Bushfire Country Fuel Fuel Vegetation
Transcrição
Bushfire Country Fuel Fuel Vegetation
Fire ecology of tropical, subtropical and temperate-boreal forest ecosystems Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) / Fire Ecology Research Group BSc Course „Ökologie der Wälder der Erde II“ 29-30 November 2012 Ökologie der Wälder der Erde –II Bushfire Country The plant, Feuerökologie in Ökosystemen Australiens climate and human Pete Sheldon ecology of fire in Australia Arbeitsgruppe Feuerökologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC), United Nations University (UNU) c/o Universität Freiburg 2 Fuel Mallee/Savannah ●Frequent large, cool fires ●Very sparsely populated ● Darwin ● ● ● Mallee/Spinifex/Savannah Highly variable Almost deserted Tropic of Capricorn ● Fine ● Dry ● Connected ● Plentiful Brisbane Perth Sydney Melbourne Marysville ● Hobart ● ● Tall forests Intense, rare fires Lots of people 3 Fuel 4 Vegetation Fire Season ● Fine Wi = Winter Sp = Spring Su = Summer ●Au = Autumn ● ● Vegetation ● ● Dry Weather ● Connected Management ● Plentiful 5 6 1 Fire ecology of tropical, subtropical and temperate-boreal forest ecosystems Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) / Fire Ecology Research Group BSc Course „Ökologie der Wälder der Erde II“ 29-30 November 2012 Vegetation Vegetation Fire Season ● ● ● ● Fire-philic Wi = Winter Sp = Spring Su = Summer Au = Autumn ● Eucalyptus ● Savannah ● Fire-phobic ● Rainforest ● Bi l Brigalow Mallee FIRE 7 Vegetation 8 Vegetation Fire-philic ● Tropical North Eucalyptus Fire-phobic Savannah Reproduction MaturityRainforest Competition IFI ● ● ● Mallee Typical InterInter Fire-Interval (years) Method of Post-Fire Reproduction ● The likely successor in Time after ● B i case l of too frequent or fire at which itBrigalow infrequent fire can reproduce* Savannah ● Spinifex ● Mallee FIRE 9 Vegetation 10 Vegetation Tropical North ● Savannah ● Reproduction Roots Maturity Annual Competition Spinifex ● Spinifex ● IFI 1-5 Tropical North ● Mallee 11 Savannah Spinifex ● IFI 5-20+ Reproduction Seed Maturity Competition 10-20 Savannah/Mallee/Desert Mallee 12 2 Fire ecology of tropical, subtropical and temperate-boreal forest ecosystems Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) / Fire Ecology Research Group BSc Course „Ökologie der Wälder der Erde II“ 29-30 November 2012 Vegetation Vegetation Tropical North ● Savannah ● Maturity 10+ ● Mallee Competition Spinifex/Brigalow ● Eucalyptus Forests 13 Vegetation 14 Vegetation Temperate South-east ● ● IFI Reproduction Lignotuber 20-100 Mallee Spinifex ● IFI Reproduction Lignotuber 20-100 Temperate South-east Maturity 10+ Temperate South-east Mallee ● Eucalyptus Forests Competition Grassland/Forest 15 Vegetation ● IFI Reproduction Seed 20-300 Maturity 10 Mallee Eucalyptus Forests Competition Mallee/Rainforest 16 Vegetation Physiological Adaptations to Fire ● ● ● Spinifex - 5+ years ● Epicormic Growth ● ● Fuel Regeneration from roots ● Physiological Adaptations to Fire Savannah - 1 year Regeneration from roots ● Seed Dispersal Changed soil conditions17 Epicormic Growth ● Forest - 10+ years ● Fuel Seed Dispersal Changed soil conditions18 3 Fire ecology of tropical, subtropical and temperate-boreal forest ecosystems Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) / Fire Ecology Research Group BSc Course „Ökologie der Wälder der Erde II“ 29-30 November 2012 Vegetation Vegetation Physiological Adaptations to Fire Mallee Coppice ● ● ● ● Epicormic Growth ● Resprouting Grass Fuel Regeneration from roots ● ● Physiological Adaptations to Fire Epicormic Growth ● Seed Dispersal ● Changed soil conditions19 Vegetation ● Fuel Regeneration from roots Seed Dispersal Changed soil conditions20 Vegetation Eucalyptus Physiological Adaptations to Fire Banksia ● ● ● ● Epicormic Growth ● ● Fuel Regeneration from roots ● Xanthorrea Physiological Adaptations to Fire Seed Dispersal Changed soil conditions21 Climate Regeneration from roots Epicormic Growth ● 0 Time since fire Available N* Available P* pH Soil Biota ● ● Fuel Seed Dispersal Changed soil conditions22 Climate I love a sunburnt country, A land of sweeping plains, Of ragged mountain ranges, Of droughts and flooding rains. Dorothea Mackella (1904) Variability ● ● Seasonal Tropics Strongly seasonal variation ● Extra-seasonal ● 23 Very high growth rates 24 4 Fire ecology of tropical, subtropical and temperate-boreal forest ecosystems Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) / Fire Ecology Research Group BSc Course „Ökologie der Wälder der Erde II“ 29-30 November 2012 Climate Climate Tropics The South Strongly seasonal variation ● ● Very high growth rates ● Seasonal variation not so strong ● 25 Climate Higher potential for droughts 26 Climate The South ● The South Seasonal variation not so strong ● ● Higher potential for droughts ● 27 Climate Seasonal variation not so strong Higher potential for droughts 28 Weather ● The South The North Seasonal variation not so strong Thunderstorms during the 'build-up' to the monsoon season spark large grass fires ● Higher potential for droughts 29 30 5 Fire ecology of tropical, subtropical and temperate-boreal forest ecosystems Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) / Fire Ecology Research Group BSc Course „Ökologie der Wälder der Erde II“ 29-30 November 2012 Weather Weather The South ● The South Common late summer weather pattern ● ● Common late summer weather pattern Notable in historic fires ● ● 1939, 1983, 2009 Notable in historic fires ● 1939, 1983, 2009 31 Weather 32 Weather The South Strong afternoon wind change The South 3pm Midday Midday 33 Weather Strong afternoon wind change 34 Weather The South 3pm Midday Strong afternoon wind change The South 3pm Midday 6pm 35 6pm 9pm 36 6 Fire ecology of tropical, subtropical and temperate-boreal forest ecosystems Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) / Fire Ecology Research Group BSc Course „Ökologie der Wälder der Erde II“ 29-30 November 2012 Weather Weather The South The South 3pm Midday 3pm Midday Victoria, NASA image January 30 2009 6pm 9pm 6pm 9pm 37 Weather Human Intervention The South The Aborigine 40 000+ years in Australia ● ● 3pm Midday 6pm 9pm Many uses and values of fire ● Victoria, NASA image January 30 2009 Victoria, NASA image February 10, 2009 38 (Un)Intended Landscape change 39 40 Wildu the Eagle In the Dreamtime there lived an eagle named Wildu who had two crow nephews both called Wakarla. As a type of All-Father, he was always telling them what to do. He told them what food they could eat and what food the elders could eat. Worse, according to tribal law, Wildu's two wives should be married to the Wakarla instead of Wildu, but they were still novices and could do little as he was their uncle. They decided on a plan to get rid of him. They constructed a fake rat's nest set up with sharpened kangaroo bones as a trap and ran to tell their uncle Wildu about it. Wildu's nephews persuaded him to jump on the nest to destroy it. He did so and the sharp bones went right through his feet, splitting them as they are today. There was a big ceremony to celebrate the death of the tyrannous Wildu and the Wakarla nephews took Wildu's wives. Wildu's wives were curious and searched for Wildu's body. When they found him they brought him back to life. Because they felt guilty for celebrating his death, they helped Wildu construct a trap in a cave. Wildu raised a great storm to chase all the birds and animals into the cave, then set a fire near the entrance to kill them all. Fortunately everyone escaped, but the magpies and crows only just got out – leaving them with the black marks that they carry to this day. Human Intervention The White Man 41 Fire Suppression → Bushfire Disaster 42 7 Fire ecology of tropical, subtropical and temperate-boreal forest ecosystems Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) / Fire Ecology Research Group BSc Course „Ökologie der Wälder der Erde II“ 29-30 November 2012 Black Saturday Temperature 45°C+ ●Humidity 10% ●Wind 110km/h+ ● Reference Material February 7, 2009 ● Certini G (2005) Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review Oecologia 143: 1-10 ● Australian Bureau of Meteorology www.bom.gov.au ● ● ● 450 000ha 2000 homes ● 173 lives Bushfire CRC (2010) Fire Note Bushfire CRC Ltd ● Bushfire CRC website www.bushfirecrc.com www bushfirecrc com ● ● ● 43 Penman et al (2011) Prescribed burning: how can it work to conserve the things we value? International Journal of Wildland Fire 20: 721-733 ● Bannister (2009) Modeling challenges from the Black Saturday 2009 event Australian Bureau of Meteorology Parkyn et al (2009) Meteorological lessons learned from 'Black Saturday', the 7 February 2009 Victorian fires Australian Bureau of Meteorology Many, many google and wikipedia seaches and images 44 8