmniSvnel cnebasTan, „sknel“-Tan SeerTebiT aseve konkretuli mniSvneloba SeiZina. Tu kerZod ras gulisxmobs igi, amis Sesaxeb warmodgenas gviqmnis terminis - „ukan“ - mniSvneloba sxvadasxva poziciaSi da misi miTosis monacemebTan Sejereba. „uku“ da „ukun“, e. i. „ukan“ erTi da igive mniSvnelobisani Canan, rac naTlad dasturdeba rTuli Semadgenlobis sityvebSi (ix. i. abulaZe, „Zv. qarT. enis leqsikoni“, Sesabamis sityvebTan); isini aRniSnaven dabrunebas, ukanmoxedvas, ukanmorTmevas, ukusvlas), ukana mxares (sasircxo - ukuanawari), ganmeorebas (marTlukun) da a. S. amave dros, „ukuni“ da „ukuniTiukunisamde“ ganmartebulia rogorc maradisi. sabas ganmartebiT, „ukuni“ bneli wyvdiadia, xolo Tanamedrove qarTulis „ukuneTi“, pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, ukunis qveyana, ukunis mxare, ganuWvretel sibneles aRniSnavs. ase rom, am terminebSi erTmaneTs dauaxlovda an gautolda mimarTebis aRmniSvneli „ukuni-uku“ da „bneli“. amave dros, „ukuniTi-ukunisamde“, „ukuni“ da „saukune“ aRniSnaven maradiss, drois did monakveTs, ucvlelobas. es mniSvneloba, iseve rogorc „bneli“, rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, momdinareobs „ukunis“ gaazrebidan, rogorc Tvalis miudgomeli mxarisa, amdenad, uxilvelisa. igi uxilvelia ara naTlis, sxvis aryofnis gamo, aramed Secnobis miRmaa moqceuli. amitom miiCneva ukuneTi sibnelis gansakuTrebul, umaRles xarisxad. ukuneTs, bnel qveyanas Tvali ar udgeba. amis gamo SeugrZnobi da Seucnobia, ucvleli da maradisia. aseT safuZvelzea gaigivebuli am sityvebSi ukana mxare, bneleTi da maradisoba. amitom bneli, TvaliT uxilavi „ukanaskneli“ saSiSia. am mxares, qarTvelTa sityvierebis Sesabamisad, moqceulia mTeli samyaro, romelic dasaxlebulia Seucnobeli da bneli ZalebiT, da „wina samyaros“ sawinaaRmdego niSnebiTaa aRbeWdili. igi boroti, „ukuRmarTia“ da ganyenebul warmodgenebzea dafuZnebuli. empiriulma xalxurma azrovnebam Seqmna antisamyaros rTuli sistema, romlis mwvervali pirukua Seqceuli da 274 ganasaxierebs borots. bnels da Seucnobels, keTilis, naTelisa da mowesrigebulis sapirispirod, rogoradac aris warmodgenili samzeo da socialuri samyaro. miTosis monacemebiT, am samyaros warmomadgenlebi arian bneliT Semosili da ukanterfSeqceuli arsebebi, devebi da sxva mavne Zalebi. xalxuri warmodgenebis mixedviT, borots saxe zurgisken aqvs miqceuli da siarulisas misi Semobrunebuli terfi ukan mimaval kvals tovebs. aseT warmodgenebze dafuZnebuli Cans damnaSavis, an mwvaleblis saxedarze ukuRma Sesmis wesi da Camotareba. amdenad, „ukanaskneli“ qarTvelTa winaprebis sakoordinacio Skalaze antisamyaroa da upirispirdeba dadebiT samyaros, „wina sknels“, romelic terminologiaSi ar aris asaxuli, radgan faqtiurad arsebobda, realobaa da mWvretelobiT warmosaxvas ar saWiroebda. igive viTarebaa „winaSe“-s SemTxvevaSi. misi sapirispiro ukana mxare am wesiT ar aRiwereba, radgan ukan wardgoma SeuZlebelia. vertikalur RerZze am sistemaSi ganlagebulia „zeskneli“ da „qveskneli“, romelTa sapirispiro mniSvneloba ara erTgzis gvqonda aRniSnuli. damatebiT unda iTqvas, rom „qveskneli“ boroti Zalebis, avsulTa da pirvelqmnili wylebis sauflod warmoidgineba. igia micvalebulTa sadguric. am niSniT „qveskneli“ garkveul Tanxvedras amJRavnebs zemoT ganxilul gare samyarosTan, rac kosmogoniuri warmodgenebis mogvianebiT garTulebis da saxecvlilebis Sedegad aris miCneuli. „qvesknelis“ kosmogoniuri da miTosuri gaazreba aseve mTlianad imeorebs „qvecasTan“ dakavSirebul Sexedulebebs, radganac, rogrc ukve iTqva, „qvecrielni“ qveda sknelis binadarni arian. igive SeiZleba iTqvas „zesknelis“ Sesaxebac. sulxan-saba, orbelianis ganmartebiT igia „zeiT umaRlesi kide, angelozT samyofi saukuno“. xalxuri warmodgenis Tanaxmad, „zeskneli“ anu cis samyaro RvTaebaTa sabrZanisia, romelic adamianTa samyarosTan SibiT, jaWviT da a. S. aris SeerTebuli da am gziT RvTaebebi Camodian kacTa samyaroSi. aseTive simboloa yamaris „caze dakidebuli“ koSki, e. i. koSki, romelic casTan jaWviT yofila SeerTebuli da romliTac ciuri qali Sedioda Tavis samyofelSi. am samyaroTa sazRvris gadalaxva adamians mxolod RvTaebaTa nebarTvis SeeZlo, oRond mogzaurobda mxolod misi suli, xorci ki miwaze rCeboda. rac Seexeba RvTaebebs, isini Tavisuflad gadadiodnen sam- 275 yarodan samyaroSi. aseTi gadasvlis TvalsaCino magaliTia casTan SibiT Sekruli xmelgoris muxa, romelzedac Camodioda xolme laSaris jvari. „zesknelis“ Sesaxeb arsebuli warmodgenebi savsebiT Seesabamebian „zecas“ garSemo arsebul warmodgenebs, „zesknelTan“ da „zecasTan“ aris dakavSirebuli mTeli fena astraluri da solaruli miTosisa. romelic mogvianebiT, garkveuli transformaciis Semdgom, mTlianad Seerwya sagmiro eposs. literaturul ZeglebSi, kosmosis zemoxsenebuli elementebis garda, moxseniebulia „gareskneli“ da misi paraleluri forma „gardaskneli“. i. abulaZesTan „gareskneli“ ganmartebulia gareSed, xolo sulxansaba orbelianTan - „garekerZod“. arc erTi ganmarteba arafers konkretuls ar gveubneba. teqstebSi „gareskneli“ aRiwereba rogorc bneli; aseve bneli da uaryofiTi samyaroa „gardasknelic“. maTi mniSvneloba mTlianad emTxveva erTmaneTs, radgan „gare“ da „garda“ dialeqtebSi (mag. gurulSi) sinonimebia. es sartyeli, rogorc amas maTi aRmniSvneli terminebi gviCveneben, garemoicavda mTlianad sakoordinacio sistemasa da masSi ganlagebul danarCen sartylebs. masSi mefobs ganuWvreteli sibnele, ukuneTi, ucvleli da maradiuli, radgan ukuneTi, sibnelis garda, saukunisa da saukunos, ucvlels, drois gareSe mdgom viTarebasac aRniSnavs. Tu igi maradiuli da bnelia, e. i. ar Seicavs araviTar materialurs, uZravia da ar aRiricxeba droSi, maSin igi SegrZnebadi samyaros ukanasknel zRvars warmoadgens, romlis iqiT mxolod araraobaa. mis SigniT ki moqceulia realuri da warmosaxviTi samyaroebi, „zeskneli da qveskneli“ vertikalur RerZze, xolo horizontalurad „ukanaskneli“, romlis sapirispirod rekonstruirdeba „winaskneli“. arsebobda Tu ara igi danarCeni elementebis msgavsad konkretulad lokalizebuli saxiT? SesaZloa, rom ara. igi igulisxmeboda rogorc realoba, racionaluri samyaro. Tu es asea, maSin unda davuSvaT, rom aRwerili struqtura aqcents svams samyaros iracionalur nawilze, xolo realurs TavisTavad gulisxmobs, rogorc mTlianobis aucilebel pirobas. aseTi rTuli struqtura, mkveTrad diferencirebuli warmodgenebi samyaros calkeuli sartylis Sesaxeb, garkveul pozitiur codnas emyareba, romlis safuZvelia empiriuli geocentrizmi. codnis dagrovebasa da samyaros modelis agebas, misi elementebis gadatanas Sesabamis Rer- 276 Zebze, Tavisi istoria da Sinagani dinamika gaaCnia. igi unda aRmocenebuliyo ufro martivi formebis Semdgomi garTulebis gziT, romelTa nakvalevi cxadad igrZnoba zemoT ganxilul kosmogoniur modelSi. martivi sqemebis anareklad unda CaiTvalos „ukanasknelis“, „qvesknelis“ da „garesknelis“ niSanTa didi msgavseba, sibnele, borot ZalTa da micvalebulTa sauflod maTi miCneva. Tavdapirvelad aseTi samyaroebi horizontalur WrilSi yofila ganlagebuli, razedac migvaniSnebs dapirispirebani: „aq“ - „iq“ (saiqio - saaqao), „Sina“ - „gare“ (Sinauri - gareuli), „win“ - „ukan“, (romelTa kosmogoniuri da miTologiuri aspeqtebi erTmaneTTan srul SesabamisaobaSi arian. vertikaluri RerZis ageba da misi horizontalurze datana momdevno etapi unda iyos, romlis drosac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba samyaros warmodgenas samwevriani, vertikalurad ganlagebul elementTa erToblilobis saxiT. aq qveda sartyels ukana samyaros niSnebi miewera, xolo zedas ki wina, keTili niSnebiT aRbeWdili samyaros analogiurad iqna warmodgenili. mis saboloo formirebaSi garkveuli roli unda Seesrulebina religiuri Sexedulebebis im safexurs, rodesac zeca RvTaebis sadgurad iqna miCneuli. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa damoukidebeli, samwevriani vertikaluri sistemebis arseboba (zeca - ca - qveca da misi variantebi), romlebic araviTar kavSirs ar amJRavneben horizontaluri Wrilis aRmnusxvel terminebTan. saerTod suraTis formirebis ukanaskneli safexuri unda iyos warmodgenebis is fena, romelSiac daxasiaTebulia da sistemaSia Seyvanili „garskneli“, rogorc samyaros garemomcveli, maradiuli araroba. xalxur yofaSi, istoriul wyaroebSi, zepirsityvierebasa da sasaubro enaSi kidev ufro meti masalis moZieba SeiZleba, radgan adamianis moqmedeba da sazogadoebis yofa yovelTvis drosa da sivrceSi ganixileboda. kosmogoniuri da miTosuri warmodgenebis anarekli yofisa da meurneobis yovel sferoSi SeiZleba gamovlindes, magram mxolod zemoT motanil sqemebsac rom davjerdeT, savsebiT naTelia, Tu ra rTuli, danawevrebuli warmodgenebi SeumuSavebia xalxs garemomcvel samyaroze. am samyaros hqonda centri da periferia, romelTa mimarT damokidebuleba gamoxatulia miTosSi, kultsa da ritualSi. ornamentuli niSnebi, romelic xalxurma gamoyenebiTma xelovnebam Semoinaxa, tradiciis uwyvetobis gamo, zogjer gaucnobiereblad atarebda aRweril, warmodgenaTa nakva- 277 levs. am mosazrebis sasargeblod metyvelebs isic, rom yvelaze srulyofilad, semantikuri Rirebulebis SenarCunebiT, niSanTa simbolika gaiSala iseTi mravalmxrivi kulturul-socialuri mniSvnelobis Zeglis SemkulobaSi, rogoricaa dedaboZi, romelic interierSi simbolurad gamoxatavda samyaros centrs, cxovrebis sicocxlis xes. kosmogoniuris sapirispirod igi oikogoniuri movlenis ZiriTadi elementia da keragvirgvinTan erTad, ganasaxierebs samyaros vertikalur RerZs. saqarTvelos teritoriaze sacxovreblis SigniT centraluri boZis nakvalevi mesame aTaswleulis Sua xanebSia damowmebuli. qvacxelebze Seswavlil sacxovreblebSi dadasturebulia centraluri boZi, romlis win sakulto kera mdgara; ormo, romelSic boZi unda yofiliyo Casmuli, xSirad sworkuTxa formisaa, rac imaze migviTiTebs, rom boZad iyenebdnen gaTlil xes da ara mrgval mors. aseTi boZebisa da keris axlos aRmoCenilia WurWeli da sakulto inventari, irmis gamosaxulebebi, adamianis falikuri figurebi. saojaxo kera am sacxovreblebSi calke, derefanSia gamarTuli. centraluri kameris SigniT svetis win, rogorc Cans, sakulto kera mdgara, razedac mraval specifikur momentTan erTad, migvaniSnebs keris garSemo aRmoCenili inventari57. sacxovrebelSi dedaboZis arsebobas specialistebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben ara marto samSeneblo xelovnebis istoriis TvalsazrisiT, aramed imdroindeli mosaxleobis eTnikuri vinaobis gasarkvevad. es sakiTxi, romlis Tanamimdevruli Seswavla ramdenime aTeuli wlis win daiwyo qarTul mecnierebaSi, dResac uaRresad aqtualuria da mecnierTa sagangebo yuradRebiT sargeblobs. dekoratuli simbolikis, sityvieri masalis, miTosisa da ritualis monacemebis analizi iZleva saSualebas garkveuli iqna xalxis storiuli mrwamsis realuri buneba58. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maTi dadastureba istoriul masalaSi sadac mkvlevars, Tuki igi saTanado kriteriumiT aRiWurveba, saSualeba aqvs Tvali gaadevnos rwmena-warmodgenaTa mTel dinamikas miTosur kompleqsebSi da rac mTavaria, amokiTxul iqnas eris mier SemuSavebuli suraTi samyarosi, romelic vlindeba socialuri ise bunebrivi sivrceebis amsaxvel struqturul kombinaciebSi. am TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia m. xidaSulis uaxlesi naSromi, romelic samyaros arqauli suraTis wakiTxva-amocnobasa da samecniero Sefasebas eZRvneba59. 278 miuxedavad amisa, mainc Znelia, rom Tanamedrove yofamde SemorCenili dedaboZi ase Zveli Zeglebis uSualo memkvidreebad CavTvaloT, magram kerasa da masTan dakavSirebuli warmodgenebi ar SeiZleba raime wyvetils Seicavdes, radgan kera yvela istoriul epoqaSi socialuri jgufis sadgomis centri iyo da misi mdgradoba araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs. uZveles xanebSi, kerZod, adresamiwaTmoqmedo xanebSi SemuSavebuli warmodgenebis ukvalod gaqroba winare industriul xanebSi SeuZlebeli iyo, radgan meurneobisa da yofis ZiriTadi pirobebi ar Secvlila. amdenad, istoriulad dasaSvebi cvlilebebis Sesabamisad, es warmodgenebic icvleboda, ifanteboda miTossa da religiaSi, Tu zepirsityvierebasa da musikaSi im moTxovnaTa mixedviT, rasac axleburi socialuri garemo wamoayenebda. amitom aris, rom teqstis, ritualisa da miTosis monacemebis simboluri mniSvnelobis gamosavlenad metad mravalferovani masalaa saWiro da misi saTanadod Seswavla garkveul siZneleebTanaa dakavSirebuli. kosmogoniuri warmodgenebis anarekli miTossa da enaSi sagangebo monografiul Seswavlas moiTxovs da misi srulyofiT gamokvleva SeiZleba enaTmecnierebisa da miTologiis safuZvliani codniT. winamdebare mimoxilvas, bunebrivia, aseTi pretenzia avtors ar hqonia man mxolod scada damatebiTi monacemebis SedarebiT farTo fonze mimoqcevaSi Semogetana iseTi terminebi, romelTa axsna did siZneleebTan ar iqneboda dakavSirebuli. aseTi varaudiT warmodgenili masalis interpretacia nawilobriv Tu mainc daimsaxurebs specialistTa ndobas, mizani miRweulad CaiTvleba. keris, dedaboZis da gvirgvinis kompleqsi, masTan dakavSirebuli socialuri wesebiT da religiur-miTologiuri warmodgenebi, konkretul mniSvnelobas aniWeben interieris mTel sivrces da aq gamosaxul mxatvrul saxeebsa Tu calkeul simboloebs, romelTa tradiciulobis dasabuTebis cda aris winamdebare naSromi. Tu motanili Sexedulebebi gaziarebuli iqneba, maSin unda CaiTvalos, rom dedaboZze gamosaxuli da saerTod xalxur dekoratiul xelovnebaSi gavrcelebuli simbolo-niSnebi astralur samyaros warmogvidgenen, amave samyaros ganakuTvneben yvela calkeul gamosaxulebasa da siuJets, sadac isinia aRbeWdili. maTi saSualebiT sagangebo aqcenti daesmis sacxovreblis Sida sivrcis agebulebas, 279 oikogonias, rogorc kosmogoniur miTosur warmodgenaTa materialuri realizebis formas. es kanonzomiereba gansakuTrebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia arqeologiuri Zeglebis Seswavlisas, upiratesad iseTi xanebisaTvis, roca Sesabamisi religiur-miTologiuri da kosmogoniuri warmodgenebi moqmedi unda yofiliyo. ufro mogviano xanebSi maTi desakralizaciis xangrZlivi periodis Semdgom SemorCena ganapiroba tradiciam, uwyvet eTnokulturul garemoSi aRmocenebulma da Camoyalibebulma xalxuri xelovnebis esTeturma normebma. Cans, rom dedaboZis kompleqsi, ojaxis centri, samyaros centris analogiTaa gaazrebuli, rasac saTemo salocavi, rogorc socialuri jgufis centri, ganasaxierebda. am mxriv saintereso suraTs gvaZlevs keris garSemo saxlis „Sinas“ farTobis danawileba da ojaxis wevrTa ierarqiuli ganlageba, rac istoriuli mniSvnelobis movlenaa da garkveul kulturul-socialur dones Seesabameba. safiqrebelia, rom aq Semonaxulia iseTi ierarqiuli struqtura, romelic odesRac mTel dasaxlebas axasiaTebda, magram mxolod sacxovreblis SigniT Semoinaxa60. yovelive es saSualebas gvaZlevs aseTive damokidebulebiT mivudgeT xalxuri xelovnebis Zeglebs, romelTa semantikis ganxilva SeiZleba mxolod saTanado struqturis SigniT. ornamentuli qarga, masSi Semavali simboloebiT, bunebrivia, ganicdida rogorc garegnul, ise Sinaarsobriv cvlilebebs, magram rogorc adamianTa saqmianobis Sedegi, yovelTvis sistemuri unda yofiliyo. masSi aRbeWdilia uZvelesi warmodgenebic da momdevno epoqebis gardaqmnebic. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, simboluri gamosaxulebebi formalurad Semoinaxa am niSanTa Tavdapirveli sakraluri mniSvneloba da kanonzomieri TanamimdevrobiT asaxa momdevno xanebis semantikuri gardaqmnebi. amitom dekoratiuli socialuri simbolikis Seswavlisas aucilebelia enisa da miTosis monacemebis gaTvaliswineba, radgan es simbolika maTTan erTad aris formirebuli, realizebulia miTosSi, enasa da ritualSi. Seswavlili obieqtisadmi aseTi damokidebuleba ganpirobebulia kulturis, rogorc adamianTa saqmianobis erTobliobis specifikiT. 280 gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. 2. 3. Ю. Лотман - Архитектура в контексте культуры, в сборнике Семносфера, СПб, 2000, стр. 676. Г. Цивьян - Движение и путь в болканской модели мира-Москва, 1999 г. стр. 29 и дальше. iv. javaxiSvili - qarTveli eris istoriis Sesavali, I, Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 166-172. 4. g. Citaia - patara liaxvisa da mejudis xeobaSi mivlinebuli eqspediciis angariSi, enimkis moambe V-VI, gv. 94. 5. al. oCiauri - masalebi, saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnologiis arqivi. z. kiknaZe qarTul miTologiur gadmocemaTa sistema, Tbilisi, 1985 w. gv. 40-47. misive. qarTuli miTologia I, 1996, Tb., gv. 25-36. 6. iqve, rv. 59. 7. iqve. rv. 91. 8. iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 88-96. 9. v. bardaveliZe - xis kultisaTvis saqarTveloSi - saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, t. 3, gv. 17. 10. qarTlis cxovreba, I, Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 119. 11. v. bardaveliZe - aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa sasuliero teqstebi masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, I, gv. 39-41. 12. m. Ciqovani, mijaWvuli amirani, Tbilisi, 1947 w. qetstebi. 13. 14. Мыфи народов мира, Москва, 1980, стр. 400. В. Бардавелидзе - Древнейшие религиозные верования и обрядовое графическое искуство грузинских племен, Тбилиси, 1957 г. стр. 98-99. 15. iqve, gv. 137-91. 16. Г. Мамаладзе - Народные обычаи и поверия гуриицев СМЩМПК, т. 17 отд. II стр. 22. 17. v. bardaveliZe - qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan (RvTaeba barbar-babar) Tbilisi, 1941 w. gv. 64. 18. iqve, gv. 66-67. 19. i. surgulaZe - qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika, Tb. 1993 w. gv. 81 da Semdeg. 281 20. a. SaniZe - qarTuli xalxuri poezia, I xevsureTi, Tbilisi, 1931 w. gverdebi: 233-4, 581-2, 596-7; T. oCiauri, miTo-religiuri gadmocemebi aRm. saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. Tbilisi, 1957 w., gv. 138-142. 21. T. oCiauri - miTologiuri gadmocemebi aRm. saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, Tbilisi, 1967, gv. 160-1. 22. g. Citaia - eTnografiuli mogzaurobidan aRbulaxis raionSi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, IV, gv. 222. 23. iv. javaxiSvili - saqarTvelo ekonomikuri istoria, Tbilisi, 1933, 263-4. 24. herodote, IV, 5. 25. М. Бахтин - Творчество Франсуа Рабле и народная культура ренесанса М., 1965 г. стр. 45. 26. T. oCiauri - dasax. naSr. gv. 136-143. 27. Перумпадуманар - в сборнике "В краю белых лилий", Москва, 1966 г. 28. стр. 7,24. Снорри Стурлурсон - Круг земной. Москва, 1980 прим. 23 к сага об Инглингах. 29. T. oCiauri, qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan (qadageba) Tbilisi, 1953 w. gv. 129. 30. В. Бардавелидзе, ук. соч. стр. 59-65. 31. qarTlis cxovreba IV, Tbilisi, 1978 w. gv. 638-9. 32. v. bardaveliZe - xis kultisaTvis saqarTveloSi. 33. Д. Кереселидзе-Ланчхутские сельское общество Кутайской губернии 34. Озургетского уезда СМОМПК, т. XXIII стр. 226. М. Марушко - Из области народной фартазии и быта Тифлисской и Кумчсской губернии. СМОМПК, т. XVIII стр. 249-50. 35. v. bardaveliZe - aRm. saqarTvelos mTielTa sasuliero teqstebi... gv. 174. 36. rCeuli qarTuli zRaprebi e. virsalaZis redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 1958 w. gv. 132. 37. В. Бардавелидзе - Древнейшие... стр. 111. 38. homerosi, odisea, XXIII, 180-205. 39. Хан-Магометов - Лезчинские народное зодчество. М. 1969 г. рис. 3.,38, 40,41... 282 40. T. Ciqovani - amierkavkasiis xalxur nagebobaTa istoriidan. Tbilisi, 1951 w. gv. 189-194. 41. Штернберг Л. - Первобытная религия в свете этнографии Л. 1936 г. стр. 453. 42. a. oCiauri - stumar-maspinZloba xevsureTSi, Tbilisi, 1988 w. gv. 10. 43. s. makalaTia - xevsureTi, Tbilisi, 1984 w. gv. 124-5, 131. 44. m. CarTolani - qarTveli xalxis materialuri kulturis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 1961 w. gv. 126-127. 45. qarTlis cxovreba, I, Tbilisi, 1955 w. gv. 239. 46. iqve, gv. 321. 47. T. oCiauri - qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan (qadagoba) Tbilisi, 1954 w. gv. 132-5. 48. n. berZeniSvili-saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, VIII Tbilisi, 1975 w. 90-91. 49. a. SaniZe - qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi 1973 w. gv. 503-4. 50. v. bardaveliZe, g. Citaia - qarTuli xalxuri ornamenti I xevsuruli. Tbilisi 1939 w. gv. 45-49. 51. 52. 53. Рыбаков Б. - Космогония и мифология замледельцев эенеолита Сов. Археология №1, 1965 г. А. Миллер - Элементы "неьа" на вещественных помятниках, сб. Из истории докапиталических франции М-Л., 1933, стр. 125. n. abakelia - cis Tayvaniscema dasavleT saqarTveloSi. macne, istoriis... seria, #2, 1982, gv. 141-151. 54. ap. wulaZe - eTnografiuli guria, Tbilisi, 1971 w. gv. 111-112. 55. И Кобалия - Из мифологической Крлхиды СМОМПК, т. 32, стр. 152-3. 56. m. makalaTia - mesaqonleobasTan dakavSirebuli rwmena-warmodgenebi saqarTveloSi. kreb. „samegrelo“, Tbilisi, 1979 w. gv. 72-75. 57. m. makalaTia, dasax. naSromi, iqve. 58. l. Rlonti, a. javaxiSvili - urbnisi I, qvacxelebis (tvlepia qoxis) namosaxlarze Catarebuli gv. 45-65. 283 gaTxrebi, Tbilisi, 1961 w. 59. m. xidaSeli - samyaros suraTi arqaul saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2001 w. gv. 55-87. gv. 116 da Semdeg. 60. Ф. Шоаие - Семиология и градостроительство. Советская Архитектура № 5. 1967 г. Eliade M. - La Mithe de léternel retour, 1942. 30-38. Samwell - Hommes, cimes et dieux. 1973, 637-679. 1965. 2000. 284 ÏÈÒÍÆÒÌ ÃÏÈÃÅÞÅÄÒ ÛÏÄÅÞÒ ÁÏÎÀÂÅÄÀÏ ÎÙÈÅÍÏ-ÙÏÎÈËÆÃÅÍÅÞØÒ îëúï ãâïäâï æãåþëæï... Svid maisis wvimao, Tma koWamdisinao. qarTuli xalxuri sabavSvo simRera Роси, роси, росица! Да ми растеть косица. bulgaruli xalxuri sabavSvo simRera gvalvisa da delgmis ritualebi religiuri praqtikis erT-erTi, uZvelesi organuli nawilia da farTod aris gavrcelebuli msoflios TiTqmis yvela xalxSi miuxedavad misi ganviTarebisa, radgan meurneobis formebi socialuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis nebismier doneze ganapirobebdnen rwmena-warmodgenaTa iseTi specifikuri formebis damkvidrebas, sadac optimalurad iqneboda asaxuli da axsnili sazogadoebaze gare bunebis zemoqmedebis mizezebi da am zemoqmedebis konkretuli Sedegebi. swored SedegTa sasurveli gziT warmarTvisaTvis cdilobda adamiani ritualur moqmedebaTa saSualebiT, romelTac safuZvlad edo Zveli miwismoqmedebis „saRi azri“ da primitiuli analogia. calke sakiTxia, ramdenad efeqturi iyo es xerxi. bunebrivia, ritualebi realurad veraviTar daxmarebas ver gauwevda meurnes. igi mxolod cdilobda rogorme rame gavlena moexdina „ucnaursa da uTqmel“ stiqiaze, romelic TiTqmis dauZlevel mowinaaRmdeged rCeba TviT Tanamedrove industriuli meurneobisTvisac. Zvelad setyva - niaRvari, mexis dacema RvTis nebad iTvleboda da adamians maTi Tavidan arideba mxolod RmerTis daxmarebiT SeeZlo. amasTanave, religiuri Sexedulebebi kacobriobis istoriaSi ucvleli ar aris, amindis mowesrigebis ritualebi iseve, rogorc mTeli religia, icvleba rogorc istoriulad, ise sxvadasxva zonalobis mixedviT. unda iTqvas, rom yvela es saSualeba „iracionaluria“, magram yovel maTgans aqvs struqtura da Tavisi Sinagani logika, rac ganapirobebs maT funqcionirebas. isini iyofian martiv, SedarebiT rTul da ufro rTul formebad, moqmedeben sxvadasxva kulturuli da socialuri Zalebis 285 gavleniT. amdenad maTi Seswavla seriozul sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. amindis SecvlisaTvis gamiznul ritualTagan ufro martivi da SeiZleba iTqvas, primitiulia magiuri wesebi da moqmedebebi, romelTac, Cveulebriv, sasurveli amindis gamowvevis mizniT asruleben. es wesebi warmoadgenen erTjerad moqmedebas, an moqmedebaTa mwkrivs, romelTa Tanmimdevrulad ganxorcielebas SeuZlia sasurveli mimarTebiT gavlena moaxdinos bunebis movlenebze. am moqmedebaTa garkveuli nawili imitaciis princirs emyareba, zogi provocirebis meTods iyenebs, zogi ki moqmedebaTa mTel mwkrivs Seicavs, sadac yvela SesaZlebeli „meTodia“ gamoyenebuli. qvemoT damoukideblad SevexebiT TiToeul maTgans. aseTi wesebi xan damoukideblad tardeboda, xan ki romelime ufro rTuli ritualis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. mag. qvis gadabrunebis wesi, ZiriTadad CarTuli iyo sxva ufro rTul ritualebSi, rogoricaa didebaze davla, gonjaoba da a. S., magram xSirad damoukidebladac asrulebdnen, radgan, rogorc Cans, mas damoukidebeli rwmeniTi Rirebuleba gaaCnia. es bunebrivad gveCveneba, Tu movigonebT, rom wvimis gamowvevis mizniT qvis gadabrunebisa Tu dasvelebis wesi friad arqauli bunebisaa da odesRac amindze magiuri zemoqmedebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saSualeba unda yofiliyo. es wesi Tumca primitiulia, magram Sesabamisad magiuri azrovnebis ZiriTadi principebisa, daxvewilia da zustad konstruirebuli. igi srulyofilad asaxavs rogorc uZvelesi miwaTmoqmedis, ise kidev ufro Zveli meurnis, mcenareul nayofTa Semgroveblis Tvalsazrissa da mrwamss, romlis safuZvelia Tezisi moqmedebisa da Sedegis iracionaluri erTianobis Sesaxeb. SexedulebaTa es sistema praqtikuli saqmianobis safuZvelze aRmocenda. uZvelesi adamiani Tavis realur cxovrebaSi gamiznuli moqmedebiT iRebda sasurvel Sedegs, poulobda velur nayofs, iWerda cxovels da a. S. aseT moqmedebebs igi maSinac asrulebda, roca mosapovebeli obieqti realurad ar arsebobda, radgan swamda, rom msgavsi moqmedebiT SeeZlo sasurveli Sedegis gamowveva. misi aseTi saqcieli emyareboda warmodgenebs moqmedebis damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. e. i. moqmedeba ki ar ganixileboda rogorc Sedegis misaRebi aucilebloba, aramed iTvleboda misi SesaZlo Sedegis adeqvatur Rirebulebad. mas Sedegis tolfasovani, an misi miRebis garantiis mniSvneloba 286 eniWeboda. aseTi rwmena - warmodgenaTa safuZvelze racionaluri saSualebebi advilad SeiZleba iracionaluriT Secvliliyo, rac kidev erTxel mowmobs, rom warmosaxviTi da realuri samyaroebi odesRac erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli ar iyo da advilad SeiZleboda erTs meore Canacvleboda. aseTi uZvelesi warmodgenebi religiuri Teoriisa da praqtikis, gansakuTrebiT xalxur rwmena-warmodgenebs ukanasknel xanebamde SemorCa. magalTad, roca xalxi gvalvisas erTmaneTs wuwavs, an qvebs abrunebs, aq uZvelesi droebis magiuri warmodgenebis anarekli unda davinaxoT, magram es moqmedebebi TavianTi pirvandeli saxiT ar aris Senaxuli. maT yofelTvis emateba momdevno istoriul epoqaTa kulturuli danaSrevebi, romelTa wyalobiT Tavdapirveli forma xSirad diametrulad icvleba, magram ideuri principi isev Zveleburi rCeba. magaliTad, nakleb sarwmunoa, rom xatebiT yanebis Camovla Zalian Zveli droidan momdinareobdes, radgan xati mxolod garkveul dros gaCnda da qristianul religias ganekuTvneba. manamde albaT wvimis gamgebelis, araqristianuli RvTaebis gamosaxuleba dahqondaT, romlebic qristianulma eklesiam gandevna da xatiT Secvala. radgan mas ar SeeZlo aekrZala gvalvis sawinaaRmdego saxalxo msvlelobebi, amitom misTvis usaTuod qristianuli saxe unda mieniWebina. amitom Zveli kerpis adgili qristianulma xatma daiWira. miuxedavad amisa arqauli Tojinebi aqa-iq kidev SemorCa wvimis gamosawvev ritualSi. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, amindis ritualebis aRmocenebis droisaTvis adamianebi jer kidev ar iyvnen mwarmoeblebi, magram ukve icodnen bunebrivi produqtis, maT Soris mcenareuli sakvebis kulturuli wesiT Segroveba da moxmareba, risTvisac saTanado iaraRebs iyenebdnen. mcenareuli mosavali, Tu mecxoveleobis produqti, veluri iqneboda is Tu kulturuli, mTlianad amindze iyo damokidebuli, rac, bunebrivia, xels uwyobda amindis Sesacvlel ritualTa mravalferovani formebis aRmocenebas, romelTa Soris garkveuli adgili eWira zoomorful obieqtebs, anu bunebis ZalTa ganmasaxierebel cxovelebs, aseve Sromis iaraRs, da yofiT inventars. mogvianebiT, roca amindis Secvla bunebis ZalTa gamgebeli RvTaebebis prerogativad iqca, es cxovelebi da inventari am ukanasknelTa atributebad, funqciis gamomxatvel sagnebad ganixilebodnen. magaliTad: Tu adre Rrublebi miaCndaT zeciur Zroxebad, xolo wvima 287 maT rZed, an quxilis gamomwvev mizezad SeiZleba zeciuri sanayis xmauri CaeTvalaT, mogianebiT, Sesabamisi teqnikuri miRwevebis damkvidrebis Semdeg, wvimas RvTaeba asxurebda miwas Tavis oqros suridan, xolo quxili amave RvTaebis etlis borblebis xmaurad, an zeciuri wisqvilis xmad warmoidgines. raRac Seicvala, magram am CanacvlebiT, „teqnikuri gaumjobesebiT“ amindis gamomwvev movlenaTa mizezobriv mxareze warmodgena ar Secvlila; warmodgenis struqtura iseTive darCa, rogorc igi Camoyalibda Tavdapirvel sameurneo da teqnikur viTarebaSi. icvleboda mxolod iseTi elementebi, romelTac ar SeeZloT SeecvalaT struqtura, misi agebulebis principebi, is ZiriTadi idea, romelic am struqturiT aris gamoxatuli. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Weqa-quxilis miCnevaze cis RvTaebis etlis raxraxad. zeciuri xmauri ase mxolod mas mere SeiZleba axsniliyo, rac borbliani transporti gaCnda. es xana ki ramdenime aTaswleuliT aris daSorebuli veluri marcvlis kulturuli Segrovebis da mwarmoebluri meurneobis Casaxvis epoqas. miuxedavad imisa, rom borbliani transpotis da wylis wisqvilis Seqmna didi teqnikuri Zvrebia, romelTac seriozuli kvali daaCnies socialur cxovrebasa da ekonomikas, warmodgenebi bunebis movlenaze, mis mizezobriv safuZvelze mainc ucvleli darCa. aqedan ki unda davaskvnaT, rom socialuri garemo ufro swrafad cvladi, aqtiuri, progresirebadi movlenebia, vidre miTologia da religia. isini am garemos Sesabamisad ufro gvian icvlebian. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinareobs, rom religiuri movlenis arqauli modeli, am SemTxvevaSi warmodgenebi amindis gamomwvevi mizezebis Sesaxeb, aRmocendeba da garkveuli struqturuli kavSirebis saxiT realizdeba misi SeqmnisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebis warmoqmnisTanave, xolo momdevno epoqebSi periodulad Seivseba axali kulturuli monapovariT. magaliTisaTvis, ciuri xmauris gamomwvevi sanayi mogvianebiT icvleba teqnikurad gaumjobesebuli formiT, etliT da wisqviliT. aq cvladia mxolod teqnikuri saSualeba, xolo Sexeduleba bunebis movlenis gamomwvev mizezebze - SedarebiT mdgradi. aseTi viTareba grZeldeba manam, vidre sazogadoebisa da bunebis urTierTmimarTebaSi, romelic moicavs ekonomikasa da sulier samyarosac erTad, ar Seiqmneba axali done, sadac principulad gardaiqmneba sazogadoebis saerTo Sexeduleba bunebis movlenaTa mizezobrivi kavSirebisa da maTdami sazogadoebis damokidebu- 288 lebis Sesaxeb. mSvildisari adamianTa umTavresi iaraRi iyo ramdenime aTaswleulis manZilze; mecxramete saukunis Sua xanamde gamwev Zalad kacobrioba iyenebda cxovels. ra Tqma unda, am xnis manZilze icvleboda socialuri sistemebi, teqnikurad umjobesdeboda iaraRica da transportic, magram am ukanasknelTa ZiriTadi msazRvreli, energiis wyaro ucvleli darCa. udidesi samecniero Zvrebi, romlebmac Sua saukuneebSi safuZveli Cauyares Tanamedrove industriul epoqas, im xanad rigiTi meurnemde ver aRwevda da ZiriTadad mxolod mcire wris, inteleqtualuri Tavkacebis doneze rCeboda. am didi ideebis farTe masStabiT infiltracias ramdenime saukune dasWirda, rasac Tavis mxriv xels uwyobda arqauli religiur-miTologiuri warmodgenebis mdgradoba. igi erTis mxriv emyareboda ekonomikis specifikasa da socialuri sistemebis miswrafebas, SeenarCunebina uSualo mwarmoeblis nakleb komfliqturi tradiciuli tipi, meores mxriv ki gabatonebul arqaul fsiqologiur models, romlis ZiriTadi parametrebi gansazRvruli iyo religiurmiTologiuri normebiT. amis gamo, SedarebiT axlo warsulSiac teqnikur siaxleTa safuZveli xSirad auxsneli da gaugebari rCeboda mwarmoebeli masisaTvis. teqnikur siaxleTa aTviseba xSirad meqanikurad xdeboda. xSirad igi inergeboda xalxSi, rogorc sasargeblo siaxle da ara rogorc mowinave samecniero azris praqtikuli realizacia, romelic upirispirdeboda Zvel, religiiTa da miTosiT gaJRenTil Sexedulelebs. miuxedavad meqanikuri gamwevi Zalis, saxvneli Tu mosavlis amRebi manqanebisa, miwaTmoqmedTa ZiriTadi masisaTvis industriul epoqamde bunebis movlenaTa saidumlo tradiciuli arqauli warmodgenaTa sferoSi iyo moqceuli da masSi hpovebda axsnas. amis Semdgom gasakvirad ar unda gveCvenos ramdenime aTeuli wlis ukan Cawerili qarTleli glexis sityvebi: „mTeli zafxuli gavwvaldebodiT, movxnavdiT, davTesavdiT da erTi isRa dagvrCeboda, rom dagvefarcxna. amis Semdeg Cvens naTesebs RmerTs mivabarebdiT, rom mas Seenaxa da epatrona. Cven ara SegveZlo ra, RvTis amara viyaviT“. es sityvebi Tavisuflad SeiZleboda Tqmuliyo ramdenime aseuli, an aTaseuli wlis win. igive Sinaarsis aris xalxuri leqsi: „Tesli miwas mivabare, Teslica, miwac, oriv RmerTsa, 289 axla RmerTma TviTon icis mamcemsa Tu ar mamcemsa“. am viTarebis gamo amindis SecvlasTan dakavSirebuli uZvelesi Sexedulebebi misi Sesabamisi wesebi aqa-iq Tanamedrove yofaSiac Semoinaxa, magram sadReisod maTi praqtikuli moqmedebebisaTvis aucilebeli safuZveli TiTqmis aRar arsebobs. meoce saukunis meore naxevris mZlavrma teqnikam adamians SeaZlebina dapirispireboda stiqias, Tavis sasargeblod aemoqmedebina is, rac aqamde misi metoqe iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi adamianis arseboba sul ufro da ufro naklebad aris damokidebuli cis Wirveulobaze, bunebis movlenebis regulireba da misi saboloo damorCileba jer kidev samomavliso natvrad rCeba. bunebis movlenaTa Sedegebi Cveni Tanamedrovis sameurneo cxovrebaze sxvadasxvanairad airekleba, rac ganpirobebulia erTis mxriv geografiuli zonalobiT, meores mxriv ki socialuri da kulturuli garemoTi. swored am niuansur viTarebaTa Sesabamisad, metnaklebi intensivobiT inarCuneben arsebobas arqauli yofis elementebi saerTod da kerZod ki amindis Secvlis ritualebi. zemoxsenebuli mizezebi emorCileba drois mier motanil cvlilebebs, progresis ganuxrel process, rac gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad igrZnoba Cvens epoqaSi. eWvs gareSea, rom Zveli ritualebis gamoZaxili sabolood gaqreba saarsebo niadagis uqonlobis gamo. es erTis mxriv misasalmebeli procesia, magram es unda moxdes ara uxeSi garegani CareviT, aramed Sinagani, siRrmiseuli gardaqmnebis safuZvelze. miuxedavad imisa, rom Zveli wesebi sadReisod faqtiurad Sinaarsisagan daclilia, maTi tradiciuli forma da TvalTaxedvis specifika jer kidev kvebavs xalxuri sityvis, simReris, ferxulis iers. Tanamedrove adamians karga xania aRar akmayofilebs da aRarc axsovs arqauli tradiciebis safuZveli, mrwamsi an moZRvreba, rasac es Sexedulebebi emyareba, magram isini moqmedeben da maTi moqmedeba realurad igrZnoba. magaliTad, mosavlis aRebis, axali wlis an gazafxulis dResaswaulebi uZvelesi xanidan momdinareobs. axlad Seqmnili dResaswaulebi, miuxedavad maTi Sinaarsis mizandasaxulobisa, Zvelis gavlenisagan Tavs ver icavs. igi imeorebs Zvel kalendars, sazeimo ganwyobilebis Sesaqmnelad mimarTavs Zveli dResaswaulebis mxatvruli xerxebis arsenals, magram mainc CixSi eqceva, radgan axal dResaswaulebs Zalze iSviaTad gaaCniaT saerTo sax- 290 alxo sadResaswaulo idea, sadac Sinaarsi da forma erTmaneTs ki ar upirispirdeba, aramed oriveni erTi ideis ganxorcielebis erTaderT saSualebas warmoadgenen. xalxuri dResaswauli aris mTliani wliuri ciklis nawili da misi sruli mniSvneloba swored ciklur mTlianobaSi vlindeba, yvela moqmedeba mrwamsidan momdinareobs da axali, xelovnuri ideis masSi Setana ubralod SeuZlebelia. sazeimo safuZvlis gamoZebna arc saWiroa da arc SesaZlebelia; aseT safuZvlebs dro qmnis da Tu aucilebelia, Seqmnis kidec. gamoZebnil mizezebze dafuZnebuli dResaswaulebi verasodes ver gascdeba RonisZiebebis CarCoebs, xolo RonisZieba metad Sors dgas WeSmariti dResaswaulisagan. es rom ar moxdes, amisaTvis saWiroa tradiciulma formebma SeiZinon axali, WeSmaritad saerTo, fsiqologiurad da zneobrivad dasabuTebuli sazeimo ganwyobileba. aseTi viTareba moiTxovs gansakuTrebul frTxil damokidebulebas xalxuri tradiciebisa da maT Soris gvalvis sawinaaRmdego ritualebisadmi, romlebmac karga xania dakarga religiuri arsi da TamaSad gadaqcevisadmi amJRavnebs midrekilebas. es garemoeba gasaTvaliswinebelia, radgan ritualis TamaSad qceva ufro SesaZlebelia, vidre aRkveTa. dasadastureblad sakmarisia gavixsenoT zafxulobiT gamarTuli wyliT gawuwvis TamaSebi, romelTac odesRac ritualuri mniSvneloba hqondaT. yvela am momentis gaTvaliswineba sargeblobas moutans dromoWmul CveulebaTa winaaRmdeg brZolis saqmesac, rasac jer kidev XIX s-Si eweodnen qarTveli moRvaweebi. ïèòíæòì ãïèëìïùâåâò èïãòóîò èëáèåæåþåþò gvalvisa da delgmis, aseve qarisa da setyvis sawinaaRmdego xalxuri wesebidan arqaul fenas Seadgens magiuri moqmedebebi, romelTa mizania sasurveli amindis provocireba. amasTanave es moqmedebebi gansaku- Trebuli simartiviT gamoirCevian. isini, Cveulebriv, analogiis princips emyarebian da amitom Semsrulebeli xelovnurad qmnis suraTs, romlis msgavsi situaciis SeqmniT realurad aris dainteresebuli. sakmarisia ubralod gadavavloT Tvali msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gavrcelebul amindis ritualebs, rom SevamCnioT maT Soris aSkara 291 msgavseba, rac gapirobebulia am wesSi SenivTebuli ideis erTianobiT. amasTanave isic unda iTqvas, rom es ritualebi mxolod samiwaTmoqmedo meurneobasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli da arc misgan momdinareoben. avstraliis, amerikis da afrikis mraval tomSi, romelTac ar icodnen miwaTmoqmedeba, damowmebulia amindis ritualebis mravalferovani formebi. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom amindis gamowvevis ritualebi warmoadgendnen mxolod nawils ritualebisas, romlebic „gamowvevis“ mizniT sruldeba. ritualTa am did jgufSi „gamowveva-gamoxmobis“ obieqti aris ara mxolod amindi, aramed yvelaferi, rac ki aRebuli eTnikuri jgufis sameurneo interess Seadgens. magaliTad, Crdilo amerikelTa monadire tomebSi, kerZod aleutebSi, gavrcelebulia rwmena imis Taobaze, rom SeiZleba nadiris „gamowveva-gamoxmoba“, risTvisac saWiroa saTanado magiuri moqmedebebis gamoyeneba. grelandiis eskimosebis rwmenaTa Sesabamisad nadirobaSi warmatebas ganapirobebda zRvis dedis (diasaxlisis), moxuci qalis, sednas keTilganwyoba maTdami. sedna Tavisi funqciiT, Zalis gamovlenis formebiT, aseve samoqmedo teritoriis sazRvrebiT, ucnaurad Camogavs „adgilis dedas“. sednas gulis mosagebad eskimosebi icavdnen garkveul wesebsa da aRkveTebs. roca adamianebi codavdnen da arRvevdnen dadgenil wesebs, sedna wyreboda da napiridan Sors erekeboda selapsa da morJs. nadiris gamravlebis mizniT eskimosebi zRvaSi yridnen wlis manZilze mopovebuli cxovelis buStebs. mravali wesi, romlis mizani aris nadiris gamoxmoba, sruldeba rogorc amerikis, ise danarCeni msoflios monadire tomebSi. ukidures CrdiloeTSi mcxovrebni ar arian dainteresebulni amindis „gamoxmobiT“, magram maTTan es meqanizmi, rogorc vnaxeT, nadirT uzrunvelyofis problemis gadawyvetas emsaxureba. ufro samxreTiT mcxovrebi, amerikeli indielebis omaxas tomi, romlebic ZiriTadad monadireebi iyvnen, wvimis gamowvevis mizniT wyliT avsebdnen did WurWels da garSemo oTxjer Semouvlidnen cekviT, Semdeg wyals irgvliv aSxefebdnen, bolos WurWlidan miwaze Rvridnen, cdilobdnen SeesvaT da Tan pirze talaxs isvamdnen. amave dros yvelani piriT aSxefebdnen wyals. vidre tomi rituals amzadebda, tomis grZneulebi marxulobdnen, miliT asxurebdnen wyals Rrublebis Sesakreb mxares da elodebodnen wvimas. arabebi ki cecxls aqrobdnen wyliT, riTac wvimis efeqts qmnidnen. 292 avstraliis aborigenTa mraval tomSi damowmebulia rigi ritualebisa, romelTa mizani iyo sasurveli amindis gamowveva. zogierT tomSi wvimis gamowvevis unari miewereboda tomis Tu gvaris grZneuls, magram zogan am saqmes mxolod amindis „sakiTxebze“ daspecialebuli piri ganagebda. kurnais tomis yvela sagvareulo jgufs yavda e. w. „wvimis gamkeTebeli“, romelic flobda am saqmisaTvis aucilebel moqmedebebis mTel arsenals. maT Soris yvelaze martivi iyo imitaturi, anu mibaZvis principze agebuli magiuri moqmedebebi: grZneuli pirSi wyals Caigubebda da Seudgeboda sxvadasxva mxares gadaSxefebas. amas rom morCeboda, moyveboda simRera-Selocvis butbuts. dieris toms ufro rTuli wesebi hqonda, romelTa SesrulebaSi monawileoba savaldebulo iyo tomis yvela wevrisaTvis. am wess isini asrulebdnen gansakuTrebuli pikuri gvalvebis dros: monawileebi Txridnen ormos da zed adgamdnen qoxs, romelSiac Sedioda wvimis gamowvevis ori „specialisti“ grZneuli (kunki). isini xelze ixsnidnen ZarRvs da ormoSi asxamdnen sisxls, viTom wvimas, amave dros haerSi ayridnen bumbuls, romelic Rrublebs gansaxierebda. Semdeg qoxs Slidnen, amtvrevdnen da xeze debdnen sagangebod SerCeul qvas. yvela am moqmedebas usaTuod unda gamoewvia wvima. Tu wvima ar wamovidoda, es braldeboda av sulebs, mura-muras, an mezobeli tomis grZneulebs, romelTac SeeZloT gaTvalva. am ritualSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs sisxlis gamoyenebis wesi, rac damaxasiaTebeli niSania gvarovnuli sazogadoebis sarwmunoebrivi praqtikisaTvis. gvarovnul sazogadoebaSi warmodgenebi sisxlze ganapirobeben naTesaobis sistemas, sisxli aris mizezi da safuZveli sicocxlisa, igi umTavres rols TamaSobs totemis gamravlebis ritualebSi, romelic wvimebis sezonis dasawyisSi marTavdnen. sisxli, romelsac grZneulebi awveTebdnen sagangebo qvebze gamosaxul totemur simboloebs, xels uwyobda totemis jiSis gamravlebas, radgan, maTi rwmeniT, sisxli iyo sicocxlis matarebeli substancia. wvimis gamowvevis ritualisas ormoSi, an miwaze dawveTebuli sisxli aris ciuri wyali//sisxli, romelic mowodebulia gamSrali, anu mkvdari miwis gasacocxleblad, e. i. mcenareuli samyaros aRsadgenad. wvimis gamowvevis analogiuri wesebi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli polinezielebSi, melanezielebSi, afrikis xalxebSi. yvela am rituals 293 aqvs Tavisi specifiuri saxe, magram Zalian gvanan erTmaneTs, radgan yvela maTgani magiis principis ganxorcielebas warmoadgens da aqvT erTi mizani. wvimis gamomwvevi ritualebi ZiriTadad im aramwarmoebeli xalxebis religiur praqtikaSi iWerda gansakuTrebul adgils, romlebic ZiriTadad miwis nayofebs agrovebdnen. nadiris da amindis gamoxmobis wesebi xSirad erTdroulad, erTsadaimave xalxSi gvxvdeba, rogorc meurneobisaTvis xelSemwyobi saqmianobis ori sfero. am ritualebis uZvelesi formebi jer kidev paleanTropebma SeimuSaves, romelTac ukve qondaT dakrZalvis rTuli wesebi, aseve icodnen totemze zemoqmedebis ritualuri xerxebi. Semgrovebelma da monadirem, miwaTmoqmedebis aRmocenebamde didi xniT adre, icoda mcenarisaTvis wylis mniSvneloba da kidec cdilobda problemis gadawyvetas misTvis xelmisawvdomi, „araracionaluri“ saSualebebiT. kacobriobis istoriis gariJraJze SemuSavebuli codna safuZvlad daedo sameurneo procesebs, romlis realizacia sazogadoebam aseuli aTasi wlebis Semdeg SeZlo. am codnis sameurneo, praqtikuli ganxorcieleba aris sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedeba. gauTviTcnobierebeli adamianisaTvis TiTqos daujerebelia, rom aseTi arqauli bunebis movlenebi yofaSic SeiZleba Segvxvdes. j. frezers amgvari „ucnauri“ faqtebi uxvad aqvs damowmebuli yvelaze mowinave kontinentis, evropis xalxebis yofaSi. ai erTi maTgani: q. derptis maxloblad, gvalvis dros, wminda tyeSi maRal fiWvze adioda sami kaci: erTi joxs cemda cariel qvabs, e. i. warmoadgenda quxils; meore muguzals naperwkals ayrevinebda, - es elva iyo, xolo mesame, romelsac wvimis gamomwvevi erqva, WurWlidan foTliani totiT asxurebda wyals. analogiuri moqmedebebi saqarTveloSiac farTod aris gavrcelebuli. qaris Cadgomis mizniT Zvelad saqarTveloSi codniaT cocxisa da filTaqvas dabma. cocxs dedaboZze miakravdnen, - gadaidarebso, an saerTod dawvavdnen, rasac qaris Cadgoma unda moyoloda. cxadia, amgvar moqmedebas safuZvlad udevs rwmena, romlis Tanaxmad qars, haeris aqtiur moZraobas iwvevs viRaca, zebunebrivi Zalis mqone arsebis cocxi da mis gasauvneblad saWiroa da aucilebeli miwieri cocxis moqmedebis SezRudva. SesaZloa qarTuli miTosi odesRac icnobda qarebis gamgebels, romelsac qonda specifiuri atributi, cocxi da misi saSualebiT mar- 294 Tavda qarebs. dResdReobiT aseTi personaJi cnobili ar aris, magram cocxs marTlac iyenebdnen sxvadasxva ritualSi. cocxi rom saxumaro iaraRi ar aris iqidanac Cans, rom zRaparSi kudianebi sul cocxze gadamjdarebi daqrian. qaris SeCerebis mizniT icodnen nacris gadayra, rasac xSirad siyrmis Svils daavalebdnen. yuradRebis Rirsia is garemoeba, rom ritualebSi gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba siyrmis (pirvel) Svils, romelic, mTxrobelTa sityviT, yvela zemoxsenebuli saweso moqmedebis Semsruleblad gvevlineba. aseve sainteresod Cans qvrivi qalis mniSvnelobis garkveva ritualebSi, radgan am figuras sagangebo adgili da Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva aqvs saweso moqmedebebSi. meurneobas gansakuTrebul zians ayenebda setyva. xalxis rwmeniT setyvis kaklebi sxvadasxva formisaa: zogi CaquCs Camogavs, zogic guTans, an urmis Tvals magram es msgavseba zianisagan ar icavda yanas. amitom xalxi „yovel Rones“ xmarobda mis winaaRmdeg. setyva rom wamouSenda, gareT gaagdebdnen da amobrunebuls stovebdnen zedadgars (samfexs), nacarsac mimofantavdnen. Tan gaiZaxodnen: „ase ganiavdi setyvav, ro ar moxvide, dar, dar!“. nacari xSirad did xuTSabaTs (aRdgomis kviraSi) wina saRamodan hqondaT Senaxuli. setyvisas atydeboda sofelSi erToblivi xmauri, taStebs araxunebdnen, isrodnen Tofebsa da rekdnen zarebs. am xmauriT cdilobdnen eSmakis SeSinebas. setyvis marcvlebs siyrmis Svilebs ubeSi uyridnen da aylapebdnen kidec, Tan gaiZaxodnen „dar, dar, dar!“. xalxs ca – Rrublisa da setyvis gamgebeli elia brmad miaCnda da fiqrobdnen, rom mas win eSmaki uZRoda, romelic motyuebiT soflebsa da baR-venax-mindvrebze daaSvebinebda setyvas. amitom xmauris saSualebiT xalxi cdilobda gaegebinebina eliasaTvis, rom aq sofeli iyo da isic moerideboda naTesebs. saerTod elias garSemo sxvadasxvanairi Sexeduleba arsebobda. zogan fiqrobdnen, rom Tavad elia aris eSmaki. sxva mosazrebiT elias dahyveboda zaqaria, romlis gamovlinebad miaCndaT elva, e. i. igi gzas unaTebda elias. quxili ki elias etlis borblebis raxraxad warmoedginaT. quxilis mizezad garda elias etlisa, miaCndaT zeciuri sadRveblis xmauri, ciuri wisqvilis qvebis xaxunis xma da a. S. zogjer ki piriqiTac amboben, rom elia acdens zaqarias: „elia etyvis zaqarias daÁkar, daÁkar, aq araferi ar ariso da 295 isic daÁkrams setyvasa.. mere zaris xma rom moesmeba, gaujavrdeba elias, Se wyeulo aq xalxi yofila da raze damartymevineo“. zogi elias da zaqarias setyvisa da avdris gamomgzavni eSmakis winaaRmdeg mebrZolebad miiCneven. isini mexs tyorcnian da spoben setyvis gamZRol avsuls, romelic muxis, tirifis da kaklis xeebs afarebdnen Tavs. amitom mexi am xeebs ufro xSirad ecema. amis gamoc cudi amindis dros xalxi maT Tavs aridebs. setyvis asarideblad eliasaTvis ciknis dakvla scodniaT. Txa saerTod uwmindurad iTvleba da mas arcerT salocavs ar swiraven, garda eliasi. SesawiravTan erTad, setyvis sawinaaRmdegod uqmes inaxavdnen, radgan swamdaT, rom amindze gavlenis moxdenac SeeZlo kviraZals, e. i. kviris, uqme dRis Zalas, romelic aseve cudi amindis, kerZod setyvis gamomgzavnad iyo miCneuli. wvimis gamowvevis mizniT mesxeT-javaxeTSi axali mkvdris saflavidan miwas iRebdnen da imiT talaxs zeldnen. amave mizniT wyalSi micvalebulis Zvlebs yridnen, an asvelebdnen. xSirad upiratesobas mxolod Tavis qalas aniWebdnen. zog adgilebSi wyalSi gamorCeuli kacis, wmindanis Zvlebis wyalSi CaSveba scodniaT. Tu wvima wamovidoda, Zvlebs amokrefdnen da Tavis adgilas daabinavebdnen. wvimis gamosawvevad da amindis Sesacvlelad zogis warmodgeniT sakmarisi iyo axali micvalebulis saflavidan qva aeRoT da wyalSi CaegdoT, an mcire nawilebi CamoetexaT da mdinareSi CaeyaraT. am warmodgenebs safuZvlad udevs rwmena micvalebulTa uwmindurobis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviT axali mkvdari ufro uwminduria, vidre Zveli da amitom misi narCenebi ufro gaaRizianebda wvimis gamgebels da sapasuxod wvimas dauSvebda. sapirispiro mniSvneloba eniWebodaT wminda saflavebs, aseve im micvalebulebs, romlebic saiqioSi RmerTma waiyvana. msgavs SemTxvevebSi kavkasiis xalxebis warmodgeniT upiratesoba mexiT mokluls, an wyalSi damxrCvals eniWeboda. aseTi micvalebulebis saflavebis garSemo fexSiSevela xalxi grovdeboda da ferxulebs marTavda, rasac usaTuod unda gamoewvia saWiro amindi, wvima, an dari. es wesebi, qarTvelTa garda, mTels kavkasiaSi sayovelTaodaa cnobili da yvela xalxSia damowmebuli sxvadasxva variantebis saxiT. analogiuri warmodgenebi gavrcelebulia xalxSi. 296 aziisa da evropis mraval amindis SecvlisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT sawvimrad, xSirad mimarTavdnen sxvagvar „provokaciul“ saqcielsac, nakeliT gasvridnen amindis salocav qalqvebs, sxvadasxva saxiT Seuracxyofdnen wyarosTvals. magaliTad, raWaSi wyals amoxapavdnen Roris (uwmindur cxovelad iTvleba, salocavs ar ewireba) tyavis qalamnebiT, an Sig saqonels abanavebdnen, samxreT saqarTveloSi am mizniT mdinareSi virebs Cayridnen xolme da a. S. saerTod wvimis gamosawvevad xalxi banaobda, iwuwebodnen da erTmaneTs wuwavdnen. wvimis gamomxmobelTa gawuwva scodniaT WobareTSi. aqauri wesis mixedviT sami moxuci qali Cajdeboda qvebSi erTmaneTze zurgiT miyudebulebi da mRerodnen. mere mividodnen sxvebi da wyals gadaasxamdnen, viTom gaavdrdao. aseTi wesis gamoZaxili unda iyos bavSvebis TamaSi, wuwaoba, rasac dResac xSirad marTaven saqarTvelos soflebsa da qalaqebis Zvel ubnebSi. ritualis Semsruleblebs wyals mxolod wvimis gamoxmobisas asxamdnen, xolo Tu dari undodaT, nacarsa da naRverdals moafrqvevdnen. magram saqarTvelos teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawilisaTvis umetesad gvalva qmnida safrTxes da ara zedmeti wyali. amdenad amindis gamowvevisaTvis gamiznuli magiuri qmedebebis ZiriTadi mizani iyo wvimis gamowveva. rogorc zemoT aRweril ritualebSi gamoCnda, am mizans aRwevdnen erTis mxriv sisvelis imitaciis gziT, rasac wvima unda gamoewvia, meores mxriv ki ciuri wylis stiqiis gamgebelTa gaRizianebiT, saerTod RvTaebebisa da xatebis Seuracxyofa, aseve wminda wignebis Tu xatebis dasveleba da a. S. friad gavrcelebuli iyo rogorc CvenSi, ise sxvaganac da am moqmedebebs yvelgan erTi mizani hqonda, xalxs mieRo sasurveli amindi. literaturaSi aRwerilia amindis gamowvevis mizniT Cadenili kuriozuli moqmedebebi, romelsac SexvdebodiT ara Soreul warsulsa da CamorCenil xalxebSi, aramed gasuli saukunis evropelebSi, mag: 1893 wels siciliaSi saSineli gvalvebi idga. palermos xexilis baRebi daWkna, mosavali mindvrebze iRupeboda. amindis gamowvevis nacadma xerxebma ar gaWra. quCaSi gauTaveblad mimodioda xalxmravali procesiebi, eklesiebSi Rameebs aTevda xatebis win damxobili xalxi. gamudmebiT enTo sanTlebi... erT-erT sofelSi bzobis kviras mindvrebSi mimofantes eklesiidan gamotanili nagavi, rogorc amas Zveli wesi moiTxovda. TavSiSveli da fexSiSveli xalxi quCa-quCa daatarebda qalaqSi jvarcmas da rkinis wneliT scemdnen erTmaneTs. wvimis saswau- 297 lis gamowveva ar xerxdeboda. bolos da bolos xalxma moTmineba dakarga da bevri wmindani dasaja. wminda iosebi palermoelebma eklesiidan gaagdes da Takara mzis qveS datoves, raTa Tavad darwmunebuliyo sicxis ZalaSi. „sxva wmindanebi, - wers j. frezeri, - rogorc jiuti bavSvebi, kedlisken Seabrunes, zogs Zvifasi samoseli gaxades da gandevnes TavianTi samwysoebidan. maT emuqrebodnen, aginebdnen,. gubeebSi ayuryumalavebdnen. qalaq kaltanistaSi mTavar angelozs, mixeils, oqros frTebi moaglijes dauyaoTi Seucvales, Zoweulis mantiis magier ZonZebi moaxvies. ufro mZimed daisaja likatis mfarveli wminda anjelo, romelic gaaSiSvles, uxeSad lanZRes, bolos borkilebi daades da Tan CamoxrCobiT da wyalSi daxrCobiT emuqrebodnen. „wvima an Toki“, yviroda gacofebuli brbo da muStebs uRerebda wmindanis gamosaxulebas“. msgavsi magaliTebi mravlad aris aRwerili safrangeTSi, inglisSi da a. S. wvimis gamowvevis magiuri saSualebebidan saqarTveloSi friad gavrcelebuli yofila qvis gadabruneba. gvalvisas gadaabrunebdnen mZime lods da mis qveda, namian pirs miuSverdnen zecas. amiT dasvelebuli qvebis, Sesabamisad dasvelebuli qveynis iluzias qmnidnen, rasac wvima unda gamoewvia. es wesi wvimisagan dasvelebis imitaciis erT-erTi formaa, rac sxva ritualebSiac meordeba. amave mizniT, rogorc ukve iTqva, gvalvisas asvelebdnen saqonels, xalxi wuwavda erTmaneTs da a. S. es wesi CvenSi ZvelTaganve yofila gavrcelebuli. vaxuSti bagrationi wers, rom „pativans qveiT, vakes ars lodi, romeli gvalvisas Tu gadaabruno da Senamo, movals wvima, xolo wvimianobasa Sina Tu Seayaro nacari da gadaabruno, iqnebis uwvimoba“-o. qvis gadabrunebis Cveulebis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia kaxeTSi gavrcelebuli warmodgenebi qalqvebis Sesaxeb. legendis Tanaxmad es qalqvebi gaqvavebuli qalebia, xSirad SvilebiTurT, romlebic sxvadasxva mizezis gamo gaqvavebulan. erTerTi, albaT SedarebiT axali da amasTanave adgilobrivi warmomavlobis Tqmuleba gviambobs, rom lekebisagan devnil Svilebian kaxel qals is-is iyo mdevari unda wamosweoda. qalma RmerTs SesTxova Svilebianad qvad qceva, radgan mtris xelSi Cavardnas yvelaferi erCivna. RmerTmac usmina da Svilebianad gaaqvava. amis Semdgom xalxi am qvas wvimas SesTxovda, Tan Txovnisas wyals gadaasxamda xolme. amave dros qva usaTuod unda gadabrunebuliyo, magram misi gadabruneba SeeZlo mxolod gaqvavebuli 298 qalis gvaris kacs. legendis erTi variantis Tanaxmad gaqvavebuli yofila bodbeli barnabaanT qali. qvis gadasabruneblad usaTuod am gvaris warmomadgeneli unda mosuliyo da daeZaxna: „amye, mamida, barnabiani va- ro!“ daZaxebis Semdeg qvac „danebdeboda“ Tanamogvares Tu STamomavals da ramdenime kacis tvirTi uzarmazari lodi, zantad miuSverda gaxurebul zecas namian qveda pirs. amgvari wesebi, qarTlSiac aris damowmebuli. magaliTad, qarTlSi, sof. dmanisSi devs cnobili mozvera qva. am qvasTan gvalvisas modian qalebi ketebiTa da sanTlebiT, Tan mohyavT qaliSvilebi, romlebic qvis gadabrunebaSi exmarebian ufrosebs. gadabrunebis Semdeg gogonebi qvas SardiT asveleben, xolo Semdeg ki sanTels aunTeben mas. mkvlevarebma yuradceba miaqcies, rom am wesSi sxvadasxva drois fenebi igrZnoba. qvis gadabrunebis uZvelesi wesis gverdiT vxedavT aseve Zvels, magram damoukidebel wess wylis ganmgeblis Seuracxyofisa, ramac unda aamoqmedos es ukanaskneli. rac Seexeba sanTlis danTebas, igi albaT qristianobidan aris Sesuli. CvenSi gavrcelebul am rigis wesTagan gansakuTrebiT Taviseburia e. w. „wylis moxvna“. am wess mxolod gaWianurebuli gvalvisas mimarTavdnen. igi tardeboda sxvadasxvanairad: xan damoukideblad, rogorc wvimis gamowvevis ZiriTadi wesi da cvlida lazareze davlas, xan ki qvis gadabrunebis da didebaze Tu lazareze, davlis Semdgom. gvalvisas Seikribebodnen soflis dedakacebi da daTqvamdnen mdinareSi guTnis Setanas, wylis moxvnas, oRond gasaTxovar qalebs ar gairevdnen. gaitandnen riyeze guTans, uRlebs, qalebi dairqmevdnen xaris saxelebs – niSas, lomas, nikoras, Seebmeboda ramdenime wyvili, guTnisdedad daudgebodaT guTnisdedis coli, daisvamdnen mexreebs da daiZvreboda es ucnauri guTneuli, dauyvebodnen daRma mdinares, mexreebi simReras dasZaxebdnen, guTnis deda miuyveboda guTans, zed fexsac aWerda, viTom Rrmada vxnavo. mexreebi gadautylaSunebdnen saxres „mexres“ da guTnisdedasTan erTad sagangebod bilwis sityviT aginebdnen. ginebaSi arc „xarebi“ CamorCebodnen da idga erTi sicili da Jriamuli. cotas rom Caivlidnen, mere Semoabrunebdnen guTans da aRma amouyvebodnen. roca gvarianad daiRlebodnen, gadahyridnen guTan-uRlebs da daereodnen erTmaneTs wyalSi, Tanac usaSvelod bilwsityvaobdnen da erTmaneTs agineb- 299 dnen. bRlarZan-yuryumalaobaSi magrad unda dasvelebuliyvnen, gansakuTrebiT guTnisdedis coli unda gaewuwaT. maT saqcielsa da sityvierebaSi iyo raRac ucnauri, uZvelesi sqesobrivi orgiebis anarekli, oRond stilizebuli da friad daSorebuli Tavis pirvelsaxes. am saxis elementebis amocnoba mravali xalxuri dResaswaulis SigniT xerxdeba. rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise saerTod Zvel miwismoqmedi xalxebis ritualebSi, romlebic gamiznulia nayofierebisa da xvavrielebis momniWebeli Zalebis aqtiurobisaTvis. am ceremonialis Semdgom gawuwuli qalebi sicil-xarxariTa da xumrobiT brundebodnen saxlebSi, xanac erTad dasxdebodnen da purobdnen, oRond ise, rom kacebi mTeli procesis manZilze maTTan ar daiSvebodnen. qarTvelTa Soris gavrcelebuli wylis moxvnis Sesaxeb XIX s-is cnobebiT ukve sargeblobdnen evropeli mkvlevarebi. j. frezerma wylis moxvnis wesi ZiriTadad qarTuli magaliTebiT warmoadgina. misi aRweriloba TiTqmis emTxveva zemoT motanils, oRond iq aRniSnulia, rom guTanSi qaliSvili qalebi ebmebian. wylis moxvnis wesi gavrcelebuli yofila somxeTSiac. xnieri qali, an mRvdlis coli, icvamda anaforas, xolo mamakacurad gadacmuli qalebi Seebmebodnen guTanSi da Seitandnen mdinareSi. mRvdlis coli guTnisdedobda da misi winamZRolobiT qalebi dinebis sapirispirod miaTrevdnen guTans. aseTive wesi, oRond ufro pirvelyofili uSualobiT aRbeWdili, SeniSnuli yofila XIX s-is transilvaniaSi, sadac gvalvisas gauTxovari qalebi SiSvldebodnen, maTsaviT SiSveli ufrosi qalis meTaurobiT iparavdnen farcxs da mindvris gadavliT miaTrevdnen mdinareze. mdinareSi farcxs tiviseburad Seacurebdnen, zed dasxdebodnen da oTxiv kuTxeze anTebdnen cecxls. wyalSi Cerdebodnen daaxloebiT erTi saaTis manZilze, mere farcxs miatovebdnen da dabrundebodnen saxlSi. analogiuri wesi wvimis gamowvevisa damowmebulia indoeTSic, oRond aq mdinareze ki ar gadian, aramed SiSveli qalebi guTans RamiT saxnav mindorSi daatareben. mamakacebis miaxloveba akrZalulia, radgan maTi daswreba Zalas daakargvinebda rituals. ritualis gavrcelebis aseTi farTo areali da am uzarmazar teritoriaze misi praqtikulad ucvleli saxiT SenarCuneba, mas gansakuTrebulad sainteresos xdis. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom ritualuri xvna, ro- 300 gorc sakraluri Sinaarsis mqone qmedeba, mraval sxva ritualebSia SerCenili. iSviaTi mravalferovnebiT xvnis simbolika aisaxa rusebisa da evropis mravali xalxis warmodgenebSi. ruseTSi friad gavrcelebuli yofila xvniT wris Semovleba, rasac gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi mimarTavdnen xolme. gazafxulobiT ruseTSi imarTeboda e. w. sikvdilis gandevna“, gansakuTrebiT Tu ki gadamdebi sneulebebi an saqonlis Wiri gavrceldeboda. „sikvdilis gandevnis ceremonialSi gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeboda garSemoxvnis wess, romelic Tavisi aRnagobiT Zlier mogvagonebs CvenTvis amJamad saintereso wylis moxvnas. garSemoxvnis anu sikvdilis gandevnis wesis Susrulebisas guTani xarebs mihqondaT mxolod volinis guberniaSi. sxvagan amisTana wminda saqmes saqonels araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar miakarebdnen. ritualis Sesruleba unda daedgina Tems. gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdgom, RamiT saxlidan gamodioda moxuci qali, mkiTxavi, umetes SemTxvevaSi qvrivi, Tmagawewili da perangamara. warmoidgineT sofelSi siCumea, yvelas saxlis kari daketilia, arsad ar Cans sinaTle, saqoneli sagangebod iyo damwyvdeuli bakebSi, daabamdnen ZaRlebsac. uecrad siCumes arRvevs dedabris Semzaravi kivili, igi kivis da Zlieri dartymebiT araxunebs tafas Tu qvabs da... iwyeboda saSineli kakafonia. dedabris niSansa da misi tafis raxunis xmaze yvela saxlidan gamorbodnen perangis amara, TmagaSlili, akivlebuli dedakacebi da gasaTxovari gogoebi marwuxebiT, maSebiT, culebiT, namglebiT, cocxebiT, ketebiT xelSi da xmamaRla wyevlidnen sikvdils. qalebsve mohqondaT kavi da Sig abamdnen SiSvel qadags Tu mkiTxavs, mTeli am saqmis moTaves. iwyeboda soflis samgzis garsSemoxvna kavSi gabmuli dedakacis meTaurobiT, romelsac ukan misdevda anTebuli maSxalebiTa da Calis konebiT soflis qalebis brbo. Tu adamianis sneuleba iyo gavrcelebuli, maSin msvlelobas win gauZRveboda RvTismSoblis an macxovris xati, Tu cxenebis Wiri, maSin frolisa da lavrosis xatebs gamoitandnen, xolo Tu saqonlisa, maSin vlasisas. xalxi wvavda surnelovan balaxebs, sakmevels. zogjer saeklesio himnebsac mRerodnen. xatebs miyveba perangisamara, TmagaSlili, cocxze gadamjdari dedaberi, mas mosdevda kavSi Sebmuli dedakaci, xolo am ukanasknels ki gauTxovari gogo, romelic kvalSi Tesavda sofelSi Segrovil pureuls. zogjer winmomaval, cocxze gadamjdar deda- 301 bers cvlida ramdenime, aseve perangisamara da TmagaSlili dedakaci da gogo, cocxze an niCabze gadamsxdrebi, romlebic ukan misdevdnen kavs. mimyoli brbo cekvavda, adgilze trialebda, imanWeboda, iqnevda motanil iaraRs, scemda taStebs, qvabebs... ustvendnen da Soltebs atylaSunebdnen. es Semzaravi procesia yoveli saxlis win Cerdeboda da Rrialebda: „dahkari, daCexe, daWeri Zroxis Wiri da qolera! gaqri, daikarge Savo naRvelo, gadagxnav, dagklav, gadagfarcxav, dagCexav, dagfantav!“. am saSinel muqarasTan erTad saweso simRerebsac mRerodnen. voroneJis guberniaSi irCevdnen kargi saxelis mqone cxra gasaTxovars, gansakuTrebiT msuqansa da faSfaSa sam qvrivs da erTsac fexmZime dedakacs. SuaRamisas perangisamara da TmagaSlil gasaTxovrebs ubamdnen guTanSi, kavs misdevdnen qvrivebi, xolo fexmZimes miqonda RvTismSoblis xati. qalebi am dros mRerodnen da sikvdils soflidan aZevebdnen. kurskis guberniaSi kavSi uSvilo qali hyavdaT Sebmuli, win miuZRveboda gasaTxovari, romelsac gadawyvetili hqonda ar gaTxoviliyo, xolo maT ukan misdevdnen qvrivebi, Tesavdnen qviSas da yvelani erTad mRerodnen: saswauli, saswauli, gogoebi miwas xnaven; qalebi qviSas Tesaven. rodesac qviSa amova, sikvdilic CvenTan Semova. aRwerili wesi, rogorc ukve iTqva, ar iyo amindis SecvlisTvis gamiznuli da amdenad gansxvavdeba „wylis moxvnisagan“ Tavisi daniSnulebiT, magram maTi sayovelTao-saTemo xasiaTi, mxolod qalebis monawileoba da a. S. mTlianad emTxveva erTmaneTs, rac gvaiZulebs vifiqroT, rom es erTi da igive wesia, uSores warsulSi gavrcelebuli samiwaTmoqmedo xalxebSi, oRond sxvadasxva eTnikur garemoSi mizanSecvlili da gardaqmnili. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba maT Soris mainc isaa, rom iq, ruseTSi ritualis ZiriTadi sakvanZo elementia „gareSemoxvna“, saxvneliT wris Semovleba soflisaTvis, raTa iq mavnem ver SemoaRwios. „wylis moxvna“ ki Tavisi seqsualuri aqcentebiTa da wyalSi guTnis tarebiT, nayofierebis Zalebis provocirebisakenaa mimarTuli. wris, rogorc borotisagan 302 damcvelis garSemovlebis wesi saqarTveloSic iyo gavrcelebuli, magram mas amindis ritualebTan uSualo kavSiri amJamad ar uCans. aRwerili wesebisaTvis erT-erTi saerTo damaxasiaTebeli, mniSvnelovani momentia saxvnelis garSemo arsebuli warmodgenebi, romelTac etyoba mravalferovani aspeqtebi gaaCndaT da amitom sxvadasxva mizandasaxulobis ritualebSi moikides fexi. „gareSemoxvna“, iseve rogorc „wylis moxvna“, saerTo saTemo wesi Cans, romelic Temis qalTa monawileobiT sruldeboda. es garemoebebi maT erT kategoriaSi aqcevs. cxadia, yvela rituali, romelic soflis, Temis, xeobis masStabiT imarTeba, roca Semsruleblebi yvela ojaxis komls miadgebian, an sayaneebs daivlian, wriuli moqmedebidan iRebs saTaves da ZiriTadad socialuri jgufisaTvis sakuTari, Tavisi teritoriis dacvas gulisxmobs. amgvari ritualebi saqarTveloSi bevria damowmebuli, magram mainca da mainc wriuli forma aRar aqvT SerCenili. wriuli ferxulebi, garsSemovlebi, orpiruli simRerebi (romlebic aseve uwyvetobas warmosaxaven), farTod aris gavrcelebuli qarTvelTa ritualur moqmedebebSi da isini ZiriTadad teritoriulad ufro mcire ganfenilobis movlenebTan kavSirSi Semoinaxa. zemoT CamoTvlili wesebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian agebulebis sirTuliT, monawile komponentTa istoriuli warmomavlobiT, Sesrulebis koleqtiuri Tu individualuri wesiT, magram radgan isini ar gamoxataven vedrebas romelime RvTaebrivi Zalisadmi, amitom magiur moqmedebaTa jgufad gavaerTianeT. gaerTianeba, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia, radgan SesaZlebelia am wesebis kidev ufro detaluri daxarisxeba. ïèòíæòì ãïèëùâåâòì îòüóïäåþò äïçïîëþï - ãëíöïëþï es wesi saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSia damowmebuli da mcired gansxvavebebs Tu ar CavTvliT, ZiriTadad erTi da igive saxiT sruldeba. gansxvaveba ufro xSirad Seexeba ritualis mTavar personaJis saxels, romelic amindis RvTaebas ganasaxierebs. mas qarTlSi, imereTSi, mesxeT-javaxeTSi da aWaraSi „lazare“ erqva, raWa-leCxumSi, svaneTsa da 303 kaxeTSi ki „gonja-gonjo“ TuSeTSi igi „sawvimara gugais“ saxeliTaa cnobili, xolo mesxeT-javaxeTSi zogan „kotia-kotia“-sac eZaxdnen. „lazaroba-gonjaobas“ ormxrivi daniSnuleba hqonia, mas gamarTavdnen rogorc daris, ise wvimis dros, oRond savedrebel teqstSi RvTaebas saWiroebis mixedviT SesTxovdnen mzian Tu Rrublian dars. sabednierod am wesisaTvis adreve miuqceviaT yuradReba da XIX saukunis meore naxevris presaSi sakmaod xSirad vxvdebiT cnobebs „lazaroba-gonjaobis“ Sesaxeb. ase magaliTad, gasul saukuneSi aRwerili lazarobis wesis Tanaxmad sofel kavTisxevSi gvalvisas ikribebodnen qalebi, Tixisagan akeTebdnen Tojinas – lazares, romelsac karidan karze daatarebdnen da galobdnen: „ex lazare, lazare, lazar modga karsa, midga-modga Tarosa daemgvana mTvaresa, cxavi acxavebula wvima aCqarebula. RmerTma mogvca talaxi aRar gvinda goraxi, eliao, eliao, rasa mogiwyeniao. TeTri Txa, TeTri cikani SenTvis mogvirTmeviao“. am simReris Sesrulebisas momRerlebs wuwavdnen. pirvel maiss scodniaT lazaroba samTavisSiac. am dRes Seikribebodnen 50 wlis asakamde qalebi da daiwyebdnen lazareze siaruls. lazared Semosavdnen xis jvars, zogjer RvTismSoblis xatsac Camoatarebdnen. unda SeCerebuliyvnen yvela ojaxis karwin da emReraT. simReris teqsti zemoT motanilis msgavsia, oRond ramdenime taepiT metia, sadac lazareze naTqvamia, rom „xeli Cahyo qilasa, erbo dasdo binasa. elias ki etyvian: „ox wmindao elia 304 rasa mogiwyenia? TeTri furis mxar-beWi SenTvis mogvirTmevia, Sen moiyvan wvimasa, Cven dagiklav cikansa, aRar gvinda goraxi, RmerTo mogve talaxi, mindors kargi balaxi. es elia, elia RrubelT winamZRolia. karTan mosul momRerlebs aqac wuwavdnen da produqts aZlevd- nen. pirvel maiss ki saerTo salocavs, saRvTos gadaixdidnen xolme. 1875 wlis cnobiT zemo qarTlSi Tojina lazares damtarebeli, „lazares deda“ Tojinas wyalSi gadaagdebda da etyoda: „gviSvele lazare RmerTTan, wvima moiyvaneo“. danarCeni nawili ritualisa ki iseve sruldeboda, rogorc sxvagan, e. i. TojiniT kardakar Camoivlidnen, imRerebdnen, produqts Seagrovebdnen da Semdeg saerTo purobas gamarTavdnen. lazarobis ramdenadme gansxvavebuli da saintereso wesia aRwerili kaxeTis sofel vejinSi. aq ramdenime soflidan mogrovdebodnen qalebi, xelSi daiWerdnen tikinebs da kardakar daivlidnen soflebs. am tikinebs yvela ezoSi wyliT bandnen imis niSnad, rom wvima movao. saxlis patronebi maT aZlevdnen kvercxs, fuls, fqvils da sxva saxis produqts, riTac saerTo purobas marTavdnen. Camovlis dros qalebi ufro mcire leqss mRerodnen: „aRar gvinda goraxi, RmerTo mogve talaxi“. „wminda elia Cveni mcvelia“. gvalvaSi wvimis gamowvevis mizniT Camovla icodnen aWaraSi. aq Tojinas „dedofalas“ an „qefCa-xaTuns“ (kovzis, niCbis dedofals) eZaxdnen. mas upiratesad bavSvebi amzadebdnen da iginive asrulebdnen. es wesi ufro mTian aWaraSi aris daculi, sadac xSiri gvalvisas Segrovdebodnen bavSvebi, cocxze wamoacmevdnen kabas, gaukeTebdnen mklavebs da aseTi 305 TojiniT meTauri wauZRveboda win msvlelobas. bavSvebi kardakar Camoivlidnen da Tan mRerodnen: -lazaria, lazaria, raza karsa mogvdgomia aRarRalebs Tavsa, vexvewebiT RmerTsa, RmerTo mogve wvima-wyali! amin! SesZaxebdnen erTxmad yvelani. damxvdurebi bavSvebs wyals gadaavlebdnen da produqts miscemdnen. Camovlis Semdgom bavSvebi erTad dasxdebodnen da mogrovils Seeqceodnen. xalxis Rrma rwmeniT, vidre isini purobas morCebodnen, usaTuod wvima unda mosuliyo. aWaruli teqstebi Zalian mravalferovania da danarCeni kuTxeebis masalasTan maTi SedarebiT mraval saerTo niSans vpoulobT lazares garegnobaSi. es rituali aqac, iseve rogorc qarTlSi, ormxrivia, e. i. wvimisTvisac imarTeboda da darisTvisac, rac naTlad Cans teqstebidan: lazara modga karsao moRarRalebs Tavsao, RmerTo mogve wvima wyali, Segvinaxe ziza Tvali (an Segvinaxe wvima wyali). amasTanave zogi teqsti naTlad migvaniSnebs, rom lazare faliuri RvTaeba yofila mag. „lazaria kvarcxa midgomia RmerTsa“ da Suamdgomlobs, rom RmerTma wvima misces xalxs. es momenti gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens maSin, roca gavixsenebT, rom mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT aseve faliuri iyo lazares qarTluri Tojinebic. safiqrebelia, rom seqsis aRmniSvneli terminebi da epiTetebi adre qarTlur teqstSiac unda yofiliyo. am mosazrebas sarwmunos xdis lazarobis Tanmxleb ritualebSi, kerZod wylis moxvnisas gavrcelebuli saweso bilwsityvaoba da sxvadasxva simboluri, seqsualuri qmedebani. imereTSi lazares gonjas uwodebdnen. aq wesi ramdenadme gansxvavebiT mimdinareobda. gonjaze wavidoda 10-12 qali, amaTgan ori axalgazrda, gauTxovari, fexSiSvela unda yofiliyo. Tojinas ar akeTebdnen, oRond sanacvlod aRniSnul or qals airCevdnen gonjad da pirs naxSiriTa Tu talaxiT Seumuravdnen, anu „Seugonjavdnen“. es procesia kardakar Ca- 306 moivlida. yvela ezoSi Sevidoda da simReras ityodnen. am dros moxuci qali Tanmotanil sanTels aanTebda, daiCoqebda da RmerTs sisveles SesTxovda. axalgazrda qalebs usaTuod gawuwavdnen xolme. simReris teqsti imereTSiac iseTia, rogorc sxvagan. „gonja modga karebsao ayvrialebs Tvalebsao. cxrili agorebulao wvima moCqarebulao. aRar gvinda goraxio, RmerTo mogve talaxio“. gonjaze siarulis wesi damowmebulia raWaSic. aq gaaSiSvlebdnen 10-15 wlis biWs, romelsac tansa da saxes gaumuravdnen naxSiriT, xelSi grZel mwvane tots daaWerinebdnen da misi meTaurobiT Semouvlidnen sofels. gonja cekvavda da xmamaRla iZaxda: „gonja modga karebsa, abrialebs Tvalebsa. rilasa, rilasa, RmerTi mogvcems wvimasa“. am sityvebis warmoTqmisTanave mas wyals asxamdnen, aZlevdnen kver- cxebs, qaTams. Tu wvima movidoda, es ra Tqma unda, gonjas damsaxurebad iTvleboda. amindis gamowvevis ritualebi metad gavrcelebuli Cans svaneTSic. gvalvis dros saydridan gamoasvenebdnen xats, procesia yvela ojaxis karze SeCerdeboda da „kvirias“ imRerebda, Tan RmerTs wvimas exvewebodnen, aseve scodniaT notiobis, e. i. delgmis drosac, oRond maSin piriqiT, RmerTs dars SesTxovdnen. xalxi darwmunebuli iyo, rom kvirias simReriT soflis Semovlas gavlena unda moexdina amindze da misi Secvla gamoewvia. am simReris Sesrulebisas piri aRmosavleTisaken hqondaT Seqceuli, radgan es simRera RmerTisadmi udides savedreblad miaCndaT, romeli mosaxlis karzec kvirias sagalobeli ar iTqmoda, im mosaxlisas mosalodneli iyo adamianebis ubedureba, an saqonlis zarali. laSxeTis soflebSi gvalvis, an wvimis dros icodnen „movlenis“ Sesruleba. Segrovili xalxi „kvirias“ simReriT mTel laSxeTs Semoivlida, yvela karsa da ojaxs miadgeboda, imRerebda. amasTanave gamoasve- 307 nebdnen wminda giorgis xats, gabandnen wyalSi da isev saydarSi SeabrZanebdnen. am rituals, e. i. „movlenas“ didi Zala hqonda da xalxsac didad swamda misi. igi TiTqos mTlianad qristianuli kultmsaxurebis wesebidan modis da qristianul atributebs iyenebs. magram amave dros aq gonjas Tqmac scodniaT: „gonja modga karsa, aRurialebs Tvalsa. amoiRe TeTri yveli Cagvidevi kalaTasa, RmerTi mogcems baraqasa. alaTasa balaTasa xeli Cahkar kalaTasa vincxam gonjas ar aCuqos, gvalva misces mis yanasa“. sayuradReboa, rom svaneTSi berikasac gonjas eZaxdnen, rac am sami saxeliT (berika, gonjo, lazare) warmodgenil RvTaebriv Tu miTosur personaJs friad aaxloebs da maT raobas warmodgenaTa saerTo sibrtyeSi aqcevs. kaxeTSi friad gavrcelebuli iyo „didebaze“ davla. Seikribebodnen qalebi, maT mona qali (xatis msaxuri) wauZRveboda, SeiZleba xatic waeRoT. amave dros scodniaT gonjas gakeTebac da xSirad gonjaze Camovlas bavSvebs miandobdnen, radgan „didebaze“ wasvla seriozul religiur saqmed iTvleboda da aq bavSvebs ara esaqmebodaT ra. didebaSi monawile qalebi fexSiSvelni midiodnen, ZiriTadad Tavis ubans Semoivlidnen. Tumca SesaZloa sxva ubnebsa da soflebSic gasuliyvnen. am msvlelobis dros wylis misxma da sxva aseTi moqmedebebi ar SeiZleboda. wyalSi mxolod imas gawuwavdnen, visac gonja epyra xelT. xatisTvis wylis misxma an sxva ram Tavisufali saqcieli yovlad dauSvebeli iyo. didebaze SeiZleba CamoevloT rogorc gvalvis, ise wvimis dros. es msvleloba, gansxvavebiT lazaresagan ufro saeklesio iers atarebda, Tumca lazareSiac sakmaod igrZnoboda qristianobis gavlena. zogi cnobebis Tanaxmad, didebaze dadiodnen ara marto dedakacebi, aramed mTeli sofeli. maT win mRvdeli miuZRoda da yanebSi daatarebdnen sxvadasxva wmindanebis xatebs. didebaze mxolod qalebis siaruli da galoba am process ufro laza- 308 robasTan aaxloebs. winamZRvari mona qali daTvliT ambobda: „RmerTo didebulo, mSivrebs nu dagvxocav, gvaRirse wvima-nami, nu dagvRupav, bavSvebs mSiers nu dagvitoveb, iav-nani-o“ am daTvlas „iavnanas“ eZaxdnen da Sig icodnen axlomaxlo salocavebis CamoTvla, pativiT moxsenieba da Sevedreba. winamZRvari Tavis savedrebels godebiT ambobda, Tan cremli Camosdioda. mis moTqmas xalxic bans aZlevda da yoveli frazis bolos „e-e-e, didebaaa“-o daiZaxebdnen. qalebs usaTuod mTlad TeTri samoseli Tu ara, TeTri Tavsafrebi unda hqonodaT da fexSiSvelni unda yofiliyvnen. „SiSvel fexs unda egrZno miwis mxurvaleba, an siciveo“ ambo- ben mTxrobelebi. Tu procesiaSi kacebi erivnen, isini fexSiSvelni ar midiodnen, magram qudebi ki usaTuod xelSi unda sWerodaT. procesia axlomaxlo salocavebs Camouvlida, gansakuTrebiT cdilobdnen elias niSamde misvlas. aseve Tu sadme iyo, qalqvasTanac mividodnen, gadaabrunebdnen da wyals daasxamdnen. SeiZleba barbareSi, mTavarangelozSi, wminda giorgis sxva salocavebSi SeevloT, yvelgan sadac ki moaxerxebdnen misvlas. didebis monawileni wasvlamde Tavad Seagrovebdnen fuls, aseve gzaSi SemxvedrTagan iRebdnen saCuqars fulis, saklavis an sxva ram produqtis saxiT. yovelTvis cdilobdnen, rom didebaze samarxvo dReebSi ar wasuliyvnen, radgan am dReebSi sisxliani msxverpli akrZaluli iyo. salocavebze misulni sanTels daanTebdnen, „mona“ qali Tavis saTqmels isev godebiT ityoda, xalxic tiroda da eklesias samgzis Semouvlidnen iavnanaTi. mere ki sufras gaSlidnen da yvelani dasxdebodnen. sufras pirvelad mona qali dalocavda. “gaimete eliao raime qveynisaTvis, mosavali moiyvaneo“. am sityvebis Semdeg Rvinos dalevda. Semdeg TiTo-oror Wiqas yvela Sesvamda da dabrundebodnen ukan. yvelaferi es wvimis gamowvevis uebar saSualebad miaCndaT. „xan sofelSi mosvlas ver moaswrebdiT, ise dauSvebda wvima, Tu ara da Rrubeli mainc wamogveweoda. xSirad dasvelebulebi movidodiT saxlSio“, uTqvamT mTxroblebs. didebaze siaruli mesxeT-javaxeTSiac scodniaT. saintereso masala aqvs fiqsirebuli g. jalabaZes sof. RrelSi. didebaze gasvlas aq moxuci qalebi Taobdnen. isini axalgazrda gogonebs Sekrebdnen da ise wavidodnene kardakar dasalevad. amasTan Tan dahyavdaT „gvalvis patarZali“, Tavze Cixtadadgmuli axalgazrda qali, romelsac CixtaSi spilenZis jams (faxiri Tasi) Caudgamdnen da ise daamagrebdnen, rom siarulisas ar 309 Camovardniliyo. „gvalvis patarZals“ saxeze ferad, leCaqisebur qsovils an Txel naWers Camoafarebdnen da xelCakidebuli ezoebSi dahyavdaT. zogi mekomuris ezoSi simReras ityodnen: lazar modga karsao, abrialebs Tvalsao, aRar gvinda goroxio RmerTo mogve talaxio, cxrili agorebulao, wvima gaCqarebulao. simReris damTavrebisTanave ojaxis diasaxlisi maT aZlevda sanTels, yvels, fqvils, kvercxs, visac ra SeeZlo, amasTanave gvalvis patarZlis Tavze Cadgmul jamSi asxamda wyals. Sekrebili sanovagiT eklesiis karze puroba imarTeboda. zogjer purobas mindvrad, romelime yanaSi marTavdnen. soflis moxucTa iniciativiT eklesiac ereoda am saqmeSi, didebidan dabrunebuli procesia eklesias miadgeboda, aq mRvdeli parakliss ixdida da yanaSi xats gamoabrZanebda. wvimis gamowvevis mravalferovani wesebia fiqsirebuli TuSeTSi. aq gvalvisas amzadebdnen „sawvimara gugas“. aiRebdnen niCabs, yelTan jvaredinad miamagrebdnen joxs, anu xelebs, niCabs pirze TeTr mitkals gadaakravdnen, viTom saxeao, xolo tars pataraZaliviT Semosavdnen. Tojinas xSirad „maWkulosac“ uwodebdnen. gamzadebuli guga mdinareze CahqondaT da pirs dabandnen, wvima wamoavao. zogjer miwaSic damarxavdnen. sawvimari gugas damzadeba yvelierSic scodniaT. mas kacebis Sesakreb adgilas aayudebdnen da erT-or kacs daavalebdnen, yuradReba miaqcie, aravin araferi dauSavoso. Tu vinme Tojinas dauSavebda rasmes, mas kacurad gamo- wyobili wverulvaSiani qali „berikebi“, maTraxebiT scemdnen. wvimis gamowvevis mizniT CaliT kacis Semosvac scodniaT, romelsac kardakar atarebdnen da wyliT wuwavdnen. analogiuri wesebi qarTlSiac aris damowmebuli. aq sasoflo saRmrTos dros eliasaTvis ciknis dakvla scodniaT, didebaze wasulebi ki Cveulebriv saCuqrebs agrovebdnen, saxlidanac mihqondaT da salocavebs rom moilocavdnen, mere saerTo trapezs marTavdnen. didebaze wasulebs xSirad xatebic mihqondaT, qalebs Tavze usaTuod TeTri Tavsafrebi un- 310 da hqonodaT, rac saRvTod miaCndaT. am Tavsafrebs salocavSi moiZrobdnen da usaTuod iqve datovebdnen. amindis gamowvevis ramdenadme gansxvavebuli wesebi icodnen samegreloSi. pirvel rigSi saamisod ZiriTad RonisZiebad iTvleboda saTemo locva. gvalvisas mTeli Temi iyidda xars, zogan xarsa da verZs. mamakacebi vinme xanSiSesuli kacis meTaurobiT wavidodnen eklesiaSi, an eklesiis adgilas (Tu eklesia dangreuli iyo), anda soflis gareT mindorSi da iq Seasrulebdnen ceremonials. meTauri kaci sanTliT xelSi exveweboda jer RmerTs, Semdeg ki sxva salocavebs CamoTvlida: Tqven gevedrebiT, rom „Cveni namuSevari cecxliT ar daiwvas, RmerTi miexmaros angelozebs (am SemTxvevaSi bavSvebs, ucodvelebs) da maTi sarCo gadaarCinos, rogor daizrdebian angelozebi, Tu maTi sarCo daiwvebao“. mTeli xalxi muxlmodrekiT godebda da imeorebda: „a-a-a, RmerTo Sen gviSvele, wvima gamogvigzavne. es xari da veeberTela verZi Seiwire“, amis Semdgom mlocveli xalxSi Seagrovebda maT mier wamoRebul sanTlebs, erT konad Sekravda, aanTebda, xalxs dalocavda da sanTlis konas Tavs Semoavlebda. am locvisaTvis (locvaSi zogan qalebica da bavSvebic monawileobdnen) xalxi sagangebod emzadeboda, wina saRamos dasufTavdebodnen, usaTuod ibanavebdnen da salocavze wasvlisas Tu ram ukeTesi tansacmeli hqondaT, imas Caicvamdnen. locva rom morCeboda, samsxverplo cxovels anTebuli sanTliT beWebs moutrusavdnen, waRma daabrunebdnen da aRmosavleTiT pirSeqceuls daklavda meTauri kaci. zogan, Tu ki locva mdinaris piras Sesruldeboda, cdilobdnen, rom dasaklav cxovels dakvlisas Tavi wyalTan axlos, an wyalSi hqonoda, rom sisxli mdinares Sereoda. xorcis nawils, gansakuTrebiT gulRviZls, iqve SeWamdnen, darCenils ki dainawilebdnen da saxlSi waiRebdnen. savaldebulo iyo, rom xorci yvela monawiles Sexvedroda, aseTi ram gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi, metismetad didi gvalvisas xdeboda da xalxsac eWvi ar epareboda, rom RmerTi wvimis gamogzavnas ar daaxanebda. garda saTemo salocavisa, samegreloSi, msgavsad saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebisa, sawvimari Tojinis damzadebac scodniaT. am Tojinas sxvadasxva saxelebi erqva. aRmosavleT riaonebSi mas „moWyudias“ – patarZals eZaxdnen, zugdidis raionis zog sofelSi „ZiZikvakvas“, xolo galSi „Zivavas“. Tojinas saxelebis ori ukanaskneli variantis mniSvneloba 311 xalxs gadaviwyebuli aqvs da ukve aRaravis aRar axsovs ras niSnavda „ZiZivaka“ an „Zivava“. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTlsa da kaxeTSi gavrcelebuli iyo mcveli Tojina, „bostnis dedofala“, „bostnis kuki“, romelTac bostnis dacva evaleboda. aseTive „bostnis dedoflebi“, imave daniSnulebiT “xance guaSesa“ da „zRapis“ saxelwodebiT damowmebulia Crdilo kavkasiaSi, SapsuRebis soflebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tojinas gansxvavebuli saxelebi erqva, wvimis gamowvevis wesi maTi monawileobiT yvelgan, mTels samegreloSi erTnairad sruldeboda da Tojinac yvelgan qalad iTvleboda. qalebi da gogo-biWebi daamzadebdnen joxebisagan jvrisebur gamosaxulebas, romelsac naWrebiT Semosavdnen. samoselisaTvis umetesad wiTeli feri erCiaT, xolo pirisaxes TeTri naWris, an qaRaldisas ukeTebdnen, zed ki naxSiriT Tvalebi da piri gamohyavdaT. zogan Tojina adamianis zomisa unda yofiliyo, radgan, mTxrobelTa mixedviT, mis Sesamosad saxlidan mohqondaT visime tansacmeli, romelsac, ceremonialis dasrulebis Semdgom, ukanve ubrunebdnen patrons. aseTnairad morTul Tojinas qalebisa da bavSvebis procesia jer uban-uban Camoatarebda da asvelebdnen, Semdeg ki yvelani erTad mdinarisaken waiRebdnen. mdinarisaken mimavali procesia iwyebda tirils da saSinel wivil-kivils astexda, viTomc „moWyudia“ („ZiZikvavkva – Zivava“) daixrCoo da Tojinas wyalSi gadaagdebdnen. Tu tansacmeli ukan unda daebrunebinaT, maSin mas jer tansacmels gaaZrobdnen, xolo danarCens wyals gaatandnen. Tojinas wyalSi daxrCobas usaTuod wvima unda gamoewvia. rogorc XIX s-is aRwerilobebidan vgebulobT, Tojina „Zivous“ wyalSi gadagdebis ceremoniali afxazeTSiac yofila gavrcelebuli. aq didi gvalvisas qalebi da vaJebi Semosavdnen niCabs, an jvriseburad gadaWdobil kacis simaRlis totebs. uwin am saqmes mxolod qalebi asrulebdnen, mogvianebiT ki ukve vaJebic iRebdnen monawileobas. Tojinas maRal Wokze daamagrebdnen da misi winamZRolobiT procesia wylisken daiZvreboda. uwin Tojinas TeTrsafengadafarebul saxedarze, an cxenze Sesvamdnen da ase miiyvandnen mdinaremde. gzaze mimavalni sagalobels ambobdnen: „Zivou! Zivou! Zari-qva-qva mikrild avaS ax“... am teqstis arasruli Targmanidan Cans, rom aq naxsenebia wvimis wyali, damSrali Svidi wyaro da wylis gamoTxovna-vedreba. magram gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa is 312 garemoeba, rom aqvea naxsenebi „Ziri-qva-qva“, romelic albaT igivea rac megruli „wiwikvavkva, ZiZikvakva“, iseve rogorc afxazuri „Zivou“, galis megrelebis Zivavas udris. albaT saTanado kvleva gamoavlens, rom yvela es termini monaTesavea da erTsadaimave cnebas gadmoscems, razedac metyvelebs ritualis TiTqmis absoluturi damTxveva. swored am Tanxvedris safuZvelze ufro myari xdeba Sexeduleba zemoxsenebul personaJTa igiveobaze, romlebic Tavis mxriv axsnas poveben megruli sawvimari To- jinas meore variantis saxelwodebaSi „moWyudia“, patarZali. e. i. aq Tojina yvelgan ganasaxierebs qals, romelsac dasavlur qarTuli baris tradicia, gansxvavebiT aRm. saqarTvelosa da aWara-mesxeT-javaxeTisa, qalad miiCnevs. am warmodgenebs metad farTo paralelebi eZebneba istoriuli mezoblebis kulturaSi. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom gvalvis winaaRmdeg afxazeTSi adre gavrcelebuli yofila wylis moxvnis wesi, rac ase tipiuria qarTuli ritualebisaTvis. ïèòíæòì øåèúâåäò éâàïåþåþòì ãïîåãíóäò íòøíåþò æï ìïõåäò pirdapiri monacemebi, romlebic mogvcemdnen cnobas amindis RvTaebis funqciis, warmoSobis, garegnobis, an Tavdapirveli saxelis Sesaxeb, xalxis mexsierebas ar Semounaxavs. am sakiTxebze SesaZloa vimsjeloT sasimRero teqstebSi gamoyenebuli epiTetebis, mogvianebiT Serqmeuli, an Zveli, tabuirebuli zedmetsaxelebis mixedviT, sadac Cans kultis obieqtis funqcia, Sinaarsi da garegnuli niSnebi. amave sakiTxebisaTvis mniSvnelovan masalas gvawvdis Tavad rituali, sxvadasxva xasiaTis saweso moqmedebebi, monawileTa sqesi, asaki, Cacmuloba-morTuloba, trapezis wesi da saerTod yvelaferi, rac am procesebTan aris dakavSirebuli. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani monacemebi aris daculi saweso Tojinebis, amave mizniT damzadebuli, Tu comisagan gamomcxvari figurebis garegnobaSi, tansacmelSi, piri-saxis gaformebis wesSi. aseve mniSvnelovania is garemoebac, rom arseboben mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi gamosaxulebebi da TiToeul maTgans aqvs Tavisi funqcia da roli. daviwyoT mamrobiTi figurebiT. 313 qarTlSi xSirad amzadebdnen Tixis, an talaxis kacs, romelsac xazgasmiT emCneoda sqesis niSnebi. aseTive figuris sanTlisagan gamoZerwva da comisagan gamocxobac icodnen. sxva SemTxvevaSi Tojinas kovzze (cicxvze) gamarTavdnen, zogan am mizniT cocxs iyenebdnen. umetes SemTxvevaSi Tojina, xelgaSlili, jvriseburi figura iyo. aseTi poza Zlier gavrcelebuli Cans qarTul saweso xelovnebaSi. fiqroben, rom igi gamoxatavs dalocvis, locvis aRvlenis process. aseT figurebs adorantebs, anu mlocvelebs, mavedreblebs uwodebdnen. radgan xalxuri warmodgenebis Tanaxmad lazare Suamavalia RmerTsa da adamianebs Soris, rogorc yvela qristianuli wmindani, SesaZloa misi figura uzenaesis winaSe vedrebis, an piriqiT, xalxis kurTxevis procesSi iyos gamosaxuli. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda Tojinis piri-saxis gaformebasac. naWrisagan damzadebuli Tojinis saxe warmoadgenda jvriT gaxazul wres, zogjer ki pirsaxes sarkis an SuSis brWyviala natexs ukeTebdnen, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca dari undodaT. e. i. Tanaxmad warmodgenebisa, sadarod ganwyobili RvTaebis piri naTelia, sarkesaviT brwyinavs, xolo avdrisas Rrublian casaviT iqufreba, pirquSi, mrisxane xdeba. am SexedulebaTa anarekli aRbeWdilia xalxur metaforul azrovnebaSi. sakmarisia gavixsenoT Savi Rrublis msgavsi saxe amiranisa, RvTaebis saxeli „pirquSi“, an kidev metaforaTa mTeli sistema „vefxistyaosanSi“, sadac amindi, wvima, aqtiurad gamoiyeneba gmirTa ganwyobilebis gamosaxatavad. aseTi viTareba, garkveuli moculobiT, lazares sagalobel teqstebSic aris damowmebuli. lazares sagaloblebis sawyisi ori sqemiT aris cnobili. erTis Tanaxmad: lazar modga karsao, igriala casao. xolo meore lazaresadmi vedrebas warmoadgendes: „ax lazare lazare, cas Rrublebi ahyare. CamouSvi wvima CamouZeR wina“. pirvel sqemas ramdenime qvevarianti gaaCnia, mag. „lazar modga karsao, igriala, an ifriala casao“, an „lazare modga karsao, abrialebs 314 Tvalsao“, (qarTli) an kidev „gonja modga karsa aRurialebs Tvalsa“ (svaneTi), „lazarai modga karsao, moaRarRalebs Tavsai“; „lazarai modga karsa, azanzaralebs Tavsa“, „lazar modga karsa, moxurxulebs casa“ (aWara). meore sqema ki mxolod aRm. saqarTvelos axasiaTebs da mxolod motanili variantiT aris cnobili. oRond aris SemTxveva, roca Rrublebis ayras lazares msgavsad barbares SesTxoven. motanili masalidan naTlad Cans, rom lazare usaTuad „modgeba kars“, e. i. teqsti amowmebs ritualuri qmedebis, kardakar Camovlis aucileblobas da tradiciulobas. amasTanave TiTqos aRwers lazares mier gamovlenil Zlierebis niSnebs, roca igi „karze modgeba“ lazare Tvalebs abrialebs, Tavs azanzarebs. yvelaferi es iwvevs caze an mTaze grials, frials, caze „xurxuls“. saerTo suraTs Tu aRvadgenT, teqstis dasawyisSi bwkarebis mixedviT kardakar dadis (an dahyavT) Tvalebbriala RvTaeba, romlis gamoCena iwvevs caze grials, „xurxuls“. lazares anTebuli Tvalebi, metad saintereso niSania, romelsac qarTvelTa religiur warmodgenebSi odiTganve gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda: Tvalebis inkrustaciis wesi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli Zveli msoflios xalxTa kulturaSi, riTac gadmoicemoda am xalxebis warmodgenebi Tvalze, rogorc sinaTlis wyaroze, xedvis unaris mqone organoze da amis gamo mas udarebdnen mzes. am Sexedulebebis anarekls qarTvelTa uZveles warmodgenebSiac vxvdebiT. magaliTad, ufliscixeSi aRmoCenilia Tixis kerpi, romelsac obsidianiT inkrustirebuli Tvalebi aqvs. obsidinis saSualebiT gadmocemulia Tvalis gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebi, kerpis Semqmneli xalxis warmodgenebi Tvalze, Torem, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Tvalsac igive masaliT, Tixisagan gamoiyvandnen. aseTive manaTobeli Tvalebi hqonda armazsac, romlis Sesaxeb qarTlis cxovreba gveubneba: igi yofila „kaci erTi spilenZisa, da tansa missa ecua jaWvi oqrosi, da Tavsa missa Cabalaxi myari, da Tvalni esxnes zurmuxti da bivrili, da xelTa misTa aqunda xrmali brwyinvale viTarca elva, da iqceoda xelTa misTa Sina“. aqac, ra Tqma unda, RvTaebis zebunebrivi ZaliT mogizgize Tvalebzea laparaki da es niSani feradi qvebiT inkrustaciis saSualebiT gadmoicema. aseTive Sexedulebebi mravlad aris daculi xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi. 315 sakmarisia gavixsenoT fraza cnobili xalxuri leqsidan vefxisa da moymis Sesaxeb. monadire gamoqvabulSi Sedis SuaRamisas, ganuWvretel ukuneTSi da ambobs: „vefxi ro wamomifrinda, Tvalni marisxa RvTisani“. e. i. bnelSi anTebuli vefxis Tvalebi xalxurma sityvam „RvTis Tvalebs“ Seadara da mTeli daZabuloba dramatuli scenisa am lakonuri SedarebiT gamoixata. leqsis Semqmneli xalxisaTvis motanili pasaJi savsebiT gasagebia da araviTar komentars ar saWiroebs. ase rom, gonja-lazares briala, cecxlovani Tvalebi Zveli RvTaebis erT-erTi mTavari garegnuli niSania. msgavsi rwmena-warmodgenebi did istoriul sivrceSi yofila ganfenili. mamri RvTaebebis gverdiT Tayvans cemdnen da wess umarTavdnen mdedr RvTaebebs, wvimis qalur gamgeblebs. maTi kulti ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTveloSi iyo gavrcelebuli, Tumca arc imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelo amindis mdedrobiT RvTaebebs ar icnobda. aq farTod aris gavrcelebuli wvimis winamZRvris, barbales kulti, romelsac lazaresa da elias msgavsad mimarTavdnen: ax barbare, barbare, cas Rrublebi ahyare, CamouSvi wvima, CamouZeR wina. rogorc Cans, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi qalRvTaebaTa kultma Tavi moiyara wminda barbaresTan dakavSirebul rwmenebSi da maT sagangebod SevexebiT roca qristianul wmindanebs ganvixilavT. imereTisa da samxreT saqarTveloSi damowmebulia Sereuli tipis ritualebi sadac qaluri da mamruli terminebi da aqsesuarebi xSirad erTmaneTSia areuli. imereTSi aseT wess asrulebda ori gauTxovari qali, romelsac saxes „Seugonjavdnen“ (anu gamuravdnen). es qalebi fexSiSvelebi miuZRvodnen procesias, yvelafers akeTebdnen, rogorc Cveulebriv, „lazarobisas“ iyo miRebuli, magram sasimRero teqstSi, qalis nacvlad, isev „gonjas“ axsenebdnen, rogorc es xdeboda raWasa da svaneTSi. igive viTareba aris damowmebuli samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi. aWaraSi dahyavdaT „gvalvis patarZali“, Tavze jamdadgmuli qali, romelic jamSi agrovebda Sewirulobas. sasimRero teqstSi is axsenebs la- 316 zares. amasve imeorebda ukve xsenebuli kovz-dedofala, „qefCa-xaTunic“. vfiqrobT, rom mamri da mdedri RvTaebebis kultis aRreva Sedegia mTliani miTosuri sistemis daSlisa, romelSiac orive RvTaeba monawileobda da Tavisi funqciebi gaaCndaT. samegreloSi gvalvisas amzadebdnen Tojinas, romelsac erqva „Zivava“ (galSi), xolo danarCen samegreloSi aseTive Tojinas eZaxodnen „ZiZikvakva//wiwikvakva“-s. paralelurad ki maT maWyudias (patarZali) saxeliTac ixseniebdnen. es ukanaskneli saxeli Zalze sayuradRebod gveCveneba, radgan igi exmaureba zemoxsenebul, aWaraSi damowmebul „gvalvis patarZals“. es ki saerTo koncefciis arsebobaze migviTiTebs da gamoricxavs yovelgvar axsnas, romelic SemTxveviTobaze iqneba dafuZnebuli. mdedrobiTi Tojinebis damzadeba icodnen afxazeTSiac. isini cnobilni arian ori saxeliT: „Zivou“ da „Ziriqvaqva“. rogorc erTi, ise meore megrul samyarosTan Cans dakavSirebuli, radgan analogiur Tojinebs Crdilo kavkasiaSi, afxazTa monaTesave tomebs Soris „xance-guaSes“, anu niCbis dedofals eZaxian, rac „qefCa-xaTuns“ ufro enaTesaveba, vidre Tojinis afxazeTSi gavrcelebul saxelebs. specialur literaturaSi afxazuri Tojinis saxelis Sesaxeb erTgvarovani azri ar arsebobs. Tanaxmad zogi mosazrebisa, RvTaebis saxeli aq saerTod ar aris SenarCunebuli. sxvaTa azriT aq swored RvTaeebis saxeli unda iyos mocemuli, radgan ritualSi Tojinis mimarT didi mowiweba aris gamoxatuli. igi TeTrsafengadafarebuli cxeniT mihyavT mdinareze. afxazuri Zivous saxelis axsna mxolod afxazur masalebze dayrdnobiT albaT, marTlac SeuZlebelia. iv. javaxiSvili am saxelSi xedavda mimarTvas vobisadmi (Zi - wyali, vou - vobi) - wyali (mogveci) vobi. magram es Sexeduleba udavod misaRebi ar Cans. samwuxarod aravis miuqcevia yuradReba im garemoebisaTvis, rom Zivous teqstSi naxsenebia sxva saxelebic, Zirikvakva (ZiZikvakva, Zivou, Ziriqvaqva), da Zivava. Tu am saxelebs samegreloSi fiqsirebul variantebs amovuyenebT gverdSi, maT Soris msgavseba sruliad naTeli gaxdeba. rogorc mravalgzis aRvniSneT, ZiZiqvaqva da wiwikvakva, aseve Zivava samegreloSi, ritualur teqstebSi farTod gavrcelebuli saxelebia, romlebic amJamad iseve gaugebaria, rogorc afxazuri Zivou. amasTanave megrulSi aris daculi sxva varian- 317 tebi, kerZod maWyudia - patarZali, romelic ramdenadme naTels hfens am gaugebar saxelTa Sinaarss. udavoa, rom es Tojinebi marTlac qals, kerZod gaTxovils da nayofierebasTan dakavSirebul qals gulisxmoben. afxazeTSi damowmebulia wylis mdedrobiTi boroti suli wylis deda, ZiZlan-i, romelsac xSirad „wylis oqrovan mbrZanebelsac“ uwodeben. igi warmodgenili hyavT lamazi qalis saxiT, tanSiSveli, grZeli, oqrosferi TmebiT. ZiZlans terfebi ukan aqvs Seqceuli, ris gamo misi gulaRma waqceva SeuZlebelia; misi tani TevziviT civia. upirveles yovlisa mas avedrebdnen axal rZlebs, romelTac mxolod sagangebo ritualis Sesrulebis Semdeg aqvT wyalze siarulis ufleba. xalxuri gadmocemebi ZiZlans ufro borot sulad ixsenieben. misi damorCileba da samsaxurSi Cayeneba SeiZleba Tu Tmas SeaWridnen. ZiZlanis Tvisebebis mqone wylis qalebis Sesaxeb rwmena gavrcelebulia saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi, somxeTSi, osebSi, qurTebsa da a. S. aseve gavrcelebulia Tmis SeWris saSualebiT zebunebrivi Zalis mqone qalebis damorCilebis motivic, risTvisac sakmarisia gavixsenoT monadirisa da qalRvTaebis sasiyvarulo epizodSi qalRvTaebisaTvis Tmis SeWris cnobili Tema. ZiZlanis Sesaxeb es mcire eqskursi imisaTvis dagvWirda, rom mis saxelSi ismis CvenTvis amJamad saintereso ZiZikvakvas saxelis pirveli nawili. rogorc Cans, iv. javaxiSvili swori iyo, roca saxels „Zivou“ Slida „Zi“ da „vou“ nawilebad, radgan swored „Zi“ an misi gaormagebuli forma, „ZiZi“//„wiwi“ aris saerTo yvela zemoxsenebuli saxelisaTvis. ZiZi albaT igive qarTuli „ZiZa“ unda iyos, rac sabas ganmartebiT „sZis mawovnebelia“. Tu am igiveobas davuSvebT, maSin gasagebi xdeba am saxel- iT meore megruli versia, „maWyudia“ - patarZali. aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoxsenebul TuSur - „sawvimar gugas“ zogjer „maWkulosac“ eZaxian. es saxeli friad Camogavs xsenebul megrul termins, magram maT Soris naTesaobis dadgena Cvens kompetencias ar Seadgens. rac Seexeba megrulafxazuri sawvimari mdedri Tojinebis saxelebis pirvel nawilebs („ZiZi“, „Zi“) isini SesaZloa qarTul ZiZas da ZuZus udrides, miT ufro, rom saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gavrcelebulia qalis saxeli „ZiZia“, aseve roca qali axlobels mimarTavs, gansakuTrebiT bavSvs, xmarobs termins „ZuZav!“. igive unda vifiqroT patarZlis an sZalis SemTxvevaSic. am terminTa saTanado analizi albaT mdedris (Zus) aRmniSvnel cnebebTan 318 migviyvans. saxelebis meore nawili, „vava“, „vou“ mwuxarebis gamomxatveli SeZaxili unda iyos da qarTul „vaisa“ da „avais“ udris, romlebic uZvelesi orgiastuli tirilis da SeZaxilebis kategorias ganekuTvnebian. am mosazrebas amagrebs ZiZikvakvasa da moWyudias groteskuli wivilkiviliT datirebis wesi, romlebic viTomdac wyalSi ixrCobodnen. aseve scodniaT TuSuri „maWkulas“ damarxvac, mis Semdeg, rac wylidan amoiyvandnen. am analizis mixedviT Cans, rom amindis Semcveli qali RvTaebebis megrul-afxazuri saxelebi saerTo sarwmunoebrivi safuZvlidan warmosdgebian, rasac adasturebs kidec maTi erT kulturul-istoriul regionSi ganfenac. rogorc Cans, es RvTaebebi ganasaxierebdnen qalur Zalas, romelsac SeeZlo miwisaTvis wvimis saxiT nayofierebis miniWeba, e. i. gvalvis Sewyveta. Zveli xalxebis miTologiaSi aseTi qali RvTaebebi farTodaa gavrcelebuli da iTvlebian umaRlesi RvTaebebis, amindisa da Weqa-quxilis ganmgeblis qalur ipostasad (gamovlinebad), xSirad maT meuRled, romlebic sxvadasxva mizezis gamo idevnebian da saxes icvlian (caze iqceva varskvlavad, an Tanavarskvlavad, Tu sxva saxis metamorfozas ganicdis). maT itacebs boroti Zala (gveleSapi, devi), romelTa winaaRmdeg ibrZvian da imarjveben gmirebi Tu RvTaebebi da aTavisufleben. qalRvTaebaTa devna-gatacebis siuJetis gaSla xdeba sxvadasxva formiT. am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis sainteresoa kerZod miTosuri siuJetebi devnili qalebis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa, magaliTad, dafnisa da siringas Sesaxeb; es nimfebi rogorc cnobilia, maTTvis arasasurvel siyvaruls gaurbian da saxes icvlian (apolonis mier devnili dafne iqceva dafnis xed, xolo panisagan devnili siringa - lerwmad). an kidev iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca qalebi gaurbian sasjels (sikvdils, tyveobas da a. S.), risi mSvenieri ilustraciaa zemoT ukve motanili legenda qalqvebis Sesaxeb. es miTosi Tanamedrove formiT ukve friad daSorebulia Tavis pirvel saxes, magram masSi sruli datvirTviT moqmedebs yvela sakvanZo motivi: lekebisagan devnili qali - deda (Seadare megrul patarZali, ZiZa), tyveobas arCevs qvad qcevas, SesTxovs RmerTs da Svilebianad qvavdeba. am qvasTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva saxis magiur-religiur manipulaciebs (molocva, gadabruneba) SeeZloT wvimis gamowveva. ukanasknel momentSi moqmedebas iwyebs qali RvTaebis, RvTaebrivi dedis, nayofierebis ganmasaxiereblisa da pirvelmizezis uZvelesi sarwmunoebrivi funqcia, rac miTosis axal 319 redaqciaSi arc ganmartebulia da arc dasabuTebuli. damkvirveblisaTvis sruliad gaugebaria, Tu ratom unda aniWebdes sasurvel aminds lodi, romelic, Tanaxmad gadmocemisa, odesRac lekebisagan devnili, Cveulebrivi dedakaci yofila. msgavsi „usabuTo“ qmedebani yovelTvis uZvelesi sistemuri rwmena-warmodgenebis anarekls warmoadgendnen da gaaCniaT arqauli religiur-miTologiuri safuZveli, rac xalxis mexsierebaSi ukve aRaraa Senaxuli, magram sagangebo ZiebiT da SeswavliT SeiZleba misi gamovlena. legendis Suasaukuneobriv zedapirs Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT, yvela misi motivi arqaulia - 1. nayofiereba - dedoba gaigivebulia miwis wvimiT morwyvasTan, e. i. miwis nayofierebasTan. 2. borotis mier devna. 3. RmerTisadmi vedreba. 4. savedreblis Sesruleba. gaqvaveba. 5. sakraluri arsis SenarCuneba - wvimis gamomwvevis unari. aseTi dasasruli tipiuria mravali xalxuri gadmocemebisaTvis, rodesac gmiris sikvdilisa da gardasaxvis Semdgom raRacnairad vlindeba misi adrindeli funqcia (mag. SeyvarebulTa saflavze amosuli ia da vardi, romlebic erTmaneTisaken ixrebian, sisxlis wveTis, an Tavad gmiris yvavilad qceva, SeCerebuli kldeebi, cixis mtirali kedlebi da a. S.). zemoT moxseniebuli ZvelberZnuli siuJetebi dafnesa da siringas Sesaxeb aseTive motiviT mTavrdeba. mas Semdeg rac mSvenieri nimfa dafne xed iqca, apolonma Seiyvara es xe, da dafnis gvirgvini Tavis mudmiv Sesamkoblad aqcia, xolo siringas, lerwamis mSralma da sevdianma xmam pans STaagona Seeqmna tkbilxmovani fleita. am magaliTebis analogiurad, qarTuli qalqvis miTosis yvela sakvanZo momentSi, naTlad vlindeba SedarebiT gviandeli, Suasaukuneebis masaliT axlad Semosili arqauli miTologiuri konstruqcia, romelic SedarebiT axlo warsulSi axleburad gardaiqmna, rac Teoriulad momavalSiac aris SesaZlebeli. Tu ufro Rrmad CavxedavT miTosis monacemebs, SesaZlo gaxdeba gamoiyos uZvelesi Sre, romelic safuZvlad daedo momdevno xanebis mravalferovan samiwaTmoqmedo rwmena-warmodegenebs. es Sexedulebebi dawyebuli adresamiwaTmoqmedo epoqidan, Zveli msoflios yvela xalxSia damkvidrebuli. yvelaze naTlad aRniSnuli warmodgenebi aRibeWda arqeologiur Zeglebze. aseT Zeglebad gveCveneba wina da Sua aziaSi, kavkasiaSi da balkaneTSi aRmoCenili mcire zomis qalis qandakebebi, romlebic gamoirCevian gansakuTrebuli konceptualuri 320 damokidebulebiT qaluri xorcielebisadmi. qandakebebis mZime formebi, sqesis gaZlierebuli niSnebiT, maSin, roca savsebiT, an nawilobriv ignorirebulia pirisaxe da kidurebi, warmogvidgens qals, dedas, rogorc nayofierebis simbolos. aziur Zeglebze igi gamosaxulia leopardebze mjdomare, an dakavSirebulia rqamaRal niamorTan da jixvTan, an iremTan, rac cxadyofs, rom es cxovelebi mis Tanmxlebebad iTlebian da RvTaebis dafaruli Sinaarsis, misi funqciis damatebiT komentars warmoadgenen. kerZod, am cxovelTa maRali rqa, bewvi, feradi qurqi misi Zalis, miwis ayvavebis unaris gamovlinebis dasturia. arqeologiuri masalidan cxadad Cans, rom uzarmazar teritoriaze, Sua aziidan balkaneTamde, msgavsi qali RvTaebebi mWidrod ukavSirdebodnen mcenareul, ZiriTaTad pureulis motivebs. nayofierebis gamgebeli dedis idea miTosurad aerTianebda mcenareul da cxovelur samyaros, rogorc analogiis principiT moqmed meqanizms. amrigad qurqi da bewvi, Tma, iseve rogorc am xanis xelovnebaSi gavrcelebuli orsul qalTa gamosaxulebebi, qandakebis TixaSi Sereuli marcvali da a. S. warmoaCendnen im periodis miTosis ZiriTad princips, sxeulis//miwis mzaobas SobisaTvis, romlis Sedegia ayvavebuli miwa, anu Wreli qurqi Tu grZeli, oqros bewvi, an Tma. vfiqrobT, rom es Sexeduleba SesaniSnavad aris areklili qarTul da bulgarul leqsebSi, romlebic wavumZRvareT am narkvevs. mogvianebiT es qali RvTaebebi iqcevian umaRlesi RvTaebis, Weqa-quxilis gamgeblis Tanmxlebebad. miTosis literaturad qcevis periodSi maT ganixilaven col-qmrul wyvilebad, rac mTlianad arRvevs Tavdapir- veli miTosis konceftualur mxares. pirvandeli sazrisi am sakiTxze Semoinaxes indoelebma, romelTa Sexedulebis Tanaxmad deduri sawyisi, Saqti, mudmiv sxeulebriv kavSirSi imyofeba Tavis mamrul SesabamisobasTan, rac qmnis maT SemoqmedebiT Zalas. erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad maT es Zala ar gaaCniaT. am qalebs moekiTxebaT is ciuri wyali, romliTac miwa nayofierdeba. ufro sworad isini, rogorc miwis simboloebi, Tavad nayofierdebian ciuri teniT. amitom wylis gamoTxovis uZveles ritualebSi qalebis gamosaxulebebTan erTad xataven wylis aRmniSvnel texilebsa da zigzagebs, romlebic am ukanasknelTa cis namiT ganayofierebaze migviTiTeben. tripoles keramikul masalasa da mxatvrobaSi aris ramdenime kompozicia, romlebic aSkarad exmaurebian Tanamedrove ritua- 321 lebs: qali cisken mimarTavs Tass, an qalTa jgufi cisken iSvers did WurWels. aq gamosaxulia Sesawirad da locva „zeda“ Zalis mimarT, is moqmedeba, rasac gamoxatavs qarTuli termini „zedaSe“, e. i. zedasaTvis mirTmeva, zedas winaSe locvad wardgoma. b. ribakovi fiqrobs, rom es viTareba kargad aris asaxuli rusul terminSi „Carodei//Carodeika“, rac Sua saukuneebSi aRniSnavda TasiT (Cara), wylis didi WurWliT locvas. motanili magaliTebi TvalnaTliv imeorebs zemoT naxseneb, aWaraSi gavrcelebul wess, sadac Tavze Tasdadgmul „gvalvis patarZals“ daatirebdnen. igive SeiZleba iTqvas wvimis gamoxmobis bulgareTSi gavrcelebul wesze, sadac daatarebdnen mwvane foTlebiT Semosil gogonebs, „dodolebs“, an Tanamedrove berZenTa Soris miRebul ritualze, romlis drosac kardakar dahyavT patara gogona, „perperia“ da daaxloebiT iseTi Sinaarsis simRerebs mRerian, rogorc CvenSi. yovelive amas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, ukve movaxerxebT Sevafasod ritualSi monawile qalTa asakisa da sxva niSnebis mniSvneloba. moxuci, gauTxovari, an gauTxovrobis aRqmadadebuli qali ganasaxierebs uwylo, unayofo miwas, Sesabamisad gvalvas, damWknar, mkvdar bunebas, naRvelsa da mwuxarebas, xolo qali-coli, momqmedi deduri sawyisi (gaZlierebuli mRvdlis, an guTnisdedis colobiT) piriqiT, nayofieri miwis simbolo iyo da maT mimarT gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad sruldeboda moqmedebebi, romelTa mizani iyo sqesTa aqtivobis warmoCena. sqesTa urTierToba ki, rogorc ukve araerTgzis iTqva, miwisa da cis urTierTobebis miTosur, simbolur warmosaxvas warmoadgenda. amitom RvTaebebis SeuRlebis adgili xSirad aris naxnavi mindori, rogorc es cnobilia berZenTa qalRvTaebis, demetres miTosidan: igi kretaze, samgzis moxnul mindorze SeuuRlda nayofierebis RvTaebas, iasions da Sva simdidris RvTaeba, plutosi. radgan miTosuri mrwamsiT ase iyo qveyana mowyobili, bunebrivia, ritualis mizansac ideis aqtiurad amoqmedeba Seadgenda. amitom seqsualuri ritualebi Zalze gavrcelebuli iyo miwaTmoqmed xalxebSi. aseTi ritualebi damowmebulia indoeTsa da indoCineTSi, sadac xvnis dawyebamde naxnav mindvrebze naturaluri uSualobiT imarTeboda Sesabamisi qmedebebi. gansakuTrebiT bevri cnoba Semogvinaxes rusulma istoriulma sabuTebma, sadac eklesia yovelnairad Zraxavda xalxur dResaswaulebze gamefebul „RvTis sagmob“ TavaSvebul saqciels. 322 warmodgenili masala saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom saqarTveloSi ZvelTaganve swamdaT amindis Semcvleli rogorc mdedri, ise mamri RvTaeba. es ori erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli tradicia ar aris. rogorc eTnografiuli masala mowmobs, rwmenebi maT Sesaxeb da ritualis Sesrulebis wesebi erTmaneTSi aris areuli, amasTanave mdedri da mamri RvTaebebis Tayvaniscema xdeba erTsa da imave dros, erTsa da imave regionSi. es situacia savsebiT Seesabameba qarTvelebis winaqristianuli rwmena-warmodgenebis ZiriTad principebs. uZvelesi mdedrobiTi qandakebebi, romlebic mcenareuli atributebiT arian Semkulni da liTonis xanis mamri RvTaebebi, xazgasmuli faliurobiT, sabrZolo iaraRiT, etlosnebi, mxedrebi da mSvildosani monadireebi, aseve jixvis rqebze Semdgari mlocvelebi, sqesTa urTierTobis amsaxveli scenebi da a. S. saSualebas iZleva davaskvnaT, rom miTosur-religiuri azri aq viTardeboda erTi saerTo niSniT, romelic gamoixateboda bunebis ayvavebis, nayofis simravlis uzrunvelyofis zogadi principiT. ra Tqma unda, warmodgenaTa am sistemaSi saTanado adgili eWira amindis garSemo arsebul Sexedulebebsac. amindis Semcvleli mamrobiTi RvTaebis Sesaxeb arsebuli warmodgenebi mas Semdegnairad warmogvidgenen: 1) igi faliuria. 2) piriT Savia, rac wyromaze, mrisxanebis momentze migviTiTebs. 3) aqvs elvare, cecxlovani Tvalebi. 4) mas emorCileba elva da quxili. 5) SeuZlia amindis Secvla Tavisi survilis//mlocvelTa Txovnis Sesabamisad. 6) misi atributia cxavi, saceri, romelSiac wvimas cris. 7) socialur jgufSi Tanabrad mfarvelobs yvelas, ramdenad yvelas karze midis; amasve mowmobs purobisaTvis gaweuli saerTo xarji, an produqtis Segrovebis wesi. 9) ritualis dasrulebis Semdeg agdeben wyalSi. 10) mis rituals Tan axlavs simRera. mdedri RvTaebebis niSnebi am kerZo SemTxvevisaTvis ase mkafiod ar gamoiyofa, magram maT Sesaxeb warmodgenas gviqmnis patarZalTan dakavSirebuli masala, miTosSi naxsenebi oqros Tmebi, saxeli „piri-mze“, Sviliereba, mcenarisa da nadiris mfarveloba da a. S. yvela aq CamoTvlili niSani rogorc mamri, ise mdedrobiTi RvTaebisaTvis, miTosis Camoyalibebis uZveles SreebSi iwyebs aRmocenebas, da, rogorc motanilma Sesadarebelma masalam gviCvena, tipiuria didi kul- 323 turul-istoriuli wrisaTvis, romelSiac Zveli msoflios sxva xalxebTan erTad, Sediodnen qarTvelTa winaprebic. qarTvelTa amindis RvTaebis mrisxaneba, anu „pirquSoba“, romelsac saritualo praqtika piris SemurviT gamoxatavs, saintereso paralels poulobs xeTur miTosSi tarosis RvTaebis vaJis, Telifinus mrisxanebis epizodSi: gaurkveveli mizezis gamo ganrisxebuli Telifinu gauCinarda. mas amaod eZebdnen tarosis RvTaeba da arwivi. Telifinus gauCinarebam didi ubedureba gamoiwvia, miwa gvalvisagan gaxma, mcenareuli daWkna. bolos RvTaebaTa dedam, ninTum gaagzavna futkari, romelmac miagno mZinare Telifinus. futkarma mZinari RvTaeba nestariT gamoaRviZa, ramac misi axali ganrisxeba gamoiwvia: RvTaeba aCerebs nakadulebs, dinebas ucvlis mdinareebs, wyvets saqonels da adamianebs. misi damSvidebisTvis tardeba rTuli rituali, romelic aRweri- lia miTosSi. tarosis sisastikiT gamovlenili RvTaebis mrisxanebis scena SesaniSnavad aris aRwerili ninos mier armazis kerpis ganadgurebis scenaSi: ...„aRdges dasavliT qarni da haerni, da xma sces quxiliTa, xmiTa sazareliTa, da gamoCndes Rrubelni moswrafed niSniTa saSineliTa. da moiRo niavman dasavlisa mzisaman suli jerkulisa mwarisa da naRvlisa myralisa. romeli - ese ixila ra simravleman erisaman maT zeda momavlad, maSin ivltoda yoveli kaci qalaqad da soflad. mieca dro, vidremdis Seeswrnes kacni sayofelTa maTTa Sina. da meyseulad moiwia risxva igi Rrubeli mwared sastiki, da moiRo setyua litrisa swori adgilisa mas oden zeda, sayofelisa kerpTasa. da daawulilna kerpni igi da damusrna, daarRivna zRudeni qarman sastikman da STaberna kldeTa napralisa“. meore dRes morwmuneebma ase Seafases momxdari ambavi: „qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujan da ese Cueni RmerTi armaz yovladve mter arian: aman same mas zeda zRua moaqcia, da aw man Suri iZia da mis mier moiwia ese“. ramdenime xnis Semdgom ninosTan saubrisas miriani ambobs: „... aha esera, RmerTni didni, soflis mpyrobelni, mzisa momfenelni, wvimisa momcemelni da queyanisa naSobTa gamomzrdelni RmerTni qarTlisani, armaz da zaden...“, Semdeg imeorebs iTrujanisa da armazis mtrobis istorias da dasZens: „... man amas zeda eseviTari urva moawia, viTar aqus Cueuleba soflisa mpyrobelTa“-o. armazisa da iTrujanis mtrobis epizodis mravaljeradi gameoreba gvafiqrebinebs, rom aq SemorCenilia uZ- 324 velesi miTosis nawyveti, romelic RvTaebaTa brZolis cikls ganekuTvneboda. ese igi, arsebobda armazuli miTosi, romelic gansazRvravda am RvTaebisa da misi panTeonis funqciebs, rac ase kargad aris gadmocemuli mirianis ninosTan saubarSi. is, rac ninom qristes ZaliT moaxdina, xalxis erTma nawilma da TviT mefem iTrujans miaweres. aseTi cnoba maT SesaZloa hqonodaT mxolod iTrujanisa da armazis brZolis miTosuri ciklidan, romlis codna savaldebulo iqneboda armazis kultis mimdevrebisaTvis. safiqrebelia, rom wvimis momfenel da miwis nayofTa gamomzrdel armazis mrisxanebisas SeeZlo igive moemoqmedebina, rac iTrujans. amdenad SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom am cnobaSi armazis Tvisebebic aris aRwerili. wyaros mixedviT igi nayofierebis RvTaebaa, mis xelSi aris Tavmoyrili wvimis mofenisa da miwis nayofTa gamozrdis Zala da ufleba, SeuZlebelia mterze „zRvis moqceva“, aseve sjulis moRalateTa dasja. armazis bunebisaTvis saintereso masalas gvawvdis misi dResaswaulis aRwera: „da aha esera, xvalisa dRe iyo xma oxrisa da sayvirisa: gamovida eri uricxvi, viTarca yvavilni velisani... da Seumkunes yovelni folorcni TviToferisa samoselebiTa da furcliTa... da aRivsnes mTani igi RroSebiTa da eriTa, viTarca velni yvaviliTa“. am cnobaSi naxsenebi feradi qsovilebi, yvavil-furceli da droSebi xalxmravlobasTan erTad, iseT suraTs qmnis, romelic nayofierebisa da bunebis ZalTa ganaxlebis RvTaebaTa kultisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. garda amisa igi meSurne RvTaebaa da misi elvasaviT mbrwyinavi xmali sastikad sjis yvelas, vinc odnav mainc ganudgeba sarwmunoebas. aqedan gamomdinare, unda vifiqroT, rom arsebobda sakmaod reglamentirebuli sakulto warmodgenebi, romelTa dacva savaldebulo iyo morwmuneTaTvis. ritualis sirTule da sarwmunoebis dacvis mtkice sistema imis garantiaa, rom am religias Tavisi „Teoriuli“, anu miTosur-mrwamsobrivi bazac gaaCnda da misi ase mkrTali da fragmentuli Semonaxuloba ixsneba qristian mweralTa gulgrili damokidebulebiT maTdami. igive mdgomareoba mowmdeba eTnografiul yofaSic, sadac kultisa da ritualis Zlier sistemas SedarebiT mkrTali miTosuri foni Seesabameba. amave mizeziT unda avxsnaT armazis bunebaSi faliuri niSnebis miCqmalva, romlebic, saerTo xasiaTidan gamomdinare, aqtiurad unda yofiliyo warmodgenili mis kultSi. SesaZloa 325 deda RvTaebis kultis mifuCeCebisaTvis qristianul mwerlobas gansa- kuTrebuli mizezebic gaaCnda. armazis kultSi Tavmoyrili iyo nayofierebisa da amindis RvTaebis yvela niSani da ufleba romelTagan zogierTi mogviano xanebSi calkeul qristian wmindans daukavSirda, zogi ram miTosis, folkloris da ritualis wiaRSi SeinarCuna xalxurma kulturam, rogorc gviandeli legendebisa da zRaprebis gmirebisa, Tu literaturuli personaJebis metaforuli samkauli. amindis Semcvleli RvTaebebis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo cnobebs gvawvdis maTi saxelwodebebi. upirveles yovlisa unda aRvniSnoT, rom saqarTveloSi gamovlenilia rogorc deduri, ise mamri RvTaebebi, romelTac amindis Secvla moekiTxebodaT. amitom maT saxelebs erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad ganvixilavT. amindis RvTaebas qarTlSi ZiriTadad lazares uwodebdnen; aragvis xeobaSi wvimisaTvis icodnen iordanes dadgma da RvTaebas zogjer iordanes eZaxdnen; kaxeTSi gavrcelebuli iyo ori saxeli, lazare da gonja; raWa-leCxumsa da imereTSi gonjas uwodebdnen. aseve gonja//gonjos eZaxdnen mas svaneTSi; TuSeTSi mas sawvimara gugaÁ, an maWkulo erqva; mesxeTsa da javaxeTSi ki gansxvavebul saxels, koti-kotias uwodebdnen. aseve gavrcelebuli iyo saxelebi kuki da kukuSkura. motanili dasaxelebebi SeiZleba Semdegi saxiT davaxarisxoT: 1) qristianuli saxelebi - lazare, iordane; 2) aRwerilobiTi saxelebi: gonja//gonjo, koti-kotia; 3) saxelwodebebi, romlebic ubralod Tojinas aRniSnaven - sawvimara guga, kuki, kukuSkura. vnaxoT ra SeiZleba iTqvas TiToeul maTganze. saxeli lazare saxerebidan aris gavrcelebuli. mas kalendaruli dResaswauli ara aqvs. „lazaroba“ yovelTvis tardeboda mTeli soflis qalebis gadawyvetilebiT, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi. gansxvavebiT sxva qristianuli dResaswaulebisagan, xalxi amas araseriozulad ekideboda, sanaxevrod bavSvebis saqmed Tvlida, maSin roca „didebaze“ wasuli cremlis RvriT evedrebodnen ufals (da ara lazares) wvimis gamogzavnas. ratom Seerqva am rituals saxeli lazare? vin aris lazare? bunebrivia, rom aseTi kiTxvebi wamoiWra da maT pasuxi unda gaeces. 326 saxarebaSi ori lazarea cnobili. erTi maTgani aris glaxaki, romelic mdidris WiSkarTan iwva. igi wylulebiT iyo dafaruli da cdilobda rogorme mdidris sufridan namcecebi moepovebina. roca mokvda, angelozebma igi mama abrahamis wiaRSi miiyvanes. mokvda mdidaric da, bunebrivia, rogorc mdidari, jojoxeTSi moxvda. tanjvaSi myofma dainaxa lazare mama abrahamTan erTad da mas Txova, wyali lazares xeliT gamomigzavneo. amaze abrahamma upasuxa, rom Sen sicocxleSi ukve miiRe sikeTe, xolo lazarem borotio (luka. 17.20-25). meore lazare aris beTanieli lazare, marTasa da mariamis Zma, romelic sikvdilidan meoTxe dRes aRadgina mkvdreTiT qristem (ioane 11. 1-45). ai yvelaferi saxarebis personaJ lazareTa Sesaxeb. aqedan ar Cans raime konkretuli sababi Tu ratom unda daerqmiaT es saxeli amindis Semcvleli RvTaebisaTvis. Cven ar viciT is kriteriumebi, riTac sargeblobdnen msgavs SemTxvevebSi adreqristianul xanebSi. erTi ram ki cxadia: saxarebaSi erTi maTgani wylis miwodebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, xolo meore mkvdreTiT aRdgeba. RvTaebis saxelis meore varianti mdinare iordanis saxelidan momdinareobs. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi iordanes eZaxian wyalkurTxevisas mdinaris napirze gamarTul baqans, saidanac jvars avleben wyalSi da wyals akurTxebdnen. saxeli iordane, ise rogorc lazare, mtkiced aris fexmokidebuli saqarTveloSi. Tanaxmad saxarebisa mdinare iordanis napirze qadagebda ioane naTlismcemeli da mis wylebSi naTlavda xalxs. misgan iRo naTeli qristemac. ase rom am saxelsac aqvs kavSiri wyalTan, magram ara im mniSvnelobiT, rac amJamad Cven gvaineteresebs. Zveli RvTaebisaTvis Tavisufali, aRwerilobiTi xasiaTis saxelebis (kuki, guga da sxva) Serqmevis faqtebi migvaniSneben, rom im xanebSi misi Tayvaniscema ukve Sesustebuli iyo da sarwmunoebrivi mniSvnelobis dacvisaTvis didad aRar iwuxebdnen Tavs. saxelTa is variantebi, sadac qali RvTaebebi igulisxmebian, am SemTxvevaSi veraviTar daxmarebas ver gagviweven, radgan isini exebian damoukidebel sakulto obieqtebs, romelTac mamri RvTaebebisagan gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba da miTosur-ritualuri sfero gaaCniaT. amrigad, motanil saxelTagan RvTaebis Sesaxeb garkveul informacias gvawvdis mxolod ori varianti: „koti-kotia“ da „gonjo//gonja“. pirveli, rogorc ukve mravalgzis iTqva, konkretuli mniSvnelobis ter- 327 minia, xolo meore qarTul enaSi aRniSnavs cud garegnobas, simaxinjes. radgan orive saxeli RvTaebis niSan-TvisebaTa aRweridan warmodgebian, maT RvTaebis saxelis ZiriTad formad ver CavTvliT. maTi saxiT saqme gvaqvs RvTaebis tabuirebul saxelebTan, romlebic metaforulad axasiaTeben RvTaebas da amdenad saintereso cnobas gvawvdian CvenTvis saintereso problemis Sesaxeb. SeniRbuli saxelebis gamoyenebis praqtika mTel msoflioSi aris cnobili. saqarTveloSi, kerZod xevsureTSi, dadasturebulia e. w. „xatis ena“, romelic tabuirebul obieqtTa aRsaniSnavad iyenebs saxecvlil, aRwerilobiT bunebis terminologias (mag. kikinmaRali - Txa; matyieri - cxvari; mbRavani - Tikani; mucliT mqanavi gveli; rqajangiani - verZi da a. S.) analogiur „enas“ iyeneben monadireebi afxazeTsa da Crdilo kavkasiaSi. aseTi terminologia iqmneba religiuri da mxatvrul-metaforuli aspeqtebis bazaze, rac bunebrivia religiuri azrovnebisaTvis. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi misi mizania daifaros sakulto obieqti uSualo kontaqtisagan. termini „koti-kotia“ faliurobis maniSnebelia. faliuroba, aseve sqesobrivi aqtis imitacia, rogorc saqonlisa da miwis nayofierebis gamravlebis piroba, farTod iyo danergili qarTvelTa winaqristianul religiur praqtikaSi. am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT saintereso mosazrebebi aqvs gamoTqmuli cnobil eTnografs v. bardaveliZes, romlis Tanaxmad, jer kidev gasuli saukunis dasasruls, leCxumuri boslobis ritualSi pirvelyofili daufaraobiT sruldeboda cxovelTa sqesobrivi aqtis imitacia. ritualis msvlelobisas qali mamakacs uwodebda „kot- mozvers“, rac udris am gamoTqmis meore variantul formas, „xar-mozvers“. gamodis, rom „kot“ da „xar“ sinonimebia, oriveni aRniSnavdnen mamrobiTobas da gamoyenebulni arian mamrobiTi niSnebis aqcentirebis, mamruli Zalebis provocirebis mizniT. sityva „kot“ boloSekvecili formaa terminisa „kota“, romelic sabas leqsikonSi ganmartebulia rogorc „uRlis riki gina xmlis tari“. es sityva gurulSiac xis solis saxelwodeba yofila (Cvenis mxriv SevniSnavT, rom Tanamedrove gurul dialeqtSi es sityva simindis tarosac aRniSnavs). v. bardaveliZe askvnis, rom termini „kota“ qarTulSi adre faloss aRniSnavda. misi paraleluri formebi dResac ixmareba bavSvis penisis mniSvnelobiT. aqedan sruliad aSkaraa, rom lazares saxelis varianti „koti-kotia“ misi tabui- 328 rebuli, metaforuli saxelia, romelic RvTaebis faliurobas aRwers, aqcents svams nayofierebis funqciaze. es Sexeduleba srul TanxmobaSia aWarul teqstTan, sadac lazares „kvercxas“ uwodeben. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda movigonoT, rom fSavSi arsebobs kotias wminda giorgis saxeliT cnobili salocavi, romelic daarsebulia mas Semdeg, rac morige RmerTs „gadmouSvia“ es RvTisSvili. igi pirvelad RvTisSvilTa yrilobaze misula, magram krebas ar miuRia, vidre am ukanasknelis „SeZleba“ ar daadastura gogolaurTis mTavarmowamem. misi movaleoba ki RvTis mier ase yofila gansazRvruli: axal movlenil xats SeZlebia did WirTan brZola da „gadasxvaveba“, anu RvTisa da RvTisSvilT „orgul-muxanaTebze“ gadaetana sakuTari, erTguli da RvTis mirCil ymebis Wiri. aRiarebis Semdeg axali salocavi kotias maRal mTaze damkvidrebula. mogvianebiT misi moZme gamxdara fSavis wyarosTav w-a giorgi da aTengenobas misi ymebi kotaizec midiodnen salocavad. ZRveni da saklavi aucilebeli iyo. kotias xevisberi dgeboda TemSi Semavali gvarebidan. arsebobs gadmocema xevisber qavTarze, romelsac piradi urTierToba hqonia RvTaebasTan. mis dros RvTaeba ise gamdidrebula, rom ori aTasi suli cxvari daudioda. igi RamRamobiT aTvalierebda Tavis sayols, ris Sesaxeb qavTari winaswar afrTxilebda mwyemsebs. roca qavTari momkvdara, mas naTlis sveti dadgomia, romelic saflavamde miyolia. toponimi „kotia“ usaTuod exmaureba mesxuri lazares zedmetsaxels. erT SemTxvevaSi igi wmindanisa Tu RvTaebis saxelia, xolo meoreSi ki RvTaebis, kerZod wminda giorgis erT-erTi gamovlinebis sabrZanisi adgilis saxelwodebaa. es faqti usaTuod migvaniSnebs warmodgenaTa ufro adrindel Sreze, romelSiac wamyvani adgili unda sWeroda nayofierebis motivebs. am ideebis nakvalevad unda miviCnioT RvTaebis simdidre (cxvarianoba) warsulSi, aseve Wiris winaaRmdeg brZolisa da ymebis dacvis unari. miuxedavad imisa, rom am magaliTSi, ise rogorc saerTod aRm. saqarTvelos mTianeTSi gansxvavebiT dasavleTisagan, gafermkrTalebulia nayofierebasTan dakavSirebuli warmodegenebi, magram maTi nakvalevi mainc aSkarad Cans. toponim „kotias“ arseboba fSavSi am mosazrebis erT-erTi damadasturebeli faqtia. 329 saxeli „koti-kotia“, romelic metaforulad gadmogvcems lazares saxeliT cnobili RvTaebis bunebas, sruli Sinaarsoblivi datvirTviT meordeba svanur ritualSi, sadac RvTaebas „gonjo//gonjas“ eZaxian. gonjas ritaulebi aq, kvirias sagazafxulo dResaswaulebis cikls uaxlovdeba, amave dros uigivdeba bersa da berikas, „daTvs“, romelTa sakulto moqmedebebSi faliuroba da sqesobrivi imitacia gansakuTrebiT aqtiuradaa warmodgenili. isini, yvelani erTad, TiTqos winapirobas qmnian RvTaeba kvirias ufro vrceli, masStaburi kultis warmoqmnisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom kvirias evedrebian amindsac. amindis ritualis Sesrulebisas aucileblad iTvleba kvirias sagaloblis Sesruleba; kvirias kultmsaxurebis svanur variantSi Zalze didi adgili eWira sqesobrivi sim- bolikisa da nayofierebis kultis elementebs, romlebic gansazRvravdnen kidec am RvTaebis bunebas. svanuri kviria gansakuTrebuli movlenaa qarTvelTa religiaSi, romlis raobis garkvevas SesaniSnavi Sroma uZRvna eTnografma j. onianma. lazares garegnul niSanTagan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs piris siSave. ritualis Sesrulebisas, rogorc viciT muravdnen mTavar personaJs, an Tojinas, romelsac kardakar atarebdnen. piris Semurvas „Segonjvas“ uwodebdnen, rac imeorebs lazares saxelis variants „gonjo//gonjas“. gonji amJamad qarTulSi maxinjs niSnavs, magram irkveva, rom mas Savis mniSvnelobac hqonda. „gonj“-i, “ganju“ svanurad mWvartls, murs aRniSnavs da „Jangis“ mniSvnelobiTac ixmareba. imereTsa da guriaSi „gonjidan“ nawarmoebi „Cagonjili“ da „gonjileebi“ CaSavebulsa da WuWyians aRniSnavs. amave mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda „zangiani“ da „gazanguli“, anu gansakuTrebiT WuWyiani. sityva „zanga“ ZvelTaganve Sav kacs aRniSnavda, xolo „zangeli“ Sav-wiTel fers ewodeba. amave mniSvnelobasTan siaxloves amJRavnebs „Jangi“-c, romelic aseve siSavesTan, muq ferTan Cans dakavSirebuli. rogorc Cans, „gonjis“ uZvelesi mniSvneloba siSaves aRniSnavda da aqedan ganviTarda misi is aspeqti, romelic SemdgomSi maxinjis SinaarsiT damkvidrda. Tavis mxriv am terminis dakavSireba ritualis mTavar personaJTan, an mis ganmasaxierebel TojinasTan, am personaJis piris siSaveze migviTiTebs, rac praqtikaSi vlindeba misi piris „SegonjviT“, SemurviT. yuradReba unda mivaqcioT im garemoebas, rom piris Segonjva-Semurva mxolod saxisa da sxeulis Savad 330 SeRebvas niSnavda da ara mis damaxinjebas, an saerTod Secvlas. aseTi saWiroebisas (mag. berikaobisas) ritualis monawileni niRbebs iyenebdnen. pirisa da gamometyvelebis Secvlis faqtebi, romelTac zogjer miTosSi vxvdebiT, Zveli tradiciis araswor gagebad unda CavTvaloT, ris magaliTsac gvaZlevs gadmocemebi „pirquSis“ Sesaxeb. amindis RvTaebasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi gavrcelebuli erTi sakulto obieqti, romelic „pirquSis“ saxeliTaa cnobili. mis Sesaxeb jer kidev XIX s-Si werdnen r. erisTavi da vaJa-fSavela. pirquSis raobiT dainteresda iv. javaxiSvili, romelmac folkloruli masalis safuZvelze es RvTaeba amiranis Zmad, usupad miiCnia, xolo saxeli „pirquSi“ am ukanasknelis TvisebebiT axsna. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi pirquSis Sesaxeb vrceli masala Seagrova v. bardaveliZem. adgilobrivTa rwmenebis Tanaxmad pirquSi adamiani, xelobiT mWedeli yofila, saxiT imdenad lamazi, „iseT xorc xqon, rom mzesaviT Suqoben“; radgan nawiliani (RvTaebisagan rCeuli, niSniT aRbeWdili) iyo mxareTa Sua hqonia „TeTri kveri“, (niSani, laqa, xali, burTiseburi korZi da a. S.), romelic naTels uSvebda da iqaurobas anaTebda. xalxs misi saxelic „axsovs“: mgelais Svili, daviTi. am daviTs grdemlze ewera Tavisi sikvdilis dRe, romelic miuxedavad bevri cdisa, pirquSma verasgziT ver waSala. RvTaebrivi silamazis gamo igi bevr qals yvarebia da imdenad SeuwuxebiaT, rom pirquSs RmerTisaTvis uTxovnia, rame iseTi momixerxe, rom qalebma Tavi damanebono. RmerTsac Seusmenia misi vedreba da yvavili miuvlenia. yvavilma ise „mouTokna“ pirisaxe da „gaajuRura“, rom axlos aRaravin ekareboda. pirquSs bolomde SerCenia mxolod sami motrfiale qali, romelTac ar daanebes Tavi „pirgajuRurebuls“. amaTgan erTis, elenes Sesaxeb pirquSi ambobs: „raxan elena yvarelSiiT Cemke wamavidisav, imis samkaulis JiJinav samWedloSi mamdiodisav“. pirquSi daTqmul dRes momkvdara da sikvdilis Semdeg RvTisnasaxad (RvTisSvilad, wmindanad) gadaqceula da misi salocavi axadSi (fSavi) daarsebula, sadac bacaligoelebic cxovrobdnen, radgan Zmoba qoniaT axadelebTan. axadelebis cnobiT pirquSs kuratebs uklavdnen, dedali samsxverplo mas ar Seewireboda, xolo qalTagan mxolod qalwulebi emsaxurebodnen. igi salocavTan axlos gamarTul samjedloSi muSaobda da iqve wyaroSi awrTobda naxelavs. garda amisa oqromWedlobda 331 da akeTebda vercxleuls, qamrebsa da yawimebs (xmlis samxariRlies). xevsurebis gadmocemis mixedviT pirquSs daumzadebia Tavisi Zmobilis, giorgi wyarosTaulis mSvild-isari. RvTaebad qcevis Semdeg pirquSma ZaliT moipova saymo, dauZmobilda Zlier xatebs, giorgi wyarosTauls, iaxsars, kopalas; misi iaraRebia lekuris (xis jiSia) cecxlis ali, navTis wyali, cxrafesviani maTraxi; aqvs samWedlo; yavs xarebi. pirquSi da RvTismSobeli mode-moZmeni arian; misi mokvSirea „adgilis deda“, romelic pirquSis TxovniT dasaxmareblad ugzavnis gaWirvebaSi Cavardnil, erTgul ymebs Tavis msaxurs, „bolocecxlians“; aseve yavs sakuTari msaxurebi, „dobil-laSqarni“. pirquSs SeuZlia sasjelis saxiT vinmes „gonjoba“ mouvlinos. ase mosvlia vinme buRniaurs, ris gamoc am ukanasknelis ojaxidan qalis Txovnas eridebodnen. yovelive amasTan erTad pirquSi cecxliT wvavs da anadgurebs dev-kerpebs. bacaligoeli monadireebi mas nadirobaSi xelis momarTvas Txovdnen da samagierod nadiris (jixvis, irmis) rqebs wiravdnen. pirquSis Sesaxeb arsebuli gadmocemebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom miTosis profanaciis gamo maTSi bevri ram aris Secvlili, sayuradRebo monacemebs Seicavs. siuJetebs Soris centraluri adgili uWiravs RvTaebis saxis Secvlis ambavs, sadac ganmapirobebel miznad qalebis gamabezrebeli siyvarulia motanili. pirquSis Tavgadasavlis sxva variantebSi es epizodi saerTod ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli. roca ukve RvTaebad qceulma pirquSma iorze, devebis gverdze gadawyvita dafuZneba, danarCenma RvTisSvilebma Tqves: „pirquSiv qalis piri asav, igiv devebs veras etyvisav, iqiT ver axyrisav, eSiniav...“ maSasadame pirquSi „qalis piriani“ darCenila sikvdilis Semdgomac da amitom saxis Secvlis zemoT motanil variants erTaderTad ver miviCnevT. variantTa SejerebiT Cans, rom RvTaeba erTsadaimave dros „gajuRurebulic“ aris da „qalis pirianic“. unda vifiqroT, rom „pirquSi“ igi aris mrisxanebis Jams, xolo damSvidebis Semdeg isev mSvenieri xdeba. am warmodgenis anareklSi Cans „gonjobis“ Seyris unari, radgan igi Tavad aris gonji//Savi pirisa, anu „pirquSi“ roca mrisxanea, anu roca misi mrisxaneba avdariT gamoixateba. Cven zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom „gonjo//gonja“ lazares epiTetia da piriT Savs, anu ulamazos, maxinjis mniSvnelobiT ixmareba ritualSi. rogorc Cans piris siSave, Segonjiloba, pirquSoba, odesRac RvTaebis mrisxanebis 332 aRmniSvneli cnebebi iyo da movgianebiT gadaiqca maxinji//ulamazos aRmniSvnel terminebad. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTvelTa Soris uZvelesi droidan Cans gavrcelebuli saxelebi, romlebic gamoxatavdnen mamakacis mrisxane xasiaTs, romelic, xalxis warmodgeniT saukeTesod gamoxatavda meomrul suls. aseT saxelad migvaCnia saxeli „Savlegi“, romelic Sedgenilia „Savis“ da „legasagan“ (lega - yomrali. saba). sayuradReboa isic, rom baladis mixedviT Savlegs Savi Coxa acvia, romelic gmirma sisxliT gabana. vaJa-fSavela „baxtrionSi“ asaxelebs sanaTas vaJebs, romelTagan erTs qvia „juRura“. am sityvas Cven axlaxan gavecaniT, roca pirquSis dauSnoebaze, anu „gajuRurebaze“ vmsjelobdiT. cxadia igi, iseve rogorc pirquSi, moRuSuls niSnavs. meore vaJi, ivane daxasiaTebulia rogorc „pirdaRrublvili“ - moRuSuli da mrisxane. am saxelebiTa da epiTetebiT lakonurad aris gamoxatuli gmirTa xasiaTi, romelic savsebiT Seesabameba poemaSi aRweril situacias, amave dros zustad gamoxatavs mTielTa Sexedulebas idealur meomarze. yvela es saxeli identuri mniSvnelobisaa da saTaves iReben mrisxane RvTaebis aRmweri epiTetebisagan. aq SesaZlebelia dafiqsirdes kulturul-isto- riuli momenti, roca miTosur-metaforuli azrovneba safuZvlad udevs sazogadoebis mxatvrul-esTetikur princips. Cans, rom garkveul xanebSi adamianTa saxelebi muSavdeboda da iqmneboda miTosuri trafaretebis mixedviT da Sesabamisi mrwamsuli poziciebidan ganixileba. aseT viTarebaSi adamiani iqceva cocxal metaforad, rac saboloo jamSi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda mis adgilsa da rolze sazogadoebaSi. msgavsi viTareba, ganviTarebis ufro dabal socialur doneze, damowmebulia msoflios mraval xalxSi (mag. amerikis indielebSi). aseve sayuradReboa pirquSis motrfiale qalis saxeli - elene, radgan am saxeliT xSirad iniRbeba xevsurTa qalRvTaeba, samZivari. miTosis mixedviT samZivaris atributia Zvirfasi „yelsadebi“, xolo elenes gamoCenas win uZRvis samkaulis „JiJini“. es gadmocemebi SesaniSnavad aqvs Seswavlili T. oCiaurs. garda motrfiale elene//samZivarisa pirquSi dakavSirebuli Cans sxva mdedrul salocvaebTan (Tamari, RvTismSobeli, adgilis deda). pirquSis samWedlo da mWedloba, aseve cecxli, maTraxi, dev-kerpTa winaaRmdeg brZola, swored is niSnebia, romlebic damaxasiaTebeli iyo 333 tarosis gamgebeli, panTeonTa meTauri RvTaebebisaTvis. aseve tipiuria RvTaebaTa rCeulTa da gmirTaTvis ukvdavebis miniWeba sikvdilis Semdeg (sakmarisia gavixsenoT berZnuli miTosis gmirebi, herakle, kastori da polidevke da sxv.). Zalze mniSvnelovania pirquSis mier saxis Secvlis epizodi, romelic „Semurva//gagonjvis“ damaxinjebuli, profanirebuli forma aris da Sedegia miTosuri mrwamsis gaqrobis bunebrivi procesisa. aq dari da udaroba simboluradaa warmodgenili amindis gamgebeli RvTaebis „pirquSobiTa“ da „pirgaxsnilobiT“, anu jer mSvenieri da meore „gajuRurebuli“ piriT. analogiur movlenebs kargad icnobs miTosica da zRaparic: RvTaebaTa moRuSuloba da cremli avdaria, xolo misi sicili - sixaruli, aRorZineba, gazafxuli, simRera - galoba (gavixsenoT sixarulisa da mwuxarebis salamurebi wiqaradan), tiril//mwuxareba - avdari da sapirispirod bedniereba//sixaruli - dari, damaxasiaTebelia „vefxistyaosnisaTvis“. aseTi simboluri pozicia miTosSi ara marto dar-avdars gamoxatavs, aramed sezonTa cvalebadobasac, e. i. zamTar-zafxulis Tvisobriv pirobas, romlis semantikuri veli imdenad vrcelia, rom sazogadod sabolood keTilisa da borotis ganzogadoebul dapirispirebad gadaiqceva. amave konteqstSi ganixileba pirquSis kavSiri elene//samZivarTan, rac aseve damaxasiaTebelia amindis RvTaebaTa bunebisaTvis. maTi seqsualuroba da faliuri simbolikiT gamoxatuli nayofiereba uaRresad farTo masaliT aris damowmebuli eTnografiul yofaSi. faliuri mamrobiTi RvTaebebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli rwmenebi marto eTnografiuli yofisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. nayofierebis faliuri RvTaebebis gamosaxulebebi mravlad aris aRmoCenili saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi arqeologTa mier. aseTi sagnebi Cvens teritoriaze xangrZlivi drois manZilze mzaddeboda da yovelTvis sakulto mniSvneloba hqonda. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom maTi forma da miTosurreligiuri Sinaarsi yvela epoqaSi ar emTxveoda erTmaneTs, rac socialuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebebis bunebrivi Sedegia. rogoric ar unda yofiliyo gansxvaveba calkeul ZeglTa Soris, isini yovelTvis nayofierebis vrceli koncefciis SigniT iyvnen moqceuli da mas ganasaxierebdnen religiur-miTologiur warmodgenaTa ganviTarebis sxvadasxva doneze. am rigis ZeglTagan amJamad gansakuTrebiT sainteresod gveCveneba is 334 miTologiuri siuJetebi da kompoziciebi, romlebic faliur personaJebs Seicaven. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mdidaria brinjaos sartylebze Semonaxuli siuJetebi, sadac faliuri mSvildosani monadireebi arian gamosaxuli nadiris devnis procesSi. am scenebSi vxedavT astraluri niSniT aRbeWdil wminda cxovelebs, taxtze mjdom anTropomorful figurebs, romelTa winaSe aris gadaSlili mTeli kompozicia. aris kerZod faliur mxedarTa gamosaxulebanic. mdidar monacemebs Seicavs yazbegSi aRmoCenili cnobili kompleqsi, e. w. „yazbegis ganZi“, sadac faliuri figurebi sxvadasxva ritualebs asruleben. isini cekvaven, zogi maTgani dgas iarusebad dawyobil jixvis rqian Tavebze da xelSi uro, Tu kverTxi upyriaT. aqvea cxenosani faliuri figurebi, gamosaxulia sqesobrivi aqtic. am Zeglebis detaluri ganxilva amJamad Cveni TemisaTvis ar aris saWiro, magram sayuradReboa maTi aqsesuarebi. aq Zeglebis Tematika bunebis aRorZinebis miTossa da rituals ukavSirdeba, rac gamoxatulia moqmedebiT da aqsesuarebiT. mSvildi da isari, aseve uro Tu kverTxi naTlad migvaniSnebs, rom es gamosaxulebebi Weqa-quxilTan da elvasTan yofilan dakavSirebuli. specialur literaturaSi cnobilia da kargad aris Seswavlili mSvildisari Tu kverTxosani mexTmtyorcneli RvTaebebi, romlebic mogvianebiT cxenosnebi, an etlosnebi xdebian. am kompoziciebSi aris ritualuri sasmelis smis scenebi, rac aseve nayofierebisa da aRorZinebis amsaxvel miTosisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. safiqrebelia, rom zogierTi momenti, cekvasTan erTad simReras, galobas, an cxovelTa sagazafxulo xmianobas unda migvaniSnebdes. yovelive es zedmiwevniT Tanamimdevrulad aris CarTuli qarTul lazarobaSi da berikaoba-yeenobaSi. arqauli ritualebis msvleloba, misi siuJeturi qarga SesaZloa mTlianad ar emTxveodes Tanamedrove ritualebs, magram udavoa, rom isini usaTuod asaxaven miwaTmoqmedi xalxebis Sexedulebebs nayofierebaze, Seicavdnen am procesis kosmogoniur-astralur Tu agrarul aspeqtebs. Weqa-quxilisa da wvimis uZvelesi faliuri RvTaeba, SeuZlebelia ar enaTesavebodes xalxur yofaSi ukanasknel xanamde Semonaxul qristianuli saxeliT SeniRbul amindis gamgebels, lazares, romelsac TiTqmis uklebriv aqvs SenarCunebuli winapris yvela ZiriTadi niSani. xsenebul niSan-TvisebaTa memkvidreobiTobas ganapirobebda upir- veles yovlisa, meurneobis buneba da geografiuli garemo, xolo axali 335 da cvladi, mTlianad ganisazRvreboda kulturuli, socialuri da politikuri ZvrebiT. uZvelesi RvTaeba ZiriTadad warmodgenili iyvnen sami funqciiT, romelTagan umTavresi iyo maTi socialuri mniSvneloba, kerZod sazogadoebis socialuri struqturisaTvis Sesabamisoba. meored iTvleba RvTaebis fizikuri Zalis gamovlineba, misi samxedro Zliereba. es Zliereba upirvelesad bunebis Zalebis ganmgeblobis saxiT iyo gamoxatuli, xolo saboloo niSani ki nayofierebaa, e. i. adamianTa koleqtivis gamravleba da materialuri uzrunvelyofa, misi qonebis dacva-mateba da a. S. saboloo jamSi romelime socialuri jgufis mfarveli RvTaeba, am jgufis socialuri da teritoriuli ganfenis moculobiT gvevlineba wesrigis damcvelad, garegani safrTxis amrideblad da materialuri arsebobis garantiis Semqmnelad. momdevno xanebSi, ucxo an saerTo axali religiuri sistemebis gavrcelebis Sedegad, Zveli RvTaebebi ierarqiulad daqvemdebarebul adgils iWerdnen da axal RvTaebasa da xalxs Soris Suamavlad iqcevian, e. i. kargaven uSualo Semsruleblis funqcias da adamianTa pretenziebs acxadeben „RvTis karze“, umaRlesi RvTaebis winaSe. am TvisebaTagan mravali niSani SerCenili aqvs lazares, romelTagan amjerad CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa nayofierebisa da bunebis Zalebis ganmgeblobis funqcia, riTac igi Zlier Camogavs Zvel msoflioSi gavrcelebul rig RvTaebebs. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba gavixsenoT berZenTa panTeonis meTauri zevsi, romlis erotiuli gardasaxvebi da cdunebani gansakuTrebiT popularulia berZnul miTosSi. Cveulebriv am RvTaebis Sesaxeb cnobilia, rom igi Weqa-quxilisa da elvas ganagebs, mexTamtyorcnelia, magram berZnuli miTosis brwyinvale literaturul safarvels Tu odnav gadavwevT, aqac davinaxavT tarosis gamgeblis erotiul RvTaebas, romlis erT-erTi uZvelesi funqcia nayofis miniWeba iyo. gavixsenoT cnobili siuJeti danaesa da zevsis Sesaxeb. avi winaswarmetyvelebiT SeSinebuli danaes mama cdilobda, rom mis qaliSvils Svili ar SeZenoda, radgan mas SviliSvilis xeliT sikvdili ewera. amitom mSvenieri danae miwisqveSeTSi spilenZis daxSul oTaxSi daamwyvdies, magram RvTaebaTa mamam, zevsma, qalTan oqros wvimis saxiT SeaRwia da gaanayofiera. iSva gmiri persevsi. herodotes aRwerili aqvs samosis mmarTvelis, polikratesis asuli sizmariwinamoswaveba, romlis mixedviT zevsi wvimis gamgeblad gvevlineba. qalma 336 naxa sizmari, TiTqos misi mama haerSi iyo atacebuli, zevsi banda mas, xolo heliosi nelsacxebels scxebda. am sizmaris gamo qali Zlier ewinaaRmdegeboda mamis wasvlas sparselebTan. polikratesma Tavis asuls ar daujera da mainc wavida. sparselebma igi samarcxvinod mohkles, mere ki jvarze gaakres. „polikratesi rom Camohkides, amiT axda misi asulis sizmari: mas hbanda zevsi, roca wvimda...“ - wers herodote. zevsi wvimis gamgeblad gvevlineba aristofanes komediaSi, „Rrublebi“, sadac avtori dascinis mis RvTaebriv Zalas. komediis gmiri, sokrate amtkicebs, rom RvTaebad unda CaiTvalos Rrubeli da ara zevsi, radgan wvima Rrublidan modis. „ginaxavs odesme, - ekiTxeba igi moxuc sterpsiadess, - rom zevss odesme uRrublod moeyvanos wvima? ise ki unda SeeZlos uRrublod wvimis moyvana, Tu marTalia Rrublebis gamgebelia“. dabneuli sterpsiadesi pauxobs, rom mas aqamde wvima egona zevsis Sardi, romelsac igi sacriT afrqvevda qveyanas. miuxedavad SarJisa am nawyvetidan naTlad Cans zevsis saxe, romelic wvimisa da Rrublebis gamgeblad aris warmodgenili. misi erT-erTi atributia saceri. pirveli miTologiuri siuJetis Tanaxmad zevsi oqros wvimad iqceva, aRwevs qvesknelSi da anayofierebs danaes; meore siuJetSi zevsi wvimiT bans jvarze gakrul polikratesis sxeuls, xolo mesameSi igi sacriT afrqvevs qveyanas wvimas. am siuJetebis mixedviT aSkarad Cans, rom Zveli berZnebis warmodgenaTa Sesabamisad wvimis gamgebloba panTeonis meTauri RvTaebebis movaleobas Seadgenda. igive viTareba davamowmeT armazis garSemo arsebul istoriul cnobebSi, rac sxva xalxebis miTossa da religiebSic meordeba. mimoxiluli masala cxadyofs, rom msgavsi warmodgenebis nakvalevi daculia lazaresTan dakavSirebul rwmenebsa da ritualebSi. úõïâò, éâàïåþòì ïüîòþóüò lazares sagaloblis teqstebSi aris erTi bwkari, romelic, Cvenis azriT, saTanado ganmartebas moiTxovs. iq naTqvamia: cxavi acxavebula, wvima aCqarebula“. es bwkari zogjer sagaloblis teqstis SuaSi zis, zogjer ki dasasrulze modis da mis Semdeg iwyeba teqstis is nawili, 337 sadac elias mimarTaven. ase rom, cxavis moqmedebis aRmweri bwkari aSkarad lazares rituals ekuTvnis da ara elias. bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva, SemTxveviTia es sityvebi, Tu raime azrobrivi datvirTva gaaCnia, ra aris cxavi da ra kavSirSia igi wvimasTan. vfiqrobT, es sityvebi SemTxveviTi ar aris da maTSi metad mniSvnelovani cnoba aris daculi. cxavi aris xorblis marcvlis gasawmendi, sacris msgavsi, naCvretebiani iaraRi, cxaviT moqmedeba ki aris cxriliT, Tu sacriT saqmianobis analogiuri moqmedeba. maT Soris aris Semdegi gansxvaveba: saceri ixmareba fqvilis gasacrelad, xolo cxrili//cxavi marcvlis gasawmendad. marcvals iseve atareben cxavSi, rogorc sacerSi fqvils. am niuansis dazusteba aucilebelia, radgan teqstSi cxavi konkretuli SinaarsiT aris Casmuli konkretul viTarebas gamoxatavs. Tu ki „cxavi acxavda“, e. i. amoqmedda, cxadia, mas viRac amoqmedebs, viRac muSaobs, rac, Tanaxmad teqstisa, „wvimis aCqarebas“ iwvevs, radgan wvima lazares, e. i. wvimis gamomgzavn RvTaebas moekiTxeba, maSasadame cxaviTac is moqmedebs, miT ufro, rom ritualica da teqstic misdamia miZRvnili. SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom cxavi aris iaraRi, romelsac RvTaeba iyenebs moqmedebisas, xolo moqmedebs igi yovelTvis Sesabamisad Tavisi funqciisa: an wvimas agzavnis, an gvalvas iWers. maT Soris sasurveli balansis dacva ritualis Sesrulebazea damokidebuli, magram xorblis „crasTan“ mas xeli ara aqvs. maS raSi Wirdeba amindis Semcvlel RvTaebas cxavi? am gaugebrobidan Cveni gamoyvana SeuZlia Tanamedrove qarTulSi dacul, wvimis erT-erTi saxeobis aRmniSvnel termins, „cris“. igi, bunebis ZalTa moqmedebis aRmniSvnel sxva zmnebis msgavsad, upiro zmnaa (iseve, rogorc „wvims“, „elavs“, „Tovs“, da sxv.), magram gansxvavebiT danarCenebisagan, zmna „cris“ mxolod wvimis aRmwer poziciebSi aris upiro. unda vifiqroT, rom im dros, roca es zmna wvimis garkveuli saxeobis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyenes, igi konkretul subieqts gulisxmobda. maSin cnobili iyo Tu vin „crida“ wvimas. swored amas migvaniSnebs sagalobelSi naxsenebi „cxavis acxaveba da wvimis aCqareba“. lazare rom cxavs aaCqarebs, wvimac aCqardeba. xalxuri warmodgenebi cxadyofen, rom cxavis wvima sxvaa, xolo sacrisa sxva. aris kidev kokis wvima, romelic Cans terminidan „kokispi- 338 ruli“. am terminSi gamoxatuli azris Tanaxmad RvTaeba, cxavsa da sacers ki ar xmarobs, aramed pirdapir dauSvebs Tavisi kokidan Rvarsa da TqeSs. wvimis nairsaxeobebi didi mravalferovnebiT aris qarTul enaSi rac saucxood Cans sulxan saba-orbelianis leqsikonidan, sadac naTqvamia Semdegi: cvari aris RamiT haeris sinotivisagan uRrublod mosuli da „dileulT furcelzed mdgari“ sisvele; niJi cvaris umciresia, xolo Rvafi-cvarze meti; kacTagan TvaliT Znelad SesamCnev wvimas Tqori qvia, xolo „TqeSi ars usxosi Tqorisa, viTarca aRnacari raime zemomavali“; nislovani TqeSi aris fruti, xolo frutze metad nislovani da Zlieri wvima-JRmurtli; didisa da gvian momdarebel wvimas delgmas eZaxian, xolo swrafsa da adre momdarebels – isxars; aris wvima „didi da damabnelebeli da Ruarovani“, anu Rlofo; qariSxali Zlieri da qarnarevi wvimaa, anazdi da Cqari ki Sxapi. „xolo xeTa furcelni ra wvi- mas itvirTavs da Semdgomad wueTsa daiwyebs, leSxsa da Jvavs“ uwodeben. Tanaxmad leqsikonisa, TqeSi aris wvimis is saxeoba;, romelic zemodan aRnacariviT modis, e. i. Zveli miwismoqmedi swored am wvimas ganixilavda RvTaebis sacridan „aRnacarad“. qarTul enaSi aris daculi gamoTqmebi, romlebic ufro msxvil wveTebs marcvals uigiveben da aseT wvimas albaT cxavis acxaveba Wirdeboda. xalxis fantazia amiTac ar kmayofildeboda da terminTa SeerTebiT iqmneboda amindis niuansTa amsaxveli kompozitebi: magaliTad „qarisa“ da „isxaris“ SeerTebiT Seiqmna „qariSxali“, xolo „niavisa“ da „Rvaris“ dakavSirebam mogvca „niaRvari“. terminTa aseTi nairferovnebis pirobebSi sruliad bunebrivia movlenis gamomwvevi RvTaebis atributTa simravle. enobrivi masalis analizidan miRebuli savaraudo daskvnebi mTlianad dasturdeba ritualuri praqtikiT, sadac RvTaebebis gamosaxulebebs rTaven kultis bunebidan gamomdinare aqsesuarebiT. aq xSirad vxvdebiT sacers, godors, kalaTs. sawurs, e. i. erTi kategoriis, magram sxvadasxva niuansuri procesisaTvis gankuTvnil iaraRebs, romlebic saerTo sameurneo ideas gamoxataven. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba gavixsenoT „aReba laRralis“, anu aRebis TamaSobebi svaneTSi. am dros agebdnen Tovlis koSks, muryvams, mas Tavze asvamdnen fiWvis, an naZvis boZs, romelsac mamakaciseburad gamoawyobdnen xolme da qudis nacvlad godors, kalaTs, an sacers daaxuravdnen. es nivTebi savsebiT akmayofileben sakulto 339 teqstSi naxsenebi cxavis ideas da Tavsiuflad enacvlebian erTmaneTs ritualSi. svaneTSi aRwerilia mravali wesi, romelTa Sesrulebisas ojaxis ufrosi sagangebod gamomcxvari kverebiT savse sacriT egebeba momsvlelebs. saceri, rogorc RvTaebis atributi, Cans xevsurul miTosSi, sadac gadmocemulia xaxmatis jvris, giorgis laSqroba qajaveTis, anu qajTa qveyanaSi. xaxmatis jvarma xevsureTSi gadmoitana grdemli, romelic qajaveTs moglija, wamoiRo oqros fanduri, oqros saceri, gadmolala uricxvi jogebi da gadmoiyvana Tavisi dadSeficuli, samZivari. Tanaxmad miTosuri sqemisa, qajaveTs laSqroba samZivris gamoxsnis mizniT unda momxdariyo, romelic qajebs gautaciaT, magram miTosis es nawili am regionSi dakargulia. samZivari nayofierebisa da SvilierebasTan dakavSirebuli qali RvTaebaaa; amave ideas gamoxatavs, nadavlic, romelic xaxmatis giorgis qajaveTidan wamouRia. samZivris gadmoyvana, grdemli, saqoneli, oqros saceri, cxraZaliani fanduri, giorgi xaxmatis jvars war- mogvidgens, rogorc nayofierebisa da bunebis aRorZinebis ZalTa gamgebels, visi perioduli siaruli qajaveTs gatacebuli qalRvTaebebisa da bunebis ganaxlebis simboloebis dasabruneblad, aris sicocxlis aRdgenis, gazafxulisa da simdidris garantia. am RvTaebasTan sacris dakavSireba migvaniSnebs im ucilobel faqtze, rom aRwerili tipis uflebebSi RvTaebaTa amindis gamgeblobac Sedioda. amas adasturebs wamoRebuli grdemlic, romelic Weqa-quxilis RvTaebaTa atributia. unda vifiqroT, rom mTlianobaSi saqme gvaqvs miTosur ciklTan, romlis pirvel nawilSi RvTaeba qajTa Tavdasxmis Sedegad kargavs Tavisi Zalis simboloebs da qalRvTaebas. msoflios xalxTa, maT Soris kavkasielTa miTosidan cnobilia, rom maTi dabruneba aris erTaderTi piroba aRebuli socialuri erTeulis keTildReobisaTvis, e. i. zamTris gandevnisa da bunebis aRorZinebisaTvis. amitom socialuri jgufis gamgebeli RvTaebebi, romlebsac moekiTxebaT aRorZinebis ZalTa mfarveloba, am sagmiro saqmes asrule- ben. aseTi siuJeturi sqemis mixedviT yalibdeba miTosuri ciklebi, romelTa mTavari personaJi, RvTaeba, an gmiri, axerxebs am „valis moxdas“: procesi yovelTvis Znelia da gmiri sikvdilisa da sicocxlis samyaroTa mijnebs arRvevs, xan suleTSia, xan samzeos (xaxmatis jvari giorgi midis sxva samyaroSi, „qajaveTSi“, amirani yamaris saZebnelad da mosata- 340 ceblad gadis „zRvas gaRma“). cnobilia iseTi variantic, roca RvTaeba wyreba da midis, imaleba, rasac mosdevs bunebis kvdoma (xeTebis Telifinu); zogjer sxvadasxva miTosuri siuJetebis Sesabamisad (rogoricaa mijnuris sikvdili, asulis gataceba suleTSi da a. S.) RvTaeba miwisqveSeTSia wasuli, tyvedqmnili da mijaWvulia gamoqvabulSi, an Zinavs zamTris ZiliT, rac sikvdilis alegoriuli formaa da, plutarqes sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, xalxi maT dabrunebas (mkvdreTiT aRdgenas, gaRviZebas, ganTavisuflebas) dionisuri dResaswaulebiT egebeba. dabrunebul RvTaebas Tan moaqvs Tavisi simbolo-atributebi, iseTi, rogoricaa xaxmatis giorgis „nadavli“, berZnebis mier kolxeTidan „gatacebuli“ oqros sawmisi da a. S. romlebic, miTosuri qargis Sesabamisad, usaTuod unda daubrundes Tavis pirvel samyofels. rogorc argonavtebi, ise xaxamatis giorgi koleqtiur laSqrobas awyoben da sxva simboloebTan erTad moyavT qalic. SesaZloa aq Serwymuli iyos motacebuli qalisa da gatacebuli ganZis (sawmisis) dabrunebis damoukidebeli siuJetebi, sadac TiToeuli maTgani sakuTari Rirebulebis mqone simbolos warmoadgens da ara urTierTSemavsebels. miTosis literaturad qcevis procesSi es Cveulebrivi movlenaa, radgan cnobilia, rom qalis gataceba-dabrunebis siuJetis garSemo ikribeba mravalricxovani miTosuri ciklebi, romlebic adeqvaturi simboluri Rirebulebis mqone struqturebs warmoadgenen. aqedan gamomdinare qali//sawmisi, qali//ganZi, argonavtTa kolxeTi//„zRvisgadaRma“//qajaveTi da a. S. miTosuri TvalsazrisiT analogiuri Tvisebebis mqone simboloebia, romelTa saTanado gaazreba mxolod miTosur garemoSia SesaZlebeli. miTosisaTvis qveyana, mxare, ar ganisazRvreba mkacri geografiuli koordinaciiT, mas miTosuri koordinacia gaaCnia. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT berZenTa damokidebuleba kolxeTisadmi. ariane, eratosTenes monacemebis kritikisas ambobs, rom makedonelebma parapamisadebis qveyanaSi ipoves gamoqvabuli, sadac promeTe iyo dabmuli. aqve mosula herakle da mouklavs arwivi. makedonelebmao, ganagrZobs ariane, TavianTi monaTxrobiT mTa kavkasia pontodan aRmosavleTSi gadaitanes, xolo mTa parapamiss kavkasia Searqveso. aseTsave cnobebs gvawvdian straboni da diodore. f. Saxermaieris TvalsazrisiT berZnebs „qveynis kided“ jer Savi zRvis regioni miaCndaT, sadac TovliTmosili kavkasioni dgas. Semdeg CaTvales, rom hindiyuSic kavkasionia... amitom 341 roca waawydnen uzarmazar gamoqvabuls, aleqsandres jariskacebma gadawyvites rom swored aq ewameboda promeTe. aRmoaCines jaWvebica da mtarvali arwivis budec. baTo yaensac adriatikis sanapiro „qveynis kide“ egona, magram roca sapirispiro mxarisaken mimavali xomaldebis ialqnebi dainaxa, guli gautyda: ocneba miuRweveli gamodga. miTosuri koordinacia, rogorc vnaxeT, miTosur sartylebs miyveba, iq RvTaebebi da gmirebi mogzauroben da maT nakvalevze vercerTi sardali ver moikidebs fexs. ase rom, gatacebuli qalRvTaebisa da simboloTa dabruneba xdeba miTosur drosa da sivrceSi, miTosuri gmiris mier, romelsac an SeTavsebuli aqvs bunebis aRorZinebis gamgebeli RvTaebis Tvisebebi, an Tavad aris aseTi RvTaeba. xaxamatis jvris atributebi, romelic miTosSi nadavlis saxiT aris warmodgenili, am RvTaebas nayofierebisa da aRorZinebis RvTaebaTa rigSi ayenebs, romelsac amindic moekiTxeboda. am konkretul viTarebaze migvaniSnebs simboloTa Soris oqros sacris arseboba. saceri amiranis eposSic aris naxsenebi. amirans sacris tola Tvalebi aqvs da saxiT saavdrod gamzadebul Rrubelsa hgavs. erTi SexedviT aq xazi aqvs gasmuli gmiris Tvalebis sidides, rac misi Zalis, Ronierebis erT-erT niSnad unda CaiTvalos, sinamdvileSi ki sacrisa da Tvalis kavSiri ufro rTuli movlenaa da mas saintereso miTosur-religiuri axsna gaaCnia. Tvali friad rTuli sakraluri obieqtia da mraval aspeqtSi ganixileba. igi aris mzis simbolo, igi warmodgenilia, rogorc sinaTlis mimniWebeli da matarebeli damoukidebeli wyaro, aseve gaigivebulia borbalTan. yovelive es erTad solarul warmodgenaTa farTo wreSi aris gaerTianebuli. arsebobs kidev erTi aspeqti, romelic gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa Cveni msjelobisaTvis, romlis Sesaxeb cnoba daculia qarTul enaSi. qarTulad „wyaros Tvali“ ewodeba wyaros saTaves, im wertils, saidanac wyaro gamodis. es gamoTqma unda aRmocenebuliyo Tvalisa da sisvelis realuri urTierTkavSiris gamo. Tvali da cremli iyo is Ziri, saidanac ganviTarda warmodgena Tvalis, rogorc wylis uwyveti dinebis SesaZleblobis mqone obieqtze. aseTi warmodgenebi marto qarTvelebTan ar gvxvdeba. mravali xalxis warmodgenebSi cvari aris dilis varskvlavis qalRvTaebis cremli, is ki, Tavis mxriv, zecis, an RvTis amomavali Tvalis, mzis winamorbedi, naTelia. sisvele mzis pirsac aqvs, rad- 342 gan igi „pirs ibans“ (ase ityvian xolme, roca mzian darSi wvima wamova). mzis cvaris Sesaxeb cnoba daculia leonti mrovelTan mefe farnavazis sizmarSi. igi daxSuli saxlidan, sarkmlidan gamoiyvana welze mortymulma mzis Suqma. „viTarca ganvida velad, ixila mze que-mdablad, mihyo xeli misi, mohxoca cari pirsa mzisasa da icxo pirsa missa. ganiRviZa farnaoz da ganukvirda, da Tqua: „sizmari igi, ese ars, me waval aspans, da mun keTilsa mivecemi“. rogorc viciT, amis Semdeg Tarnaozma ganZi ipova. aq ukve garkveuli miTiTeba gvaqvs „mzis cvaris“ mniSvnelobaze: igi simdidrisa da gamarjvebis simboloa, farnaozisaTvis mefobis winaminiSnebas warmoadgens. slavi xalxebis warmodgeniT wvima aris wmindanTa cremli, romelsac isini adamianTa Tavze datrialebuli ubedurebis, an maT mier Cadenili codvebis gamo Rvrian. erT rusul wyaroSi naTqvamia, rom wvima RvTis cremlia, - xolo cvari TviT zeciuri meufis, qristes cremlebi ariso. es Sexedulebebi qristianobaze bevrad Zvelia. orfeosis himnebSi wvima zevsis cremlad moixsenieba, daniaes miTosSi zevsi Tavad iqceva wvimad, aseve aqvs saceri, saidanac wvimas cris; piTagorebeli fiqrobdnen, rom zRva zecis cremlebia. skandinaviur edebSi dilis cvari warmodgenilia rogorc qalRvTaeba freias oqros cremlebi. amasTanave misi epiTetia „tiriliT mSvenieri“, rac ara mxolod imas niSnavs, rom lamaz freias tirili Svenoda. aq gamoxatuli azris Tanaxmad freias mSveni- ereba gatolebulia qveynis mSvenierebasTan, rac freias cremlebze, zeciur namze aris damokidebuli. aseTsave viTarebas gvixatavs qarTuli gamoTqma, „cremlis Rvari“. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sabas ganmartebiT „Ruari ewodeba wyalsa wvimisasa“, maSin gamoTqmaSi „cremlis Rvari“ cremli wvimasTan aris gaigivebuli. gamodis, rom „cremlis Rvari igive cremlis wvimaa, romelic aseve miRebuli gamoTqmaa qarTulSi. am gamoTqmaTa mixedviT Tvals eniWeba wvimis wylis saTavsis, misi pirvelgamomwvevis mniSvneloba, xolo CvenTvis saintereso „sacris tola Tvali“ saavdrod gamzadebul saxeze, amindis RvTaebis mrisxanebis, gaavdrebis suraTis metaforuli gadmocemaa, romelic miTosisa da misi Sesabamisi religiuri warmodgenebis mixedviT aris agebuli. amdenad gasagebi xdeba Tu ratom aris amiranis Tvalebi mainca da mainc sacris toli da ara sxva ram mrgvali sagnisa. saintereso varaudis saSualebas iZleva zemox- 343 senebuli epiTeti qalRvTaeba freiasi - „tiriliT mSvenieri“. Zvel xalxebSi miRebuli iyo RvTaebaTa moxsenieba epiTetebiT maTi tabuirebuli saxelebis SeniRbvis, an funqciis gaZlierebulad gamoxatvis mizniT. „tiriliT mSvenieri“ swored aseTi epiTetia. msgavsi epiTetebi qarTvelTa sasuliero teqstebSic aris damowmebuli da saintereso masalas gvaZlevs RvTaebaTa Tvisebebisa da funqciis Sesaxeb. TrialeTis Tasis frizze gamosaxuli siuJetisa da qarTuli miTosis monacemebis SedarebiTi analizis dros prof. v. bardaveliZem swored qarTul sasuliero teqstebSi Semonaxul epiTetebs miaqcia yuradReba. esaa ara saeklesio, aramed RvTaebaTa xalxur dReobebze warsaTqmeli teqstebi, romelTac kultis msaxurebi mimarTavdnen RvTaebas. am epiTetebis mixedviT, aRm. saqarTvelos mTaSi, wyalTan da sisvelesTan bevri adgilobrivi RvTaeba iyo dakavSirebuli. maT saxelze gamarTul salocav adgilebSi, wminda xeebTan erTad, iyo agreTve wyaro, e. w. „niaRvari“. salocavi teqstebis mixedviT RvTaebebi aseT adgilebSi xSirad midiodnen, rac did naTebas iwvevda, an burTs TamaSobdnen. „movida Tavis niaRvarsa, gaanTa didi alio“, naTqvamia erT leqsSi xaxmatis jvris, giorgis Sesaxeb. Tavisi sadgomi adgiliT wyalTan dakavSirebuli Canan giorgi wyarosTavisai, miqiel wyarosTavisai, mTis veSag wyarosTavisai, (mTavarangelozi gabrieli), giorgi naRvarmSvenieri, giorgi naRvrispirisai, miqiel wyalSuisai, petre naRvrispirisai, giorgi, sjulianT da usjuloT salocavi, naRvarSi meburTali. am epiTetebis mixedviT aRniSnuli RvTaebebi wyaros TavSi, an napiras, an erT SemTxvevaSi wyalTa Sua dganan. „naRvari“ anu wyaro maTi sadgomi adgilia. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa epiTeti „naRvarmSvenieri“, rac wyalmSveniers niSnavs, magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT naRvarisa da Rvaris sxva mniSvnelobebic rac tipiuria qarTuli enisaTvis. aseTia gamoTqmebi „cremlis Rvari“, aq „cremlis Rvra“, sadac Rvari//naRvari da cremli garkveul, saerTo mistikur kavSirSi warmogvidgebian. amasTanave es epiTeti ramdenadme gvagonebs zemoT naxseneb „tirilSi mSveniers“, sadac mSvenivrad ixsneba qalRvTaeba tirilis, anu cremlis Rvris procesSi. amitom migvaCnia, rom RvTaebis wyaros saTave, e. i. misi „wyaros Tvali“, Tavidan RvTaebis cremlTan unda yofiliyo asocirebuli, miT ufro, rom aseTi warmodgenebi bunebrivi da damaxasiaTebelia adresamiwaTmoqmedo kultebisaTvis. amasTanave SemoTavaze- 344 buli gaazreba srul TanxmobaSia qarTvelTa warmodgenebTan RvTaebaTa Sesaxeb, sadac xazgasmulia maTi kavSiri cecxlTan, samWedlo iaraRebTan, sacerTan, sawyaosTan, saqonelTan, sagangebod aRiniSneba maTi pirquSoba da pirRrublianoba. am niSanTa Soris wvimisa da wyaros RvTaebis cremlad gaazreba, romelic sacridan gamosuli namis, an cxavidan gacrili marcvlis//wveTebis saxiT evlineba qveyanas, avsebs da amdidrebs Cvens warmodgenas amindis RvTaebis Sesaxeb. am monacemTa erToblioba cxadyofs, rom adgilobriv RvTaebaTa niSnebis safuZvelze aRmocenda amindis RvTaebis zogadi saxe, misi diferenciaciis Semdeg niSan-Tvisebebma gadainacvla adgilobriv RvTaebebze, romelTa Soris bevri qristianul saxels atarebs. es procesi metad sainteresoa, rogorc kulturulistoriuli movlena, magram amJamad Cvens problemas ar warmoadgens. sruliad aSkaraa is garemoeba, rom zemoT aRniSnul Tvisebebsa Tu atributebs vadasturebT mTeli Cveni istoriis manZilze arqeologiur masalaSi, istoriul wyaroebSi, enis, folklorisa Tu eTnografiul monacemebSi. wvimasTan dakavSirebul ritualebSi sacers xSirad xmarobdnen Crdilo kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi xalxebi, kavkasielebi da arakavkasielebi. magaliTad, gaWianurebuli gvalvsisas osebi jer uacillas (wm. elias) evedrebodnen, Tu wvima ar wamovidoda, maSin igive saxvewariT midiodnen RvTaeba tixostTan, romelic elias mxleblad iTvleboda. mlocvelebi tixostis salocavs wyals asxamdnen da erbos usvamdnen. roca es RonisZiebac ar gaWrida, maSin soflis moedanze gamodiodnen sacrebiTa da gobebiT SeiaraRebuli qalebi, romlebic tyisa da mTisaken iRebdnen gezs. tyeSi isini ifantebodnen, ugzod midiodnen da Tan win sacers miagorebdnen. xance-guaSes yabardoul ritualebSi icodnen rZis sawurisa da TeTr fqvilSi Cadebuli Wyinti yvelis Camotareba. rogorc specialistebi fiqroben, sawuri ganasaxierebda ciuri rZis gamowurvis process. unda vivaraudoT, rom sawuri, keramikuli, Tu sxva saxisa, rogorc sacrisa da cxavis eqvivalenti, uZvelesi droidanve iqneboda gamoyenebuli amindis ritualebSi. amindis RvTaebis atributTa Soris vxvdebiT wylis WurWelsac, razedac daufaravad migvaniSnebs ukve naxsenebi saxeoba wvimisa, „kokispiruli wvima“. koka am SemTxvevaSi warmogvidgeba iaraRad, romlis gamoye- 345 nebiT RvTaeba miwaze agzavnis Zlier, nakadad momdinare Rvars, romelic ar aris wveTebad Tu marcvlebad danawevrebuli, rogorc es xdeba cxavisa da sacris gamoyenebisas. ase rom, koka, rogorc RvTaebis atributi, gamoyenebulia garkveuli saxeobis wvimis warmosaqmnelad. samwuxarod am WurWlis ritualebSi gamoyenebis damadasturebeli masala naklebad aris cnobili, Tu ar CavTvliT berikaoba-yeenobisas ayiros (mware gogris qerqisagan damzadebuli wylis WurWeli) gamoyenebas ritualis monawileTa niRbebis, Sesamkobeli atributebisa da a. S. dasamzadeblad; amave masalisagan akeTebdnen marnis WurWlis garkveul nawils; damtvreuli kokebisa da qoTnebis muclebs axuravdnen safrTxobelebs, Tovlis papebs, romelTa garegnobaSi SesaZloa SemorCenili iyos uZveles RvTaebaTa niSnebi. SeiZleba davuSvaT ufro metic: iqneb aseT groteskul figurebs agebdnen Zveli RvTaebebis modelis mixedviT. amis safuZvels gvaZlevs berikebisa da yeenis samoseli da niRbebi, muryvamobis koSkisa da svetis Semkuloba da bevri ram, maTi msgavsi. wylis WurWelTan dakavSirebuli damatebiTi cnobebisaTvis isev sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikons undav mivmarToT, sadac saintereso faqtebia daculi. magaliTad, „sarwyuli“ ars WurWeli wyalTa“. aqvea CamoTvlili sarwyulis nairsaxeobebi, iaTuRi, govzaki, stamani, wurwuma, wylis saqaneli, maTara, Tasuxa da misTanani. amasTan „wylis saqaneli“ zodiaqos niSania da igivea, rac „merwyuli“ xolo Tavis mxriv, es ukanaskneli ganmartebulia rogorc „wylis mzidavi“. e. i. merwyuli aris is, vinc sarwyuliT rwyavs, dialeqtebSi „rwyva“ zogjer „awyvis“, sawyaoTi marcvlisa da fqvilis azomvis mniSvnelobiTac ixmareba da iseve enacvlebian erTmaneTs, rogorc „sawyao“ da „sarwyavi“. aq ikveTeba uZ- velesi koncefcia, romlis mixedviT Txevadi aris ara mxolod wyali (siTxe), aramed yvelaferi rasac sakuTari forma ara aqvs, maT Soris marcvlis grova, fqvili, sila da a.S. termini „Txeva“ aseTi Tvisebebis mqone substanciis mqone gadaadgilebas aRniSnavs, rasac mowmobs sityva „saTxeveli“, bade, romelsac aseve ar gaaCnia simyare da wyaliviT isic „Txevas“ eqvemdebareba. aseTi Tvalsawieridan WurWlisa da SigTavsis saerTo semantikur da religiur miTosur velSi moqceva sruliad bunebrivia. es mosazrebebi arqeologiuri mosazrebebiTac mowmdeba. 346 keramikuli WurWlis dekori amierkavkasiaSi Seicavs iseT simbolo niSnebs romelic wylis samyaros ukavSirdeba. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs iribi xazebis mravalferovani kombinaciebi, texilebi, wveTebi da a. S. imisaTvis, rom aSkara gamxdariyo gamosaxul niSanTa mniSvneloba maTTan erTad ostats wylis frinvelebi gamousaxavs. damjdari anu mcuravi frinveli ki usaTuod wylis stiqiaze migvaniSnebs, romelic rogorc kosmosis elementi qveda samyaros, ufskruls, msoflio okeanes an xmeleTis garemomcvel mdinares ukavSirdeba. magram unda gavixsenoT, rom arsebobda warmodgena zeciur wylebzedac, maSin WurWlis mxatvrobis simbolika savsebiT konkretul Sinaarss SeiZens: WurWlis mxatvrobis zeda zolSi ganlagebuli wylis niSnebi ganasaxiereben zeda samyaros wylebs, razedac sxedan wylis frinvelebi. yovelive amis dasturad SeiZleba movigonoT Zveli xalxebis miTosuri warmodgenebi, romelTa Tanaxmad wminda mdinareebi zecaSi iReben saTaves. isini Tavdapirvelad zecaze miedinebian, xolo miwaze eSvebian zeciuri dinebis dasrulebis Semdeg. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba gavixsenoT wminda mdinare gangi, romlis miwaze daSvebis ambavs mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs indoelTa miTossa da sarwmunoebaSi. sacerTan erTad wylis WurWeli iTvleboda zevsis atributad, rac aRniSnulia miTosSi salmonevsis Sesaxeb. salmonevsi elidis mefe iyo, man gadwyvita olimpos mbrZaneblisaTvis gankuTvnili msxverplis miTviseba. daiwyo caSi maSxalebis srola viTom elvaao Tan Tavis etls gamoaba gamxmari tyavebi (egida) da carieli WurWeli, raTa zecisaTvis miebaZa, romlis etlis xmauri, rogorc cnobilia warmoqmnis Weqaquxils. salmonevsis mier misakuTrebul RvTaebriv atributTa Soris carieli WurWelic aris naxsenebi, romelic qarTvelTa „kokas“ exmaureba, agreTve slavTa Soris gavrcelebul warmodgenas ciuri WurWlis Sesaxeb, saidanac wvima iRvreba (erTi xalxuri teqstis Tanaxmad „na dvore doJdik idiot, ne siteCkom seet, vedrom polivaet“) cidan WurWliT wylis gadmoRvra RvTaebis mier uaRresad farTod gavrcelebuli warmodgena aris da mas Rrma fesvebi aqvs. aristofanes zemoxsenebul komediaSi aris aseTi mimarTva Rrublebisadmi: „wvimis momtano asulebo, Cemo RvTaebebo, nilosis maRal saTaveebSi oqros sarwyulebiT agrovebT wvimas“. berZnebsa da romaelebs RvTaebaTa WurWlidan momdinared ara marto wvima miaCndaT, aramed miwieri mdinareebic. iliadaSi naTqvamia, 347 rom mdinare qsanTosi Sva zevsma. saerTod antikuri xalxebis xelovnebaSi mdinareTa saTaveebs gamosaxavdnen, rogorc RvTaebebisa da qalRvTaebebis, Tu nimfebis urnebsa da Tasebs, saidanac gadmodis mdinare. es Sexedulebebi exmaurebian qarTvelTa warmodgenebs RvTisSvilTa wyaroebis Sesaxeb, sadac ufro naturaluri, arqauli formiTaa Senaxuli am warmodgenaTa miTosur-religiuri arsi. analogiuri warmodgenebi hqondaT Zvel indoelebsac, rigvebidan cnobilia wvimis RvTaeba, parjania, romelic grialebs Tan xariviT bRavis, ganagebs aminds, iwvevs wvimas. igi wvimiT rogorc TesliT ganayofierebs miwas, warmoSobs mcenareulsa da pirutyvs. misi colia dedamiwa, Svili ki soma (RvTaeba maTrobel sasmelSi, sibrZnisa da mWevrmetyvelebis meufe), cnobilia mimarTvis teqsti am RvTaebisadmi, sadac naTqvamia: „awie didi xelada, gadmoabrune, de wyali Zirs daeSvas“. parjanias etli mudam wyliTaa savse. am monacemTa safuZvelze vrwmundebiT, rom evropisa da aziis uZveles xalxebSi gavrcelebuli warmodgenebis Tanaxmad wvimis zeciuri gamgebeli WurWliT asxamda wyals dedamiwas, rac miTosuri warmosaxviT mis ganayofierebas udrida. dedamiwisadmi miZRvnil ritualebSi xSiria misi gulis mogebis cda siTxis mopkurebiT. aseTi siTxe SeiZleba iyos wyali, Tafli, Rvino, rZe, yvela es komponenti da kidev sxva mravali produqti Sedis qarTvelebis uZveles ritualSi, romelic miwis „gajeriebis“, gulis mogebisTvisaa gamiznuli. aseTi ritualebi ukve homerosTan aris fiqsirebuli. „iliadaSi“ aRwerilia aqilevsis mwuxareba patrokles sikvdilis gamo, sadac sxva mraval sakulto qmedebaTa Soris motanilia miwisadmi Rvinis Sewirva: aqilevsi ormagi TasiT mTeli Ramis ganmavlobaSi asxurebs miwas Rvinos, es aqti, iseve rogorc sxva analogiuri rituali, imeorebs miTosur siuJets, romelsac safuZvlad udevs rwmena miwis siTxiT ganayofierebis Sesaxeb, rac am moqmedebis sakralur aspeqts qmnis da SesaZlebels xdis mis moqcevas sakrZalavi ceremeonialisaTvis gankuTvnil ritualTa Soris. homerosis es cnoba CvenTvis imiT aris sayuradRebo, rom micvalebulisaTvis „Rvinis waqceva“ e. i. miwaze daRvra misi Sewirvis mizniT dResac farTod aris gavrcelebuli qarTvelTa Soris. 348 xaxmatis jvris nadavlidan, romelic man qajTa qveynidan wamoiRo yuradRebas ipyrobs Zroxis rqa. erTi variantis Tanaxmad masSi mTeli sawyao Cadoda, meoris mixedviT ki qajebis saqonelSi, romelic RvTaebam gadmoreka, erTi calrqa furi eria, romlisaTvisac moutexia rqa RvTaebas da marcvleulis sawyaod daudgenia, is rqao uTqvams mTxrobels 1911 wels a. SaniZisaTvis, cixeSi iyo Senaxulio da konkretuli adgili miuTiTebia, magram axla aRar iqneba, albaT dalpeboda, Tumca sawyao, romelsac axla vxmarobT misi „wyea“ e. i. misi anazomiao. ase rom, miTosuri rwmena sawyaos Sesaxeb xalxSi jer kidev axlo warsulSi cocxlad iyo Senaxuli, sawyaos gverdiT, rogorc aRvniSneT ixsenieba grdemli, oqros saceri, sasreveli, samarTebeli, keris sakidi jaWvi, vercxlis WurWeli da saqoneli, simboluri mniSvnelobis mqone sagnebi, romelTa dabruneba-gataceba bunebis aRorZinebis ZalTa mimoqcevis, anu RvTaebis funqciuri moqmedebis uSualo gamoxatulebas warmoadgens. ra aris rqa, rogorc sakraluri obieqti, rogor aRmocenda misi simbolika da semantikuri parametrebi, es rTuli sakiTxia da mis detalur kvlevas ar SevudgebiT, magram rac aucilebelia unda aRiniSnos. rqa garkveuli simboluri mniSvnelobis sagnad Zveli qvis xanidan gvevlineba, rogorc Cans, igi adreve iqca simbolod, romelic gaazrebuli iyo nayofierebasa da sulTa qveyanasTan mimarTebaSi. adre samiwaTmoqmedo xanebSi Camoyalibebas iwyebs warmodgenaTa sistema, romlis Tanaxmad mcenare, bewvi, rqa ganixileboda sxeuli//miwis warmonaqmnad, urTierTCanacvlebad Rirebulebebad. rogorc Cans rqa mcenaris analogiur obieqtad miaCndaT da balax-mcenaresTan erTad yovelwliurad mokvdav da aRorZinebad movlenaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneboda. am mosazrebis sasargeblod metyvelebs adresamiwaTmoqmedo xanis mxatvroba, sadac cxoveluri da mcenareuli simboloebi saerTo ideas gamoxataven da ar arian erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli. amitom cxovelis rqebi xSirad ayvavebuli totis saxiT aris gamosaxuli. amave ideas gamoxatavs qarTuli „vazis rqa“ romelic am ukanasknels mcenareul samyaros ganakuTvnebs. rqisa da WurWlis ideaTa daaxloebis Sedegad warmoiqmna Sexeduleba „xvavrielebis rqis“ Sesaxeb, damkvidrda sakulto WurWeli ritonebis saxiT, romlebic gavrcelebuli iyo aziisa da evropis Zveli xalxebis kulturebSi, maT Soris kavkasiaSi da saqarTveloSi. zog adgilas rqa-yanwi, rogorc RvTa- 349 ebis atributi, SedarebiT axlo warsulamde Semoinaxa. magaliTad, slavuri RvTaebis, sviatovitis kerps xelSi eWira didi rqa, dResaswaulze qurumi am rqaSi CarCenil sasmels kerpis ferxTiT daRvrida, Semdeg Seavsebda da kerps daubrunebda, Semdeg dResaswaulze wlis mosavlianobas sazRvravdnen imis mixedviT, Tu ramdeni sasmeli daxvdebodaT RvTaebis yanwSi. am ritualSi rqa cvlis RvTaebis WurWels, saidanac igi afrqvevs miwis gamanayofierebel Txierebas (Rvinos, Tafls, rZes), romlis wveTebi marcvlis analogiad da Sesabamisobad iTvleboda. am mosazrebidan gamomdinare, marcvlis dabneva da wylis mopkureba Tanabari Rirebulebis procesebad ganixileboda, rac cxavis magaliTidanac aSkarad Cans. maT sakralur adeqvaturobaze metyvelebs TiTqmis mopkurebisa da marcvlis mobnevis CarTva msoflios sxvadasxva xalxebis saqorwino ritualebSi, sadac es aqti nayofierebis ideis gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad gamosaxvas emsaxureba. gamomdinare zemoTqmulisagan sawyao//yanwi, romelic xaxmatis jvris nadavlSia moxseniebuli, danarCen sagnebTan erTad am RvTaebis atributad da misi funqciis damaxasiaTebel obieqtad unda miviCnioT: RvTaeba mas arwyvisa da Tesvis iaraRad iyenebs iseve, rogorc cxavsa da sacers. aseve sayuradReboa furisaTvis rqis motexvis sagangebo aRniSvna xaxmatis jvris sagmiro TavgadasavalSi. igi sayuradReboa imiT, rom rqis motexva, rogorc gansakuTrebuli mnSvnelobis aqti, xSirad aris xazgasmuli miTosSi. svaneTSi aRebis TamaSobebisas Tovlis koSkis muryvamis irgvliv gamarTuli Sejibrebebisa da xumrobis dros mRerodnen simReras, romlis teqstSi naxsenebia jogi da oqrosrqiani furi: „jogi yavda maxvelansa mindorSia, Zroxa eria oqrosrqiani, vinac amas rqa motexos, mas daaqcevs risxva macxovris“. oqrosrqiani xarebi naxsenebia „liles“ teqstSiac. svanur gadmocemebSi daculi cnobebis Tanaxmad, yofila SemTxveva, roca erT Tavads, an Zlier gvars, meorisaTvis niSnad gansakuTrebuli pativisa gaugzavnia oqroTi rqaSeWedili xarebi. rqisa da oqros daaxloeba svanur gadmocemebSi unda CaiTvlos xevsuruli rqa//sawyaos eqvivalentur movlenad, radgan orive SemTxvevaSi rqa simdidresTan, nayofierebasTan aris dakavSire- 350 buli da mis ilustracias warmoadgens. rqis dakargva niSnavs nayofierebis Zalis dakargvas, rac Tanaxmad svanuri leqsisa macxovris risxvas gamoiwvevs. aq kidev erTxel mTeli moculobiT vxedavT mizezTa jams, romelTa gamo rqa gansakuTrebul sapatio Sesawiravad iTvleboda. igive idea aris gamokveTili qarTul zRaparSi „wiqara“. xars rqa motydeba da igi uZluri xdeba. amasTanave misi rqa „Raliania“. rqidan gamoRebuli RaliT xari inaxavs Tavis megobar obol biWs, Raliani rqa ki principulad igivea, rasac warmoadgens antikuri xalxebis „xvavrieli rqa“. igi Tanaxmad erTi versiisa, mdinaris RvTaebis, arqeloes rqaa, romelic mas heraklem moamtvria, xolo meore versiiT igi aris rqa Txa amalTeasi, romlis rZiT ikvebeboda yrma zevsi. aqve SegviZlia gavixsenoT rqa cxenis msgavsi fantastiuri cxovelis martorqasi, romlis Sesaxeb Tqmulebebi gavrcelebuli iyo Suasaukuneebis evropaSi. SesaZloa aqve movitanoT rwmenebi afrikuli martorqis, taxis eSvebis da sxva rqovani obieqtebis Sesaxeb, romelTa magiuri Zalisa jer kidev qvis xanaSi swamda adamians. amitom rqis motexvis epizodi damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone miTosur erTeulad iqca da Sevida sxvadasxva siuJetebSi. xalxuri warmodgenebis mixedviT mopovebuli nadiri sxva niSnebTan rqis sididiTac fasdeboda, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT nadiris rqas swiravdnen jvar-xatebsa da eklesiebs. jixvis, niamorisa da xaris rqebi salocavebSi daculi iyo, rogorc sasmisi WurWeli da mas dReobebze xmarobdnen. nadiris rqebis Sewirva miRebuli yofila Zvel samegreloSic, rac aRniSnuli aqvs me-17 saukuneSi misioner arqanjelo lambertis: eklesiis wina kedlebi da xSirad Sida kedlebi Semkulia irmis rqebiT, taxis eSvebis da xoxbis frTebiT, radgan darwmunebulni arian, rom RmerTisaTvis friad sasiamovnoa amisTanebiT misi salocavi saxlis Semkoba da Tu nanadirevis xorci imaT SeWames da rqebi, Zvlebi da frTebi RmerTs uZRvnes, samagierod RmerTi xels moumarTavT maT nadirobaSi da bednierad inadireben“. aRsaniSnavia, rom es cnoba daculia lambertis wignis im TavSi, romelsac „megrelebis crumorwmuneoba“ ewodeba, magram miuxedavad misioneris mxridan aseTi ironiuli damokidebulebisa, igi CvenTvis friad sayuradRebo monacemebs Seicavs. yovelive zemoTqmulis Semdeg SeiZleba gamovitanoT ramdenime principuli xasiaTis daskvna: lazaresTan dakavSirebuli rituali da misi 351 paraleluri monacemebi garkveul warmodgenas gvaZleven amindis gamgebeli RvTaebis niSnebis, atributebisa da ierarqiuli poziciis Sesaxeb, e. i. SeiZleba movaxdinoT uZvelesi, albaT satomo RvTaebis personaluri restavracia da Semdeg SeiZleba vimsjeloT mis funqciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze. garegnuli niSnebis mixedviT igi aris: 1. piriT Savi (Segonjili), pirquSi, saavdrod gamzadebuli Rrublis msgavsi; 2. aqvs sacristola Tvalebi, romlebic mrisxanebisas gamoscemen sinaTles//elvas, e. i. misi mrisxaneba gaigivebulia bunebis mrisxanebasTan, avdarTan; 3. faliuroba, rac nayoferebis zogadi simboluri niSania. wvimasTan dakavSirebuli misi atributebia 1. cxavi//saceri; 2. grdemli; 3. dasartymeli iaraRi; 4. rqa-sawyao; 5. wylis WurWeli (koka); 6. Tvali//wyaros Tvali//saTave, am „xelsawyoTa“ saSualebiT igi qmnis wvimis sxvadasxva saxeobas. am niSnebis mixedviT igi ca-Rrublis, amindis, Sesabamisad nayofierebis Zalebis gamgebelia, romlis analogiuri RvTaebebi idgnen Zveli xalxebis panTeonTa saTaveSi. isini mrisxane RvTaebebad iTvlebodnen (TeuSubi, zevs-iupiteri da a. S.) bunebis ZalTa stiqiuri gamovlineba maTi xasiaTis, ganwyobis gamovlinebad iTvleboda. elvis, ciuri cecxlis saSualebiT isini anadgurebdnen mters, sjidnen urCebs. ase rom, prototipi RvTaeba, ufro sworad satomo RvTaebebi, romlebic dganan lazaresa da amindis gamgebel sxva wmindanTa ukan, Seadgendnen im safuZvels, romelzedac ganviTarda Zvel saxelmwifo religiaTa ufro rTuli sistema. am dros mTavari RvTaebebi gvevlinebian msoflio wesrigisa da sazogadoebis cxovrebis damfuZneblebad, bunebis aRorZinebis ZalTa maregulireblebad. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa istoriul wyaroebSi daculi cnobebi armazis Sesaxeb, kerZod RvTaebaTa risxvis gamovlinebis aRwera, rac bunebis ZalTa stiqiuri, damangreveli gamovlinebis formiTaa gadmocemuli, aseve misi xmali, „brwyinvale viTarca elva... romlisganac eSinis yovelsa“ da romlis SiSis gamo Tayvans cemen mas. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq xmali pirdapir Sedarebulia elvasTan, rac tipiuri movlenaa xalxuri metaforuli azrovnebisaTvis. unda vifiqroT, rom is saxe RvTaebisa, romelzedac vmsjelobT, warmoadgens calkeuli, sakraluri mniSvnelobis mqone elementebisagan agebul struqturas. nawili am elementebisa, rogoricaa garegnuli niSnebi da atri- 352 butebis nawili, ukve ganvixileT. aRmoCnda, rom es elementebi ufro mdgradia, vidre maTi meSveobiT agebuli konstruqcia-RvTaeba. amas mowmobs aRniSnul elementTa gabneva miTossa da zepirsityvierebis sxva formebSi, aseve maTi dakavSireba gvian Semosul sarwmunoebriv, Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul obieqtebTan, wmindanebTan, saswaulmoqmedebTan da a. S. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa maTi zegavlena, adgili da roli mogvianebiT mimdinare xalxuri metaforuli azrovnebis Camoyalibebis procesSi, rac sabolood airekla azris gamoxatvis saSualebaTa erovnul specifikaSi, koloritSi, fsiqologiur tipSi, mentalitetSi. áïîòìï æï ìåüñâòì ìïùòíïïéèæåãë êïäåíæïîóäò æéåìïìùïóäåþò lazaroba da gonjaoba ZiriTadad sasargeblo wvimis gamosaTxovari rituali yofila, Tumca maTi saSualebiT xSiri wvimebis Sewyvetasac cdilobdnen. wvimis gamoTxovis upiratesoba ritualSi ganpirobebulia im garemoebiT, rom gvalva ufro xSiri movlena iyo CvenSi, vidre gadaudebeli wvima-delgma, magram rituali mainc ormxrivad unda CaiTvalos, radgan mas gvalvis drosac marTavdnen. am mxriv sayuredReboa xalxSi gavrcelebuli erTi Tqma, sadac amomwuravad aris daxasiaTebuli realuri situacia: „nu geSinia avdrisao, niaRvarisao, geSinodes gvalvisao“. ase rom mosavlis mudmivi mtrebi iyvnen gvalva da setyva, romelTa winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli ZiriTadad rituali. lazare-gonjas datareba arakalendaruli iyo, magram maT gverdiT arsebobda kalendaruli dReebi, romelTac qarisa da setyvis winaaRmdeg uqmobdnen, eklesiaSi midiodnen da qristianul wmindanebs evedrebodnen. aseTi dReebi iyo koxinjroba, koxi-jvaroba, koxobaSi oxvameri, qar-setyvis dRe, qaijvroba da a. S. qarisa da setyvis winaaRmdeg imarTeboda saRmrToc, romelsac daTqmis mixedviT Caatarebda Temi, an ojaxi. saojaxo saRmrTo Cveulebriv ojaxis interesebs gamoxatavda da ojaxi ixdida, xolo gvalvis saRmrTos, an TemiS xvamas (saTemo locva) sofeli Tu Temi saerTo ZalebiT marTavda. Tavisi agebulebiT es ritualebi mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen lazarobis, Tu gonjaobisagan. am dros arc Tojinas amzadebdnen, arc karda- 353 kar dadiodnen da mRerodnen, arc wuwaobdnen. yvelaferi koleqtiurad sruldeboda daTqmul, an kalendarul dRes da mTeli rituali qristianul eklesiasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. xSirad saRmrTo da koxinjroba erTmaneTs emTxveoda, ufro sworad, moxdeboda, rom koxinjroba dRes gaimarTeboda saRmrTo. imereTSi (saCxeris raioni, sof. qoreTi) koxinjroba imarTeboda maisSi, amaRlebis orSabaTs. glexebi Seagrovebdnen fuls da calkeuli gvari calke yidulobda cxvars. cxvars ubnobiTac swiravdnen da mis gamo dResaswaulze eklesiaSi ramdenime cxvari aRmoCndeboda. nayid saklavs eklesiaSi mirekdnen. Tavs mourujavdnen, mRvdeli xalxs dalocavda, dafaruli iyaviT koxisagan, „yvelaferi glaxa mavlobidan“-o da amis Semdeg cxvrebs daklavdnen wylis axlos. xorcs gaanawilebdnen da TavTavianT saxlebSi waiRebdnen, mRvdels ki Tavsa da beWs miscemdnen. sofel savaneSi igives akeTebdnen, rogorc Tavad glexebi ambobdnen „haeris SiSis“ gamo. saRmrTos aqac koxinjrobas, orSabaT dRes marTavdnen. cxvarTan erTad eklesiaSi Camoqnili sanTeli mihqondaT, imas aanTebdnen da saklavsac Tavs sanTliT miurujavdnen. saklavis xorci, ramdenic ar unda yofiliyo igi usaTuod yvelas unda Sexvedroda. saerTo puroba zogan scodniaT, isic Tu visme SeTqmuli hqonda, zogan ki ara. zogjer dakluls xeze Camokidebdnen da xeze datovebdnen. ityodnen es saRmrTos niSani ariso. aRsaniSnavia, rom xSirad mcire regionis SigniTac ki wesi sxvadasxvanairad sruldeboda. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, imave imereTSi, zogan saerTo sufra savaldebulo iyo. zogan daTqmis mixedviT ewyoboda, zogan ki ceremonialis SesrulebisTanave daiSlebodnen, TavianT kuTvnil xorcs waiRebdnen da sakuTar kerasTan dailocebodnen RviniT. aseTive viTarebaa damowmebuli qalebis ritualze daSvebasTan dakavSirebiT. zog adgilebSi aseT ritualebs qali ar eswreboda, zogan ki yvelas SeeZlo misvla. imeruli koxinjrobis dResaswaulis gansxvavebuli varianti aris daculi gasuli saukunis dasasrulis aRwerilobaSi. sof. wevaSi koxinjrobas da eliobas saerTo purisWama scodniaT saydris galavanSi. Rvino xatis mamulisa ixarjeboda. kaci kacze Sedgeboda, Caebmebodnen orsarTulian ferxulad da gars uvlidnen saydars, Tan gaiZaxodnen „okriale, 354 ho! marjved biWebo!“ ferxulSi erT wyebad qalebi Caebmebodnen, isinic uvlidnen da iZaxodnen „okriales“. Semdgom kacebi burTaobdnen da Widaobdnen. saerTo mxairulebaSi Sua xnis xalxic iRebda monawileobas. am wess friad arqauli ieri dahkravs, radgan ferxuli, okriales SeZaxebebi da saerTo TamaSobebi araqristianulia Tavis warmomavlobiT. saerTod imereTSi gavrcelebuli koxinjroba eklesiasTan Cans dakavSirebuli. ZiriTadad imarTeboda aprilis bolos, giorgobis sworze, an amaRlebis sworze. xSirad es dResaswauli maisis dasawyisSi modioda da maisis Svidsac ixdidnen. setyvisa da qaris uqmes inaxavdnen guriaSic: es dReebi koxinjrobisa da qaijrobis saxeliT yofila cnobili, samwuxarod maTi detalu- ri aRweriloba ZvelTagan ar Semonaxula, xolo Tanamedrove yofaSi SerCenili gadmonaSTebi misaZevia da Sesakrebi. aseTive viTarebaa raWaSiac, sadac odiTganve yofila gavrcelebuli „koxinjrobis“ dResaswauli. am regionSi gavrcelebuli wesebis dawvri- lebiTi aRweris mizniT mogvyavs vrceli amonaweri mkvlevar n. bregaZis naSromidan: „mosavlisaTvis, naTesisaTvis sasurveli amindis uzrunvelsayofad raWa-leCxumis mosaxleoba mimarTavda sxvadasxva iracionalur RonisZiebebs. maT rigs ganekuTvneba rogorc ca-Rrublis meufrosisadmi Sewirul wliur dReobaTa wyeba, iseve uSualod avdariTa Tu gvalviT gamowveuli saweso qmedebani... aRdgomis xuTSabaTs zemo raWis mosaxleoba eliobas ixdida. am dRis sworze Sua elioba iyo, xolo mesame xuTSabaTs mesame gardamavali elioba erqva. samive dRes uqmobdnen da qeifobdnen, evedrebodnen wm. elias mosavali ar moeelva, ar daesetyva. es dRe „Rrubelzed da haerzed iyo SeTqmuli“. am dRes Tikans wiravdnen elias. Tikanis tyavi ki mihqondaT mTaSi da xeze kidebdnen... qv. raWaSi eliobas Sua aprilis orSabaTs dRes ixdidnen (sof. JoSxa). saklav-ganatexiT, TavTavianTi sanovagiT saelioze cacxvis ZirSi iyridnen Tavs, eliobis Zalsa da madls karg mosavalsa da kacisa da xaris namuSevris mSvidobiT moxmarebas SesTxovdnen. Sua aprilis orSabaTi dRe leCxumSi koxis sawinaaRmdego dResaswaulia. aq am dRes kvirtoba ewodeba. kvirtobisaTvis mTeli sofeli iZenda 5-6 kviris xbos... xbos diliT sajvarze aiyvandnen; yvelas mihqonda TiTo Reri sanTeli. ufrosi kaci xbos marjvena beWs sanTliT Seuru- 355 javda, mere waRma Semoatrialebda, xelSi aiyvanda, maRla awevda da dailoceboda: „ieso macxovaro, daifare Cveni mamulebi koxisagan, yoveli mavneblisagan. sanamdi viqnebiT Seni Sexvewili ar davagdoT“. Semdeg klavdnen xbos, amzadebdnen imden Samfurs, ramdeni mekomuric iyo. TiTieul maTganze wamoacmevdnen cot-cotas yvela nawilebidan. ojaxebidanac mohqondaT sursaT-sanovage. Camoirigebdnen sityvebiT: „miRebuli yofiliyos Cveni Sesawiri da Cveni mamulebi deifaros koxisagan ieso macxovarma“. Semdeg ufrosi kaci kvlav dailoceboda, mas upasuxebdnen amin! da yvela svamda am salocavs. qeifis dawyebis Semdegac Tamadis pirveli sadRegrZelo kvlav avdrisagan mosavlis dacvas exeboda. koxinjroba, 7 maisi (qv. raWa), - 9 maisi (z. raWa) uqmea, „Seficuli, rom koxs ar gaefuWebina yanebi“. leCxumSi SemorCenilia mxolod uqmis dacva. sxva raime wesebi aRar sruldeba. raWaSi ki acxobdnen qonian, an yvelian ganatexebs, kedelze miakravdnen sanTlebs da zedaSeTi dailocebodnen: „koxinjrobis Zalo da madlo, aaSore Cem mamuls koxi, mieci kai mosavali xarisa da kacis namuSevars“. zemo raWaSi ki saRmrTosac klavdnen mosavlis bedobaze da dReobas ixdidnen... am dRes ciknis Sewirva da misi tyavis maRal mwvervalze Camokideba codniaT. xvamloba m. alaviZis cnobiT, 24 ivlissaa, savele masaliT ki „ivnisSi SabaTs modis, miwis dReao, ar muSaobdnen“. xvamlobas dResaswaulobdnen leCxumsa da qv. raWaSi. es dRe Sewirulia xvelis baraze“, magram amave dros, gamarTul xatobaze mosavlisTvis loculobdnen, xvamls gvalva-setyvisagan dacvas da kaloobisTvis sasurvel niavs SesTxovdnen. amisTvis pirveli namkal-nalewi marcvlisagan TiTo baTmans wiravdnen xvamls - „visac xvamdi swyalobs, misi beReli ar daicleba“. am dResve qalebi saxvamlo kaklis qveS sufras Slidnen, moilocavdnen, kacebs ar ikarebdnen. ivanobis TveSi (ivnisi) koxis asacileblad leCxumis soflebSi klavdnen saerTo TanxiT SeZenil xars. ixdidnen Temobas. garda zemoTqmulisa, avdris, qariSxlis, setyvisa Tu moZalebuli, saziano wvimebisagan naTesis dasafaravad eridebodnen, akrZalulic ki iyo abreSumis Wiis moyvana-moSeneba, vinaidan, mosaxleobis Rrma rwmeniT, igi avdris gamomwvevi mizezia. „wm. giorgi xuobs abreSums, TlaT daangrevs yvelafers da ar SeiZleba, dasetyvavs“. amitomac mosaxleoba sas- 356 tikad adevnebda Tvalyurs, rom vinmes ojaxSi ar gaeCina abreSumis Wia. sofel tolas mcxovrebSi aRniSnavdnen: „Reles iqiT abreSumis dayenebis ufleba qondaT, Reles aqeT ara. aqeT eklesia iyo da macxovris eklesia xuobso. iqidan aqeT xalxi rom gamevidoda vuyurebdiT, tansacmelze matli ar gamoyves, ar dagvRuposo. ugemuri wvima abreSumis bralia“... eTnografTa dakvirvebiT quxili anadgurebs abreSumis Wias, amasve ambobs vaxuStic. rogorc vnaxeT, zog Tanamedrove sofelSi Zveli praqtikuli dakvirveba crurwmenis safuZvlad qceula. isini piriqiT, Wias abralebdnen gaavdrebas. koxinjvris dResaswauli gavrcelebuli yofila qarTlsa da kaxeTSiac. frones xeobaSi sof. dvanSi maisSi scodniaT dResaswauli „kvarToba“, romelic, rogorc amas dRsaswaulis saxeliT metyvelebs, uflis kvarTisadmi unda yofiliyo miZRvnili. mogvianebiT am dResaswauls „koxinjroba“ darqmevia, xolo eklesia ki wm. giorgi koxijvaris saxelobisad qceula. saRmrTos wesi mudmivi da ucvleli, rogorc Cans, ar iyo. mag., qsovriseli informatoris cnobiT „saRmrToze Svidi sofeli unda daevloT, Semdeg Sekrebdnen rames da eklesiaSi akurTxebdnen. mere eklesiasTan Tavs moiyridnen, saqonels daklavdnen, elias calke cikans dauklavdnen“. es rituali principulad gansxvavdeba saRvTos zemoT aRwerili magaliTebidan. masSi Sesula lazaroba-gonjaobisa da didebaze davlis wesebi. mTiuleTSi fericvalebis mesame dRes dResaswauloben qarsetyvis dRes. es dRe uqme iyo da mindvris yovelnairi samuSao ikrZaleboda, magram radgan igi mkis periods emTxveoda, xalxs dRis gacdena Zlier uWirda. amasTanave damrRvevi valdebuli iyo xatis sasargeblod Svidi maneTi jarima gadaexada. xatis risxvis Tavidan asarideblad, glexi nads Seyrida da xats saklavs dauklavda, riTac uqmes darRvevas koleqtiuri dResaswaulis saxes aniWebda. fSavSi amindisaTvis Catarebuli wesi „saRmrTos“ erT-erT nairsaxed iTvleboda. gazafxulze, xvnis dasawyiss TiTo komlze Seikribeboda TiTo an ori abazi da am fuliT iyididnen saklavebsa da Rvinos. puri da TiTo mina arayi yvelas Tan mihqonda. xatSi cxvrebs daklavdnen, sufras gaamzadebdnen. xevisberi sanTels aanTebda da mlocvelebs RmerTs 357 Seavedrebda, ris Semdgomac imarTeboda saerTo sufra. roca sagazafxulo Tesva moTavdeboda, saRvToze Sekrebili xalxi awesebda soflis sauqmo dReebs. sxvadasxva sofeli Cveulebriv gansxvavebul dReebs amoirCevda. am aRkveTil dReebs setyvis dReebsac uwodebdnen, romelTa moqmedeba mkis dasasrulamde grZeldeboda. Tu barSi aseTi dRe kviraSi erTi an ori SeiZleba yofiliyo, mTaSi (mag., xevsureTSi) SeiZleba kviraSi ori an sami dRe aRekveTad. aRkveTili dReebis gatexva sastikad isjeboda. yofila SemTxveva, roca saqme gamtexis mokveTamde misula. es dReebi, gansakuTrebiT gacxarebuli muSaobisas Zlier awuxebda xalxs da xevsureTSic scodniaT gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi uqmis gatexvis uflebis micema, Tu es ojaxi am dRes „danaTlavda“, e. i. sanaTlad cikans, an cxvars daklavda. rituali usaTuod xucess unda Seesrulebina. uqmis gatexas sofeli ase mkacrad imitom ekideboda, rom amas qarisa da setyvis gamowveva SeeZlo, romelic mTel mosavals gaanadgurebda. mkvlevar g. jalabaZes erTi saintereso Cveuleba aqvs damowmebuli xevsureTSi. piraqeTeli xevsurebis dakvirvebiT piriqeTidan xSirad gadmodioda civi qarebi da setyvis Rrubeli. amitom gorSeRmionebs, romlebic gadasasvlelTan axlos, bacaligoSi cxovrobdnen, davalebuli hqondaT, rom Tvalyuri edevnebinaT piriqiTidan gadmomavali saSiSi RrublisaTvis da Tu aseTi Rrubeli daiZvreboda, usaTuod „SeeCerebi- naT“. SeCereba ki ase xdeboda: daiWerdnen gvelsa da bayays da gudaSi Casvamdnen. am gudas gadasasvlelze aitandnen da Tan cikans gaiyolebdnen. iq cikans daklavdnen, gudas arxotionebis mxares moisrolidnen da zedac xelukuRma ciknis xorcsac miayolebdnen. amiT Rrubeli arxotis mxares SeCerdeboda da piraqeTelTa mosavali uvnebeli darCeboda, xolo avdars ra zianic unda mohyoloda, piriqiTelebs daatydeboda Tavs. xalxs es yvelaferi imdenad sarwmunod miaCnda, rom piraqeTelebi „gvelmyvaris“ gadamyrels gasamrjelosac ki aZlevdnen („TiTo gasreva tyviawamals“). Tavis mxriv amis gamo arxotionebi nawyendebodnen, radgan zaralisa eSinodaT. erTxel ise gagulisebulan, rom fici daudiaT, sadac ki SevxvdebiT „gvel-myvaris“ gadamyrels (gorSeRmionel uatas), iqve davWriTo. koxis salocavi, koxobaSi oxvameri, samegreloSiac codniaT. mariamobis meore, mesame dRes gamoacxobdnen or yvelian Rvezels, ojaxidan 358 erTi an ori kaci am Rvezels eklesiaSi wirvaze waiRebda da mRvdels akurTxebinebda. wirvis Semdeg nakurTxs saxlSi wamoiRebdnen, sadac sagangebod gawyobili tabaki daxvdebodaT, romelzedac ewyo Romi, yveli, mWadis xaWapuri, xorceuli. eklesiidan motanil Rvezlebs ufrosi kaci maranSi waiRebda, aanTebda sanTlebs da RmerTs SesTxovda mosavlian wels, cudi amindis aSorebas, koxi agvarideo, qari ar daeces naTesebso da a. S. garda am wesisa, Tanaxmad gasul saukuneebSi dafiqsirebuli cnobisa, megrelTa Soris miRebuli yofila „JiniSi bralis“, anu zeda, zeciuri bralis locva. zeciur bralad miiCnevdnen zena didebuls, anu quxils, elvas da mexs. es wesi rogorc Cans kalendaruli ar yofila da ewyoboda SeTanxmebis mixedviT. daniSnul dRes xalxi Seikribeboda, zeciur brals Seswiravdnen karg TeTr Zroxas, TeTr cxvarsa da TeTr Txas. Sewirvis win SearCevdnen maRal adgils, zed daasobdnen oTx maRal sars, razedac gadebdnen mownul Celts, gadaafarebdnen TeTr mitkals da zed daawyobdnen Sewiruli cxovelebis xorcs. Semdgom aanTebdnen wminda sanTels, Seevedrebodnen zeciur brals, zena didebuls da im maRal adgilze SeWamdnen xorcs, radgan mexi ufro maRal adgilebs etaneba. „JiniSi bralis“ locvas gaWianurebuli gvalvisas gadawyvetdnen. aseT, sazogado masStabis locvas uwin, megrelTa Soris friad didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. agvistoSi mamasaxlisTa mier daniSnul dros samurzayanoSi xalxi TemiS xvamaze, anu sazogado locvaze ikribeboda, Tan mihqondaT xaWapuri, WviSta, qaTami, Rvino. rodesac xalxi Segrovdeboda, erT xes Zirfesvianad amoiRebdnen (unda amoeTxaraT, najaxiT moWra ar SeiZleboda), sanTels daanTebdnen, ufrosi dailoceboda da RmerTs exveweboda karg mosavals, avadmyofoba rom ar gaCeniliyo da a. S. amas saerTo puroba da TamaSobebi mosdevda. es ceremoniali kerZod amindisaTvis ar iyo gamiznuli, magram mosavlis SevedrebaSi, bunebrivia, Sesabamisi amindic igulisxmeboda. am momentis garda, aq sainteresoa ritualis Temuroba, saerTo puroba, saTemo salocavis vada, romelic gvalvis locvas uaxlovdeboda da mravali sxva detali, riTac es ori rituali Camohgavs erTmaneTs. am Resaswaulebis (koxinjrobis, qaijvarobis da a. S.), agebulebaSi naTlad Cans Zveli tradiciebis qristianul eklesiasTan dakavSirebis 359 cda. zemoxsenebul movlenaTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli RonisZiebebi qristianobis Semosvlamdec iqneboda gavrcelebuli, razedac wina TavebSic gvqonda saubari, magram rogorc yvela religia, maT Soris qristianobac, amindze zemoqmedebis Zalas da amindis saswaulebs farTod iyenebda Tavis moZRvrebaSi. eklesia maT qristianuli dogmis WeSmaritobis gamovlinebad da dasturad Tvlida. zemoT motanili xalxuri masaliTac dasturdeba, rom xalxis rwmeniT macxovarsa da w-a giorgis aRizianebs abreSumis Wia da am uwminduri arsebis gamo TavianT mrisxanebas naTesebis gamanadgurebeli setyviT gamoxatavdnen. sinamdvileSi ki, rogorc amas vaxuSti bagrationi ambobs, abreSumis Wiaze uaryofiTad moqmedebs Weqa-quxili. igive cnoba damowmebuli aqvT qarTvel eTnografebsac. es praqtikuli dakvirveba (ver vityvi ramdenad sworia igi mecnierebis TvalsazrisiT) safuZvlad iqca SedarebiT axlo droSi warmoqmnili crurwmenisaTvis, romelic saqmes SebrunebiT warmogvidgens: Wia iwvevs wmindanTa mrisxanebas, romlebic setyvas iyenebdnen sasjelis saSualebad. setyva, rogorc iaraRi RvTaebrivi Zalis xelSi, uZvelesi droidan moqmedebs. unda vifiqroT, rom religiaTa monacvleoba ver uzrunvelyofs Zveli warmodgenebis axliT srul Secvlas, rasac zemoT motanili magaliTebic mowmoben. adreqristianuli, an ufro adrindeli xanis nakvalevad unda miviCnioT is garemoeba, rom qarisa da setyvis dResaswaulebis, uqmeebis Tu sxva aRkveTili dReebis saxelwodebebSi Cndeba termini „jvari“, romelic qarTvelTa Soris aRniSnavda RvTaebas. Tanamedrove qarTulSi RvTaebas aRniSnavs termini „xati“-c. termin „jvaris“ warmomavloba cnobili ar aris, magram cnobilia, rom uZveles qarTul literaturul ZeglebSi, mag., SuSanikis wamebaSi, igi ukve ixmareba wminda sagnis, qristianuli jvris mniSvnelobiT. es friad sayuradRebo monacemia. termini xati am nawarmoebSi orjer aris naxmari erT SemTxvevaSi igi adamianis moralur saxes aRniSnavs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi kerZod pirisaxes. ase rom mas religiuri mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia. es bunebrivicaa, radgan adreqristianobis periodSi xati rogorc saeklesio sagani, jer kidev ar iyo Semosuli xmarebaSi da bunebrivia, rom misi kulti ar arsebobda. amitom „SuSanikis wamebaSi“ naxseneb termins „xati“ SeuZlebelia, rom religiuri Sinaarsi gaaCndes. aseTi Sinaarsi man SeiZina gacilebiT gvian, roca qristianuli xatebis saweso xelovneba ganviTarda. 360 adreqristianobis xanaSi, kerZod saqarTveloSi, albaT igrZnoboda saeklesio terminTa nakleboba, radgan Semosuli religiisaTvis saWiro terminTa SemuSavebisaTvis adgilobriv enas dro sWirdeboda. amis gamo xSirad inergeboda ucxo enidan, berZnulidan Semosuli terminebi. magaliTad, igive SuSanikis wamebaSi ixmareba termini „evangele“, radgan Sesabamisi qarTuli „saxareba“ jer ar iyo Seqmnili. man mxolod mogvianebiT gandevna berZnuli sityva. rogorc Cans, es procesi qarTulisaTvis principuli politikuri da kulturuli mniSvnelobis mqone aqtia, Torem mraval sxva enaSi jvris saxeli qristes saxelidanaa nawarmoebi, xolo saxareba da xati berZnuli terminebiT, „evangele“ da „ikona“-Ti ixseniebian. es terminebi sabolood damkvidrda qristianuli samyaros bevri xalxis enaSi. qarTulma ki berZnuli sityvis nacvlad imTaviTve airCia sakuTari termini, jvari, rac imaze migvaniSnebs, rom am termins adreve hqonia sakraluri mniSvneloba, ra Tqma unda, ara im moculobisa, rac mas qristianobam SesZina, magram igi aRniSnavda wminda figuras, jvars, romelic, mraval sxva astralur niSanTan erTad, wmindad damcvelad iTvleboda. qristianobis xanaSi es termini da misiT aRniSnuli figura amoqmedda, rogorc qristes jvari. ufro mogvianebiT, roca jvari, rogorc qristianuli simbolo, farTod gavrcelda xalxebSi, am terminiT SeiniRba Zveli, winaqristianuli rwmenebis obieqtebi. yvela zemoxsenebuli piroba sruliad aucilebeli iyo imisaTvis, rom Seqmniliyo setyvisa da qaris RvTaebebis aRmniSvneli saxelebi, „koxisjvari“, „qarisjvari“, aseve maTi dResaswaulebi „koxinjroba“, „qaijroba“ da a. S. „jvaroba“, rogorc religiuri dResaswaulis aRmniSvneli termini ufro Zveli Cans, vidre misi paraleluri „xatoba“. jvarobas rogorc dResaswaulis aRmniSvnel termins ukve icnobs „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ“-s teqsti, sadac naTqvamia, rom „... erisTavobda stefanoz... da aman ganaSena juanSerisa eklesiaÁ da dadva kreba juars juarobisa erT TTue“... (laparakia mcxeTis jvarze - i. s.). SedarebiT axlo saukuneebSic, mag., daviT guramiSvili xmarobs termin „jvarobas“ da ara xatobas. igive viTareba gvaqvs vaxuSti bagrationTanac. igi aRwers kerpTa dResaswaulebs, maTi msvlelobis wess, Rreobas, cekvas da simReras da bolos dasZens, rom „bolo Jamsa qristianobisasa nakerpavTa maT mTaTa maRalTa da barcuTa zeda eseviTarive iyo gancxroma - rokvani; amisaTvis aRaSenes maT zeda 361 eklesiani da juarebobdian mun, viTarca aw ferxisa simReriTa gaaTenian“. termin jvarobas xmarobs n. baraTaSvilic. safiqrebelia, rom XVIII s-Si termini „xatoba“, rogorc RvTaebis saxelobis dResaswaulis saxelwodeba, jer kidev ar iyo cnobili. e. i. terminebi „qaris jvari“, „koxis jvari“ da misTanebi gacilebiT adre unda iyos warmoqmnili, kerZod im xanebSi, roca RvTaeba jer kidev ar aRiniSneboda terminiT „xati“. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, termin „xats“ sakraluri aspeqti unda SeeZina SedarebiT mogvianebiT, mas mere rac ganviTarda xatebis xelovneba. zogi specialistis, kerZod a. WinWaraulis azriT am terminis RvTaebis mniSvneloba, tolZalovani jvarisa, SedarebiT axlo warsulSi unda miniWeboda. Tu jvari qarTul enaSi damwerlobis upirveles ZeglebSive sakraluri mniSvnelobis terminia, xolo jvaroba dResaswauls aRniSnavs, xati ueWveli sakraluri mniSvnelobiT pirvelad Cndeba toponimikaSi XV s-dan, xolo samlocvelosa da RvTaebis mniSvnelobiT XIX s-is meore naxevridan vrceldeba. yovelive es ki ramdenadme naTels fens da garkveul sitoriul periods ganakuTvnebs terminebis „qaris jvrobisa“ da „koxis jvrobis“ aRmocenebas. unda vifiqroT, rom aseTi jvrebi unda Seqmniliyo qristianobis gavleniT, oRond aseT periodSi, roca jer kidev axsovdaT qarisa da koxis gamgebeli uZvelesi RvTaebebi. armazis panTeonSi „qarTlis cxovreba“ asaxelebs RvTaebebs, romelsac sxva niSanTa Soris, wvimis mocemac evalebodaT. iq naTqvamia: „... aha ese ra RmerTni didni, soflisa mpyrobelni, mzisa momfenelni, wvimisa momcemelni da qveynisa naSobni gamozrdilni RmerTni qarTlisani, armaz da zaden...“ armazis bunebis aRorZinebis ZalTa ganmgeblad warmogvidgens misi dResaswaulis aRwerilobasac. es dResaswauli, rogorc Cans zafxulze imar- Teboda, radgan nino javaxeTSi movida ivnisis TveSi, Semdgom erT Tves SeCerda urbnisSi da aqedan wasuli mcxeTaSi mivida swored armazis dResaswaulis dRes, roca qalaqis Sukebi sxvadasxva feriT (albaT qsovilebiT) da mwvane furclebiT iyo morTuli. „gamovida eri uricxvi, viTarca yuavilni velisani... da aRavses mTani igi droSebiTa da eriTa, viTarca velni yuaviliTa“. es albaT agvistos Sua ricxvebSi unda momxdariyo, daaxloebiT im droisaTvis, roca mogvianebiT RvTismSoblis miZinebis qristianuli dResaswaulis gamarTva daiwyes, an kidev fericva- 362 lebisa. am dResaswaulebze dResac xSirad naxavT mwvanes, yvavilebs, axal xils da a. S. am cnobebis mixedviT naTeli xdeba, rom winaqristianuli saqarTvelos sarwmunoebis mixedviT dari (mzis momfenelni), wvima (wvimis momcemelni) da miwis mosavali (qveynis naSobTa gamomzrdelni) moekiTxeboda armazsa da zadens. qaris da koxis damoukidebeli „jvarebis“ arseboba araqristianuli movlenaa, radgan bunebis movlenebis gamgebeli, wminda ninos sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, qristianTa RmerTi aris, igi „vin Semosnis cani RrubliTa da quxn xmiTa haerisaTa da ibrZvian qveyanasa simZlavriTa misiTa da rbian mexistexani da kualad missa egzebis cecxli guliswyromiTa misiTa“. am nawyvetis mixedviT stiqiebs ganagebs qristianeTa RmerTi, romlis daSla qarisa da koxis gancalkavebul jvarebad, Tanaxmad qristianuli doqtrinisa, yovlad dauSvebelia. Cven Sorsa varT imis mtkicebisagan, TiTqos xsenebuli „jvarebi“ kerZod, armazsa da zadens gulisxmobdes, magram ubralod gvinda SevniSnoT, rom odesRac am saqmeTa gamgebloba ekisraT calkeul warmarTul RvTaebebs da terminebSi „koxinjoba“ da „qaijroba“ es garemoeba ufroa asaxuli, vidre qristianuli warmodgenebi amindis mbrZaneblis Sesaxeb. zemoxsenebuli terminebi unda miviCnioT rwmenebis gaqristianebis cdad, rac momxdara xalxis SegnebaSi qristianuli jvris RvTaebis mniSvnelobiT dadginebis Semdgom. Zvelis gaqristianebis process gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda oficialuri saeklesio da saxelmwifo xelisufleba, da es viTareba didi damajereblobiT aqvs aRwerili vaxuStis. safiqrebelia, rom am process Tavisi damokidebuli gza eqneboda xalxis warmodgenebis wiaRSic. am gziT xdeboda qristianuli da arqauli warmodgenebis sinkretizacia, urTierTSereva, ris Sedegad unda aRmocenebuliyo amJamad CvenTvis saintereso qarisa da koxis „jvarebi“. wina TavebSi ukve mimovixileT garkveuli moculobis paraleluri masala, saidanac TvalnaTliv Cans Tu rogor tardeboda wvimis gamowvevisa da saerTod amindis Secvlis ritualebi msoflios sxvadasxva xalxSi. ZiriTadad motanili iyo eTnografiuli masala, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs sinqronulad gavadevnoT Tvali movlenaTa ganviTarebas erTmaneTisagan mTlianad, an nawilobriv izolirebul xalxur kulturebSi. aqve unda gavixsenoT, rom yovel ritualur sistemas aqvs Tavisi 363 sakuTari istoria, romlis Sedegad aris igi Camoyalibebuli da es istoria iqmneba, rogorc sakuTari sulieri Zalebis bazaze, ise sxva xalxebTan urTierTobis safuZvelze. orive wyaro Tanabari mniSvnelobiT erTiandeba kulturul-istoriul faqtSi, magram gviadvilebs Tvali gavadevnoT drois siRrmeSi mimdinare eTno-genetikur procesebs, am procesTa intensiurobas, romelic kulturuli urTierTgavleniT aris gamoxatuli da im istoriul sivrces, razedac aris ganfenili CvenTvis saintereso movlena. warmodgenili masalis safuZvelze SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom Zveli msoflios xalxTa Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad mTavari RvTaebebi ganageben ciur wylebs, Weqa-quxils, saerTod aminds; misi atributebia saceri, WurWeli, etli, aseve sasroli da dasartymeli, blagvi Tu mWreli iaraRebi da a. S. isic vnaxeT, rom yvelaferi es ZiriTadad emTxveva qarTul ritualur teqstebSi dacul masalas, rac garkveul kulturul-istoriul Rirebulebas aniWebs am movlenas da zogjer aTariRebs kidevac mas, rac gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino xdeba am masalisa da istoriuli wyaroebis monacemTa SejerebiT. Sejerebis procesSi mJRavndeba ara mxolod ritualis calkeuli elementebis msgavseba, aramed konceptualuri damTxvevebi mTeli sakulto-saritualo sistemebis moculobiT. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba gavixsenoT dionises (ozirisis) kultmsaxurebis aRwera berZenTa Tanamedrove egvipteSi, romelic motanili aqvs herodotes. egvipturi rituali sagrZnob msgavsebas amJRavnebs qarTul lazarobasTan rogorc koncefciiT, ise praqtikiT. moviyvanT vrcel amonawers: „egviptelebs Rori uwmindur cxovelad miaCniaT. jer erTi, Tu romelime egvipteli SemTxveviT Seexeba Rors, rodesac mis gverdiT Caivlis, maSinve gaeSureba mdinarisaken da CaeSveba Sig Tavis tanisamosianad. meorec is, rom mTeli mosaxleobidan mxolod meRoreebi, Tundac rom warmoSobiT egviptelebi iyvnen. ar Sedian egviptis arcerT taZarSi, arc aravis unda meRores misces Tavisi asuli colad, arc maTi qalebi mihyavs vismes. ise rom, meRoreebi erTmaneTs aZleven qalebs colad da erTmaneTis qalebs Txoulo- ben. egviptelebs neba ara aqvT, rom Rori RvTaebas Seswiron, garda mTvarisa da dionisesi, isic erTsa da imave dros; savse mTvaris dros msxverplad swiraven Rorebs da Semdeg Wamen maT xorcs. Tu ratomaa, 364 rom sxva dResaswaulebze ar aWaWaneben Rorebs, xolo am dResaswaulze swored maT swiraven msxverplad, amis Sesaxeb egviptelebi mogviTxroben ambavs, romelic me marTalia vici, magram Seufereblad mimaCnia misi gadmocema. Rorebis es Sewirva mTvarisaTvis ase xdeba: rodesac qurumi mas dahklavs, erTad dadebs kudis wvers, elenTasa da Cobals, dahfaravs yovelive amas cxovelis muclis qoniT da Semdeg cecxls waukidebs. danarCen xorcs Wamen im savse mTvaris Rames, rodesac samsxverplo saqonlis Sewirva moxda. sxva dros ki amas pirsac ar akareben. Raribebi TavianTi gaWirvebuli cxovrebis gamo comisagan Zerwavdnen Rorebs, gamoacxobdnen da imas swiravdnen msxverplad. dionises dResaswaulis wina saRamos TiToeuli egvipteli klavs goWs Tavis karebis win da daklul goWs ukan atans im meRores, romelmac is mihyida. dionisesadmi miZRvnil dResaswauls sxvamxriv TiTqmis iseve atarebdnen, rogorc elinebi, mxolod ferxulebs ar abamen, Tumc falosebis magivradac maT daaxloebiT wyrTis odena qandakebebi moigones, romlebic moZraobdnen kanafis saSualebiT. es qandakebebi sofelsofel daaqvT qalebs, am dros am qandakebis sarcxveneli, romelic bevrad naklebi ar aris danarCen sxeulze, zemoT da qvemoT moZraobs. am procesias win miuZRvis avlosi (musikosi fleitisti - i. s.), xolo mas misdeven qalebi, romlebic ugaloben dionises“. herodote fiqrobs, es rituali melampusma gadaitana saberZneTSi da elinebs Seaswavlao. amiT mowmdeba is garemoeba, rom analogiuri ritualebi arc berZenTaTvis yofila ucxo. melampuss gauvrcelebia dionises saxeli, mis dResaswaulze falosis tarebis wesi da is saidumlo moqmedebani, romelsac herodote, sarwmunoebis winaSe krZalvis gamo, ar aRwers arc egviptelebSi da arc berZnebSi. zemoT moyvanili nawyveti herodotes Sromebidan sakmao TvalsaCinoebiT gadmogvcems mis dros saberZneTSi, egviptesa da mcire aziaSi gavrcelebul rituals, romlis calkeuli nawilebi friad Camohgavs qarTul lazarobis punqtebs. samwuxarod herodotes am aRwerilobas detaluroba aklia, kerZod ar aris naTqvami asrulebdnen Tu ara dionises himns yvela saxlis win, xom ar icodnen produqtis Segroveba da a. S. magram umTavresi mainc cnobilia: sofel-sofel siaruli mainc kerpis kardakar Camotarebas hgavs. amasTan igi faliuria da SesTxoven nayofi- 365 erebas. Cven ukve gvqonda aRniSnuli, rom kultis TvalsazrisiT wvima TavisTavad arafers ar niSnavs, igi mxolod nayofierebis saSualebad gvevlineba. miuxedavad imisa, rom egvipteSi wvimas ar Txouloben, am or rituals Soris arsebul did msgavsebas ver vuaryofT. egvipteSi wvima friad iSviaTi movlenaa da meurneoba emyareba nilosis yovelwliur adidebas. saTesi farTobis mdinaris wyliT datborvisa da daSlamvis meoxebiT miwa poxierdeboda da sisvelesac iZenda. es viTareba dabadebaSic aris aRniSnuli: vinc ar gamocxaddeba uflis zeimze, mas ufali gvalviT ganadgurebas uqadis, magram egvipteSi wvima saerTod ar modis da amitom gvalvis nacvlad maT Wirs mouvlenso (dab. zaqaria. XIV. 17-18). egviptelTa TvalsazrisiT nilosis adidebisas ozirisi anayofierebda miwas, izidas, iseve, rogorc amas wvimis saSualebiT axorcielebdnen sxva RvTaebebi. cnobilia, rom nilosis adidebis periodSi izidas qandakebebs orsulobisas saWiro avgarozebs kidebdnen, radgan es periodi qalRvTaebis mucladRebis periodad iTvleboda. faliuri ritualebi, TviTdasaWuriseba, faliuri qandakebebi da falosze (svetze) mdgomi mamri RvTaebebis gamosaxulebani farTod yofila gavrcelebuli siriaSi, rac mSvenivrad aqvs aRwerili plutarqes. am movlenis didi masStabebi mis gansakuTrebul religiur mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs da yovelive es qarTvelTaTvisac yofila cnobili. winamdebare zogadi mimoxilva, bunebrivia, arasrulia da motanilia masalis mxolod mcire nawili, magram esec TvalsaCinod adasturebs qarTuli ritualis elementTa uaRres arqaulobas da farTed ganfenilobas Zveli msoflios kulturebSi. safiqrebelia, rom qarTvelTa winaprebi ZvelTaganve mWidro kulturul urTierTobaSi unda yofiliyvnen TavianT mezoblebTan. maTi miTologia, religia da xelovneba im epoqisaTvis tipiuri da saerTo Tvalsazrisis safuZvelzea aRmocenebuli da Camoyalibebuli, rac, bunebrivia, didi kulturuli siaxlovisa da mWidro eTnokuluturuli procesebis fonze unda momxdariyo. amindis gamowvevis ritualebi am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxureben, radgan isini winasamiwaTmoqmedo da adresamiwaTmoqmedo epoqebSi unda aRmocenebuliyvnen, xolo misi saboloo formireba ganviTarebuli miwaTmoqmedebis xanebisaTvis unda vivaraudoT. es procesi ramdenime aTeul saukunes moicavs, romelTa ganmavlobaSi xdeboda urTulesi Zvrebi da cvlilebebi 366 rogorc socialuri struqturis organizebis, iseve eTnokulturuli da eTnogenetikuri TvalsazrisiT. amitom xsenebuli ritualebi unda CaiTvalos Zvirfas sainformacio wyarod kulturis uZvelesi Sreebis kvlevi- sas. garda wminda religiuri Sinaarsisa, igi unda Sefasdes rogorc mniSvnelovani kulturul-istoriuli movlena, romelic xalxebis mravalaTaswlovani urTierTobis gzajvaredinze Sekrebili elementebisagan aigo da Camoyalibda. aranakleb saintereso istoriul cnobebs iZleva „lazares“ ritualis sivrcobrivi ganfeniloba. ra moculobis teritorias moicavda es rituali da ra evalebodaT am teritoriis mcxovreblebs. cnobilia, rom igi usaTuod kardakar unda CamoetarebinaT, yvela ezoSi SeeyvanaT da gaewuwaT. ritualSi monawileobda soflis mosaxleoba, ritualis amgvari Sesruleba warmodgenas gvaZlevs im sivrceze, romlis mimarTac sruldeboda igi. e. i. lazare gamiznuli iyo iseTi moculobis sivrcisaTvis, romlis kardakar Semovla praqtikulad SesaZlebeli iyo. amdenad es rituali SeiZleba Catarebuliyo erTi Temis, an kidev ufro mcire toposis, erTi dasaxlebis moculobiT, radgan msxvili socialuri gaerTianebebis (xeoba, qveyana), mosaxleobis totalurad Cabma ritualSi, ararealuri Cans. am mosaxleobis sasargeblod isic laparakobs, rom amindis ritualebi friad arqauli movlenaa da iseT xalxebSic aris damowmebuli, romelTac jer kidev ara aqvT miwaTmoqmedeba. saqarTvelos teritoriaze amindis ritualebs aseve uZvelesi istoria unda hqondes, radgan Cveni qveyana miwaTmoqmedebis Casaxvisa da aRmocenebis erT-erTi keraa. Semgroveblobis xanas rom Tavi davaneboT, amindis roli gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani unda yofiliyo sarwyavi sistemebis ganviTarebamde, roca miwismoqmedis mosavlis bedi amindze iyo damokidebuli. adresamiwaTmoqmedo xanaSi, rogorc amindis gamosawvev ritualebs, aseve mTel religiur-kosmogoniur Sexedulebas samyaroze principuli cvlilebebi unda ganecada. maTi roli bevrad ufro unda gazrdiliyo sazogadoebis sarwmunoebriv cxovrebaSi. Tu ki uwin SeiZleboda magiuri, araorganizebuli, fragmentuli moqmedebebiT dakmayofileba, miwaTmoqmedebis gaCenis Semdeg amindis problema mTeli meurneobisa da ekonomikis problemad iqca. amis Sesabamisad rituali struqturulad Seicvala, gansxvavebiT magiisagan, rTuli, sistemurad Camoyalibebuli, kanonikuri saxe miiRo da 367 misi Sesrulebis wesic mTeli socialuri erTeulisaTvis savaldebulo gaxda. amave dros rituali xazs usvamda, aZlierebda aqcents socialuri erTeulis mTlianobaze, mis gamoyofilobaze sxva, aseTive erTeulebisagan, romelTagan igi mxolod RvTaebis personiT gansxvavdeboda. aseT viTarebaSi wriuli, kerZod Semovlis rituali ormxriv datvirTvas iRebda: igi gadmocemda miTosuri drois uwyvetobas, ciklurobas, ganmeorebadobas. amisaTvis Temis teritorias mijnavdnen ucxosagan, gares Sinasagan. Semovlis wriuli rituali mowodebuli iyo „Tavisi“ teritoriis dasacavad, romelic upirispirdeboda „sxvaTa“ teritorias. aseTi mrwamsi SeiZleba aRmocenebuliyo teritoriulad SezRudul, mcire eTnokulturul garemoSi, romelzedac SeiZleba gavrcelebuliyo rituali da, sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT, romlis Semovla fizikurad iqneboda SesaZlebeli. msgavsi mikrosocialuri fsiqologia da misi Sesabamisi religiuri da miTosur-ritualuri struqturebi gulisxmobdnen sazogadoebis ganviTarebis specifikur moments, dasaxlebis tips, meurneobas da a. S. Cvenis azriT yvla es piroba Tavs iyris adresamiwaTmoqmedo xanaSi, rodesac meurneobas, Tundac eqstensiurs, SeeZlo ganepirobebina myarad mosaxle mcire socialur erTeulTa aRmoceneba. rogorc n. berZeniSvili wers, saqarTvelos teritoriaze „garkveul dros Cveni sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebisa, Cveni winaprebis goraebze binadrobdnen... goraebze cxovreba Cveni winaprebisa mTeli epoqaa da mxolod amis Semdgomi ganviTareba iZleva dasaxlebis Semdgom saxeobas „soflebiT“, „qalaqebiT“... ase rom isaxeba erTi didi safexuri, Cveni sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis damaxasiaTebeli, roca mosaxleobis saxe goraa... epoqa (goraebis) ki metad TvalnaTlivi da gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvnelobisa Cans... Tavdapirvelad sacxovrebeli da Tavdasacavi erTi iyo (adamiani cxovrobda saxlad, cixed, jixad...). es neoliT-eneoliTSi Cndeba TandaTan daba... mcire gvarebis (saxlebis) nacvlad gvarTa kavSirebi, tomebi iqmneba. Cndeba cixe... romelTanac garkveul damokidebulebaSi aRmoCndebian garemo dabebi. didxans es damokidebuleba odnavadac ar zRudavs dabas (gvarovnul erTeuls) da cixe mxolod Tavdasacavi punqtia da sakulto adgili, sadac Tavs iCens saerTo am Tavisufali dabebis salocavi (ra Tqma unda, TiToeul dabas, gvars Tu „komls“ amave dros Tavisi kerZo salocavic aqvs)... gori is embrioni, saidanac ganviTarda, iSva daba, cixe, qalaqi, 368 salocavi“. unda vifiqroT, rom swored goraTa sarwmunoebriv sistemebSi unda Camoyalibebuliyo amindis ritualTa is teritoriuli principi, romelmac dRemde Semoinaxa Tavi, TumcaRa eTnografiul yofaSi damowmebulia iseTi ritualebic (ZiriTadad swored aseTi ritualebia), romlebic Temad gaerTianebuli soflebis masStabiT sruldeba. aseTi ritualebi damowmebulia qarTlSi, didebaze davlisas, roca Svidi soflis qalebi unda Sekrebiliyvnen wesis Sesasruleblad. analogiuri viTareba damowmebulia mozdokSi, sadac aseve Svidi xutoris qalebi ikribebodnen amindis ritualis Sesasruleblad. yvela es xutori erT Tavads ekuTvnida da erT Temad iyvnen gaerTianebulni. ritualis aseTi ganfena anareklia im droisa, rodesac gora da mis garSemo ganlagebuli dabebi (Tu n. berZeniSvilis sistemis mixedviT vimsjelebT) erT Tems Seadgendnen da sagvareulo kultebTan erTad aqvT saerTo, saTemo kulti, romlis centri aris gora. es iyo perspeqtiva saxelmwifo religiisaTvis, romlis formirebis xangrZlivsa da rTul procesSi adgilobrivi arqauli kultebi Seadgendnen miTosursa da ritualur substancias. n. berZeniSvili wers, rom „xevi „Slida“ goris qveyanas, samTavro „Slida“ xevis qveyanas, „samefo“ „Slida“ samTavros da yvelani rCebodnen, ar iSlebodnen - xevic, Temic, saTavadoc...“ socialur-teritoriuli struqturebis erTmaneTze daSrevebis procesi Tavisi bunebiT ar aris unikaluri da axasiaTebs yvela kulturul movlenas. swored am mizeziT ixsneba eTnografiuli gadmonaSTis „mravalsarTulianoba“, rodesac erTsadaimave adgilze, erTidaigive kulturuli movlenis garSemo Semonaxulia sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli warmodgenebi, dawyebuli magiiTa da totemizmis saxecvlili formebiT, vidre axali drois did religiur sistemebamde. saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis procesSi, sadac mniSvnelovani adgili eWira saxelmwifo religiis formirebasac, seriozuli cvlilebebi ganicades xalxurma warmodgenebma, miT umetes, rom garkveuli istoriuli viTarebis gamo es procesi CvenSi garegani zemoqmedebis gziT warimarTa, rasac moyva jer armazis religia, Semdeg qristianoba. amitom adgilobrivma warmodgenebma, romlebic saxelmwifo religiad qcevis ideologiuri da socialuri perspeqtivis gareSe darCnen, ganicades bunebrivi degradacia, rogorc ritualur-miTosuri, 369 ise ideologiur-socialuri TvalsazrisiT. maT struqturaSi, Temuri separatizmis gamo, regionuli religiuri warmodgenebi ver erwymian Semotanil saxelmwifo religias, romelsac gaaCnia sayovelTaod savaldebulo kulti, miTosi da rituali, romelTa Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdian istoriuli wyaroebi. amitom, sazogado-saTemo kultebis ZiriTadi principi rRvevas iwyebs da igi sazogado-saTemo interesebidan kerZo ojaxis saxnav-saTesis, ezo-karisa da venaxis dacvamde qveiTdeba, rac aSkarad aris areklili locvis xalxur teqstebSi. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa agunas locva, sadac naTqvamia „Cems venaxSi yurZenio, sxvis venaxSi furcelio“. msgavsi magaliTis motana mravlad SeiZleba, sadac gamosWvivis ara saTemo, aramed viwro individualuri, saojaxo interesebi. socialuri erTeulis mier Tavisi teritoriis Semovla-molocva kultTan erTad emyareboda am teritoriis sakralurobas. igi rogorc „Tavisi“, „Sina“, anu keTili, upirispirdeboda „gares“, „ucxos“, anu borots da amitom saTemo teritoriebs sakraluri mijnebi gaaCnia, rasac mowmobs saTemo teritoriis garSemo arsebuli salocavebi, romelTa mimarT damokidebuleba yofaSi dRemdea daculi: saTemo salocavebisaTvis imarTeba ritualebi, dResaswaulebi, romlebSiac mTeli Temi monawileobs. am tradicias verc qristianuli azrovneba gaqcevia. n. berZeniSvilis dakvirvebiT istoriuli wyaro am principiT adgens mcxeTis „qveynis“ sazRvrebs. igi wers „mcxeTaSi saswauls xedaven. ganTiadisas ori varskvlavi mcxeTidan erTi aRmosavleTis da erTi dasavleTis mimarTulebiT midioda. hkiTxes ninos. „man Tqua: ganavlineT kacni mTaTa zeda maRalTa aRmosavleTiT vidre kaxeTis mTebamde da dasavaliT vidre sanaxebamde amis qalaqisa; da odes gamobrwyindnen mTiebni igi, naxon Tu sada dadgen da munca aRemarTnen juarni ese qristesni“... meore dRes movidnen meTvalyureni, isini idgnen „mTaTa zeda TavisaTa“ da Tqves, rom varskvlavi „amaRlda da miiwia mTasa zeda TxoTisasa, gardasavalsa zeda kaspisasa“. TiTqos esaa mcxeTis sanaxebi. esaa mcxeTis „samoqalaqo“, anu mcxeTa da mimdgomi misi queyana“. am cnobidan sruliad aSkarad Cans, rom mcxeTis „qveyana“, romelic adre Zveli sakraluri punqtebiT iyo moniSnuli, ninom xelmeored SemosazRvra axali sarwmunoebis simboloTi. 370 rituali Semovla, romelic saTemo dResaswaulebze SemuSavebuli reJimidan iRebs saTaves, Zvel saxelmwifoTa religiebSi saxelmwifo doneze iqna ayvanili. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo masalas iZleva ozirisis dResaswauli egvipteSi, romelic imarTeboda nilosis adidebis sezonis ukanasknel TveSi (nilosis adideba grZeldeboda ivlisis Suaidan noembris Suamde). miTosis Tanaxmad ozirisis sxeuli TxuTmet nawilad daWres da mTel qveyanaze gafantes, romlebic didi Zebnis Semdeg aRmoaCina izidam da TiToeuli dakrZala iq, sadac ipova. es adgilebi sakultod iqca da iq taZrebi aaSenes. dResaswaulis arsis Sesabamisad miTosi unda gaTamaSebuliyo da Semdeg procesia midioda yvela taZris Semosavlelad, sadac RvTaebis sxeulis nawili egulebodaT. es teritoria praqtikulad mTel zemo da qvemo egviptes moicavda. ase xdeboda Sua samefos xanidan, mis Semdeg, rac miTosis motanili versia kanonikurad iqca. Semovlis rituali erTis mxriv xazs usvamda kultis saxelmwifo masStabebs, meore mxriv axdenda saxelmwifo teritoriis yovelwliur sakralizacias, rac miTosuri azrovnebis ZiriTadi principidan gamomdinareobs. zemoT motanili herodoteseuli aRwera dionise-ozirisis xalxuri dResaswaulisa, warmoadgens kultmsaxurebis uZveles, saTemo masStabis variants, romelic mogvianebiT iqca saerTo-saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis movlenad. herodotes masala SeiZleba CavTvalod eTnografiul Canawerad, romelic egviptis saxelmwifos gaerTianebis wina periodis Sesaxeb gvawvdis cnobebs. igive viTareba aris damowmebuli xeTebis saxelmwifoSic, sadac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda dResaswaulis droze Catarebas. dResaswaulTa Soris aq gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda tarosis (Weqa-quxilis) RvTaebaTa dResaswaulebs. amaT Soris gamoirCeoda samefo dResaswaulebi, kerZod sagazafxulo dResaswauli, „anTaxSum“-i. misi cikli 38 dRes Seadgenda, iwyeboda xaTusaSi da mTavrdeboda q. anquvaSi. am xanis manZilze mefe, dedofalTan erTad, mogzaurobda sakulto centrebSi. Semovla mTavrdeboda sagazafxulo wvimis dResaswauliT. aRsaniSnavia, rom Semovlis dros Tan daatarebdnen wminda tyavs, sawmiss. teqstebSi Semonaxulia marSruti, romlis mixedviT sawmisi gadadioda qalaqidan qalaqSi. 371 qarTul miTossa da ritualSi Semonaxulia gacilebiT ufro Zveli, winasaxelmwifoebrivi mdgomareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli religiuri situacia, rodesac rituali ar aris misuli saxelmwifos interesebis asaxvamde da mxolod mcire regionebis dacva-mfarvelobas emsaxureba. aq Cans Temis yvela wevris ritualSi monawileobis tendencia, aseve aris am wesis degradaciis magaliTebic. am bunebis movlenad gvesaxeba amindis ritualebis Sesrulebisas miRebuli produqtis Segrovebis wesi, romelic, Cvenis azriT, ritualSi teritoriis mcxovrebTa totaluri monawileobisa da salocavis produqtis sakraluri, koleqtiuri gamoyenebis degradirebuli, an ubralod saxecvlili forma unda iyos. odesRac rituali salocavis „xarjze“ sruldeboda. sataZro Temis daSlis Semdeg gaCnda ritualuri purobis xarjebis gaRebis sxvadasxva formebi, romlebic ama Tu im formiT inarCunebdnen saerTo-sajvaro purobisa da msxverplSewirvis tradiciul formas. erT-erTi amaTgani unda iyos amindis ritualebisas CamomvlelTa mier produqtebis Segrovebis wesi. amasTanave ar irRveva monawileobis tradiciuli principi, romelic am viTarebaSi kardakar Semovlis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. amiT TiTqos ixsneba sagaloblis teqstis is nawili, sadac naTqvamia, rom „lazar modga karsao“. rigiT mosaxles STabeWdileba rCeba, rom RvTaeba lazare mis kars miadga, rac aSkara profanacia aris da teqstis realur mniSvnelobas ar xsnis. Tu ras niSnavs „karze midgoma//modgoma“, amis Sesaxeb naTel warmodgenas gvaZlevs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa miTosi. miTosis Tanaxmad „kari“ aris samyaros sakraluri centri, sadac umaRlesi RvTaeba zis. es faqti TavisTavad gulisxmobs ierarqias, panTeons, umaRlesi RvTaebis meTaurobiT, romelic warmoadgens sanaTesao jgufs. ZiriTadad, rogorc es qarTvelTa miTosSi Cans, panTeonis meTauri aris mama, xolo danarCenebi „RvTisSvilebi“, mTavari RvTaebis Svilebad, mis „nasaxebad“, „wilad“ ganixilebian. garda sisxliT naTesaobisa, RvTisSvilebi erTmaneTis „mode-moZmeni“ arian, anu xelovnuri naTesaobiT ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs. xSiria SemTxveva, rom ramdenime RvTisSvils aqvs erTi da igive funqcia, an msgavsi atributebi: ganageben aminds, ifaraven mtrisgan TavianT saymoebs, aqvT cecxlovani iaraRi, mogzauroben sxvadasxva sartyelSi, riTac ganekuTvnebian mokvdav da aRdgenad RvTaebaTa rigs. ase 372 rom panTeonSi xdeba funqciaTa dublireba. unda vifiqroT, rom panTeonSi Tavmoyrilia regionuli RvTaebebi, romelTac imTaviTve erTmaneTis msgavsi funqciebi gaaCndaT. roca garkveuli istoriuli aucileblobebis gamo isini erT panTeonad gaerTiandnen, iqcnen ufrosi RvTaebis Svilebad; mogvianebiT gaCenili „axali RvTaebebi“ xelovnuri naTesaobiT daukavSirdnen erTmaneTs. radgan panTeoni meoradi struqtura unda iyos, masSi, bunebrivia, Tavi moiyares regionebis mfarvelebma, romelTa funqciebi odiTganve emTxveoda erTmaneTs. miTosis Tanaxmad panTeonis wevrebi periodulad ikribebodnen mTavari RvTaebis „karze“, sadac SejibrSi avlendnen TavianT RvTaebriv Zalas. aseTi Sejibrebis Sesaxeb cnobas gvaZlevs siuJetebi iaxsrisa da kopalas gmirobebis Sesaxeb, aseve siuJetebi, sadac RvTisSvilTa mier devebis ganadgurebaa aRwerili. RvTaebaTa „karze“ misvla, rogorc Cans, garkveul reaqcias iwvevda, romelic misuli RvTisSvilebis SeZlebiT, Sesabamisad misi avtoritetiTa da eirarqiuli poziciiT unda yofiliyo gansazRvruli. aseTi suraTi aris gamokveTili vaJa-fSavelas poemebSi, rodesac gmiris „xatiskarze“ misvla gansakurebiT aris aRniSnuli da am dros xazi gaesmis mis vaJkacobas, Tu sxva saxis damsaxurebas. es miTosuri suraTi prof. v. bardaveliZem gamoiyena TrialeTSi aRmoCenili Tasis korpusze gamosaxuli mxatvruli kompoziciis Sinaarsis axsnisas. man CaTvala, rom aq gamosaxuli, taxtze mjdomi centraluri figura aris iseTive „mama“, rogoric aRwerilia xsenebul miTosur ciklSi, xolo danarCeni fexze mdgomi figurebi ganasaxiereben RvTisSvilebs, TavmoyrilT umaRlesi RvTaebis karze. isini yvelani erTad svamen wminda sasmels, rac aseve Cveulebrivi procesia miTosisaTvis. SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom amindis Secvlis ritualebSi aris Senaxuli masala, romelic warmoadgens Zveli msoflios xalxebis, qarTvelTa winaprebis mezoblebis rwmenebis analogiur movlenas, romelic ritualebis konkretuli msgavsebiT dasturdeba. qarTuli ritualis sivrculi ganfeniloba, RvTaebaTa panTeonisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi, ierarqiuloba, RvTis „kari“ da wriuli Semovla SesaZleblobas qmnis vivaraudoT maTi aRmocenebisa da formirebis dro, saTanadod SevafasoT maTi arqauloba da vifiqroT im procesebze, romelTac ganapirobebs maTi ama Tu im saxiT Semonaxuloba Tanamedrove yofaSi. sayuradReboa isic, 373 rom qarTveli tomebis, magaliTad xevsurTa panTeoni, warmoadgens sanaTesavo jgufs, sadac gaerTianebulni arian erTis mamis Svilebi//wilebi da maTTan „mode-moZmeobiT“, anu xelovnuri naTesaobiT dakavSirebuli personebi. qarTvel tomTa panTeonebi am niSniTac gvanan Zveli msoflios xalxebis analogiur struqturebs. am sistemaSi lazare//gonja asrulebs Suamavlis rols adamianebsa da RvTis Svilebs Soris, romlebic Tavis mxriv aseve Suamdgomloben mamasTan. lazare (igive gonja), romelic mamis karze misvlas garegnuli niSnebiT ganasaxierebs Tavis Tavs moqmedebaSi, Tvalebs abrialebs („...modga karsa, abrialebs Tvalsa, anda „ibriala casa“), anu elvas, Sesabamisad avdars iwvevs, taxtze mjdom mamas warmoudgeba Tavisi SesaZleblobebis maqsimumiT. igives akeTebs iaxsaric, romelmac samoc litra rkinas „qveS qari gautara“ (anu aswia). xalxuri leqsebisa da baladebis aseT nawyvetebSi Tvalwin warmogvidgeba erTgvari paradi mama-RmerTis taxtis win, roca periodulad Sekrebili RvTisSvilebi aCveneben mas TavianT „SeZlebas“, anu SemoqmedebiT galas. rogorc Cans, am moqmedebiT Svilebs uxdebodaT Jamidan Jamamde daemtkicebinaT TavianTi unaris qmediToba. wina- aRmdeg SemTxvevaSi isini albaT dakargavdnen „sagamgeblos“. amgvari varaudis safuZvels gvaZlevs rigi ritualebisa, sadac asakovan, Sesabamisad Zalagamoclil da SemoqmedebiTad dasustebul mefeebs, tomis beladebs da a.S. sajarod uxdebodaT TavianTi SesaZleblobebis damtkiceba. Zalian Soreul warsulSi maT xocavdnen. istoriul xanebSi ki gaCnda maTi „gaaxalgazrdavebis“, anu SemoqmedebiTi ZaliT aRvsebis ritualebi, romelTac isini periodulad marTavdnen. am momentis saukeTeso ilustracias warmoadgens egviptel faraonTa „ganaxlebis“ dResaswauli, romelsac isini ocdaaTwliani mefobis Semdeg marTavdnen Svid welSi erTxel, romlis drosac faraoni „kvdeboda“ da xelmeored ibadeboda ga- naxlebuli. ase rom, qarTuli miTosis mier fiqsirebuli Sekreba RvTisSvilebisa mamis karze, SesaZloa swored maTi gulis ganaxlebisa da aRvsebis dResaswauli iyo, roca isini TavianTi Zlierebis optimaluri gamovleniT samomavlo garantias uqmnidnen adamianTa sazogadoebas. 374 ïèòíæò æï áîòìüòïíóäò ùèòíæïíåþò qristianobis gavleniT amindis Semcvleli RvTaebebis Sesaxeb arsebulma warmodgenebma safuZvlianad icvala saxe. zog maTganze ukve iyo saubari. amjerad SevexebiT qristianul wmindanebs, romlebic amindis gamgeblad iTvlebian. gansxvavebiT zemoT aRwerili ritualisagan, maTi msaxurebisas arc Tojinebs amzadeben da arc kardakar dadian. ZiriTadad am wmindanTa dResaswauli kalendarulia da eklesiaSi, an raime sakulto adgilas imarTeba. iSviaTad qristianul wmindanTa dResaswauls SeTanxmebiTac marTaven. TavianTi bunebiT amindis gamgebeli qristianuli wmindanebi Zlier gansxvavdebian analogiuri funqciis mqone arqauli RvTaebebisagan. es ukanasknelni ZiriTad nayofierebis Zalebs ganagebdnen da eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT ufro Suamavlis rols asruleben adamianisa da umaRles RvTaebas Soris. qristianuli wmindanebis Sesaxeb arsebul warmodgenebSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom mravali arqauli niSani SeiTvises, ZiriTadi aqcenti daesmis maT Zalas, mrisxanebas, da msjelobas. isini Camocilebulni arian bunebis nayofierebis problemebs da ZiriTadad socialuri funqciebiT izRudebian. e. i. ufro gasagebad rom vTqvaT, isini ganageben amindsac da mosavalsac, magram TavianT wyalobas urigeben qristianobis poziciidan zneobrivad da moralurad misaReb pirebs, rogorc jildos keTili saqmisaTvis. aq isini moqmedeben ara rogorc bunebis ganmasaxierebeli Zalebi, aramed rogorc yovlisSemZle msajulebi, vis xelTaa dasjac da dayvavebac, aseTia, magaliTad Tqmuleba maqsime aRmsareblis Sesaxeb. maqsime aRmsarebeli (konfesori) meSvide saukunis moRvawea, iTvleba marTlmadidebluri eklesiis erT-erT fuZemdeblad da Tavis drois udides filosofos-moazrovned. igi bizantiaSi dasajes (mklavi da ena mosWres) da lazikaSi gadaasaxles 662 wels Tavis or mowafesTan erTad. lazikaSi gadasaxlebulebi erTmaneTs daaSores. maqsime wauyvaniaT cixe sximarSi, romelic muris xidTan mdgara da aqve gardacvlila raRac oriod Tvis Semdgom. maqsimes imTaviTve udidesi STabeWdileba mouxdenia Tavis Tanamedroveebze. Teodosi gangreli, romelic lazikaSi Cavida 668 wels, wers, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleoba Rrmad iyo darwmunebuli maqsimes siwmindeSi da ficiT adastureben, rom wmindanis saflavze 375 RamRamobiT xedavdnen sam sanTels. rogorc Cans, Tqmulebebi maqsimes saswaulebrivi Zalis Sesaxeb maSinve Seqmnila da momdevno saukuneebis manZilze friad saintereso siuJeturi saxiT Camoyalibebula. maqsimesTan dakavSirebul Tqmulebebs da rituals tanjuli gmiris Tu mokvdavi RvTaebis ciklisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ieri miuRia da mtkiced damkvidrebula xalxis warmodgenebSi. gadmocemis Tanaxmad maqsime wminda kaci yofila. misi sadauroba aRar axsovT. igi dadioda soflebSi da xalxi, rogorc keTil moZRvars, pativs scemda. maqsimes SesZlebia boroti kaci daesaja avdriT. mzian darSi Rrublis saxiT daadgeboda mis kalos da wvimas dauSvebda. aseTnairad dausjia mas vinme Wabukini (variantiT qareiSvili), romelic xarebs aZovebda sxvis yanaSi. gagulisebul Wabukians Tofi usvria RrublisaTvis. roca Rrubeli gaifanta, gamoCnda mkvdari wmindani, romelic SeSinebulma mkvlelma iqve Cumad damarxa (sxva variantebiT scada gadaemala), magram mkvdari meore dilas zeviT amosuli daxvda. amis Semdeg mkvlels igi ramdenjerme daumarxavs sxvadasxva adgilas, magram mkvdari yovelTvis amodioda saflavidan, bolos Tavad ganucxadebia mkvlelisaTvis, rom mozvrebSebmul uremze damde, sadac mozvrebi TavisiT gaCerdebian, iq dammarxe da davdgebi miwaSio. mozvrebi cagers zemoT, muris eklesiasTan gaCerebulan da aq daumarxavT wm. maqsime. wm. maqsimes saflavis moZebnis mizniT aq gaTxrebi 1914 w. dauwyia uwmindesi sinodis davalebiT n. mars da Seukrebia axlomaxlo soflebSi gadmocemebi. maqsimes dakrZalvis Semdeg dawesebula dResaswaulebi muroba, romlis daarsebis istoria aseTia: Seiqmna saSineli wvima, kalos veRar lewdnen. wm. maqsimes mkvleli sinanulSi Cavarda. maSin man Cveneba naxa, wm. maqsime gamoecxada da aswavla, rogor unda eloca xalxs, rom wvima SeCerebuliyo. man xalxs gamoucxada: ase da ase moviqceTo. wvimebi rom dadgeboda, dexviridan da sxva soflebidanac modiodnen murs da wm. maqsimes Txovdnen dars. ...yoveli komli dexvirSi irCevda Wkvian kacs, arCeul kacebs erTi kvira unda emarxulaT da wmindad yofiliyvnen (qals ar unda mikarebodnen). daniSnul dRes eseni kiserze RvleWebs Seibamdnen da fexSiSvelebi, sirbiliT gamoswevdnen murs, wm. maqsimes saflavTan im gziT, romliTac xarebma wmindani moasvenes. gzaSi rac SexvdebodaT (Robe, yore, bostani) yvelafers angrevdnen da SeuCereblad midiodnen. Tu 376 vinme Sexvdeboda, mas qudi unda moexada da SeerTeboda procesias. Tu Semxvduri gaicinebda, mas magrad scemdnen. gzaSi rom morbodnen, moTqmiT da galobiT ambobdnen: oi, o ho; ho wminda maqsime! dari gviboZe, Segvixvewie! amas or wyebad ambobdnen: jer erTi gundi ityoda erT muxls, meore gaimeorebda amasve, bolos yvelani daigrialebda erTad (asamde kaci iqneboda...). win Semosili mRvdeli uZRodaT. wm. maqsimes saeklesio dResaswauls leCxumSi gagoSobas eZaxdnen da imarTeboda aRdgomis pirvel xuTSabaTs, rac emTxveva pirvel eliobas. pirvels imitom vambobT, rom iq scodniaT sami momdevno kviris manZilze, erTsa da imave dRes eliobis gadaxda. am sami dResaswaulidan pirvels daemTxveoda xolme wm. maqsimes dResaswauli. ra Seexeba murobas, mas kalendriT ar ixdidnen. igi imarTeboda saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi daTqmiT, oRond mzadebas winawar iwyebdnen. legenda maqsime aRmsareblis Sesaxeb agebulia qarTuli folklorisaTvis tipiuri elementebis kombinirebiT. specialistebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven ganmeorebiTi damarxvisa da saflavis adgilis SerCevis epizodebs. aseTive epizodi damowmebulia daviTisa da konstantines mowameTaSi dakrZalvaze arsebul gadmocemebSi. rogorc Cans, wmindanis saflavis gaTxra iq, sadac daRlili xarebi Tavis nebiT SeCerdebodnen, gavrcelebuli yofila CvenSi. saerTod swamdaT, rom xari TavisiT midis wminda adgilas da wveba, zogjer xati miaqvT rqebiT da a. S. aseT adgilebSi eklesiebs aSenebdnen. saqarTveloSi aseTi legendebi mravali eklesiis aSenebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. epizodebi, romelic fiqsirebulia maqsimes dakrZalvis saswaulebriv procesSi, mTels kavkasiaSia damowmebuli mexiT mkvdaris dakrZalvis ceremonialSi. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielebis azriT mexiT mkvdari RmerTis rCeulad Tvlidnen. misi datireba nakleb gloviania da Zvelad aseTi sikvdili bednierebad miaCndaT. xevsurebi ambobdnen, rom mexiT mkvdari bednieri micvalebulia, yvelaferi miuva da pirdapir samoTxeSi midis, radgan RmerTi yvelafrisagan aTavisuflebso. RmerTma mexi eSmakis winaaRmdeg gamoigona da mxolod borots esvris. Tu am dros vinme SemTxveviT moyveba, mas wmindanad miiCnevs. arsebobs gadmocema, romlis Tanaxmad RmerTs uTqvams mexiT mkvdars pirdapir Cems sasufevelSi davamkvidrebo. kavkasielebis warmodgeniTac mexiT mkvdari wmindanad iri- 377 cxeboda. afxazebi mas „RvTis sagalobels“ ugalobdnen, iqve zedasadgarze daasvenebdnen da marxavdnen, marTavdnen cekva-simReras, tirili akrZaluli iyo. CerqezebSi mexiT sikvdili pativad iTvleboda da mkvdars adgilzeve marxavdnen. damarxvisas himnebSi ixsenieboda ilia da maTi mTavari RvTaeba – Sible. aseve iqceodnen inguSebic. mexiT mkvdris datireba maTTanac akrZaluli iyo. reinegss oseTis mTebSi erTi eklesiis aRwerisas naTqvami aqvs, rom Tu axlomaxlo vinmes mexi daecemoda, mas wmindanad Seracxdnen da mTeli gvari dakrZalavda imave adgilas. amis Semdeg mis sikvdils ramdenime dRe zeimobdnen. legendis Tanaxmad Rrubladqceul, Tu RrubelSi damalul wmindans Tofi esrola wmindanis mier dasjilma kacma. aq areklili Cans warmodgenebi sawvimari Tu setyvis Rrublis xmauriTa da foTis sroliT dafrTxobisa Tu gafrTxilebis Sesaxeb. Tofis srola mogvianebiT Caenacvla Weqa-quxilis RvTaebaTa Zvel iaraRs, uros, laxvars, isars da a. S. legenda gvian aris Seqmnili rac iqidan Cans, rom Rrubels (wmindans) sjis adamiani, es ki SeiZleba mxolod Zveli warmodgenebis degradaciis xanaSi momxdariyo, magram udavoa, rom misi calkeuli komponentebi, romelTa jamic aris legenda, ukanasknel xanebamde inarCunebdnen sakralur xasiaTs. ritualSi yuradRebas ipyrobs kidev erTi garemoeba: „maqsimesadmi mimarTvaSi ityvian: „dari gviboZe!“ riTac gamoxatulia misi Zala da uflebebi, rogorc daris momniWebeli RvTaebisa. amas mosdevs vedreba „Segvixvewie!“ aq ki maqsime aRmsarebeli gvevlineba Suamavlis rolSi, romelmac xalxis Txovna unda gadasces kidev ufro maRal instancias, e. i. uzenaess, romlis gamgeblobaSia sabolood moqceuli daris sakiTxis gadawyveta. umaRlesi RvTaebis winaSe Suamavloba tipiuria qarTvelTa warmodgenebisaTvis. aq gabatonebuli ierarqiuli modelis Sesabamisad RvTisSvilebi, romlebic uSualo kavSirSi arian adamianebTan, Suamdgomloben maT mama RmerTis winaSe. ase rom warmodgenebi maqsimes Sesaxeb am ierarqiuli Skalis aqtiuri zemoqmedebiT aris formirebuli da mas ierarqiaSi RvTis Svilis adgili daumkvidrebia. ierarqia unda aRmocenebuliyo Zveli da axali warmodgenebis Sejaxebis Sedegad. arqauli RvTaebebi, romlebic iWrebian qristianul sqemaSi, garegnulad axali religiis niSnebiT aRiWurvebian, umaRlesi RvTaebis momdevno dabal sa- 378 fexurze dgebian da adamianTa da RmerTis urTierTobaSi Suamavlis funqcia ekisrebaT. SeiZleba vismes moeCvenos, rom mTeli es sistema qsritianobis Semdeg aRmocenda. aseTi azri marTebuli ar iqneba, radgan RvTisSvilTa instituti qristianobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar aris. RvTisSvilebi ar arian uxorco angelozebi, romelTa uricxvi jari emsaxureba qristianTa RmerTs. Sexedulebebi RmerTisa da misi Svilebis Sesaxeb qristianobaSi SeiWra, rogorc Sedegi Zveli RvTaebebisa da axali religiuri sistemis urTierTSejerebis procesisa, risi erT-erTi gamovlineba unda iyos wm. maqsimes legenda. tarosis da Weqa-quxilis erTi aseTi ganmgeblis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobaa SemorCenili gasuli saukunis bolo wlebidan. masala samurzayanoSia Cawerili. am masalis mixedviT mTis patrons, miqamgarios (miqel-gabriels) morCilebdnen cis mnaTobebi, uimisod mzes ar SeuZlia gaaTbos dedamiwa da mTvare ver amova, miqam-garios nebazea mTaSi dari, elva-quxili da kokispiruli wvimis wamosvla. amitom gasagebia is mowiweba, rac aqvT RvTaebebis mimarT aqaur mwyemsebs. legendis Tanaxmad miqel-gabrieli mwyemsTan Cadis rogorc mezobeli, elaparakeba, ixsnis gaWirvebidan, afrTxilebs mosalodneli xifaTis dros, saxlkars uSenebs, fuls aZlevs, maT yanaSi RvTis Tvals atrialebs da a. S. Tanaxmad meore legendisa mwyemss mTaSi avdari, nisli, Weqa-quxili da kokispiruli wvima daatyda Tavs, igi Seevedra mTas, mTis gamCen RmerTs: mixsen gaWirvebisagan, Tu cocxals gadagvarCen (e. i. mwyemss da cxvars), iloris wm. giorgis karTan mival da zvaraks Sevwirav, Sen saxelzeo. ukanasknelad Seevedra Tavis mfarvels, mTavar angelozs miqel-gabriels: erTi TeTri verZi, erTi TeTri kravi SenTvis Semomivlia, oRond gvixsenio. locva-vedrebam gaWra, gamoidara da mwyemsi Camovida barSi mSvidobiT. amis Semdeg igi yvela Txovnas asrulebda, rasac sTxovda mas miqam-gario. miqel-gabrielis gavleniT aqauri mwyemsi friad sasoebiT epyroba mTas. mTis Tayvaniscema da SiSi kultad aqvT gadaqceuli. mwyemsebis laparakSi xSirad mohkravT yurs: „mTis madlmao“. roca gazafxulze amodian mTaze pirvelad, mwyemsebi saklavsa hklaven da mTis locvas amboben. xanSi Sesuli mwyemsi xonCaze awyobs saklavis gul-RviZlsa da yvelas magivrad mTas evedreba: nu mogvakleb Sens wyalobas Cven da Cvens 379 jogs, romlebic Sens kalTaze davdivarTo. mTaze yofnis dros mwyemsebi uwmawur sityva-pasuxs eridebian, - esec mTas ewyinebao. qvabs rom gadmoabruneben balaxs daafareben, cam qvabis muriani Ziri ar dainaxos, Torem ganrisxdeba da wvimiT suls amogvxdiso. ra SeiZleba vTqvaT mTis gamgeblis, miqam-garios Sesaxeb? upirvelesad is, rom misi saxeli mTavarangelozebis, miqelisa da gabrielis saxelTa SeerTebiT Seqmnili kompozitia. igi ganagebs aminds, elva-Weqas, quxils, oRond xazgasmulia, rom mxolod mTaze da bari TiTqos mas ar emorCileba. amdenad igi lokaluri RvTaebis STabeWdilebas tovebs. sayuradReboa isic, rom zogierT mimarTvaSi igi gaigivebulia mTasTan. miqam-garios msxverplad aRuTqvamdnen TeTri feris cxovelebs, iseve, rogorc elias da ciur madls. tarosis RvTaebis Tayvaniscemisas mlocvelebi xSirad TeTrad imosebian, rac xazs usvams mis ciurobas, zeciur samyarosTan erTobas, kerZod ara Ramis casTan, aramed cis solarul ZalebTan, naTelTan kavSirs. amave mosazrebiT mohyavT samsxverplod TeTri cxovelebi Tu frinvelebi, amave mosazrebidan gamomdinare miqam-garoosTvis, rogorc ciuri ZalisaTvis, ar SeiZleba diametrulad sxva samyaros feris, siSavis, zangis, gonjis Cveneba. es mis risxvas (e. i. wvimas) iwvevs. amitomac murian qvabs balaxiT faraven. misi locva da msxverplSewirva usaTuod mTaze xdeba. yvela am monacemiT miqam-gario mTaze mdgomi, elvis mtyorcneli RvTaebaa, naklebad aris dakavSirebuli miwismoqmedebasTan da ZiriTadad mwyemsTa mfarvelad gvevlineba. am wess exmaureba kidev cnoba, romlis Tanaxmad gvalvis dros samegreloSi scodniaT „JiniSi bralis“, anu zeciuri bralis locva. yovel weliwads zeciuri bralis locva marTebdaT. daniSnul dRes unda SeewiraT TeTri Zroxa, TeTri cxvari da TeTri Txa. Sewirvis win monaxavdnen maRal adgils, daasobdnen oTx maRal sars, zed dadebdnen wylisagan gakeTebul Celts, gadaafarebdnen TeTr mitkals da zed daalagebdnen Sewiruli cxovelebis xorcs, aanTebdnen wminda sanTels da zeciur brals, zena didebuls evedrebodnen (zena didebuls uwodebdnen quxils, elvas da mexs), locvis damTavrebis Semdeg xorci imave maRal adgilsave unda SeeWamaT, radgan iq ufro saSiSia mexi, am dRes yvelas TeTri tansacmeli ecva. 380 mTis Sesaxeb arsebul warmodgenebSi, sadac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba aminds, unda aRiniSnos sof. aWandarasTan axlo mdebare mTa didrifSis Tayvaniscema. am mTis kultmsaxurebas gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira afxazTa rwmena-warmodgenebSi. afxazebisaTvis, iseve rogorc megrelebisaTvis, Zlier damaxasiaTebelia amindisave saTemo locvis gamarTva, msxverpl-Sewirva, xorcis maRalze dawyoba da saerTo vedreba. Tanaxmad n. janaSias cnobebisa, sazogadoeba erT adgilas iyris Tavs, amoirCevdnen kacebs, romlebic xarjs unda gauZRvnen. daniSnul dRes (ufro kviras) da daniSnul adgilas, mdinaris pirad xalxi Tavs iyris: yvela iqaa, rom locva-vedrebiT Tavi Seabralos zenas, raTa man gamougzavnos wvima... fqvilsa da Rvinos ubnebad agroveben, amzadeben sufras da Semdeg Seudgebian Taviseburad locvas: moxarSul xorcs Caawyoben kalaTSi, dgamen windawin momzadebuli „aSvamkiaTis“ win, sapatio xorcs ki zed „aSvamkiaTze“ sdeben. aSvamkiaTi aris oTx boZze gamarTuli Celti, zed gadafarebuli TeTri safeniT. aqvea dawyobili ramdenime kveri, „akavkvar“. sazvarako cxovelis tyavs kalaTis gverdiT sdeben. „aSvamkiaTis“ win dgas mlocvelad amorCeuli ufrosi kaci, an kacebi. mlocvelad imdeni kacia, ramdenic zvarakia, radgan erTi zvarakis gulRviZls erTi mlocveli unda. mlocveli patiebas Txovs zenas da evedreba wvima gamougzavnos. xalxi „amins“ grialebs, rasac moayoleben galobas: „airgahSva“. (mwuxarebis galoba). aseTive xasiaTis locvebi Weqa-quxilis RvTaebisadmi scodniaT Cerqezebs, osebs da sxv. afxazeTSi roca mexi moklavda cxovels an adamians, maRal mTaze msxverplad swiravdnen Txas. msxverplis tyavs Zvelad kidebdnen xeze, xolo xorcs awyobdnen mxolod specialur zedadgarze, „aSvamkiaTze“, romelsac saxeldaxelod marTavdnen. TeTrebSi morTuli avadmyofis (mexdakrulis, romelic aseve zedadgarze esvena) garSemo imarTeboda wriuli cekvebi da ritualuri simRera. simRerebSi axsenebdnen TavTavianT RvTaebebs, Cerqezebi – Sibles, CerqezTa Weqa-quxilis RvTaebas, osebi – uacilas, romelic wm. ilias Seesabameba. maTze salocavad asvla friad miRebuli yofila aWaraSic. Zvelad aWarelebi salocavad, gansakuTrebiT amindis gamosaTxovad, adiodnen mariTisa da sxalTis xeobebs Soris mdebare maRalmTian serze. aq ikvleboda specialuri Sesawiri xari, bolos imarTeboda masobrivi ferxu- 381 lebi, romelSiac aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen ialaRze myofi qurTi qalebic. ivlisis bolos da agvistos dasawyisSi maRla mTaSi imarTeboda SuamToba, rasac xSirad tarosis gamgeblobisadmi vedrebac emTxveoda. am dros scodniaT zemoaRniSnul serze da mis mimdebare maRal mTaze, didgorze asvlac. aq mTis wverze qvakacebi mdgaran (aseTi grovebi miqam-garios mTazec mdgara), romlebsac dars evedrebodnen. specialistebi fiqroben, rom xsenebul serze da mis mimdebare mTebze asvlisa da locvavedrebis mTavari mizani iyo sasurveli amindis gamowveva. mahmadis mimdevarTa azriT am mTaze asvla da locva Tavisi ZaliT meqas molocvas udrida. qvakacebi, milionebi, damowmebulia aRm. saqarTvelos mTaSi, daRestanSi da a. S. daRestanSi aseT qvebSi yuranis teqstiT daweril Tixis namtvrevebs debdnen. maTi mizani iyo saWiro amindis gamowveva. rogorc motanili masala metyvelebs, kavkasiisa da dasavleT saqarTveloSi friad gavrcelebuli Cans rwmena mTis wverze mdgomeli elva-Weqis RvTaebisa, romelic ganagebs aminds da Sesabamisad Wirnaxulsa da saqonels. misdami damokidebuleba xalxisa gansazRvrulia meurneobis ZiriTadi formiT, romelsac mavedrebeli socialuri jgufi misdevs. me- saqonleebs avdris eSiniaT, baris miwismoqmedT piriqiT, gvalva ar undaT da saamisod maRal mTaze asvlas ar eridebian. Tu axlos mTa ar aris, maSin elvisagan moklul Tu dazianebul cxovels, an adamians, xelovnur zedadgarze deben. es kidev erTxel usvams xazs am RvTaebis sacxovriss. igi zesknelis binadaria da maRali mTebis Txemebze dgas. motanili masala TiTqmis savsebiT emTxveva warmodgenas miqam-garios Sesaxeb. es RvTaeba Tavisi bunebiT gansxvavdeba nayofierebasTan dakavSirebul lazarobisagan, romelic marTalia zecaze da mTaze naTebas iwvevs, magram uamravi miwieri atributiTaa aRWurvili. vfiqrobT, rom miqam-gario da sxva qristianuli wmindanebi sinkretuli bunebisaa da miRebulia tarosis uflisa da agraruli Zalebis RvTaebiTi Serwymis gziT, maSin roca zemoT aRwerili mTaze mdgomi ufali quxilisa, mkacrad da konkretulad gamoxatuli adgiliTa da Semofargluli funqciiT, Zvel xalxebSi gavrcelebul umaRles, uzenaes xelisufal RvTaebebs uaxlovdeba. elva da mexi quxiliT am RvTaebebis Zlierebis gamomxatveli iaraRia, romliTac isini Trgunaven borots da amkvidreben qveynad sakuTar Zalauflebas. 382 tyuilad ki ar aris qarTulSi gavrcelebuli wyevla, „mexi ki dageceso“, an „RvTis cecxlio“, erTica da meorec uzenaesi RvTaebis rixvis, sasjelis gamoxatulebaa, SesaZloa rCeulobasac niSnavda, magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi es wyevla rCeulis Tu Serisxulis sikvdiliT sruldeba. warmodgenebi mexTmpyrobeli RvTaebebis Sesaxeb gansakuTrebiT axloa xeTebis religiasTan, sadac Weqa-quxilis RvTaebas panTeonSi meTauris adgili uWiravs. aq salocavTa ganlageba mTaze farTod aris gavrcelebuli. samlocveloebSi, mTaTa Txemebze, miRebuli yofila RvTaebaTa triadebis (sameulebis) kerpTa gamarTva. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT gr. giorgaZe armazis mTis sameulis, armazis, gacisa da gaimis kerpebis Tayvaniscemas mTa-qarTlze, Zveli mcire aziis viTarebis analogiur movlenad Tvlis. amave tipis RvTaebebia veduri indra, urartuelebisa da xuritebis TeSubi, berZen-romaelTa zevs-iupiteri, slavebis peruni da a. S. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mTaze mdgomeli, mexTampyrobeli RvTaeba lazaresTan genetikur kavSirSi ar Sedis. Suasaukuneebis qarTul yofaSi mis memkvidred unda CaiTvalos qristianuli wmindani ilia - elia, romlis Tayvaniscema mTels saqarTveloSi iyo gavrcelebuli. wminda ilias kultSi Tavs iyris qarTvelTa da kavkasiis xalxTa yvela RvTaeba elvaquxilisa, rogoricaa afxazTa afi, Cerqezebis Sible, osebis uacila da is qarTuli salocavebi mTaze mdgomeli RvTaebebisa, romelTa Sesaxeb zemoT gvqonda saubari. qarTvelTa warmodgeniT lazare da elia erTi da igivea. amitom lazarobis sagaloblis teqstebSi lazaresTan erTad eliac ixsenieba. am sagalobelTa pirvel nawilSi Tu Tvalebmobriale da mquxare lazares SesTxoven, daboloeba xSirad eliasadmia mimarTuli da mas msxverpls pirdebian. miuxedavad garkveuli Tanabrobisa, teqstebSi mainc vlindeba xalxis gansxvavebuli warmodgenebi lazaresa da eliaze. lazare nayofierebasTan Cans dakavSirebuli, faliuria, Tvalebbrialaa da a. S. masTan dakavSirebul rwmenebSi cxadad Cans arqauli agraruli RvTaebisadmi damaxasiaTebeli specifiuri niSnebi. ar aris fiqsirebuli SemTxveva, rom mas RrubliT winamZRoli uwodon, an etlosnad miiCnion. elia ki piriqiT, RrubelTwinamZRolia, etliT dadis, yavs Tanmxlebi, zaqaria, romlis ara 383 qarTuli, bibliidan Tu saxarebidan momdinareoba udavoa, magram gaugebaria, Tu kerZod romel zaqarias gulisxmobs. rom ufro naTlad davinaxoT gansxvaveba am or RvTaebriv Zalas Soris, vnaxoT ras gveubneba elias Sesaxeb qarTuli masala. qarTlSi sofel qsovrisSi fiqroben, rom setyvas elia aCens. igi Txa aris, eSmakia. elia brma aris da ver xedavs, amitom zarebis rekviT amcnoben soflis mdebareobas. xalxs miaCnia, rom mas eSmaki uZRvis win da amitom eSmaks Tofsac esvrian, radgan elias igi atyuebs da sofelze gadmoaSvebinebs setyvas. onianT karSi miaCniaT, rom elia zaqarias miuZRvis da atyuebs brma zaqarias, aq araferi ar aris da dahkario. mere zaqarias zaris xma Semoesmis da gauwyreba elias, Se wyeulo, aq sofeli yofila da rad damartymevineo. warqoelelebis TqmiT elia qristes ufrosia, mas brma zaqaria dasdevs, romelsac elia acdens. am gadmocemaTa Tanaxmad setyvas zaqaria yris da elia ki mxolod macduris rolSi gvevlineba. sof. dgnalSi setyvis momyvans uqm-kviraZalsac eZaxian. setyvis dros wyalkurTxevis esrodnen, radgan sanTlis xalxis anTeba rwmeniT scodniaT, setyvas eSmaki Tan setyvas dauZRveboda. Tofs ca- Rrublis meufrosed elia da zaqaria miaCndaT, romlebic eSmaks mexs esvrian. jiquraulT karSi elia eSmakad miaCniaT, romelic gansakuTrebiT maRal xes esvris mexs, radgan iq angelozebi sxdebian. elias Turme zaqaria gzas unaTebs, ityvian „rom ialebs is zaqaria ariso. elia ki quxs, grialebs, daaxrialebso“ (Tu ras daaxrialebs, ar ganmartaven) maRal da xSirfoTlovan xeebze, kakalze, fiWvze, muxaze, eSmaki imaleba da amitom elia swored am xeebs esvris mexs. bazaleTelebi fiqroben, rom brma elia „faitonSi“ zis da daarbeninebs da roca soflidan zaris xmas gaigonebs, gaecleba. quxils misi etlis borblebis raxraxi iwvevs. albaT amasve unda niSnavdes jiqurauli karelTa naTqvami, daaxrialebso, saerTod ki xalxis rwmeniT wm. elia etlosnadaa miCneuli. elias Tayvaniscemis xalxuri ritualebi erTob TvalsaCinod ebmis lazarobas. aris SemTxvevebi, roca xalxi lazarobas da eliobas aigivebs, lazare RvTis mociqulad miaCniaT da mis ritualebSi elias ugaloben. am sagaloblebis garkveuli nawili Cven ukve movitaneT lazares 384 ritualis aRwerisas, magram maSin ZiriTadad am ukanaskneliT garSemovifargleT. unda xazgasmiT aRiniSnos, rom elias saxelobaze ZiriTadad Txa (cikani) ikvleboda, rom samagierod mas wvima unda moeyvana. ufro iSviaTad ki mas cxavarsa da batkans aRuTqvamdnen, xolo gamonaklisis saxiT TeTr furs. zogan lazarobas eliaze davlas eZaxian da xalxi xazgasmiT amowmebs, rom lazare da elia erTiao. aCabeTSi mas Semdeg, rac lazares leqss etyvian, lazares iTifalur Tojinas elias teqstsac umRereben. ufro swored orive teqsti erT mTlianadaa Sekruli da amdenad iTifaluri Tojinis saxiT Tayvanicema rogorc lazare, ise elia. wvimis sanacvlod aq Sav Txasa da TeTr cikans sTavazoben. sofel qvemo WalaSi pirvel dRes lazarobasa da guTnis wyalSi gatanas morCebodnen, xolo meores dRes elias niSSi boTliT Rvinosa da cikans miitandnen xolme. bazaleTSi guTniT moxvnasTan erTad xatsac gamoitandnen, aiazmiT daasvelebdnen da zemoxsenebul sagalobels mRerodnen. mesxeTSi, gasul saukunis samocdaaTian wlebSi, scodniaT elias taZarSi rqebze sanTlebmimagrebuli Txebis miyvana; sof. sayuneTSi sanTlian Txebs garsSemoatarebdnen mTis wverze mdgom elias taZars da Semdgom msxverplad Seswiravdnen. elias Txas uklavdnen aRbulaxSiac da Semdgom am cxovelis Tavs fiWvis xeze hkidebdnen. samegreloSi eliobas ori kaci wavidoda yanaSi, waiRebdnen qoTniT rZes, oTx kvers da lekuxas (xeWrelis) joxs, romelzedac jvars amoWridnen da TvalsaCino adgilas CaarWobdnen. Semdeg yanaSi cecxls daanTebdnen da qoTans Sedgamdnen asaduReblad. erTi kaci xelSi mamals daiWerda, miwaSi danas CaarWobda da mis garSemo darboda, Tan miwas drogamoSvebiT joxs urtyamda da iZaxda, wminda elia yana maCuqeo. Semdeg cecxlTan mividoda da meore kacs ekiTxeboda. aduRda Tu ara rZeo. is upasuxebda, aduRda da gadmovidao. am kiTxva pasuxs ramdenjerme gaimeorebdnen. Tu rZe marTla gadmovidoda da cecxls Caaqrobda, karg niSnad iTvleboda. amis Semdeg mamals daklavdnen, tyavs bumbulianad, Tavfexianad gaxdidnen, fituls gaakeTebdnen da xeze dakidebdnen, xolo xorcs iqve SeWamdnen da miwis mosavlisaTvis dailocebodnen. 385 guriaSi eliobas mamals daniSnavdnen da mosavlis aRebis dros yanaSi daklavdnen, aseve icodnen wina wlis eliobas SeTqmuli Savi mamlis dakvla mosavlis aRebis Semdeg. am warmodgenebis mixedviT elia yanis mcvelis saxiT gvevlineba. yanis mcvelis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi, TiTqmis yvelgan iyo gavrcelebuli da maT xSirad yanaSi Casobili joxi ganasaxierebda. gansakuTrebiT sainteresod ki gveCveneba yanaSi rZis aduRebis wesi, radgan rZe Zveli indoevropuli xalxebis warmodgeniT iyo zeciuri nami, romelsac zeciuri deda (an zeciuri Zroxa) ugzavnida qveyanas. msgavsi warmodgenebis nakvalevi saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSic aris damowmebuli. saxeli elia//ilia adreve mkvidrdeba qarTul onomastikonSi. qarTlis cxovrebaSi, leonti mrovelTan naxsenebia elia episkoposi qarTlisa, aseve cnobilia, ioane zedaznelis mowafe elia diakoni, amasTanave bibliuri ilia winaswarmetyveli naxsenebia formiT „elia“ „istoriani da azmani SaravandedTanis“ avtori iyenebs forma „ilias“, Tumca mis gverdiT eliac gvxvdeba. forma elias iyenebs JamTaaRmwerelic. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom Tavad wminda elia//ilia metad popularuli Cans qarTul qristianobaSi. gadmocemebis Tanaxmad saqarTveloSi daculi yofila am wmindanis reliqvia, misi xaleni (tyavkaba). leonti mroveli ambobs ninos piriT, rom „samoseli Zisa RmrTisa aqa ars da xalenisa mis eliisa Tqves vieTme aqave yofa“-o. amave cnobas imeorebs vaxuSti batoniSvilic, romelic wers: „xolo mirian aRaSena eklesia mociqulisa misa, samoTxessa Tvissa, sadac ars kvarTi uflisa, romeli miiRo elioz da xaleni eliasi“. didi gvalvisas wminda ioanes brZanebiT eqvTime mTawmindelis mier gamarTuli locva eliasadmi iSviaTi cocxali ferebiT aqvs aRwerili giorgi mTawmindels. am didi moRvaweebis mcdelobas Sedegad Zlieri TqeSi mohyolia da wvimis es saswauli maT mier Sesrulebul sxva did saqmeTa gverdiT aris naxsenebi: „iqmna odesme TvalvaÁ friadi da maisi da ivnisi da ivlisi da agvistosi uwvimrad gardavlai. da didad misWirda qveyanasa, vidreRa furceli xeTa da venaxTa gaxma da scvioda da didisa urvasa Sina iyvnes kacni. 386 ars mcire monasteri monastrisa Cvenisa mTasa zede, raica igi Sen ars eklesiaÁ wmidisa elia winaswarmetyvelisa. da viTar moiwia dResaswauli wmindisa eliaÁsi, pirvel dRisa erTisa ubrZana mamaman iovane Svilsa Tvissa efTvimesa, viTarmed: - wariyvane Zmani da warvideT eklesiasa wmidisa eliaÁssa da Rame aTieT aw JamiswirvaÁ aRasruleT! – da odes amas ubrZanebda, mravalni Zmani Sekrebul iyvnes winaSe mamisa iovanessa da reca gancxromis saxed ubrZana, viTa: - yrmano, sawvimrebi ukana waiReT, rameTu vesav RmerTsa, romel ara SeveqceT amaod. warvides da Rame aTies. da viTarca moiwia wirvis Jami, Seimosa wmindaÁ mama Cveni evfTime. da viTar iwyes locvad, pirvel saxarebisa wakiTxvisa gamoCnda mcire Rrubeli erisonisa zeda. da mas Jamsa aRivso caÁ RrubliTa da vidre Jamisa ziarebamde Seiqmna wvima saSineli da daaTro qveyana. da viTarca ixiles ese, RmerTsa xelapyrobiT hmaRlobdes. da viTarca Jamis wiraÁ aRasrules da sazrdeli miiRes, warmovides Sina. da romelTa aqvnda sawvimrebi, molxinebiT STamovides monastrad, xolo romelTa ar aqvnda, - SromiT da WiriT. da esreT ornive hmdedlobdes RmerTsa da netarsa mamasa iovanes“. am cnobaSiac, iseve rogorc zemoxsenebul xalxur gadmocemebSi wvimam Sin mobruneba ar daacala wesis Semsruleblebs. aseTi saintereso damTxvevebi da dRes yofaSi SemorCenili faqtebis gameoreba istoriul wyaroebSi, eTnografiuli wyaros did mniSvnelobaze migviTiTebs. elias dResaswaulis Sesaxeb cnobas gvawvdis arqanjelo lamberti, romelic wers: gvalvisas Tu xatis gabanam ar gasWra, Txas Seswiraven wminda elias, xorcs SesWams mRvdeli, xolo gatenil tyavs xeze hkidbeno. aseTsave cnobas gvawvdis ioseb mari Zampi, TeatinelTa ordenis prefeqti, misioneri, romlis Txzuleba Tavis SromaSi Seutania Jan Sardens. sagulisxmoa, rom wmindani aq elias formiT ixsenieba. am cnobaSi naTqvamia: „uqmoben agreTve eliobas, wm. elia winaswarmetyvelis dResaswauls, romelsac SesTxoven wvimas kargi mosavlis misaRebad. mis sapativcemulod klaven Txas. swored imave dRes, Cveni patrebis samrevloSi, wifurias eklesiaSi klaven Txas; samegrelos mTavarma am dResaswaulze am eklesiaSi Txis dakvla da didi raodenobiT pur-Rvinis mizidva samudamod daamkvidra. eklesiaSi Tormeti mRvdeli modis da erTad wiravs. 387 amis Semdeg miirTmeven Txis xorcs da danarCen sursaTs, vidre Zalian ar daTvrebian. es uqme modis 30 ivliss“. es albaT uZvelesi cnobebia, romlis Tanaxmad elioba dadgenil, kalendarul dResaswaulad gvevlineba. mas saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba hqonia, radgan mTavari didad zrunavs dResaswaulis saTanado pativiT aRsrulebisaTvis. elias dResaswauli da kulti mtkiced fexmokidebuli yofila kavkasiis mTianeTSic. vaxuStis Tanaxmad elias Tayvans scemdnen dvalebi. igi cdilobs niSandobliv TvisebaTa gamoyofis gziT moaxdinos mahmadiani da qristiani mosaxleobis klasificireba, romelTaTvis miuxedavad sxvadasxva sarwmunoebisa, elias Tayvaniscema saerTod savaldebulo yofila: „romelnime sWamen Rorsa, arian qristianeni da romelnime sWamen cxensa, eseni arian mahmadianni. garna yovelive uwyon msgavsi kerpisa, romelsa uwodeben vaCilas, (vaCila albaT osebis uac-illa, elia aris – i. s.) rameTu Sewiraven elias Txasa da xorcs SeWamen TviTve, xolo tyavsa gasWimaven maRalsa Zelsa zeda da Tayvans scemen tyavsa mas dResa Sina eliasasa, raTa ara mouvlinon eliam setyvani da mosces nayofni qveynisani“. daaxloebiT analogiuri viTarebaa aRwerili TuSeTSiac: „uvisT xucesni, aramed umetes ucnobelni WeSmaritebisani, rameTu aqusT klde didi da maRali da dResa ilia winaswarmetyvelisasa Seswiraven mas kldesa cxovarisa da Zroxasa, da Tayvans scemen kldesa masa da ra igi esmis kldisa misgan, swamT umetes yovlisa igi“. es literaturuli monacemebi sxvadasxva drosa da sxvadasxva avtorebs ganekuTvneba, magram bevri ram saerToa maT Soris, rac elias raobis garkvevisas SeiZleba gamogvadges. lambertis, Zampisa da vaxuStis cnobebis Tanaxmad elias dResaswaulze msxverplad Txas swiraven, vaxuStis cnobis Tanaxmad dvalebi elias vaCilas saxeliT eTayvanebian, amasTanave scodniaT tyavis Zelze gaWimva da mas SesTxovdnen karg aminds. am cnobis mixedviT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom elia xSirad Canacvlebulia cxoveluri eqvivalentiT da xSirad Txis saxiT gvevlineba, radgan Tayvans scemen Zelze dakidul tyavs, an gatenil tyavs, romelic xeze hkidia. aseve dakavSirebuli Cans TxasTan elia winaswarmetyveli, romelic Tavisi xaleniT ifaravs pirs uflis ganrisxebis Jams. saqarTveloSi da- 388 culia am wmindanis reliqvia, Txis tyavis xaleni. ase rom TviT bibliuri ilia da misi kultmsaxureba istoriul saqarTveloSi mWidrod yofila dakavSirebuli am cxovelTan da SesaZloa igi elias gamovlinebadac miaCndaT. setyvis gamgeblisa da RrubelTwinamZRvari elias Sesaxeb warmodgenebs safuZvlad daedo „dabadebaSi“ da „saxarebaSi“ aRwerili ilia winaswarmetyvelis saxe. ai ras ambobs dabadeba ilias Sesaxeb: igi gamoCnda izraelSi maSin, roca taxtze avida aqabi da coli misi, sidoneli qali, iezebeli. isini ebraul religias maincdamainc ar erTgulebdnen da xels uwyobdnen ucxo RvTaebaTa, baalebis Tayvaniscemas. iezebels sakulto muxnaric gaumarTavs. am viTarebaSi iliam gamoacxada, rom cocxalia RmerTi israelisa, romlis winaSec vdgevar da am wlebSi, Tu me ar vinebeb, arc wvima mova da arc cvario. iezebeli mas devnis. aseve gandevna da daxoca man ielovas sxva winaswarmetyvelni. ilia ki RmerTis brZanebiT daimala mdinare qorafTan, saidanac iRebda sasmel wyals, xolo saWmeli, xorci da puri, diliT da saRamoTi misTvis mihqonda yorans. male mdinare daSra da RmerTma ilia sidonSi gaagzavna vinme qvrivTan, romlis kidobansa da qoTanSi fqvili da erbo ar ileoda ilias saswaulebrivi Zalis wyalobiT. iliam amave dros gankurna qvrivis momakvdavi Svili. RmerTis brZanebiT ilia samariaSi dabrunda. am dros gvalvisagan gadamwvar qveyanaSi mefe aqabi da misi saxlTuxucesi avdia eZeben wyalsa da balaxs. avdia keTilmorwmune iyo da mfarvelobda ielovas devnil mimdevrebs. iliam maT ubrZana, rom karmelis mTaze gamoegzavnaT baalis oTxasi msaxuri, da isini paeqrobaSi gamoiwvia. misi winadadebiT ucecxlo SeSaze dades zvarakis xorci, xolo cecxli unda aenTo RvTis msaxurTa vedrebas. ilias winaaRmdegni mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi evedrebodnen TavianT RmerTebs, umowyalod iCexdnen sxeuls, rogorc maT kultmsaxurebaSi iyo miRebuli, magram mTeli dRis vedrebam Sedegi ar gamoiRo, maTi samsxverplo ar ainTo. iliam dascina mowinaaRmdegeebs, wyali daasxa Tavis kocons, SesTxova RmerTs da zeciurma cecxlma STanTqa yvelaferi. am gamarjvebis Semdgom man maxviliT gawyvita mowinaaRmdegeni, avida da karmelis mTis Txemze daeloda wvimas, romelic man gamoiwvia, Tu gamosTxova RmerTs. 389 ilias moRvaweobis danarCeni momentebi Cveni TemisaTvis nakleb sainteresoa. vityviT mxolod, rom igi aCens cecxls, Tavisi xaleniT apobs wyals mdinare iordanSi, bolos ki cecxlovani etliTa da cxenebiT maRldeba zecad. misi xalniT mdinares apobs ilias mowafe elisec. elia udidesi wmindania saxarebis mixedviTac. saxarebaSi naTqvamia, rom igi ieso qristes win unda mosuliyo, raTa niadagi moemzadebina qristes moRvaweobisaTvis. maTes saxarebaSi ki isicaa naTqvami, rom elia ioane naTlismcemlis saxiT gamocxadebula... es momenti erTgvarad exmianeba bibliuri elias Tvisebebs, sadac igi wylis gamgeblad warmogvidgeba. ioane naTlismcemeli mdinare iordanis wylebTan aris dakavSirebuli, romlis talRebSi igi naTlavs morwmuneebs. am aRwerilobebidan metnaklebad reliefurad ikveTeba bibliuri winaswarmetyvelis saxe. Cans, rom igi 1) dakavSirebulia zeciur ZalebTan da RmerTsa da adamianebs Soris dgas. 2) mas emorCileba amindis cvalebadoba. 3) mas emorCileba zeciuri cecxli. 4) misi sabrZanisia mTis wveri. 5) igi ganagebs sikvdilsa da sicocxles, wvavs cecxliT, aRadgens momakvdavT. 6) igi ganagebs mdinareTa dinebas, SeuZlia maTi SeCereba. 7) misi atributia tyavis mosasxami xaleni, romliTac mdinaris wyals imorCilebs am saswaulmoqmed tyavs ilias gareSec SeuZlia wyalze zemoqmedeba. 8) caSi maRldeba cecxlovani etliT. 9) zoomorfuli atributia Txa. am Tvisebebis TiTqmis yvela niSani SeinarCuna xalxurma RrubelTwinamZRvarma, magram xalxur warmodgenebSi kidev ufro meti Zala SeiZina, radganac zeciuri cecxlis, Weqa-quxilisa da wvimis gamgeblobis gamo igi miiCnies Weqa-quxilis uZvelesi RvTaebebis memkvidred. es RvTaebebi ki arqauli panTeonis meTaurebad iTvlebodnen. am Tvisebebis garda, rogorc ukve vnaxeT, mas boroti Zalis niSnebic SeuZenia da Rrmad SeeTvisa Tavisi zoomorfuli oreulis, Txis sakralur simbolikas. amindis Secvla morwmuneTa warmodgeniT, ara marto xsenebul qristianul wmindanebs SeeZloT. aseTi TvisebebiT dajildoebuli iyo wminda giorgic, magram am wmindanis kultisaTvis amindis Secvla yovlisSemZleobis mxolod erT-erTi gamovlenaa da ara ZiriTadi niSani. wminda giorgi ufro mexmtyorcneli uzenaesi RvTaebebis memkvidred gvevlineba da ZiriTadad socialur aspeqtSi moqmedebs. icavs morwmuneebs, marTals da 390 a. S. igi mebrZoli wmindania da mis msaxurebaSi amindis specialuri ritualebi ar aris damowmebuli. amitom mas amJamad ar SevexebiT. saWiro amindis, kerZod wvimis momniWeblad Tvlidnen wminda barbaresac. zog teqstebSi igi elias Caenacvleba xolme, magram specialuri rituali arc am ukanasknelis kultmsaxurebaSi aris fiqsirebuli. „mindvris yarauls“ uwodeben daviT garejels, igi mindvrebs icavs yvelanairi borotisagan, maT Soris setyvisagan, magram uSualod wvimebisa da setyvis RvTaebad isic ar iTvleba. aseTive mdgomareoba mowmdeba mraval sxva SemTxvevaSi. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi amindTan dakavSirebuli warmodgenebi didi mravalferovnebiT iyo gavrcelebuli, romelTa gadmonaSTebis moZieba dResac SesaZlebelia. winamdebare narkvevSi warmodgenaTa mxolod garkveul nawils SevexeT. radgan aq ZiriTadad asaxulia yvelaferi, rac Zvelma meurnem icoda da rasac iyenebda mindvrisa da mosavlis dasacavad da misaRebad. Tu ra mZime iyo es procesi, amaze naTlad metyvelebs qarTuli sityva „Wirnaxuli“. 391 ÌÏÊÎÏÄÓÎÒ ÆÏ ÇÍÅËÞÎÒÂÒ (ÌÓÄÅÀÇÅ ÏÎÌÅÞÓÄÒ ÙÏÎÈËÆÃÅÍÅÞÒÌ ÈÒÕÅÆÂÒÀ) miTosisa da ritualis, rogorc zneobrivi normebis Camoyalibebis socialuri faqtorebis Seswavla qarTul mecnierebaSi uaxlesi mimarTulebaa. eTnografTa Soris ar SeiZleba ar davasaxeloT a. qaldanis, m. kandelakis Sromebi, folkloristTagan ki z. kiknaZe. am avtorebma yuradReba miaqcies sarwmunoebrivi da sameurneo cxovrebis urTierTmimarTebebs, romelTa uwyveti zemoqmedeba yalibdeba warmodgena-qcevis prestiJul normebze saqarTvelos mTielTa sazogadoebaSi, xolo feodalur sazogadoebaze dakvirvebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania g. qiqoZis ramdenime werili. aseTi SedarebiTi „xelmokleoba“ xsenebul dargSi gasagebicaa, radgan sabWouri periodis mecniereba ZiriTadad istoriis socialuri da ekonomikuri mamoZraveblebiT iyo argumentirebuli da mxolod sazogadoebrivi poziciidan ukavSirdeboda e. w. „obieqturobas“, rac misi TvalsazrisiT istoriis kanonzomierebis realizaciis erTaderT SesaZlo formas warmoadgenda. yoveli mcdeloba am fonze individis Sefasebisa awydeboda kedels, romelsac erqva „xalxis roli“ istoriaSi da romlis winaSe individi, anu „gmiri“ maSindeli nomenklaturiT, mxolod morigi „burJuaziuli“ Secdomis kvalifikacias Tu daimsaxurebda. ver vityviT, rom uzogadesi midgomiT es pozicia imTaviTve mcdari iyo. erT dros, sul dasawyisSi, „sazogadoebrivi cxoveli“ naklebad aqtiuri iyo da misi interesebi savsebiT ifareboda an gamoixateboda socialuri jgufis interesebiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, individTa da koleqtivTa So- ris konfliqti sagrZnobi ar iyo. koleqtivi axerxebda balansis dacvas Tavisi da individis interesebs Soris individisaTvis aqtiurobis asparezis gadataniT koleqtivis interesebis sferoSi. am mimarTulebiT mas SezRudva ar gaaCnda, piriqiT, icavda da amkvidrebda rogorc qcevis nimuSs sakraluri sanqciebis sistemiT, romelic zogadad ganapirobebda yovelg- 392 var pozitiurs socialuri jgufis cxovrebaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom cneba „sakraluri“ mTlianad moicavda „zneobrivs“ da misi saxiTa da formiT xorcieldeboda. es viTareba imden xans gagrZelda adamianTa istoriaSi, ramden xansac moxseniebulma sistemam SeZlo sakuTari Tavis SenarCuneba, anu vidre socialuri jgufis interesebi gamoxatavdnen, an iqvemdebarebdnen individis mzard interesebs. zogan es procesi Zalze swrafad wavida, rasac Tavisi mizezebi gaaCnda, zogan ki amave mizezTa Sebrunebuli zemoqmedebis, an damaCqarebel faqtorTa ararsebobis gamo, sazogadoebriv interesTa moculoba axerxebda Tavis farglebSi Caeketa individi Tavis individualur sulier samyarosa da individualur interesebTan erTad. kedeli, romelsac gars avlebda konservatoruli sazogadoeba individs, agebuli iyo qcevis standartizebuli, tradiciuli normebiT, religiuri sanqciebiT, akrZalvebiT, dResaswaulebiT, winaswarmetyvelebiT da a. S. Seiqmna paradoqsuli viTareba: akrZalvaTa sistema da koleqtiuri sanqciebi, romelTa saSualebiT moxerxda organizaciebis, rogorc adamianTa Tanacxovrebis ganmapirobebeli organizmis Seqmna, garkveuli Rirebulebebis donis miRwevis Semdeg wyvets zrdas da aferxebs Tavis wiaRSive warmoSobili samomavlo tendenciebis SesaZlo aRmavlobas. magram radganac momavali gardauvalia, amdenad yvela tradiciuli sistema eqvemdebareba maradiuli „gardacvalebis“ process, romelic mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba kvdoma-gaqrobisagan. am viTarebaSi sistema irRveva, rogorc kvercxis naWuWi wiwilas gamoCekvisas, magram misi Semadgenloba ar kvdeba: igi „gardasaxuli da gardacvalebuli“ agrZelebs arsebobas axal struqturaSi ise, rom mravali misi elementi avtonomiurobasac ki inarCunebs da axlis samsaxurSi dgeba. kulturis Zveli elementebis axal garemoSi moqcevas, axali samoqmedo asparezis mopovebas maT mier axalTan Serwymis gziT, eTnologebi „sinkretizacias“ uwodeben. es sityva, romelic urTulessa da araerTgvarovan procesebs faravs, raRac panacead iqca, yovel gaugebrobas misi gamoyenebiT xsnidnen da xsnian, riTac Tavidan icileben realurad mimdinare procesebis saTanadod gaSuqebas. aRniSnuli procesebi yovel adiglze da yovel dros sakuTari kanonebiT, konkretul viTarebaTa Sedegad mimdinareoben da qmnian yvela kulturuli regionis, aseve am regionis SigniT ganlagebul kulturul toposTa kolorits, maTi cxovrebis formas, ganumeoreblobas... am Tavi- 393 seburebaTa dakargva kulturis individualurobis dakargvas udris. miuxedavad diferencirebuli Seswavlis mniSvnelovani sirTulisa, mecniereba Tavisi maradmzardi SesaZleblobebiT unda SeeWidos am amocanas, igi unda gadawydes yoveli istoriuli eTnokulturuli struqturisaTvis. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi miviRebT individualobaTa nivelirebisa da gverdis avlis gziT miRebul stereotipul garemos, sadac Semoqmedebis perspeqtivas axali borkilebi daedeba. axali dro ki aSkarad Seicavs msgavs safrTxes. da rom es ar moxdes, rom ar gaRaribdes momavali sakacobrio kultura, unda SenarCunebuli iqnas kulturaTa mravalferovneba, momavals unda miewodos saukuneobiT SemuSavebuli formebi ara rogorc daxuruli, izolirebuli rgolebi, aramed rogorc Ria sistemebi, romelTac identificirebis ganmapirobebel elementebTan erTad, gaaCniaT komunikaciis sakmaod maRali unari. komunikabeluroba, anu kulturaTa urTierT SeRwevis SesaZleblobebi, uZvelesi droidan yalibdeboda rogorc Tviseba yoveli kulturuli erTeulisa socialuri organizaciis nebismieri doneze, dawyebuli pirvelyofili gvaridan TviT saxelmwifod gaerTianebul warmonaqmnebamde. am procesis moqmedebasa da gaRrmavebas xels uwyobda Sesabamisi miTosur-religiuri ideebi da maTi ritualuri praqtika, radgan yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi maTi erToblioba adeqvatur Rirebulebebze iyo agebuli da vrcel kulturul-istoriul sivrceSi ganifineboda. konkretuli magaliTiT rom ganvmartoT es azri, sakmarisia warmovidginoT miTosuri gmiris saxe, romelic ukve Zveli berZnebis dros imdenad gasagebi iyo did sivrceze, rom SeiZleboda maTi adgilobrivi saxelebis herakled gadatana. es ukve miTosis ganmasxvavebuli eTnikuri formebis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli gansazogadoebuli idealis arsebobis mauwyebeli movlena aris, rac sxvagvarad kulturaTa Tanacxovrebisa da urTierTSeRwevis Sedegi SeiZleba vuwodoT. am momentSi meore miniSnebac aris: elinizmis xanaSi, miuxedavad adgilobrivi kulturebis nivelirebisa maRali berZnuli kulturis gavleniT, mainc arcerT kulturas ar daukargavs Tavisi individualoba, magram gaZlierda maTi komunikaciuri nawili. am momentma ki mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli maSindeli msoflios winsvlas da sagrZnoblad ganapiroba momavali. dRes erovnul kulturebs Tavdacvis meti perspeqtiva aqvT, radganac arcerTi 394 Tanamedrove kultura ise ar uswrebs sxvebs, rogorc Tavis droze berZnebi. sakiTxisaTvis zedapiruli Tvalis gadavlebiTac ki moCans sakraluris, ritualurisa da zneobrivis urTierTganmapirobebeli Sedegianoba, romlis produqtad unda CaiTvalos Tanamedrove zneobriv faseulobaTa mniSvnelovani nawili. am faseulobaTagan yoveli kerZo erTeuli sxvadasxva istoriul droSi gansxvavebuli nominalurobiT iyo warmodgenili, romelTa saxecvlilebaTa kaleidoskopi sruldeba dRevandeli suraTiT. maTi saSualebiT istoriul RerZze SesaZloa gamovyoT sakvanZo Rirebulebebis struqturuli mwkrivebi, romelTa erToblioba Tavis moZraobiTa da saxecvlilebebiT saSualebas gvaZleven Tvalyuri vadevnoT kulturuli procesis majiscemas yvela istoriuli procesis gavliT dRevandelobamde da yoveli calkeuli punqti SevafasoT rogorc Sedegi ama Tu im istoriul sazogadoebaTa interesebis urTierTzemoqmedebisa. es midgoma damatebiT saSualebas qmnis istoriul sazogadoebaTa daxasiaTebisa da SefasebisaTvis. aRniSnuli midgoma saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro Rrmad SevicnoT kulturis romelime calke aRebuli donis aRmocenebisa da formirebis procesi, misi struqturuli kavSiri, rogorc wina, ise momdevno safexurebTan, moqmedi tendenciebis analizis safuZvelze ufro prognozirebuli gavxadoT momavali. amisaTvis ki saWiroa, rom kulturis SigniT SevZloT sintagmatiuri kvanZebis gamovlena da maTi maradiuli transformirebisaTvis Tvalis gadevneba. process ganapirobebs sazogadoebriv interesTa cvalebadoba, romelic aramaterialur faseulobaTa samyaroSi aRmocendeba da materialuri, an zneobrivi normis saxiT vlindeba gvian, rogorc aRsrulebuli faqti. amis Semdeg gasagebia, rom sazogadoebaSi erTmaneTis gverdiT Tanaarseboben movlenebi, romlebic sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqis warmonaqmni arian, magram, miuxedvad amisa, ar arRveven yofierebis balanss da savsebiT Seesabamebian RirebulebaTa moniSnul vels. amitom bunebrivia daintereseba garkveuli tipis faqtebiT, roca maTi erToblioba ama Tu im saxiT arsebobs faqtobrivad adamianTa mTeli istoriis manZilze, yovelTvis gamoxatavs principulad erTsa da imaves, yovel calkeul epoqaSi ganicdis saTanado cvlilebebs, magram struqturis ZiriTadi niSnebi yovelTvis SenarCunebulia. erTxel ukve gvqonda saSualeba SevxebodiT analogiur faqts, kerZod `mefis ga- 395 nadirebis~ saqorwilo rituals 1 . misi analizisas gairkva, rom rwmenawarmodgenaTa eTnografiuli suraTi Seicavs iseT elementebs, romlebic adamianTa istoriis adreul etapze unda aRmocenebuliyo, magram maT gaaCniaT maRali socialuri plastikuroba, ris gamoc struqturis SenarCunebasTan erTad xdeba misi axali RirebulebebiT datvirTva. igive SeiZleba iTqvas gacocxleba_ganaxlebis ideis Sesaxeb. dawyebuli totemisturi warmodgenebidan, aRdgena_gacocxlebis ideas udidesi adgili eWira yvela religiaSi da, garkveuli transformaciiT, TviT ukanaskneli saukunis zRurblamde SeinarCuna arseboba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq saqme gvaqvs rwmena-warmodgenaTa garkveul kvanZebTan, romelic erTgvar universalur Rirebulebebs Seicavs da swored amitom, mcire socialuri saxecvlilebebiT TiTqmis ukanasknel xanebamde uwyvetad rCebian praqtikaSi 2 . ideaTa Zalian arqauli nakadebi inarCunebs arsebobas manam, vidre maTi ama Tu im saxiT realizaciisaTvis saWiro niadagi arsebobs. Sesabamisad, sulieri garemo, romelic garkveuli potenciiT aRmocenda uZveles droebSi, dRemde inarCunebs arsebobas, Tundac ukiduresad transformirebulad. ese igi, Cvens yofaSi kidev arsebobs iseTive ganmapirobebeli faqtorebi, romlebic moqmedebda Zalze Soreul epoqaSi. am movlenas axsna unda moeZebnos muskuluri energiisa da religiebis epoqis kulturis specifikaSi, romlis ganmavlobaSi mudmivad arsebobda miTosur_religiuri toposebi, da miuxedavad socialur struqturaTa sxvaobisa, mudam miTosurad da religiurad rCeboda. es warmodgenebi mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ganicdis industriuli xalxebis kulturaSi, sadac energetikuli baza, mecniereba, teqnika ukiduresad aviwrovebs maT samoqmedo asparezs, an sabolood aqrobs, an principuli cvlilebebi Seaqvs maT agebulebaSi da arqetipuli sqemebis saxiT ibudebs desakralizebuli da demiTizirebuli eleqtronuli monstrebis kaleidoskopSi. gansxvavebiT Zvelisagan, romlis energetika religiur_miTosuri warmoSobisa iyo, es ukanasknelni mTlianad arian dakavSirebulni mecnierebisa da teqnikis 1 i. surgulaZe, erTi saqorwilo wesis miTosuri da socialuri bunebisaTvis (mefis ganadirebis analizis cda). macne, istoriis, eTnografiis da xelovnebaTmcodneobis seria. #2.1989 (SemdegSi „mefis“...) 2 i. surgulaZe, qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika, Tbilisi, 1993 w., gv. 35 da Semdeg. 396 axal miRwevebTan, mis energetikul bazasTan (magaliTad terminatori). ase rom, erTsa da imave dros, erT socialur sibrtyeSi, Tanacxovrobs istoriulad gansxvavebul civilizaciebze damyarebuli elementebi, romelTa Tanaarseboba erT kulturul velSi ganpirobebulia araTanabari inteleqtualuri doneebis modificirebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, praqtikulad ar arsebobs sinqronuli Wrili kulturis movlenebisaTvis. isini mxolod pirobiTad Seadgenen horizontalur RerZs. is, rac erTi Tvalis gadavlebiT sinqronulad gveCveneba, sinamdvileSi warmoadgens sxvadasxva diaqronuli mwkrivebis daboloebebs sinqronul sibrtyeze. faqti, romliTac romelime diaqronuli mwkrivi bolovdeba da mxolod amitom aris moqceuli horizontalur velze, anu TanadroulobaSi, sinamdvileSi, mniSvnelobaTa udidesi nawiliT, istoriul warsuls ganasaxierebs. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad aseTi warmodgenebi Semoinaxa yofierebis sarwmunoebriv da zneobriv speqtrSi, sadac ZiriTadad mizezobrivi da SefasebiTi aspeqtebia Tavmoyrili. am seqtorSi ki gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa micvalebulTan dakavSirebuli warmodgenebi, radgan isini, genetikuri TvalsazrisiT, kulturis uZveles Sreebs ganekuTvnebian da gvevlinebian sazogadoebis socializaciis erT_erT ganmsazRvrel parametrad, iseve rogorc Sroma, an naTesaobis sistema. dakrZalva aris micvalebulTa mimarT cocxalTa mxridan naTesauri damokidebulebis realizacia, rac, erTis mxriv, emyareba mxolod adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bunebriv emociebs, xolo meores mxriv, warmodgenebs suleTze, rac aseve mxolod adamianuri movlenaa. am samyaroze konceptualurad Camoyalibebuli, myari Sexedulebebi aniWebs azrs dakrZalvas da mis Semadgenel moqmedebaTa mwkrivs. es mwkrivi, Tavis mxriv, agebs TviT dakrZalvis rituals, romlis konceptualuri safuZveli, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, miTosur_religiuri formiT aris warmodgenili da savsebiT Seesabameba aRebuli sazogadoebis socialuri interesebis dones. dakrZalva yvelaze ufro datvirTulia pirveladi mniSvnelobebiT im qmedebaTa Soris, romelTac gulisxmoben micvalebulis kultis saxelqveS. aseve uZvelesia dakrZalvis aqti am kultis yvela elementTa Soris. misi arseboba dadasturebulia jer kidev gviani paleoliTis droidan. miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierTa erTi nawili cdilobs am faqts rac SeiZleba nakleb rTuli da meqanikuri mniSvneloba mianiWos, 397 igi nebismier SemTxvevaSi miuTiTebs mxolod adamianur garemoze. teSik_taSis, Sanidaris da aziisa Tu evropis sxva gamoqvabulebis binadrebma icodnen TavianTi micvalebulebis ama Tu im formiT dakrZalva. magaliTad, gamoqvabul sxulSi napovnia adamianis naSTi (TariRdeba, 60000 wliT), romelTan erTad aRmoCnda yvavilebi, romelTagan ori saxeoba gamosadegia saWmlad, erTi _ saWmladac da samkurnalod, xolo danarCeni xuTi _ mxolod samkurnalod (damowmebulia sul rva jiSi). mecnierebi fiqroben, rom am dros ukve unda scodnodaT samkurnalo mcenareTa gamoyeneba. amave periodis ConCxebTan erTad xSirad gvxvdeba sxvadasxva cxovelTa sxeulebis nawilebi (taxis yba, irmis xerxemali, xaris fexi), rasac miiCneven TanCatanebul produqtad, anu micvalebulze zrunvis aSkara gamoxatulebad. aseve sainteresoa micvalebulTa ormoSi Cadeba, misi miwiT, an sxva ram saxiT dafarva, garSemo qvebis Semowyoba, gvamis JangmiwiT Seferva, mis garSemo nadiris Tavebis dawyoba, rac erTsa da imave dros aris micvalebulis izolireba wriT da nadiris gatanebac saiqioSi. cnobilia SemTxvevebi, roca ConCxTan erTad napovnia qvis iaraRi, romelsac Catanebuladve Tvlian. am sakiTxis vrceli mimoxilva Cvens mizans ar Seadgens. neandertalelTa samarxebis problema da vrceli literatura mimoxiluli aqvs i. semionovs Tavis cnobil naSromSi 3 . erTi rame ki cxadia: dakrZalva, rogori wesiTac ar unda iyos igi Sesrulebuli, pirveladi aqti iqneba is Tu meoradi, nebismier SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs koncefcias micvalebulis Sesaxeb. wesis Sesruleba emyareba SromiTi Cvevebis arsebobas, romelTac iyeneben sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis procesSi, anu racionaluri praqtikis sferoSi. amave moqmedebaTa gamoyeneba da produqtis micvalebulisaTvis “gataneba~, ukve gulisxmobs arsebobas da mniSvnelovani masStabiT funqcionirebas mrwamsisa, warmosaxviTi samyarosi, romlis reproducireba racionaluri saSualebebiT xdeba. am momentSi racionalur da iracionalur sferoTa Soris garkveuli TvalsazrisiT tolobis niSani daismis, radgan praqtikuli ganxorcielebis saSualebebi migviTiTebs, rom es `arapraqtikuli~ miznebic sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis sferoSi unda yofiliyo gaerTianebuli. anTropo da sociogenetikuri TvalsazrisiT Sefasebas rom Tavi davaneboT, aRwerili movlenebi, rogorc bunebaSi ararsebulni da bunebrivi 3 Ю. Семенов, Как возникло человечество, М., 1966. стр. 380. 398 analogiebis aramqoneni, mTlianad socialuri samyaros kuTvnilebaa da kulturis, anu adamianis mier Seqmnili samyaros gamoCenis mauwyebelia. Cvens pirvel Teziss rom SevexmauroT, vityviT, rom dakrZalva, rogorc erT_erTi niSani mimdinare sociokulturuli procesisa, Cndeba adamianTa sazogadoebasTan erTad da misi Sefaseba yovelTvis moqceulia miTosis sferoSi, xolo misi praqtika miznad isaxavs kulturis iracionaluri seqtoris racionaluri saSualebebiT realizacias. am Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare Cven vTvliT, rom kultura mudam, dRidan misi arsebobisa, warmoadgenda racionalurisa da iracionaluris organul mTlianobas, rogorc arsebobisaTvis aucilebel saSualebaTa erTobliobas: warmodgenebi micvalebulze, sulze, imqveyniur cxovrebaze, da a. S. si- kvdil_sicocxlis sademarkacio xazze ki ar iyo ganlagebuli, aramed praqtikulad vlindeboda adamianis sazogadoebrivi arsebobis yvela momentSi. swored am viTarebam ganapiroba is revoluciuri texili zneobriobaSi, romelic qristianul religiasa da civilizaciasTan aris dakavSirebuli. am movlenaTa Soris Tavisi, savsebiT gansazRvruli adgili uWiravs imqveyniur cxovrebaze Sexedulebebs da maTi praqtikuli realizaciis saSualebebs. amitom xdeba, rom maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli ambivalenturoba, alegoriuloba da simboluroba sazogadoebis yvelaze TvalsaCino maxasiaTeblebis Sepirispirebis gziT aris gamoxatuli. ideaTa samyaro - winaprebis gonis produqti, romelic maT TavebSi iyo aRbeWdili, aRar arsebobs, magram darCa wesi da rituali, anu moqmedebaTa mwkrivi, romelic, miuxedavad misi pirobiTi mniSvnelobisa, realur warmodgenas gviqmnis aw gamqrali samyaros Sesaxeb. am sakiTxebze msjelobisas gasaTvaliswinebelia monawile komponentTa cvladobis koeficienti mimdinare procesis istoriuli dinamikis pirobebSi. ritualuri moqmedebebiT, realuri sagnebiT, Tu simbolo_niSnebiT asaxul miTo_religiur sistemas wakiTxvis Tavisi wesi gaaCnia, radgan masSi kodirebulia specifikuri socio_kulturuli garemo, romlis Sefaseba da misTvis saTanado istoriuli adgilis gamoZebna mkvlevaris ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens. wesebi, maTi gamomxatveli moqmedebebi, maTSi CarTuli materialuri sagnebi warmoadgens pirobiT aRmniSvnelebs, niSnebs, romelTac sxvadasxva dros SeiZleba gansxvavebuli interpretacia gaaCndes. magaliTad samarxi, romelic yovelTvis inarCunebs Tavis ZiriTad mniSvne- 399 lobas, mowyobis, gamarTvis, agebis, Semkobisa da a. S. wesiT, mudam cvladia, radgan yovel kerZo SemTxvevaSi igi gamoxatavs misi Semqmnelebis, anu dakrZaluli piris sazogadoebisaTvis aRebul istoriul momentSi damaxasiaTebel konkretul warmodgenebs da am warmodgenaTa realizaciis xelmisawvdom saSualebaTa erTobliobas, romelic verasodes ver aRwevs Tavis optimums. e. i. igi aris zogadi ideis interpretaciis erTi konkretuli SemTxveva, romelsac Tavis mxriv sakuTari optimaluri formebisaken swrafva axasiaTebs, magram, unda vivaraudoT, rom verasodes ver aRwevs zRvrul dones misi faqtobrivad ar arsebobis gamo (magaliTad, rogori mdidrulic ar unda iyos samarxi, Teoriulad ufro mdidruli variantic SeiZleba warmovidginoT). amdenad variantTa dausrulebeli ricxvi arsebobs TviT erTi interpretaciis SigniT. roca saqme gvaqvs materialur sagnebTan, SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom maTze dayrdnobiT advilia problemis aramaterialuri nawilisaTvis Tvalyuris devneba, magram siZnele gacilebiT ufro didia, vidre igi erTi SexedviT Cans. yovelTvis gasaTvaliswinebelia am materiis Semqmneli impulsis xasiaTi, misi mravalferovani socialuri, ekonomikuri, religiur_miTosuri da a. S. speqtri, romelsac, rogorc aRvniSneT, ar gaaCnia zRvruli done da Sesabamisad amowurvadi raodenoba. es impulsi, anu ganpirobebuli rwmena_warmodgenebi, mudmiv moZraobaSi aris, radgan igi istoriulad cvladi sazogadoebis erT_erTi parametria. saboloo jamSi Cven gvinda vTqvaT, rom sazogadoebis kulturuli veli yovelTvis ganicdis garkveul SeSfoTebas, energetikul gamovlenebs, romelsac, erTi da igive formaluri konturis pirobebSi, SesaZloa gaaCndes interpretaciis gansxvavebuli varianti da yovelTvis Seesabamebodes sazogadoebis istoriuli cxovrebis ama Tu im etaps. yvelaferi erTad ki Seadgens uwyvet process, romelsac kultura hqvia da romlis Semoqmedi aris sazogadoeba. amitom kulturis SigniT movlenebi urTierTkavSirSi arian, rac ganapirobebs uwyvetobas maradiuli gardaqmnebis formiT. kulturis axali da Zveli elementebi mudam Tanaarseboben kulturul velze misi SeSfoTebis (Tu gnebavT daWimulobis) araTanabrobis Sesabamisad. SeSfoTeba, daWimuloba, rac principSi sazogadoebis aqtivobas niSnavs, kulturis gamovlinebis formaa da kvebavs process, sadac arsebuli struqturis siRrmeSi, socialuri aqcentebis gadasmis gziT, 400 warmoiqmneba nawilobriv axali, gaSualedebuli etapebi, riTac, Tavis mxriv, garantirdeba kulturis formaTa memkvidreobiToba. am ukanasknelis ama Tu im TanamimdinareobiT praqtikaSi gamoxatvis aucilebloba iZleva tradicias. tradiciis safuZvelze warmoqmnili sazogadoebrivi Semoqmedebis formebi yovelTvis optimalurad asaxavs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis dinamikas da masTan srul SesabamisobaSi saxeicvleba, naklebad konfliqturi aris da maRali socialuri plastikuroba axasiaTebs. tradiciuli institutebi sazogadoebis struqturis mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs uZleben da didxans agrZeleben funqcionirebas. miTosSi asaxuli mobiluri warmodgenebi, romelTac movyavarT didi religiebis mier SemuSavebul sistemebamde, Tanamedrove yofaSiac warmarTaven rogorc adamianTa sayofacxovrebo saqmianobas, ise SromiTi CvevebiTa da ekonomikuri faseulobebiT dasabuTebul sarwmunoebriv moqmedebebsac, rac safuZvels gvaZlevs isini ganvakuTvnoT sicocxlisa da cxovrebisaTvis aucilebel movlenaTa kategorias. am sferoSi aris Tavmoyrili yvela piroba racionalurisa da iracionaluris organuli mTlianobisaTvis. movlenaTa am mwkrivSi yovelTvis gamoixateba yvela istoriuli epoqis Sesabamisi sazogadoebis interesTa jami, materialuri, socialuri da sarwmunoebrivi aspeqtebi, rac qmnis erTobliobaSi sinqronuli kulturuli velis uTanabrobas, rogorc wminda socialuri, ise pirobiTi niSnobrivi TvalsazrisiT. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba movitanoT Cveni yofisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli viTareba, roca sinqronul velSi erTdroulad aRinusxeba genuri inJineria da micvalebulisaTvis saTvaleebis da saaTis, Tu sxva sayofacxovrebo nivTebis Cayolebis Cveuleba. am ori faqtidan pirveli Cvens droSi iRebs saTaves, misi diaqronuli xazi momavalSi gagrZeldeba, magram ar momdinareobs warsulidan. meore faqtis ideur safuZvelTa uZvelesi warmomavloba yvelasaTvis cnobilia, magram CamoTvlili sagnebi axal droSi SeiTvisa Zvelma ritualma, ise, rom Tavisi arqauli struqtura xeluxleblad SeinarCuna. cxadia, rom igi amave principiT momavalSiac SeinarCunebs Tavs, vidre misi arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli socialuri garemo iarsebebs. magram am magaliTidan aSkarad Cans, rom kulturis sinqronul WrilSi erTmaneTis gverdiT Tanacxovrobs principulad gansxvavebuli warmomavlobisa da perspeqtivis mqone yofiT realiaTa simravle da ritualSi moqcevis gziT aqtiurad 401 uwyoben xels uTanabro socio_kulturul velze garkveuli balansis warmoqmnasa da SenarCunebas. kulturul movlenaTa istoriuli dinamika ar emTxveva gansxvavebul social _ ekonomikur struqturaTa aRmocenebisa da kvdomis grafiks. kulturuli movlenisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia garkveuli plastikuroba, modificirebis unari, ris gamoc am movlenaTa mniSvnelovani nawili, gansakuTrebiT is, romelic gare bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis analogiiT aris agebuli, didxans inarCunebs sawyis struqturas. adamiani musties xanaSi micvalebuls nadiris Tavebs atanda, brinjaos xanaSi ki liTonis iaraRsa da keramikas, Cvens Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi ki Tanamedrove moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad aucilebel nivTebs. mTeli istoriis manZilze ki ucvleli rCeba ZiriTadi RerZi imqveyniurobis garSemo arsebuli warmodgenebisa, romlis mixedviT micvalebuls im qveynad sWirdeba yvelaferi, rasac am qveynad iyenebda amasTanave cocxalTa saqmianobisa da movaleobis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens zrunva micvalebulze. wlis manZilze moniSnuli mravalricxovani sakraluri dReebis mniSvnelovani nawili micvalebulTa mosagonrad iyo gankuTvnili. am dReebSi gansakuTrebuli gulmodgineobiT sruldeboda maTi im qveynad uzrunvelyofisaTvis gankuTvnili grandiozuli ritualebi. micvalebulebs, maTi warmodgeniT, seriozuli daxmarebac SeeZloT. aseve SeeZloT mZime zianis miyenebac. amitom maTdami damokidebulebaSi, garda adamianuri siyvarulisa, SiSi da krZalvac igrZnoboda. ra umniSvneloc ar unda yofiliyo piri sicocxleSi, igi gardacvalebis Semdeg ama Tu im doniT sazogadoebriv mniSvnelobas iZenda. amdenad micvalebulTa movla_patronobiT, garda uSualo naTesavisa, mTeli koleqtivi iyo dainteresebuli. aseTia sakiTxis Teoria. zogadi Teoriuli poziciis safuZvelze iqmneboda suleTis konkretuli seqtorebisa da segmentebis damazustebeli suraTebi, miTosuri epizodebi, saTavgadasavlo siuJetebi, romelTa erToblioba ritualTan qmnida kults. ùïìóäàï æï æïþîóíåþóäàï íïïèþëþò 402 saiqios Sesaxeb arsebul warmodgenebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs saiqiodan gamoSvebulTa, udrood wasulTa da amis gamo dabrunebulTa, Tu sxva ram gansakuTrebuli mizeziT saiqiodan mosul pirTa naambobs. es miTosuri Zeglebi, uZvelesi droidan dawyebuli dRemde, TviT homerosisa da dante aligieris CaTvliT, principulad erTi modelis sxvadasxva versiebs warmoadgenen. gilgameSis TavgadasavalSi, am TvalsazrisiT, yuradRebas iqcevs XII tabula, romelic poemis organuli nawili ar aris. igi poemas mimatebia Zveli welTaRricxvis II aTaswleulis bolos, Tu I_is damdegs da uaRresad saintereso masalas Seicavs suleTis yofisa da mowyobis Sesaxeb. XII tabulaSi areklilia Zveli epikuri simReris, `gilgameSi da tirifis~ motivebi. am simReraSi moTxrobilia, rom iSTars hqonda sayvareli xe, tirifi, romelSiac Casaxlebulan demonebis wyvili, qali liliti da mamri lilu. gilgameSma isini gandevna da xe moWra, saidanac iSTars daumzada savarZeli da sawoli. samagierod iSTarma gilgameSs misca doli da misi joxebi (i. diakonovs am adgilis Targmani mTlad sandod ar miaCnia, Tumca doli da misi joxebi, romlis xmaze diliT sawolidan dgebian gilgameSis amxanagebi, pirvel tabulaSia naxsenebi). radgan am dolis xma dilaadrian erekeboda mamakacebs samuSaoze, uruqis qalebs igi sZuldaT da maTi locva_vedrebiT igi, Tavis joxebianad, qvesknelSi Cavarda. gilgameSma maT amosatanad enqidu gaagzavna da Tan daariga, rogor moqceuliyo qvesknelSi mogzaurobisas, raTa iqaurobis saSiS binadarTa risxva ar gamoewvia. Tu isini ganrisxdebodnen, enqidu samzeoSi veRar dabrundeboda. enqidu arRvevs gilgameSis mier danabarebs da micvalebulebi mas samudamod toveben qvesknelSi. damwuxrebulma gilgameSma daxmareba sTxova enlils, magram mama enlilma mas xma ar gasca. Semdeg igi TxovniT mTvaris RvTaeba sinTan mivida, magram pasuxi arc sinma gasca. bolos gilgameSi mivida easTan da mas Txova daxmareba. am ukanasknelma nergals daavala qvesknelidan amoeSva enqidus suli, romelsac gilgameSisaTvis `miwis kanoni~ unda aexsna. enqidu am sapatio motiviT da isic droebiT, amouSves samzeoze. enqidus naambobidan CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa is adgili, sadac igi suleTSi micvalebulis mdgomareobas aRwers. gilgameSi ekiTxeba: `is, vinc Ze Soba, naxe Sen? _ vnaxe, 403 is miwaSi nugeScemulia da purs Wams (albaT puriT uzrunvelyofilia. _ i. s.) is, vinc sami Ze Soba, naxe Sen? _ vnaxe, is miwaSi nugeScemulia da wyals svams (albaT purTan erTad wyalic aqvs, i. s.) `is, vinc oTxi Ze Soba, naxe Sen? _ vnaxe, mas aWmeven da asmeven, misi guli xarobs. is, vinc xuTi Ze Soba, naxe Sen? _ vnaxe, mas ferdebi SiSveli aqvs, rogorc mamac mebrZols. is miwaSi nugeScemulia, is sasaxleSi Sedis. is, vinc eqvsi Ze Soba, naxe Sen? _ vnaxe, ... aq teqsti dazianebulia da pasuxi ar Cans. momdevno kiTxvaSi naxsenebia `is, vinc Svidi Ze Soba~, magram pasuxi aqac dazianebulia. arc is Cans Tu momdevno kiTxva ramden Zeze daismis, magram pasuxi aseTia: `vnaxe, rogorc RmerTis niSani, madliT savse, gamSvenebuli~. am saintereso da kidev sxva, aseve uaRresad sayuradRebo kiTxvebis Semdeg, sadac naxsenebia `anZiT mokluli~, da kidev teqstis dazianebis gamo, raRac sxva ucnobi mizeziT mkvdari, aseve omSi daRupuli meomari, daismis kiTxva: `is, visi sxeulic velzea mitovebuli, naxe Sen? _ vnaxe, misi suli miwaSi ver isvenebs. is, vis sulsac pativs ar scemen, naxe Sen? _ vnaxe, qoTnidan narCenebs, quCaSi dayril puris namcecebs Wams is” 4 . am dialogSi, miuxedavad teqstis dazianebisa, aSkarad aris gamokveTili pozicia, Tu raze aris damokidebuli sulis keTildReoba suleTSi. mTeli simZime am saqmisa ekisrebaT gardacvlilis memkvidreebs, xolo is, visac memkvidre ar hyavs, an iseTi darCa, romelic micvalebuls saTanado pativs ar miagebs, aseTi micvalebulebi maradiuli siduxWirisaTvis arian ganwirulni. ganmeorebiT unda ganvacxadoT, rom qarTul sinamdvileSi damowmebuli wesebi TiTqmis zustad imeoreben am motanili sistemis ZiriTad punqtebs, gansxvaveba Tavs iyris ritualis Sesrulebisa da istoriuli realiebis sferoSi. ZiriTad struqturas cvlileba praqti4 Эпос о Гильгамеше, М.. 1961. Targmani da komentarebi i. m. diakonovisa. aseve am sakiTxTan dakavS. literatura. 404 kulad ar ganucdia, igi mxolod zedapirul movlenebs Seexo. msgavsi warmodgenebi mTeli kavkasiis masStabiT aris damowmebuli jer kidev XIX saukunis periodul gamocemebSi. saqarTveloSi am sakiTxebs yuradReba miaqcies r. erisTavma, n. urbnelma, m. janaSvilma. m. kovalevskim, v. milerma, g. Cursinma da sxv. radganac TviT wesebi amJamad Cveni interesis sagans ar Seadgens, maT ganxilvas aRar SevudgebiT da mxolod aRvniSnavT, rom mTel saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli iyo micvalebulTa uzrunvelsayofi ritualebi, romelTa Seusrulebloba iwvevda micvalebulTa mxriv wyromas, xolo cocxalTa mxriv gakicxvas. aseTive wesebi aris damowmebuli Crdilo kavkasiaSic. qarTuli eTnografiuli yofa uaRresad saintereso masalas iZleva. masSi SenarCunebulia ara mxolod ZiriTadi principi, e. i. saiqios gadasuli sulis movla_patronobis aucilebloba, aramed areklilia emociebis samyaro, Cans micvalebulis sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani miTosur_religiuri gaazrebac. qarTvelebisa da maTi uSualo winaprebisaTvis micvalebuli iseve iyo sakraluri obieqti, rogorc es iyo wina aziis Zveli xalxebisaTvis. masTan dakavSirebuli rwmenebis speqtrisaTvis damaxasiaTebel ambivalenturobas apirobebda micvalebulis gaazrebis ormagi standarti: erTis mxriv, mas SeeZlo keTili gavlena moexdina cocxalTa cxovrebaze, magram, amave dros, didi zianis motanac SeeZlo da uwminduradac iTvleboda. masTan kontaqtis Semdeg aucilebeli iyo ritualuri ganwmenda. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad igrZnoboda maTi mniSvneloba nayofierebasTan dakavSirebul rwmena_warmodgenebSi. micvalebulTa samyaro ganlagebuli iyo specifikur sivrcobriv sartyelebSi. Tavdapirvelad es sivrce, `gareskneli~, samzeosTan erTad samyaros horizontalur RerZze yofila moqceuli, xolo Semdeg gadainacvla sakoordinacio vertikaluri RerZis qveda boloze da `qveda sknelis~ anu `qvesknelis~, saxeliT aris cnobili, xolo terminma `gareskneli~ sxva mniSvneloba SeiZina. amasTanave es Sexedulebebi mravali variantiT aris warmodgenili da yovel maTgans Camoyalibebis sakuTari gza gaaCnia 5 . amaT Soris sainteresoa is gadmocemebi, romelTac aSkarad atyviaT qristianobis gav5 i. surgulaZe, qarT. xalx. orn. simbolika, gv. 91 da Semdeg. misive, sivrcobrivi aspeqti qarTvelTa religiur da miTosur warmodgenebSi. masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis (Semdeg mse), XXIII gv. 158. 405 lenis nakvalevi. magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT XIX s_Si mweral daviT kldiaSvilis mier Caweril masalas, romlis mixedviT saiqio aris mSvenieri mwvane veli, sadac micvalebulTa sulebi, spetaki, TeTri cxvrebis saxiT Zoven, xolo mwyemsad angelozi udgaT. es momenti Cveni Tvalsazrisis sailustraciod gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebod gveCveneba da mas sagangebod SevexebiT qvemoT, axla ki minda movitano vrceli amonaweri d. kldiaSvilis moTxrobidan `msxverpli~, romelic mas Tavisi mezobeli glexisagan, saiqioSi namyofi levana sirbilaZisagan mousmenia 6 . `Wuris Tavze, _ ase iwyebs Txrobas moTxrobis personaJi, _ cxonebul mamaCems erTi Zveli, daberebuli muxa hqonda. cxonebulma am muxis mobelva miTxra erTxel. xeze asvla da xelSi najaxis damZimeba erTi iyo... yuri ar vaTxove amas da davuwye Stoebs Wra... erTi Sto movWer, Camovagde, meore movWer, Camovagde, mesame Stos rom movuqnie, ver movaxvedre, orjer_samjer davacile... guli momivida, nuTu ase dameRala xeliTqva, erTi Ronivrad moviqnie, moxvda Stos marTalia Cemi najaxi, mara ar gaWra, sul ar miekara rkina xes. Turme ras moWri... Cven aba ra vicodiT, mere gavigeT... Turme am muxaze angelozebs Cveulebad hqoniaT Camofrena... me ki ufro momivida guli... rac Zali da Rone mqonda, kidev moviqnie najaxi... Sens mters, me rom damemarTa. uceb TvalebSi wamomibnelda, win raRac Savad wamefara da xidan Camovardnils Zlivs damyolia suli miwaze... cocxalmkvdari mnaxes Turme muxis qveS da wamiRes saxlSi... iseTi avad Seviqeni, iseTi, rom Cems morCenas adamiani aRar fiqrobda Turme... ra ar eqna mamaCems... jer ganatexi gaatania Turme dedakacebs, mere cxra gamocdil qals, cxra_cxra sanTliT xelSi, TiTos cxra_cxra locva aTqmevina im muxasTan, wminda giorgisaTvis Cemi zoma wminda sanTeli mierTmia, magram ar meSvela da ar meSvela mainc araferi... erT dRes movmkvdarvar kidec... SeeqnaT Turme erTi tirili da kivili... Cems gasvenebaze daiwyes Turme laparaki... me araferi mesmis... ama- sobaSi me zecaSi davfrinav, Cemi suli, rasakvirvelia... sul maR- la_maRla mifrinavs... zevidan davCerebivar dedamiwas, burTiviT patara moCans... ucbad Cems Tvalwin gadaiSala imisTana amwvanebuli mindori, imisTana, rom mis naxvas araferi jobia... mindoria imisTana, kide ara 6 d. kldiaSvili, msxverpli; misive, Cemi cxovrebis gzaze. qarTuli proza, t. 16, gv. 39-41; 387. 406 aqvs, mTeli weliwadi rom iaro, gars ver Semouvli... muxlebamdea mwvane, abreSumiviT balaxi... aris am mindorze gabneuli uTvalavi cxvari da am balaxs wiwknian... sul, sadac ar gaixedav, yvelgan cxvaria... wvrili gza Semxvda erTi, davadeqi am gzas, viare, viare da wyarosTan mivedi... wyali imisTanaa, rom mkvdars gaacocxlebs misi erTi wveTi... wyarosTan kaci wevs... damiZaxa, sadauri xaro, me movaxsene, rom ama da am soflidan var Tqva. ama da am kacis Svili Tqva. aba Seni aq mosvla adreao, miTxra... Sen isev dedamiwaze unda dabrundeo... gahyevi am gzas, arsad gadauxvio, boloSi simona kikabiZes Sexvdebio, mixval imasTan da is gaswavlis gzas dedamiwaze rom Caxvideo... miTxra, Tu galoba rame gaigono, deiCoqe da ise iyavi, sanam galobis xma ar Sewydebao... gamixarda simona kikabiZis naxva, gavwie naCvenebi gziT, viare am mindvriT, sul cxvriT iyo savse iqauroba... bevri viare. erT adgilas Semxvda simona... zis da masTan ramodenime Cveni sofleli micvalebulebic arian... musaifoben. daminaxes, geexardaT, ambavi mkiTxes. mere me vkiTxe, es ra adgilia Tqva. mipasuxes, samoTxeao da wyarosTan rom kaci iwva, angelozi yofiliyo Turme... rasac cxvrebs xedavo, cxonebulTa suliao... angelozi uyurebs maT, ara daakldeT rao. rom vlaparakobT ase, moisma imisTana mSvenieri galoba, rom mTel sicocxleSi imisi yureba rava mowyindeba adamians? _ yvelam muxli moviyareT, simonam miTxra, angelozTa galobaa, RmerTs adidebeno... bevri vilaparakeT, bevri Cveneburi vnaxe, vinc iq iyo... simonam miTxra, mamaSenis locva Zalian wagdgomiao, RmerTs Senze mowyaloba mouRia da aq nuRar agvianebo... rogorc giTxra angelozma, dedamiwaze male dabrundio. yvelas gamoveTxove, simonam gza maswavla da Cemi suli swored im dros daubrunda Cems leSs, roca gasvenebas is is iyo mipirebdnen. yvela gaSterda, gacocxlebuli rom daminaxes... erT Tveze sruliad gamovkeTdi da mas aqeTia, RvTis SewevniT, frCxili ar wamomtkenia~. motanili teqsti sayuradReboa da araerTgvarovani. masSi organulad aris Serwymuli sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqebisa da miTosur_religiur samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli warmodgenebi. garkveuli kulturul_istoriuli gadamuSavebis Semdeg igi sinkretuli bunebis damoukidebel produqtad aris Camoyalibebuli. cxadia, rom saZovari, RvTaebrivi mcveli da uricxvi maZovari cxoveli arqauli miTosidan da religiebidan aris Semosuli, aseTive Zveli kompleqsi unda iyos wyaro da wamo- 407 wolili angelozi, romelic aqve motanili imeruli sinamdvilis Sesabamisobaa: dasawyisSi aRwerili iyo WurisTavi, muxa da masze msxdomi angelozebi. es kompleqsi sakraluri centris gansaxierebaa 7 . samoTxis d. kldiaSviliseul variantSi ar Cans WurisTavTan `wyarosTan mdgomi muxa~ xe, romelic qarTuli xatis karis kompleqsis ZiriTadi komponentia. wyaro aq xalxuri gaazrebiT warmoadgens samoTxis centrs, rasac zemoT aRwerili kompleqsi Seesabameba. cxvari da mwyemsi qristianuli simboloebia, iseve, rogorc angelozi, romelsac qristianobisagan mxolod saxeli SerCenia. am SemTxvevaSi winaqristianulisa da qristianulis Sexvedris safuZvelze warmoqmnilia produqti, romelic moqmedebs qristianobis SigniT, magram misi struqtura ar aris qristianuli. SeWrili qristianuli elementebi zedapirulad aris aTvisebuli Zveli araqristianuli sistemis mier imdenad, ramdenadac sakmarisi iyo xalxis faqtobrivi rwmenis gamosaxatavad, romelic yovelTvis warmoadgenda qristianulisa da araqristianulis ama Tu im saxis erTobas. miuxedavad amisa, xalxuri warmodgenebi yovelTvis moqmedebda qristianobis niSniT da mis organul gansaxierebad iTvleboda. marTlac, qristianuli elferis mqone narevi struqturebi ver arRvevdnen qristianobis arss, radgan misi ZiriTadi debulebebi umaRles sarwmunoebriv eTikasa da zneobriv RirebulebebSi iyo davanebuli, romlis darRveva warmarTul materializms ar SeeZlo. amitom eklesia sakmaod neitralurad ekideboda kultmsaxurebisa da xalxuri warmodgenebis rig elements, romelic qristianobaSi Zveli yofierebis gziT aris SemoWrili da nakleb ixsneba qristes moZRvrebiT. amgvar faseulobas warmoadgens zemoT aRwerili saZovari, sadac qristianuli simbolo cxonebuli sulisa, naturaluri, zoomorfuli saxiT aris gaazrebuli. cxonebulTa samyofi warmoadgens saZovars (Zalian kargs), sadac cxvrebi (cxonebulTa sulebi) Zoven. aSkaraa. rom es suraTi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba samoTxis Tundac danteseuli aRwerilobisagan. xalxuri samoTxis saidumlo imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man scada da meqanikurad dauaxlova erTmaneTs qristianuli `mwyemsi keTili~, saZovari_samoTxe, spetaki cxvari_cxonebuli, warmarTuli sarwmunoebisa da miTosis `karg sanadiro adgilebs~, saZovars, saidanac ara7 Le Mythe de l'Eternel Retour, par Mircea Eliade, Le symbolisme du "centre", p. 30. z. kiknaZe, qarTuli miTologia, jvari da saymo. Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 13 da Semdeg. 408 feri ikargeba da sxva amgvars, rac tipiuria miTosisaTvis da axloa xalxis tradiciul azrovnebasTan. marTlac, Tanaxmad Zveli warmodgenebisa, imqveyniur saZovrebze Zovs RvTaebaTa da micvalebulTa saqoneli. am rwmenis anarekls vawydebiT Zveli xalxebis religiur teqstebSi. magaliTad, erTi xeTuri teqsti ase avedrebs micvalebuls mzis RvTaebas: `o, mzis RvTaebav, mieci mas saZovari, uflebiTa da keTildReobiT de, arvin waarTvas, arvin Seedavos, de, rom saZovarze xari da cxvari, cxeni da jori umwyemson~. micvalebulTa mxares ewodeba - saZovari (msxvilfexa saqonlisaTvis). naTqvamia, rom: „iamam pirvelma miagno am gzas. am saZovars ukan veravin daibrunebs. sada odesRac gaiares Cvenma mamebma, iqve (monaxaven) TavianT gzas cocxlebi (anu Semdeg dabadebulni) 8 . „avestaSi“ indur RvTaebas, ramas, rogorc suleTis gamgebels, eZRvneba „rigvedidan“ citirebuli teqsti da ewodeba „mSvenieri jogebis mflobeli“. „avestaSi“ saqonlis suli mimarTavs RmerTebs da ambobs: „me ar myavs ukeTesi mwyemsi, vidre Tqven“. am mimarTvas exmaureba xeTuri formula: „mzis RvTaeba zeciuri - Cemi mfarveli, kacebis mwyemsi“. veli-saZovari, rogorc gardacvlilTa sulebis sadguri, rogorc Semadgeneli nawili micvalebulTa RvTaebis saxelwodebisa, mraval indoevropul enaSia cnobili 9 . aqedan gamomdinare, qarTul yofaSi damowmebuli saiqio, rogorc saZovari, uZvelesi kulturuli simboloa, romelic CvenTanac yofila cnobili. micvalebulebTan dakavSirebul agrarul interesebs Tu gavixsenebT, iq SesaZlebelia adresamiwaTmoqmedo xanidan momdinare warmodgenebic davimowmoT, sadac cxoveluri da miwieri warmonaqmnebi aradiferencirebulad aris dakavSirebuli bunebis didi dedis wiaRTan da erTad ganixileba, rogorc misi wiaRidan aRmocenebadi 10 . cxadia, miwismoqmedebis 8 rigveda, X 14.2. Т. В. Гамкрелидзе, Вяч. Вс. Иванов, Индоевропейский язык и индоевропейцы. II. Тбилиси. 1984. стр. 823-4. iqve literatura am sakiTxze. 10 i. surgulaZe, qarT. xalx. ornamentis simbolika, gv. 123 da Semdeg. 9 409 pirveli nabijebis epoqaSi, roca cxovelTa domestikaciac mimdinareobda, maT erTi mfarvelis ganmgeblobaSi ganixilavdnen. amave ZalasTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli warmodgena gareuli nadiris mfarvelis Sesaxebac, radgan gareuli cxovelebis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli SinaurTan. mogvianebiT isini meurneobis analogiur formebad ganixileba, oRond nadiri `RvTaebebis saqonelia~ da RvTaebebi mwyemsaven, maSin roca Sinaur cxovels adamiani udgas mwyemsad, romelsac RvTaeba exmareba Tavisi funqciis SesrulebaSi 11 . uadres xanaSi rogorc nadirs, ise Sinaur cxovelebsa da mcenareebs, erTi mfarveli unda hyolodaT, romelic imavdroulad keris mfarveli qalRvTaebac unda yofiliyo. amas mowmobs ritualur sityvierebaSi naxsenebi gareuli cxovelebis ritualur praqtikaSi SinauriT Canacvlebis wesi. ritualSi gareulis Sinauri cxoveliT Secvlis faqts axsnac moepoveba wm. giorgis mier eklesiaSi moyvanili xaris saxiT. gadmocema mogviTxrobs, rom adre wmindans eklesiaSi iremi mohyavda, romelic garkveuli viTarebis gamo Secvala xariT. uZveles periodSi gareul nadirTan erTad moiazrebodnen totemuri zoomorfuli `winaprebi~, romelTa mxareSi midioda adamiani gardacvalebis Semdeg. saiqio maT `karg sanadiro adgilad“ hqondaT warmodgenili. aseTi miTosuri sanadiro adgilebis suraTovani asaxvis faqtebi uxvad gvaqvs pirveli aTaswleulis Sua xanebis liTonis sartyelebis mxatvrul gaformebaSi, aseve sxva daniSnulebisa da saxis nivTebis dekorSi, romelTa sarwmunoebrivi samyarosadmi gankuTvniloba sruliad aSkaraa. nadir_frinveli, rogorc amas rigi xalxuri ritualisa mowmobs, lamis ukanasknel xanebamde inarCunebda sakulto mniSvnelobas. amitom, samonadireo da adremesaqonleobasTan dakavSirebuli warmodgenebis siaxlovis gamo, unda vifiqroT, rom saZovari da `kargi sanadiro adgili~ miTossa da rwmenis sferoSi Caenacvleba erTmaneTs, rogorc saerTo semantikuri velis mqone adeqvaturi Rirebulebebi. am viTarebis sailustraciod iqneb sayuradRebo iyos is faqti, rom Zveli islandielebi Tevzis rewvas uwodebdnen `zRvis~, Tu `zRvaze mkas~. rogorc Cans, msgavsi viTarebisas aRmniSvnelis SecvliT aRsaniSni ar icvleba, rac maTi semantikuri erTianobis damowmebad unda miviCnioT. 11 iqve, gv. 42-43. 410 motanili masala cxadyofs, rom saiqioze warmodgenis ZiriTadi principi yvela xalxsa da yvela droSi erTia: gardacvlilis suli gadadis saiqioSi, sadac mas iseTive cxovreba xvdeba, rogoric amqveynad datova. micvalebulTa uzrunvelyofa akisriaT cocxlebs, riTac isini moipoveben erTis mxriv micvalebulTa keTilganwyobas, meores mxriv karg saxels sazogadoebaSi. amasTanave amtkiceben tradicias, romelmac momavalSi maTi saiqio unda uzrunvelyos. am warmodgenaTa ritualis saSualebiT realizebis wyalobiT warmosaxviTi samyaro materialurad SesagrZnob faqtad iqceva da praqtikul adgils iWers sicocxlisa da cxovrebis uzrunvelyofis sistemaSi. àïíãïüïíåþóäò æï ùïèûéâïîåþóäò aSkaraa, rom micvalebulebze zrunva da misi saiqio cxovrebis ama Tu im saxiT uzrunvelyofa kulturis uZvelesi monapovaria. sagvareulo wyobis dros micvalebulis problemas wyvetda Tavad gvari, sakuTari interesebis gamomxatveli ritualebiT, romlebic aRadgendnen sociumis wevris `gasvlis~ gamo darRveul balanss da saTanadod `amSvidebdnen~ micvalebuls. diferencirebul sazogadoebaSi imqveynad Tavs kargad grZnobda is, vinc amqveynad bevr Zes tovebda. nebismier SemTxvevaSi Sewiruli sakvebi, samoseli, Tu saqoneli, usaTuod unda moxvedriliyo suleTSi, rasac Wirdeboda specifikur saSualebaTa mTeli arsenali, _ ritualuri moqmedebebi, romelTa Sesabamisi mimdevrobis gamoyeneba saSualebas miscemda dainteresebul pirs SeWriliyo iracionalur, sakralur sivrceSi da garkveuli faseulobebi gadaetana samzeodan suleTSi. aseT moqmedebebad iTvleboda micvalebulis saxelze saqonlis dakvla, `dayeneba~, an Tavisuflad gaSveba, sulis cxenis `sirbiliT gaxeTqva~, saflavSi Cayoleba, simdidris gacema_gafantva, micvalebulis saxelze darigeba da a.S. svaneTis yofis xangrZlivi kvlevis Sedegad vera bardaveliZem daaskvna, rom `svanebis Zveli rwmenis Tanaxmad, saiqio idealizebuli saaqaos kopioa, xolo micvalebulis suli, romelic cxovrebas saiqioSi ganagrZobs, cocxali adamianis oreulia... sulis oreuls, cocxali adamianis msgavsad, esaWiroeba kveba, tansacmeli, sanadiro da Sinauri piru- 411 tyvi, saWiroa garkveuli wesebis dacva... rom maxloblebis kmayofilma micvalebulebma maT Tavisi wyaloba gaudidon 12 . micvalebulis Tangasayolebeli qonebis erTi da mniSvnelovani nawili yofila is simdidre, romelsac saflavSi Caayolebdnen, akldamaSi Seutandnen, an micvalebulTan erTad dawvavdnen. rogorc legenda gadmogvcems, skandinavTa umaRlesma RvTaebam, odinma brZana, rom brZolebSi daRupulma yvela meomarma masTan unda miitanos mTeli ganZi, rasac ki am ukanasknels sakrZalav koconze daudeben, an rac mas miwaSi aqvs gadamaluli 13 . albaT ar Rirs drois dakargva sayovelTaod cnobili istoriuli Zeglebis daniSnulebaze msjelobisaTvis, radgan araviTar saidumlos ar warmoadgens is faqti, rom mdidruli istoriuli samarxebi, maTi inventari, yorRanebi, piramidebi, mavzoleumebi, akldamebi, dolmenebi da a. S. sakrZalavi nagebobebi iyo da dakrZalvis ama Tu im koncefcias gamoxatavda. es nagebobebi, garda dolmenebisa, gardacvalebuli maRali socialuri statusis mqone piris saimqveynio cxovrebis Sesabamisad mowyobis ideas emsaxureboda. dolmeni ki, rogorc koleqtiuri samarxi, albaT amqveyniuri socialuri jgufis im qveynad erTianobis SenarCunebis gza iyo. uZvelesi samarxebi gamoqvabulebSi cxadyofen, rom micvalebulisaTvis Tangatanebuli `sagzal_sazrdeli~ imTaviTve iZens miTologiur_sarwmunoebrivsa da socialur datvirTvas, gamoxatavs konkretul Sexedulebas adamianis sikvdilis Semdegi cxovrebis Sesaxeb. am procesSi praqtikulad cxadia, monawileoben mxolod cocxlebi da igulisxmebian micvalebulebi, romelTa iq yofna savsebiT realurad aRiqmeba, e. i. cocxali adamiani imdenad aris datvirTuli da monawileobs am sistemis realizaciaSi, ramdenadac aris dakonkretebuli da gansazRvruli micvalebulis mdgomareoba miTosiTa da sarwmunoebiT. saiqio, rogorc vera bardaveliZis dakvirveba cxadyofs, praqtikulad samzeos aslia. martivi ganviTarebis sazogadoebebSi saqme SedarebiT martivad wydeba, ramdenadac micvalebulTa mimarT damokidebuleba ufro koleqtiuria da ufro standartuli, maSin roca maRalganviTarebul da rTuli socialuri struqtu12 v. bardaveliZe. qarTuli (svanuri) saweso grafikuli xelovnebis nimuSebi. Tbilisi, 1953. gv. 53. d. giorgaZe, dakrZalvisa da glovis wesebi saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi. 1987. gv. 61-66. 13 Гуревич А. Я., Походы викингов, М. 1966. стр. 149. 412 ris mqone sazogadoebebSi igi am struqturis Sesabamisi midgomiT ganisazRvreba. aqac saiqio aslia uTanabro socialuri garemosi, sadac yvela socialuri fena cdilobs Tavisi amqveyniuri upiratesobebis SenarCunebas. esaa universaluri doqtrina, romelsac dinamika ar axasiaTebs. dinamika SeimCneva am doqtrinis mixedviT konkretuli gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. konkretul moqmedebaTa mwkrivis Tvalis gadevneba cxadyofs, rom adamianTa sazogadoeba yovelTvis cdilobda SesaZlebeli da xelmisawvdomi saSualebebiT, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis donis Sesabamisi interesebis mixedviT, uzrunveleyo gardacvlili naTesavis, perspeqtivaSi sakuTari Tavis, socialuri gankuTvnileba, saTanado ekonomikuri saSualebebis imqveyniur sivrciT seqtorSi gadatanis gziT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, samyaros miTosuri sivrcobrivi danawevrebis Sedegad micvalebulTadmi gankuTvnili seqtori imav dros unda qceuliyo maTi qonebis dacvis adgilad. am seqtorSi maTi qonebis (sakvebis, samkaulis Tu sxva materialuri Rirebulebebis) Setana, anu praqtikulad saintereso nivTebis micvalebulTa saxelobaze izolireba cocxalTa cxovrebidan, saiqios `momaragebis~ erTaderTi gzaa, risi `ganxorcielebis~ SesaZleblobas iZleva rituali, romelic qmnis sakralur adgilsa da dros. sakraluri droisa da adgilis Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia miTosi, mis principze agebuli sivrce, romelSiac ritualis saSualebiT ganlagdeba miTosuri realobani. ar aris savaldebulo, rom miTosuri dro usaTuod warsulSi iyos. mas realur istoriasTan kavSiri ara aqvs da ganifineba iq da maSin, sadac da rodesac rituali xorcieldeba. amdenad micvalebulTa saxelze gamarTuli rituali aris maTTan da iracionalur samyarosTan kontaqtis forma. aseT kontaqtebze daxarjul dros ar gaaCnia damoukidebeli mniSvneloba da yovelTvis masSi mimdinare ritualuri moqmedebebiT aRiwereba. am gziT warmoiqmneba iracionaluri dro, roca myardeba kavSiri iracionalur sivrcesTan, romelic sxvadasxva funqciis mqone seqtorebad aris dayofili. maTi nawili horizontalur RerZze aris ganlagebuli, nawili ki, istoriuli drois aRmocenebasTan erTad, vertikalur RerZze gamoisaxeba. `gareSe_ucxo~ da `gareSe_micvalebuli~ horizontalurad, erTmaneTis gverdze da erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli samyaroebis arsebobas gulisxmobs, iseve, rogorc `wina~ da `ukanaskne- 413 lebi~. mogvianebiT `ze~ da `qve~ sknelebi vertikalze moeqcnen da mTeli es urTierTgadamkveTi, kosmogoniur jvarze gawyobili sistema, garemocul iqna bneli gareskneliT, xilulisa da SegrZnebadis sazRvriT. magram es gvian moxda. `gare~ an `gareskneli~, vidre es termini kosmogoniuri mniSvnelobiT daitvirTeboda, yofaSi aRniSnavda `SinasTan~ dapirispirebul praqtikul gares, arasocialur sivrces. miTosis enaze es iyo miTosur mogzaurTa, naxevrad RvTaebaTa, naxevrad adamian_gmirTa da monadireTa, aseve micvalebulTa samyaro, sadac Cveulebrivi adamiani mxolod RvTaebaTa nebiT, isic sulisa da xorcis gayris gziT Tu moxvdeboda. miTosuri kvdoma da kvlav aRdgoma am sivrceSi wasvlisa da dabrunebis saSualebiT gamoixateboda. `gareTa~ samyaros mdgmurs, micvalebulebsa da RvTaebebs, mudmivi zrunva sWirdebodaT, rasac, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, adamianTa umaRles daniSnulebad Tvlidnen. micvalebulTa `Senaxva_momaragebis~ uzarmazari sistema, romelic Zvelma religiebma SeimuSava, miuxedavad garkveuli Seurigeblobisa, qristianobam, gansakuTrebiT qristian xalxTa yofam SeinarCuna da mniSvnelovani adgili daamkvidrebina. marTalia, gamomdinare Tavisi doqtrinidan, miwaSi Catanebisa Tu Tangatanebisa da Sewirvis praqtika qristianobam mniSvnelovnad SezRuda, magram es wesi xalxur yofaSi aqtiurad xorcieldeboda da eklesiac iZulebuli iyo Tanxmoba mieca mravalricxovani `sakurTxisaTvis~. amrigad, eklesiam ver SeZlo bolomde ganexorcielebina Tavisi doqtrina, romlis Tanaxmad, sulebi im qveynad iReben imas, rac amqveyniuri cxovrebiT daimsaxures. adamianebi TavianT micvalebulebs amarageben ara amqveyniuri damsaxurebis mixedviT, aramed gamomdinare naTesauri damokidebulebidan, rac gamoixateba mowyobili samarxebiT, `CatanebiT~, `Wiris sufrebiT~, `sakurTxiT~, micvalebulTa rigis dReebiT, roca sruldeba maTi uzrunvelyofisaTvis gamiznuli ritualebi da a.S. Zveli tradiciebis Sesabamisad, micvalebulTan dakavSirebuli xarjebisaTvis TviT ideaSi iyo damaxasiaTebeli didi siuxve, aq ar arsebobda raime optimaluri zRvari. cdilobdnen maqsimaluri, wesis yvelaze ufro saukeTeso doniT Sesrulebas, rac mZime ekonomikur tvirTad awva mosaxleobas. am gziT, romelSiac didi adgili eWira sajaro xarjebs, xalxis gamaspinZlebas, sulis cxenis dayenebas, doRs, sxvadasxva saxis saCuqrebs da a. S. miiRweoda Sewiruli saqonlisa da sxva RirebulebaTa gatana 414 micvalebulTa samyaroSi, mis maradiul samyofelSi, sadac igi gadadioda `wuTisoflidan~, droebiTi sacxovreblidan da warmavali Rirebulebebis samyarodan. amitom, rasac iq gaugzavnidnen micvalebuls, igi samaradisod misi iyo, igi arasodes ar daikargeboda, radgan RvTis neba icavda da samaradisod uzrunvelyofda axlobelTagan rudunebiT movlil suls. ase rom, sazogadoebis diferenciaciis sawyisi xanidan moyolebuli, micvalebulTa momaragebis xerxebi mravldeba: uSualo Cayolebis garda, gansakuTrebul adgils iWers cxovelisa da produqtis Sewirva da am SewirulobaTa sajarod SeWma, rasac mogvianebiT daerTo saCuqrebis gacema da fulis darigeba. amiT TiTqos Seivso saiqioSi qonebis `gadatanis~ xerxebis praqtikuli arsenali, magram mzardi socialuri da qonebrivi uTanabroba micvalebulTa samsaxuris Semdgomi formebis warmoSobis perspeqtivas qmnida. aseT formebs warmoadgens micvalebulTa samarxebis arqiteqturuli gamarTvis wesi, anu saiqios sacxovrebeli saxli. am wesis aRmocenebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli unda Seesrulebina sacxovreblis socialur da ekonomikur mniSvnelobaTa axlebur aspeqtebs, rac imqveyniuri cxovrebis konceptualur nawilSiac unda asaxuliyo. micvalebulisaTvis im qveynad aucilebeli gaxda saxli, romlis socialur da ekonomikur mniSvnelobaTa erTobliobas warmoadgens `kari~. am terminis gansxvavebuloba `saxlisagan~ Cans iseT kompozitebSi, rogoricaa `saxl-kari,~ `karmidamo~, `ezo-kari~, `xatis kari~, `samefo~, `mefis kari~ da sxva. karis mniSvneloba bevrad ufro tevadia, vidre saxlisa da bevrad aWarbebs nagebobis mniSvnelobas, rac mTlianad Semoimtkica `saxlma~. `kari~ socialurad da ekonomikurad dawinaurebuli subieqtis sacxovre- bel_samyofelia. am subieqts albaT `kaci~ ewodeboda, rasac mowmobs terminis aRmatebuli socialuri mniSvnelobebi. kaci ar aris yvela. yvelas aRsaniSnavad mogvianebiT gaCnda termini `adamiani~. cxadia, gardacvlil `kacs~ im qveynad sacxovreblad `kari~ dasWirdeboda, romlis gamarTva sakmaod Zneli saqme iyo. albaT am warmodgenis anareklia termini `sasaxle~, kubos mniSvnelobiT. cxadia, adamianebs winaswar unda ezrunaT mkvdris saTanadod mosawyobad da memorialuri Zeglebi amis ueWvel dadasturebas warmoadgens. cnobilia, rom am nagebobaTa agebaze zrunvas, gamomdinare nagebobebis moculobisa da samuSaoebisaTvis saWiro vadidan, aseve pirovnebis socialuri mniSvnelobidan da ekonomikuri SesaZleblo- 415 bebidan, mSeneblobas am pirovnebis sicocxleSive iwyebdnen. amjerad CvenTvis sakmarisia mxolod am faqtis aRniSvna da misi eTnografiuli masaliT Sejereba, raTa sakrZalav ceremoniebsa da rwmenaSi gamovyoT mTeli plasti rwmena_warmodgenebisa da ritualuri moqmedebebisa, rasac asrulebdnen cocxali adamianebi sakuTari saiqio cxovrebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. amisaTvis isev qarTvelTa yofis erTerT udides mkvlevars, vera bardaveliZes mivmarTeT, romelmac gasuli saukunis 20_ian, 30_ian wlebSi, roca xalxuri yofa jer kidev mdidari iyo Zveli yofis masaliT, bevri ram, aw gamqrali daamowma, maT Soris micvalebulTan dakavSirebuli ritualebi. moviyvanT vrcel amonawers misi Sromidan: `eTnografiuli gadmocemebis Tanaxmad, svanebi micvalebulis kubosTan mis mozversac daayenebdnen da rqebze wyvil anTebul sanTels miakravdnen. rigebis, lafana_likdalis, konCxaris, anu kaT_tabagis, luxoris, laguanis, bacxis _ gadaxdis dros, romelSiac monawileobda mTeli Temi da rigis gadamxdeli ojaxis mTeli naTesaoba, _ axlobelica da Sorebelic, da romlis gadaxda (mag. bacxisa da kaT_tabagisa) Semodgomas, an axali wlis ciklis dReobebSi (SuSxuams, iarunesgas) xdeboda, yvelaze sapatio sakurTxs xari da Zroxa Seadgenda. am saqonelTan erTad, an maT nacvlad, Tu rigis gadamxdeli ojaxi nakleb SeZlebuli iyo, daklavdnen micvalebulTa saxelze wvrilfexa saqonels, _ verZebs, vacebs, sazogadod cxvrebs, Txebs, taxebs da misTanaT. xSirad rigebis gadaxda ojaxis ramdenime micvalebulis saxelze xdeboda da maSin TiToeul micvalebuls TiTo xarsa da wvrilfexa saqonels daukurTxebdnen. svanebis Rrma rwmeniT, rigebSi dakluli cxovelebi da sxvanairi saxis sakurTxi saiqioSi miuvidoda im micvalebulebs, romelTa saxelzedac mas ukurTxebdnen. yvelaze did xarjs luxoris, laguanisa da bacxis gadaxda iwvevda da amitom maT mowyobas yvela ojaxi ver axerxebda. lagvangadaxdili micvalebulebi, xalxis rwmeniT, saiqioSi samudamod dakmayofilebulad grZnobdnen Tavs da iq myofi sxva micvalebulebis winaSe medidurobdnen. rigebis momwyob ojaxebSi, Tu gardacvlilTa colebi, an rZlebi, an piriqiT, qmrebi da xandazmuli vaJiSvilebi cocxlebi iyvnen, maSin rigebs, micvalebulebTan erTad, am cocxali pirebis saxelzedac ixdidnen da maT Sesaferis sakurTx cxovelebs dauklavdnen. aseT SemTxvevaSi micvale- 416 bulebis fitulebis, e. w. `naxazis~ gverdiT, romlebic gamowyobilebi iyvnen saukeTeso tansacmelSi da iaraRiTa da samkaulebiT damSvenebulebi, maTi cocxali meuRleebi isxdnen, aseve saukeTeso tansacmelSi gamowyobilebi. rodesac ojaxs memkvidre ar gaaCnda, an ojaxis ufrosebs imedi ar hqondaT, rom maTi sikvdilis Semdgom vinme maT saxelze rigs moawyobda, maSin isini Tavis saxelobis rigebs sicocxleSive TviT imarTavdnen da am dros yvelaferi iseve sruldeboda, rogorc micvalebulTa saxelobis rigebSi. pirveli msoflio omis win Cubaxevis mosaxlis mier mowyobil luxorSi (romelmac Tavisi didi xarjiTa da sazeimo xasiaTiT waruSleli STabeWdileba datova mxcovani da morwmune svanebis TaobaSi da `baZuanT luxoris~ saxeliT saarako ambad iqca), erTi moxuci stumari qali sajarod acxadebda, rom mas saiqioSi 35 xarisagan Semdgari jogi hyavs wamZRvarebuli da rom amis Semdeg mas sikvdilic ki ar ezareba. wliuri ciklis TiTqmis yvela dReoba da Cveulebriv dReebSi sufrasTan TavSeyrilobac ise ar Caivlida, rom svans Tavisi micvalebulebi ar moegonebina da maT saxelze Sendoba ar eTqva. zogierT wliur dReobaSi ki, _ limgries, Tanafa doSdiSs, perpoldaSs, _ micvalebulTa saxelze nairsaxis usisxlo SesawiravTan erTad, cxovelebs swiravdnen xolme, raimes wvrilfexa pirutyvidan. amas garda, monadire svani Seecdeboda mariobisaTvis jixvi, an arCvi moekla da am dRis sakurTxi nanadirevis xorciT daemSvenebina. lifanalSic sisxlian sakurTxs aRniSnuli wvrilfexa cxovelebi Seadgenda. yoveli ojaxi winaswar, jer kidev Semodgomaze saukeTeso cxovels SearCevda da mas micvalebulis dRisaTvis sagangebod kvebavda da asuqebda. am dReobaze yvelaze ufro miRebuli iyo Txisa da cxvris, maTgan ki gansakuTrebiT, vacisa da verZis Sewirva. zogjer taxsac daklavdnen da mis xorcs micvalebulebs miarTmevdnen, magram Rori karg sakurTxad ar ivleboda, radgan... dakurTxebuli Rori micvalebuls saiqioSi ar miudioda, radgan gzaSi rom viwro xidia, mas ver gaivlidao“ 14 . aRsaniSnavia, rom mraval ritualur teqstSi (romelTa nawili xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi Sevida) naxsenebi nanadirevi frinveli da cxoveli ritualursave praqtikaSi Sinauri cxovel_frinveliTaa Cana- 417 cvlebuli 15 . nanadirevi cxovelis Sewirvas ufro `demokratiuli~ elferi aqvs, vidre 35 xaris dakvlas, sadac aSkarad aris Camoyalibebuli qonebrivi uTanabrobisa da socialuri upiratesobis suraTi. nadiris Sewirva micvalebulis saxelze, anu misi mopoveba, gulisxmobs nadiris mfarvelis mier rCeuli piris dasaCuqrebas, rac socialuri TvalsazrisiT sruliad gansxvavebuli samyarodan momdinareobs, vidre SeZlebulTa mier aTobiT Sinauri cxovelis Sewirva sakulto miznebiT. magram msxverplis miznamde misvla xdeba orive SemTxvevaSi koleqtiuri SeWmis saSualebiT, rac am meTodis universalur mniSvnelobaze migvaniSnebs. aseTi suraTebi aRwerili aqvT rafiel erisTavs, vaJa_fSavelas, g. Cursins da sxvebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom metnaklebad msgavsi viTareba mkvlevarTa mier damowmebulia xevsureTSiac. zemoT kidev aRiniSna, rom rigis sufrebi micvalebuls uzrunvelyofda saiqioSi da visac memkvidre ar hyavda, an imedi ar hqonda memkvidreebisa, aseT sufras TviTon sicocxleSi ixdida. `Wiris sufris gareSe darCenis SiSi aiZulebs xevsurs, an svans Tavad gamarTos sufra. ase ufro saimedoa. Tu xevsuri martoxelaa, an naTesavebis imedi ara aqvs, rom Wiris sufras gadauxdian, maSin is Tavis sicocxleSi, TviTonve ixdis mas. amisaTvis igi imaragebs sasmelsa da sursaTs, iwvevs sasuliero pirebs, soflelebs, naTesavebs, nacnobebs da maTTan erTad sruldeba mTeli es rituali iseve, rogorc micvalebulis damarxvis dros. is dgas karis ukan damaluli, TvalebdaxuWuli da usmens, Tu rogor uTvlian Sesandobars. amis Semdeg is darwmunebulia, rom misi suli saiqios miiRebs am Wiris sufris dros daxarjul sasmelsa da sursaTs“ 16 . aq, iseve rogorc svaneTSi, saqme exeba praqtikulad kargad cnobilsa da gamocdil sistemas, oRond Sesawiravs cocxali adamiani winaswar gzavnis. svanuri luxoris sruli aRwera mocemuli aqvs Tavis masalebSi ali daviTians: 14 v. bardaveliZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 70. i. surgulaZe, mefis ganadireba... gv. 34. 16 r. erisTavi, folklorul-eTnografiuli werilebi. Tbilisi, 1989 w., gv. 175181. n. xizaniSvili, eTnografiuli nawerebi. Tbilisi, 1940, gv. 76. Г.Чурсин, Очерки по этнологии Кавказа, Тбилиси, 1913 г. стр. 167. 15 418 `xergianT xergiani cnobili tvirTmzidveli iyo laxamulaSi. Svili ar hyavda da Tavis wil gadaSenebis gzaze myof kacs, momWirne meuRlis daxmarebiT, ojaxi gamarTuli hqonda. xergians asze meti tvirTi hqonda gadatanili laxamuladan ori dRis savalze... or_or Saurad, anu marCilad. laxamulelebi imasac ambobdnen, rom am col_qmars Segrovili hqondaT es marCilebi da didi luxoris gadaxdas emzadebodnen, rom saiqioSi uSvilo, magram sakmaod gavleniani cxovreba ganegrZoT... amisaTvis svaneTis xevebs da maT Soris laxamulas Temsac Tavisi mrwamsi hqonda... svans SeeZlo qoneba gadaetana saiqioSi da es rom ganxorcielebuliyo, unda gadaexada didi luxori, RmerTebisaTvis SeewiraT xarebi, ekurTxebina isini Tavis saxelze luxoris sufrazed vinc ki ewveoda, yvelasaTvis moelxina, samagierod ki _ yvelas daeloca... xergiani didxans emzadeboda salxino sufrisaTvis. salxino imitom hqvia, rom xergiani neba_surviliT ixdida da ara iZulebiT _ avadmyofobisagan gadasarCenad. xergians rva xari hyavda Sesawiri, rva xaris gul_RviZliT unda gaemarTa samsxverplo, daniSnuli dRisaTvis unda daekra buki, raTa miuwvevelad misuliyo yvela, visac sma_Wamis survili eqneboda. xergians saluxoro puri calke hqonda mosamaragebeli, arayi, yveli, Taflis arayi, rangi da sxva. saluxoro xarebs ialaRze asuqebda da mparavisa ar eSinoda. saluxoro xarebs mparavi ver gaekareboda RmerTebis SiSiT. swamdaT, rom RmerTebi da kerZod, wminda giorgi sagangebod dasjida saSviliSvilod, vinc maT Sesaxelebul xarebs Seexeboda borotad. is xarebi SewirviT RmerTebs Seewirebodnen, SesaWmelad xalxisaTvis iyvnen gankuTvnili, xolo saiqioSi xergiansa da mis cols, Tamruls daxvdebodnen ise, rogorc meluxoreni iyvnen darwmunebulni. saluxoro xarebis Sewirva erT dRes unda momxdariyo. am dRes xarebs daaTrobdnen, rom sikvdili ar dazarebodaT... mTvral xarebs arc fexis Seborkva gaukvirdebodaT da arc xanjliT gamosmisas daibRavlebdnen, magram verc es da verc xorcis aqna, qvabSi Cadeba mosaxarSavad, danawileba ulufebad da SeWma moxarSuli xorcisa, ver gadaarwmunebda xergians, rom misi xarebi saiqioSi isev ise ukleblad da dauzianeblad ar dauxvdebodnen, rogorc yvela meluxore svans. ai, gaTenda xergianis luxoris gadaxdis dRe. yvelaferi mzad iyo saluxorod. sakurTxi kaloSi moawyves, xarebis gamxmari da gaWimuli 419 tyavebi gaawyves marxilebze, zed daawyves puri, moxarSuli xorci godrebiT dadges, yveli-puris sacxobi gobiT, moxarSuli da Sekmazuli lobio, _ godrebiT. sakurTxs miujdnen xergiani da misi meuRle, morTul_mokazmulni, rac SeeZloT. sami_oTxi wyvili col_qmari ujda luxors xergianTan da mis colTan erTad. rva xari iyo col_qmarze Sewiruli da erTic sawmindagiorgo... cxra xaris Tavi iqve ewyo rig_rigad da rqebze wyvil-wyvili sanTeli enTo. saluxoro sufras araferi aklda, fulic ewyo, ganZeul_samkaulic. xergians Tavisi mooqruli Tofi mkerdze hqonda miyudebuli, movida bapi xaidari da sufra akurTxa. wveulma miuloca col-qmars bednieri dRe da ramdenma svanma inatra maTi bedi, rom saiqioSi rva xari eyolebodaT da amdeni rame, rac saluxorod iyo momzadebuli, Tumca im dRes, iq, bevri eria col-qmari, romelTac or-samjer hqondaT gadaxdili luxori da, rogorc TviTon iyvnen darwmunebulni, maT meti verZebi da xarebi hyavdaT saiqioSi. sufras erTi mozrdili sakideli edga, vaSlebiT savse, TiTo vaSlSi TiTo marCili eso. es is marCilebi iyo, romlebic xergians mieRo laxamulidan yvajimde tvirTis CatanaSi. sakurTxis kurTxevis Semdeg elyanma Tofi gaisrola, vercxliani vaSlebi xalxisaken gadayares da xalxmac taciobiT moixelTa, vinc ramdeni moaswro. ase mZime tvirTiT naSovni marCilebi vaSlebs gaayola, gaabnia xalxSi da daimedebuli iyo, rom ase movlilad Senaxuli saiqioSiac ase movlilad eqneboda mis cols... sam_oTx adgilas, Ria cis qveS, grZel sufraze aryiT savse gobebi idga, gverdze mrgvlad moxarSul verZs oxSivari asdioda da gverdSi dana erWo, iqve daWrili purebi ewyo. dalevamowadinebuli mividoda gobTan, Tu wverulvaSiani iyo, gaisworebda, daewafeboda gobs da arays mosvamda nebismierad, Semdeg xorcis lukmas moiTlida, puris lukmasTan erTad daayolebda da ukan gabrundeboda, rom sxvisTvis daeTmo adgili... saluxoro uCa samgloviarosagan mkveTrad ganirCeoda. mas mxiaruleba axlda... mepureni TiTo kacze or_or purs debdnen, meRerRileebi Sekazmul lobios, an cercvs dadebdnen, meyveleebi yvels arigebdnen, mexorceebi arigebdnen Samfurze agebul moxarSul xorcs da mwvads... luxoris tradiciuli wesiT xarebis Sewirvis dros unda gaeTvaliswinebinaT, romeli xarisagan gaecaT nedli mwvadebi soflis bavSvebi- 420 saTvis ganawilebiT, romeli xaris nawilebi moexarSaT xalxisaTvis da sxva... mexorceebs moyvebodnen meTafleebi da mesarajeni da TiTo meinaxeze Camorigdeboda savse gobidan Rrma kovzi gamowuruli Tafli, an Tafliani sarajis naWrebi oTxkuTxad. soflis dedakacebi calke miiRebdnen ojaxis yvela wevris ulufas. sma_Wama gaxsna sufris TavSi mjdomma moxucma. didi TasiT daloca xergiani da misi ojaxi, svaneTis RmerTebs SesTxova col_qmars saiqioSi ecxovraT da iq Sewiruli xari balnamde, puris lukmamde da aryis wveTamde sulis sasargeblod gamosdgomodaT (aseve yvelaferi, _ luxorze motanili, i. s.), mere gadasca xalxs xergianis Txovna, eWamaT, esvaT, moelxinaT da Tavisi locva ase daamTavra: `kargo xevo da xevis gareSeno. vinc gaaxareT xergianis ojaxi, mSvidoba da bedniereba mogcemodeT, rom ojaxi gaaxareT, gagaxaroT svaneTis RmerTebma... visac gulSi rame xinji qondes sxvis mimarT, dRes daiviwyos da mtrobis gadaxda SemdgomisaTvis gadasdos~... soflel dedakacebs godrebiT mihqondaT ojaxis wevrebis ulufa. axalgardacvlilTa skamebis, mgzavrad myofTa (mamakacebis), Tu Rrmad moxucebis ulufa. arays boTlebiT anawilebdnen. gacema savaldebulo iyo, ojaxis tradicia avalebda. xergianma da Tamrulma Camoiares rigebi, kacma kacebi, qalma qalebi, Txovdnen eWamaT da esvaT. Txovna da xvewna gulwrfeli iyo, saiqios ambebi xdeboda. col-qmari daimedebuli iyo, rom rac aq daxarjes, iq gamoadgebodaT. saiqio Turme savsea gardacvlili svanebiT, romelTac TavisTvis yavTo maTze Sewiruli cxovelebi. Sewiruli araferi ar ekargebaTo da imisic ki sjerodaT, rom viRacas TiTqos koWli Rori Seuwiravs Tavisi micvlebulisaTvis da erT_erT momakvdavs kidec gadaucia misi WirisuflisaTvis (albaT `saiqioSi namyofs~, msgavsad imerelTa warmodgenisa. i. s.):S Tqvens micvalebuls Tqveni Sewiruli koWli nezvi yavs da Txmelis fexi ukeTiao. sxvebs ki cxovelebi jogebad yavTo... visac luxori bevrjer gadauxdia da bevri xari yavT Sewirulio... gvian saRamos daSla daiwyo xalxma. ojaxi aqac tradiciul wess mihyva: oTxi sasmisi arayi daikaves oTx gasasvlel adgilas, TiToeul wamsvlels arayze epatiJebyodnen... meore dResac gaSales sufrebi... ase 421 gadaixada xergianma luxori da moxaruli iyo, rom saiqioSi cxovreba gaitkbo~ 17 . garda `luxorisa~ sulisaTvis gamarTuli sufrebidan svaneTSi icodnen `lagvanis~ gadaxda. rogorc rafiel erisTavi ambobs, amas Zalian didi xarji sWirdeboda da Cveulebriv, SeZlebuli ojaxebi ixdidnen. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, svani samoTxeSi ver moxvdeboda. lagvans, anu konCxars uxdidnen micvalebuls, romelic sami wlis gardacvalebuli mainc unda yofiliyo. imarTeboda Semodgomaze, misTvis adre gazafxulidan ideneboda mTaze saqoneli _ Tormetamde suli xari gasasuqeblad. aseve saxlSi asuqebdnen oridan rva sulamde Rors, amdensave cxvarsa da Txas. r. erisTavi sakmaod vrclad aRwers gamaspinZlebas, romlis drosac uamravi produqti gaicemoda. igi dasZens, rom am wesis gareSe darCenili micvalebuli wuxs, ver iqneba kmayofili, xolo ganawyenebul micvalebuls bevri ubedurebis motana SeuZlia cocxlisaTviso. uSvilo svanebs lagvans naTesavebi umarTavdnen, unaTesavos ki _ sofeli. aqvea naTqvami, rom SeZlebulTa umravlesoba, im mosazrebiT, rom STamomavlobas sawvalebeli ar dautovos, Tavad ixdida lagvans Tavisive sicocoxleSi... 18 aq gansxvaveba is aris, rom micvalebulis `naxazis~ nacvlad sakurcxilSi Tavad ceremoniis obieqtia gamoWimuli, saukeTeso iaraRiTa da axal tansacmelSi morTuli. mas xelSi anTebuli sanTeli uWiravs. gverdiT ki col_Svili hyavs Semoxveuli. lagvanis garda, svanebma icodnen `bawx~, bewx~_is anu `bewx qunegviSis“ (sulis saqmis) gadaxda, rac sulis xsnisaTvis imarTeboda. gansxvavebiT lagvanisagan, bawxi ar iyo yvelasaTvis savaldebulo. mas SeZlebuli ojaxi ixdida da maspinZels sasikeTo da sulis xsnisaTvis sasargeblo saqmed eTvleboda. ar iyo gansazRvruli saklavis raodenoba, romelic, bunebrivia, ufro mcire iyo, vidre lagvanisa. ojaxebidan patiJebdnen sam_oTx kacs da ara yvelas. soflelebi sadilad modiodnen, na- 17 m. kandelaki, socialuri simbolika qarTvel mTielTa tradiciul yofaSi (disertacia istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad. xelnaweri) Tavi III. Tbilisi, 1985 w. gv. 130-136. r. erisTavi, dasax. naSr. gv. 175-178. 18 r. erisTavi, dasax. naSr. gv. 178. 422 Tesavebi _ vaxSmad. aq isini mRerodnen, mxiarulobdnen, abamdnen ferxuls, rac lagvanis dros dauSvebeli iyo 19 . luxoris msgavsi rituali cnobili yofila TuSTa Sorisac. rogorc am masalis Semgrovebeli mRvdeli i. eliosiZe wers, TuSebi ukanasknel qonebasac ki ar zogavdnen TavianTi saiqio saqmeebis mosagvareblad. samwuxarod, es masala Cvens gankargulebaSi ar aris da misi mxolod miTiTebiT davkmayofildebiT 20 , magram mTeli rituali sakmaod kargad aqvs aRwerili s. makalaTias. „zogjer uSvilo berikaci, - wers igi, - am qelex-sadgins sicocxleSive ixdida, rasac „TviTdamarxvas“ uwodebdnen. TviTdamarxvis dRes cocxali micvalebuli Tavis qelexSi arafers SeWamda, pursa da xorcs ar miekareboda - nakurTxiao. moZalave mxedrebsac TviTon umaspinZlebda, cxenosnebsac alam-windebs urigebda, mosaniWreebs is asaCuqrebda tanisamosiT, loginiT, WurWliT da sxva. TviTdamarxvis es wesi dRes mospobilia“ 21 . aseTive cnoba s. makalaTias xevsurTa Sesaxebac moepoveba: „xevsureTSi mkvdris rigis Sesrulebas didi mniSvneloba eZleva da urigod micvalebulis datoveba did codvad iTvleba. amitom xevsuri rigisaTvis arafers iSurebs da Tavis ukanasknel sarCosac amaze aniavebs... ...xevsurebis warmodgeniT saiqio saaqaos gagrZelebaa da yvelaferi, rac adamians am qveynad sWirdeba, saiqioSic ar unda moakldes... amitom vinc martoxelia da umemkvidreo, is yvela rigebs sicocxleSive ixdis, rasac aq Tavis damarjvas uwodeben. TviTdamarxvis dRes did qelexs gamarTaven da naTesavebsa da mTel sofels moiwveven. sulis xeliT tablas akurTxebs da Sesandobars ityvis. TviTdammarxveli rigis asrulebis dros karebs ukan imaleba, Tvalebs xuWavs, viTom mkvdaria da Tavis Sesandobas yurs ugdebs. igi rigis tablas ar SeWams, arc mtirals dauZaxebs, roca ki mokvdeba, maSin mtirals daiwveven, daflaven saflavs da Sendobas ityvian. Tavis damarxvis dRes sruldeba doRic da yabaxic da mxedar-mSvildosnebi yvelafers wesis mixedviT iReben. dRes Tavis damarxva ukve 19 iqve. 20 Иродион Елиосидзе, Записки о Тушетии. Архив востоковедов института народов Азии. Р. II. оп-2,1 стр. 32-35. m. kandelakis dasax. naSromis mixedviT. 21 s. makalaTia, TuSeTi. Tbilisi, 1933 w. gv. 179. 423 iSviaTi SemTxvevaa. winaT ki es xevsureTSi gavrcelebuli yofila“ wers igi 22 . es cnobebi TuSeTsa da xevsureTSi s. makalaTiam 1930-33 wlebSi Caiwera, roca aRniSnuli wesi praqtikulad moiSala, magram mexsierebaSi isev mkafiod iyo darCenili. analogiuri wesebis Sesaxeb guriaSi saintereso cnobas gvawvdis a. wulaZe: guriaSi scodniaT micvalebulis sulis saoxi da xsovnis pativsacemi aRapebis gadaxda. igi wers: “uwindeli aRapis mizani iyo glaxakTa, maTxovarTa, xeibarTa da mSier-mwyurvalTa gaZRoma da maTTvis mowyalebis micemac ki. droTa viTarebaSi aRapmac saxe icvala da... maZRrebsac ki patiJebdnen. aRapis gadaxda icodnen moxuci qalis da kacisaTvis “uZeod da umemkvidrod gadasulisaTvis“. aRaps sasmel-saWmelis siuxve amSvenebda da aRapze magrad gaZRoma aravis ar eTakileboda“.… aseT aRapebs Tan sdevda mxiaruleba, simRera, cekva, Tof-dambaCis srola. “momswre var _ agrZelebs a. wulaZe _ ase vTqvaT, avansi aRapis. magaliTisaTvis davasaxeleb erTs, 1904 wels q. ozurgeTis sakrebulo taZris mnaTem, maqsime uruSaZem, Tavis Tavs da mis meuRles gadauxada sanaqebo aRapi, saklavic dakla, xucebi, berebi da monazvnebic miipatiJa, sawirav_salocavi gadasca, maTxovar-glaxakebs samowyalo uboZa _ mezoblebi da naTesav-moyvrebi moiwvia. Tamadam, roca misi da misi meuRlis Sesandobari dalia, “saukuno iyos xseneba misi“ mgaloblebs TviT mieSvela... fiSto TviTon gaisrola am 90 wlis moxucma da icekva da “Tavisi baliSis moziarec“ acekva, aRapis dasasruls SezarxoSebul stumrebs didi madloba gadauxada da yvelas uTxra, rom is sikvdilis Semdeg tirilsa da glovas aravis avalebs... wlisTavze gardaicvala“. am cnobaSi aSkarad Cans istoriuli dinamikis TvalsaCino procesi. avtoris sityviT adre rituals eklesia akontrolebda da mas iseTi forma hqonia, rogoric mas jer kidev adre qristianobis xanaSi SeuZenia, razec qvemoT gveqneba saubari. maSin es wesi upiratesad glaxakTa damwyalobebas gulisxmobda. am saxiT igi mTel saqristianoSi iyo gavrcelebuli da qristianobasTan erTad axasiaTebda da dResac axasiaTebs yvela religias. igi am formiT maradiuli simdidris mopovebis gzad iyo miCneuli. XX saukunis damdegs xalxis cxovrebam seriozuli cvlileba ganicada (rasac a. wulaZe sagan22 s. makalaTia, xevsureTi, Tbilisi, 1984 w. gv. 307-9. 424 gebod aRniSnavs Tavisi naSromis 130 gverdze) ris Sedegad aRorZinebula ritualis arqauli saxe, romelic, rogorc vnaxeT, didad ar gansxvavdeba svanuri luxorisagan. gurulebis warmodgeniT vinc sicocxleSi ver moaswrebda codvebis monaniebas, misi sulisTvis unda ezrunaT Wirisuflebs, sxvadasxvanairi wirva-locviT, sakurTxebiT, mowyalebis gacemiT, monastrebisa da eklesiebis SewevniT da micvalebulis saxeliT sxvadasxva keTili saqmiT. aq aSkarad igulisxmeba is saqmeebi da xarjebi, rac micvalebuls saiqio cxovrebis mowesrigebis mizniT sicocxleSi unda Seesrulebina da gaeRo 23 . motanili masala cxadyofs, rom sulisaTvis winaswari rigis wesi mTel saqarTveloSi yofila gavrcelebuli. aseve SeiZleba misi damowmeba kavkasiis masStabiT, Tu es sakiTxi vinmes interess gamoiwvevs. aqve daismis qarTvelTa Soris am wesis gavrcelebis droisa da socialuri garemos sakiTxi. es sakiTxic damoukidebel kvlevas saWiroebs. winaswari SefasebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am wesis ubralo sesxeba_gadatanis gziT axsna ar SeiZleba, radgan igi ufro Rrma, didi istoriuli mniSvnelobis mqone movlenebiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli da albaT eTno_kulturuli genezisis sferos ukavSirdeba. cxadia gvainteresebs iyo Tu ara gavrcelebuli sakuTari TavisaTvis Wiris sufris gadaxdis wesi sxva qveynebSi da xalxebSi, Tu igi mxolod qarTvelTa warmodgenebisa da ritualebis Taviseburebad unda CavTvaloT. marTlac, aRmoCnda, rom es wesi sxvaganac sruldeboda, magram zRva gamokvlevebisa, romelic micvalebulis, misi saimqveyno cxovrebis, dakrZalvis da a.S. ritualebs eZRvneba, mas ZiriTadad dumiliT uvlis gverds, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tu rituali gansakuTrebiT gamokveTilad da TvalSi sacemi masStabiT ar sruldeba, mkvlevrebi arc eZeben, radgan, TiTqmis araferi ician aseTi msoflgagebiTi poziciis Sesaxeb. tradiciulad, Tanamedrove adamianis TavSi, vinc ar unda iyos igi, arsebobs myarad Camoyalibebuli, sulier viTarebaze damyarebuli ori opoziciuri mdgomareoba adamianis arsebobisa: sicocxle - sikvdili da maTi Sesabamisi samyaroebi, „saaqao“ da „saiqio“. warmodgenebi da SefasebiTi Sexedulebebi naxevrad mkvdarsa da naxevrad saaqaoze, aseve Sesabamis warmosaxviT sivrceze, sadac SeiZleba ganxorcieldes urTierToba am dapi23 a. wulaZe, eTnografiuli guria, Tbilisi, 1971 w. gv. 202-204; 218. 425 rispirebuli niSnebiT aRweril samyaroebs Soris, Tanamedrove adamians mzamzareulad ar gaaCnia. amitom bunebrivicaa, rom mkvlevarebi iSviaTad axerxeben Semoiyvanon samecniero mimoqcevaSi es „iSviaTi, naklebad cnobili Cvevebi“ 24 . miuxedavad aseTi specifiuri viTarebisa, es sakiTxi mecnierebis yuradRebis gareSe ar darCenila da mis Sesaxeb mainc arsebobs rogorc savele eTnografiuli monacemebiT, ise maTi, sadao, magram mwyobri klasificirebisa da Teoriuli Sefasebebis cdebi. SedarebiT Tanamimdevrulad es sakiTxi Seswavlilia yofili sab- WoTa kavSiris Sua aziis respublikebis mecnierTa, aseve aq momuSave rusi specialistebis naSromebSi. sakuTari TavisaTvis sulis saxsenebeli sufrebis gadaxda aq farTod yofila gavrcelebuli jer kidev XIX saukuneSi, xolo ufro adre xanebSi es rituali Cveulebriv movlenad iTvleboda. rusi moxelis, g.a. arandarenkos aRwerilobiT sakuTari sulis saxsenebeli sufra 1865 wels TurqmeneTSi gadauxdia adgilobriv warCinebuls, vinme xalifa hasans. man yvela wesi Seasrula, rac ki micvalebulisaTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, gamarTa wveuleba, moiwvia bevri stumari da daariga saCuqrebi (irtiSi), saCuqari gaugzavnia hisaris xanis, muzafaraisaTvis da gardacvlila erTi kviris Semdeg, 163 wlis asakSi zustad dabarebul dRes 25 . am sakiTxebze savele masala Sua aziaSi Seugrovebia i. i. zarubins, saidanac irkveva, rom aRniSnuli rituali Sua aziis xalxebSi XX saukunis 40-50-ian wlebamde arc Tu iSviaTi SemTxveva iyo. masalebi daculia akademiis aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis leningradis ganyofilebaSi. tajikeTSi, mTian badaxSanSi, mamakacebi da qalebi 20 wlis asaks rom gadascildebodnen, SeeZloT gadaexadaT Tavisi sulis saxsenebeli sufra, Tumca am wess ufro 40-50 wlis, an kidev ufro xnieri xalxi marTavda. wesis Sesrulebis Semdeg adamians cxovreba zneobis umaRles doneze unda gaetarebina, rac uamrav akrZalvasa da TavSekavebaSi pirad iniciativas iTvaliswinebda. zarubinis Canawerebis mixedviT am wess hqvia „davaTi“. misi Sesrulebis Semdeg „davaT gadaxdili“ pirisaTvis savalde- 24 Вегецкая Н.Н. - Языковая символика славянских архаических древностей. Москва. 1978 г. стр. 156. 25 Арандаренко Г. А. - Досуги в Туркестане. СПб. 1889. стр. 666. 426 bulo normebis darRvevas xalxis SeCveneba da zog adgilas Caqolvac moyveboda xolme. adre, roca didi ojaxebi arsebobda, SeiZleboda „davaTi“ erTad gadaexadaT ojaxis xuTi-eqvsi uxucesi wevrisaTvis. i. zarubini amas xelmokleobiT xsnis, ris gamoc ritualis gadasaxdelad ramdenime naTesavi erTiandeboda. xalxis mosazrebiT davaTi igivea, rac dakrZalva. „davaTgadaxdili kaci gzaSic rom momkvdariyo da daumarxavi darCeniliyo, igi mainc saukeTesod gapatiosnebulad iTvleboda da usaTuod samoTxeSi moxvdeboda, raSic gansakuTrebiT daexmareboda davaTis Sesrulebisas dakluli cxvari. micvalebuli CaeWideboda cxvars matylSi da es ukanaskneli mSvidobiT gadaiyvanda mas samoTxis karwin gadebul „siraTis“ xidze. sxva variantiT suli xidze uSualod cxvars gadahyavda. vinc davaTis gamarTvas gadawyvetda, irCevda TeTr an monacrisfero axladSobil batkans da zrdida mas 3-4 wlis ganmavlobaSi. aseT cxvars „davaTi Cundor“ (mowodebis cxoveli) erqva, gansxvavebiT mkvdrisaTvis daklulisagan, romelsac „xudo Cundor“-s (Wiris sufris cxoveli) eZaxdnen. davaTis wesis aRmsrulebeli pirebi iyvnen ismailiti moZRvari, „seidi“ da misi moadgile - „xalifa“. „seids“ „firsac“, anu uxuces moZRvarsac eZaxdnen. ri- tualis gadaxdis dRes swored igi niSnavda. am dRes ikribebodnen mezoblebi, Tanasoflelebi, kacebi da qalebi, xolo mezobeli soflebidan mxolod kacebs moiwvevdnen. gadamxdeli piri agzavnida kacs, romelic sofel-sofel dadioda da xalxs auwyebda, rom „esa da es piri davaTs ixdis da yvelas mosvlas sTxovso“. klavdnen xars, acxobdnen kent raodenobis purs (kenti puri mkvdris sufrazec savaldebulo iyo), risTvisac ixarSeboda 4-5 ambuni xorbali (ambuni - 96 kg.). daniSnul dRes ixarSeboda xorci da tkbili fafa, „bat“-i. seidisaTvis sagangebo kerZebi mzaddeboda, rogoricaa iwyeboda mzis Casvlis flavi, tafamwvari, xorcis wvniani, puroba win 26 . mTeli ritualuri qmedeba TiTqmis mTeli dReRame grZeldeboda. saRamosaTvis saxlSi rCebodnen mxolod asaksruli kacebi da qalebi. amis Semdeg sruldeboda saRamos namazi, xolo na- 26 Юсуфбекова З. Ю. - Поминки при жизни в Шугнане. Сборник. Полевые исследования института этнологии. 1983 г. стр. 183. da Semdeg. misive Прижизненные помин- 427 mazis damTavrebis Semdeg ismendnen sulis mosagonar simRerebs. saRamos, an ufro gamTeniisken, kerasTan klavdnen cxvars, xorcs iqve moxarSavdnen da alionze miarTmevdnen aq damswreT. gansxvavebiT mkvdris sufrisagan, meniuSi ar Sedioda „boC“-i, ritualuri kerZi, romelic mzaddeboda xorblis RerRilisagan da xorcisagan. aseve yuradRebas imsaxurebs saklavi xorcis ganawilebis wesi imaTTvis, vinc dakvlasa da momzadebaSi iRebda monawileobas 27 . rogorc sxva avtorebic weren, xalxis azriT yvelaferi, cocxali kacis mier TavisaTvis gakeTebuli, es iqneboda saflavi, sudara, an sulis saxsenebeli sufris gadaxda, mas „did madls“ aniWebda da samoTxe- Si, winaparTa garemocvaSi moxvedris SesaZleblobas uzrdida. aseTi kacis suli, roca samoTxeSi moxvdeboda, usaTuod gauwevda mfarvelobas saaqaoSi darCenilebs. cocxlis mier gadaxdili sakuTari sulis mosaxseniebel sufrisaTvis Cveulebriv ikvleboda saqoneli, gaicemoda saCuqari fulis, an qsovilis saxiT. amasTanave sakuTari TavisaTvis cocxalma SeiZleba gadaixados ara erTi, aramed yvela saritualo dRe, romelic dakrZalvisa da micvalebulis mogoneba - uzrunvelyofis ceremonialSi Sedis (esaa sufrebi pirveli, meSvide, meormoce dRisa da wlisTavisa), TumcaRa zogan erTi dRiTac kmayofildebodnen. sayuradReboa is garemoebac, rom aseTi piri tajikTa Soris uTanaswordeba micvalebuls. igi sicocxleSive uerTdeba winaparTa wres da iTvleba cocxal winaprad. amitom misi gamoCena sasurvel movlenad miaCndaT yovelgvar sazogado Tavyrilobaze, „maraqaze“ (albaT aqedan Semovida qarTulSi „maraqaSi gareva“). sakuTar sufraze ritualis gadamxdel pirs ekrZaleba Wama, radgan am momentSi igi mkvdrad iTvleba. amis Semdeg igi iwyebs gansakuTrebuli avtoritetiT sargeblobas, mis sityvas angariSs uweven, igi flobs zebunebriv Zalas, misi sunTqva imdenad wmindaa, rom SeuZlia avadmyofic ki gankurnos. marTalia sicocxleSive sakuTari sulis sufris gadamxdeli piri sazogadoebis gansakuTrebul pativiscemas imsaxurebs da saiqios warmatebac garantirebuli aqvs, ки в Шугшане. сб. Краткие содержания докладов среднеазиатско-кавказских чтений. 1980. стр. 25. 428 magram bevri adamiani ar cdilobs am wesis Sesrulebas, radgan miRebuli statusi praqtikul cxovrebaSi garkveul sirTuleebs uqmnis. aseTma pirma uari unda Tqvas Cveul cxovrebaze, ikmaros cota, gaxdes asketi, icxovros karCaketilad. wesis darRveva, rogorc aRvniSneT, mas xalxis TvalSi amcirebs an SesaZloa RmerTic ganarisxos, rac albaT zemoT aRwerili ukiduresi zomebiT gamoixateboda. es SezRudvebi aSkarad miuTiTeben, rom sakuTari sulis sufris gadaxdis Semdeg adamiani cxovrebis mniSvnelovani nawiliT ritualur, irealur sivrceSi eqceva. igi nawilobriv micvalebuls emsgavseba da SezRudulad monawileobs realur cxovrebaSi 28 . amas yovelives emateba muslimanTa Sexeduleba garkveuli asakis adamianTa cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb. Tanaxmad am Sexedulebisa, winaswarmetyvel mahmadis asaks miRweuli kacis sikvdili e. i. roca mas 63 weli Seusruldeba da am TariRs zeimiT aRniSnavs, bunebrivia da sinanuls ar unda iwvevdes. asakis dResaswauls ixdian rogorc kacebi, ise qalebi. am dResaswaulis Semdeg isini wyveten seqsualur urTierTobebs, radgan „wmindad“ iTvlebian da xorcieli interesebiT cxovreba maT aRar SeeferebaT. Tu asaki ritualurad aRniSna mxolod qalma, maSin man qmars axladdaqorwinebis ufleba unda misces 29 . rogorc sulis sufras sicocxleSi, ise winaswarmetyvelis asakis Sesrulebis dResaswauls, mSoblebs umarTaven Svilebi, rac maT sasaxelo saqmed eTvlebaT. aseTi sufra SesaZloa daukavSirdes moxuci qalisaTvis SviliSvilis windacveTis zeims, romelic orivesaTvis momdevno asakobriv kategoriaSi gadasvlas aRniSnavs. aseve asaks ukavSirdeba sudaris Sekervis dResaswauli, rodesac xnieri qalebi akervineben TavisaTvis sudaras da Tavsarqmels. Tu moxucs Svilebi ar yavs, mas sulis mosaxseniebel sufras umarTavs sofeli 30 . masala cxadyofs, rom tajikTa Soris ZvelTaganve yofila gavrcelebuli cocxalTa mier sakuTari TavisaTvis winaswari sakrZlavi cere- 27 Юсуфбекова З. Ю. - Поминки при жизни в Шугнане. Полевые исследования института этнологии. стр. 183-4. 28 Бабаева Н. С. Древние верования горных таджиков южного Таджикистана в похоронно-поминальной обрядности. Душанбе, 1993 г. стр. 120 и далее. 29 iqve, gv. 122-23. 429 moniis Sesrulebis wesi. cxadia, es wesi winaislamuri warmoSobisa unda iyos. qarTvelTa magaliTze Cans, rom igi aramuslimanTa Sorisac yofila gavrcelebuli da, Sesabamisad, miTo-religiur warmodgenaTa im plasts unda ganvakuTvnoT, romelic axlo aRmosavleTsa da kavkasiaSi win uswrebda, rogorc qristianobas, ise mahmadianobas. am TvalsazrisiT mahmadianTa da qristianTa Soris bevri ram saerTo Cans. magaliTad, rogorc qarTveli mTielebi, ise tajikebi, wesis Sesrulebisas icaven gadamxdeli piris qcevis metnaklebad msgavs models: gadamxdeli piri saWmels pirs ar akarebs, cdilobs, rogorc ukve iTqva, specifikur ritualur sivrceSi moeqces, romelic qcevis sakuTari normebiT xasiaTdeba. am normebis mixedviT maqsimalurad aris SezRuduli urTierTobis Cveulebrivi yofisaTvis bunebrivi formebi da am piris piradi reJimi. marTalia, tajikTa Soris es momenti ufro aqtiurad aris gamoxatuli da mTeli ritualic Zlier aris islamizebuli, magram igive momentebi qarTvelTa ritualSic sakmaod gamoikveTeba. rogorc koncefcia ritualisa, ise aRniSnuli wesi arqauli warmomavlobisaa, magram Tanamedrove yofaSi savsebiT bunebrivad realizdeba gvian SemuSavebuli specifikuri formebiT. cocxalTa mier sakuTari Tavisadmi sulis saxsenebeli sufris gadaxdis wesi farTod yofila gavrcelebuli slavebSic. specialistebis azriT, saerTod Tavyriloba damaxasiaTebeli elementia sakraluri ceremoniebisaTvis 31 . Cvenis mxriv davZenT, rom sakrZalavi ceremoniebi Tavisi nebismieri formiT da daniSnulebiT, micvalebulis gamo tardeba igi, Tu jer isev cocxlisa, sazogadoebrivi movlenaa. igi simbolurad gamoxatavs wevris gasvlas sociumidan da agebulia socialuri metaforebiTa da specialuri simboluri moqmedebiT, romelic „wasvlasa“ da „wasulis“ (an „wasasvlelis“) gamgzavrebasa da momaragebas ganapirobebda. misi Sebrunebuli variantia qorwili, romelic „wasvla-ganSorebis“ sapirispirod „mosvla-Sexvedra//SeerTebis“ gamomxatvelia. sayuradReboa, rom dakrZalvis ceremoniaSic igulisxmeba „Sexvedra-Seyra“, radgan winaprebs xvdeba axali mkvdari, romelic am wesebis meoxebiT inkorporacias gaiv30 Бабаева, Н.С. ук. соч. стр. 120. Писарчик А. К. Смерть. В сборнике «Таджики Каратегина и Дарваза». Вып 3. 1976 г. стр.205. З. Юсубекова, ук. соч. 31 Белецкая Н. Н. - Языческая символика славянских архаических древностей. М. 1978 г. стр. 152. 430 lis saiqioSi da samaradisod damkvidrdeba Tavis naTesavTa wreSi. amdenad dakrZalvisa da qorwilis ritualebi, rogorc gansxvavebul sivrceebSi inkorporaciis ganmapirobebeli socialuri qmedebebi, garkveul dinamikas gulisxmobs drosa da sivrceSi da Tavisi mravali aspeqtiT sezonTa cvalebadobas, Sesabamisad sikvdil-ganaxlebas gamoxatavs. qarTul masalaSi igi upiratesad RvTaebis miTosuri wasvliTa da mobrunebiT modis moqmedebaSi. (magaliTad: „qajaveTs ras iarebi, giorgi...“, „adrekilaÁ wagvivida da mogvivida“...). amdenad es ritualebi, rogorc farTo sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis mqoneni, sruli mrwamsobrvi datvirTviT mxolod sociumis wevrTa srulive Tavyrilobisas SeiZleba amoqmeddes. mecnierebaSi SemCneulia sikvdil-sicocxlis ambivalenturobac da qorwil-dakrZalvis ritualebis tipologiuri siaxlove, romlebic erTi paradigmis opoziciur nawilebs Seadgenen, xolo rogorc sapirispiro maxasiaTeblebi, erT sintagmaSi arian gaerTianebulni 32 . es rTuli semiotikuri panorama yvelaze TvalsaCinod da martivad, universalurad aris gamoxatuli „sikvdil-aRorZinebis“ ritualebSi da amitomac Seadgenen isini Zveli religiuri warmodgenebis ganzogadebul, mrwamsul safuZvels, romelic, adresamiwaTmoqmedo xanebidan dawyebuli, aSkarad vlindeba wina aziisa da evropis erTobliv kulturul sivrceSi. slavTa sxvadasxva tomSi CvenTvis saintereso ritualis sxvadasxva variantebia Semonaxuli. magaliTad, ukrainelebs „pobana“ hqoniaT asakovanTa mier sakuTari sulis saxsenebeli sufris gamarTvis wesi. am wess, n. veleckaias azriT, SeiZleba ewodos mxolod varianti uZvelesi Cveulebisa, roca moxucebulebs xelovnurad, ritualurad „amgzavrebdnen im qveynad“ maTive TanxmobiT, saaqao cxovrebis miRebuli vadis dasrulebis Semdeg. aseT dRes moxucebi Tavad niSnavdnen, xolo „gagzavnis“, anu mokvdinebis xerxebi slavebs sakmao mravalferovani hqoniaT. cocxlis mier Tavisi sulis mosagonebeli ritualis „gammarTavs“ istoriul droSi ki ar klaven, aramed igi saflavze ixdis sazogadoebisaTvis purobas, xolo am saflavSi moxvdeba gardacvalebis Semdeg, e. i. saflavs winaswar irCevs. n. valeckaias azriT es wesi Tavisi struqturiT identuria 32 Баибурин А. К., Левинтон Г. А. в сборнике "Балто-славянские этнокультурные и архаические древности. Погребальный обряд". Тезисы докл. 1985. стр. 5-9. Бахтин Б. Творчество Франсуа Рабле и народная культура ренессанса. М. 1965. стр. 26. 431 saiqios gacilebis arqauli ritualisa. aqac mzaddeba ritualuri morTuloba, xdeba ritualur samoselSi Semosva, ewyoba gamosamSvidobebeli TavSeyra „gmiris“ saxlSi, sazogadoebrivi trapeza sagangebod momzadebul adgilze, ritualuri kerZebis Setanis rigis mkacri dacva, sazeimo msvleloba wesis aRsrulebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani punqtis, mdinaris napirisaken (an sxva ram wyalsatevisaken), sadac wyalSi asveleben tansacmelsa da sxva sakulto nivTebs, mag. matylis narTs, xolo saiqios „gamgzavrebis“ nacvlad winaprebTan gzavnian saweso WurWelSi Cadgmul sanTels. aRsaniSnavia, rom am wesis Sesrulebisas gadamxdeli yovelmxriv cdilobs daemsgavsos mkvdars. gamosaTxovari trapezobisas igi gulaRma wevs magidis qveS da gulxeldakrefils sanTeli uWiravs xelSi. karpatebis mTielebSi sakuTari sulis mosaxsenebeli sufris gadamxdelsac da aseve namdvil mkvdarsac namdvili datirebisas, sufrasTan axlos awvenen da maTac xelSi kvari an sanTeli uWiravT 33 . n. valeckaia myarad dgas Tavis poziciaze da am wess moxucTa „saiqios gagzavnis“ tradiciuli arqauli ritualis gviandel, axali drois Sesabamis gardasaxvad Tvlis. moxucebi, rogorc aRvniSneT, nebayoflobiT niSnavdnen winaprebTan gadasvlis dRes. am wesis aRsrulebis formebis Ziebisas SedarebiTi analizis gziT mas gamovlenili aqvs moxucTa marxiliT gayvanis wesi zamTarSi. aq maT TokiT uSvebdnen Rrma xevSi da tovebdnen. aqedan SemorCenilia gamoTqma "сажать на лубок", an "пора на лубок" (лубок-am SemTxvevaSi albaT xis qerqi, romelsac marxilad iyenebdnen da TokiT acurebdnen xevSi i.s.). yovelive es da bevric sxva amgvari wesi Semonaxulia ara praqtikuli qcevis saxiT, aramed figurirebs salaparako enaSi sxvadasxva idiomis, an gadataniTi mniSvnelobis mqone gamoTqmebSi, magram maT nominalur mniSvnelobaze dakvirvebiT avtori cdilobs odesRac miRebuli uZvelesi normis amocnobas, romlis Tanaxmad garkveul asaks miRweuli pirebi nebayoflobiT gadiodnen amqveyniuri cxovrebidan. es saintereso daskvnaa, radgan aSkarad Zalze arqaul dros Seexeba da meore mxriv exmaureba nebayoflobiTi TviTSewirvis, msxverplis ideas, romelic aseve did sivrceze da mraval xalxSi yofila gavrcelebuli 34 . garda amisa, 33 Валецкая Н. Н. ук. соч. стр. 157. И. И. Толстой, Чудо у жертвенника Ахилла на Белом острове, в сборнике "Статьи о фольклоре", М-Л, 1966. стр. 19-29. 34 432 rusul eTnografiul da folklorul masalebSi daculia xalxuri antifonuri, kiTxva-pasuxze damyarebuli leqsebi, roca pirs ekiTxebian, Tu rodis mokvdeba igi. teqstSi Seqmnilia amaRlebuli, paTetiuri mwuxarebis foni, xolo obieqts mimarTaven aseve maRali rangis Sesaferisi mimarTvebiT (,fn.irf= ujcelfhm). rogorc Cans, es uZvelesi motivi misi pirvandeli sakraluri safuZvelis gamofitvis gamo, groteskulad gardaisaxa da daukavSirda xalxuri saxiobis sxva nairsaxeobaT, sadac mefobs sikvdili - aRorZinebis da sqesTa urTierTobis parodiuli formebi, qorwili - dakrZalva da a. S 35 . miuxedavad ase Sors wasuli parodiuli da groteskuli garemosi, teqsti inarCunebs Tavis pirvandel Rirebulebas, sadac aSkarad Cans moxucis mier Tavisi gardacvalebis dRis winaswar daTqma: Государь мой, батюшка, Сидор Карпович, Скоро ли ты батюшка, Станешь помирать? В среду, матушка, в среду В среду Пfхомовна в среду… Государь ты наш, батюшка Сидор Карпович, А чем ты сударь прикажешь поминать? Водочкой, матушка, водочкой, сивухой распрегорькою… 36 da a. S. teqstis erT variantSi arayTan erTad naxsenebia saWmeli, kerZod: blinebi, romelic sidor karpoviCis sulis saxsenebel sufraze unda miirTvan. meore variantSi ki, romelic sapatimroSi tusaRebis wreSi TamaSdeba, arays unda daayolon minoga-salamura Tevzi, rac cixis Jargonis enaze maTraxs aRniSnavs. miuxedavad aseTi aSkara groteskuli scenisa, saxeze gvaqvs cocxali piris mier misi sulis saxsenebeli sufris gar35 В. Н. Топоров - Заметки по похоронной обрядности. в сборнике "Балто-славянские исследования", Москва, 1985 г. стр. 31-48. 36 iqve, gv. 32-34. 433 dasaxuli aRwera vadis daTqmiT, sasmeliTa da saWmeliT, rac migvaniSnebs aRniSnuli wesis realurad arsebobaze Tanamedrove rusebis winapar tomebSi. garda CvenTvis saintereso ritualze pirdapiri miTiTebisa, ruseTis regionebSi arsebobs arapirdapiri masala, romelic savaraudos xdis amJamad CvenTvis saintereso ritualis arsebobas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ganekuTvneba rwmena-warmodgenebisa da ritualuri moqmedebis im wres, romelSiac cocxalTa mier sakuTari saiqios momzadebis ritualebic Sedis. magaliTad, „gadamxdeli piri“, romelic eswreboda sufras, imaleboda an iwva rogorc mkvdari, ar Wamda da a. S 37 . qcevis aseTi normebis mizani iyo namdvil „mkvdrobasTan“ miaxloeba. aseTi faqtebi sakmaod aqvT damowmebuli xevsureTSi da TuSeTSi vaJa-fSavelasa da s. makalaTias. aRsaniSnavia, rom msgavsi faqtebis dadasturebas dResac axerxeben. magaliTad, TuSTa Soris aseTi wesis arsebobis Sesaxeb zepirad gadmogvca eTnologma n. azikurma, risTvisac did madlobas movaxseneb. ra Tqma unda, rusebsa da qarTvelebs es wesebi (iseve, rogorc tajikebs) erTmaneTisagan ar auTvisebiaT. yovelive es sagangebo drosa da sagangebo kulturul-istoriul garemoSi gamomuSavebuli Rirebulebebia, romelTa aRmoceneba-gavrcelebisa da kulturogenetikuri aspeqtebis kvleva damoukideblad unda Catardes. amjerad ki SeiZleba zemoT moyvanil magaliTs davamatoT belorusiaSi gavrcelebuli wesi saflavis miwis yidvisa, romelic aseve warmodgenaTa CvenTvis saintereso sferoSi Sedis. am wesis Tanaxmad, roca vinmes dakrZalavdnen, moxuc axloblebs sCveodaT sakuTari saflavisaTvis sasurveli miwis arCeva. isini avalebdnen naTesavebs, rom usaTuod SerCeul adgilas daekrZalaT. arsebobs gadmocema erT moxuc qalze, romelmac Seityo, rom mis mier arCeul miwaze sxvisi saflavi gaTxares. amas ise aRuSfoTebia moxuci, rom mas uyoymanod gamouTqvams survili saswrafod momkvdariyo, raTa daekrZalaT mis mier SerCeul adgilze 38 . 37 Т. А. Бернштрале - Плач в погребальном обряде - ритуализация естественного состояния скорби, В сбор. Балто-слявянские этнокультурные и археологические древности. Погребальный обряд. М. 1985 г. стр. 13.werilSi sulis mosaxsenieblad winaswari rituali cocxlis mier mxolod aRniSnulia. 38 К. С. Корнелюк - Некоторые черты традиционного погребального обряда полесского села Андроново. imave krebulSi, gv. 52. 434 faqtebi, romlebic cxadyofen, an met-naklebi aqtivobiT migvaniSneben aRniSnuli wesis arsebobaze sxvadasxva kulturebSi, sakmao raodenobiT SeiZleba moiZebnos. maTi aseTi farTod arseboba da SemorCena praqtikaSi jer kidev moqmedi ritualis, groteskuli, an erTob mimqrali, gardasaxuli formiT, saiqioze cocxlis mier zrunvis farTo gavrcelebaze miuTiTebs. am mxriv yuradRebas iqcevs XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris franguli kulturis Sedevris „biZaCemi benJamenis“ erT-erTi gmiris saqcieli. igi am qveyanasTan gamosamSvidobebel sufras ixdis, sadac megobrebs iwvevs. marTalia, aq saqme ufro zneobriv sferos exeba da araviTari kavSiri ar gaaCnia sarwmunoebriv samyarosTan, magram yuradRebas iqcevs Tavad faqti, misi nominaluri arsi, romelic qcevis odesRac miRebul wess unda emyarebodes. istoriulad igi sakraluris mier sanqcirebuli zneobrivi samyarodan unda momdinareobdes, raTa pozitivur speqtrSi iqnes ganxiluli da rogorc socialuri aqcia, Semsruleblis prestiJis amaRlebas moemsaxuros. amdenad, aseTi wesi ar SeiZleba mxolod misi avtoris klod tilies mofiqrebuli iyos, romelic 1801 wels dabadebula burgundiis maxloblad qalaq klamsSi. cnobilia, rom igi didi moyvaruli yofila xalxuri sityvierebis, andazebis, gamocanebis da a. S., romelTa gardaqmna-gadasxvafereba da Tavisi konteqstisaTvis morgeba misi sityvierebis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli xerxi yofila. frangi mwerlebi aseT xerxebs iyenebdnen jer kidev XVIII s-dan, ris sailustraciod Tundac volteris Semoqmedebac sakmarisia, magram gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebod gveCveneba is garemoeba, rom klamsidan aris warmoSobiT romen rolanic, romlis kola brunioni axlo naTesaur kavSirSia tilies samyarosTan 39 . am faqtisaTvis, amdeni droisa da adgilis daTmoba dagvWirda mxolod imis saTqmelad, rom CvenTvis amJamad saintereso wesi saTanado moZiebiT SesaZloa dasavleT evrropis xalxSebSic damowmdes, radgan indo-evropelTa erT nawilSi misi arseboba ukve eWvs ar iwvevs. Tundac es SezRuduli masala, romelzedac amjerad migviwvda xeli, sakmao TvalsaCinoebiT amowmebs, rom es wesi istoriulad farTod 39 Claude Tillier - Mon oncle Benjamen XXI Un dernier festin. aseve Sesavali Клод Тилье. 435 unda yofiliyo gavrcelebuli Sua da axlo aziaSi, kavkasiaSi, Savi da xmelTaSua zRvis auzebSi. am did kulturul wreSi, romelSiac cnobili iyo dakrZalvis yvela nairsaxeoba (kremacia, inhumacia, haerze dakrZalva...), Sexedulebebi imqveyniur cxovrebaze metnaklebad msgavsi unda hqonodaT. mogvianebiT aRmocenebuli qristianuli da mahmadianuri koncefciebi, rogorc Cans am uZveles, saerTo niadagze yofila damyarebuli. marTlac, adamianis brZola momavlisaTvis erT-erTi umTavresi stimuli iyo progresisaTvis. magram sikvdili yvela cocxalisaTvis aris momavali, garduvali da Seuqcevadi. es WeSmariteba cnobili iyo uZvelesi miTosisaTvis, romelic warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis erTobliobaSi maradiul cxovrebaSi gadasvlasac gulisxmobda. sikvdilis aseTi Sefaseba mxolod miTosuri bunebisa SeiZleba iyos da miTosur drosa da sivrces exebodes. es SeiZleba „saiqio“ samyaroSi, sadac gverdi gverd sxedan winapari da STamomavali, sadac warsuli da jerardamdgari momavali organul mTlianobaSi ganicdeba. es samyaro gansakuTrebuli „sakra“-Ti aris aRbeWdili da yvela, vinc Tavis bedisweris rCeulobiT moaxerxa iqidan dabruneba, am „sakra“-s niSans atarebs. imave niSniT aRiniSneba isic, vinc sagangebo ritualiT scada ziareboda am warmosaxviT qveyanas da sicocxleSive gaxda „imqveynis“ binadari. aseTi xvedri miwieri kacisaTvis metismetad mZimea da, rogorc iyo aRniSnuli, bevri uars ambobda masze, radgan praqtikuli cxovreba yovelTvis saTanado gadawyvetilebis miRebas saWiroebda da saWiroebs. vidre borkilad gvadevs sakuTari xorcieleba, mis msaxurad vrCebiT. cxadia, „imqveyniuri“ siwminde yvelas ar „maudis“, magram adamiani yovelTvis Zrwoda „imqveynis“ mdgmurTa winaSe, roca xorcielis cxovrebis gza maT iracionalur sivrceSi SeiWreboda. xorcielisa da warmosaxviTis Sejerebisas ibadeba odisevsi, hamleti, dante, radgan miTosis fizikur realobaSi mxilveli mxolod rCeuli SeiZleba yofiliyo. zemoTxsenebul „rCeulTa“ saxelebi miuwvdomlad da saxifaTod aqcia Tanamedrove evropulma pragmatizmma. arqaul dros ki yvela sofels yavda d. kldiaSvilis gmirTa msgavsad „sazRvars gadaRma“ namyofi da bedisweriT ukan mobrunebuli, romelic, „iqauri“ sibrZniT iyo aRvsili da dauzarlad cdilobda daxmareboda mezoblebs yvelanairi idumalebis amocnobaSi. isini, gacisa da gaimis msgavsad, „yoveli dafarulis“ gamomZieblebi iyvnen. amgvari niSniT aRi- 436 beWdebodnen moxucebic, radgan rac ufro axlos mividoda kaci „imqveyanis“ karibWesTan, miT ufro mkveTrad gamoesaxeboda iqauri sibrZnis naTeli. amitom maT Soris ukeTesebTan Soreuli kuTxidanac modiodnen rCevisaTvis, iseve, rogorc erTxel, Soreul warsulSi, iTakeli Wabuki pilosSi Cavida brZeni moxucis sanaxavad. yvela es pozicia, rogorc Cans, msoflio miTosis wiaRSia aRmocenebuli da misi mniSvnelovani nawili qarTul kulturazedac modis, magram saerTo modelis garda, arsebobs didi ideis konkretul eTnosocialur garemoSi damuSavebis Sedegad miRebuli qvevarianti, romelic lokaluri indeqsis mniSvnelobasac atarebs da aRebuli eTnosis kulturul maxasiaTeblad gvevlineba. magaliTad, motanili masala cxadyofs, rom tajikeTSi am arqauli ritualis seriozuli islamizacia momxdara, CvenSi ki igi ufro warmarTulad gamoiyureba, Rrma arqaizmiT aris aRbeWdili da qristianulis kvali nakleb etyoba. saqarTvelos mTaSi mrwamsobrivi aspeqti ZiriTadad socialur simbolikaSi kristaldeba, barSi ki an gamqralia da qristianuli aRapebis sistemasTan aris Serwymuli, an kuriozul saxes aZleven a. wulaZis mier aRwerili mxiaruli moxuci mnaTeebi, iseve rogorc dasavleT evropis literaturaSi klod tilies gmiri. ïíæïþò, äòôïíïäò æï ïíàåìüåîòï winamdebare narkvevs micvalebulTan dakavSirebuli rwmenisa da imqveyniurobis Sesaxeb arsebuli Sexedulebebis srulfasovani analizis pretenzia ara aqvs. am saqmes damoukidebeli monografia sWirdeba, magram mainc Sevecdebi zogierTi konkretuli faqtis Sesaxeb gamovTqva azri. amas maiZulebs zogi eTnografiuli suraTis mkveTrad gamokveTili forma, romelsac Sesabamisobebi moepoveba Soreul warsulSi. zemoT ukve iyo aRniSnuli, rom daviT kldiaSviliseul masalaSi ase mkafiod aRwerili samoTxe qristianulTan erTad Seicavs uZvelesi droidan cnobil elementebs. ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, es warmodgenebi uZvelesi droidan iyo gavrcelebuli wina aziisa da kavkasiis religiur SexedulebebSi da garkveuli monawileoba miiRes sxvadasxva religiuri sistemebis, 437 maT Soris qristianobis formirebis procesSi. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad igrZnoba maTi moqmedeba aqauri istoriuli mosaxleobis xalxur warmodgenebSi, folklorSi, xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebSi. magaliTad, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, saiqioSi gardacvlilebi andabebad cxovroben. andabi aris naTesavTa jgufi, romlebic marTalia, `samzeoSi~ danawevrebulad, ojaxebad cxovroben, magram saiqioSi isev erTiandebian. iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos imqveynad xdeba aRdgena socialuri yofierebis iseTi formebisa, romlebic praqtikul cxovrebaSi didi xania istorias Cabarda. saiqioSi mimavalT gzaze xvdebodnen andabidan gamogzavnili cxenosani `mgebrebi~ romelTac axalsuli andabSi mihyavdaT. ase rom aq realizebulia fsiqopompis uZvelesi funqciac. roca gvari erTad saxlobda da mTel dasaxlebul punqts moicavda, cxadia, aseTi dasaxlebebis wevrebi, sisxliT naTesavebi, imqveynadac erTad icxovrebdnen da sagvareulo samarxebic eqnebodaT. aseT samarxebs mecniereba icnobs da maTi yvelaze TvalsaCino nimuSi aris dolmeni, romelic dadasturebulia dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze. dolmenSi saiqio cxovrebas erTad agrZeleben naTesavebi da ewevian iseTsave sameurneo da, unda vifiqroT, socialur cxovrebas, rogorsac eweodnen samzeoSi. amas mowmobs TanCayolebuli nivTebi, romelTac saiqioSiac albaT imave daniSnulebiT `iyenebdnen~, rac samzeoSi hqondaT. saqarTvelos baris Sesabamis warmodgenebSi andabi, an sxva ram misi Semcvleli aRar axsovT, radgan socialurad Zlier daSordnen gvarovnulobas da didi xania, rac qristianoba xalxis realur sarwmunoebas warmoadgens, magram Tundac zemoT moyvanili d. kldiaSviliseuli magaliTi rom aviRoT, andabisa da dolmenis analogiuri warmodgenebis nakvalevs aqac davinaxavT. iq aSkarad moqmedebs ormagi standarti. erTis mxriv, samoTxeSi cxonebulTa sulebi TeTri, spetaki cxvris saxiT Zoven balaxs, magram saiqioSi udrood moxvedrili personaJis, vasilis winaprebi da mezoblebi iqac erTad cxovroben, Tanasoflelis misvla uxariaT da samzeoSi darCenil naTesav_axlobelTa ambavi ainteresebT, rac cxadia, cxvrebisaTvis srulebiT ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. rogorc vxedavT, aqac aris praqtikulad andabis msgavsi organizacia, romelic naTesav_mezoblebis erTobliobas gulisxmobs. axali viTareba, miuxedavad 438 qristianobis zedapiruli gavlenisa, srul TanxmobaSia Zvel warmodgenebTan. samzeoSi axali yofis Sesabamisad cxovroben, xolo saiqioSi wasvlis Semdeg xdeba im gardasuli socialuri yofis restavracia, romelic SemorCenilia mexsierebaSi da aqtiuria fsiqikur wyobaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini imdenad inarCuneben arqaul niSnebs, ramdenadac es niSnebi SeiZleba gasagebi iyos axal yofaSi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas fsiqopompis Sesaxebac. Cvens vasils gzis gamgnebisa da darajis rolis Semsruleblad dasaxelebuli hyavs angelozi, romelic adamianis saxiT aris dafiqsirebuli samyaros centrSi (xe, wyaro) da gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT axorcielebs uZveles miTosur idealebs (saZovari, sadac araferi ar ikargeba. cxvrebis, anu am SemTxvevaSi cxonebulTa sulebis darajia angelozi). es sayovelTaod cnobili da gavrcelebuli motivia, romelic TviT dante aligierimac ki gamoiyena (misi mxsneli, mcveli da megzuri aris virgiliusi). gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs saiqioSi gadasvlis Semdgom micvalebulTan SesaZlo kavSiris, misi socialuri statusisa da ekonomikuri keTildReobis Seqmnis sxvadasxva formebis gamovlena. rogorc istoriuli masala cxadyofs, es problema yovelTvis daismoda da wydeboda sazogadoebis interesebTan srul SesabamisobaSi: monadire_Semgrovebels ainteresebda nadir_mcenare da maTi Tavisuflad mopovebis SesaZleblobebi, aseve naTesavebTan erTad cxovreba. ukve qonebrivad uTanabro sazogadoebaSi Cndeba socialuri statusis pirveli anarekli, xolo saxelmwifoebis periodSi warmoiqmneba mkacrad reglamentirebuli da ekonomikurad Rrmad diferencirebuli Sexeduleba imqveyniuri samyaros Sesaxeb, magram yoveli calkeuli etapi aris erTi universaluri, Tavdapirvelad aRmocenebuli ideis versia, romlis Tanaxmad, arsebobs suleTi, sadac adamiani sikvdilis Semdgom midis. iq wasuls sWirdeba aq darCenilTa mxridan yuradReba, rac TandaTan valdebulebad iqceva da miTo_religiur sistemebSi mniSvnelovan adgils iWers. ukve iTqva, rom micvalebulis `momarageba~ xdeboda Tangatanebis, Sewirvis, sajaro purobaTa, saCuqrebis darigebis, simdidris gafantva_gadayris, an damal- va_daflvis gziT. amaT gverdiT mowmdeba kidev erTi wesi, Tanaxmad romlisa, micvalebulebi samzeoSi, TavianT ojaxebSi brundebian da Sesabamisi wesebis gadaxdis gziT iReben TavianT kuTvnils. vera bardaveliZes Ses- 439 wavlili aqvs svanuri saaxalwlo ciklis dResaswauli, `lifanali~ romelic iwyeboda 5 ianvars da erT kviras grZeldeboda. am dRes xalxis warmodgeniT micvalebulebi saxlebSi brundebodnen da maTTvis sagangebo saweso sufrebi imarTeboda. `Cveulebrivi aRapebidan da, kerZod, micvalebulTa gansakuTrebiT mdidari rigebidanac ki... lifanali gamoirCeoda, uwinares yovlisa, metismetad cxoveli rwmeniT imis Sesaxeb, rom am dReebSi micvalebulebi namdvilad TavTavis saxlebSi, cocxlebTan midian da ramdenime dRisa da Ramis ganmavlobaSi, xSirad mTeli kvirac ki, maTTan rCebian. am rwmenis niadagze lifanali moicavs micvalebulTa Sesaxvedrad winaswari samzadisis momentebs, maTi miRebis eTikas, maTi gamaspinZlebisa da garToba_gamxiarulebis saSualebebs, maT mimarT da RvTaebebis saxelze gankuTvnil locva_vedrebis teqstebsa da nairsaxis Sesawiravebs, micvalebulTa gastumrebis scenebs da sxva mraval saweso qmedebas 40 . rwmena micvalebulebis cocxalTa samyaroSi dabrunebis Sesaxeb mTeli Zveli samyarosTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. gansakuTrebiT kargad es rwmena Seswavlilia Zveli berZnebis da romaelebis religiaSi. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa berZenTa dResaswauli, anTesteria. anTesterioni gazafxulis pirveli Tvea, ris gamoc ewoda saxeli am TveSi gamarTul dResaswauls, romelic klasikur xanaSi dionises eZRvneboda. dResaswauls sakmaod rTuli agebuleba hqonda, mis nawilebs dReebis mimdevrobis mixedviT ewodebodaT `piTogea~ (piTosebis, kasrebis gaxsna), `qoesi~_Tasebi da `qitroi~_qoTnebi. piTogeas aTenSi axal Rvinos sinjavdnen. Rvino Sesmamde usaTuod unda SeewiraT RvTaebis saxelze. beotielebi am dRes uwodebdnen `agaTos daimonoss~ _ keTili sulebis dRes, romelTac Sesawiravs umzadebdnen. hesiodes sqolasti ambobs, es dRe winaparTa dResaswauli iyoo da iwyeboda RreobiT, romelic sam dRes grZeldeboda. am dros SeimCneoda Tavisuflebis gamovlinebis orgiastuli tendenciebi: monebsa da msaxurebs aZlevdnen Rvinis smis uflebas, mosamsaxureebs urigebdnen xelfass, aZlevdnen saCuqrebs, yvela mTvrali iyo da imarTeboda smaSi Sejibri, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda mefe_arqonti. Semdgom etapze, Tasebis dRes, imarTeboda arqontis colisa da dionises daqorwinebis didi ceremonia. am dRes aRebdnen dionises 40 v. bardaveliZe, qarTuli (svanuri)... gv. 61. 440 taZars, romelic mTeli wlis manZilze daketili iyo. mesame etapze imarTeboda dramatuli Sejibrebebi, grZeldeboda sma... dResaswaulis dasasruls icodnen Tqma sagangebo frazisa, romelic Semdeg andazad qceula: `gareT gadi, wadi aqedan keres, anTesteria damTavrda“ 41 . andazis axsna Semonaxulia svidasTan, romelic ambobs, rom am dReebSi, qalaqsa da saxlebSi brundebodnen micvalebulTa sulebi. maTi gacileba iyo dResaswaulis ukanaskneli aqti. amitom maT uSvebdnen saxlebidan aRniSnuli mimarTviT. saxeli `keres~ aris qTonuri demetres saxeli, misi erT_erTi emanacia. igi am saxiT micvalebulTa mfarveli iyo. amitomac mimarTavdnen micvalebulebs saxeliT _ `keres~, rac xazs usvamda maT moqcevas qTonuri demetres wiaRSi. yuradRebas imsaxurebs anTesteriebis pirveli dRis saxelwodeba `keTili sulebi~, rac aSkarad miuTiTebs am dRes sulTa stumrobaze. berZnebis religiaSi sulebi ukve diferencirebulni arian keTilad da arakeTilad. igive viTareba iyo romSiac, sadac Tayvans scemdnen gardacvlilebs, rogorc manebs, aseve larebsa da penatebs, ojaxebisa da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis mfarvelebs, winaaRmdeg larvebisa da lemurebisa, borotmoqmedTa da damnaSaveTa sulebisa, romelTa dReebs lemuriebi ewodebodaT da marTavdnen maisis dasawyisSi, (9,11,13 maisi). am dReebSi ketavdnen taZrebs, aRkveTili iyo qorwineba. maT winaaRmdeg icodnen Selocva. Semlocveli dgeboda RamiT, daibanda marcvlebs xelebs, yrida pirSi xel Caiyrida Savi da mxarukuRma cercvis da marcvlebs, cxrajer aseTive gaimeorebda, es marcvlebi Cemi da Cemi axloblebis nacvali iyoso, Semdeg aiRebda spilenZis taSts, zed cxrajer Semohkravda xels da mouwodebda sulebs daetovebinaT saxli 42 . marTalia qarTul lifanalSi micvalebulTa daxasiaTeba ar Cans, magram dResaswaulis Semdeg maTi gacileba da droze wasvlis Txovna aqac icodnen. SesaZloa, aq aRniSnul rwmenaTa ufro adreuli socialuri done iyos asaxuli, vidre berZnul_romaulSi. 41 Jane Ellen Harrison, Prolegomena to the study of Greek Religion. Cambrige, 1908, p. 32. 42 ovidiusi, fastebi, V, 429-484. r. erisTavi, dasax. naSr. gv. 180. Мифы народов мира, т. II. М. 1982. ст. Лемуры. Сочинения А. Г. Пемискуса Олимп, или греческая и римская мифология в связы с египетской, греческой и индийской. СПб. 1861 г. стр. 300-304. 441 naTelia, rom rwmenas micvalebulebTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb realuri gancdis metad maRali koeficienti hqonda. aq sadao araferi iyo. mimdinareobda ormxrivi, intensiuri urTierToba, romelsac iluzorulsa da iracionalurs mxolod Cveni TvalsazrisiT Tu vuwodebT. marTlac, Cveni winaprebisaTvis es iyo yovelgvari eWvis gareSe arsebuli samyaro, sadac isini sabolood gadadiodnen sacxovreblad, xolo wasvlamde yovelmxriv cdilobdnen SeeqmnaT keTildReoba iq ukve gadasaxlebuli naTesavisaTvis. mogvianebiT amas daemata zrunva sakuTari saiqio keTildReobisaTvis. adamiani mxolod gadadioda sxva ganzomilebaSi, igi mxolod unda `gardacvliliyo~ raTa ganmeorebiT moxvedriliyo masze adre gardacvlil axlobelTa wreSi. amisaTvis igi mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi emzadeboda da, roca dro movidoda, amas igi `aRasrulebda~ miRebuli wesis Sesabamisad, ojaxis wevrTa da sulis moZRvris xelSewyobiTa da TanamonawileobiT. yovelive amas unda davumatoT yoveldRiuri Sroma saTanado materialur RirebulebaTa Sesaqmnelad da mosapoveblad, romelic individums adre wasulTaTvis unda gaegzavna da Tavisi saqmec moewyo. unda gaviTvaliswinoT is sulieri mdgomareoba, specifikuri situacia, romelic unda Seqmniliyo ritualis mimdinareobisas, sakralurTan uSualo, cocxali kontaqtisas, roca eWvis nacvlad vxedavT rwmenas da mxolod amis Semdeg vimsjeloT am samyaros iluzorulobasa da iracionalurobaze. òìüëîòòì ìïïàò rogorc vnaxeT, a. daviTianis masalaSi daxatulia koleqtiuri purobis, Wamis, smisa da gacemis WeSmaritad kolosaluri suraTi. daixarja uamravi produqti, gadaiyara didi xnis ganmavlobaSi nagrovebi fuli, romelic daitaca vinc moaswro... es ganapiroba umtkicesma rwmenam imisa, rom yvelaferma aman gadainacvla saiqioSi, luxoris gadamxdelTa saukuno sakuTrebaSi. warmavalma simdidrem wuTisoflidan maradiul qveyanasa da maradiul kuTvnilebaSi gadainacvla. ese igi, XIX saukunesa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi, Semonaxuli iyo socialuri garemo, sadac materialuri simdidre mTlad ar aris qceuli ekonomikur kategoriad, igi ar ganapirobebs sazogadoebaSi upiratesobis ekonomikis gziT mopovebas da 442 mxolod saSualebas aZlevs sazogadoebis wevrs ukeT ganaxorcielos Tavisi Tavi arsebuli socialuri CarCos SigniT, romlis ZiriTadi faseulobebi ekonomikuri niSnebiT ar gamoixateba. es sakiTxebi saTanadod aris ganxiluli a. gureviCis SromebSi. qarTvel mTielTa mentalitets mieZRvna m. kandelakis naSromi, sadac TvalsaCinodaa gamovlenili socialuri simbolikis sxvadasxva aspeqti. amave sakiTxebs Seexo a. qaldanic. misi nakvlevis mixedviT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielebis samoqmedo areali moicavda mezobelTa da sakuTar teritorias, sadac igi `saqmianobda~, anu Tavis teritorias icavda mezoblebisagan da mezoblebisas Zarcvavda ise, rom maincadamainc ar dagidevdaT eTniurobasa da sarwmunoebas. `aseT viTarebaSi _ wers a. qaldani, _ gasagebia aRzrdis xevsuruli sistema, rodesac mozards pataraobidanve aCvevdnen cxenosnobas, iaraRis tarebas, amtanobas da amasTan zizRs unergavdnen sxva saqmianobisadmi~. ra Tqma unda, a. qaldani amas ar amtkicebs absoluturi mniSvnelobiT. mTielTa maRali sameurneo kultura gvafiqrebinebs, rom avtors am dros mxedvelobaSi hqonda mxolod Sesabamisi tendenciebi, sadac meomrobis prestiJuloba iyo xazgasmuli. mamakacTa saqmianobis es tradiciuli saxeoba kidev ufro popularuli rom gaxdes, sazogadoebrivi azri gamoyofs gansakuTrebul sagmiro saqmeTa CamdenT, raTa aqcion isini sanimuSo, misabaZ magaliTad. xevsurTa leqsikur fondSi isini `saxel~ fuZidan nawarmoebi terminebiT arian cnobilni. es terminebia `saxeliani~, `nasaxelari~, `nasaxeloba~. `saxelianobis~ damamtkicebel sabuTad iTvleboda gatacebuli saqoneli, tyve, mtris moWrili marjvena da a.S. 43 . a. qaldanma am terminebsa da maTi Sesabamisi qcevebis dinamikaSi uaRresad saintereso socialuri winaaRmdegobebi SeniSna, roca, erTis mxriv Temi pativs scems `saxelianebs~, rogorc misabaZ da samagaliTo pirebs, `karg ymebs~, romlebic sxvebze ukeT uZRvebian Temis da misi mfarveli RvTaebis samsaxurs da, meores mxriv, imas, rasac saxelianTa dawinaureba mohyveba. esaa `gadideba~, `didoba~, `Tavdidoba~. es ukanasknelni uangaro saxelianobas aRar jerdebian da momxveWelebi da moZaladeebi xdebian, iwyeben uflebebisa da simdidris misakuTrebas. am process Temi ebrZvis da Tu axerxebs, kidec anelebs imas, rasac mecnie43 a. qaldani, pirovnebis socialur aRzevebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis. „macne“, istoriis... seria #3. 1984 w. gv. 69 da Semdeg. 443 rebis enaze qonebrivi diferenciacia hqvia. mTis mwir SesaZleblobebSi Temi aRwevs am procesis Sesustebas, rac iwvevs ara marto parazituli ekonomikisa da rutinuli sameurneo yofis SenarCunebas, aramed arqauli moralisa da zneobrivi tipis, misi Sesabamisi socialuri yofisa da mrwamsis konservacias. amitom irkveva xolme ritualTa analizisas, rom kavkasiis yofaSi xSirad gacilebiT adreuli miTosuri da ritualuri doneebia SenarCunebuli, vidre Zvel aRmosavleTSi, egeosur da klasikur saberZneTSi, romsa Tu evropis adre Sua saukuneebis feodalizmSi, an vikingebis skandinaviaSi. eTnografiuli masala, romelic sailustraciod movitaneT, cxadyofs, rom Catarebul rigebs ara mxolod saiqios gamosadegi Sedegi hqonda. igi am qveynad mniSvnelovan daxmarebas uwevda rigebis Camtarebel pirs. am gziT igi saxels ixveWda, met avtoritets iZenda Tavis sazogadoebaSi, ufro saxeliani xdeboda. Tu ras niSnavs saxelianoba mTielisaTvis, Cans TviT luxoridan: rac ufro meti xalxi ewveoda meluxores, igi miT ufro pativsacemi piri xdeboda. luxoris tipis da misi qvevariantebis gamoCena, magaliTad, rogoricaa ukve naxsenebi `bawxi~, sadac SezRudulia rogorc sajaroba, ise misi Catarebis valdebulebaTa wre da mxolod sulis sasikeTo da sasaxelo, mxiarul RonisZiebad iTvleba, migvaniSnebs, rom am movlenasTan damokidebuleba ucvleli ar yofila. igi ganicdis axali sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis gavlenas, xdeba socialurad ufro markirebuli da religiurad bundovani. aSkarad Cans, rom axal socialur garemoSi rituali desakralizaciis tendenciebs amJRavnebs. marTlac, a. daviTians sagangebod aqvs xazgasmuli xergianis luxorze cioy dadeSqelianis mosvlis momenti da amiT gamowveuli sixaruli meluxore col_ qmrisa, radgan dadeSqeliani `RmerTi iyo miwaze~. vfiqrobT, rom es momenti SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc socialuri markirebis aqti, rasac meluxore xergiani prestiJis axal safexurze ahyavs. saxelisaTvis brZola amqveynad da miRweuli Sedegis imqveynad gadatana_realizacia, gacema, saCuqari, gafantva, daflva da prestiJTan dakavSirebuli sxva qceviTi normebi ganviTarda da aqtiurad amoqmedda bevrad ufro adre, vidre sasaqonlo meurneoba aRmocendeboda da materialur faseulobaTa erToblioba prestiJis sferodan ekonomikurisaken gadainacvlebda. luxoric, iseve rogorc sxva wesi, iZleoda 444 pirovnebis amaRlebis SesaZleblobas im socialuri organizaciis SigniT, romelic am wesTa erTobliobiT iyo moniSnuli da gamoxatavda mis srulfasovnebas sxva, analogiur socialur organizmTa Soris. amdenad individi, vinc ukeTesad `TamaSobda~ am, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT pirobiTi da formaluri niSnebiT gamosaxuli wesebiT, iyo `kai yma~. igi cota kidec Camogavs karg moWadrakes, ramdenadac oriveni virtuozulad floben SezRuduli sivrcis daSvebuli wesebiT aTvisebis gzebs. amdenad, ganxiluli ritualebi, sadac miznis misaRwevi ZiriTadi saSualeba aris dakvla_koleqtiuri SeWma da misi saxenacvali formebi (gacema, gafantva, da a. S.), emsaxurebian araerTgvarovan perspeqtivebs, erTdroulad saiqio da saamqveyno saqmeebs. ritualis garkveuli nawili aris saqmianobis Cveulebrivi, realur moqmedebaTa mwkrivi, romelic nebismier dros gamoiyeneba praqtikaSi, magram Tu igi iqneba CarTuli Sesabamis sagangebo kodSi, SeiZleba specifikuri mniSvneloba SeiZinos. kerZod, iZens ritualurobas da iqceva komunikaciis saSualebad realursa da warmosaxviTs Soris. es xerxi universaluri, intereTnikuri, intergeografiuli da interepoquria. amdenad unda vifiqroT, rom igi saTaves iRebs kulturis embrionuli formebidan. miuxedavad universalurobisa, igi yovelTvis konkretul socio_ istoriul saxes atarebs, ramdenadac yovelTvis moqmedebs specifikur istoriul_socialursa da eTno_kulturul garemoSi. Tu dakvlas mokvliT SevcvliT, aRmoCndeba, rom msxverpli da misi SeWma biologiur doneze iRebs saTaves da rogorc umartivesi sawyisi pozicia, nebismier socialur viTarebaSi SeiZleba iyos realizebuli. amitom unda vifiqroT, rom Wama aris socialur garemoSi momqmedi, sawyisi mniSvnelobis elementi, romlis mogvianebiT aRmocenebuli adeqvaturi Rirebulebebi (gacema_gafantva, saCuqari, daflva da a. S.) erTiandebian garkveuli koncefciiT da lagdebian uwyveti ritualuri xazis saxiT romelime miTo_religiuri sistemis SigniT. TiToeuli es moqmedeba garkveul situaciaSi (mag. luxoris dros) SesaZloa gamoyenebuli iqnes rogorc komunikaciis specifikuri saSualeba, romelsac SeuZlia RirebulebaTa gadatana realuridan warmosaxviT samyaroSi. garkveul istoriul situaciaSi rigis sufrebis gverdiT gansakuTrebuli adgili daiWira saCuqarma_gasamrjelom, romelsac Tavisufali meomrebi iRebdnen konungebisa Tu mefeebisagan. am xelisufalTa karis idealuri 445 modeli iyo Zveli germanelebis suleTi, einheria, RvTaebaTa meTauris, odinis kari, sadac gardacvlil meomarTa sulebi isxdnen da gamudmebiT Rreobdnen, an ibrZodnen. swored aseTad agviwers Tavis Tanamedrove germanelTa yofas tacitusi. isini, roca ar omobdnen, isxdnen da svamdnen. sufra maT xelfass ucvlida, xolo saCuqari iyo maTi socialuri da politikuri urTierTobis regulirebis saSualeba. isini tomis beladebs saCuqrad ugzavnidnen mosavlis nawils, iaraRs, cxenebs, aseTive saCuqrebs iRebdnen erTmaneTisagan kerZo pirebic _ Tanatomelebi da iseTebic, vinc sxva da sxva tomis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. am gziT myardeboda garkveuli balansi tomTa urTierTobebSi. tacitusi aRniSnavs, rom germanelTa Soris, romaelTa gavlenis gamo, ukve gamoCnda fuli 44 . am suraTidan CvenTvis sayuradReboa Semdegi garemoeba: aSkaraa gansxvaveba erTis mxriv saCuqrisa da gacemis miTosur_religiur, Tu literaturul formebs Soris da meores mxriv tacitusis mier aRweril praqtikas Soris, magram isic aSkaraa, rom meore pirvelis axleburad realizebuli saxea da misgan momdinareobs. saCuqris saxiT aq gamoxatulia garkveuli ierarqia da erTisagan meoris, ierarqiulad maRlis gulis mogeba socialurad dabal safexurze mdgomisagan, magram mas nebayoflobiT gacemis, miZRvnis, Zveli sakulto normis sakraluri saxe aqvs miniWebuli. aq aSkarad Cans Zveli miTo_religiuri sistemis Segueba axal socialur da politikur garemosTan, romelic erTxans ki SeinarCunebs Zvel formas, anu gaWirvebiT Caeteva Zvel modelSi, magram momavalSi axali tendencia mas usaTuod daangrevs da, Znelad amosacnobi fragmentebis saxiT, gafantavs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva ubanze. sabednierod maTi saTanado wakiTxvis saSualebas gvaZlevs kavkasiis unikaluri pirobebis wyalobiT gadarCenili arqauli rigebi, romelTac Tanamedroveobamde moitanes jer kidev Zvel samyaroSi gamqrali yofis narCenebi. tacitusis mier aRweril suraTSi, aseve SoTa rusTavelisa da niko lorTqifaniZis istoriul nawarmoebebSi ukve moqmedebs SoTaseuli modeli `uxvi axsnilsa daabams,~ magram aq uxvoba konkretuli aucileblobis Sedegia da miuxedavad arqauli miTosuri safuZvlisa, Tavisi formiT sruliad gansxvavebul socialur urTierTobebs malavs. saqarTvelos mTielebSi ki am dros mni44 Корнелий Тацит, О происхождении германцев. Соч. в двух томах. т. I. Л. 1970. стр. 14,22. 446 Svnelovnad aris SenarCunebuli tradiciis pirveladi Rirebulebebi. marine kandelaki Tavis dasaxelebul naSromSi wers, rom mTielebis mier Seswavlili qcevebi aris ara raime gare, saero, an saeklesio iZulebis Sedegi, aramed warmoadgens sakuTari rwmeniT STagonebul socialur simbolur moqmedebebs, rac arsebiTi momentia mTielTa mentalitetis Sefasebisas. simdidre mTielisaTvis jer kidev ar warmoadgens damoukidebeli interesis, ekonomikis obieqts, igi saSualebaa, romliTac ganpirobdeba sustad diferencirebul sazogadoebaSi saamqveyno saxelis moxveWa da saiqios Rirseuli mowyoba amqveynad miRweuli statusis iq gadatanis gziT. m. kandelaki fiqrobs, rom svaneTis sazogadoebaSi moqmedebda dauwereli kanoni, romlis principi gamoixateba formuliT: `vagro- veb_vxarjav~ da ganapirobebs rogorc am qveynad saxelis moxveWas, ise aq mopovebuli statusisa da simdidris saiqioSi gadatanas 45 . rogorc motanilma masalam gviCvena, aRniSnuli warmodgenebi moqmedeben ara mxolod vertikalur RerZze, uZvelesi droidan dawyebuli, tacitusis germanelebis gavliT XIX saukunis kavkasiis mTielebamde, aramed horizontaluradac sakmaod vrclad aris ganfenili da yvela socialuri konfliqtis balansisas adamianTa socialuri cxovrebis yvela ubanze asrulebs maregulirebelis funqcias. sakvanZo miTo_religiuri toposebi, aRmocendeba ra uZveles droSi, emyareba universalur, interreligiur da interqronologiur ideebs da miuxedavad garkveuli zedapiruli transformaciisa, inarCunebs sakralurobas sxvadasxva, TviT uaxles religiur sistemaSi ise, rom metnaklebad advilad uZlebs sinkretizaciis urTulesi da mkacri meqanizmis zemoqmedebas. rogorc warmodgenili masala gviCvenebs, racionaluri da iracionaluri, miTosur_ritualuri da praqtikuli, gamoyenebiTi segmentebi erTmaneTisagan gamiznulad mxolod warmosaxvaSi arsebobs. maT erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebulad ganvixilavT imis gamo, rom gveCveneba, saqmeSi ukeT gaverkveviT, Tu dapirispirebulebs erTmaneTisagan gavmijnavT da erTad mxolod msgavsebs davajgufebT. sinamdvileSi ki movlena moqmedebs sapirispiroTa erTobliobaSi da misi Seswavlac funqciis araerTgvarovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT aris SesaZlebeli. yvela sxva midgoma calmxrivi iqneba. kulturuli yofis amsaxveli masala, roca igi mxolod erTi ro45 m. kandelaki, dasax. naSr. gv. 139. 447 melime Tvalsazrisis damtkicebis mizniT aris amokrebili, friad Zneli dasamorCilebeli xdeba, radgan, miuxedavad moCvenebiTi erTgvarovnebisa, misi komponentebi sxvadasxva Taroebze aris ganlagebuli da realur mTlianobas ar warmoadgens. isini erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian drois konkretuli moTxovnebis Sesabamisad da aRebuli istoriuli realobis maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgenen, gansazRvraven ama Tu im cvlad realobas. amitom Znelia ar daveTanxmoT m. bloks, romelic dinamikis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobis mtkicebisas, imowmebs erT aRmosavlur andazas, sadac naTqvamia, rom kaci Tavis dros ufro hgavs, vidre sakuTar mamaso 46 . miTosuri da ritualuri praqtika erTdroulad mimdinareobs or sivrceSi, realursa da warmosaxviTSi da realoba da religia erTmaneTze urTierTganmapirobeblad zemoqmedeben. aseTi sakiTxis gagebisa da SefasebisaTvis saWiro aTvlis myari wertili Zneli sapovnia, radgan, rogorc a. gureviCi ambobs, ar arsebobs adamiani, romelic yvela epoqaSi Tavis Tavs udris 47 . miuxedavad amisa, istoria mainc arsebobs da adamiani TandaTan swavlobs sakuTari warsulis moZraobaSi, mdinarebaSi, gardamavlobaSi danaxvas. am viTarebis sailustraciod iqneb yvelaze efeqturi sakuTrebis sfero aRmoCndes, romlis winamZRvrebi Caisaxa sicocxlisa da cxovrebis uzrunvelsayofi aucileblobis CarCoSi. am sferoSi arsebobisaTvis aucilebel praqtikasTan erTad iqmneboda iracionalurisa da miTo_religiuri warmodgenebis realizaciisaTvis saWiro materialuri garantia, romelSiac, mogvianebiT, sakuTreba veRar eteva da desakralizebuli ekonomikisa da sawarmoo urTierTobis wiaRSi imkvidrebs adgils. garkveul istoriul epoqebSi, uzarmazari nawili sazogadoebis energiisa, xmardeboda simdidris moxveWas im xalxebis mier, romelTac ar gaaCndaT am RirebulebaTa SeqmnisaTvis saWiro socialur_ekonomikuri da teqnikuri done da moxveWili simdidre, gamiznuli iyo rutinuli miTo_religiuri bunebis socialuri sistemis SesanarCuneblad, romlis SigniT pirovneba poulobda adgils sistemiT dadgenil prestiJul normaTa Tanamimdevruli aRsrulebis gziT. zemoT ukve iyo aRniSnuli, rom Temi SeZlebisdagvarad axerxebda sazogadoebis qonebrivi diferenciaciis SeCerebas saqarTvelos mTaSi, iq 46 47 Блок М. Апология истории, М. 1986 г. стр. 23. Гуревич А. Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М. 1976 г. стр. 19. 448 arsebuli specifikuri bunebrivi pirobebis gamo, romelic ar qmnida xelsayrel pirobebs simdidris dagrovebisaTvis, magram es procesi ufro warumateblad mimdinareobda uflebaTa sferoSi. uTanabroba realur uflebebSi kanonmdeblobiT ki ar iyo ganmtkicebuli, aramed iseTi aranakleb angariSgasawevi da faqizi sferoTi, rogoric aris tradiciuli az- ri. magaliTad, xevsurTa Soris arsebobda warmodgena pirovnebaTa da gvarTa „dRianobis“ Sesaxeb, rac maT garkveul upiratesobas aniWebda Tanabar pirobebSi, radgan empiriulad emyareboda adamianTa Soris bunebrivad arsebul uTanabrobas. Cven ar viciT, rogor aisaxeboda xsenebuli movlena saiqioze, magram, arsebuli sistemidan gamomdinare, suraTi ucvlelad unda gadasuliyo saiqioSi. saqarTvelos barSi, sadac gansxvavebuli pirobebi iyo, sazogadoeba, msgavsad mTeli Zveli msofliosi, swrafad daiSala uflebrivad da qonebrivad araTanabar jgufebad im principiT, rom es ori faqtori mudam erTi meores ganapirobebda da aq ZvelTaganve damkvidrda RirebulebaTa gansxvavebuli normebi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. miuxedavad amisa, arqauli sazogadoebrivi institutebi ukvalod ar gamqrala, radgan isini qmnian RirebulebaTa iseT myar qsels, romlis garRveva, sagangebo Seguebis gareSe, uWirs axal, Tu gare samyarodan SemoWril kulturul movlenebs. amis magaliTi mravlad icis msoflio istoriam. `winaklasobriv sazogadoebebSi, _ wers a. gureviCi, _ arsebobs specifikuri socialuri dawesebulebebi, romlebic qreba barbarosobidan civilizaciaze gadasvlasTan erTad, radgan klasobriv sazogadoebaSi icvleba morali da ideologia, warmoiqmneba axali religiuri sistema, Zirfesvianad icvleba socialuri cxovreba. miuxedavad amisa, rCeba bevri ram araqauli... alur sistemaSi“ 48 . rac zogjer did rols TamaSobs axal soci- am avtors gaanalizebuli aqvs vikingebisdroindel skandinavTa sazogadoebrivi institutebi, maT Soris am xalxis damokidebuleba simdidresTan ganviTarebis aRniSnul etapze. maT hqondaT qveynis SigniT sakmarisad myari kanonebi, romelTac ganuxrelad icavdnen, iseve rogorc kavkasiis mTielebi, magram qveynis gareT maTi eqspediciebi Zaladobisa da ubedurebis simbolod iqca. praqtikulad Zarcva am periodis skandinavTa meurneobis iseTive forma iyo, rogorc TevzWera da srul TanxmobaSi iyo adgilobriv moralTan. ai rogori mSvidobiani da saqmiani 48 Гуревич А. Я. Категории… 449 toniT aris aRwerili `egilis sagaSi~ simdidris dagrovebis sisxliani procesi: `roca torolvi oci wlis Sesrulda, man savikingod wasvla moindoma. kveldulvma mas misca saomari xomaldi. maSin samgzavrod gaemzadnen berdleli karis Svilebi, eivindi da alviri. maT didi razmi axldaT da kidev erTi xomaldi hqondaT. isini zafxulobiT salaSqrod gadiodnen da simdidres ixveWdnen, xolo gayofisas yvelas uxvi wili xvdeboda. aseT savikingo siarulSi maT araerTi weli gaatares, xolo zamTars saxlebSi, TavTavianT mamebTan rCebodnen. torolvma saxlSi bevri kargi nivTi miitana da dedasa da mamas misca. maSin advili iyo saxelisa da qonebis moxveWa~ 49 . rogorc vxedavT, aq aRwerilia mSromeli, kargad aRzrdili axalgazrdoba, samagaliTod zrdili da ufrosebis gamgone, romelic zafxulis SromiT mopovebuls ded_mamas abarebs, xolo zamTars, rogorc Wkvian biWebs SeeferebaT, saxlSi atarebs. am uwyinari ambebis ukan sinamdvileSi imaleba daCexili qalebi da bavSvebi, gadamwvari da gapartaxebuli saxlebi da qalaqebi. sainteresoa, rom gazafxuli, rogorc laSqrobaTa dawyebis dro, Cvens poeziaSiac aris cnobili: `aca, gazafxul moides, jar Savyri fSavlebisasa~. an: `gazafxul raxan moidas, martia velad gagviva, saxelis moyvaruli as, Sin raiT aRar magviva...~ 50 am or kulturaSi aseve msgavsia omTan da vaJkacobasTan dakavSire- buli warmodgenebi da mxatvruli saxeebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT Soris, garda uzarmazari sivrcisa, aTaswlovani sxvaobaa. aseTi damTxveva, ra Tqma unda, ufro saerTo garemoebaTa Sedegia, vidre gansxvavebisa. amitom skandinavebisa da Zveli islandielebis yofis amsaxveli masala saimedo paralelur monacemad mimaCnia. miuxedavad sagrZnobi gansxvavebisa qonebasTan damokidebulebaSi, Zveli islandielebis mentaliteti bevr saerTos amJRavnebs Cvens mTielebTan. gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa msgavseba, roca saqme koleqtiur purobas exeba. aseTi purobebi, micvalebulis saxelobisa iqneba is, Tu saqorwilo, Zalian zrdis gadamxdelis prestiJs. magaliTad, `laksdalelebis sagis~ XXIII TavSi aRwerilia islandieli skaldis, egilis qalis, torgerdisa da aseve saxelovani Wabukis, olavis qorwineba, sadac uamravi xalxi mivida da yvela stumarma saCuqari mi49 50 Исландские саги, М. 1956. Сага об Егиле. стр. 64. a. qaldani, dasax. naSr. 450 iRo. aseTive, Tavisi xalxmravlobiT samaxsovro sufra, romelsac cxra aseuli kaci daeswro, gadauxades olavma da misma Zmebma gardacvlil mamas. stumrebi or kviras darCnen da wasvlisas yvela maTganma saCuqari miiRo. ra, Tqma unda, islandielTa lxinebisas miRebuli savaldebulo saCuqari, Cvenebur luxorTan erTad, saerTo warmomavlobisaa, Tumca islandielTa Soris igi mniSvnelovnad desakralizebulia da mxolod prestiJis saqmes emsaxureba, aq saiqioSi simdidris gadatanaze araferia naTqvami 51 . saCuqrebis savaldebulo wesi, sufris uzarmazari xarji, romelsac praqtikulad xmardeboda vikingobiT mopovebuli qoneba, aseve uamravi, monetebisagan Sedgenili ganZebi, romlebic udidesi raodenobiT aris aRmoCenili skandinavTa gansaxlebis teritoriaze, gvafiqrebinebs, rom aq gvaqvs saiqioSi simdidris gadatanis tipiuri suraTi, rasac axsnas aZlevs saqarTveloSi damowmebuli, ukve aRwerili Cveuleba. `haskuldis sufra didebulad Catarda da Zmebs didi saxeli moutanao~ _ ambobs saga. aq rom erTi sityvac iyos naTqvami qonebis suleTSi gadatanaze, maSin damTxveva xergianis luxorTan sruli iqneboda. magram Tu gamovalT debulebidan, rom prestiJis mopoveba mxolod sakraluris sferoSi SeiZleba, radgan umaRlesi Rirebulebebi mxolod sakraluri sanqciiT warmoiqmneba, Tavisuflad SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom desakralizaciamde es rituali yvelaze ufro sakralur moments, saiqios mowesrigebasac moicavda. aseTi daskvnis gamotanisas droSi seriozulma gansxvavebam ar unda dagvabrkolos, radgan istorias yoveli calkeuli regionisaTvis Tavisi saaTi aqvs, oRond gza aris erTi, romelzedac adre Tu gvian yvelam unda gaiaros. am saaTis svlis tempi kavkasiisa da skandinaviisaTvis aSkarad sxvadasxva iyo. Aamierkavkasiis barma socialuri ganviTarebis amJamad CvenTvis saintereso monakveTi adre gaiara, mTas mis dasawyisSi mouswro axalma yofam, xolo skandinavielebsa da islandielebs am etapis daZleva aTasi wlis ukan mouxdaT. es momenti kargad Cans imave `laksdalelebis sagis~ Semdegi epizodidan: `...torkelma is zamTari saxlSi gaatara. man saSobao wveuleba gamarTa (am sagas personaJebi islandiel qristianebis pirveli Taobaa. moqmedeba mimdinareobs 1000 wels - i.s.), dapatiJa uamravi xalxi da im zamTars erTob xelgaSlilad cxovrobda. unda vTqvaT, rom gudruni mas aseT cxovrebas ar 51 Исландские саги, стр. 304. 451 uSlida. is ambobda, rom swored is aris fulis fasi, rom misi saSualebiT xalxi saxels ixveWs, rom saxlSi Tavsayrelad iyos yvelaferi, rac saWiroa da rac, rogorc gudruns miaCnda, aucilebelia, raTa adamianma icxovros saxelovani xalxis Sesaferisado. torkelma im zamTars Tavis megobrebs misca bevri saCuqari, romelic norvegiidan Camoitana~ 52 . aq ukve kargad Cans, rom `saxelovani xalxi~ iwyebs fufunebiT cxovrebas, xolo lxinebsa da saCuqrebs ukve saero, yofiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba. gacema da lxini TandaTan tovebs sakralur asparezs da `saxelovani~ xalxis mentalitetis niSnad iTvleba. es momenti, axal sarwmunoebasTan erTad, mkveTrad aisaxa CvenTvis saintereso ritualTa xasiaTze, romlebmac miuxedavad mniSvnelovani desakralizaciisa da sinkretizaciisa, alag_alag mainc SeinarCuna Tavi. ãïíûåþò arsebobs saiqioSi simdidris gadatanis kidev erTi forma, romelic qonebrivad da uflebrivad ukve diferencirebul sazogadoebas axasiaTebs. kerZod, simdidris gadamalva, daflva, Tu sxva ram xerxiT izolireba. aseTi faqti qarTvelTa yofaSi sistemuri saxiT dadasturebuli ar aris, magram miTossa da folklorSi mTeli plastia Semonaxuli. ganZis Semqmnelebad da patronebad devebi gvevlinebian, magram am motivs amJamad Cveni interesis saganTan kavSiri ara aqvs. aq Cvens yuradRebas iqcevs ara imdenad folkloruli, an sxva rigis monacemebi, ramdenadac saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili arqeologiuri ganZebi _ brinjaos culebisa da sxva nivTTa erToblioba. ganZebi saqarTveloSi Cndeba Suabrinjaos xanidan. gansakuTrebiT mravalricxovania gvianbrinjaos xanis ganZebi, romlebic saqarTvelosa da kavkasiaSi Zv. w-is III_II s_mde gavrcelebul kolxur kulturas ganekuTvnebian. saerTod CvenSi brinjaos nivTebis 100_ze meti ganZia mopovebuli. isini Seicaven rogorc sameurneo da sabrZolo iaraRebs, ise spilenZis zodebsac. zodis wona zogjer 4_dan 10 kilograms Soris meryeobs 53 . zogjer ganZi naxmari da gacveTili iaraRisa da nivTe52 iqve, gv. 310-311. 53 d. qoriZe, kolxuri kulturis istoriisaTvis, Tbilisi, 1956 w. gv. 10. 452 bisagan Sesdgeba. aseT ganZs specialistebi `mdnobelis~ mier meoradi gadamuSavebis mizniT Segrovil `jarTad~ Tvlian, romelic ratomRac damarxes da daikarga. arsebobs `vaWarTa~ ganZic, romelic gasayidad Segrovebuli axali nivTebisagan Sedgeba. es nivTebi ratomRac aseve damarxes da dakarges. aseTi axsna SeiZleba romelime kerZo SemTxvevisaTvis gamodges, magram SeuZlebelia davuSvaT, rom Cveni winaprebi ukve Sua brinjaos xanaSi iyvnen xelosnebi da vaWrebi (?!) da mTeli aTasi wlis manZilze meTodurad kargavdnen uzarmazar simdidres. ufro sarwmunoa vifiqroT, rom ganZebi swored is winaswargzavnili simdidrea, romelsac suleTSi unda uzrunveleyo patronis keTildReoba * . cxadia, ganZi am mizniT SeiZleba Seqmnas da daflas cocxalma adamianma,Mradgan erTxel ukve ritualurad dakrZalul micvalebuls xelmeored, saflavis gareT ganZs aravin ar Cauflavs. mas mxolod Caayoleben rac saWiroa. amdenad ganZebis saxiT swored CvenTvis saintereso winaswar wargzavnasTan unda gvqondes saqme, rac Cvens Soreul winaprebs wesad hqoniaT, magram Semdeg, sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo, sxva wesisaTvis miuniWebiaT upiratesoba. yofaSi damowmebuli mravalricxovani formebi winaswargzavnisa cxadyofen, rom CvenSi istoriulad unda arsebuliyo aseTi rwmena, romelsac, yovelgvari eTnografiuli masalis gareSe sakmaod zustad axasiaTebs g. qiqoZe: `Cvens winaprebs miaCndaT maradisobis es SegrZneba, gansxvavebuli, rogorc qristianuli spiritualizmis Segnebisagan, romelic micvalebulisaTvis zedmetad Tvlis yovel utilitarul nivTsa da samkauls, ise materialuri rwmenisagan, romelsac sulis damoukidebloba ar swams~ 54 . marTalia, aseTi rwmenebi Tan gahyva warmarTobas, magram xalxis gulSi mainc feTqavda mogoneba mdidruli samarxebisa, romelSiac uwin mefeebi da maTi axloblebi imarxebodnen. maT praqtikulad hqondaT saSualeba enaxaT Zvel mefeTa da maT axlobelTa samarxis simdidre da pompezuroba SemTxveviT aRmoCenebisas mcxeTaSi, vanSi da sxvagan, TiTqmis mTeli istoriuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze. da amitom xalxi didad gakvirvebulia, rom mefeTa Soris ukeTesma da umSvenieresma, `amdeni saqmis moq* axlaxan akad. o. lorTqifaniZem waikiTxa arqeologiuri ganZebisadmi miZRvnili vrceli sajaro moxseneba, sadac uaryofilia ganZebis, rogorc xelosnebisa da vaWrebis dakargul qonebad Sefaseba. o. lorTqifaniZe maT Sewirulobebad miiCnevs. 54 g. qiqoZe, werilebi, eseebi, narkvevebi. Tbilisi, 1985. gv. 202. 453 medma~ Tamarma sul cxra adli tilo waiRo am qveynidan. Tamaris mokrZalebuli, qristianuli samarxi ganaTlebul mRvdels ar gaaocebda siRaribiT, radgan man icoda sxvaoba materialursa da sulier RirebulebaTa Soris. man icoda, rom `amdeni saqmis momqmedi~ Tamari iq xelcarieli ar wasula da win warimZRvana Tavisi didi saqmeebi, magram es ar icoda ubralo xalxma, romelic jer kidev saiqios mosawyobad luxors ixdida. da swored xalxi Civis Tamaris magier soflis amaoebasa da SvilTa umadurobas, romlebmac mas im qveynad cxra adli tiloRa gaatanes. aq, Cemis azriT, gamoxatulia gaoceba uganZobisa gamo... es procesebi iSviaTi sicxadiT aris aRwerili islandiur sagebSi. rogorc Cans, ganZis saiqioSi waReba sagebis gmirebisaTvis jer kidev rwmenisa da ritualuri praqtikis erT_erTi mTavari da centraluri momentia, radgan yvela meomari cdilobda, Seesrulebina odinis brZaneba da Tan waeRo ganZi. ai, CvenTvis saintereso erTi epizodi: inglisSi samsaxuris dros mefe adalsteinma egils misi Zmis, torolvis daRupvis gamo mamamisTan, skalagrimTan gaatana vercxlis fuliT savse ori yuTi. egilma fuli saxlSi ki moitana, magram mamisaTvis ar miucia. gavida ramdenime aTeuli weli. skalagrimi Rrmad moxucda. erTxel, roca egili stumrad midioda, vidre igi cxenze Sejdeboda, masTan mivida skalagrimi, moexvia da uTxra: _` rogorc gatyob, Sen mainca da mainc ar Cqarob, egil, im fulis CemTvis mocemas, romelic konungma adalsteinma gamogatana. ras upireb mag fuls?~ egilma upasuxa: _`Sen Zalian gWirdeba fuli, mama? me es ar vicodi. me Sen im wamsve mogcem vercxls, rogorc ki gavigeb, rom Sen fuli dagWirda. magram me kargad vici, rom Sen kidev gaqvs vercxliT savse erTi Tu ori skivri~. _` me mgoni Sen ukve miiRe Cemi qonebidan Seni wili. amitom nu miSli ise moveqce Cems kuTvnilebas, rogorc me vTvli saWirod~. _ Tqva skalagrimma. _` ra Tqma unda, Sen Cemi nebarTva ar gWirdeba, _ upasuxa egilma, _ me rac ar unda giTxra, Sen mainc Seneburad moiqcevi...~ im saRamos, egili rom wavida, skalagrimma cxeni Seakazmvina da roca yvelani dasaZineblad dawvnen, is saxlidan gavida... unagirze win sakmaod mozrdili skivri edo, xolo iRliis qveS eWira spilenZis qvabi... 454 amis Semdeg xalxi laparakobda, rom skivri, Tu qvabi, an orive erTad, skalagrimma skrimskeldes WaobSi CaZira, xolo zevidan didi, brtyeli lodi daadoo. SuaRamisas, skalagrimi rom saxlSi dabrunda, wavida Tavis sawol jixurSi da gauxdelad Cawva loginSi, xolo diliT... naxes, rom skalagrimi svetze miyrdnobili mkvdari ijda 55 . aSkaraa, rom skalagrimma igrZno sikvdilis moaxloveba da amitom mosTxova Svils fuli, romlis miRebasac mTeli cxovreba uxmod eloda, magram axla dro aRar hqonda, radgan Tavisi kuTvnili qoneba imqveynad saCqarod unda gaegzavna. ai, rogor moiqca analogiur SemTxvevaSi egili, roca misi jeri dadga: dauZlurebulma egilma Tavis siZes, grims sTxova, tingze wamiyvaneo. grims gaukvirda. ra unda moxucs tingzeo da amis gasagebad mas Tavisi coli, egilis sayvareli da yvelasagan gamorCeuli geri da Zmiswuli, tordisi miugzavna. `marTalia, biZaCemo, rom tingze wasvla gadagiwyvetia? minda gavigo, ra saqme gaqvs iq? _ me getyvi Sen, uTxra egilma, _ ra maqvs mofiqrebuli. me minda tingze waviRo orive skivri, romelic odesRac konungma adalsteinma maCuqa. orive skivri inglisuri vercxliTaa savse. skivrebs avaTrevineb sjulis kldeze, sadac yvelaze meti xalxia. mere me vercxls gadavyri da ara mgonia, xalxma mSvidobiT gaiyos. albaT iq blomad vnaxav panRurebs, silaqebs da bolos da bolos magari Cxubi gaxurdeba~. egils tingze wasvla gadaaTqmevines, magram zafxulSi, roca saxlSi marto darCa, `grimis or monas uxmo. man ubrZana, cxeni momiyvaneTo. _ cxel wylebze sabanaod mivdivar, _ Tqva man. roca gaemzada, gamovida da Tavisi ori skivri gamoitana. igi Sejda cxenze da Tvals miefara (monebis TanxlebiT. _ i. s.) diliT ki roca xalxi adga, dainaxes... egili moRoRavs da aRviriT cxens moaTrevs, magram monebi da skivrebi metad aravis unaxavs. aravin icis, sad gadamala egilma Tavisi vercxli~ 56 . am or epizodSi aRwerilia saiqioSi qonebis gadatanis ori xerxi, daflva da gafantva. gafantva, rogorc mogaxseneT, Tavs inarCunebs rogorc socialuri prestiJis forma, xolo daflva sabolood kargavs azrs, radgan srul winaaRmdegobaSi Sedis ekonomikis ganviTarebis mimarTulebasTan. am ori formidan ufro gavrcelebuli Cans daflva, magram 55 56 Исландские саги, Сага об Эгиле. стр. 183. iqve, gv. 249. 455 egilma gacnobierebulad, Tu gaucnobiereblad, meore wesi moigona (romlis nairsaxe qarTvelebma lamis Cvens saukunemde SeinarCunes. gaixseneT xergianis luxorze marCilebiani vaSlebis gadayris wesi). SesaZloa am wesebs egilis dros ukve dakarguli hqonda religiuri azri da mxolod tradiciis saxiT arsebobda, SesaZloa egilis dros ki icodnen am moqmedebaTa mniSvneloba (X s_Si), magram ar axsovdaT orasi wlis Semdeg, snori sturlursonis dros, visac am sagis avtoroba miewereba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am masalis safuZvelze dasturdeba, rom ganZis daflva, gafantva_gacemasa da sajaro purobebTan erTad, saiqioSi simdidris gadatanis erT_erTi saSualeba yofila da gavrcelebuli unda yofiliyo yvelgan, sadac Sesabamisi warmodgena hqondaT suleTsa da iq arsebobis principebze. saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi xalxis rwmena_warmodgenebma aqtiurad simdidris gadatanis TiTqmis yvela saxe Semoinaxa, garda daflvisa, romelic albaT arsebobda CvenSi, razedac migvaniSnebs ganZTa arseboba Soreul warsulSi, magram yofas mxolod mkrTal mogonebad SemorCenia am wesis saxenacvali da gardaqmnili formebi. cxadia, msgavs kulturul RirebulebaTa ase daSorebul drosa da sivrceSi damowmeba, samarTlianad svams sakiTxs maTi genetikuri urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb. unda vifiqroT rom, moqmedebaSi gamoxatul aseT polifunqciur movlenaTa meqanikuri gadaReba, saerTo mrwamsuli safuZvlis gareSe, sruliad gamoricxulia. am viTarebas axsna moeZebneba, Tu gaviziarebT mosazrebas Tavdapirvelad sacxovrisis Sesaxeb, sadac sxva eTnosebTan erTad cxovrobdnen indo_evropelTa winaprebi. maTi TanamonawileobiT Seiqmna mniSvnelovani kulturuli Rirebulebebi 57 . am samyaros gafarToebis Sedegad axal sivrceebze unda gavrcelebuliyo maTi religia da miTosi, romelTac istoriis xangrZlivi procesis Sedegad intereTnikuri saxe miiRes da am gziT inarCuneben kulturul xidebs Tanamedrove xalxebs Soris, miuxedavad imisa, rom es xalxebi sivrcobrivad Zalian arian erTmaneTs daSorebulni. saerTo miTo_religiuri velis warmoqmnam evraziis uzarmazar sivrceebze ganapiroba kulturis formaTa principuli erTgvarovneba, Tu ar CavTvliT kerZo eTnikur Taviseburebebs, romelTac saerTo miTo_religiuri da kulturuli area- 57 Т. Гамкрелидзе, Вяч. Вс. Иванов, ук. соч. раздел II, стр. 859 и далее. 456 lis SigniT, mxolod variantuli mniSvneloba eniWebaT. saerTo kulturuli veli ki unda aRmocenebuliyo adre samiwaTmoqmedo xanebSi, roca Sua aziidan da indoeTidan, wina aziisa da kavkasiis CaTvliT, Savi da xmelTaSua zRvebis auzebis aRmosavleT nawilSi, vrceldeba saerTo kulturuli ideebi, romelic gamoxatulia qali_dedis, mcenareTa da nadirTa mfarvelis kultiT, aseve Tixis WurWlis kompoziciaSi aRmocenebuli, sakoordinacio jvris gegmaze agebuli uwyveti miTosuri kompoziciebiT. es warmmarTveli ideebi xangrZlivi drois manZilze SeinarCuna aRniSnuli sivrceebis kulturebma, rac yovelTvis uwyobda xels maT urTierTSeRwevasa da saerTo kulturul RirebulebaTa gamomuSavebis process. am movlenis erTerT konkretul gamovlenas warmoadgens micvalebulTan dakavSirebuli warmodgenebi, romelTac Camoyalibebuli saxe swored samiwaTmoqmedo kulturaSi miiRes. amitom vpoulobT uamrav saerTos TanamedroveobaSi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad daSorebul xalxTa kulturebSi. ganxiluli masalis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom adamianis saqmianobis mixedviT, misi cxovreba erTdroulad iyo ganfenili or sibrtyeSi, realursa da warmosaxviTSi, or, sapirispiro niSnis mqone samyaroSi, romelTagan erTi moicavda yofiT sameurneo sivrces, romelic uzrunvelyofda adamianTa sazogadoebis fizikur arsebobas, xolo meore iyo sakraluri sivrce, gamiznuli ritualuri saqmianobisaTvis, romelic amave dros warmoadgenda gardamaval zols, romlis iqiT iwyeboda war- mosaxviTi sivrce. am ukanasknelTan kontaqti xorcieldeboda ritualisa da miTosis kvlavwarmoebis anu dResaswaulis meSveobiT. orive sferoSi saqmianoba, miuxedavad maTi TiTqos sapirispiro bunebisa, iZleoda mTlianobaSi ganxorcielebul Sedegs, produqts, romelsac kultura ewodeba. amitom sazogadoebis saqmianoba am or, Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul sibrtyeSi, warmoadgens sicocxlisa da cxovrebis uzrunvelyofis erTian process, romelic istoriulad muskuluri energiis xarjze iqmneboda. socialuri ideebis ganaxleba, rac uwyvetad mimdinareobda sazogadoebis socialuri struqturis SecvlasTan erTad, xdeboda energetikuli bazis SesaZleblobiT Semofarglul sivrceSi. igi moicavda rogorc warmosaxviT, ise yofiT sferoebs, Tumca warmosaxviTi sivrcis reproducirebisas religiaSi, ritualsa da miTosSi moqmedebda e. w. `RvTaebrivi energia~, 457 romelic ganapirobebda ritualis Sedegebs, saswaulebs da a. S. am procesSi ibadeboda ara Tvisobrivad axali ideebi, aramed xdeboda Zvelis moyvana axal viTarebasTan SesabamisobaSi, rasac axlda cvlilebebic, magram ara principuli mniSvnelobisa. ùïäïäóäíò æï ùòíïùïîãçïâíòäíò literaturuli wyaroebis safuZvelze saSualeba gvaqvs vamtkicoT, rom Zvelad ama Tu im formiT unda arsebuliyo adamianis winaswar Sewirva, rogorc es xdeboda saqonlisa da sxva saxis simdidris saxiT. cxadia, erTi adamianis mier meoris Tavis saxelobaze Sewirva SesaZlebelia gaCeniliyo mxolod Zlier diferencirebuli sazogadoebisa da misi Sesabamisi meurneobis pirobebSi, magram wminda religiuri mosazrebiT aseTi ram gacilebiT adrec xdeboda. amjerad CvenTvis saintereso viTareba, roca adamians SeuZlia winaswar Seiwiros mona, miniSnebuli aris babilonur literaturul ZeglSi, romelsac ewodeba `monisa da batonis saubari cxovrebis arsze~, an `pesimisturi dialogi~. Cveni sakiTxisTvis saintereso masalas Seicavs ukanaskneli pasaJi, rodesac batoni ambobs: `ara monav, ara, me mxolod mogklav Sen da winawargigzavni~ 58 . es fraza saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom babilonSi icodnen monis winaswari Sewirva da masTan erTad ganviTarebuli yofila micvalebulTa samyaroSi pirobebis winaswari momzadeba, romelic miznad isaxavda cocxali adamianis socialur_ekonomikuri statusis im qveynad gadatanasa da SenarCunebas. saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis eTnografiul masalaSi, ra Tqma unda, msgavsi movlenis damowmeba SeuZlebelia, magram aq aSkarad Cans brZolisa da SuRlis dros moklulTa da daWrilTa micvalebulis, an vinme cocxlis saxelobaze msaxurad gagzavna, rasac `umcrosis walalvas~ eZaxdnen. am TvalsazrisiT saintereso faqtebi aqvs aRwerili naTela baliaurs. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba movitanoT Semdegi: sanadirod wasulan biZa uSiSa da misi ymawvili disSvili odina, romelTac aseve ymawvili stumari xlebiaT. amav dros sanadirod wasulebi iyvnen uSiSas Zma, TamariZe da biZaSvilebi, aba da TaTara. pirveli jgufi Casafrebul qistebs 58 Б. Тураев, История Древнего Востока, т. I. 1935. стр. 105. Г. Франкфорт, Г. А. Франкфорт, Вж Чилсон, Т. Якобсон, В преддверии философии. М. 1984. стр. 200. 458 gadaawyda, romelTac uSiSa TofiT sasikvdilod daWres. stumarma ymawvilma daWrilis Tofi aiRo da saxlSi gaiqca, xolo patara disSvilma biZa ar miatova da qistebs Tofi miuSvira. mas srola ar SeeZlo, radgan gzaSi falia dasveleboda. qistebma miaxloveba ver gabedes, waiRes uSiSas mier gadagdebuli Tofis bude da wavidnen. meore jgufma Tofis xma icno da mixvdnen, rom uSiSas uWirda. isini dasaxmareblad gamoiqcnen da gzaze gadaawydnen qistebs, romelTagan sami mokles, sami ki gaeqcaT, amis Semdeg isini mividnen im adgilas, sadac momakvdavi uSiSa iwva. rogorc teqsti ambobs, `cocxalive yofila _ ver wamasdgebio? iseTi araferi gWirso. gaicina da gviTxra, _ mWirso. aiswia xeli da filtvebma daastvines, sisxli aRma amofxukdao. _ ori vesroleo, _ gviTxra, winwin nasreviv damkreso. _ uncrosi win wavlaleTav, _ uTxariTav, iq dagxvdebisav. _ Tofio? _ ikiTxa. Tofi odinam waiRoo. _ axla ki kargad vkvdebio, _ gviTxra. gavakeTeT sakace da wamovideT, gzaSi mogvikvdao~ 59 . es ambavi da sxva, aseTi dramatizmiT aRsavse epizodebi sakmao TvalsaCinoebiT aris aRwerili xalxur poeziaSi. magaliTad: `daayarian Tofebi, mzispir daaskda Crdilsao, iqnebi uSiSaisad, mzidavic xari wylisao“. ... cocxals uSiSas uambes, pirs Rimi eqnebisao, or wagilaleT umcrosi, mzidavic gyavis wylisao~. an: `nasrevi abikaisa qists dauSinje tanzeda, ZaRlikaisad iqnebi, mal_mal waglalavs wyalzeda~. an: `Tofi daukres gagasa, giorgis mastyda mxario, vah Sens giorgis, gagao, wyurvielai xario. xuTni Saswira gagasa, `mautanidiT wyalio, oTxi TavisTvis Saswira, iyveniT Cemi ymanio, TiTo_oroli mwyemsebsa, daubrunidiT cxvario, erTic Saswira binasa, daiWiridiT Tvalio, TiToi cxvrisa ZaRlebsa, gaucxelidiT wyalio~ 60 . 459 naTela baliauris mier miTiTebuli Taobebis saTvalavi gveubneba, rom es ambavi momxdara daaxloebiT XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi, an cota ufro adre. mogvianebiT es wesi gadavardnila da xevsurTa Soris saxumarodac qceula, rac TviT n. baliauris naambobidan Cans: `oCiaurebi, _ oJiaT gigia, TuSi da saraqaT giorgi erT Rames dasxdnen da sul CamoTvales vin vin iyvnen oCiaurT mtrebi, moklulebi da `mamklavni~. bolos saqme midga sofel WimRas TeTraulebze. Tqves, rom TeTraulebs Cveni kaci mauklavT, imaze mamuli miuciaTo, magram imis saxeli (moklulis - i. s.) aravin icoda. modi, Tqves, kvirika iyos misi saxelio. exla saidan, rogor davuwyoT davao. gadawyvites, Rame wavideT da saxlSi `SavetannoTo~ (Sevucvi- vdeTo). wavidnen. midian da siciliT ixocebian, neta vin kvirikas unda SavwiroTo. mividnen WimRas, zen ubans, sadac giorgis mamida Tamaruli iyo gaTxovili TaZiaze. `Causxdnen~ (Causafrdnen) saxlis gverdze da elian rodis gamovlen jurxais Svilni... maT stumrebi hyoliaT Sin da aris erTi sma da Rreoba. rogorc iyo, gamovidnen stumari da erTic TeTrauli... roca mobrundnen, gadauxtnen oCiaurebi. diam, TeTraulma, iaraRisaken gaiwia, saxlSi unda Sevardes... gigia meSvelma daiWira, TuSi vinmes gamoCenas elis, giorgim ki dias dahkra da kvirikas Seswira. diam gakvirvebiT ikiTxa, vin kvirikas Semwireo. _ ai, qoTnis beqT yanebi ro gaqvT, `Tqveneb dasxmulebio~. _ ai, imasac ZaRli Cagidnes da sxva mkvdarTacao, uTxra diam. gaxda magari SuRli. TuSsa da gigias maSvelebi ar uSvebdnen, giorgi ki Zalian axalgazrda iyo, did yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen da amasobaSi man sami kaci daWra. TuSi Zalian mamaci iyo, magram siswrafe aklda. buzRuniT modioda Turme, kvirikas Tqven SewireT, me ki diaciviT movdivar, siwiTle veravis gamovadineo. gigias eTqva, siZes, TaZias dahkridi da kvirikais mamas miuuncrosidi, imas emsaxuroso~ 61 . 59 n. baliauri, qronikebi, Tbilisi, 1990. gv. 63. a. SaniZe, qarTuli xalxuri poezia, I, xevsuruli, Tbilisi, 1931. gv. 42, 81, 90. 60 61 n. baliauri, dasax. naSr. gv. 71-72. 460 am saxumaro epizodSic aSkarad Cans Zveli wesis yvela niSani. vaJa_fSavelaseuli qistebis mier zviadauris Sewirvis faqtidan moyolebuli, mTeli folkloruli da eTnografiuli masala avlens SuRlebsa da brZolebSi daWril_moklulTa naTesavi micvalebulis, an sakuTari Tavisadmi Sewirvis Cveulebas, risTvisac sakmarisi iyo mowinaaRmdegisaTvis sisxlis gamodena da sityvis warmoTqma, amas da amas, an me Seewirebio. sainteresoa, rom xevsurTa mier saiqios `miuncrosebulebs~ mxolod wylis motana evalebaT. aq ar Cans rTuli sameurneo garemo, Sesabamisi movaleobebiT da Sewiruls ewodeba ara mona, an msaxuri, aramed umcro- si. unda vifiqroT, rom sazogadoebaSi, sadac es wesi aRmocenda, uflebrivi diferenciacia mxolod asakobrivad gamoixateboda; sayuradReboa wylis zidvis movaleobac. igi exmaureba saqarTveloSi micvalebulis saxelze wylis gamoyvanis cnobil wess. es viTareba TiTqos win uswrebs micvalebulis RviniT Sendobis wess, risi Sesrulebis Semdeg, Tanaxmad xalxis rwmenisa, saiqioSi micvalebulis doqi ivseba RviniT. iqneb swored aq imalebodes terminebis `sawyali~, `uwyalo~, `wyaloba~, `mowyale~ da msgavsTa saidumlo. óõâò simdidrisa da sanovagis saiqioSi gadasatan ritualur sufrebsa da SesawiravebSi gansakuTrebiT TvalSi sacemad Canda siuxve, dauSurveblad gacemis survili, rac ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom gaweuli xarji ar ikargeboda da udanakargod misdioda micvalebuls, an enaxeboda cocxals, Tu xarjs is Tavis Tavs uxdida. aseTi xarjebi, rogorc mravalgzis iyo aRniSnuli, did saxelsa da pativs uxveWda gadamxdels. diferencirebul sazogadoebaSi, roca naTlad gamoikveTa warCinebulTa wre, tomis beladebi da mefeebi, maTi Rirsebebi praqtikul momentTan erTad, sakraluris mniSvnelobiTac iyo aRbeWdili. mmarTveli moqmedebs da vlindeba sakralurisa da yofiTis erTianobaSi, ris gamoc Camoyalibda Sexedulebebi sakralur mefeebze, romlebic socialuri jgufis gamravlebisa da keTildReobis Zalebs ganasaxierebdnen. maT moekiTxebodaT mosavali, Sviliereba, mSvidoba, da a. S. msgavsi warmodgenebi qarTvelebis winaprebsac unda hqonodaT, rac asaxulia terminSi `xelmwife~. am mosazrebis 461 sasargeblod metyvelebs sityva `xelis~ socialuri gaazreba, aseve mniSvneloba `mwifesi~, romelic sabas ganmartebiT niSnavs `xils moJamebuls~. cxadia, rom es kompoziti Tavisi nominaluri mniSvnelobiT `siuxvis momcem xels~ niSnavs. amdenad termini warmoaCens mefis mWidro kavSirs nayofierebis ZalebTan. mefis da nayofierebis ideis urTierTganmsazRvrelobaze bevri ram aris cnobili. aseTma Sexedulebebma, oRond Secvlili da drois Sesabamisi saxiT, adre feodalizmSiac SeinarCuna Tavi da kidev ufro gvian monarqis personis siwmindiT gamoisaxa. adreuli feodalizmis dros sakralurma siuxvem yofiTi aspeqti Seimata da gadaiqca xelgaSlilobad mefisa, romelic uxvad ajildovebs qveSevrdomebs. moxda Zvel miTosur_ritualur RirebulebaTa materializacia. meores mxriv, mefeTa mier gacemulma SeinarCuna sakraluri arsi da ganixileboda, rogorc sakrifikaciis aqti, rac gacemul RirebulebaTa saiqioSi gadasvlis rwmenis inerciiTac sargeblobda. SeiZleba am moqmedebebs aseTi konkretuli mizandasaxuloba aRar hqondaT, magram safuZvelTa Ziebisas usaTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia misi didi tradiciuloba, romlis saTanado Seswavlas sakraluri mefeebis sakmaod cnobil Temamde mivyavarT e. i. feodaluri xanis mefeebi ara mxolod socialuri memkvidreebi arian tomis beladebis, basilevsebis an konungebisa, aramed isini, rogorc sakraluri aspeqtidan momdinareni, ama Tu im formiT da socialuri sabuTianobiT inarCuneben sakulto_saritualo wiaRidan momdinare rig elementebs, rac sxva istoriul epoqaSi maTi socialuri winaprebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. qarTul kulturas am kiTxvisaTvis pasuxis gasacemad masalis mTeli arsenali gaaCnia, sxvas yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, Tundac `vefxistyaosnis~ saxiT. moviyvanT mxolod ramdenime nawyvets, sadac am warmodgenebs erTgvari kanonikuri forma aqvs miRebuli: `uxvi axsnilsa daabams, igi TviT ebis, vin ebis, uxvad gascemdi, zRvaTaca, Sesdis da gaedinebis~. an: `mefeTa Sigan siuxve, viT edems alva rgulia, uxvsa morCilobs yoveli, igica, vin orgulia, sma_Wama didad Sesargi, deba ra savargulia...~ sayovelTaod aris cnobili siuxvisa da simdidris suraTebi `ve- fxistyaosnidan~, romelTa detalurad ganxilva Zalian Sors wagviyvanda. 462 sakmarisia gavixsenoT gaCuqebuli qajeTis cixe, miTosuri daxasiaTebiT negatiuri sivrce, `gare~, udaburi `velis~ polusi, anu `Sinasa~ da mowesrigebuli socialuri sivrcisadmi dapirispirebulobis optimumi, romelic gaCuqebis Sedegad yofiT kulturul sivrceSi Semodis. aseve gaCuqebuli, miwisqveSeTSi mopovebuli ganZi devebisa, miTosuri simdidre, saCuqradqcevis saboloo da Seuqcevadi erTjeradi aqtis Semdeg yofiT qonebad qceuli, radgan amovardna cikluri kvlavwarmoebis sistemidan mis desakralizaciasa da demiTologizacias niSnavs. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom `vefxistyaosani~, rogorc literaturuli Zegli, masSi Setanil miTosur masalas demiTologizaciis quraSi atarebs da literaturul faqtad aqcevs. amave rigSi unda ganvixiloT `vefxistyaosnis~ mefeTa saxeebi, romelTac aSkarad dakarguli aqvT miTosuri ieri, magram tipiurni arian Tavisi Tanadrouli literaturuli samyarosaTvis. geronti qiqoZe wers: `...Tumca `vefxistyaosnis~ ideologia mraval wertilSi emTxveva dasavleT evropis renesansis ideologias, magram misi ZiriTadi moraluri tendencia mkafiod antiburJuaziulia. `vefxistyaosani~ asaxavs Zalian mdidar sazogadoebas... es Tamar mefis droindeli feodalur_rainduli sazogadoebaa, gamdidrebuli ara imdenad ayvavebuli aReb_micemobiT da mrewvelobiT, aramed bednierad dasrulebuli samxedro eqspediciebiT~ 62 . g. qiqoZes SemCneuli aqvs simdidris moxveWis gzis specifika, romelic Tanadrouli dasavleTis suls nawilobriv mainc aRar egueba, magram samxedro eqspediciebis TvalsazrisiT srul TanxmobaSia Zvel skandinavebTan, romlebic rusTavelis dros TavianTi epopeis ukanasknel dReebs iTvlidnen. maTi mwerlebi Zveleburadve werdnen, ama da am konungis dros darebi idga, mosavali kargi modioda da mSvidobac iyo, xolo meoris dros omianoba da SimSilobis wlebi dadgao. am gancxadebaSi aSkarad aris areklili uZvelesi warmodgenebi, roca mTeli xalxis bedisaTvis pasuxismgebloba mefes ekisreboda. maT konungebs skaldebi (poeti mTqmelebi) pirdapir Txoven: `oqro, konungo, uxvad gaeci, skaldi simdidres Sengan moelis.~ sagebSi aRwerili viTareba axloa realobasTan, maSin roca rusTavelis mefeebi ukve literaturuli gmirebi arian, magram jer kidev aqvT SerCenili miTosuri ieri da yo- 62 g. qiqoZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 257-258. 463 velgvari Txovnis gareSe fantaven `uangariSosa da ulevs~, riTac kriWaSi udgebian sinamdviles, radgan realur cxovrebaSi `ulevi~ ar arsebobs. es ki miTosisa da literaturis erT_erTi ganmasxvavebeli momenti aris. miTosi, gansxvavebiT literaturisagan, arasodes ar cdilobs dakonkretebas da mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebel Sesabamisobebs iZleva. misTvis ucxoa obieqtTan kritikuli damokidebuleba, sikvdilis, rogorc garduvalobis TviTkmar Sedegad gaazreba, an sicocxlisagan ganmxoloebul movlenad warmodgena. miTosi maT urTierT ganmapirobebel kavSirSi xedavs da am zRvars arasodes ar gadadis, radgan iqiT misi funqcia aRar vrceldeba. miTosuri sikvdili, romelic ritualis saSualebiT proecirdeboda cxovrebaze, principulad gansxvavdeba sikvdilis Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli gagebisagan. adamianebma da sazogadoebam imdeni icoda garemosa da Tavis Tavze, ramdenic aiTvisa analogiiT, gamoxata simboloTi da metaforiT. ase grZeldeboda manam, vidre ekonomikam da pragmatizmma ar Seaviwroves sakraluris sfero. sasaqonlo meurneobis warmoqmnis Semdeg ritualiT sanqcirebuli qcevebi, rac Tavis droze sakralur miznebs emsaxureboda, iqca uazro xelgaSlilobad, fantvad da gauTavebel lxinebad. am saxiT igi SemorCa gadagvarebuli, rutinuli prestiJis sferos. msgavs movlenebs yovelTvis ebrZoda qristianoba, xolo burJuaziuli kultura mas yofidan devnida, radgan prestiJma sxva mimarTulebiT gadainacvla. analogiuri movlenebi farTodaa cnobili da gvevlineba gardamavali istoriuli epoqis yofierebis damaxasiaTebel niSnad. îïìïúï ãïìúåè... rogorc ukve araerTgzis iyo naxsenebi, feodalizmma bevri adrindeli wesisa da warmodgenis gaqroba gamoiwvia, bevri sazogadoebrivi instituti ki, miuxedavad imisa, rom man SeinarCuna adrindeli garSemoweriloba, feodaluri cxovrebis ZiriTad normad iqca Zvelis axalTan Tvisobriv SesabamisobaSi moyvanis wyalobiT, romelzedac zemoT gaiSala msjeloba. sazogadoebis cxovrebis gvarovnul etapze, rasac a. gureviCi, antikuri avtorebis mxardamxar, `barbarosebs~ uwodebs, lxinebi, saCuqrebisa da Zvirfasi nivTebis savaldebulo darigeba, romelsac garda so- 464 cialuri aucileblobisa, sarwmunoebrivi inerciac ganapirobebda da saiqioSi simdidris gadatanis formad iTvleboda, nawilobrivi desakralizaciis Semdeg garkveuli fenisaTvis damaxasiaTebel zneobriv normad iqca. gacema_darigeba, siuxve da a. S. marTalia cnobili socialuri Rirebulebis mqone faqtebia, magram maTSi Semonaxul arqaul mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs literaturasa da enaSi darCenili iseTi gamoTqmebi, sadac saubaria `mparavTagan daulevel~, maradiul sakuTrebaze, qonebaze, romelic samaradisod Senia, romelic gacemis saSualebiT SeiZleba gadaeces micvalebuls, aseve SeiZleba sakuTar saxelze maTi winaswar wargzavna, msgavsad `walaluli umcrosebisa~. yovelive es, ra Tqma unda, garda adamianis Sewirvisa, adre qristianobis xanaSive sarwmunoebriv normad iqca. glaxakTa damwyalobeba qristianis erT_erTi ZiriTadi movaleobaa. aqac simdidre imitom grovdeba, rom gaices. patrons is usaTuod daxvdeba saiqioSi. bevri ram iseTi, rac adre mxolod ritualur sferoSi mJRavndeboda, feodalur urTierTobaTa aRmocenebisa da damkvidrebis Semdeg, qristianuli moZRvrebis safuZvelze, qcevis prestiJuli norma xdeba. Zveli miTosuri warmodgenebis safuZvelze aRmocenebuli formebi, qristianobis mier axal socialur bazaze gadaazrebuli da mowesrigebuli, tovebs sakralurisa da ritualis sferos da feodalis siuxvis, xelSaglilobis, misi simaRlisa da Tavmdablobis niSani xdeba. qristianoba cdilobs saimqveynio sagzalsa da winaswarwargzavnas rac SeiZleba ufro sulieri forma misces da ixsnas es aqti materialurobis tyveobidan misi sulier RirebulebaSi gadatanis gziT, magram es arc ise advili saqme gamodga. xalxur yofaSi saiqios uzrunvelyofis procesi materialur dones ver gacda. es garemoeba axlad ar aRmocenebula da arc Zvelis `paganizaciis~ Sedegia. igi aris qristianobisa da Zveli miTosuri warmodgenebis Sexvedris Sedegad warmoqmnili viTareba, orive samyaros niSan_Tvisebebs atarebs da gamoxatavs xalxis realur sarwmunoebas. TviT rusTaveli, romlis yofiereba umaRlesi sulierebisaken amJRavnebs miswrafebas, ar gaurbis xorcielebis cxovelmyofel gamovlinebas da siuxvis socialuri daxasiaTebisa da Seqebis Semdeg ambobs: `sma_Wama didad Sesargi, deba ra savargulia, rasaca gascem Senia, rac ara dakargulia~. 465 rogorc vxedavT, winaaRmdeg dazogva_debisa, aq Seqebulia uxvi puroba, rogorc erTaderTi saSualeba sakuTrebis SenarCunebisa. aq warmoiqmneba paradoqsi, romelsac ver gadavwyvetT, Tu luxori ar mivaSveleT. mxolod is mrwamsi, romelic aiZulebs meluxores gaswios uzarmazari xarji, purobisa da darigebis gziT warmavali qonebis maradiul simdidred qcevis mizniT, aris safuZveli rusTavelis motanili sentenciisaTvis. uZvelesma warmodgenebma Seqmnes niadagi gacemis sikeTed gamocxadebisaTvis, rac ase mSvenivrad gamoxata rusTavelma. man icis, risi miRweva SeiZleba gacemis gziT, radgan qcevis es, albaT ukve desakralizebuli forma, ukve normad aris Camoyalibebuli. rusTavelma praqtikulad isic icis, rom am aqciiT miiRweva sxva ramec, cocxalTa Soris moixveWeba saxeli, romelic `jobs yovelsa mosaxveWelsa~. maradiuli, saimqveyno simdidre, rogorc materialuri substancia, arqaul sakralur sivrceSia aRmocenebuli da amitom misi transformacia mimdinareobs umaRlesi socialuri Rirebulebebis mimarTulebiT. Tavis mxriv ki am viTarebam ganapiroba misi dafiqsireba saeklesio da saero qceviTi modelebis struqturaSi, rogorc keTilmoqmedebis umaRlesi formisa. XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturis is nawili, romelic mTas aRwers, adaTiT gansazRvruli keTilSobilebiT aRsavse gmirTa mTel galereas gvaZlevs. elguja, iago, koba, joyola, zviadauri, aRaza, aluda da sxvebi TavianTi sazogadoebis zneobrivi tipis umaRles standarts Seesabamebian. maTi keTilSobileba moicavs erTgulebas, simamaces, sakuTari Rirsebis amaRlebul gancdas, saxelisaTvis Tavdadebas: maT mier miRebuli samkvdro_sasicocxlo gadawyvetilebebi arasodes ar aris mogebisTvis gamiznuli. konfliqtis mizezi ar aris angareba: samagierod saqme usaTuod mwvavdeba, Tu vinme Seexo pirovnebiseuls, radgan pirovneba iwyebs sazogadoebisagan gamoyofas. zneobrivi da qceviTi tipi, misi sazogadoebrivi da pirovnuli idealebi, ukve dasrulebuli modelis saxiT aris Camoyalibebuli da pirovnebac valdebulia am CarCoebSi eteodes. magram pirovnebis `amboxi~ ukve iwyeba. personaJTa es galerea mTlianad yofis poeturi realizacia aris, sadac harmonia pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobebSi rRvevis mxolod sawyis etapzea. amitom yvelaferi is, rac barSi feodalTa samemkvidreo RirsebebSi gadavida, aq isev mTlianad individis, an ojaxis saxelzea damokidebuli. v. bardaveliZes 466 SeniSnuli aqvs, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi hyavdaT ama Tu im niWiT gamorCeuli gvarebica da pirovnebebic, romelTac moudiT `mze puradobisa~, `mze mamacobisa~. `mze nadirobisa~, `mze moisrobisa~. romelTac gansakuTrebul pativs scemdnen maTi upiratesobisaTvis 63 . rogorc vxedavT, am CamonaTvalSi `mze simdidrisa~ ar aris naxsenebi. es momenti puradobiT aris gamoxatuli, rac CvenTvis saintereso movlenis, gacemis nairsaxeobaa. am sazogadoebaSi, rogorc amas migvaniSnebs niWierebisa da unarianobis `mzesTan~ dakavSireba, Rirseuli saqcieli da niWi sakralurs ganekuTvneboda, kerZod solaruli warmodgenebis sferos uaxlovdeba da gamoixateboda salocavis SemoqmedebiTi samsaxuriT. am gziT yalibdeba `kai ymis~ sazogadoebrivi saxe. es modeli ki safuZvlad edeba mogvianebiT Camoyalibebul aristokratul zneobriv kodeqss. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresod gveCveneba iulius keisris cxovrebis erTi epizodi: rogorc cnobilia, axalgazrda keisari zRvis yaCaRebma Seipyres da gamosasyidi oci talanti daakisres. keisarma maT siciliT ganucxada, rom is Rirs ara oci, aramed ormocdaaTi talanti da kidevac gadaixada es uzarmazari Tanxa, oRond roca gaanTavisufles, man Seipyro mekobreebi da jvarze gaakra 64 . am epizodis mniSvnelobis saTanadod Sesafaseblad moviyvan bernard SosTan dakavSirebul erT anekdots: Raribma kacma siciveSi wylidan gamoiyvana erTi Zalian mdidari kaci, romelic, Tu ara mSveleli, usaTuod daixrCoboda. gadarCenilma mdidarma mSvelels saCuqrad xurda fuli SeaZlia, riTac, irgvliv Sekrebili xalxis guliswyroma gamoiwvia. `ras erCiT am kacs, Tavis fasi zustad iciso~, uTqvams iq myof Sos. am or faqtSi gamoxatulia ori sazogadoebis damokidebuleba fulTan da sakuTari Rirsebis grZnobasTan, Tumca arc is unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi garda obieqturi pirobisa, subieqturad geniosTan gvaqvs saqme. miuxedavad keisris pirovnuli mniSvnelobisa, am magaliTSi individi Tavisi Rirsebis gamoxatvisas araviTar yuradRebas ar aqcevs ekonomikis faqtors, radgan keisars, miuxedavad miRebuli gadawyvetilebisa mekobreebis dasjis Taobaze, araviTari garantia ar hqonda, rom Tanxas daibrunebda, magram mainc ise ga- 63 В. Бардавелидзе, Древнейшие религиозные… стр. 250. plutarqe, SedarebiTi biografiebi, keisari. 64 467 moxata Tavisi Rirseba, rogorc amas misi sazogadoebis zneobrivi kodeqsi karnaxobda. aseTi gadawyvetilebis miRebis tradicias safuZveli jer kidev gvarovnuli sazogadoebis rRvevis xanaSi eyreba, roca simdidre mxolod saSualebaa sakralurobiT aRbeWdili `kai ymobis~ gamosaxatavad. meore magaliTis gmiris saqcieli mTlianad aris gansazRvruli misi sazogadoebis interesebiT da gamoxatavs am ori sazogadoebrivi fenisaTvis damaxasiaTebel zneobriv RirebulebaTa Soris gansxvavebas. mesame pozicia ki ganekuTvneba interepoqur subieqts, mwerals, romelic kacobriobis mTeli gamocdilebis matarebelia da momxdari faqti zogadsakacobrio sazomiT Seafasa. gvarovnuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sakraluri da prestiJuli, feodalur xanaSi yofierebis sxvadasxva sferoSi SeiWra da zneobrivi modelis ganmsazRvrel normad iqca. zogi ram sarwmunoebaSi damagrda, zogic saero cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel realiad iqca. X saukunis mwerali, giorgi merCule, roca VIII-IX saukuneebis ambebs aRwers, gadmoscems mefis aznauris, gabrielis Sexedulebebs saeroO da saeklesio saqmeTa diferenciaciis Taobaze: „aw Cven Tana ars xorcieli keTili da Tqven Tana ars sulieri keTili“ da am ori sawyisis keTilad Sezavebas Txovs moZRvars. feodalur xanaSi geronti qiqoZis gamoTqma rom vixmaroT, xdeba Zveli, materialuri Rirebulebis `spiritualizacia~. qristianobam rigi materialuri Rirebulebebisa sulieriT Secvala da warmarTuli ritualebi, sisxliani msxverpli da a. S. sporadulad Tu SemorCa. amqveyniuri, warmavali qoneba daupirispirda imqveyniur maradiul simdidres, `romelsac ver miudgeba verc CrCili, verc Jangi, verca mparavi“ (maTe, 6, 18; 20; 27) aq axleburad aris realizebuli uZvelesi vedreba daculi saZovrebis Sesaxeb. materialuri simdidre adre qristianobisaTvis saZraxisadac ki iTvleba. giorgi merCules sityviT, qristes winaSe cis kidis qarebiT, rogorc etliT, aRiyvanebian wmidanebi, romlebic uCveneben ufals TavianT naSroms `da nacvlad miaqvndes simdidre dauleveli“ 65 . rom es warmodgenebi SeiTvisa da moirgo qristianobam, amaze cxadad metyveleben Sewirulebis wignebi, aRapebi. materialuri Rirebulebebis Sewirvis momenti aseT sabuTebSi damoukidebeli 65 g. merCule, cxovreba grigol xanZTelisa, qarTuli mwerloba, I, Tbilisi, 1978 w. gv. 511-12; 634. 468 Tematuri komponentis saxiT aris gamoyofili. Semwiravebi (mag. mefeebi) moiTxoven winaparTa Sendobas, TavisTvisa da memkvidrisaTvis ki amqveyniur warmatebebsa da samaradiso sasufevels. tradiciuli warmodgenebi rwmeniT saimedod dacul da xeluxlebel sakralur qonebaze ukve garantias aRar warmoadgens da sabuTebSi wyevlis formuliTaa Secvlili. magaliTisaTvis sakmarisia giorgi II sigeli Sio mRvimis monastrisadmi 66 . a. gureviCs mohyavs netari avgustines azri, sadac naTqvamia, rom vinc mets flobs, is sxvisas flobs. aseTive xarisxobrivi transformacia aqvs gancdili gacema_darigebasac. rogorc alkuini ambobs, glaxakTaTvis micemuli mowyaleba saSualebas aZlevs mis gamcems, rom samoTxeSi moxvdes. amitom glaxakTa damwyalobebam Zalian didi adgili daiWira savaldebulo keTil qmedebebSi. magaliTad, Sotlandiis dedofali margarita, rogorc es mis cxovrebaSia naTqvami, didi dResaswaulebis dros piradad uvlida glaxebs, apurebda aT obols, mefe da dedofali emsaxurebodnen sasaxleSi morekil samas glaxas (XI sauk.) 67 . aseTi kanonizebuli `keTilqmedebani~ cxadyofs, rom moxda maTi saweso formalizacia da namdvil TanalmobasTan aRaraviTari kavSiri aRar SerCa. qarTul wyaroebSi msgavsi formalizmi naklebad igrZnoba. magaliTad, Tamaris gulmowyalebis aRwerisas avtorebi axerxeben dagvarwmunon dedoflis realur saTnoebaSi. axal viTarebaSi daviwyebas arc simdidris gadatanis idea miscemia. gaWirvebulTaTvis micemuli mowyaleba, hraban mavris azriT, maradiul faseulobad iqceva. ase rom, qristianobam maradiul qveyanaSi simdidris gadatanis idea da xerxebi mTlianad warmarTuli religiebidan SeiTvisa, magram aqcentebi misTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikiT gadasva da Zveli warmodgenebi axali sarwmunoebis saSualebiT ganzogadoebuli, sakacobrio sikeTis samsaxurSi Caayena. es momenti sainteresod, kargad Cans, Toma mociqulis legendaSi, romelic am ukanasknelis samociqulo saqmianobaze mogviTxrobs. mas wilisyriT ergo indoeTSi wasvla saqadageblad. mas uflis nebiT palestinaSi Sexvda indoeTis sxva mefis warmomadgeneli, romelic xuroTmoZRvars eZebda. Toma Tavad yofila kargi xuroT66 67 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. t. II, Tb., 1965 w. gv. 10-12. Гуревич А. Я. Категории… стр. 249-252. 469 moZRvari da mSenebeli. ase moxvda igi indoeTis mefesTan, gundaforTan. mefem Tomas mSeneblobis saWiroebisaTvis didZali oqro misca da samSeneblo adgilic uCvena. Tomam fuli Rarib_Ratakebs dauriga. male mefem mSenebloba moikiTxa. Tomam uTxra saxuravi_Ra darCao da isev fuli sTxova. mefem isev didZali oqro misca da Tomam isev Raribebs dauriga. roca mefem yvelaferi gaigo, Toma sapyrobileSi Caagdo. imav dRes mefes Zma moukvda. man zeciur sasufevelSi bevri brwyinvale sasaxle naxa, magram erTi yvelas sjobda. uflis angelozma mefis Zmas hkiTxa, romel sasaxles airCevo. mefis Zmam Tqva, bednieri viqnebi am sasaxleSi erTi mcire kunWulic rom mergoso. angelozma uTxra, SeiZleba, radgan es sasaxle Seni Zmisaa, romelic Tomam aaSenao. Zmis sulma sTxova, gamiSvi ZmasTan, sasaxles viyidi da davbrundebio. angelozis nebiT micvalebuli gacocxlda da mefesTan mivida. mefes Zalian gauxarda, Zmam uTxra, momeci Seni sasaxle, romelic Tomas Seni fuliT caSi augiao. mefem es rom gaigo, Toma gaaTavisufla. orive Zma Tomas xeliT qristes mcnebas eziara 68 . aseTi saxe miiRo qristianul folklorSi micvalebulTa samyaroSi saqonlisa da sxva simdidris gadatanis uZvelesma ideam. gansxvavebiT warmarTobis materialuri individualuri interesebisagan, es idea adamianTa amqveyniur saqmianobas sayovelTao sikeTis samsaxurSi ayenebs da sazRaurad imqveynad umaRles sulier faseulobebs aniWebs. klasikuri formiT es idea gamJRavnda daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis sityvebSi, roca igi daviTis gardacvalebaze ambobs: `da esreT gancvala quena moqalaqeoba zena sufevad, romlisa mkvidrni gaxsnil arian SromaTagan da oflTa da zrunvaTa, da mun mefobs simdidreTa maT zeda, romelni wina wargzavnna, saunjeTa maT maRalTa da mparavTagan uSiSTa dalevnisa da moklebisagan, qalaqsa mas, romlisa Sueniereba ara uxilavs Tualsa sxeuliansa da romlisa brwyinvaleba vera aRvals gulsa xorcielsa, verca sasmeneli daitevs smenilsa, rameTu mun ars Sueba da sixaruli, romelsa ara aqus mwuxareba da simdidre, romelsa ara Seudges siglaxake da mxiaruleba, romelsa ara gankveTs urva da mefoba, romelsa ara aqvs aRsasruli da mun ars cxovreba, romelsa ara SeamRurevs sikudili~. 68 gazeTi „mrevli“. #1. 1999. gv. 3. 470 am SesaniSnav sityvebSi sabolood aris gamijnuli qarTveli xalxis sulieri cxovrebis umaRlesi Rirebulebebi uxeSi materiisagan da yvelaferi gadatanilia qristianobiT ganspetakebul maradisobaSi. am mwvervalidan naTlad Cans is Zneli gza, romelic gaiara Tanamedrove da kerZod qarTulma kulturam, vidre igi qristianuli zneobriobiT Seimoseboda, vidre erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli, mxolod ritualiT urTierTSeRwevadi yofiTi da sakraluri sivrceebi, saerTo zneobriv sivrceSi gamTliandeboda. Secdoma iqneboda, Tu davuSvebdiT rom qristianobis Semosvlis Semdeg Zveli materialuri Rirebulebebis sulierebis sferoSi gadatanis tendencia mxolod eTerovnebis gziT warimarTa. materialur samyarosTan dakavSirebulma ritualebma da qcevis mravalma formam, cxovrebis sxvadasxva ubanze gadainacvla. es procesi mTel rig movlenaTa desakralizaciis procesia, romelic moicavs uzarmazar yofiT sivrces, dawyebuli sabavSvo TamaSebidan, damTavrebuli saero, drossatarebeli lxinis sufrebiT. magaliTisaTvis SesaZlebelia gavixsenoT v. bardaveliZis mier aRwerili bavSvTa TamaSi qarTlis sofel saqaSeSi 69 . amave gzis Sedegia cnobili qarTuli sufra, aseve qarTvelTa sruliad gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba sufrasTan, romelic sakralurSi iRebs saTaves, magram dReisaTvis desakralizaciis TvalsaCino nimuSs warmoadgens. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa qorwilisa da lxinisas meqorwileTa mier Sinauri frinvelisa da pirutyvis xocva, rac istoriulad yofila miRebuli warCinebulTa lxinisas 70 . saboloo Sejamebisas SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRes qarTvelTaTvis istoriulad, tradiciulad Camoyalibebuli qceviTi da zneobrivi tipi sakralurisa da ritualuris memkvidrea, iseve rogorc prestiJuli saqcieliT pirovnebis individualobis gamovlenis formebi. ra Tqma unda, yvelaferma, rac am mimarTulebiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos, ver SeinarCuna prestiJuloba da dRes, savsebiT desakralizebuli, zneobrivobisagan daclili da degradirebuli saxiT iqca rutinisa da CamorCenilobis gamoxatulebad. unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi faqtebi yovel droSi arsebobda, rad69 v. bardaveliZe, qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan (RvTaeba barbarbabar). Tb., 1941. gv. 103-111. 70 i. surgulaZe, mefis ganadireba. 471 gan isini mudam warmoiqmneba, rogorc ganaxlebisa da daZvelebis procesis Sedegi. tradiciuli tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli normebi, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT maT konceptualur mxares, absoluturad eTnosTaSorisi da epoqaTSorisi movlenaa, ris sailustraciod sakmarisia gavixsenoT msoflio miTosis idealebi keTilisa da borotis Sesaxeb. amitom aris misaRebi da gasagebi yvelasaTvis homerosi, rusTaveli, an longfelosa da kuperis personaJebi. gvarovnuli sazogadoebis wiaRSi ukve SemuSavda Rirebulebebi, romlebic yvela epoqaSia misaRebi sxvadasxva enebze molaparake adamianebisaTvis. advilad xdeba maTi modificireba, aseve urTierTSeRweva, rasac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs kulturaTa TanaarsebobisaTvis. am maradiul RirebulebaTa optimalurad gamomxatveli aris is fena, romelsac Tanamedrove moazrovneebi `sulis aristokratias~ uwodeben. es sakiTxi Zalian sainteresoa, magram umjobesia mas xose ortega i gasetis SromebSi gavecnoT. narkvevi ar isaxavs miznad miTosisa da ritualebis konceptualuri Sesabamisobebis, maTi socialuri da ekonomikuri aspeqtebis gamovlenasa da detalur Seswavlas. saamisod ar aris sakmarisi rogorc motanili masala, aseve midgoma specialuri literaturisadmi. yovelive amas aSkarad aklia amomwuravoba. isic marTalia, rom avtors aseTi pretenzia arc hqonia. upirvelesi amocana, romelic Cems winaSe idga, iyo garkveuli damokidebulebiT dasma sakiTxisa, ramac Tavis mxriv, rogorc Sedegi, unda gamoiwvios rigi kiTxvebisa, romelzedac pasuxis gacemas, kargi iqneba, Tu Seecdebian axalgazrda specialistebi. saqme imaSia, rom am bolo xans Cvens mecnierebaSi, kerZod warmodgenil sferoSi, SeimCneva gadanacvleba siRrmiTi Rirebulebebidan, araistoriulis, zedapirulisa da populisturis mimarTulebiT da inarCunebs ra formalurad kvlevis saxes, sagrZnoblad Sordeba mecnierebis ZiriTad faseulobebs. meore sakiTxi, romelic avtoris umTavres mizans Seadgens, aris eTnografiuli faqtis problema. misi saTanado damuSavebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gamovlindes kulturis sxvadasxva donis Sesabamisi istoriuli mniSvnelobebi. yofaSi daculi movlena xSirad gacilebiT ufro Soreuli droidan momdinareobs, vidre amas aRiareben, an endobian sxva istoriuli disciplinebi. miTosis monacemebi da praqtikuli ritualuri masala, miuxedavad saxecvlilebisa, sabolood arasodes ar wyveten kav- 472 Sirs sawyis poziciasTan diaqronul RerZze. yoveli sinqronuli gamovlena aris mxolod kerZo SemTxveva uwyvetobisa, rac gasaTvaliswinebelia nebismieri socio_kulturuli analizisas. ritualTa kompleqsi da misi miTosur _ religiuri safuZvlebi, romelTa Sefaseba am rakursiT SevTavazeT mkiTxvels, saSualebas gvaZlevs davinaxoT mTeli mwkrivi versiebisa, romelTa saxiT SeiZleba gacxaddes erTidaigive idea, Sesabamisad misi poziciisa kulturul_istoriul RerZze. am procesSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs memkvidroebiTobas, rogorc maradiul niadags formaTa warmoqmnisaTvis da aseve rogorc uwyvetobas, romelic xangrZlivi droiT unarCunebs kulturas individualobas. warmodgenebi suleTze istoriulad uwyveti da maradgardaqmnad produqtia, romelsac mudam awarmoebda da dResac awarmoebs sazogadoeba. igi am TvalsazrisiT dakvirvebisaTvis xelsayreli obieqtia, radgan Tundac aseTi SezRuduli mimoxilvisasac ki TvalsaCinod avlens eTnografiuli faqtis did samecniero SesaZleblobebs. Tu mkiTxveli nawilobriv mainc darwmunda warmodgenil debulebebSi, mizani SeiZleba miRweulad CaiTvalos. 473 ÏÉÈÌÏÎÅÞÄËÞÏ ÀÞÒÄÒÌØÒ * gviani brinjaos xanidan ikveTeba Tbilisisa da mcxeTis regionebis mosaxleobis gansakuTrebuli siaxlove. anTropologiurad erTgvarovani garemos aRmocenebam da mdgradobam xeli Seuwyo Tbilisis winaqalaquri xanisa da qalaqis sawyisi periodis mosaxleobaSi eTnikur-kulturuli da tradiciuli yofis memkvidreobiTobas, romlis kristalizacia, unda vivaraudoT, daCqarda qalaquri cxovrebis pirobebSi. Tbilisis teritoriaze winaqalaquri periodis samlocvelo taZari an sxva am rigis Zegli aRmoCenili ar aris, magram sayofacxovrebo inventari, aseve dakrZalvis ritualebi da samarxTa formebis saxecvlilebebi aSkarad avlens eTnikur-kulturul da religiur warmodgenaTa dinami- kas. arqeologiuri masala cxadyofs, rom Zv. da ax. welTaRricxvis mijnaze Camoyalibebuli iyo miTosi mokvdav da mkvdreTiT aRdgenad RvTaebebze. miTosuri warmodgenebis anarekli Semonaxulia saqarTvelsa da kavkasiaSi damowmebul samonadireo eposSi, yvelierisa da didi marxvis TamaSobebsa da karnavalebSi, rac istoriulad tradiciuli iyo TbilisSi (istoriuli wyaroebis monacemebiT, am ritualebs jer kidev VII s-Si hqonda groteskuli saxe). amave warmodgenebs asaxavs qarTuli xalxuri qorwili da datireba-dasaflavebis ceremoniali. Tbilisis teritoriaze ar aris aRmoCenli iseTi arqeologiuri masala, romelic dagvidasturebda armazis panTeonis amsaxveli sakulto obieqtebis arsebobas TbilisSi, magram unda vivaraudoT rom misi Tayvaniscema Tbilisis teritoriazec iyo gavrcelebuli, radgan armazi Semovida ara rogorc mcxeTelTa, aramed rogorc qarTlosis STamomavalTa saxelmwifos gamaerTianebeli RvTaeba. wyaroebSi daculi aRweriloba cxadyofs, rom armazis kulti mkveTrad gansxvavdeba iranelTa imdroindeli zoroastruli religiisagan da misi meSveobiT qveyanaSi ideologiuri safuZveli ecleboda religiur separatizms. ucxo religiasTan erT-erTi, romelic am sivrceSi qristianobis Semosvlis wina an ufro adrec iyo fexmokidebuli, aris iudaizmi. Ta- 474 naxmad gadmocemisa, ebraelebi mcxeTasa da mis SemogarenSi nabuqodonosoris dros ( Zv. w. VI s.) Semosulan. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom Zv. da ax. welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze isini Tbilisis midamoebSic gamoCndebodnen, qarTlSi fexmokidebuli yofila maniqeveloba, magram yvelaze momZlavrebuli iyo mazdeanoba. sasanuri irani mazdeanuri eklesiis, qurumTa uxucesis kartiris warweraSi (ax. w. III s.) CamoTvlilia is regionebi, sadac mazdeanobis dacvisa da ganmtkicebis mizniT am ukanasknels sastiki RonisZiebebi gautarebiaT. CamoTvlil qveyanaTa Soris saqarTveloc (iberia) aris naxsenebi. yvela is sarwmunoeba, romelic gavrcelebuli yofila iberiaSi qristianobis Semosvlamde, ama Tu im formiT idevneboda saxelmwifo religiis mxridan, romlis saTaveSi armazis kulti idga. istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT igi Tavis saymos sastikad ukrZalavs mazdeanobasTan da ebraelebTan urTierTobas da damnaSaves emuqreba maxviliT, „romlisganac eSinis yovelsa“. sparselebma Tbilisis viwroebSi aaSenes cixe, Caayenes TavianTi garnizoni da pitiaxSi dasves (IVs.). cxadia, sparseTis kontigents sakuTari salocavic eqneboda. TbilisSi kldis ubanSi, feTxainis maxloblad, SemorCenilia Senoba, romelsac tradliciulad „aTeSgas“, anu „cecxlis sagzebels“ eZaxian. sparselebma SeZles TavianTi sarwmunoebis gavrceleba qarTlSi. sagrZnobi kvali datova zoroastrulma miTosma. magram qarTvelTaTvis bevri ram miuRebeli iyo, gansakuTrebiT micvalebulTa dakrZalvis mazdeanuri wesi. mazdeanebi miwas, cecxls da wyals wmindad Tvlidnen da micvalebuliT ar „bilwavdnen“. isini micvalebulebs sagangebo SenobaSi debdnen, sadac Zvlebs frinvelebi wmenddnen xorcisagan. aseT „dakrZalvas“ qarTvelebi cxedris Sebilwvad, „nadir-frinvelTa sajijgnad dagdebad“ miiCnevdnen da ukiduresad ezizRebodaT. mazdeanTa sarwmunoebrivi agresiis periodSi sparselebi am wesis Sesrulebas qarTvelebsac sTxovdnen, rac gansakuTrebul ukmayofilebas iwvevda xalxSi. ase momxdara V s. dasasruls, roca Sahma kavadma savaldebulod aqcia mazdianuri wesebis Sesruleba. IV s. pirvel mesamedSi iberiaSi saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadda qristianoba. amiT saqarTvelom kidev erTxel gamoxata Tavisi dasavluri kultura da sarwmunoebrivi orientacia. am faqtma gaamwvava iranTan ur* werili Sesrulebulia „qarTuli enciklobediisaTvis“ 475 TierToba, gansakuTrebiT sarwmunoebriv sferoSi. mazdeanuri Zalmomreoba iqamde midioda, rom maTi sjulis uarmyoflebs sparselebi sikvdiliT sjidnen. aseTi faqtebi aRwerilia wminda mowameebis - raJdenisa da evstaTi mcxeTelis cxovrebaSi. qristes sjulisaTvis ewama gamazdeanebuli pitiaxSis, varsqenis meuRle SuSaniki. V s. damlevs mefe vaxtang gorgasalma dedaqalaqi mcxeTidan TbilisSi gadmoitana. man sworad Seafasa Tbilisis strategiuli mniSvneloba da ganizraxa Seeqmna qveynis axali politikuri da sarwmunoebrivkulturuli centri, romlis gavlena mTel amierkavkasias gaswvdeboda, marTalia, kaTalikosis taxti mcxeTaSi darCa, magram saeklesio mSeneblobaTa masStabi Tbilisis dedaqalaqobis pirvel saukuneebSi cxadyofs mis gansakuTrebul sarwmunoebriv datvirTvas. am periodSi TbilisSi aSenda sioni - RvTismSoblis miZinebis eklesia, anCisxati - mariam wmidis eklesia, golgoTis jvris eklesia, beTlemis eklesia (mogvianebiT „feTxaini“). mazdeanoba sabolood VII s-Si gadavarda, magram misi adgili daiWira kidev ufro agresiulma islamma. araboba erT-erTi umZimesi xanaa saqarTvelos istoriaSi. TbilisSi amira dajda da qalaqis saerTo kulturul-istoriul procesebs Tu mTlianad ara, mniSvnelovnad gamoeTiSa. arabTa gamanadgurebelma Semosevebma Seasusta misi kavSiri bizantiasTan, qarTuli eklesia izolirebuli darCa danarCeni qristianuli centrebisagan. am xanis istoriuli da literaturuli Zeglebi cxadyofen, rom qarTvelobas Seurigebeli pozicia daukavebia islamis mimarT. gaCndnen axali, sarwmunoebisa da qveynisaTvis Tavdadebuli gmirebi, romelTac Tavi gawires samSoblosa da sarwmunoebisaTvis. eklesiam wmindanad Seracxa mahmadianobis winaaRmdeg Tavganwiruli mebrZolni - argveTis erisTavebi daviTi da konstantine, mefe arCili, konstanti-kaxi, gobron-miqaeli. Zveli qarTuli literaturis erT-erTi ubrwyinvalesi Zegli, ioane sabanisZis „abo tfilelis wameba“ aRwers gaqristianebuli arabis, abo tfilelis mowamebriv Rvawls, saqarTvelos eklesiam igi wmindanad Seracxa da metexis kldeSi misi samlocvelo daaarsa. miuxedavad mZime politikuri viTarebisa, IX-XI ss. qarTulma eklesiam, filosofiurma azrovnebam, qristianulma kulturam giganturi nabiji gadadga, mTels saqarTveloSi qristianoba WeSmarit erovnul sarwmu- 476 noebad iqca. eklesiam yvelgan gaukafa gza qarTul enasa da damwerlobas. qarTuli ena, rogorc eklesiis ena, saxelmwifoebriobis erT-erTi umTavresi niSani da ganmapirobebeli faqtori gaxada. saqarvTelos CrdilodasavleT da samxreT-dasavleT provinciebSi daiwyo qveynis gaerTianebis ganuxreli da Seuqcevadi procesi. am periodSi qarTuli eklesiis mecadineobiT Caisaxa da xorci Seisxa erovnulma sulierebam, romelic gamoixata qveynis gaerTianebiT, gacxovelebuli samonatsro saqmianobiT, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis gareT, mecnierebiT, arqiteqturiT, mxatvrobiT, literaturiT. V s.-Si miRebuli saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokeTfaluroba ganmeorebiT gacxadda qarTvel saeklesio moRvaweTa mier. gamoikveTa sxva konfesiebTan urTierTobis tendenciebi, Seiqmna erovnulkulturuli sivrce, sadac eTnogenetikuri naTesaobis gamaerTianebel rols gauTanabrda socialuri, ekonomikuri da eTnokulturuli faqtorebiT warmodgenili erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi Rirebulebebi. arabTa batonobis periodSi TbilisSi Seiqmna qveynis danarCeni nawilebisagan gansxvavebuli polieTnikuri garemo da misi Sesabamisi sarwmunoebrivi speqtri. momravlda mahmadiani mosaxleoba, aSenda meCeTebi, qalaqsa da qveynis regionebs Soris damyarda realobis farglebSi SesaZlo kulturul-ekonomikuri wonasworoba, Tanacxovrebis pirobebSi aRmocenda sxvadasxva sarwmunoebis mimdevarTa Soris religiuri mimtevebloba. wyaroebi mowmoben, rom Tbilisel mahmadianebs hqondaT sakuTreba qalaqis gareT; aseve qalaqSi savaWro obieqtebs flobdnen eklesiebi (mag., sveticxoveli. ix. melqisedek kaTalikosis „dawerili“) ase rom, Tbilisi ar iyo savsebiT izolirebuli qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebisagan. imxanad TbilisSi did warmatebas miaRwia sxvadasxva erovnulma kulturam. magaliTad, Tbiliselma mahmadianma swavlulebma saxeli gaiTqves mTels axlo aziaSi da mWidro kontaqti daamyares mahmadianuri kulturis centrebTan. mas Semdeg, rac daviT IV aRmaSenebelma Tbilisi kvlav saqarTvelos dedaqalaqad aqcia (1122), mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala. Tbilisi qristianobis oficialur sataxtod ar gamocxadebula (kaTalikosis sasaydro qalaqad isev mcxeTa rCeboda), magram qristianobis politika Tbilisidan tardeboda mTels kavkasiaSi. jer kidev Tbilisis aRebamde Caatara daviTma ruis-urbnisis saeklesio kreba (1103), ramac bolo 477 mouRo eklesiaSi didgvarovanTa parpaSs. ganxorcielda eklesiis demokratizacia, ris miRwevasac bagrat IV-is dros cdilobda giorgi aToneli. es RonisZiebebi tardeboda XI-XII ss-Si. saqarTvelos eklesiis saerTaSoriso avtoritetis zrdis kvaldakval. 1072 saqarTvelos kaTalikoss mieniWa patriarqis wodeba. qarTul eklesias eklesiaTa rigSi tradiciulad VI adgili eWira, romisa da konstantinopolis eklesiebis gayofis Semdeg ki V adgilze gadainacvla. es adgili saqarTvelos eklesias ekuTvnoda XVII s. dasasrulamde, vidre V adgils ar miscemdnen ruseTis eklesias. saqarTvelos eklesia isev VI adgilze dabrunda da es adgili uWiravs dResac. XIII s-dan iwyeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifos dasusteba, rac eklesiis Semdgom bedzedac aisaxa. damangrevelma omebma da Semosevebma samwuxaro Sedegi gamoiRo. qarTuli saxelmwifosa da masTan erTad eklesiis aRorZinebis xanmokle periodi dakavSirebulia giorgi V brwyinvalis saxelTan. man XIV s. 30-ian wlebSi saeklesio krebaze brZola gamoucxada eklesiis msaxurTa zneobriv dacemas da, msgavsad daviT aRmaSeneblisa, eklesia gawminda uRirsTagan. politikur gaZlierebas mohyva qveynisa da eklesiis avtoritetis zrda ucxoeTSi. qarTvelebs gadaecaT ierusalimis uflis saflavis taZris gasaRebi, miecaT iq eklesiis mSeneblobis ufleba. magram qveynisa da Tbilisis ganadgureba momdevno saukuneebis dampyrobTa mier, saSualebas ar aZlevda saqarTvelos eklesias Seesrulebina Tavisi wminda roli. ucxo Zalebis mxardaWeriT feodaluri separatizmi erovnul tragediad iqca. saqarTvelos eklesiac, msgavsad saxelmwifosi, daiSala da daqucmacda. es procesi aisaxa Tbilisis sarwmunoebriv cxovrebazec. XVII-XVIII ss-Si taxtze mahmadiani mmarTvelebi isxdnen. maTgan aRsaniSnavia rostomis mefoba. igi ormagi politikuri standartiT marTavda qveyanas. iranis moxelec iyo da qarTvelTa sarwmunoebasa da kulturazec zrunavda (gansakuTrebiT misi meuRle mariami). am saukuneebSi saqarTvelos samefo sagvareulom istorias misca qveynisTvis Tavganwiruli da sarwmunoebis erTguli moRvaweebi - qeTevan dedofali da mefe luarsab II, romlebic saqarTvelos eklesiam wmindanebad Seracxa. Tbilisis sarwmunoebriv cxovrebaSi umZimesi xana dadga. mosaxleobis nawili mahmadianobas iRebda, nawili somxur konfesiaze gadadioda da somxdebo- 478 da, rasac didad uwyobda xels iranul-Turquli mxardaWera somxuri eklesiisadmi. XVIII s. dasasrulisaTvis somxebma SeZles daesakuTrebinaT Tbilisis qarTuli eklesiebis mniSvnelovani nawili da ramdenime axalic aeSenebinaT. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos eklesia cdilobda rogorme SeenarCunebina qveynis sarwmunoeba da kultura, aqa-iq Sendeboda eklesiebi, zogjer maT moxatvasac axerxebdnen. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eklesiam swavla-ganaTlebisa da beWdviTi saqmianobis gaSla-gafarToebaze gadaitana. aRsaniSnavia sulxan-saba orbelianisa da im drois sxva qarTvel moRvaweTa saqmianoba (kaTalikosi domenti, anton Wyondideli, episkoposi ioane mangleli, imereTis kaTalikosi nikolozi da sxv.). gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia Tavisi drois udidesi mecnierisa da saeklesio moRvawis, kaTalikos anton I-is saqmianoba. misi iniciativiT gaixsna gimnaziebi Tbilissa da TelavSi, daarsda saswavleblebi eklesia-monastrebTan. XVII s. dasawyisSi daiwyo qarTuli sasuliero wignebis beWdva nikifore irbaxis TaosnobiT, 1709 vaxtang VI-m TbilisSi dabeWda saxareba. ruseTTan SeerTebis (1801) droisaTvis saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi ganadgurebuli iyo aRa-mahmad xanis Semosevis Sedegad, magram misi mTavari eklesiebi gadaurCa mters da momdevno wlebSi maTi mowesrigeba SesaZlebeli gaxda. sioni SeakeTes da rusi egzarqosebis kaTedrad aqcies, aseve gadarCa metexi, rasac mogvianebiT garSemo satusaRo auSenes da cixis eklesiad gaxades. ar dangreula mamadaviTis eklesia mTawmindaze, gadarCa anCisxatis eklesiac. platon ioselianis cnobiT, am gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani eklesiebis garda XIX s-Si TbilisSi moqmedebda andria pirvelwodebulis eklesia vereze (lurji monasteri), rasac vaxuSti bagrationi wminda giorgisad miiCnevs; Sahnavazis asulis elenes mier 1680 aSenebuli RvTismSoblis eklesia, romelic 1775 ganuaxlebia erekle II-is asuls mariams, 1840 SeukeTebia Tavad farsadan ciciSvilis, amis Semdeg ki Senoba kerZo mflobelis xelSi moxvedrila. p. ioselianis CamonaTvalSi aris berZnebis mier avlabarSi aSenebuli wminda marines eklesia, romelic 1824 wels uflis mirqmis saxelobaze ganuaxlebia mitropolit ionas; egzarqoss evgenis ganuaxlebia agreTve kviracxovlis eklesia Toma mociqulis 479 saxelobisa, romelic XVII s. bolos saqarTvelos mTavarepiskoposs qristefores auSenebia Temurlengis dros dangreuli Zveli eklesiis adgilze. 1798 giorgi XII-is TaosnobiT aq Catarebula saeklesio kreba, ramac gaauqma Sua saukuneebis ordaliis wesebi, jadoqrebis wyalSi daxrCoba, dawva, patimrebis SanTiT wameba, cxel wyalSi xelis CayofiT simarTlis dadgena, aseve orTabrZola, rogorc davis gadaWris saSualeba da a. S.; p. ioselianis cnobiT, wminda jvris eklesia (jvris mama) ekuTvnoda ierusalimis sapatriarqos. misi sityvebiT, miuxedavad saqarTvelos eklesiis antioqiisadmi ierarqiuli damokidebulebisa, saqarTvelos mefeebs gaumarTavT ierusalimis eklesiis, viTarca yovelTa qristianeTa dedis, saydari. es eklesia yovelTvis ekuTvnoda ierusalimis sami eklesiis - wm. elias, wm. jvris da wm. iakobis berebs. wminda ekaterines eklesia, romelic aaSena daviT aRmaSenebelma sinas wm. ekaterines eklesiis analogiiT, Temurlengma daangria, aRadgina aleqsandre didma, sabolood daingra 1795. mis adgilze mcire eklesia sinaelma berebma aaSenes, magram radgan mrevli gaizarda da Zveli Senoba aRar yofnidaT, 1861 gadaakeTes da akurTxes; wm. ereklesa da darias eklesia, 1822 rusebma feriscvalebis saxelze akurTxes. TbilisSi idga kidev wminda giorgis eklesia, agebuli vaxtang VI-is Zmis simonis mier; qaSveTis Zveli eklesia, kaloubnis wm. giorgis eklesia, wm. sameba. amaT garda iyo XIX s. damdegs agebuli mirqmis eklesia, axlandeli wminda nikolozis eklesia CuRureTSi da miqael mTavarangelozis eklesia avlabarSi. garda zemoaRniSnuli mniSvnelovani taZrebisa, p. ioseliani CamoTvlis mcire eklesiebsa da samlocveloebs, romlebic gamarTes saswavleblebsa Tu sxva tipis sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebSi. amaTgan aRsaniSnavia iberiis RvTismSoblis saxelobis eklesia keTilSobilTa gimnaziaSi, suliwmindisa da andria pirvelwodebulis eklesia sasuliero seminariaSi, petre-pavles eklesia avlabris sasaflaoze, berZnebis wminda nikolozis eklesia, amaRlebis eklesia sololakSi, aleqsandre nevelis eklesia, wm. ninos eklesia, aseve wm. ninos eklesia, romelic ekaterine qsavies asulma voroncovam moawyo qalTa saswavlebelSi; cixis eklesia orTaWalaSi, eklesia qalaqis saavadmyofosa da sasaflaoze, wminda aleqsandre nevelis eklesia kukiaze da a. S. 480 XIX s-Si moqmed Tu gauqmebul eklesiebTan erTad TbilisSi da mis SemogarenSi iyo mravali dangreuli eklesia. p. ioselians CamoTvlili aqvs abos saJamne, wm. daviT garejelis droebiTi sadgomi metexis kldeSi, e. w. „jojos saydari“, sadac misi mowafe, wm. dodo mdgara, naTlismcemlis taZari, dangreuli Temurlengis mier da aRdgenili naTlismcemlis udabnos berebis RvawliT aleqsandre didis dros, konstantinesa da elenes eklesia avlabarSi, elia winaswarmetyvelis eklesia maxaTis mTaze, krwanisis RvTismSoblis eklesia (mdebareobs krwanisSi moqmedebda da marTlmadidebluri iyo Teimuraz II-is dromde, Semdeg somxebma daiWires). CamoTvlili eklesiebi da salocavebi sakmaod srulad gvixataven XIX s. qalaqis sarwmunoebriv panoramas. am mravalferovani marTlmadidebluri eklesia-salocavebis gverdiT TbilisSi, misi arsebobis mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze, mravlad iyo sxva aRmsareblobis mimdevarTa salocavebi, es aixsneba imiT, rom TbilisSi sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevrebs arasodes ganucdiaT devna-Seviwroveba gansxvavebuli aRmsareblobis gamo. Sua saukuneebSi TbilisSi dasturdeba ebraelTa Zlieri diaspora, X s-idan aq ganviTarebis maRali donisaTvis miuRwevia ebraul filosofiur-Teologiur skolas da igi Talmudistebisa da yaraimebis seqtebis gverdiT „Tbilisur seqtad“ Camoyalibebula. cnobilia, rom maTi mimdevrebi TbilisSi XII s-Sic cxovrobdnen. ebraelebi Tvlian, rom isini saqarTveloSi pirveli taZris dangrevis Semdeg movidnen da ZvelTaganve Tavs ucxod ar grZnobdnen. isini arc qarTvelebs miaCndaT gareSeebad. al-fariks XII s. TbilisSi ebraelTa ubani eguleba. TbilisSi ebraelebs marko poloc (XIII s.) axsenebs. yvela es cnoba cxadyofs, rom arabobis periodSi da Semdgomac TbilisSi ebraelTa diaspora sakmaod karg pirobebSi cxovrobda da mniSvnelovani warmatebisaTvisac miuRwevia. XIX s. damdegs TbilisSi mosaxle ebraelebi e. w. sefariduli tradiciis warmomadgenlebi arian. amave tradicias mihyveboda ebraelTa kidev ori Temi, e. w. „yubelebi“ (mTieli ebraelebi) da „laxluxebi“ (sparseTidan migrirebuli iudevelebi). isini TbilisSi XVIII s-dan Cndebian. XIX s-Si TbilisSi gaCnda aSqenazTa Temi - evropuli tradiciis ebraelebi, romlebic ZiriTadad ruseTidan Semovidnen. ebraelebi saqarTvelosa da TbilisSi qarTul mosaxleobasTan umWidroves kavSirSi cxov- 481 robdnen. istoriulad ebraelTa Soris miwaze mimagrebuli mosaxle ymebi iyvnen, Tumca iseTebic yofilan romelTac Tavad hyavdaT ymebi. miuxedavad mkacri, ormxrivi sarwmunoebrivi izolaciisa, kavkasiis da kerZod qarTvel ebraelTa sarwmunoebasa da yofaSi adgilobriv kulturul movlenaTa TvalsaCino minarevebia SemCneuli, mag., adgilobrivi xalxebis warmomadgenlebTan SeWrilia rwmena jadoqrobis, avi sulebis, grZneulebisa da a. S. Sesaxeb, hqondaT TavianTi „berikaoba“, icodnen winasadResaswaulo Camvola, Wona, Tumca sakuTar sarwmunoebas TavgamodebiT icavdnen. XIX s-Si samSobloSi ebraelTa Tavmoyrisa da gaerTianebis ideam xorci Seisxa sionizmis saxiT. saqarTveloSi sionizmis gavrcelebas xeli Seuwyo ebraelTa siduxWirem da am niadagze gaRvivebulma swrafvam palestinisaken. am ideis Semomtanebi da gamavrceleblebi ZiriTadad aSqenazebi iyvnen, riTac, qarTveli ebraelebisagan gansxvavebiT, cota ram akavSirebdaT saqarTvelosTan da TbilisTan. sionisturi wreebi TbilisSi gasuli saukunis dasasruls amoqmedda. ebraelTa Temebis cxovrebis centrs TbilisSi warmoadgenda sina- goga. Zveli samlocveloebi SemorCenili ar aris. amJamad TbilisSi moqmedebs ori sinagoga, aSqenazebisa da sefaridebisa, sadac xorcieldeba iudevelTa cxovrebis ritualuri mxaris organizacia (ritualuri abazana, sapaseqo „macis“ dacxoba, frinvelis dakvla da a. S.), gaxsnilia specialuri maRazia, sadac ritualurad dakluli saklavi iyideba. iudaizmis mimdevarTa erT-erTi umTavresi siwmindea ebrauli sasaflaoebi, sadac daculia mravali epitafia, memorialuri obieqtebi. yovelive es saintereso masalas iZleva Tbilisel ebraelTa Semadgenlobis, socialuri struqturisa da kulturis Sesaswavlad. TbilisSi ZvelTaganve unda yofiliyo fexmokidebuli somxuri grigorianuli eklesia. VII s-Si somex-qarTvelTa saeklesio ganxeTqilebis Semdgom somxurma eklesiam eTnikuri mniSvneloba SeiZina. XI s-dan, roca somxurma saxelmwifom arseboba Sewyvita, kavkasiaSi qristianTa TavSesafrad da damcvelad saqarTvelo iqca. saqarTvelos gavlena gamoixata qalkedonelebis gaaqtiurebiT rogorc somxeTSi, ise saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somexTa Soris. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos dasustebisa da daqucmacebis Semdeg es procesi ganelda da Caqra. garda migrirebuli somxebisa, sxva- 482 dasxva dros qarTvel mefeebs Tavad SemohyavdaT somxuri mosaxleoba, ZiriTadad qalaqebidan ayrili vaWar-xjelosnebi, da asaxlebdnen saqarTvelos qalaqebSi, umTavresad TbilisSi. am viTarebam xeli Seuwyo maTi socialuri da ekonomikuri statusis Camoyalibebas. ekonomikurad momagrebulma grigorianma somxebma da „unitorebma“ aqtiuri sarwmunoebrivi brZola gaaCaRes TbilisSi. isini axerxebdnen Zveli qarTuli eklesiebis dasakuTrebas TavianTi mrevlisaTvis. amasTanave cdilobdnen saqarTvelodan kaTolikeebis gandevnas da unitoruli eklesiisa da grigorianobis damkvidrebas. XIX s-Si TbilisSi ori aTeuli somxuri eklesia aris cnobili, romelTagan umTavresia vanqi, moRnini, saakaSenis eklesia, noraSenis RvTismSoblis eklesia, cixedidis, kozmanisa da damianesi, jigraSeni, surb-niSani da sxv. somxuri eklesiis mrevlia dRevandeli Tbilisis grigoriani mosaxleoba. dRes TbilisSi ori moqmedi somxuri eklesia aris, hyavT saqarTvelos somxuri eparqiis mmarTveli. daviT aRmaSeneblis mier Tbilisis aRebis Semdeg, rogorc wyaroebi gvauwyeben, mahmadian mosaxleobas Tbilisi ar dautovebia. Tavidan maTdami damokidebuleba daviTis mier safuZvelCayrili wesiT midioda, magram XIII saukunidan dawyebuli mahmadianTa ramdenime gamanadgurebeli Semosevis Semdeg, rasac mohyva mosaxleobis gawyveta, qalaqis darbeva, qristianobis devna da a. S., TbilisSi mahmadianebis mimarT damokidebuleba unda Secvliliyo. Seicvala damokidebuleba maTi salocavebisa da locvis wesis mimarT. Tbiliseli mahmadianebi Tavidan sunitebi iyvnen. Siitebi aq mogvianebiT gamoCndnen. arabobis dros meCeTi-jame auSenebiaT gogirdis abanoebidan botanikuri baRisaken mimaval quCaze, sadac axla Tbilisis erTaderTi meCeTi dgas. mermindeli nagebobebis Sesaxeb araferia cnobili, isini ar SemorCenilan. 1521 wels TbilisSi, metexis xidis TavSi auSenebiaT meCeTi. adre qalaqSi ramdenime sxva meCeTic mdgara, magram maT Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli informacia aris Semonaxuli, irkveva, rom XIX s. damdegisaTvis TbilisSi 5 meCeTi yofila, aqedan sami rostom mefes auSenebia XVII s-Si. XVII saukunisaTvis TbilisSi sparselebi sakmaod mokrZalebulad iqceodnen. „TbilisSi arc erTi meCeTi ar aris, - wers am dros TbilisSi namyofi Jan Sardeni, - miuxedavad imisa, rom es qalaqi mahmadianur 483 saxelmwifos ekuTvnis... sparselebi arafers iSureben imisaTvis, rom aq meCeTi aeSenebinaT... xalxi maSinve aRsdgeboda xolme, iaraRiT xelSi angrevda nagebobas da sastikad uswordeboda mSeneblebs“. Sardens SeumCnevia saqarTvelos mTavarTa mahmadianobis moCvenebiTobac da sparselebis sisustec, ris gamoc isisni urigdebodnen aseT mdgomareobas. „isini, gadmogvcems Sardeni, - Tbilisis qalaqsa da mTel saqarTvelos srul nebas aZlevdnen SeinarCunon TavianTi religiis yvela garegnuli niSani. yvela eklesias samreklos zemoT gakeTebuli aqvs jvari da kidia zarebi.... sxva xorceulTan erTad sajarod da daufaravad yoveldRe iyideba Roris xorcic, xolo Rvinos yvela gzajvaredinze SexvdebiT“. cxadia, cnoba imis Taobaze, rom TbilisSi meCeTi ar idga, swori ar unda iyos, magram sainteresoa, radgan cxadyofs, rom mahmadianTa gavlena SezRuduli iyo da Tbilisi qristianTa qalaqad rCeboda. Zveli ubnis eTnografiuli Seswavla avlens mahmadianTa saweso cxovrebis gadmonaSTebs. qalaqSi mcxovreb Siitebs hqondaT dResaswauli „mohrami“, romelic xalxSi „Sahsei-vahseis“ saxeliT iyo cnobili. miuxedavad imisa, rom Siitebisa da suntebis urTierToba yovelTvis mwvave konfliqtSi gadaizrdeboda xolme, TbilisSi sarwmunoebrivi dapirispireba naklebad igrZnoboda. dapirispireba Sesustda ara mxolod mahmadianTa seqtebs Soris, aramed qristianebsa da mahadianebs Sorisac, aseve sxvadasxva konfesiis qristianTa Sorisac. mravali mogzauri sagangebod aqcevs yuradRebas xalxur dResaswaulebSi sxvadasxva sarwmunoebis pirTa erTobliv monawileobas, msxverplis Sewirvas da a. S. Tbilisma gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula kaTolikobasTan urTierTobaSi. 1054 wlis ganxeTqilebis dros, roca berZnebisa da laTinebis eklesiebi erTmaneTs daSorda, am dapirispirebas qarTvelebSi ukiduresi mwvave forma ar miuRia. aseve loialuri Cans laTinTa damokidebuleba qarTvelTa mimarT. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTvelTa Sorisac yofila gavrcelebuli romis, rogorc wminda qalaqis, molocvis wesi. romis mosalocad umogzauria ioane petriws. kargad moixseniebs XIII s. pirvel mesamedSi qarTvelebs ierusalimis laTini patriarqi Jak da vitri. igi ambobs: „es xalxi didi mebrZoli, omSi mamaci, tanad Zalovani da Zlevamosilia, hyavs uricxvi meomari, SiSis zars scems sarkinozebs, TavdasxmiT did zians ayenebs sparselebs, medielebs (albaT midielebs) da asirie- 484 lebs, romelTa sazRvrebze saxlobs urwmuno xalxiT garSemortymuli. am xalxs Ggeorgian-s uwodeben, radgan gansakuTrebiT mowiwebiT epyroba da eTayvaneba wminda giorgis, vinc Tavis mfarvelad da medroSed miaCnia urwmunoTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da pativs scems yvela sxva wmindanze metad“. amave periods (1293) ganekuTvneba miwer-mowera rusudan dedofalsa da romis paps honorius III-s Soris. dedofal rusudans pasuxs swers papi grigol IX, sadac saqarTvelos romis eklesiasTan SeerTebaze aris msjeloba. am periodidan iwyeba axali urTierToba da cxoveldeba misionerTa saqmianoba. pirvelad gamoCndnen franciskeli, anu minoriti berebi, maT Semdeg, 1240 wels, TbilisSi TavianTi monasteri daufuZnebiaT dominikelebs. 1245 wlis Semdgom gamoCnda misionerTa axali jgufi, romelic papma inokenti IV-m gamogzavna maxlobel aziasa da kavkasiaSi. saqarTvelos mefeebi dasavleTis eklesiisagan moZalebuli mtrebis winaaRmdeg daxmarebas Txoulobdnen, xolo romis papebi cdilobdnen eklesiaTa erTobaze daeTanxmebinaT isini. mTeli rigi konkretuli faqtebisa mowmoben, rom XIII s-Si Tbilissa da roms Soris mWidro, saqmiani urTierToba arsebula. am urTierTobaTa impulsebi momdinareobs maSindeli istoriuli viTarebisagan. kontaqti momdevno saukuneebSic grZeldeba, vidre Turqebi konstantinopols daipyrobdnen. misionerebi jer Tbilisis misionSi Camodiodnen, aqedan ki samoRvaweod sxva qveynebSiac midiodnen. istoriam Semogvinaxa saxeli qarTveli kaTolike berisa domenti Tbilelisa, romelic 1321 wels sarwmunoebisaTvis ewama aziaSi sam misionerTan erTad. 1329 wlis TebervalSi TbilisSi dawesda kaTolike kaTedra, romlis eklesias saepiskoposo eklesia ewoda da qarTuli tipikoni mieca. m. TamaraSvils aRnusxuli hyavs Tbilisis cameti episkoposi. konstantinopolis aRebis Semdgom Turqebma gzebi gadaketes da saqarTvelos dasavleTisagan sruli izolacia daemuqra. miuxedavad siZneleebisa, romi mainc axerxebda TbilisTan urTierTobis SenarCunebas. XVII s. damdegs saqarTveloSi, maT Soris TbilisSi, jer Teatinelebi movidnen (1626-wlidan), Semdgom isini kapucinebma Secvales. amiT damTavrda saqarTvelosa da romis urTierTobis Zveli xana, romelic XI-XVII ss. moicavs. ax. xanaSi pirobebi sagrZnoblad Seicvala. laTinebs saqarTveloSi da, kerZod, TbilisSi 485 aqtiur winaaRmdegobas uweven somxebi. miuxedavad siZneleebisa, laTinebi mniSvnelovan kulturul saqmianobas eweodnen, Targmnidnen wignebs, mkurnalobdnen mosaxleobas, nergavdnen saafTiaqo saqmes, datoves saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis aRwerilobani CanaxatebiTurT, Semogvinarexs istoriul pirTa saxeebi, aseve materialuri kulturis Zeglebi, yofiTi garemo. XVI s-Si TbilisSi kaTolikeTa mrevli sagrZnoblad Semcirda, ramac gamoiwvia aqauri saepiskoposos gauqmeba. XVII s-Si wina aziis kaTolikeTa Soris garkveuli mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen somexi „unitori“ kaTolikeebi, romelTac didi brZola gaaCaRes rogorc laTini berebis, ise qarTveli kaTolikeebis winaaRmdeg. zogjer maT qarTveli mefeebic umagrebdnen zurgs, romlebic iZulebuli iyvnen angariSi gaewiaT somxuri vaWruli fenisaTvis. aman gamoiwvia qarTul kaTolikur eklesiaSi somxuri kondakis SemoReba, rasac mohyva ukmayofileba qarTvel kaTolikeTa mxridan. miuxedavad aseTi winaaRmdegobisa, laTini berebi TavgamodebiT iRwvodnen da bevri sasikeTo saqme gaakeTes. maT sakmaod kargad gaacnes evropas qarTvelebi, romelTac „aRmosavleTis yvela tomze ufro ganaTlebul, ganviTarebul, patiosan da niWier xalxad“ Tvlidnen. 1629 wels maT dastambes pirveli qarTuli teqstebi, leqsikoni, katexizmo, gramatika. evropaSi waiyvanes da ganaTleba miaRebines mraval qarTvel axalgazrdas. XVIII s. dasawyisidan maTi saqmianoba sagrZnoblad Sesustda, rac ganapiroba umZimesma politikurma mdgomareobam. saukunis bolos Tbilisis ganadgurebam kaTolikeTa saqmianobas didi ziani miayena. XVII da XIX ss-Si, aseve XX s. damdegs, ganaTlebuli qarTveli kaTolikeebi (ioane xucuri, ioane moZRvriSvili, petre xarisWiraSvili, ioane nebieriZe, ioane gvaramaZe, mixeil TmaraSvili, anton gozaliSvili da sxv.) energiulad ibrZodnen qarTuli kondakis aRsadgenad qarTvelTa kaTolikur eklesiaSi. XIX s. 30-40-ian wlebSi ruseTma kaTolikeebs aukrZala saqarTveloSi saqmianoba. 1846 wels kapucinebs saqarTvelo sabolood daatovebines. miuxedavad amisa, TbilisSi kaTolikobas arseboba ar Seuwyvetia. amJamad TbilisSi ori kaTolikuri eklesia moqmedebs. kaTolikuri mrevlisaTvis udidesi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo romis papis ioane pavle II-is viziti TbilisSi 1999 oqtomberSi. papma 9 oqtombers saze- 486 imo mesa aRavlina sportis sasaxleSi, rasac 10 aTasze meti kaci daeswro maT Soris didi umravlesoba kaTolikeebi iyvnen. XIX s. TbilisSi ZiriTadad sami didi konfesiuri jgufi gamoikveTa - marTlmadidebloba, grigorianoba da mahmadianoba. wlebis manZilze konfesiaTa ricxobrivi maCvenebeli ganuxrelad icvleboda. qalaqSi matulobda marTlmadidebelTa raodenoba, magram adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gamravlebis xarjze ki ara, rusi da qarTveli migrantebis ricxvis gazrdis Sedegad. maT mowolas ganapirobebda qalaqSi mimdinare politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri procesebi. 1836 wels TbilisSi 3,6 aTasi marTlmadidebeli iyo, 1864 wels maTi ricxvi 54,4 aTass aRwevda, 1876 wels ki ukve 72,4 aTasi gaxda, rac qalaqis mosaxleobis 50,4%-s Seadgenda, magram marTlmadidebelTa eTnikuri Semadgenloba araerTgvarovani iyo. maT Soris 42,2 aTasi qarTveli, 29,6 aTasi rusi, 0,4 aTasi berZeni, 0,3 aTasi osi, 0,1 aTasi asirieli, 0,1 aTasi somexi, 44 germaneli, 26 poloneli, 22 ebraeli, 9 TaTari, 4 sparseli da a. S. 1897 wlis aRweriT, marTlmadidebelTa ricxvma TbilisSi 83,7 aTass miaRwia. Tu 1825 wlisaTvis aq sul 12 marTlmadidebluri sakulto obieqti iyo, a. ioseliani, romelic SedarebiT gviandel mdgomareobas aRwers, gacilebiT met Zvelsa da axals (uaxless), didsa da mcire samlocvelos asaxelebs. 1899 wlisaTvis eklesiaTa ricxvma ukve 48-s miaRwia. Tbilisis umTavresi eklesia, sadac yvela eTnosis marTlmadidebeli loculobda (zogjer aramarTlmadidebeli qristianic), iyo sioni. meore jgufs Seadgendnen somexi grigorianelebi. TbilisSi maTma ricxvma XIX s-sa da XX s. dasawyisSi gansakuTrebiT imata. adgilobriv somxebs, romlebmac aq ukve 3-4 saukunis win moikides fexi, miemata omebis Sedegad ayrili mosaxleoba, romelTa umetesma nawilma saqarTvelos Seafara Tavi. 1864 wels TbilisSi 28,1 aTasi grigoriani iyo, 1876 wels - 36,6 aTasi, rac mosaxleobis 35,2% Seadgenda. 1897 wels ki maTma raodenobam 50,5 aTass miaRwia da meore adgili daiWira marTlmadidebelTa Semdeg. 1899 wels TbilisSi 27 grigorianuli eklesia da 1 monasteri aRiricxeboda. XIX s-Si TbilisSi mcxovreb mahmadianTa SemadgenlobaSi Siitebic arian da sunitebic. 1876 wlis aRweriT qalaqis mosaxleobis 3,7%-s Seadgendnen, sunitebi ki - mxolod 0,7%-s. SiitTa umravlesobas sparsele- 487 bi da azerbaijanelebi Seadgendnen. sunitebi ZiriTadad yazaneli TaTrebi iyvnen, agreTve Turqebi da daRestnelebi. 1897 wlisTvis muslimTa saerTo raodenobam 7,4%-s miaRwia. rogorc Cans, ebraelebi TavianTi ricxovbrivi maCveneblis gamo konkurencias ver uwevdnen umTavres konfesiebs, Tumca XIX s-dan dawyebuli XX s. 70-ian wlebamde maTi ricxvi mudmivad izrdeboda. bolo wlebSi TbilisSi ebraelTa raodenobis swrafi kleba gamoiwvia masobrivma gadasaxlebam israelSi. imata kaTolikeTa raodenobamac. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiis Semdeg XIX s-Si gamoCndnen rusi seqtantebi. ruseTis imperia maT devnida da ganapira regionebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, asaxlebda. amiT igi axerxebda ruseTis teritoriidan mosaxleobis arasasruveli, dabali kulturis mqone, fanatikurad ganwyobili nawilis gayvanas da ararusuli, dapyrobili teritoriis eTnikuri rusebiT Sevsebas. pirvelad saqarTveloSi rusi seqtebi XIX s. Sua wlebSi Semovidnen. ruseTSi isini warmoiSvnen XVII s-Si momxdari saeklesio ganxeTqilebis Sedegad. maSin e. w. „Zveli rwmenis mimdevrebi“ (staroverebi) gamovidnen oficialuri eklesiis winaaRmdeg, romelic reformis Catarebas apirebda, moednen mTel ruseTs da mraval, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul mimdevrobad daiSalnen. isini TavianT Tavs „sulis qristianebs“ an „suliT mebrZol qristianebs“ (duxoborebs) eZaxian. maTi warmomadgenlebi arian igive duxoborebi, malaknebi da kidev mravali sxva. malaknebi da duxoborebi Tbilissa da mis mimdebare teritoriaze XIX s. Sua wlebSi gamoCndnen. malaknebi kompaqturad dasaxldnen qalaqSi, duxoborebis kolonia gaCnda javaxeTSi. garda oficialuri sarwmunoebrivi mimdinareobebisa, TbilisSi sagrZnobi da mniSvnelovani adgili eWira xalxur dResaswaulebsa da ritualebs, romlebic, oficialuri religiebis miuxedavad, Tavisi SinarsiT Seicavdnen uZveles rwmena-warmodgenaTa Sres. am warmodgenaTa safuZvelze sxvadasxva religiebisa da konfesiuri mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi did yofiT siaxloves amJRavnebdnen, SeeZloT emuSavaT erT amqarSi, erT saxelosnoSi da ar hqonodaT konfliqti religiur safuZvelze. Tbiliselebi monawileobdnen erTmaneTis dResaswaulebSi (Tu ar CavTvliT ebraelebs), rac am ritualTa da dResaswaulTa mniSvnelovani desakralizaciis safuZvelze xdeboda. 488 uaRresad sainteresoa Tbilissa da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqsa da kuTxeSi gavrcelebuli sayveliero da didmarxvis dResaswaulebi, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva berikaoba, yeenoba, groteskuli qorwili, sasamarTlo, muSti-krivi. sayovelTaod miRebuli dResaswauli iyo axali weli, romelsac yvela ojaxi Tavisi SesaZleblobis farglebSi ixdida. magram Tbiliselebis saaxalwlo dResaswaulis Catarebis wesi ZiriTadi niSniT yvelasaTvis saerTo iyo. am dRes icodnen tkbileuliT gawyobili saaxalwlo tabla, TafliTa da gozinayiT „dabereba“, „mekvle“, „basilas“ - purisagan kacis msgavsi Tojinis gamocxoba da a. S. garda xalxuri dResaswaulebisa, saerTo-xalxuri da qalaquri masStabi SeiZina mravalma saeklesio dResaswaulma. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia naTlisReba. am dRes qarTvelebi da somxebi, amqris gaSlili droSebiT erTad Cadiodnen wyalze, mtkvris napirze (warmosaxviT ioraneze); ninooba; sufsarqisoba, imarTeboda didmarxvamde ori kviriT adre da monawileobas iRebdnen muslimanebic. am dResaswauls isini nadir-nabes eZaxdnen; yvelieri (imarTeboda krivi), didi marxvis dasawyisi (yeenoba), vnebis kviris oTxSabaT (Wiakokonoba), aRdgoma, kviracxovloba, vnebis kviris paraskevi, jojooba (wm. dodos dResaswauli, aRdgomis kviris samSabaTs), axalkvira, maisoba (1-7 maiss), TeleToba, giorgoba (gazafxulisa 23 aprils. am dRes TeleTis sabaJosfan krivi icodnen), viWaki, mamadaviToba, sameboba, kaTolikuri gardamoxsna (TeTrebSi gamowyobili qalwulebi wavidodnen eklesiidan sasaflaomde da gzaze yvavilebs yridnen), surb-karapeti, RvTismSoblis miZineba, Soba da a. S. ruseTTan SeerTebis (1801 w.) Semdeg saqarTvelos eklesias adgili miuCines ruseTis imperiis ierarqiaSi. imperia ver Seurigda saqarTvelos avtokefaluri eklesiisa da misi meTauris, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis satuss. SeerTebis Semdeg Zalian male daiwyes Sesabamis RonisZiebaTa gatareba. ruseTis sinodis prestiJisaTvis upirveles RonisZiebad miiCnies saqarTvelos kaTalikosis Tavidan moSoreba. ukve 1811 wlis 10 ivniss imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma pativiT gaiwvia kaTalikosi anton II, dahpirda rusul sinodSi sapatio mexuTe adgils, pensiasa da mefis Zisa da kaTalikosis sargo pativs. saqarTveloSi gauqmda avtokefalia da kaTalikosoba. saqarTvelos eklesiis winamZRolad dainiSna 489 egzarqosi. SesaZlo da mosalodnel usiamovnebaTa Tavidan acilebis mizniT egzarqosad dainiSna qarTveli, varlam qsnis erisTavi (1811-17), misi momdevno yvela egzarqosi rusi iyo. daiwyo saqarTvelos eklesiis namdvili rbeva. mravalricxovani saepiskoposoebi oTxamde daiyvanes, gaanadgures da daitaces Zvirfasi saeklesio inventari, SeRebes uZvelesi mxatvroba. iZarcveboda da ispoboda saeklesio Tu saero sabuTebi, xelnawerebi, rac gadarCa - peterburgSi waiRes. egzarqosi Teofilaqte wminda ninos saflavsac ki Seexo, gaZarcves da gaanadgures XV s-ze adrindeli qarTvel kaTalikosTa uZvirfasesi samoseli, daikarga auracxeli oqros nivTi da xelovnebis Zegli, gaitanes didi raodenobiT margaliti da Zvirfasi qva. ruseTis imperiam Tavisi moxeleebis xeliT saqarTvelos, maSindeli SefasebiT, 137 600 000 man. simdidre waarTva. amgvari moqmedeba samarTlian aRSfoTebas iwvevda qarTvelTa Soris. umTavresi boro- teba, rac ruseTis eklesiam saqarTveloSi da TbilisSi ganaxorciela, iyo eklesiidan qarTuli enis gandevna. es aqcia miznad isaxavda mosaxleobis garusebaSi sarwmunoebisa da eklesiis meqanizmis CarTvas. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiis 100 wlisTavze, 1901 wels, oTxma qarTvelma episkoposma gadawyvita TxovniT miemarTa ruseTis wminda sinodisaTvis, raTa mas peterburgis sasuliero akademiaSi daearsebina qarTuli sasuliero istoriis kaTedra. sinodma es Txovna uaryo. 1905 wels qarTvelma Tavadobam mimarTa kavkasiis mTavarmarTebels imperatorisaTvis gadaeca peticia, romelSic Setanili iyo Txovna saqarTveloSi arCeuli kaTalikosis taxtisa da iveriis saeklesio avtokefaliis aRdgenis Taobaze, msgavsad somexTa avtokefaluri eklesiisa, romelsac daubrunes CamorTmeuli mamulebi da aRudgines erovnuli samrevlo skolebi. sakiTxi gadaeca sagangebo komisias, romlis moxseniebis Semdgom sinodma meamboxed cno yvela xelismomweri. yovelive aman, rusi saeklesio moxeleebis mZarcvelobam da garusebis mcdelobam, maTi mxridan ruseTis saero-saxelisuflo politikis aSkarad gatarebam da policiurma reJimma xalxis TvalSi rusuli eklesiis msaxurebi dampyroblebad da ucxo Zalad warmoaCina, igi Tavisi arsiT policias gauTanabrda da eklesiis da xalxis totaluri daSoreba ganapiroba. daikarga rwmena, romelic yoveli mZime istoriuli gansacdelis Jams sulier sayrdens qmnida da sasicocxlo, SemoqmedebiT energias aniWebda qarTvel xalxs. sa- 490 qarTvelos eklesiisa da misi gamoCenili moRvaweebis devna XX saukuneSic gagrZelda. 1917 wlis 12 (25) marts saqarTvelos samRvdeloebam aRadgina avtokefalia, romelic ruseTis droebiTma mTavrobam icno, magram amas ar Tanxmdeboda rusuli eklesia. 1917 wlis 17 seqtembers saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyroblad arCeul iqna episkoposi kirioni. igi didi energiiT Seudga qarTuli eklesiis aRdgenis saqmes. 1918 wlis 27 ivniss kirioni mokles martyofis eklesiaSi. 1920 wlis 27 ivniss saeklesio krebam kaTalikosad daamtkica mitropoliti leonide oqropiriZe, romelic gardaicvala 1921 wels. qalaqis religiuri cxovreba Seicvala saqarTveloSi bolSevikebis SemoWris Semdgom, maT, pirvel yovlisa, gaanadgures qarTuli eklesia, misi meTaurebi, didi sazogado moRvaweni, radgan eklesia da misi mesveurebi erovnuli interesebis gamomxatvelad da dasayrdenad miaCndaT. bolSevikebma eklesias CamoarTves 8000 ha mis gankargulebaSi sxvadasxva dros gadmocemuli da SeZenili miwa, saganZuri, 7 mln. maneTi fuli. eklesias aekrZala swavlebis procesSi monawileoba. Sewyda saRvTo sjulis swavleba. 1921 wlis 1-5 seqtembris saeklesio krebam kaTalikospatriarqad airCia ambrosi xelaia. igi aqtiurad ereoda bolSevikebis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiis da damoukideblobis mitacebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. man sakaTalikoso sabWos dasturiT memorandumiT mimarTa genuis konferencias, mTeli msoflios mTavrobebs. am dokumentSi aRwerili iyo saqarTvelos umZimesi mdgomareoba, igi moiTxovda saokupacio jarebis gayvanas da saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi problemebis sakuTari nebiT, gadawyvetis uflebas. kaTalikosi ambrosi da sakaTalikozo sabWos wevrebi daapatimres. isini gaasamarTles da miusajes 7 wlis patimroba. saqarTvelos eklesias droebiT marTavda mitropoliti qristefore cicqiSvili, romlis drosac eklesia iZulebuli gaxda dasjereboda im rolsa da adgils, romelic mas bolSevikebma miuCines. man sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan loialobisa da TanamSromlobis kursi gamoacxada. 1921 w. kaTalikos patriarq ambrosis gardacvalebis Semdeg igi arCeul iqna sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos patriarqad. 1932-1952 w.w. saqarTvelos eklesiis meTauri iyo kalistrate cincaZe. eklesiis mdgomareoba TiTqos gaumjobesda germaniasTan omis dros, radganac i. stalinma sarwmunoeba 491 gamoiyena rogorc patriotuli grZnobebis masobrivi gaRvivebis saSualeba, magram Semdgom mdgomareoba mkveTrad gauaresda. xelisufleba eklesiis avtoritetis komprometaciis gzas daaga da amisaTvis arc erT amoralur xerxs ar Takilobda. aseTi viTareba gagrZelda 1985 wlamde, sanam eklesiisadmi TviTon mTavrobis damokidebuleba ar Seicvala. 1977 wlis 25 dekembers TbilisSi kaTalikos-patriarqad airCies cxum-afxazeTis mitropoliti ilia II. 1990 moxda saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisa da misi kaTalikos-patriarqis uflebamosilebaTa saerTaSoriso aRiareba. 1995 w. 18-19 seqtembers Sedga saqarTvelos gafarToebuli saeklesio kreba, romelmac miiRo eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debuleba. am sabuTis mixedviT saqarTvelos eklesia aRiarebulia avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesiad, romelsac aqvs 27 eparqia. saeklesio mmarTvelobis da xelisuflebis umaRlesi organoa saeklesio kreba, saqarTvelos eklesiis Ria sinodi, krebebs Soris periodSi ki - kaTalikos-patriarqi. bolo wlebSi saqarTvelosa da TbilisSi daiwyo farTo saeklesio mSenebloba. or aTeulze meti marto marTlmadidebluri eklesia aSenda. amaTgan didia TbilisSi, elias ubanSi mSenebare taZari. XX s. manZilze rwmenisa da mwyemsis gareSe darCenili mrevli ubrundeba eklesias. es exeba ara marto qarTvel marTlmadideblebs, aramed yvela aRmsareblobis mimdevarT. swored amis garantia saqarTvelos konstituciis me-19 muxlis sityvebi: „yovel adamians aqvs sityvis, azris, sindisis, aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba“. gamoyenebuli literatura: abduSeliSvili m,. kavkasiis mosaxleobis anTropologia feodalur xanaSi, kr. masalebi kavkasiis anTropologiisaTvis, VII, Tb., 1980. beriZe T., vaxuStis „iSitutruqis“ adgilis misaniSneblad, „macne“. istoriis seria, 1970, #5; misive, Zveli Tbilisis gareubnebis istoria, Tb., 1977. 492 gabiZaSvili e., erTi mazdeanuri tradiciis kvali qarTuli originaluri hagiografiis ramdenime ZeglSi, kr.: saqarTvelos eklesiis, qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobis da qristianuli xelovnebis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1985. giorgi mcire - giorgi aTonelis cxovreba, wgn.: qarTuli mwerloba, t. 2, Tb., 1987 w. epistoleTa wigni, somxuri teqsti qarTuli Targmani, gamokvleviTa da komentarebiT gamosca zaza aleqsiZem, Tb., 1968. lomouri n., narkvevebi qarTlis (iberiis) samefos istoriidan, Tb., 1975. lomsaZe S., gviani Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriidan, Tb., 1979. mgalobliSvili T., adreqristianuli qarTli, kr.: saqarTvelos eklesiis, qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobis da qristianuli xelovnebis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1995. mesxia S., saistorio Ziebani, t. 3, Tb., 1986. surgulaZe i., mokvdavi da aRdgenadi RvTaebebi, „masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis“, 1978, t. 19; misive, erTi saqorwilo wesis miTosur-religiuri bunebisaTvis (mefis ganadirebis analizis cda), „macne“ 1989, #1.; misive, qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika, Tb., 1993. feraZe g., ucxoel piligrimTa cnobebi qarTveli berebis da qarTuli monastrebis Sesaxeb, Tb., 1995.; qarTlis cxovreba, s. yauxCiSvilis gamoc. Sardeni J., mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi, Tb., 1975. CxeiZe T., saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli terminebi saSualo sparsulsa da parTul enebSi. Cxetia S., Tbilisis istoriisaTvis, „masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis“, 1938, nakv. 1. wereTeli g., saqarTvelos iranul saxelwodebaTa istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1993. WilaSvili l., qalaqebi feodalur saqarTveloSi, t. 2, Tb., 1970. WiWinaZe z., qarTveli ebraelni saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1904. javaxiSvili g., anTropologiuri plastika warmarTuli xanis saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1984. 493 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria. t. 1-2, Tb., 1979-83; janaSvili m., saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi Tbilisi, quTaisi, 1890. Абдушелишвили М., Антропологические заимоотношения Кавказа и Передней Азии в эпоху энеолита и бронзы, kr.: Человек и окружающая среда, Тб., 1984. Бакрадзе Д., Бердзенов Н., Тифлис в историческом и этнографическом отношении, Тфл., 1870. Иоселиани П., Описание древностей города Тифлиса, 1866. 494 ÌÏÎÙÈÓÍËÅÞÏ ÓÛÂÅÄÅÌÒ ÆÎËÒÆÏÍ ÁÎÒÌÜÒÏÍËÞÒÌ ÌÏÕÅÄÈÙÒÔË ÎÅÄÒÃÒÏÆ ÃÏÈËÚÕÏÆÅÞÏÈÆÅ* qarTvelTa uSualo winaprebis religiur rwmenaTa erTiani, mwyobri sistemis saxiT aRdgena SeiZleba daiwyos im momentidan, roca arqeologiuri kultura savaraudod mainc daukavSirdeba eTnikur erTobliobas, romelic dRevandel qarTvelebs Seesabameba. aseTi ram xerxdeba istoriuli ganviTarebis SedarebiT gviandel etapze, roca eTnikuri kultura aRwevs TviTgamosaxvis Zalian maRal, individualur formebs. manamde ki misi ZiriTadi niSnebi praqtikulad saerToa vrceli kulturuli wrisaTvis, romelsac esa Tu is eTnosi (am SemTxvevaSi qarTvelebi) ganekuTvneba. amitom qarTvelTa winaprebis religiur warmodgenebsa da miTosze msjeloba marTebulia maSinac, roca ar varT darwmunebuli, rom vexebiT uSualod genetikuri naTesavebis mier Seqmnil produqcias, magram ar gavcdebiT maTi ganfenis istoriulad SesaZlo sivrces. uZvelesi Zegli saqarTvelos teritoriaze, romelzedac grafikulad aris dafiqsirebuli adamianTa interesi, aris mRvimeSi aRmoCenili kirqvis lodi, zed saWreTlis saSualebiT gamoyvanili, garkveuli mimarTebis mqone xazebiT. aseTi tipis Zeglebi cnobilia evropuli zeda paleoliTidan1. sagvarjile kldebSi aRmoCenilia gaxvretili niJarebi, alebastris sayureebi, Tevzis gamosaxuleba. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs e. w. „meTauris kverTxi“, msxvili cxovelis neknisagan damzadebuli sagani, romelzedac sxva sqematur gamosaxulebebTan erTad Cans aramarTikuTxiT gadamkveTi xazebiT agebuli jvari, rac cxadyofs, rom am periodis adamians ukve aTvisebuli hqonda jvari – simbolo, rogorc qveynierebis oTxi mxaris aRmniSvneli sakoordinacio niSani. igi, amasTan erTad, damcveli niSanic unda yofiliyo. misi arseboba gvaZlevs warmodgenebis mniSvnelovnad rTul panoramas, rac qveynisa da cis oTx sakoordinacio wertilTan aris dakavSirebuli. amdenad es Zegli garkveul informacias Seicavs misi Semqmneli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel war- * werili dawerilia krebulisaTvis „qarTvelebi“ 495 modgenaTa Sesaxeb. sainteresoa amtyelis da kodoris SesarTavTan gamoqvabulSi aRmoCenili, daTvis Zvlisagan damzadebuli „isris gasamarTi“, magram misi geometriuli Semkuloba sainteresoa mxolod mocemuli farTis dekoratiulad aTvisebis principis TvalsazrisiT, radgan misi dekori raime konkretuli mniSvnelobis amocnobis saSualebas gamosaxuleba ar iZleva. SedarebiT mdidari masala aris SemorCenili neoliTis xanidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi. zRvispira zolSi mkvlevarebi garkveul uwyvet process xedaven adgilobriv gvian mezoliTsa da neoliTs Soris, rac aseve gulisxmobs uwyvetobas rwmena-warmodgenaTa dinamikaSi. aq jer kidev mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs nadiroba, magram ukve hyavT Sinauri Rori, Zroxa, cxvari da ZaRli. sacxovrebeli oTxkuTxaa, mownulia da Selesili, Tixatkepnili iatakiT, aqvT kera; ukve samkali danebis kaJis pirebi, magram miwis moqmedebis utyuarad damadasturebeli faqtebi jer ar Cans2. rwmena warmodgenebisa da miTsosis Sesaxeb informacia unda veZeboT am periodis adamianTa mier SemuSavebuli sivrcis organizaciis principebSi, rac areklilia sacxovreblis formebSi. SeiZleba virwmunoT, rom oTxkuTxa nagebobaTa mSenebeli sazogadoeba kargad iyo orientirebuli samganzomilebian sivrceSi, romelsac igi agebda vertikalur da horizontalur RerZebze, mrgvali cisa da oTxkuTxa qveyanis erTobliobis saxiT, Tumc am periodisaTvis mainc savaraudoa ufro aqtiuri datvirTva horizontaluri RerZisa. igi moicavda keTil, socialurad gamarTul „Sinas“, maRali saarsebo garantiebiT, dasaxlebas, garsSemortymuls mouwesrigebeli saxifaTo da moulodnelobiT aRsavse „gareTi“, romelic zebunebriv keTil da borot ZalTa Widilis asparezad da micvalebulTa mxared iTvleboda. am droisaTvis savaraudoa totemisturi rwmenebis aqtiuroba, romelTa Tanaxmad adamianTa sazogadoeba ganixileba bunebis obieqtebTan genetikur kavSirSi da ar upirispirdeba mas. ese igi, dapirispireba „buneba-kultura“ jer kidev formirebis procesSia. VII-VI aTaswleulebis neoliTuri masala ukve keramikis nimuSebs gvaZlevs, rac TavisTavad axal informaciul resurss warmoadgens misi Semoqmedi sazogadoebis mier inventaris axal formaTa warmoqmnis procesis morigi etapis Sesaxeb. igi mWidro kavSirSi unda yofiliyo metafo- 496 ruli azrovnebis gaRrmavebasa da miTosuri Sexedulebebis Semdgom diferenciaciasTan. yovelive es sabolood isaxeboda rogorc mrwamsis, ise misi praqtikuli realizaciis formebSi, ritualSi, rasac stimuls aZlevda axali SromiTi procesebisa da sameurneo mimarTulebebis aRmoceneba. sabolood yovelive amis mizani iyo sazogadoebis aRorZinebisa da keTildReobis garantiis realuri da warmosaxviTi formebis Seqna. keramikul nawarmTan dakavSirebiT uaRresad sainteresoa WurWlis nawilebis anTropomorfuli aRweris damkvidreba. nawilTa saxelwodebebi sul ufro mravalferovani xdeba. WurWlis axali formebis aRmocenebasTan erTad. gaCnda WurWlis piri, bage, tuCi, yeli, yuri, cxviri, gverdi, muceli. am elementTa erToblioba qmnis anTropomorful obieqts, romelic, msgavsad adamianis sxeulisa, itvirTeba topo da miTo-religiuri SexedulebebiT. dasrulebuli saxiT es sistema gasaRebs gvaZlevs WurWelze gamosaxuli ornamentuli qargis mTeli semantikuri velis Sesafaseblad. saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenil ornamentirebul eneoliTuri WurWlis dekorSi gavrcelebulia mcenaris, TavTavis, Tu Tevzis fxiseburad agebuli niSnebi da texili xazebi. es ukanaskneli, albaT wylis gamosaxvis Sexedulebas warmoadgens. texili mogvianebiT aseTi mniSvne- lobiT damkvidrda uZveles damwerlobebSi. safiqrebelia, rom igi imTaviTve wyals gamoxatavda. wyali da wvima adamianis maradiuli interesis sagans Seadgens, magram pirvelyofili Semgrovebluri da eqstensiuri miwismoqmedebis sawyis xanaSi unda aRmocenebuliyo wvimis gamowvevis martivi ritualebi, romlebic sakmaod mravalferovnad aris SemorCenili xalxur yofaSi, gawuwvis, wyalsacavebis provokaciuli Sebilwvis, wylis cxovelTa sagangebod mokvlisa da a. S. saxiT. mogvianebiT es ritualebi mTliandebian, erTian sistemad, romlis mizania meurneobisaTvis xelsayreli amindis gamowveva. amdenad mcenarisa da wylis amsaxveli motivebis erToblioba neoliTis keramikaSi savsebiT damajerebeli moCans. keramikasTanve, dakavSirebuli socialur-kulturuli sivrcis markirebis erTi axali principis gaCena, kerZod xarSvisa, radgan sakvebis moxarSva mxolod keramikuli warmoSobis aRmocenebis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli. Selocvebis teqstebidan Cans, rom adamiani „gare“ samyaros erT-erT niSnad Tvlida mis binadarT, romelsac igi „uwvav-uxarSavis 497 mWamelis“ saxeliT moixseniebda winaaRmdeg „Sinasi“, sadac mxolod momzadebuli saWmeli ixmareoboda. qarTvelTa ritualur praqtikaSi moxarSuli sakvebi dResac udides rols TamaSobs, gansxvavebiT Semwvarisagan, romelic mxolod specifikur situaciaSi ixmareba. keramikuli warmoebis aRmocenebam ganapiroba erTis mxriv ritualSi moxarSuli Sesawiravis gamoCena, meores mxriv Seiqmna axali obieqti, Tixis WurWeli, romelzedac aqtiurad daiwyes arsebul rwmena-warmodgenaTa Sinaarsis mqone kompoziciebis gamosaxva. eneoliTur xanaSi, roca ukve iwyebs gamoCenas liTonis nawarmi, civad gamokverili spilenZis nivTebi, nela, magram ganuxrelad, mimdinareobs Zvrebi sazogadoebrivsa da sameurneo cxovrebaSi, Tumca arqauli drois niSnebi jer kidev aqtiuria, am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi adamianTa sadgomebi jer isev gamoqvabulebsa da fardulebSia aRmoCenili. marTalia, miwis moqmedebis aSkara kvali ar Cans, magram ukve dawyebulia cxovelTa domestikaciis procesi. SesaZloa ukve am movlenis sameurneo mnSvnelobis Sedegi iyos imereTSi, samele kldeSi mopovebuli Tixis kvirisTavebi, romelTa zedapirze gamosaxulia mbrunavi, svastikiseburi kombinaciebi. specialistebi am gamosaxulebebSi solaruli kulturis niSnebsac ki xedaven. aseTi niSnebi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli mcire aziis adresamiwaTmoqmedo tomebSi da maT Soris msgavseba ideur samyaroTa siaxloveze unda miuTiTebdes3. amdenad, rogorc amas aRniSnuli masala mowmobs, dasavleT saqarTvelos eneoliTuri mosaxleobis religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi ukve Seicaven interess solaruli da kosmosuri movlenebis mimarT. brunvis niSani da misi kavSiri mzesTan kvirisTavebze - Zafis dasagrex xelsawyoze - migvaniSnebs, rom warmodgenebi aRorZinebasa da siuxveze, mcenareul da cxovelTa samyaroze, empiriul kosmogoniur Sexedulebebsac moicavda da erTi kompleqsis saxiT yalibdeba. miTosuri da religiuri TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo masalas gvaZlevs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos eneoliTuri Zeglebi. mtkvris, xramisa da debedas auzebSi VI-V aTaswleulebis gora-nasaxlarebze mopovebulia adresamiwaTmoqmedo xanis Zvlisa da qvis tipiuri inventari, dadgenilia dasaxlebis tipi, sadac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda sivrcis wriul organizacias. gansxvavebiT dasavleT saqarTvelosagan, sa- 498 dac adamiani kidev ayenebs sacxovreblad bunebriv gamoqvabulebebs, aq ukve ageben sacxovrebels, sadac wriuloba sivrcis organizaciis ZiriTad principad aris qceuli. cxovelTa dometiskacias, romelic am epoqaSi mimdinareobda, garkveuli koreqtivebi Seaqvs rwmena-warmodgenaTa sistemaSi, gansakuTrebiT nayofierebis kultebis formirebaSi, magram am siaxleebs, rogorc Cans, samyaros metaforul Sefasebas ukve damkvidrebuli formebi unda daxvedroda. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs metaforaTa xalxuri si- stema, sadac pozitivur vels eufleba gareuli cxoveli, xolo Sinauri, rogorc metafora, mxolod negatiuris aRmniS
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