erekle meoris samxedro politika

saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli
Stabi
J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis
departamenti
ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da
eTnologiis instituti
lela miqiaSvili
erekle meoris samxedro
politika
meomris biblioTeka #15
Tbilisi
2008
Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ meTxuTmete wigni; seria
iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli
saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.
seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli
aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia
popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es
patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa
udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi
warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel
oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da
a.S.
seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da
eTnologiis instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.
didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda,
saqarTvelos yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.
seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs,
rom brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.
vaJa kiknaZe
seriis saredaqcio kolegia:
recenzenti:
istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori
vaJa kiknaZe
istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori
Tamaz beraZe
istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori vaxtang goilaZe
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lnino gigani
ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe
redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe
teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili
damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo
departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli
topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.
q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20
tel.: +995 32 91-19-83
faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83
2
Stabis
Mmefe erekle II
3
qarTveli xalxis cnobierebaSi erekle II-s gansakuTrebuli adgili
uWiravs. Mmis saxels ukavSirdeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, anu qarTlkaxeTis samefos aRorZinebisaTvis warmoebul brZolebSi mopovebuli
araerTi brwyinvale gamarjveba. Eerekle II-is samxedro politikis warmateba
miT ufro mniSvnelovania, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mis gamefebas win
uZRoda qarTl-kaxeTisaTvis gansakuTrebuli Znelbedobis xana: 1723 wlidan
dawyebuli, Tormeti wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanaSi osmalebi (Turqebi)
batonobdnen, 1735 wlidan ki `osmaloba~ aranakleb mZime `yizilbaSobam~
(iranelTa batonobam) Secvala, romelic 1747 wlamde grZeldeboda. aseT
viTarebaSi, bunebrivia, qveyanaSi sruli ganukiTxaoba sufevda. qveynisaTvis,
Sida aneqsiaze gacilebiT ufro didi ubedureba lekTa TareSi iyo. am
periodSi qarTl-kaxeTSi ar darCenila arc erTi kuTxe, romelic lekebs ar
daerbiaT da gaeZarcvaT. amas mravali mizezi hqonda: lekTa SeiaraRebul
razmebs qarTveli feodalebi xSirad erTmaneTis dasarbevad iyenebdnen; garda
amisa, amboxebul qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad lekebs osmalebic
iyenebdnen, da bolos, upatronod darCenil qveyanaSi lekebi sakuTari
iniciativiTac laSqrobdnen _ Tavs esxmodnen mosaxleobas, Zarcvavdnen mas
da mihqondaT yvelaferi, rasac moixelTebdnen: tyveebi, saqoneli, iaraRi,
sakvebi da sxva. Bbunebrivia, yovelive amas meurneobis dacema,Ymosaxleobis
raodenobis katastrofulad Semcireba, xolo Sedegad zogierTi kuTxis
sruli gaukacrieleba mohyva. iran-osmaleTis mravalwliani metoqeobis
asparezad qceul saqarTvelos sruli ganadgureba emuqreboda. aseT
viTarebaSi, iranis taxts daeufla nadir-Sahi (yofili Tamaz-yuli-xani,
1736-1747 ww.) _ yizilbaSTa avSaris tomis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli. igi
1726 wlidan Sah-TamazTan msaxurobda da warmatebiT xelmZRvanelobda
iranis brZolas avRanelebisa da osmalebis winaaRmdeg, ramac mniSvnelovnad
imoqmeda misi avtoritetis amaRlebaze. 1732 w. man taxtidan Camoagdo SahTamaz II da misive mcirewlovani Svili abas III Sahad gamoacxada, TviTon ki
droebiT regentobas* dasjerda; garkveuli periodi man sakuTari poziciebis
gasamyareblad gamoiyena da 1736 w. iranis Sahis taxti daikava. 1737-1739
wlebSi
ganxorcielebuli
laSqrobebis
Sedegad
nadir-Sahma
Seqmna
uzarmazari imperia, romlis SemadgenlobaSic iranis garda, provinciebisa
Tu vasaluri teritoriebis saxiT, Sevida somxeTi, Aazerbaijani,
aRmosavleT saqarTvelo, daRestani, avRaneTi, belujistani*, xivisa* da
buxaris saxanoebi*.
Aamrigad, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi osmaloba isev yizilbaSobiT
Seicvala, Tumca amiT qveyanaSi araferi Secvlila, piriqiT _ yizilbaSobas
Tan mohyva axali gadasaxadebi da darbevebi, ris sapasuxodac qarTl-kaxeTSi
kvlav
ajanyebebi
daiwyo.
samwuxarod,
ajanyebulTa
SeuTanxmebeli
moqmedebebisa, da rac mTavaria _ damxmare Zalebis ararsebobis gamo, am
brZolas didi warmateba ar ewera: am droisaTvis iran-osmaleTs Soris
morigi zavi gaformda, Sesabamisad, ajanyebulTaTvis imTaviTve gamoricxuli
4
iyo osmaleTis mxardaWeris mopoveba da am gziT ukve mravaljer nacadi
politikis gatareba, romelic erTi mowinaaRmdegis meoris sapirispirod
gamoyenebas gulisxmobda da romelsac qarTvelebi saukuneTa manZilze
warmatebiT iyenebdnen. aqedan gamomdinare, ajanyebulTa erTaderT imedad isev
ruseTi rCeboda; am mizniT saimperatoro karze qarTvelTa ramdenime
elCobac gaigzavna, magram arsebul viTarebaSi ruseTisagan daxmarebis
miRebas realuri safuZveli ar gaaCnda, radganac TurqeTTan omSi (1735-1739
ww.) Cabmul ruseTs, bunebrivia, xels ar aZlevda iranTan urTierTobis
garTuleba; amrigad, sakmaod Zlieri mtris pirispir qarTvelebi martoni
aRmoCndnen. aseT viTarebaSi saqarTveloSi gamwesebuli yizilbaSTa jaris
sardalma sefi-xanma ajanyebis meTaurebs patieba, SahTan Suamdgomloba da
xarkis Semcireba aRuTqva da am dapirebebis wyalobiT Sexvedraze daiTanxma,
Semdeg ki fici gatexa, yvelani Seipyro da ispaanSi nadir-SahTan gagzavna. am
datyvevebul qarTvelTa Soris iyo erekle II-is mama _ Teimuraz II.
Teimurazi qarTlis mefis erekle I-is (1688-1703 ww.), anu igive
nazarali-xanis vaJi iyo (erekle I aRizarda ruseTis samefo karze, sadac
TiTqmis oci weli mZevlad imyofeboda da cnobili iyo nikolozis
saxeliT). Teimurazi jer kaxeTis gamgebeli iyo (1709-1715 ww.), Semdeg ki
_ mefe (1733-1744 ww.); Tavis ZmasTan _ konstantine II-Tan (kaxeTis mefe
1722-1732 ww.) erTad igi aqtiurad ibrZoda aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
gabatonebuli osmalebis winaaRmdeg da mniSvnelovani rolic Seasrula maTi
gandevnis saqmeSi; Tumca amis miuxedavad, nadir-Sahi mas karga xans mainc
eWvis TvaliT uyurebda da Teimurazs sakmaod didi Zalisxmeva dasWirda
misi ndobis mosapoveblad.
Teimurazis meuRle (erekles deda) Tamari cnobili qarTveli mefis _
vaxtang VI-is asuli iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tamari qarTl-kaxeTis
gaerTianebis gegmis erT-erT iniciatorad moiazreboda: igi sakmaod Wkviani
politikosi da brwyinvale diplomati iyo; misi gavlena qveynis politikur
cxovrebaze cnobili iyo ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mis farglebs
gareTac. rogorc Cans, mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoebrivi problemebis
mogvarebaSi dedoflis Rvawlis Sesaxeb kargad icoda nadir-Sahmac,
romelmac jer kidev 1735 wels, erevanSiYyofnisas, roca Teimurazi
TavisTan daibara da daatyveva, mas ubrZana, Tamar dedofalic iq xleboda.
gzaSi Teimurazma gaqceva moaxerxa da saswrafod TuSeTs Seafara Tavi,
riTac dedofalsac aarida tyveobis safrTxe; magram TavisTavad dedoflis
pirovnebiT nadir-Sahis aseTi daintereseba aSkarad metyvelebs imaze, Tu
raoden mniSvnelovani adgili eWira Tamars im periodis saqarTvelos
politikur cxovrebaSi. sagulisxmoa, rom 1736 wlidan, rodesac Teimurazi
nadir-Sahis moTxovniT iZulebiT gaemgzavra irans, kaxeTis gamgeblad Tamari
darCa. igi mtkiced da energiulad marTavda qveyanas da saxelmwifo
Tanamdebobebsac Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr anawilebda.
5
sefi-xanis mier datyvevebuli qarTvelebis iranSi Casvlisas nadir-Sahis
ganwyoba ukve sapirispirod iyo Secvlili, rasac Tavisi mizezebi hqonda:
SahisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom verc gamahmadianebulma qarTvelebma da verc
maT dasaxmareblad gamwesebulma yizilbaSma
sardlebma ver SeZles
saqarTveloSi iranis xelisuflebisaTvis misaRebi da sasurveli reJimis
damyareba, qarTvelTa ajanyebebs bolo ar uCanda, sastik damsjel
RonisZiebebs ki aranairi Sedegi ar mohyolia. Aam garemoebebma Sahi aiZules,
daTmobaze wasuliyo: man Teimurazs kaxeTis mefoba SesTavaza, amis
sanacvlod ki misi qal-vaJis _ ereklesa da qeTevanis iranSi gamoZaxeba
mosTxova. im droisaTvis erekle mxolod 15 wlis iyo (igi daibada 1720
w.), magram ukve aqtiurad monawileobda saxelmwifo saqmianobasa da
samxedro operaciebSi, rasac adasturebs erekles mematiane da misive
cxovrebis aRmwereli
oman xerxeuliZe: `welsa 1735 movidnen lekni da
qisiyi moarbives. maSin iyo Ze mefisa Teimurazisa irakli wlisa 15,
romelman Semoiyara soflebidam jari, ewia mindorSi da Zlierad Semoebnen
lekni; garna TviT ese yrma, Ze mefisa Teimurazisa irakli, Sevida Sinagan
jarsa lekisasa da pirvelad aman mokla kaci da amis mxilvelTa kaxTa
erTpirad mimarTes yiviliT da wina wariqcies jari lekisa, dahyares tyveni
da saqoneli da moswyvitnes umravlesni; …... da friad mxiarul iqmnen kaxni,
ixiles ra simxne da mamacoba memkvidrisa misisa~ qarTul istoriul
wyaroebSi uamravi cnobaa Semonaxuli erekles mier brZolis wina xazze
gamoCenili umagaliTo gmirobis Taobaze: mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze,
xandazmul asakSic ki, ar yofila SemTxveva, rom erekle sakuTari meomrebis
mxardamxar ar CarTuliyo brZolaSi. Aamis TvalsaCino magaliTi iyo misi
mefobis miwuruls gamarTuli krwanisis brZolac, romlis Sesaxebac
mogvianebiT gveqneba saubari.
Aaqve unda iTqvas, rom erekles siyrmidanve, nebismieri politikuri
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas aseTive Seudrekeloba axasiaTebda. rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, Teimurazis gaTavisuflebis sanacvlod, nadir-Sahma ereklesa da
qeTevanis iranSi Casvla moiTxova. Aamis Taobaze kaxeli didebulebi didxans
bWobdnen; veragi Sahis ndoba ar SeiZleboda, aravin iyo darwmunebuli, rom
batoniSvilebis xelSi Cagdebis Semdeg igi Tavisive sityvas ar gatexda,
aseT SemTxvevaSi ki kaxeTi mefisa da taxtis memkvidris gareSe rCeboda.
Aamitomac, usafrTxoebis mizniT, erekles urCevdnen, Tavi Seekavebina iranSi
wasvlisagan, magram man `didad uarhyo warusvleloba Tvisi da hsTqva:
mamaCemi iq unda hyvandesT da Cemis iq misvliT gamoutevebdnen
(gamouSvebdnen, l.m) da me amazed davbrkolde da ara warvide, es Cemgan
SeuZlo ariso.~ Aamrigad, 1737 wlis martSi batoniSvilebi irans Cavidnen.
Nnadir-Sahma qeTevan batoniSvili Tavis Zmiswuls _ ali-yuli-xans miaTxova
colad, Teimurazs kaxeTis mefoba uboZa da saqarTveloSi gamouSva, erekle
ki TavisTan daitova da indoeTis laSqrobaSi Tan iaxla. sainteresoa, rom
mematianis cnobiT, am Sexvedrisas nadir-Sahs ereklesaTvis mahmadianur
6
sarwmunoebaze gadasvla SeuTavazebia, magram pasuxad uari miiRo: `Cemi
sikvdili SesaZlebel ars da sulisa (mokvla, l.m.) _ vervis ZaluZso da
arc me gavmahmadiandebio~ amasTan dakavSirebiT, unda iTqvas, rom Sahabasisagan
gansxvavebiT,
nadir-Sahi
saqarTvelos
mimarT
mkacri
antiqristianuli politikis gatarebis momxre ar yofila: mravalwlovanma
gamocdilebam igi daarwmuna, rom qarTl-kaxeTSi iranis batonobis
SenarCuneba Sahisadmi morCili qristiani mmarTvelis meSveobiT ufro
xelsayreli iyo, vidre gamahmadianebuli qarTveli xanebisa, romlebic
mosaxleobaSi naklebi ndobiT sargeblobdnen. niSandoblivia isic, rom am
droisaTvis religiuri momenti qarTvel mefeTa da kerZod _ Teimuraz II-is
sagareo politikaSi uTuod meorexarisxovani iyo. politikuri orientacia
saqarTvelos interesebis Sesabamisad icvleboda da Teimurazic, Tavisi
winamorbedi mefeebis msgavsad,
cdilobda, rom arsebuli situaciiT
nakarnaxevi Zlieri mtrisadmi morCileba qarTl-kaxeTis interesebis
sasikeTod gamoeyenebina. amitomac iyo, rom politikuri viTarebidan
gamomdinare, Teimurazi periodulad nadir-Sahis opoziciur banakSic
yofila, misi erTgulebis damtkicebac xSirad ucdia, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
misive Zalebic gamouyenebia sakuTari qveynis interesebisaTvis, xolo nadirSahis damxobis Semdeg _ ruseTis imperiasTan momgebiani urTierTobis
damyarebisTvisac mcdeloba ar dauklia.
iseT mtrul saxelmwifoTa
garemocvaSi, rogorSic imdroindeli saqarTvelo imyofeboda, albaT,
sxvagvari politika verc gaamarTlebda. Teimurazis moqmedebis sqema
konkretulad
ase
gamoiyureba:
yizilbaSTa
winaaRmdeg
ajanyebulma
Teimurazma ruseTisagan ver miiRo daxmareba, amitomac igi nadir-Sahs
swored im momentSi Seurigda, roca es ukanaskneli iranis teritoriebis
Semokrebas amTavrebda da aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT grandiozul
laSqrobas gegmavda. Teimurazma zustad gaTvala, rom iranis mbrZanebels
swored maSin sWirdeboda mxardaWera amierkavkasiaSi, sadac Tavisi reJimis
SenarCunebas mxolod yizilbaSTa saokupacio jarebiT ver uzrunvelyofda.
amitom iyo, rom Sahma kaxeTis mefe Teimurazs `qristianoba miuteva~ da
didi pativiT gamoistumra samSobloSi. Aam nabijiT nadir-Sahma erTi mxriv
scada, Seemsubuqebina Tavisive winamorbedTa codvebi qristianuli qarTlkaxeTis mimarT, meore mxriv, mas kargad esmoda, rom es gza misTvisac
momgebiani iyo, radganac religiuri Semwynarebloba im dros erT-erTi
Zlieri berketi iqneboda saimisod, rom irans aRekveTa qarTvel
politikosTa kavSiri qristianul ruseTTan. yovelive amis Sedegad ki
Teimurazma xarkisagan daixsna kaxeTi, xolo nadir-Sahma Teimurazis
meSveobiT daamSvida mRelvare qarTli, romelsac Sahis mier daniSnulma
yizilbaSma mmarTvelebma (e. w. `veqilebma~) Tavi ver gaarTves.
Nnadir-SahTan ereklem TiTqmis ornaxevari weli gaatara da miuxedavad
imisa, rom am xnis manZilze, igi mZevlis statusiT imyofeboda, axalgazrda
batoniSvilisaTvis es iyo SesaniSnavi skola, sadac igi gaiwafa aRmosavlur
7
diplomatiaSi, politikasa da samxedro strategiaSi. amasTanave, nadirSahTan erTad indoeTis laSqrobaSi monawileobisas man udidesi sabrZolo
gamocdilebac miiRo da Zlevamosili
dampyroblis winaSec saTanadod
warmoaCina sakuTari niWi da unari. amasTan dakavSirebiT, erekles mematianis
TxzulebaSi Semonaxulia erTi gadmocema, romelic mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor
aRafrTovana Sahi erekles maxvilgonivrulma rCevam erT-erTi provinciis _
`sindeTis~ (sindis)* dapyrobisas. Aaq mas sazRvarTan aRmarTuli qvis sveti
daxvda, romelzec Semdegi warwera iyo amokveTili: `ukuniTi ukunisamde
wyeulimc iyos is, vinc am svets gadaabijebs~. am wyevlam crumorwmune
iraneli meomrebi daafrTxo da maT uari ganacxades gzis gagrZelebaze.
Nnadir-Sahma verc muqariT da verc gamxnevebiT ver SeZlo maTi daTanxmeba.
Aam dros erekles misTvis urCevia, rom aRniSnuli sveti daeSalaT da
spiloebis zurgze SemoedoT, spiloebi ki jars waruZRvebodnen. Amgvarad,
wyevla aravis daatydeboda Tavs, radganac arc erTi meomari mas ar
gadabijebda. aseT marjve rCevas Sahi aRtacebaSi mouyvania da madlierebis
niSnad TiTqos 20 aTasi oqroc uboZebia ereklesaTvis.
1739 w. 28 maiss nadir-Sahma qarTveli batoniSvili guluxvad
daasaCuqra da samSobloSi gamoistumra. xangrZlivi mgzavrobis Semdeg
erekle kaxeTSi dabrunda (1739 w. 13 seqtembers) da dauyovnebliv Caeba
qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi. Aam
droisaTvis kaxeTis samefo karze
dawyebuli iyo qveynis gaerTianebis gegmis SemuSaveba, romlis erT-erTi
sulisCamdgmeli Tamar dedofalic iyo.
aRmosavleTSi laSqrobis dasrulebis Semdeg, nadir-Sahma daRestnis
sabolood damorCileba ganizraxa. Ees masStaburi laSqroba 1741-1742
wlebSi
ganxorcielda.
Mmiuxedavad
imisa,
rom
nadir-Sahi
mTel
aRmosavleTSi uZlieres xelmwifed iTvleboda, daRestnel mTielTa
Seupovari winaaRmdegobis daZleva man ver SeZlo: lekebi miuval xeobebSi
Caiketnen da Zlieri partizanuli brZola wamoiwyes. Aamis gamo, nadir-Sahis
gegma daRestnis elviseburi dapyrobis Taobaze ver ganxorcielda, omi
gaWianurda, yizilbaSTa mravalaTasian laSqars ki sursaTi Semoaklda. Sahma
advilad ipova gamosavali da saWiro sursaTi amierkavkasiis qveynebisagan,
maT Soris _ qarTl-kaxeTisaganac moiTxova, ramac mosaxleobaSi sapasuxo
ajanyebebi gamoiwvia.
jer kidev daRestnis laSqrobamde 1741 w. Sahma
qarTl-kaxeTSi Tavisi sagangebo moxele _
mumeizi (`aRmwereli~)
gamoagzavna, romlis miTiTebiTac TiTqmis yoveli goji miwa, pirutyvi,
xexili, vazi da ra Tqma unda, TiToeuli mosaxle aRweres da dabegres;
gadasaxadebi daaweses TiToeul Senobazec. im periodis kidev erTi qarTveli
mematianis _ papuna orbelianis cnobiT, aseTi mZime gadasaxadebis gadaxda
yovlad SeuZlebeli iyo da amis gamo `mravali suli aiyara, bevri adgili
umetesad aoxrda. Mmravali kaci venaxsa da baRebs Tavisi xeliT kafdis da
aoxrebdis~, xolo qarTlSi puri ise gaZvirda, rom mosaxleoba `balaxis
kurkas gaaxmobdian, dafqvidnen da imas sWamdnen~. Seqmnili mdgomareobis
8
gamo, qarTvelebi ganudgnen nadir-Sahs, mis mier daniSnulma gamgebelma
qarTlSi ajanyebis CaxSoba ver moaxerxa, amitom Tavisi warumateblobis
dasafaravad Teimurazs am ajanyebis monawileoba daabrala da SahTan
daasmina. rogorc oman xerxeuliZe gvamcnobs, ganrisxebulma Sahma ganizraxa
`ayra da mowyveta (daxocva) qarTl-kaxeTisa erisa~. Aaxali ganadgurebisagan
qveyana isev da isev dedofal Tamaris diplomatiurma xelovnebam ixsna,
romelic Teimurazma `waravlina vedrebad yaenisa winaSe,~ raTa misi
mrisxaneba daecxro. Ddedofali daRestanSi dabanakebul nadir-Sahs eaxla da
misTvis Cveuli brZnuli saubriT igi Teimurazis udanaSaulobaSi daarwmuna,
amave dros aRniSna Sahis mimarT erekles erTguli damokidebulebac.
Ddedoflis vizitma sasurveli Sedegi gamoiRo. nadir-Sahi molba, Tamaris
yvela Txovna daakmayofila da didi pativiTac gamoistumra. Tumca imis
gamo, rom Tamaris diplomatiiT moxiblulma Sahma kaxeTi gadasaxadebisagan
gaaTavisufla, mTeli simZime qarTlze gadavida, rac Tavis mxriv ajanyebis
axali talRis mizezi gaxda. amave dros, iranSi Seqmnilma sirTuleebma mis
tradiciul moqiSpeebs aqtiurobisaken ubiZges. TurqeTi, romelsac
aSfoTebda nadir-Sahis Zlevamosili laSqrobebis warmateba, ukve omisaTvis
emzadeboda; movlenaTa ganviTarebas yuradRebiT akvirdeboda ruseTic.
qarTlSi mzaddeboda didi SeTqmuleba, romelsac saTaveSi edga Wkviani da
Zlieri Tavadi _ givi amilaxvari. mas saamilaxvro* da qsnis saerisTavo*
eWira, aragvis erisTavi ki misi mokavSire da Tanamoazre iyo; amdenad,
qarTlis CrdiloeT da dasavleT nawils givi amilaxvari akontrolebda.
Mman Teimurazsac SesTavaza ajanyebaSi monawileoba, magram ver daiTanxma
igi. rogorc Cans, Teimurazma im droisaTvis swori gadawyvetileba miiRo.
miuxedavad WeSmaritad keTilSobili ideisa, romelic dampyroblebisagan
qveynis
gaTavisuflebas
gulisxmobda,
givi
amilaxvari
iranelebTan
(yizilbaSebTan) brZolas Turqebis (osmalebis) daxmarebiT apirebda, magram
qarTvelebs jer kidev kargad axsovdaT `osmalobis~ simZime. Seqmnil
viTarebaSi nadir-Sahis interesebi Teimurazisa da Tamaris gegmebs emTxveoda
_ Sahi Teimurazs Tavis erTgul ymad miiCnevda, im dros rodesac osmaleTi
xels uwyobda qarTlis ajanyebas, Sahs aq haeriviT sWirdeboda Tavisi
erTguli momxre, Teimurazs ki qarTlis mefobaze kanonieri ufleba hqonda,
radgan misi meuRle Tamari qarTlis mefis vaxtang VI-is asuli iyo. aqedan
gamomdinare, kaxTa mefis mxardaWeras SahisaTvis gacilebiT didi
mniSvneloba eniWeboda.
Aim xanebSi nadir-Sahi sakmaod rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda.
TurqeTTan wamowyebuli axali omis fonze (1743-1746 ww.) iranis Sida
provinciebSi ajanyebebi mZvinvarebda. TurqeTisave waqezebiT areuloba
daiwyo amierkavkasiis saxanoebSic, xolo daRestanSi warumatebelma
laSqrobam Sahs kidev ufro gaurTula saqme. aseT viTarebaSi qarTlSi
dawyebuli ajanyeba iseTi gavleniani feodalis meTaurobiT, rogoric iyo
givi amilaxvari, irans did saSiSroebas uqmnida. Nnadir-Sahma isic kargad
9
icoda, rom am ajanyebis CasaxSobad sakuTari Zalebis gamoyeneba misTvis
araxelsayreli iyo, radgan qarTvelTa TvalSi iranis Sahi, rogorc
dampyrobeli, mxolod undoblobasa da siZulvils iwvevda. amitom nadirSahisaTvis yvelaze kargi gamosavali iyo is, rom qarTvelTa ajanyeba isev
qarTvelebis xeliT CaexSo da am saqmeSi igi Teimurazze ukeTes
kandidaturas versad ipovida, radganac qristiani mefe mosaxleobaSi didi
mxardaWeriT sargeblobda. Tumca amis sanacvlod, Sahs unda ezruna, rom am
saqmeSi Teimurazsac saTanado daintereseba hqonoda da swored aq daemTxva
Sahis gegmebi Teimurazis miswrafebebs saqarTvelos (pirvel rigSi ki _
qarTl-kaxeTis) gaerTianebisaken.
Mmas Semdeg, rac Sahma kaxeTi xarkisagan gaaTavisufla, Teimurazis
politikis momxreTa ricxvi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, xolo qsnisa da
aragvis xeobaSi da MmTlianad qarTlSic, ajanyebis monawile Tavadebs Soris
nel-nela gaCnda iranTan Serigebis survili. Ggarda amisa, gadasaxadebiTa da
ganuwyveteli omebiT ganawameb qarTlis mosaxleobas Tvalwin edga kaxeTi,
sadac arc gauTavebeli urTierTdarbevebi iyo, aRarc yizilbaSTa TareSi da
arc sayaeno xarki. Aaqedan gamomdinare, givi amilaxvrisaTvis Teimurazis
winaaRmdeg brZola gacilebiT ufro Zneli unda yofiliyo, vidre
yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg. Mmokle xanSi, nadir-Sahma kaxeTis mefes daumtkica
aragvis saerisTavo* da qsnis saerisTavoc aRuTqva. es amilaxvrisaTvis
Zlieri dartyma iyo, Tumca igi imeds mainc ar kargavda. 1743 wlisaTvis
iranSi saSineli SimSiloba daiwyo, xalxis ukmayofilebam bevr provinciaSi
ajanyebis saxe miiRo, amave dros SirvanSi gamoCnda iranis taxtis axali
pretendentic da yvelafer amas emateboda iran-osmaleTs Soris dawyebuli
omi. TurqeTis waqezebiT irans ganudga amierkavkasiis saxanoebis didi
nawili. aseT viTarebaSi givi amilaxvris laSqari, romelic zogierTi
cnobis
Tanaxmad,
12
aTasi
kacisagan
Sedgeboda,
nadir-SahisaTvis
mniSvnelovan safrTxes warmoadgenda da savaraudod, aqedan gamomdinareobda
misi gadawyvetilebac TeimurazisaTvis aragvis xeobis gadacemis Sesaxeb. amis
Semdeg qsnis xeobis dakaveba did siZneles aRar warmoadgenda.
Tavdapirvelad Teimurazi ZmaTaSoris sisxlisRvras moerida da Seecada
`mravlis wyalobis dapirebiT~ Semoerigebina qsnisxevelni, magram es
mcdeloba uSedegod damTavrda. maSin man erekle kaxeTidan moixmo jariT,
ris Semdegac, rogorc papuna orbeliani mogviTxrobs `Sevida kaxi batoni
Teimuraz, daimona xmliT qsnis xevi, dadga Sig~, amis Semdeg givi amilaxvris
winaaRmdeg brZola gadamwyvet fazaSi Sevida. Mmis mflobelobaSi iyo
`sxvilos cixe, ori Wala, surami, kexvi, qcxinvali da qarTlis cixe qsanze,
kidev wiqori~ (wirqoli, l.m.). amasobaSi, amilaxvris momxreTa banakSi
ganxeTqileba gaCnda, amiT isargebles kaxelebma da misi uaxloesi
TanamebrZoli, misive biZaSvili revaz amilaxvari gadmoibires. unda iTqvas,
rom givi amilaxvris mowinaaRmdege Tavadebis pozicia TavisTavad
srulebiTac ar gulisxmobda iranelTa batonobasTan Seguebas; isini
10
realurad afasebdnen Seqmnil viTarebas da miiCnevdnen, rom im droisaTvis
iranis SahisaTvis mxardaWera TavianTi ZiriTadi miznis gansaxorcieleblad,
anu _ qveynis gasaerTianeblad gamoeyenebinaT. movlenaTa Semdgomma
ganviTarebam marTlac daadastura am gadawyvetilebis upiratesoba: qsnisa da
aragvis xeobebis dakargvis Semdeg, givi amilaxvari gamouval mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCnda da daxmarebisaTvis osmaleTs mimarTa, am nabijiT ki sakuTar Tavs
TviTonve gamoutana ganaCeni, radganac qarTlis TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli
gmiri, misive momxreTa TvalSi, ukve osmalTa momzred iqca. cnobili
qarTveli mecnieri Nniko berZeniSvili
Aamis Sesaxeb werda: `qarTlis
sazogadoebis TvalSi, ajanyebas ideuri safuZveli gamoecala, radganac
brZolis dawyebisas amilaxvari qarTlSi osmalTa Semoyvanaze ar fiqrobda,
igi `qarTvelobis~ dasacavad ebrZoda `osmalobasac~ da `yizilbaSobasac~,
swored amitom gaerTianda mis garSemo qarTlelTa mniSvnelovani nawili.
Teimurazis mier warmoebulma politikam ki maT daanaxa, rom igi iseve
gaaTavisuflebda qarTls yizilbaSobisagan, rogorc gaaTavisufla kaxeTi im
dros, rodesac osmaleTis daxmarebis mizani mxolod da mxolod qarTlis
dapyroba iyo~.
Aamrigad, Teimurazma qsnisa da aragvis saerisTavoebidan gaaZeva givi
amilaxvris momxreebi. amis sapasuxod 1744 w. zamTarSi axalcixidan
osmalTa didi laSqari daiZra da suramSi dabanakebul amilaxvris jars
SeuerTda. qarTvelTa da TurqTa erTianma jarma (5 aTasamde kaci) aCabeTis
cixeSi gamagrebul erekles Seuties. Mmematianis cnobiT, erekles am dros
daaxloebiT eqvsasamde meomari Hhyavda (300 qarTveli da 300 leki), magram
miuxedavad amisa, iolad SeZlo gacilebiT mravalricxovani miwinaaRmdegis
damarcxeba. istoriuli wyaroebi am brZolas ase aRweren: `gamovidnen kaxni,
dauSines, rom Tofis xmisagan yurTa xma aRar iyo. sZlies kaxTa, gaaqcies
urumni, mihyvnen ukan kafiT (e.i. xovca-JletiT, l.m.) qcxinvalamdis…...… da
gamobrundnen gamarjvebulni. Mmas dRes rom genaxaT batoniSvili erekle,
amas bZanebdiT: Tuca lomi, egre ibrZviso! asakiTa iyo mcire, magram rasac
saqmes iqmoda, falavanis Sesadarisi iqneboda.~ Ddamarcxebuli amilaxvari
Tavisi jariT surams dabrunda da sul male, kars momdgari zamTris SiSiT,
axalcixeSi gadavida.
Aamave xanebSi, Teimurazma da ereklem kidev erTi didi samsaxuri
gauwies nadir-Sahs: TurqeTTan mimdinare omis fonze iranis SigniTac
gaaqtiurdnen Sahis mowinaaRmdegeni; amjerad, maT sababad gamoiyenes nadirSahis mier iranis taxtis ukanonod miTviseba da wina planze wamoswies
taxtis `kanonieri memkvidre~, romelic Sah-Tamazis Svilad _ `Sah-zadad~
gamoacxades da misTvis mamiseuli taxtis dabrunebis moTxovna wamoayenes.
isedac rTul mdgomareobaSi myofi nadir-SahisaTvis es ukve gamanadgurebeli
dartyma iyo, amitomac man Tavis Svils _ nasrula-mirzas saswrafod
daavala taxtis maZieblis Sepyroba. Nnasrula-mirzam amboxebulebTan
brZolaSi gaimarjva, magram mTavari mizani ganuxorcielebeli darCa: Sah11
zadam daaxloebiT askaciani amalis TanxlebiT gaqceva moaxerxa. Ppapuna
orbelianis cnobiT, igi md. Qqsnis xeobisaken gaemarTa, sadac givi
amilaxvari eguleboda, magram iq mas Teimurazi da erekle daxvdnen
qarTvelTa jariT, Seipyres igi da ananuris cixeSi gamoamwyvdies. rogorc
ki es ambavi acnobes, madlierebis niSnad nadir-Sahma guluxvad daasaCuqra
qarTveli mefeebi da momavalSi kidev ufro didi wyaloba aRuTqva;
datyvevebuli Sah-zada ereklem piradad Cauyvana nasrula-mirzas, romelmac
Tavis mxriv didad dasaCuqrebuli gamoistumra da dapirda `magier jildos,
mswrafl moelodeo~.
Aamrigad, kaxeTis mflobeli mama-Svilis erTguleba da samsaxuri nadirSahma am faqtis Semdeg kidev ufro metad daafasa da maTTvis qarTlis
gadacema ukve uaxloesi momavlis saqme iyo. am fonze yovlad uimedo gaxda
givi amilaxvris mdgomareoba, miT umetes, rom amave xanebSi, ukiduresad
gaxSirda qarTlis mosaxleobis masiuri gadasaxleba kaxeTSi (zogierTi
cnobiT, marto saamilaxvro sami aTasamde komlma datova). amis miuxedavad,
TurqeTi brZolas ar wyvetda: 1744 w. axalcixeli usuf-faSas meTaurobiT
qarTlSi osmalTa didi jari Semovida: maT Tan mohqondaT didi raodenobiT
Tanxa, romelic daRestanSi unda CaetanaT lekTa razmebis dasaqiraveblad,
romlebsac givi amilaxvris mxareze unda ebrZolaT. amilaxvari osmalebs
suramSi Seegeba. Teimurazma mters gorTan gaumarTa brZola, magram
damarcxda, Tumca osmalebma goris cixis aReba ver gabedes da isev ruisSi
dabanakdnen. amis Semdeg givi amilaxvarma da usuf-faSam daRestnelTa
beladi malaCi 4 aTaskaciani jariT (2 aTasi leki da 2 aTasi Turqi)
daRestanSi gagzavnes da Tan gaatanes lekTa jaris dasaqiraveblad
gankuTvnili didZali Tanxa. Ees cnobili gaxda goris cixeSi dabanakebuli
TeimurazisaTvis, romelmac amis Taobaze saswrafod Seatyobina erekles.
ereklem naCqarevad Sekriba qarTvelTa da yizilbaSTa razmebi da aragvis
marcxena napirze, saguramosTan Causafrda mtris jars, romelic arsaidan
safrTxes ar moeloda da guldamSvidebiT Seudga adidebuli aragvis fonSi
gasvlas. am dros qarTvelebi safaridan gamovidnen da mters ekveTnen;
moulodneli SeteviT dabneulma lek-osmalTa meomrebma ukan daixies,
aragvis marjvena napirze sangrebi Sekres da Tofis sroliT igeriebdnen
mowinaaRmdeges. maSin erekle pirveli Sevarda adidebul aragvSi. amis
mxilvelni, misi TanamebrZolnic aRar SeuSindnen wyals da ukan mihyvnen
mefes: `iqmna brZola uZlieresi ... miuxda irakli Ze mefisa da daRistnis
beladi malaCi TviT mohkla~. niSandoblivia, rom malaCi mTel kavkasiaSi
saxelganTqmul da daumarcxebel mebrZolad iTvleboda da misma daRupvam
lek-osmalTa
jarze
Tavzardamcemad
imoqmeda,
mematianis
sityvebiT
`sikvdilsa missa myis iZlivnen osmal-lekni~, qarTvelebma gaqceul mters
did manZilze sdies, mravali daxoces da tyved Caigdes, mopovebul nadavls
Soris iyo lekTa razmebis dasaqiraveblad gankuTvnili Tanxac. am marcxis
Semdeg usuf-faSa saswrafod aiyara da axalcixeSi gaiqca. erekles mier
12
mopovebuli brwyinvale gamarjvebiT kmayofilma nadir-Sahma ki `moxarulma
warmouvlina mas cxeni oqrosa aRkazmulobiTa da xmali mZimed moWedili~.
am gamarjvebis Sedegi iyo isic, rom 1744 w. ivlisSi nadir-Sahma Teimurazs
qarTlis, xolo erekles _ kaxeTis mefoba uboZa. amrigad, qarTvelTa didi
xnis ocneba asrulda: qarTl-kaxeTSi mama-Svilis gamefeba qveynis
gaerTianebis gzaze umniSvnelovanesi warmateba iyo.
Zveli Cveulebis Tanaxmad, Sahma qarTvel mefeebs gasamrjelo gamouyo
iranis xazinidan, amave dros, kaxeTis msgavsad qarTlsac sagrZnoblad
Seumcira xarki. Aesoden didi warmatebis fonze, givi amilaxvris bedi ukve
gadawyvetili iyo: misma momxreebma erTmaneTis miyolebiT gadainacvles
Teimurazis banakSi; suramis cixeSi gamagrebuli amilaxvari xuTTviani alyis
Semdeg danebda. Nnadir-Sahis moTxovniT, datyvevebuli meamboxe iranSi
gagzavnes. Mmiuxedavad damarcxebisa, qarTlis ajanyebas mainc ar Cauvlia
uSedegod: ajanyebulTa medgarma winaaRmdegobam nadir-Sahi aiZula uari
eTqva Tavis pirvandel gegmaze, romelic miznad isaxavda saqarTvelos
`gayizilbaSebas~. Ggarda amisa, man qarTls daubruna jer kidev XVII
saukuneSi Sah-abasis mier CamorTmeuli mxareebi _ lore*, borCalo da
baidari.* Aamrigad, Teimuraz-erekles mier warmoebulma gonivrulma
politikam gaamarTla: qarTli Zvel sazRvrebSi aRdga, qarTvelTa
gamahmadianebis politika Sewyda da rac mTavaria, safuZveli Caeyara qarTlkaxeTis
erT
samefod
gaerTianebas,
es
ki
mTeli
saqarTvelos
gaerTianebisaken gadadgmuli mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo.
1745 w. Semodgomaze nadir-Sahma gadamwyveti gamarjveba moipova da amiT
iran-TurqeTis omic dasasruls miuaxlovda. brZolis velidan samSobloSi
dabrunebisas, nadir-Sahma Teimurazs qristianuli wesiT qarTlis mefed
kurTxevis neba darTo. Ees udidesi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo, radgan
saukuneze meti xnis manZilze, qarTlsa da kaxeTSi qristiani mefe taxtze
ar asula. 1 oqtombers Teimuraz II-is mefed kurTxevis ceremoniali Zveli
qarTuli wesiT sveticxovlis taZarSi Sedga.
Mmopovebuli warmatebis miuxedavad, qarTl-kaxeTi jer kidev iranis
vasalur
damokidebulebaSi
imyofeboda.
aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi
yizilbaSTa jarebic idga (maT Soris TbilisSic). marTalia, iran-osmaleTs
Soris zavi daido da amieridan oficialurad axalcixis safaSos mxridan
qarTls safrTxe aRar emuqreboda, magram xangrZlivi omebiTa da ajanyebebiT
Ronemixdil iranSic problemebma iCines Tavi. Zlevamosilebis miuxedavad,
imperiuli
irani
mainc
aramyar
samxedro-feodalur
gaerTianebas
warmoadgenda.Aamgvari xelovnuri gaerTianeba
ki, rogorc wesi, droTa
ganmavlobaSi dasaSlelad aris ganwiruli. osmaleTTan omis dasrulebis
Semdeg, nadir-Sahis mmarTvelobis krizisi daiwyo, irani ajanyebebma moicva:
gauTavebelma omebma da am omebiT gamowveulma mudmivad mzardma
gadasaxadebma mosaxleobis TiTqmis yvela fenis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia; nadirSahs ki ukve aRar Seswevda imis Zala, rom gonivruli gadawyvetilebebi
13
mieRo da es mRelvareba Caecxro, piriqiT, _ igi Tavis axloblebsac ki
veRar endoboda, radgan SiSobda, rom nebismier maTgans Sahis winaaRmdeg
SeTqmulebaSi monawileoba SeeZlo. Uubralo eWvis niadagze man sakuTari
Svilic ki ar daindo da usastikesad dasaja, xolo mas Semdeg, rac am
eWvis usafuZvlobaSi darwmunda, igive sasjeli gamoutana Tavis kariskacebs,
romelTac brali dasdo, rom win ar aRudgnen mis mier ufliswulis
usamarTlod dasjas.
aseT viTarebaSi, nadir-Sahis morigi gadawyvetileba axali gadasaxadebis
dawesebis Sesaxeb, bunebrivia, sabediswero aRmoCnda: 1747 wels Sahma
sakuTriv iransac da vasalur qveynebsac uzomod didi gadasaxadi dauwesa
(maT Soris mxolod qarTl-kaxeTs wilad xvda fuladi xarki 200 aTasi
Tumnis odenobiT). Aaman iranis mTel teritoriaze biZgi misca ajanyebaTa
axal talRas; es gadawyvetileba qarTvel mefeTaTvis sruliad moulodneli
iyo: bolo wuTamde Sahi maT `megobrulad~ eqceoda. Teimurazmac da
ereklemac kargad icodnen, rom mosaxleobisagan aseTi didi gadasaxadis
amoReba yovlad SeuZlebeli iyo, amitom ajanyebisaTvis samzadiss Seudgnen:
xalxi mTebSi gaxiznes, meomrebi ki cixe-simagreebSi ganalages. somxeTazerbaijanis mmarTvelma xanebmac ereklesa da Teimurazs mimarTes TxovniT
_ `Cvenc Tqven ymasaviT gvimsaxureT, saca geprianebodes, Cvens jars iq
gaaxlebTo~.
rogorc ki qarTvel mefeTa daumorCileblobis Sesaxeb Seityo, nadirSahma jari gaamzada saqarTvelos asaklebad, magram Semdeg TviTonve mixvda,
rom misi mxridan es gamousworebeli Secdoma iqneboda da gadawyvetileba
Secvala; papuna orbelianis gadmocemiT, Sahma jari `isev daabruna gzidan
imisTvis (e.i. imis gamo Ll.m.), rom bevrjer enaxa qarTvelTa xmali... axla
qarTli da kaxeTi oriv erTad gaerTebiT ganudgnen, ras daaklebda~. Sahis
ukandaxeva namdvilad ar yofila saqarTvelos mimarT misi `keTilganwyobis~
gamovlineba: mas marTlac mSvenivrad axsovda, TiToeuli meamboxe qarTveli
Tavadis damorCilebac ki ra Zvirad daujda iranis jarsa da xazinas,
Sesabamisad, isic kargad gaTvala, rom ukve gaerTianebuli qarTl-kaxeTis
damarcxeba gacilebiT ufro Zneli iqneboda; amitomac iyo, rom `Serigebis~
mizniT man gadasaxadis Tanxa meoTxedamde daiyvana da Teimurazs miswera:
`rogorc Sen gindodes, ise gaarigeo. Ees brZaneba ki gaagone xalxs Cemio;
isev qalaqSi Camodi da qveyanas mouareo~. Tumca amis sanacvlod, Sahi
erekles iranSi ibarebda, rogorc Cans, amiT igi qarTvelTa morCilebis
saimedo garantias moiTxovda. Teimurazi ver endo cbier Sahs, magram
imisaTvis, rom arc qveyana Caegdo safrTxeSi, arc taxtis memkvidre gaewira
mZevlobisaTvis, gadawyvita, TviTon wasuliyo iranSi; ra Tqma unda, am
SemTxvevaSi, Teimurazma sakuTari Tavi gawira, radgan aravin icoda, rogor
Caivlida misi viziti iranis mrisxane gamgebelTan. sabednierod, Teimurazi
jer kidev gzaSi iyo, rodesac nadir-Sahi SeTqmulebma mokles (1747 w.
ivnisSi). iranSi Casul Teimurazs Sahis taxtze sakuTari siZe _ qeTevanis
14
meuRle ali-yuli-xani daxvda, romelmac biZis daRupvisTanave Tavi iranis
Sahad gamoacxada da adil-Sahi (samarTliani Sahi) dairqva. Teimurazi siZem
didi pativiT miiRo, Tumca es ganpirobebuli iyo ara imdenad maTi naTesavmoyvrobiT, ramdenadac _ arsebuli politikuri viTarebiT: iranis axalbeda
mmarTvels Zlieri mokavSireebis Tanadgoma sWirdeboda, radgan nadir-Sahis
daRupvis Semdeg, qveyana anarqiam moicva, feodalur dajgufebaTa Soris
gamwvavda brZola pirvelobisaTvis, jariskacebma qonebis dataceba da
qalaqebis Zarcva daiwyes (erT-erTi iranuli wyaros cnobiT, nadiris
mkvlelobidan 4 saaTis Semdeg misi uZvirfasesi samefo karvisagan aRaraferi
iyo darCenili, yvelaferi iqve daitaces). taxtis axal-axali pretendentebi
erTmaneTs gaafTrebiT ebrZodnen. aseT viTarebaSi, adil-SahisaTvis didi
mniSvneloba hqonda Teimurazisa da erekles mxardaWeras; Tavis mxriv,
Teimurazic ar iyo amis winaaRmdegi, radgan imedovnebda, rom Sahis karze
yofnas qarTl-kaxeTSi erekles warmatebebisaTvis gamoiyenebda, magram adilSahis mmarTveloba Zalze xanmokle aRmoCnda (mxolod 11 Tve), igi sakuTarma
Zmam daamxo, magram arc am ukanasknels dascalda didxans mefoba. Teimurazma
TiTqmis ori weli dahyo iranSi da am periodSi iq ramdenime mbrZanebeli
Seicvala, Tumca rogorc Wkvian da frTxil politikoss Seefereboda,
Teimurazi yvela maTganTan axerxebda saerTo enis gamonaxvas da saqarTvelos
sasikeTod saqmeebis mogvarebas.
Sahis taxtisaTvis gamarTul xangrZliv brZolaSi sabolood sami
uZlieresi sagvareulos warmomadgeneli gamoikveTa: azat-xan avRani, mahmadxan yajari da qerim-xan zendi. iranSi dawyebulma areulobam garkveuli
zegavlena moaxdina qarTl-kaxeTzec: SahTan gamgzavrebis win, Teimurazma
qarTlis gamgebloba ereklesTan erTad gamahmadianebul abdula-begsac
Caabara. Aabdula-begi (igive arCili) vaxtang VI-is Zmis _ ieses vaJi iyo
(sxvadasxva dros orjer gamahmadianebuli iese 1714-1716 ww. qarTlSi
mefobda da antiqarTuli politikis gatarebaSi iranel moxeleebsac ki
gadaaWarba. Ggaremoebis mixedviT, igi iranelebsac emsaxureboda da
Turqebsac). rogorc ukve iTqva,
qarTlis taxtze Teimurazis uflebebi
(vaxtang VI-is qaliSvilis xaziT) arc ise myari iyo, radgan rogorc
vaxtangs, ise mis Zmas _ iesesac hyavdaT vaJiSvili memkvidreebi, rac
qarTlis politikur wreebze garkveul zemoqmedebas axdenda. rogorc Cans,
Teimurazma sruliad Segnebulad SeaCera arCevani abdula-begze, riTac am
ukanasknelis pativmoyvareobac daakmayofila da ereklesac mSvidi da
usafrTxo mmarTvelobis pirobebi Seuqmna. mematianis gadmocemiT `Teimurazma
abdula-begs ubZana: radgan mefe erekle mudam qarTlisaTvis ver moicliso,
qarTls mouareo da erTmaneTis nebiT da SekiTxviT oriv qveynebi mtrisagan
karga gaamagreTo da Cemda mosvlamdis mSvidobianad iyvneTo~; Mmagram
abdula-begma
borotad
isargebla
qarTlSi
Teimurazis
aryofniT,
daukavSirda saqarTvelosadmi mtrulad ganwyobil Zalebs, maT Soris:
daRestnelebs, nadir-Sahis mmarTvelobiT ukmayofilo Tbilisis yizilbaSTa
15
garnizons, qarTlel TavadTa nawils, iranis taxtis erT-erT pretendents
(romelmac mas winaswar qarTlis `mefobac~ ki daumtkica). amis Semdeg, man
safuZvlianad gaamagra Tavisi sabatoniSvilo mamuli _ samSvildis cixe* da
erekles SeuTvala: `qarTli Cemiao, damanebe da Sen kaxeTs miepatroneo~.
Pereklem jer mSvidobiani gziT scada saqmis mogvareba, Tbileli
episkoposis aTanases SuamavlobiT abdula-begs molaparakeba SesTavaza da
sabatoniSvilo mamulis sarCod gadacema aRuTqva, magram abdula-begisagan
uari miiRo. maSin ereklem Zlieri laSqari Sekriba da abdula-begs Seutia.
niSandoblivia, rom qarTlis Tavadebis umravlesobam am brZolaSi erekles
mxare daiWira.
Tavisi mdebareobis wyalobiT, samSvildis cixe mTel qvemo qarTlSi
auRebel cixed iTvleboda, amitomac ereklem jarebi safarSi ganalaga da
cixes zarbaznebiT Seutia. ramdenimedRiani ormxrivi srolis Semdeg,
abdula-begi molaparakebaze daTanxmda da erekles piroba misca `manamdis
mefe Teimuraz iranis qveynidan mobZandebodes, Cven ornive myudroebiT
viyvneTo.~ Eereklem Tavisi momxre daRestneli beladebis meSveobiT
SeTanxmebas miaRwia cixeSi myof abdula-begis momxre lekTa razmebis
meTaurebTan da maT datoves samSvildis cixe. amis Semdeg, erekle Tavisi
jariT TbilisSi dabrunda.
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, mokle xanSi abdula-begma Tavisi piroba
daarRvia. azerbaijanSi iranis taxtis axali pretendenti gamoCnda _ adilSahis yofili sardali amir-aslan-xani. Aabdula-begma dro ixelTa da
qarTlis mefobis mosapoveblad mas jariT daxmareba sTxova. Aamir-aslan
xanmac, Tavis mxriv, mas qarTlic `uwyaloba~ da 8 aTasi avRaneli meomaric
gamougzavna. amiT gulmocemulma abdula-begma erekles Tbilisis datoveba
mosTxova, magram qarTlel TavadTa umravlesoba amjeradac mefis gverdiT
dadga
(abdula-begs mxolod sabaraTianos* jari miemxro) da ereklemac
pasuxad SeuTvala: `sanamdis suli midgas, Cemgan aqedan gasvla ar iqnebao~.
sagulisxmoa, rom TviT abdula-begis Zma _ anton kaTalikosi mTeli am
konfliqtis manZilze erekles erTgulad uWerda mxars. gadamwyveti brZola
sololakis mTis ferdobebze gaimarTa; Tavisi jaris erTi nawiliT erekle
wavkisis mxares dadga, qiziyelebi revaz orbelianis sardlobiT mewinaved
gauSva sabaraTianos jaris winaaRmdeg (romelsac abdula-begis Zma _ useinbegi meTaurobda). Aam brZolas xatovnad aRwers papuna orbeliani: `Seiqna
omi ficxeli, rom Tofis xmisagan arRara ismoda da komlisagan (e.i.
kvamlisagan, l.m.) jari aRara Canda. Ppirvelsave misvlaze gaemarjvaT revaz
orbelians da qisiyelT, gaaqcives jari. Eese ra naxes, ... Seuties
qarTvelTa da kaxTa, dauwyes kafa, rom RvTis risxva dasces. Ggaiqca es
jari mTliv, xuTi da eqvsi TiTo kacma yizilbaSi egre iWires, miyvnen
iaRlujis* bolomde, darCaT karavi-mofeniloba Tu ram sxva. arasdros
qarTlSi amisTana gamarjveba ar momxdariyo da arc amrigad yizilbaST
qarTlSi damarcxebodaT (e.i. yizilbaSebi qarTlSi ase arasdros
16
damarcxebulan, l.m.). xanebs droSebi aq darCaT, wavidnen sircxvileulni...
abdula-beg mibZanda samSvildes, baraTianni, vinc gadarCnen, mividnen
birTviss*~. igive brZolis Sesaxeb, oman xerxeuliZe werda: `iZlivnen
mxedrobani sparsTa da baraTianTani esreT, romel erTi ipyrobda aTsa,
xolo erTma mebaReman Seipyro cxra yizilbaSi da ukun iqcnen
sircxvileulni~. Tbilisis mosaxleoba gamarjvebul mefes zeimiT Seegeba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom erekle Rirseulad moeqca damarcxebulebs. mematianis
cnobiT, man tyved Cavardnili yizilbaSebi `Tav-Tavis qveynebSi gaistumra da
amiT kidev ufro ganifina ambavi gamarjvebisa, an vinc baraTaSvili (e.i. am
sagvareulos warmomadgeneli, l.m.) cocxali moarTves, ganuteva mSvidobiT
da apativa cToma Tvisi, dajda nadimad, naxa lxini da gasca saboZvari~.
Aamis Semdeg, ereklem miiRo gadawyvetileba nariyalasa da metexis
cixeebSi mdgari yizilbaSTa jarebis gaZevebis Taobaze. qarTvelebma sangrebi
aages da cixeebi alyaSi moaqcies, brZolis samzadisSi aqtiurad
monawileobdnen ubralo moqalaqeebic. alyaSi moqceul yizilbaSebs abdulabegi samSvildidan awvdida sursaTs, amis gamo ereklem 500 meomari gagzavna
da gzebi Seakvrevina. yizilbaSebi mainc ar nebdebodnen da cixeebidan
ganuwyvetliv yumbarebs uSendnen qalaqs, metexidan mefis sasaxlesac ki
esroles zarbaznidan. radganac qalaqis mxridan SeteviT nariyalas aReba
ver xerxdeboda, ereklem gadawyvita jer Taboris* koSkebi aeRo wavkisis
xevSi, raTa am gziT nariyalas mecixovne yizilbaSebisaTvis sursaTis
miRebis bolo gzac moespo. Mman goridan Camoatanina didi zarbazani da
aRmosavleTis (Sindisis) mxridan daumizna Taboris koSks. cixis mcvelebi
mixvdnen, rom ganwirulni iyvnen, radgan aseT did yumbarebs cixis Zveli
kedlebi ver gauZlebdnen, magram mainc gaafTrebul winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen
qarTvelebs: `ar avad iyvnes myofni cixisani, arc Tofis srola gauwyvetiaT
da sanamdis cixeSi Sig ar Caucvivdnen, arc omisagan daswynardnen.~ meoTxe
yumbaram koSkis kedlebi dabzara, moieriSeni cixeSi Secvivdnen da
xelCarTuli omi gaimarTa. AbrZolisas gansakuTrebiT isaxela Tavi papuna
orbelianis ymam Saverda mRebriSvilma, romelic zed koSkze aiWra. Mis
gmirobas: `jari sul xedvida da uqebdnen mamacobasa~. aRsaniSnavia, rom
brZolis Semdeg mZimed daWrili Saverda mRebriSvili ereklem piradad
daajildova.
Taboris koSks ereklem axali galavani Semoavlo da Sig kaxTa razmebi
Caayena. TbilisSi mobrunebul mefes ambavi daaxvedres, rom avWalasa da
martyofs lekebi dascemian da didi raodenobiT msxvilfexa saqoneli da
SedarebiT mcirericxovani tyveebi gautaciaT. imis imediT, rom qarTvelTa
jarebi cixeebis aRebiT iyvnen dakavebulni, naZarcviT datvirTuli lekebi
guldamSvidebiT gaudgnen gzas; magram ereklem alya ar moSala da
mcirericxovani razmiT Siraqis bolos wamoewia maT, `axsena dambadebeli
RmerTi da pirvel TviTon Seutia da ubrZana jarsa: `vis uyvars RmerTi da
erTguli ars Cemi, gulsrulad Seebaso~. Mmefis mowodebiT gamxnevebuli
17
qarTvelebi xmaldaxmal ekveTnen mters, daamarcxes da mTeli nadavli
daatovebines. Ggaqceuli lekebi gzad daRestnidan momaval TanamemamuleTa
did razms Sexvdnen da daxmareba sTxoves, Tan Seagulianes, erekles Zalze
mcirericxovani
jari
hyavs,
advilad
davamarcxebT
da
nadavlsac
davibrunebTo;
marTlac,
gaerTianebuli
lekTa
jari
gamTeniisas
moulodnelad daesxa Tavs qarTvelebs, magram miuxedavad amisa sastiki
marcxi iwvnies: `egeTi omi gardaixada im dRes mefe ereklem, rom pirveli
omi laRobad Caigdeboda. moarTves Tavi mravali da cxensa da iaraRs xom
ricxvi ara hqonda. rac saqoneli iyo, isev patronebs uboZa da egre
gamarjvebuli wabZanda qalaqsa Tbilisisasa.~ amis Semdeg, ereklem metexi da
nariyalac aiRo. Ees ori cixe didi xnis Semdeg pirvelad iqna
gaTavisuflebuli yizilbaSTa jarebisagan, ereklem isini qarTvel xalxs
daubruna da maT koSkebze kvlav saqarTvelos droSa afrialda. Aam
gamarjvebam abdula-begis winaaRmdegobac gatexa, ivlisis TveSi man
samSvildis cixis kari gaaRo da erekles patieba sTxova. ereklem `viTa
xelmwifobis wesia, Semcode kaci rom Sendobas moiTxovs, miuteveben. amanac
egre mowyalebis kari ganaRo da miuteva yvelas erTad cdoma Tvisi, didi
mowyaleba ixmara, Torem cixis TaTrebs es rogor Seendoboda: sionis
monasters zarbazans esrodnen da mefis sasaxle yunbariT aavses ... es yvela
apativa da Tavisis saqonliT gaSveba brZana, rom arc saqoneli waarTva; es
ufro didi mowyaleba iyo~. Mmitevebis niSnad, mefem abdula-begs
saufliswulo mamuli dautova, aseve Seundo baraTaSvilebsac. Aam
warmatebam qarTl-kaxeTis mosazRvre saxanoebzec saTanadod imoqmeda: `ra es
ambavi Seityves, SeSindnen didad da maSinve gamoegzavnna ganjis xansa da
erevnis xans feSqaSi mefis ereklesaTvis~
Aamrigad, saqarTvelos aRdgena-gaerTianebisaTvis brZola axal fazaSi
Sevida. Aaxalgazrda mefe, romelic am dros mxolod 28 wlisa iyo, ara
marto brwyinvaled flobda samxedro xelovnebas, aramed frTxili
politikosi da gamWriaxi saxelmwifo moRvawe iyo. iranidan Teimurazis
dabrunebamde (1749 w. 20 aprili), ereklem moqnili politikis wyalobiT
SeZlo qveynisaTvis aeridebina is sagareo safrTxe, romelic mas nadir-Sahis
sikvdilis Semdeg iranSi Seqmnili urTulesi mdgomareobidan gamomdinare
emuqreboda. amasTanave, qveynis SigniT abdula-begTan sakmaod gaWianurebuli
konfliqtic man ara marto samxedro Zalis, aramed kargad gaTvlili
politikuri svlebis meSveobiTac moagvara: abdula-begis momxre TavadTagan
zogi Seiwynara, zogs Tanamdeboba CamoarTva da maT magivrad Tavisi
erTguli momxreebi daniSna. Aamave dros, erekle ar uaryofda kanonieri
Sahis uzenaesobas saqarTveloze. Amave dros, ebrZoda iranis taxtis
maZieblebs da amis sanacvlod mopovebul moqmedi Sahis madlierebasa da
keTilganwyobas qarTl-kaxeTisaTvis axal-axali SeRavaTebis misaRebad
iyenebda. aseTi politikis wyalobiT, ereklem niadagi moamzada aRmosavleT
amierkavkasiaSi qarTl-kaxeTis gabatonebisaTvis. istoriuli wyaroebiT
18
dasturdeba, rom erekles mimarT Sahis keTilganwyobas saTanadod afasebdnen
amierkavkasiis saxanoebic: `yvelas mefe ereklesTan hqondaT piri, xanebi ase
uTvlidnen: visic Sen xar, Cvenc imisi viqnebiTo~. Aamave dros, Sahis
taxtisaTvis ganuwyvetelma brZolebma iranSi sayovelTao areuloba
gamoiwvia, ris gamoc, iranis mbrZanebeli amierkavkasiis saxanoebisaTvis
veRar iclida, erTmaneTTan moqiSpe xanebic `daxmareba-mfarvelobisaTvis~
ukve qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebs mimarTavdnen. Seqmnil viTarebas Teimurazi da
erekle amierkavkasiaSi TavianTi gavlenis gasafarToeblad iyenebdnen. Aase
magaliTad, 1749 w. Semodgomaze erevnis saxanos momTabare Turqmanuli
tomebi Seesivnen mahmad-xanis meTaurobiT. erevnis xanma daxmarebisaTvis
qarTvel mefeebs mimarTa, sanacvlod ki laSqrobis xarjebis gadaxda da
yovelwliuri xarki ikisra. Aamave wells, qarTl-kaxeTis mfarveloba
naxiCevanis saxanomac* aRiara. Aam warmatebebma War-belaqneli* mmarTvelebic
aiZules,
farisevluri piroba miecaT ereklesaTvis, daRestnelebs Cvens
teritoriaze aRar SemovuSvebT da `rac Tqveni brZaneba mogvivides, Tavs
vidvaTo~; Tumca qarTvelebma kargad icodnen, rom es piroba sando ar iyo,
rac SemdgomSi araerTxel dadasturda.
Aam droisaTvis azerbaijanel xanebs Soris dawinaurda yarabaRis
(SuSis)* mflobeli fana-xani, romelmac ieriSi miitana ganjisa da
naxiCevanis saxanoebze. Gganjis xanma erekles adrec mimarTa daxmarebisaTvis
da iseTive pirobebiT aRuTqva xarki da qveSevrdomoba, rogorc erevnis
xanma. fana-xani sakmaod seriozuli mowinaaRmdege iyo, ganjis aRebis
SemTxvevaSi ki igi kidev ufro gaZlierdeboda da ukve uSualod qarTlkaxeTs daemuqreboda, amitom qarTveli mefeebi garkveuli drois manZilze
emzadebodnen gadamwyveti brZolisaTvis. 1750 wlis TebervalSi qarTlkaxeTis erTiani laSqari, romlis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen agreTve: `imerni,
osni, erevnelni, lekni, romelnic monebdnen kax-batons~, fana-xanis
winaaRmdeg daiZra. Aam laSqrobas Soridan Tvals adevnebda Saqis* cbieri
xani aji-Celebi, romlisTvisac amierkavkasiis ori Zlieri lideris Setakeba
Zalze xelsayreli iyo: nebismieri maTgani, damarcxebis
Semdeg, mis
mowinaaRmdegeTa rigebs gamoakldeboda.
Tavdapirvelad fana-xanma qarTvelTa erTian jarTan pirispir Sebmas Tavi
aarida, RamiT ganjis cixes alya moxsna da yarabaRSi gadavida. qarTvelebic
mis kvals gayvnen. Ffana-xani Tavisi jariT mTian adgilze, tyis piras
dabanakda da aqtiur brZolas kvlav Tavs aridebda. maSin ereklem
gadawyvita, Tavad gadasuliyo Setevaze, ZiriTadi Zalebi gaSlil mindorSi
datova da TviTon SedarebiT mcirericxovani, magram rCeuli razmiT
maRlobze ganlagebuli mtris poziciebs Seutia. Aam brZolais monawile
papuna orbeliani mogviTxrobs: `brZana mefe ereklem: `vin aris erTguli
Cemi da aqvs guli mamacobisao, Jami es aris!~ TviTon, viTa lomi, egre
miesiva da jari, vinc iq iyvnes, vinRa dadgeboda, mefe ereklesTan Tavs
vinRa dazogevda... qarTvelni da kaxni ise gamamacebuliyvnes, rom erTi Cveni
19
kaci as yizilbaSs ar daerideboda... ra Seityo fana-xanma, mefe erekle am
mewinaves jarSi ureviao, maSinve gaiqca, es mewinave jari cotani iyvnes,
magram didad mamacad gaisarjnes, rom didis jaris msgavsi saqme eqnes~.
amasobaSi mindorSi dabanakebuli qarTvelTa saTadarigo jari Teimurazis
meTaurobiT daiZra da mowinaaRmdegeze gadamwyveti ieriSi miitana, gaqceuli
yarabaRelebis devna da ganadgureba SuaRamemde gagrZelda. meore diliT
mefeebi Sevidnen fana-xanis sangarSi da iq didi raodenobiT iaraRi da
tyvia-wamali aRmoaCines. qarTvelTa jarma arezamde* miaRwia da didZali
nadavliTa da tyveebiT datvirTuli ukan gamobrunda. Gganjis xanma,
pirobisamebr, yovelwliuri xarki ikisra. Ffana-xanze gamarjveba ara
mxolod
samxedro,
aramed
politikuri
TvalsazrisiTac
uaRresad
mniSvnelovani iyo. Aamieridan qarTvelTa upiratesoba amierkavkasiaSi
TiTqmis upirobod aRiares. Aam warmatebis gamoZaxili iyo agreTve iranis
axali mbrZaneblis _ Sah-rohis gadawyvetilebac: man Teimurazs `iranisa da
azerbaijanis spasalaroba*~ uboZa, erekle ki mis moadgiled (naibad) daniSna.
Mmeore mxriv, aseTma warmatebam qarTvelebis metoqeTa gaRizianebac
gamoiwvia: qarTl-kaxeTis gaZlierebam pirvel rigSi War-belaqnis ubatono
Temebi SeaSfoTa, radgan kargad esmodaT, rom amieridan saqarTvelo
moiclida yvelaze mwvave problemis _ lekTa ganuwyveteli Semosevebis
aRsakveTad. saqarTveloSi lekTa TareSis sabolood aRsakveTad, upirveles
yovlisa aucilebeli iyo War-belaqnisa da kak-eniselis* dapyroba da
kvlavindeburad kaxeTis SemadgenlobaSi maTi dabruneba. War-belaqani
daRestnidan saqarTvelosaken momaval mTavar gzaze mdebareobda da XVIII s.
damdegidan lekTa moTareSe razmebis erTgvar placdarmad iyo gadaqceuli.
Warel da daRestnel feodalebs mWidro urTierToba hqondaT osmaleTis
imperiasTan, romlis aSkara xelSewyobiTac igegmeboda lekTa marbieli
razmebis Tavdasxmebi saqarTveloze. War-belaqnis dapyrobiT saqarTvelo
daRestnelebs MmTel amierkavkasiaSi mTavar samxedro bazas mouspobda. ra
Tqma unda, es kargad icodnen lekebmac da amitomac gadawyvites, nebismieri
gziT SeeCerebinaT qarTvelTa winsvla.
1750 w. saqarTvelosaken lekTa 7 aTasiani jari daiZra, gzad mas
Warelebic SeuerTdnen. Llekebma erTdroulad kaxeTsa da yazaxs* Seuties
da daarbies. qarTl-kaxeTis erTianma laSqarma ereklesa da Teimurazis
meTaurobiT mters gamosasvleli gzebi Seukra, amis Semdeg ki ivrisa da
alaznis SesarTavTan mdebare sof. danRisTan wamoewia da cxare brZolaSi
daamarcxa. Eerekle, Cveulebisamebr, mowinave xazze ibrZoda. Ggaqceuli
lekebis nawili Camoqceulma mTis ferdobma, nawili ki _ adidebulma
alazanma Seiwira. qarTvelebma didZali nadavli da tyveebi daibrunes.
danRisis brZolis Semdeg
lekebi qarTl-kaxeTis winaaRmdeg
farTomasStabian laSqrobas Tavs aridebdnen, Tumca `mtroba mainc ar
moiSales, ara dascxrebodnen avazakobasa~, maT mcirericxovan marbiel
razmebs ki WarSi Zveleburad umarTavdnen xels. Teimurazma da ereklem
20
darbazis sxdoma moiwvies da Warze galaSqreba daadgines. Aam brZolaSi
mokavSired maT ganjis xanic moiwvies. Aam wamowyebas TiTqos ueWveli
warmateba eloda, magram swored aq iCina Tavi Saqi-Sirvanis cbieri xanis _
aji-Celebis Ralatma: mTeli am xnis manZilze mas qarTvel mefeTa `erTgul
megobrad~ mohqonda Tavi, magram saidumlod maT winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad
emzadeboda. Aamas Tavisi mizezi hqonda: Waris dapyrobiT qarTl-kaxeTis
Zlieri samefo uSualod umezobldeboda Saqi-Sirvanis saxanos; aji-Celebi
SiSobda, rom Waris Semdeg qarTvelTa mier Saqis dapyroba mxolod drois
sakiTxi iqneboda.
WarelebTan aji-Celebis saidumlo kavSiris Sesaxeb, qarTvelebma gvian
Seityves. 1751 w. TebervalSi mefeebi Warze salaSqrod daiZrnen, magram
moulodnelad gamoirkva, rom maT winaaRmdeg aji-Celebic ibrZoda, romlis
uSualo daxmarebiTac Warelebs ukve moeswroT usafrTxo adgilebSi
gaxizvna. qarTvelebma Wars Tavi anebes da Saqis xanTan Sesabmelad md. agriCaisken* gaemarTnen. aji-Celebs jaris erTi nawili Casafrebuli hyavda,
qarTvelebi am fands ver miuxvdnen, brZolis dros `gaqceuli~ mtris
siRrmeSi SeiWrnen, amasobaSi ki zurgidan Casafrebulma jarebma Seuties.
amas daerTo ganjis xanis Ralatic, romelic ubrZolvelad gaiqca, ramac
sabolood gadawyvita brZolis bedi; qarTvelebma mZime marcxi iwvnies,
mterma didi nadavli igdo xelT, mravali qarTveli meomari brZolaSi
daiRupa, kidev ufro meti ki alazanSi gamosvlisas daixrCo (gansakuTrebiT
_ qveiTi mebrZolebi). wina xazze mebrZoli erekle gansacdels gadaarCines
Tavadma papa beburiSvil-vaCnaZem da maCxaanelma glexma daTuna bostaSvilma
(am ukanasknelma mefes sakuTari cxeni dauTmo da ase aacila tyved
Cavardnis safrTxe). mkvlevarTa azriT, am marcxis erT-erTi mizezi is iyo,
rom Teimurazs amjerad alRom umtyuna da droulad ver ganWvrita Saqis
xanis pozicia. amave dros, didi mniSvneloba hqonda imasac, rom qarTvelebs
ori sardali hyavdaT _ Teimurazi da erekle. Teimurazi ufro Zlieri
diplomati iyo, erekle ki Zlieri mxedarTmTavari. saxelmwifos marTvisas
isini erTmaneTs avsebdnen, brZolis velze ki sardlad erekle sjobda.
rogorc Cans, amis gamo iyo, rom momdevno brZolebSi Teimurazma samxedro
xelmZRvaneloba erekles dauTmo.
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, agri-Cais marcxma qarTvelTa mowinaaRmdege
Zalebi gaaTamama, moTareSe lekTa razmebi mTel qarTl-kaxeTs moedvnen, ajiCelebi zeimobda, magram es zeimi naadrevi gamodga: ereklem zedized
daamarcxa lekebi manavTan, martyofTan, saguramosTan da a. S. imave 1751 w.
samxreTis sazRvrebTan gamoCnda kidev erTi Zlieri mowinaaRmdege _ iranis
taxtis pretendenti, Tavrizis* saxanos mflobeli azat-xani, romelic
miznad isaxavda mTeli amierkavkasiis dapyrobas. azat-xanma gadawyvita
esargebla agri-CaisTan damarcxebis gamo qarTvel mefeTa gavlenis
SesustebiT
da
Tavad
gabatonebuliyo
aRmosavleT
amierkavkasiaSi.
Tavdapirvelad man ieriSi miitana erevnis saxanoze da iq qarTveli mefeebis
21
mier cota xnis win gamoZevebuli mahmad-xani gagzavna Tavisi jariT.
erevnelebma daxmarebisaTvis qarTvelebs mimarTes. Teimurazma da ereklem
azat-xanis mxridan mosalodneli safrTxe saTanadod Seafases: Tuki mas
erevans dauTmobdnen, jeri qarTl-kaxeTze midgeboda. aji-CelebTan gancdili
marcxis fonze azat-xanTan nebismieri saxis ukandaxeva qarTl-kaxeTis
avtoritets sabolood dascemda. ereklem saswrafod Sekriba jari da
erevnisaken gaemarTa. mahmad-xani Tavisi jariT alyaSemortymul erevnis
cixesTan idga. rogorc ki erekles moaxloeba acnobes, maSinve moxsna alya
da ukan daixia. erevnis cixis garnizons ukve sursaTi aRar hqonda da
SimSilobda, cixis gareT ki mTeli mosaxleoba mtris SiSiT gaxiznuliyo.
papuna orbeliani aRniSnavs, rom mkis dro iyo, magram `ise mooxrebuli iyo
erevnis qveyana, rom mkis muSac aRar iSoveboda. erevnis cixisa da
eCmiaZinis* mets alags Senoba aRarsad iyo~. ereklem Tavisive meomrebs
aaRebina xorblis mosavali da erevnis cixeSi Seatanina. amis Semdeg,
sabrZolo poziciebi daikava maRlobze, sof. yirxbulaxTan. mahmad-xani
ereklesTan pirispir Sebmas ver bedavda da axlo-maxlo teritoriebs
arbevda; amasobaSi azat-xanma 18 aTasiani armia Sekriba, romelic Subosnebisa
da meTofeTa razmebisagan Sedgeboda, xolo win zamburak*-akidebuli
aqlemebi mouZRodnen. mematianis cnobiT, erekles mxolod 3 aTasi meomari
hyavda, amitom saxeldaxelod mowveul TaTbirze ubrZolvelad ukan
dabruneba urCies, magram man mtkice uari ganacxada: `icodeT, me azat-xanis
Seubmeli ar davsdgebi; amaRam rom gaviqceT, xval gzazed mogvewevian da
unamusod sikvdils namusianad sikvdili sjobso.~
gadamwyveti brZola yirxbulaxTan gaimarTa. Tavdapirvelad sakuTari
jaris simravliT gulmocemulma azat-xanma qarTvelebs mZlavrad Seutia da
ise Seaviwrova, rom gamarjvebaSi eWvic aRar epareboda; magram erekles
samxedro talantis wyalobiT, qarTvelebma brwyinvale gamarjveba moipoves:
kritikul momentSi, rodesac avRanelebma TiTqmis mTeli qarTveloba alyaSi
moimwyvdies, ereklem brZaneba gasca, sanam me ar visvri Tofs, Setevaze
nuravin gadaxvalTo. pirvelive miaxlovebaze mefem `TviTon Sestyorca Tofi
da erTi avRnis jaris ufrosi kaci Camoagdo~. misi sardlobiT qarTvelTa
jarma ise Zlierad Seutia avRanelTa centrs, rom erTi dartymiT moSala
igi. aman brZolis bedi kidec gadawyvita, avRanelTa mravalricxovani
laSqari erTbaSad gaiqca brZolis velidan, qarTvelebma 30 kilometrze
sdies gaqceulebs, bevri daxoces, ufro meti ki tyved Caigdes. TviTon
azat-xani Zlivs gadaurCa tyveobas. qarTuli wyaroebis monacemebiT, am
gamarjvebis Sedegad, erekles `darCa 24 zarbazani, 200 zambulaki Tavisis
asis aqlemiT da droSa mravali da oriaTas xuTasi karavi da tyvisa da
saqonlis ricxvi xom arc SeiZleboda~. yirxbulaxis brZolaSi ereklem
marTlac uZlieresi mowinaaRmdege daamarcxa, rasac yovelgvari gadaWarbebis
gareSe aRniSnavs mematiane: `azat-xani aseTi kaci iyo, rom sayeenod
emzadeboda da am didebiT dadioda~. am gamarjvebas ara marto
22
amierkavkasiaSi, iranSic ki didi rezonansi hqonda: agris marcxis Semdeg,
gandgomili vasaluri saxanoebi isev qarTl-kaxeTis morCilebis gzas
daadgnen. azerbaijanelma xanebma qarTvel mefeebs `megobruli~ kavSiri
SesTavazes. specialistebis azriT, yirxbulaxis brZolas XVIII s. saomari
epizodebis istoriaSi erT-erTi sapatio adgili uWiravs. amasTan
dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa oman xerxeuliZis mier moyvanili magaliTi,
romelic kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom im mcirericxovani jariT, romelic
erekles gankargulebaSi iyo, azat-xanis mravalricxovan da saukeTesod
aRWurvil armiaze gamarjvebis mopoveba marTlac saswaulis tolfasia:
erekles erT-erT mahmadian TanamebrZols _ alaverdi-xans, romelmac
brZolis dawyebamde ixila, Tu rogor mxurvaled loculobda jvris winaSe
erekle da masTan erTad mTeli qarTvelTa jari, uTqvams: `Tu am jvars
raime Zala Seswevs, dRes gamoCndebao~. gamarjvebis Semdeg ki man aRiara:
`ese saqme kacobrivis Zalisagan SeuZlebeli iyo, magram am jvaris Zalam
hyo!~
am gamarjvebis Semdeg, erekles upirvelesi amocana iyo aji-Celebis mier
Camoyalibebuli antiqarTuli koaliciis daSla. aji-Celebi sarwmunoebrivi
mtrobis gaRvivebiT cdilobda ganxeTqileba gamoewvia qarTvel mefeebsa da
maT mahmadian vasalebs Soris. aseT viTarebaSi, Teimurazma da ereklem ajiCelebis winaaRmdeg galaSqreba gadawyvites da `megobari~ xanebic (ganjis,
erevnis, yarabaRis da a. S.) Tan iaxles. 1752 wels mokavSireTa
gaerTianebuli jarebi ganjasTan Seikribnen da iqidan apirebdnen SaqSi
SeWras, magram moulodnelad gamJRavnda, rom xanebs faruli kavSiri
hqondaT aji-CelebTan da brZolis dros qarTvelTaTvis unda eRalataT.
Teimurazis brZanebiT xanebi Seipyres, aseT viTarebaSi ki brZolis dawyebas
ukve azri aRar hqonda. mefeebma jari ukan gamoabrunes, magram aji-Celebma
mravalricxovani laSqriT maT gza gadauketa da aiZula, brZolaSi
Cabmuliyvnen. ganjis omSi, romelic 1752 wlis 12 aprils gaimarTa,
qarTvelebi sastikad damarcxdnen. garda imisa, rom didi zarali naxes (maT
Soris msxverplis saxiTac), TviTon mefeebic Zlivs gadaurCnen datyvevebas.
ra Tqma unda, am marcxma seriozulad gaarTula qarTl-kaxeTis
mdgomareoba; azat-xanma dro ixelTa da erevnis saxano daimorCila (erevnis
moRalate xani Tavad eaxla mas da morCileba aRuTqva), daRestnelTa
razmebi ki mTel qarTl-kaxeTSi daTareSobdnen. am kritikuli situaciidan
qveyana isev Teimurazisa da erekles energiulma moqmedebam ixsna. maT
moaxerxes
revanSisaTvis
aucilebeli
Zalebis
mobilizeba:
jaris
dasaqiraveblad saWiro Tanxis Sesagroveblad samefo xazinidan oqrosa da
vercxlis iaraRi gamoitanes da zarafxanas gadasces fulis mosaWrelad, am
fuliT ki Crdilo kavaksiidan 4 aTaskaciani razmi iqiraves. TiTqmis sami
Tvis manZilze gaWianurebuli molaparakebebiT mowinaaRmdegis sifxizle
moadunes da amasobaSi brZolisaTvis samzadisi daamTavres. 1752 w. 1
seqtembers Tulqi-TafasTan* brZolaSi qarTvelebma mTlianad gaanadgures
23
Saqis xanis laSqari da sakadrisad dasajes moRalate xanebi. am gamarjvebis
Semdeg azat-xanmac Sewyvita brZola da qarTvelebs zavi SesTavaza. es zavi
saqarTvelosaTvis uaRresad xelsayreli iyo: amierkavkasiaSi aRdga ereklesa
da Teimurazis politikuri avtoriteti da sabolood dasamarda ajiCelebis
gegma
mahmadianuri
saxanoebis
qristianul
qarTl-kaxeTTan
dapirispirebis Taobaze. radikalurad Seicvala ganjis, Sirvanis, erevnisa da
a. S. saxanoebis damokidebulebac, saidanac qarTl-kaxeTisaken erTbaSad
daiZrnen mdidruli saCuqrebiT datvirTuli `mSvidobisa da megobrobis~
elCebi.
amgvari gamarjvebebis wyalobiT, XVIII s. 50-iani wlebidan axlo
aRmosavleTsa da evropaSi erTiorad gaizarda erekle II-is avtoriteti.
1754 w. daibeWda frangi komersantis _ peisonelis wigni, romelmac evropas
gaacno erekle, rogorc epoqis gamoCenili sardali da saxelmwifo moRvawe.
misi saxeli imdenad popularuli gaxda, rom cnobili germaneli mwerlis g.
lesingis erT-erTi nawarmoebis gmirebi _ germaneli mxedrebi, romelnic
samSoblodan saxelis mosaxveWad miemgzavrebodnen, ocnebobdnen, raTa `misi
umaRlesobis,
princ
erekles
mTavarsardlobiT
erTi-orjer
mainc
gaelaSqraT Turqebis winaaRmdeg.~
am warmatebebis miuxedavad, qarTvelTa mTavari problema _ lekebis
TareSi kvlavac gadauWreli rCeboda. lekianobis gansakuTrebiT Zlieri
Semoteva iyo 1754-1760 wlebSi; marto 1755 wlis ganmavlobaSi lekebma
wvril-wvrili Tavdasxmebis garda, sami didi laSqroba moawyves qarTlsa da
kaxeTSi. maT Soris umZimesi iyo 1754 da 1755 wlebis laSqrobebi xunZaxis*
mflobelis _ nursal-begis meTaurobiT.
1754 w. agvistoSi nursal-begma Tavisi mravalricxovani razmiT daarbia
aragvis xeoba da mWadijvris cixes miadga. ereklem da Teimurazma mas
droulad miuswres da ukuagdes; magram male man kidev ufro didi _ 20
aTaskaciani laSqari Sekriba (mas SeuerTdnen Warelebi da Saqi-Sirvanelebi)
da alya Semoartya yvarlis cixes; amasTanave, erTi marbieli razmi qarTlSi
gagzavna, meore ki _ qiziySi.
yvarlis cixe kaxeTis umTavres simagred iTvleboda, amitom mis dacvas
udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda. molodinis sawinaaRmdegod, erekles Crdilo
kavkasiidan Sepirebuli maSveli jari ar mouvida, sakuTari Zalebi ki alyis
gasarRvevad ar hyofnida. yvarlis alya TiTqmis erT Tves gagrZelda.
amasobaSi cixis garnizons sursaTi da tyvia-wamali Semoaklda; cixis dacva
ufro da ufro gaWirda, radganac lekebma galavnis garSemo iseTi maRali
safrebi
aages,
rom
`Tofs
Sig
cixeSi
Caisrodnen~.
qarTvelTa
mcirericxovani jariT mtris damarcxeba pirispir brZolaSi SeuZlebeli
iyo, am SemTxvevaSi maT mxolod strategiuli xerxis gamoyeneba Tu
uSvelidaT. erekles mxedarTmTavrulma niWma amjeradac ixsna qarTveloba:
man gadawyvita cixeSi maSveli razmi Seegzavna, romelic mecixovneebs tyviawamalsa da sursaTis marags miawvdida; magram daRestnelTa mWidro alyis
24
garRveva TiTqmis SeuZlebeli Canda. ereklem mouwoda moxaliseebs da am
gmirobis sanacvlod aRuTqva: Tavadsa da aznaurs _ Sesaferisi Tanamdeboba
da mamulebi, xolo glexs _ batonymobisagan gaTavisufleba, ori sakomlo
miwa da fuladi jildo. mefis mowodebas orasamde meomari gamoexmaura (maT
Soris aTamde Tavadaznauri, erTi xucesi, asocdaaTi qiziyeli glexi da
sxva). isini RamiT daiZrnen cixisaken, alazani gadalaxes da lekTa
`yaraulTan~
xelCarTuli
brZoliT
SeaRwies
cixeSi.
mecixovneebi
gamxnevdnen, Tofiswamlis maragi Seivses da ise Zlierad Seuties moalyeebs,
rom maTi safrebic ki gadawves. nursal-begisaTvis cxadi gaxda, rom cixes
swrafad da iolad veRar aiRebda. amasobaSi erekle Tavisi gegmis momdevno
etapze gadavida: `aarCiva kacni gulovanni da karg-cxenosanni qisiyelni da
gausiva Wars.~ amis gamo nursal-begs Wareli TanamebrZolebi ganudgnen _
`Cven aq ubralod erT cixeze viRalebiTo da Cvens saxlebs kaxi batoni
aoxrebso.~ erekles samxedro fandma gaWra _ Warelebma gadawyvites
yvarlis alya mietovebinaT da TavianTi saxlebisaTvis miexedaT. am niadagze
didi uTanxmoebac mouvidaT nursal-begTan, bolos erTmaneTs daerivnen da
am Setakebisas bevri daixoca. Warelebs kakis sulTanmac mibaZa _
qarTvelebi mis samflobelosac emuqrebodnen. amis Semxedvare aji-Celebis
Svilmac Saqs miaSura da moalyeTa erTi mxare mTlianad moirRva. cixis
aRebis nacvlad, nursal-begs ukve Tavdacvaze unda ezruna, igi mixvda, rom
omi wagebuli hqonda da Yyvarlis cixes Semoecala; Tumca am marcxis
Semdegac ar moisvena da mcire razmebiT partizanuli omi gaaCaRa. qarTlkaxeTis rbeva-TareSi manamde gagrZelda, sanam qarTvelebma Seupovari
brZoliT sabolood ar gandevnes marbieli lekebi. nursal-begis
grandiozuli laSqrobis samarcxvino dasasruli xalxur poeziaSic aisaxa.
marTalia, qarTl-kaxeTi did safrTxes gadaurCa, magram lekianoba
kvlavac grZeldeboda da mZarcvelTa wvril-wvrili Tavdasxmebi qveyanas
welSi wyvetda. erekle qarTvelTa razmebiT lamis sofel-sofel dasdevda
daRestnel yaCaRebs da sadac waaswrebda, iq anadgurebda, magram
daRestnidan axal-axali razmebi gadmodiodnen; mefe Tu qarTlSi iyo, isini
kaxeTs daecemodnen da _ piriqiT. ase gagrZelda ramdenime wlis manZilze.
qveyana aoxrda, mematianis cnobiT 1757 wlisaTvis `daicala sabaraTaSvilo,
orbelianT mamuli, zogni avidnen zemo qarTlSi, aRarsad darCa Senoba im
mxares... iyo cema lekTagan maradis da oxreba saqarTvelosa Sina~.
lekianobis winaaRmdeg efeqturi brZolisaTvis aucilebeli iyo fuladi
saxsrebi da regularuli jari, ris saSualebac, gamudmebuli brZolebiT
dasustebul qarTl-kaxeTs, ar gaaCnda. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTvelma
mefeebma gadawyvites am problemis mosagvareblad qveynis gareT moeZebnaT
mokavSire; aseTad maT erTmorwmune ruseTi esaxebodaT. amave dros, am
mimarTulebiT saswrafod unda mieRoT zomebi, radgan iranis Sahis
taxtisaTvis brZola dasasruls uaxlovdeboda. am droisaTvis, upiratesoba
moipova zendebis dinastiis warmomadgenelma qerim-xanma, romelmac 1752 w.
25
Sahis taxti daikava da dedaqalaqad Sirazi airCia; marTalia, misi
Zalaufleba jer kidev ar vrceldeboda iranis mTel teritoriaze, magram
es mxolod drois sakiTxi iyo. XVIII s. 60-iani wlebisaTvis, man yvela
mowinaaRmdege CamoiSora da iranis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli gaxda, Tumca
Sahis titulze uari Tqva da qveyanas veqilis* (regentis) statusiT
marTavda (1763-1779 ww.). Teimurazi da erekle grZnobdnen, rom male iranis
axali mbrZanebeli saqarTvelosTvisac moiclida da mis damoukidebel
arsebobas ar Seegueboda.
1760 w. aprilSi, Teimuraz II saTanado amaliT ruseTs gaemgzavra. es
elCoba miznad isaxavda ruseTisagan lekianobasTan sabrZolvelad jaris, an
Tundac mis dasaqiraveblad saWiro Tanxis miRebas; amis sanacvlod ki,
Teimurazi
imperators
sTavazobda
iranSi
laSqrobis
SemTxvevaSi
mokavSireobas da iq ruseTisaTvis misaRebi kandidaturis gamefebaSi
mxardaWeras. samwuxarod, elCoba uSedegod damTavrda: ruseTi am dros
prusiisa da inglisis winaaRmdeg e.w. `Svidwlian omSi~ (1756-1763 ww.) iyo
Cabmuli da im xanad es winadadeba misTvis xelsayreli ar iyo; Tumca
dokumenturi wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom saimperatoro karze Teimurazis
gegma detalurad ganixiles da samomavlod, Sesaferisi saerTaSoriso
situaciis pirobebSi misaRebadac miiCnies. pasuxis molodinSi Teimuraz II
mTeli
8 Tvis ganmavlobaSi daayovnes. 1761 w. 25 dekembers ruseTis
dedofali elisabedi gardaicvala da qarTvelTa elCobas daxmarebaze
sabolood uari ganucxades. rogorc Cans, TeimurazisaTvis es mZime dartyma
iyo: 1762 w. 8 ianvars igi uecrad gardaicvala. siSoris gamo misi cxedris
saqarTveloSi Camosveneba ver moxerxda da igi astraxanis* miZinebis taZarSi
Tavisive simamris _ vaxtang VI-is gverdiT dakrZales.
garda imisa, rom elCoba uSedego aRmoCnda, man erekles sxva problemac
Seuqmna. kerZod, seriozulad gaurTulda urTierToba iranTan. qerim-xanma
erekle TavisTan daibara da elCobasTan dakavSirebiT axsna-ganmarteba
moiTxova. ereklem lekebis winaaRmdeg brZola moimizeza da iranSi wasvlas
Tavi aarida, samagierod iq uxvi saCuqrebiT datvirTuli elCoba gagzavna,
Tan qerim-xanTan werilic aaxla, romelSic Tavs imarTlebda, rom
Teimurazis ruseTs wasvla masTan SeuTanxmeblad moxda. ra Tqma unda, aseTi
pasuxiT, iranis mbrZanebels igi Tavis erTgulebaSi ver daarwmunebda,
amitomac, meti damajereblobisaTvis, mas gaugzavna iranis taxtis erT-erTi
pretendenti _ azat-xani, romelic jer kidev 1760 wlidan hyavda
datyvevebuli. im xanad. qerim-xansac ar awyobda amierkavkasiaSi axali
problemis gamwvaveba, amitomac, am etapze, erekles pasuxiT dakmayofilda;
ufro metic, qarTvelTa delegacia Sahma didi pativiT gamoistumra, qarTlkaxeTis erT samefod gaerTianeba scno da, Sesabamisad, aRiara erekles
uflebebi ganjisa da erevnis saxanoebze.
erekle II-s gaZlierebis kvaldakval, qveynis SigniTac gaaqtiurdnen misi
mowinaaRmdege qarTleli Tavadebi, maT kvlav wamoswies qarTlis taxtze
26
`kaxi bagrationebis~ uflebamosilebis sakiTxi, miT ufro, rom ruseTSi
egulebodaT `namdvili memkvidre~ _ vaxtang VI-is SviliSvili aleqsandre
baqaris-Ze. Aamjerad, Tavadebma saxelmwifo gadatrialeba da mefisa da misi
ojaxis mkvleloba dagegmes. SeTqmulebis sulisCamdgmeli gaxda vaxtang VIis ukanono Svili paata batoniSvili. igi jer kidev 1724 w. mamasTan erTad
wavida ruseTSi da im droisaTvis kargi ganaTlebac miiRo, Seiswavla
samxedro xelovneba, maT Soris _ saartilerio saqme da zarbaznebis
Camosxma (samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg, mas qvemexebis damzadebis saqme
auwyvia). 1752 w. paata batoniSvilma ruseTi unebarTvod datova da
saqarTveloSi gamoipara. Teimurazma da ereklem naTesavi didi pativiT
miiRes da daabinaves; Tumca Zalian male, ereklem igi RalatSi amxila da
erTxans patimrobaSic hyavda. Sewyalebis Semdeg, paata imereTSi gaiqca da
iqidan agrZelebda erekles winaaRmdeg brZolas. sainteresoa, rom zogierTi
wyaros cnobiT, igi rusuli orientaciis mowinaaRmdege iyo. amas adasturebs
misi erT-erTi werilic (Tavisi Zmisadmi), sadac igi ruseTs moixseniebs
rogorc `matyuara da samarTlebriv normaTa uarmyofel saxelmwifos, sadac
kaci kacad ar aris miCneuli~.
paata batoniSvili qerim-xansac eaxla
daxmarebis saTxovnelad, magram uari miiRo. uSedego mcdelobis Semdeg, igi
kvlav qarTlSi dabrunda da SeTqmulebas Caudga saTaveSi. SeTqmulTa
TavSeyris adgili iyo paata batoniSvilis sadgomi _ e. w. `markozaSvilis
darbazi~. 1765 wels, roca ukve mzad iyvnen gamosvlisaTvis, isini
samSvildelma glexma daTuna feiqarma gasca (misi coli erekles
qaliSvilis ZiZa iyo da sasaxleSi cxovrobda, daTuna feiqars davalebuli
hqonda, colis daxmarebiT SeTqmulebi sasaxleSi SeeSva). ereklem yvelani
Seipyro da sajarod gaasamarTla: saqme darbazma ganixila, damnaSaveebs
qoneba CamoarTves da Sesabamisi simkacriT dasajes (paata batoniSvils Tavi
mohkveTes). amasTan dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa kidev erTi epizodi: vaxtang
VI-is memkvidreebs oficialurad ekrZalebodaT ruseTis datoveba. saeWvo
damTxveviT, ruseTidan swored am dros _ 1764 wels gamouSves aleqsandre
baqaris-Ze, romelic 1765 wels ukve mozdokSi iyo, magram am droisaTvis
SeTqmulebi ukve gasamarTlebulni iyvnen da qarTlis taxtis maZiebelma
xelsayrel moments ver Camouswro. samecniero literaturaSi, dokumenturi
masalis safuZvelze, dadasturebulia, rom ruseTis mTavroba, saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi, aseTi pretendentebis Tavis sasargeblod
gamoyenebas ar
Takilobda da e. w. `ormagi standartiT~ moqmedebda.
SeTqmulebis aRmofxvris Semdeg erekles winaSe kvlav gadaudebel
amocanad rCeboda iranTan diplomatiuri gzebiT mopovebuli warmatebebis
SenarCuneba da lekTa sakiTxis sabolood gadaWra. garda amisa,
angariSgasawevi
iyo
TurqeTis
poziciac,
romlis
imJamindeli
`keTilganwyoba~ sulac ar niSnavda, rom qveyana momavalSic samudamod
iqneboda dazRveuli Turquli agresiisagan. amave dros, Savi zRvis
sruteebsa da balkaneTSi TurqeTis gabatonebis Sedegad saqarTvelo
27
dasavleTisagan (evropisagan) izolirebuli iyo, imereTis samefo da misgan
faqtiurad damoukidebeli guriisa da samegrelos samTavroebi ki TurqeTis
gavlenis qveS iyvnen. saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTi nawili (yofili
samcxe-saaTabago*) jer kidev XVI saukuneSi miitaca TurqeTma da iq
axalcixis Turquli safaSo Camoayaliba, romelic saqarTveloSi TurqeTis
agresiis umTavres bazad iqca. aseT pirobebSi qveynis usafrTxoebis
dasacavad mcdeloba ar daukliaT aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos
mesveurebs: 1758 w. Teimurazma, ereklem da imereTis mefem solomon I-ma
(1752-1784 ww.) gorSi Sexvedrisas megobrobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis
xelSekruleba gaaformes; magram mahmadianur saxelmwifoTa rkalSi
moqceuli qveynisaTvis es sakmarisi ar iyo. am situaciidan erTaderTi
gamosavali iyo orientacia Zlier mokavSireze, romelic TurqeTisa da
iranis mxridan agresiis ganaxlebis SemTxvevaSi, qveyanas mfarvelobas
gauwevda da, ufro metic _ adreve dakarguli teritoriebis dabrunebaSic
daexmareboda.
saamisod xelsayreli viTareba Seiqmna ruseT-TurqeTis 1768-1774 ww.
omis dawyebis win. ruseTis didi xnis ocneba iyo Sav zRvaze gasasvlelis
mopoveba. amisaTvis is mxolod Sesaferis moments ucdida da saWiro sababs
eZebda.
saimperatoro
karze
mSvenivrad
icodnen,
rom
TurqeTTan
dapirispirebisas evropa mxars ar dauWerda ruseTs, amitom isini uaRresad
did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen TurqeTis uRelqveS myofi qristiani xalxebis
ganmaTavisuflebel brZolas, romelic amjerad moxerxebulad gamoiyenes
TavianTi namdvili zraxvebis SesaniRbad: ruseTis mTavrobam mowodebiT
mimarTa balkanel da kavkasiel qristianebs, rom igi `iZulebulia~ TurqeTs
SeebrZolos `qristianuli sarwmunoebis dasacavad~. am gziT ruseTi gegmavda
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis meSveobiT omSi Caeba balkaneTisa da kavkasiis
qristiani xalxebi da amiT TurqeTis Zalebi or frontze sabrZolvelad
daeqsaqsa. Tavis mxriv, TurqeTi mxardaWerisaken mouwodebda yirimisa da
kavkasiis mahmadianebs.
omis dawyebis win, ruseTSi darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom imereTis mefe
solomon I am konfliqtSi aucileblad CaerTveboda, magram erekle II-is
daTanxmeba saeWvod miaCndaT, vinaidan imereTisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTlkaxeTis samefoze TurqeTis gavlena ar vrceldeboda. Saqme is aris, rom am
SemTxvevaSi, erekles sakuTari motivi hqonda: ruseTis daxmarebiT igi
TurqeTis mier mitacebuli teritoriebis SemoerTebas, War-belaqnis
dapyrobas da lekianobis sabolood aRkveTas gegmavda. amave dros, man isic
icoda, rom im xanad, irani osmaleTis dasustebisa da amis xarjze qarTlkaxeTis gaZlierebis winaaRmdegi ar iqneboda. Amitom, erekle omSi
monawileobaze daTanxmda, mxolod im pirobiT, rom ruseTi saqarTveloSi
damxmare jars gamogzavnida.
1769 w. 21 maiss solomoni da erekle erTmaneTs TbilisSi Sexvdnen da
erTobliv moqmedebaze SeTanxmdnen. ruseTis mTavrobam miiRo gadawyvetileba
28
imereTSi 400 kaciani razmisa da zarbaznebis gagzavnis Sesaxeb, razmis
xelmZRvanelad ki general-maiori, grafi totlebeni daniSna. warmoSobiT
germaneli totlebeni sxvadasxva dros msaxurobda saqsoniis*, holandiis,
prusiisa* da ruseTis armiebSi. `Svidwliani omis~ dros is ruseTis armiaSi
korpusis meTauri iyo da RalatSi mxilebuli (faruli mimowera hqonda
fridrix II-Tan da mas samxedro saidumloebebs acnobebda) dasajes;
mogvianebiT, ekaterine II-m igi Seiwyala da armiaSic aRadgina. aseTi saeWvo
warsulis mqone pirovnebis daniSvniT, ruseTma didi Secdoma dauSva _
Ralatisadmi totlebenis midrekilebam ruseT-TurqeTis mimdinare omSic
araerTxel iCina Tavi.
1769
w.
agvistoSi
rusuli
razmi
totlebenis
meTaurobiT
saqarTveloSi Semovida. ereklem igi sagangebo pativiT miiRo da Sexvedrisas
Tavisi sabrZolo gegmac gaacno. 26 seqtembers totlebeni Tavisi razmiT
imereTSi Cavida da winaswar SeTanxmebuli gegmis mixedviT, solomon I-Tan
erTad alya Semoartya Sorapnis cixes,* sadac 23 kaciani Turquli
garnizoni iyo gamagrebuli. mokle xanSi solomons dasavleTis mxridan
dadianisa da Turqebis SemoWris Sesaxeb acnobes da igi iZulebuli gaxda,
maTTan sabrZolvelad wasuliyo. 23 kaciani garnizonis winaaRmdeg brZola
ruseTis armiis general-maiors TiTqos ar unda gasWirveboda, magram
moulodnelad, 4 dRis Semdeg, totlebenma alya moxsna da imereTidan
qarTlSi, kerZod _ cxinvalSi wamovida. aq igi
Seudga axalcixeze
laSqrobis samzadiss, romlis erT-erT aucilebel pirobad ereklem
wamoayena
ruseTidan
damatebiTi
jaris
Semoyvana.
totlebenma
am
mimarTulebiT marTlac awarmova saTanado instanciebTan mimowera da 1770
w. 3 TebervlisaTvis saqarTveloSi rusTa jaris raodenoba 1228 kacamde
gaizarda, xolo amave wlis 16 marts mozdokisaken* daiZra tomskis polki,
romelic saqarTveloSi mxolod ivnisis TveSi Semovida.
1770 w. 17 marts erekle 7 aTasiani jariT da 3 zarbazniT suramSi
Cavida, sadac mas totlebeni daxvda 1200 kaciT. rusTa da qarTvelTa
erTiani jari qviSxeTisaken gaemarTa. 14 aprils mokavSireebi sadgerSi iyvnen
da swored aq iCina Tavi pirvelma uTanxmoebam: totlebenma mefes SesTavaza
erTiani jarisa da zarbaznebis nawili sadgeris* cixeSi daetovebinaT.
bunebrivia, erekle amaze ar daTanxmda, magram generalma TviTneburad Tavisi
gaitana. amis Sesaxeb, erekle erT-erT rus meTaurs swerda: `davuSale,
magram Cemi rCeva ar miiRo; rac karavi hqonda, da 6 zarbazani da
naxevramdis jari, romelic am xanad oriv saWiro iyo, Cems Seutyobrad
daegdo sadgerSi; awyurs rom mivediT, oris karvis meti ara hqonda-ra.~ 17
aprils mokavSireebi awyurs miadgnen. dokumenturi masalis mixedviT,
awyurTan totlebeni eqvsasamde jariskaciT da 8 mcireyalibiani qvemexiT
mivida. Amjerad, man daiJina awyuris cixis aReba, erekles ki miaCnda, rom
gza unda gaegrZelebinaT da safaSos teritoriis siRrmeSi SeWriliyvnen,
raTa cixis garnizonisaTvis zurgidan damxmare Zalebisa da sursaTis
29
miRebis saSualeba moespoT. totlebenma aqac Tavisi gaitana da male
gamoirkva, rom misi gegma strategiulad uvargisi iyo: arsebuli ZalebiT
man ver moaxerxa awyuris cixis srul alyaSi moqceva da axalcixidan misken
momavali gzis gadaketva. amiT isargebla axalcixis faSam da 18 aprils
cixeSi 2 aTasiani razmi Seiyvana, 19 aprils ki totlebenma moulodnelad
miatova brZolis veli da awyuridan wamovida. qveynis interesebidan
gamomdinare, ereklem amjeradac didi moTmineba da TavSekaveba gamoiCina, `me
mivel da Rrafs (e.i. graf totlebens, l.m.) didad vevedre, _ swerda igi
ruseTis vice-kancler golicins, _ da Cemi Tavi viTarca erTi misisa
kamandisa oficeri, egreT kamandaSi vaZlive, da mravals vevedre
gamobrunebas mterzed...~ magram mefis Txovna totlebenma yurad ar iRo.
rusebis wasvlas qarTvelTa jarSi uwesrigoba mohyolia, mteri ki ukve
winaswar zeimobda gamarjvebas. ereklem didi ZalisxmeviT moaxerxa jarSi
disciplinis aRdgena, amis Semdeg alyis gagrZelebas azri aRar hqonda da
qarTvelebma poziciebi datoves. mogvianebiT, erT-erT werilSi erekle
amtkicebda, rom totlebeni Tavidanve cdilobda am laSqrobis CaSlas, mas
qviSxeTSive etyobodao, rom `didad ezareboda mterze wamosvla~. am
mosazrebas oficialuri dokumentebic adastureben: jer kidev 6 aprilis
patakiT totlebeni samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebas iTxovda da werda:
`umorCilesad gTxovT, aqedan Cqara wamiyvanoT, Cems magivrad Cemi razmi sxva
generals CaabaroT... Zala ar myofnis.~
awyuridan erekle qarTvelTa jariT aspinZis mimarTulebiT wavida.
axalcixis faSam mTeli Zalebi mis winaaRmdeg daZra, Tan axalqalaqisa da
xerTvisis cixeebidan 1500 meomari gamoiyvana qarTvelTaTvis aspinZisaken
mimavali gzis gadasaketad. marTalia, qarTvelebma isini sastikad daamarcxes,
magram amasobaSi, faSam aspinZasTan 4 aTasian korpuss mouyara Tavi
(Turqebis cnobiT es korpusi 8 aTasiani iyo). aspinZis brZola 1770 wlis
20 aprils gaimarTa da erekles samxedro niWis wyalobiT qarTvelebma
kidev erTi brwyinvale gamarjveba moipoves. mtris jari ricxobrivad didad
aRemateboda erekles Zalebs (mas mxolod 3 aTasi meomari hyavda), amitom
man brZolis wina RamiT ramdenime meomari gagzavna, romlebmac mtkvarze
gadasasvleli xidis burjebi daazianes, riTac mters ukandaxevis, maSveli
Zalebis daxmarebisa da manevrirebis saSualeba mouspo. qarTvelTa jari
ereklem sam nawilad ganalaga: marjvena flangze sardali daviT orbeliani
daayena, marcxenaze _ Tavisi vaJi giorgi batoniSvili, xolo centrs
TviTon xelmZRvanelobda. Ppirvelad Setevaze erekle gadavida da
elviseburi moqmedebiT TurqTa da lekTa gaerTianebul Zalebs didi zarali
miayena; mterma uwesrigod daiwyo ukandaxeva da miawyda xids, magram
dazianebuli xidi Caingra da osmalTa jaris didi nawilic adidebul
mtkvarSi daixrCo. qarTvelTa laSqarSi mcire zaralis
fonze mtris
danakargebi masStaburi iyo: tyveTa CvenebiT, mTeli korpusidan mxolod 13
kaci dabrunebula axalcixeSi; daiRupa maTi mTavarsardali, ramdenime faSa
30
da lekTa meTaurebi, maT Soris _ yvelaze sisxlismsmeli winamZRoli
malaCi (koxta-beladi), romelic erekles Tavis xeliT mouklavs.
aspinZis brZola qarTveli xalxis istorias SemorCa, rogorc kargad
dagegmili, gabeduli, rTuli da brwyinvaled Sesrulebuli samxedro
operacia. Tumca, samwuxarod, totlebenis Ralatis gamo es gamarjveba
ereklem saTanadod veRar gamoiyena, misi ZiriTadi mizani _ samcxe-javaxeTis
dakaveba, _ ganuxorcielebeli darCa. totlebenis mimarT qarTvelTa
ganwyobis nimuSad SeiZleba CaiTvalos anton kaTalikosis sityvebi misive
werilidan graf n. paninisadmi: `generali, romelic Tavisi ficis
sawinaaRmdegod iqceva, generali, romelmac yovelgvari aucileblobis
gareSe miatova brZolis veli, _ did zians ayenebs saqarTvelos. es
garemoebebi aferxebs Cems Zmas, mefe erekles, romelic mtris winaaRmdeg
ibrZvis da (aspinZis) sisxlismRvreli Setakebis Semdeg brwyinvale
gamarjvebas aRwevs, da mas mtris winaaRmdeg Semdgomi brZolebisagan akavebs,
radgan rusi generali TviTon garbis da rusul jars nebas ar aZlevs,
mteri ukuagdos; malavs artilerias, raTa igi mtris winaaRmdeg veravin
gamoiyenos, amis Sedegad ki misi imperatorobiTi umaRlesobis samsaxuric ar
sruldeba.~
amrigad, aspinZis brwyinvale gamarjvebas ar mohyolia Sesabamisi
politikuri warmateba, ufro metic, erekles axali sazrunavi gauCnda.
kerZod, totlebenis xelyofisagan sakuTari samefo taxtis dacva gauxda
saWiro. man Tavidanve ganWvrita, rom totlebenis saswrafod qarTlSi
dabruneba kargs arafers moaswavebda. marTlac, rusma generalma zogierTi
opozicioneri qarTleli Tavadis daxmarebiT, saxelmwifo gadatrialebis
mowyoba ganizraxa. am mizniT, man daiwyo qarTlis cixe-qalaqebis dakaveba da
mosaxleobas aiZulebda, ruseTis imperatoris erTgulebaze daeficaT. amave
dros, igi erkles Sesaxeb agzavnida yalb informacias peterburgSi da
mizansac miaRwia: saimperatoro kari erekles sawinaaRmdegod ganawyo da
Sedegad mis mier mopovebuli marTlac brwyinvale gamarjveba iq sakmaod
civad miiRes, imperatricam mosalodneli wyalobis nacvlad, erekles
pasuxic ki ar aRirsa; Tumca, saTanado ganxilvis safuZvelze, ruseTSi
gadawyvites, rom Tavisi saqcieliT, totlebeni saqarTveloSi `ruseTs
ufro sircxvils uxveWda, vidre saxels~ da mis nacvlad sardlad
generali a. suxotini daniSnes. amave dros, am ukanasknels aukrZales
regularuli samxedro operaciebis Catareba da miTiTeba misces, rom
Turqebis winaaRmdeg qarTvelTa ZalebiT mxolod `diversiebi~ moewyo. amiT
generals agrZnobines, rom mitacebuli qarTuli miwebis SemoerTeba am
etapze ar warmoadgenda ruseTis mizans. ruseTSi aseve ar daugmiaT
totlebenis danaSaulebrivi qmedeba, piriqiT _ suxotins ganumartes, rom
Tuki totlebenis avanturistuli wamowyeba (imperatoris erTgulebaze
qarTvelTa iZulebiT daficeba) xels Seuwyobda TurqeTis winaaRmdeg
qarTvelebis mobilizebas, aseTi ram kvlavac gaegrZelebina. instruqciis
31
erT-erTi punqtiT, suxotins foTis xelSi Cagdebasac avalebdnen. amrigad,
avanturisti totlebenis gadayenebas ereklesaTvis praqtikulad ar
moutania raime SeRavaTi, radgan ruseTis politika saqarTvelos mimarT
kvlav ucvleli darCa. aqedan gamomdinare, unda vifiqroT, rom totlebenis
piradi uaryofiTi Tvisebebis miuxedavad, misi moqmedeba ruseTis samefo
karis mier winaswar sanqcirebuli iyo.
1771 w. maisSi suxotini saqarTveloSi Camovida da ereklesa da
solomonTan TaTbiris dros winadadeba wamoayena zafxulSi foTze
elaSqraT. man ar gaiTvaliswina erekles rCeva, rom zafxulis klimatur
pirobebSi, kolxeTis WaobebSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda jaris warmatebuli
moqmedeba. suxotini ar icnobda adgilobriv pirobebs da jiutad icavda
mTavrobis instruqcias, romelic, Tavis mxriv, totlebenis uxeiro
moxsenebebs eyrdnoboda. garda amisa, igi agrZelebda Tavisi winamorbedis
moqmedebis kurss, ar endoboda qarTvel mefeebs, ukavSirdeboda maT
moRalate Tavadebs da a. S. Sedegad foTis cixis alyis dros, zafxulis
sicxis gamo, jari umZimes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. cieb-cxelebiT daavadda
ori aTasamde jariskaci, maT Soris TviTon generalic. oqtomberSi
suxotinma foTis alya moxsna, xolo dekemberSi ruseTis xelisuflebam
gadawyvetileba miiRo saqarTvelodan jaris gayvanis Taobaze. 1772 w. maisSi,
rusTa jarma saqarTvelos sazRvrebi datova. omis pirobebSi mokavSire
jaris mier mitovebuli erekle da solomoni didi gansacdelis winaSe
aRmoCndnen; gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo erekles mdgomareoba, romelmac metnaklebad mogvarebuli saSinao da sagareo urTierTobebi, riskis qveS
daayena. ruseTis gamo, man xelaxla gadaimtera mezobeli mahmadianuri
saxelmwifoebi.
amrigad, qarTveli mefeebi isev sakuTari Tavis imedad darCnen da
kritikuli viTarebidan gamosavlis Ziebas Seudgnen. 1773 w. ereklem da
solomonma
aRadgines
urTierTkavSiris
xelSekruleba.
amave
wlis
oqtomberSi, gaerTianebuli jariT javaxeTze gailaSqres da alya
Semoartyes axalqalaqis cixes, magram misi aReba veRar SeZles: solomon IIis mZime avadmyofobis gamo imerTa jari ukan gabrunda. ereklem alya moxsna,
Tavis jars artaanisa* da axalcixis mxare daarbevina da nadavliT
datvirTuli dabrunda qalaqSi. amasobaSi Turqebis waqezebiT, rusTa jaris
wasvliT gamxnevebulma mTielebmac dro ixelTes. rodesac erekle
axalqalaqTan idga, kaxeTs Warelebi daesxnen, amas mohyva xunZaxis
mflobelis _ nursal-begis (igive mucalis) Tavdasxma qiziyze, romelic
qiziyelebma, revaz andronikaSvilis meTaurobiT, warmatebiT moigeries da
brwyinvale gamarjveba moipoves. amave xanebSi lekebi cxinvalSi SeiWrnen da
didZali nadavli da tyveebi Caigdes xelSi, Warelebma ki isev daarbies
qiziyi. erekle maT mcirericxovani razmiT daedevna da `Zlierad daamarcxa~.
mematianis sityviT, `eseviTarni gamarjvebani mefisa iraklisani uricxvni
arian.~ drodadro, mefis brZanebiT qarTvelebi Tavadac gadadiodnen Setevaze
32
da `arbevdnen axalcixisa qveynebs.~ axalcixis cbieri mmarTveli suleimanfaSa ki amiT sargeblobda: qarTvelTa mier miyenebul zarals sulTanTan
azviadebda, amave dros _ lekebisagan saqarTvelodan motacebuli nadavlis
wilsac iRebda. amis gamo, sulTanma qerim-xans SesCivla: `Sen agiSvia erTi
lomi, romel ars saqarTvelos mefe erekle, romelic aoxrebs maradis
samflobelosa Cemsao da amis gamo ixarjvis Cemgan ara-mciredi xazinao~ da
sTxovda mas, zemoqmedeba moexdina erekleze, raTa am ukanasknels Seewyvita
Tavdasxmebi. aRfrTovanebulma qerim-xanma Turme vezirebs mimarTa: `SexedeT
mefe erekles, xonTqari daaCoqa da CemTan aCivlebso~; amiT nasiamovnebma,
erekles gamougzavna Zvirfasad Semkuli xmali da `cxeni, oqrosa da
minanqris iaraRiT Sekazmuli.~ amis Semdeg, TurqeTsa qarTl-kaxeTs Soris
zavi damyarda da omamdeli urTierTobebi aRdga.
amasobaSi, ruseT-TurqeTis omi dasasruls miuaxlovda; 1774 w. 10
ivliss quCuk-kainarjSi* maT Soris gaformda zavi, romlis 23-e punqtic
saqarTvelos Seexeboda: damarcxebuli TurqeTi samudamod xels iRebda
imereTis samefos dapyrobaze, misgan xarkis moTxovnaze da imerTa mefis
mflobelobaSi myof yvela cixe-simagreze. dokumentSi naklebad iyo
gaTvaliswinebuli qarTl-kaxeTis interesebi: am omSi CarTvam erekles
uamravi mteri SesZina, Sedegad ki verc mitacebuli teritoriebi daibruna
da verc ruseTis mkafiod gamoxatuli mfarveloba miiRo. erTaderTi, rac
mis sasargeblod gadawyda, iyo is, rom TurqeTi omSi monawile qarTvelobis
mimarT SurisZiebaze uars acxadebda (Tumca lekebis meSveobiT, mas
yovelTvis SeeZlo qarTvelebisaTvis samagiero miezRo).
amrigad, omis Semdeg, ereklem ase Tu ise moaxerxa urTierTobis
dabalanseba iranTanac da TurqeTTanac; amis miuxedavad, lekTa TareSs bolo
ar uCanda, aqedan gamomdinare, qarTl-kaxeTis winaSe mwvaved dadga mudmivi
jaris Seqmnis problema: saxeldaxelod Sekrebili feodaluri laSqari
lekebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad ar iyo efeqturi. 1773 wlis miwuruls
ereklem darbazs gansaxilvelad warudgina `ganCineba morige jaris Sesaxeb~,
romelic 1774 wlidan ukve ZalaSi Sevida. am kanonis safuZvelze aRweres
qarTl-kaxeTis brZolisunariani mamakaci mosaxleoba. yoveli zrdasruli
mamakaci valdebuli iyo weliwadSi erTi Tvis manZilze Tavisi xarjiTa da
SeiaraRebiT emsaxura morige jarSi. es iyo sayovelTao samxedro begara,
sadac gawvevas eqvemdebareboda sazogadoebis yvela fenis warmomadgeneli,
maT Soris samefo ojaxis wevrebic. gamonaklisi daiSveboda mxolod
qveynisaTvis saWiro profesiis adamianTaTvis (vaWrebi, mewisqvileebi,
mwyemsebi da sxva), romelTac SeeZloT salaSqrod gaeSvaT magieri kaci,
anu `badali~. radganac laSqarSi `morige~ Tavisi xarjiT midioda, ereklem
qarTl-kaxeTis glexoba sursaTis gadasaxadisagan gaaTavisufla. siis
mixedviT, xalxis gamocxadebaze pasuxismgebeli iyo mebatone an soflis
romelime moxele.
mebatone aseve valdebuli iyo saWiro sursaTiTa da
iaraRiT moemaragebina `morigeSi~ gamoZaxebuli glexi, Tuki am ukanasknels
33
saamisod sakuTari saxsrebi ar hqonda. `morigeSi~ dagvianebis an
argamocxadebisaTvis, saTanado sasjeli iyo dawesebuli: glexebisaTvis
gawkepvla, Tavad-aznaurTaTvis _ sapatimro. morige laSqari iyofoda
samxedro erTeulebad, romlebsac mefis mier daniSnuli moxele edga
saTaveSi. ra Tqma unda, aseTi radikaluri samxedro reformis gatareba iseT
tradiciul
wodebriv-ierarqiul
qveyanaSi,
rogoric
imdroindeli
saqarTvelo iyo, advili ar iqneboda; gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli iyo igi
msxvili feodalebisaTvis, amitom, maT wasaxaliseblad erekle Tavisi
vaJebiTurT pirveli Caewera morige jarSi.
regularuli jaris upiratesoba Tavidanve aSkara iyo: mefes mudmiv
mzadyofnaSi hyavda 5 aTasiani laSqari, romelmac erTbaSad aamaRla qveynis
Tavdacvisunarianoba; rac yvelaze mTavaria, sabolood iqna aRkveTili lekTa
TareSi: `esreT SiSneul iyvnen lekni, rom verRara ikadres gamosvla da
esreT damSvidda qarTli, rom diacni Tvinier mamakacisa vidodian.~ morige
jars saTaveSi edga erekle II-is vaJi levan batoniSvili. es iyo uaRresad
niWieri da energiuli pirovneba, romelic Tavis droze, ruseTSi elCad
yofnisas, dainteresda iqauri samxedro-saorganizacio saqmiT da bevri ram
Seiswavla.
oriode
weliwadSi
levan
batoniSvilma
qarTl-kaxeTis
teritoria TiTqmis sruliad gawminda moTareSeE lekebisagan. aRsaniSnavia
isic, rom ereklem, rogorc niWierma sardalma, isic gaiTvaliswina, rom
regularuli jaris Seqmna am etapze sakmarisi ar iyo qveynis winaSe
arsebuli mwvave problemebis gadasawyvetad; saWiro oyo am jaris evropul
yaidaze mowyoba da, rac mTavaria, _ im droisaTvis maRali donis
cecxlsasroli iaraRiT misi aRWurva. amisaTvis aucilebeli iyo samTamadno
mrewvelobis ganviTareba, rasac ereklem jer kidev 60-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi Cauyara safuZveli: 1763 w. man axtalisa da alaverdis
sabadoebSi daiwyo vercxlisa da spilenZis madnis amoReba-damuSaveba. 1768
wlisaTvis erekles ukve hqonda cecxlsasroli iaraRis Camomsxmeli qarxana.
erT-erTi ucxoeli mogzauri ioseb de laporti aRniSnavda: `TbilisSi
akeTeben zarbaznebs, yumbarebs, Tofiswamals~. istoriulma wyaroebma
Semogvinaxes im pirTa vinaobac, vinc 70-ian wlebSi uSualod emsaxureboda
saartilerio saqmes, maT Soris iyvnen rogorc adgilobrivi, ise
sazRvargareTidan mowveuli specialistebi: giorgi Tarxani, ioseb getingi,
paata andronikaSvili, gabriel maiori, ioseb baxutaSvili, Tevdore
petriaSvili, stefane meliqovi, giorgi TumaniSvili da sxva.
artileriis saamqros, anu arsenals im dros Tofxana ewodeboda. masSi
momuSave sxvadasxva xelosnebs erekle didi pativiT epyroboda; mis mier
gacemuli
uamravi
sabuTi
mowmobs,
rom
aqaur
muSakebs
pirad
TavisuflebasTan
erTad,
didi
SeRavaTebic
eZleodaT
(saxelmwifo
begarisagan gaTavisufleba, mzardi anazRaureba da sxva). samxedro wodebis
aRmniSvneli saxelebi, mcire gamonaklisis garda, erekles ruseTidan
gadmouRia (rusebma Tavis mxriv, isini evropidan Semoitanes). es wodebebia:
34
TofCibaSi, polkovniki, maiori, kapitani, poruCiki, aficeri, serJanti,
underaficeri, kaprali, TofCi. TofxanaSi yvelaze did moxeled da sapatio
pirad iTvleboda TofCibaSi, anu Tofxanis gamgebeli, romelic saartilerio
saqmes maTaurobda. TofCibaSisa da misi moadgilis (naibis) uSualo
nebarTviT gaicemoda iaraRi, maTi xelmZRvanelobiT asxamdnen zarbaznebs,
amasTanave, isini amzadebdnen saartilerio saqmis specialistebs da
msrolelebs (mezarbazneebs). garda fuladi anazRaurebisa, Tofxanis
xelosnebi sakvebiTac _ e. w. ulufiTac maragdebodnen.
XVIII s. 80-ian wlebSi, erekles 12 adgilobrivi warmoebis zarbazani
hqonda. garda amisa, artileriisaTvis saWiro tyvia-wamali da asafeTqebeli
masala agreTve TbilisSi mzaddeboda. Tavidan es dargi kerZo pirTa xelSi
iyo _ qalaqeli xelosnebi amzadebdnen da TviTonve hyiddnen tyvia-wamals;
Sesabamisi brZanebiT, ereklem Tofiswamlisa da gvarjilis damzadeba-gayidvis
ufleba erT pirovnebas _ moqalaqe TayuaSvils gadasca, romelic
valdebuli iyo mxolod saxelmwifo dakveTa daekmayofilebina. am gziT
ereklem am dargis monopolia xelSi aiRo da mokle xanSi saTanado Sedegic
saxeze iyo: 1796 wlisaTvis Tofiswamalze da gvarjilaze saxelmwifo
dakveTac Sesrulebula da imdeni Warbi produqciac uwarmoebiaT, rom
TayuaSvils mefisagan kerZo gayidvebis uflebac miuRia. Tofiswamlis
qarxana avlabris cixis axlos mdebareobda.
saartilerio iaraRis danergvasTan erTad, erekles SeumuSavebia axali
sabrZolo taqtikac; amis Sesaxeb warmodgenas gviqmnian is saarqivo
dokumentebi, romlebic Seicaven mefis pirdapir miTiTebebs brZolis win an
misi msvlelobisas: `Tu isini gamovidnen... Tqven mindorze Sebmas ecadeniT,
kinklaobasa da imaTsaviT Tofebis miSvelebas daexseniT; Tqven erTianad
Tqvenis ZaliT, RvTiT, miaweqiT da zarbaznebi win miiZRvaneT, cxenianic rom
daaqveiToT da ise mixvideT, zarbaznebic win miimZRvaroT da omi zarbaznebs
daacadoT. Cveni goneba amas umjobesad xedavs, rom RvTiT, am gziT SeebaT...
Tqven rom ar auCqardeT, daacadoT, isini Tqvenze moiyvanoT da Tqven ki
imaTze ar mixvideT, _ ase sjobs, rom isini Tqvenze mosvliT daRaloT da,
RvTiT, Tqven im daRaluls erTianad SeebaT: isini aqeT-iqidan mogetanebian,
Tqven zarbaznis srolis mets nuras iqT; isini amaSi daiRalvian, masukan
erTianad miaweviT da, RvTiT, Tan gaitanT~. amrigad, brZolis dros erekle
pirvel
rigSi
sazarbazne
cecxlis
gaxsnas
brZanebs,
Semdeg
ki
demoralizebuli mtris jars Tavisi dasvenebuli ZalebiT erTianad utevs.
garda amisa, siaxle iyo agreTve zarbaznebis ganlageba qveiTi jarebis win
da ara maT ukan (rogorc es adre iyo miRebuli). rogorc Cans, sakuTari
sabrZolo gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, erekle amjobinebda brZolis
dawyebas
sazarbazne
SeteviT,
romelic
mtris
jarSi
elvisebur
destabilizacias iwvevda.
`morige~ jaris wyalobiT qarTl-kaxeTSi damyarebuli mSvidobiani
cxovreba didxans ar gagrZelebula. 1781 w. levan batoniSvilis uecarma
35
sikvdilma ara marto am samxedro formirebas, aramed mTel saqarTvelos
gamanadgurebeli dartyma miayena. oman xerxeuliZis cnobiT, am tragedias
saqarTvelos mtrebSic ki gulwrfeli sinanulis grZnoba gamouwvevia;
`moukvda erekles saxelovani da mravals brZolazed didad mxned
gamoCenili Svili Tvisi levan. esma ra ese faSasa axalcixisasa, sTqva:
xnierebisa Jamsa mefesa erekles mxari moeSalao, rom amisTana vaJkaci Svili
moukvdao, romelic saqarTvelos oTxkuTxe farda iyovo da axla qarTls
farda aexada pirsao.~ `morige~ jari levan batoniSvilis daRupvisTanave ar
gauqmebula, magram moRalate Tavadebis wyalobiT, mokle xanSi, misi marTvis
saTaveSi angarebiani moxeleebi moeqcnen, romlebmac es SesaniSnavi wamowyeba
sakuTari Semosavlis wyarod gadaaqcies (magaliTad, qrTamis meSveobiT, esa
Tu is Tavadi, Tavisi ymebiTurT advilad axerxebda `morigeobidan~ Tavis
daRwevas),
danarCeni
batoniSvilebi
ki
naklebad
zrunavdnen
mis
SenarCunebaze. marTalia, `morige~ jari brZanebiT arasodes gauqmebula,
magram droTa ganmavlobaSi igi TandaTanobiT Semcirda da bolos mTlianad
daiSala.
XVIII s. 70-ian wlebSi azerbaijanel xanebs Soris erekles saxifaTo
konkurenti gamouCnda yuba-darubandis* mflobelis _ faTali-xanis saxiT,
romelic azerbaijanis saxanoebis garTianebisaTvis ibrZoda. faTali-xani
amierkavkasiis regionSi erekles pirvelobas ecileboda da am mizniT
mahmadianuri saxanoebisa da lekebis gaerTianebas cdilobda qristiani
qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. erekles qveSevrdom erevnisa da
ganjis saxanoebs ki daumorCileblobisaken mouwodebda. ereklem droulad
miiRo sapasuxo zomebi: 1778 w. man erevneli husein-ali-xanis gandgomis
Sesaxeb Seityo da Tavisi jariT erevnisken wavida. huseinma mosaxleoba
daxizna da TviTon cixeSi Caiketa, Tumca maleve danebda erekles da 40
aTasi maneTi xarkic gadauxada.
1779 w. 19 marts iranSi qerim-xani gardaicvala da Sesabamisad,
amierkavkasiaSic daiZaba mdgomareoba. ereklesa da faTali-xans Soris
urTierToba gamwvavda. am ukanasknelis mcdelobiT, erevnisa da ganjis xanebi
isev ganudgnen erekles. Samagierod ereklem kavSiri Sekra yarabaRel ibreimxanTan.
erToblivi ZalebiT, maT ganja daipyres da adgilobrivi xani
gaaZeves. amieridan, ereklesa da ibreim-xanis mier daniSnuli moxeleebi
ganjas saziarod marTavdnen. amasobaSi erevnis xanic ajanyda da xarkis
gadaxdaze uari ganacxada. 1779 w. 29 agvistos ereklem 8 aTasiani jariT
erevnis cixes alya Semoartya; mogvianebiT, mas ibreim-xanis mier
gamogzavnili ganja-yarabaRis jaric SeuerTda. mwvave brZolebis Semdeg,
erevnis xani danebda da patieba iTxova, magram erekle moRalate xanis
Semorigebas aRar apirebda da erevnis saxanos sabolood dapyroba
gadawyvita. swored am dros, mas Seatyobines, rom ruseTidan saeWvod
`gamoSvebuli~ qarTlis taxtis pretendenti aleqsandre batoniSvili
(vaxtang VI-is Zis _ baqaris vaJi), romelic aqamde iranSi imyofeboda,
36
imereTSi Cavida. am dros, moRalate TavadTa mcdelobiT, ereklesa da
solomons Soris urTierToba garTulebuli iyo da erekles mowinaaRmdegeni
amiT sargeblobdnen. mefis erTgulma pirebma erekles SeuTvales: `moeSvele
qarTls, Tu ara saqarTvelo airivao.~ ereklem saswrafod qarTls miaSura
da energiuli RonisZiebebiT gandgomili Tavadebis morigi SeTqmuleba
aRkveTa.
miuxedavad amisa, mdgomareoba kvlav daZabuli iyo: aleqsandre
batoniSvili brZolas ar wyvetda, imerTa mefis garda mas aSkarad mxarSi
edga
ruseTi,
romelic
qarTl-kaxeTTan
urTierTobisas
araerTxel
mimarTavda e. w. ormagi standartis politikas; garda imisa, rom cbierad
manipulirebda qarTlis taxtis maZieblebiT, ruseTis xelisufleba
`megobruli mfarvelobisa da daxmarebis~ Sesaxeb carieli dapirebebis
fonze qarTl-kaxeTis interesebis sazianod moqmedebda. amis TvalsaCino
nimuSia rusebis mier miRebuli zomebi erekles axali wamowyebis winaaRmdeg,
romelic iTvaliswinebda mosaxleobisagan daclili qarTl-kaxeTis zogierT
kuTxeSi
Crdilo
kavkasiel
mTielTa
Casaxlebas.
ruseTis
mier
ganxorcielebulma kolonizaciam Cerqezebisa da yabardoelebis gaafTrebuli
winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia. primitiuli SeiaraRebis miuxedavad, isini gmirulad
ibrZodnen kazakTa axalSenebisa da ruseTis jarebis winaaRmdeg. Tavis mxriv,
ruseTi maT gaugonari sisastikiT uswordeboda. 1778 w. erekle gamoexmaura
yabardoelebis Txovnas da maT suram-qviSxeTis midamoebSi dasaxlebas
Sehpirda, magram ruseTma orjer CaSala es SeTanxmeba. Pirvelad, rusma
samxedroebma erekles wargzavnilebi daapatimres, yabardoelebi ki sastikad
dasajes. meored, 1780 wels, moaxalSeneTa 800 komli mozdokidan ukan
gaabrunes, cota xanSi ki aseve moeqcnen yabardoelTa kidev 500 komls.
erekles mier maT gadmosayvanad darialisken gagzavnili samxedro razmi
ukan gamobrunda. ruseTi amasac ar dasjerda da Crdilo kavkasielebs
qarTvelTa laSqarSi qiriT samsaxuric aukrZala. amrigad, erTmorwmune
`mfarveli~ ruseTis wyalobiT, ereklem dakarga is erTaderTi damxmare
Zala, romlis meSveobiTac aqamde warmatebiT umklavdeboda sxavadasxva
juris mtrebs.
erekles dasustebisaken iyo mimarTuli ruseTis sxva nabijebic da es
arc iyo gasakviri: imperiuli gegma, romelic Sav zRvaze gabatonebas
gulisxmobda,
ver
dauSvebda
qarTl-kaxeTis
mefis
xelisuflebis
gaZlierebas, rasac momavalSi saqarTvelos gamTlianeba mohyveboda. amitomac,
ruseTi Segnebulad cdilobda daesustebina erekle ara marto samxedropolitikuri, aramed ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac. am mizans emsaxureboda
ruseTis mier faTali-xanis daufaravi mxardaWera, Sesaferis momentSi
aleqsandre batoniSvilis ruseTidan gamoSveba, Crdilo kavkasiidan damxmare
Zalis dablokva da a. S. ruseTis xelisufleba ukve daufaravad cdilobda
SeezRuda erekle, romlis damoukidebeli politikac mas aRar awyobda.
qarTl-kaxeTs igi amierkavkasiaSi sakuTari gabatonebis erT-erT saSualebad
37
aRiqvamda da am miznis misaRwevad, ukan araferze ixevda.
amis
damadasturebelia Tundac is, rom rodesac 1776 w. qarTlSi, feodalTa
erTma jgufma zaal orbelianis meTaurobiT, mefis winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba
moawyo, aRmoCnda, rom masSi ruseTis agenti, vinme bakuninic monawileobda.
amrigad, XVIII s. 80-ian wlebSi ruseTis diplomatia ukve yvelanair
saSualebas iyenebda, raTa erekle Tavis qveSevrdomobaze daeTanxmebina. am
mizniT iyenebda igi faTali-xansac da aleqsandre batoniSvilsac. 1781 w. am
ukanasknelma imereTi datova da Crdilo kavkasiis gavliT faTali-xanTan
Cavida. amieridan erekles ori dauZinebeli mteri erTad Seikra da mas
seriozuli safrTxe daemuqra. am kavSiris winaaRmdeg realuri daxmareba
mxolod ruseTis xelisuflebas SeeZlo. Seqmnil viTarebaSi, ereklem yvela
gza mosinja, maT Soris _ TurqeTTan kavSiri, evropis saxelmwifoTa
meTaurebTan urTierTobis damyareba da samxedro daxmarebis Taobaze maTTan
mimowera da a. S., magram misi yvela mcdeloba uSedegod damTavrda. aseT
pirobebSi
igi
iZulebuli
gaxda
ruseTis
mfarvelobis
miRebaze
daTanxmebuliyo. ra Tqma unda, man kargad icoda, rom am sami agresiuli
saxelmwifodan saqarTvelos damoukideblobas arc erTi ar Seegueboda,
magram meore mxriv, im etapze qveyana aucilebeli sasicocxlo arCevanis
winaSe idga. erTmorwmune ruseTis mfarvelobaSi SesvliT erekle
imedovnebda, rom saqarTvelos daicavda mahmadianuri iran-TurqeTis
agresiisagan; garda amisa, ruseTis daxmarebiT daibrunebda mitacebul
teritoriebs da saqarTvelos gaaerTianebda, da bolos, igive ruseTis
meSveobiT, aRadgenda evropis qveynebTan urTierTobas. ruseTis saimperatoro
karze 1782 w. 21 dekembers gagzavnil dokumentSi man mkafiod Camoayaliba
Tavisi moTxovnebi da winadadebebi. 1783 w. 24 ivliss Crdilo kavkasiaSi
mdebare georgievskis cixe-simagreSi Sedga xelSekrulebis anu `megobrobiTi
traqtatis~
xelmoweris
procedura
(SemdgomSi
mas
`georgievskis
traqtatis~ saxeliT moixsenieben). am dokumentis ZaliT qarTl-kaxeTis mefe
ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlas aRiarebda da uars acxadebda nebismieri sxva
saxelmwifos vasalobaze. sanacvlod, ruseTis xelisufleba `saukunod~
aRiarebda qarTl-kaxeTis samefo taxtze ereklesa da misi STamomavlebis
uflebas. taxtze asvlisas qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebs ruseTis imperatorisagan
unda mieRoT samefo regaliebi* (gvirgvini, sigeli da droSa ruseTis
imperiis gerbiT, romelSic qarTl-kaxeTis samefo gerbi iyo Caxatuli) da
mis erTgulebaze daeficaT. qarTveli mefeebi uars ambobdnen damoukidebel
sagareo politikaze da am sakiTxSi ruseTis imperatoris TanxmobiT unda
emoqmedaT. Tavis mxriv, ruseTi pirobas debda, rom saqarTvelos
daexmareboda dakarguli teritoriebis dabrunebaSi. imperatori qarTlkaxeTis mefes saukuno mfarvelobas aRuTqvamda da pirobas debda, rom
saqarTvelos mters Tavis mtrad igulebda. saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis
dasacavad ruseTi aq mudmivad iyoliebda qveiTTa jaris 2 batalions 4
38
zarbazniT, xolo saomari situaciis SemTxvevaSi, valdebuli iyo damatebiTi
samxedro Zala gamoegzavna.
umTavresi mizezi, romelmac erekle II-is mier am gadawyvetilebis
miReba ganapiroba, iyo iseTi sagareo-politikuri orientaciis arCeva,
romelic qveyanas mSvidobas moutanda da uzrunvelyofda mis ganviTarebas
evropuli gziT. aRsaniSnavia, rom erekle guldasmiT ecnoboda traqtatis
pirobebs. ruseTis warmomadgenlebi yovel Rones xmarobdnen, raTa es aqti
droulad gaformebuliyo, Tumca TviTon sulac ar Cqarobdnen erekles
mTavari
moTxovnis
Sesrulebas,
romelic
kavkasiidan
aleqsandre
batoniSvilis gaZevebas gulisxmobda. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom es
ukanaskneli faTali-xanma ruseTs mxolod `georgievskis traqtatis~
xelmoweris Semdeg _ 1783 w. noemberSi gadasca.
amrigad, 1783 w. traqtatis wyalobiT ruseTma uomrad gadalaxa
kavkasioni da amierkavkasiaSi Zalze moxerxebuli placdarmi miiRo. amave
wlis 2 noembers rusTa jaris
2 batalioni TbilisSi Semovida. am
yvelaferma saqarTvelos mezobeli mahmadianuri samyaros SeSfoTeba
gamoiwvia. amieridan ruseTi uSualod daupirispirda TurqeTs, romelmac
Sesabamisi reagireba moaxdina: am SemTxvevaSi azerbaijanul saxanoebze
zemoqmedebisaTvis mas garkveuli upiratesoba hqonda sarwmunoebrivi
siaxlovis TvalsazrisiT. swored am faqtoris gamoyenebiT, TurqeTma Riad
mouwoda azerbaijanel da daRestnel xanebs saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg
erTiani brZolisaken. qarTl-kaxeTis mdgomareoba dRiTidRe uaresdeboda.
rusTa jaris 2 batalioni saqmes ver Sveloda, gansacdelis winaSe mdgari
erekle damatebiTi jaris gamogzavnas iTxovda, magram “mfarveli” mxolod
gamamxnevebeli sityvebiTa da dapirebebiT pasuxobda da xelsayrel moments
eloda winaswar dasaxuli miznis gansaxorcieleblad. aSkara iyo, rom
saqarTvelos `gaerTianebisa da gaTavisuflebis~ miseuli gegma sinamdvileSi
mxolod imperiis sazRvrebis gafarToebas gulisxmobda: es iyo ruseTis
brZola saqarTvelos `mSvidobiani~ miTvisebisaTvis.
yovelive amis Sedegad, erekles aqamde misi erTguli xanebic ki
aumxedrdnen _ ganudga SuSis (yarabaRis) xani, romelmac ganjidan gamoaZeva
erekles warmomadgeneli, xarkis gadaxdaze uari Tqva erevnis xanma da a. S.
am yvelafris moTave iyo axalcixis faSa suleimani, romelmac Tavisi
teritoria kvlav lekebis placdarmad aqcia; `lekianoba~ kidev ufro
uaresi formiT ganaxlda: amjerad erekle traqtatis pirobebiT iyo
SeboWili, mas ar hqonda ufleba SeWriliyo im saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi,
romelTanac ruseTs zavi hqonda gaformebuli, axalcixis safaSo ki
TurqeTs ekuTvnoda. erekle daJinebiT moiTxovda ruseTisagan saTanado
zomebis miRebas, magram Sedegi ar Canda.
1784-1785 wlebSi qarTvelTa jarma 2 rusul batalionTan erTad
ramdenime SeteviTi operacia ganaxorciela. met-naklebi warmatebis
miuxedavad, am brZolebSi didi iyo qarTvelTa msxverpli. 1784 w.
39
mokavSireebma War-belaqans Seuties da sof. muRanlosTan* 5 saaTian
brZolaSi gaimarjves. lekebma aq 200, xolo qarTvelebma da rusebma
mxolod 40 meomari dakarges. 1785 w. ereklem Tavisi gavlenis aRdgenis
mizniT, ganjis saxanoze gailaSqra. mis winaaRmdeg gamovida faTali-xani,
romelmac piroba wamoayena, rom ganjas im SemTxvevaSi daTmobda, Tu erekle
mas ziarad dauTmobda yarabaRis saxanos. amaze erekle ar daTanxmda, magram
iZulebuli gaxda, ganjis alya moexsna da jarebi yarabaRis saxanosaTvis
mieSvelebina. sabolood, man mainc moaxerxa ganjis damorCileba, magram
dapirispireba mainc grZeldeboda, ruseTi ki mxolod diplomatiuri
`svlebiT~ ifargleboda.
1785 w. martSi axalcixidan lek-osmalTa erTiani laSqari daiZra da
Tbilisidan 25 km-ze sof. durnuks daesxa; 20 kaci mokles da 200
daatyveves. amis Semdeg sof. tabaxmelas daecnen, magram ereklem SeZlo maTi
damarcxeba. imave wlis aprilSi axalcixis faSam kvlav gamoistumra `1500
leki da 500 TaTari qarTlis wasaxdenad.~ 600-mde tyviTa da didi
nadavliT datvirTul mters rusebma da qarTvelebma suramTan gza Seukres
da sastikad daamarcxes. amave wlis maisSi lek-osmalTa jarebma kidev erTi
marcxi iwvnies. miuxedavad epizoduri warmatebebisa, qarTl-kaxeTi veRar
audioda gamudmebul brZolebSi gaRebul msxverpls, saSiSroeba ki ufro da
ufro matulobda; 1785 w. seqtemberSi daRestnidan 20 000 kaciani rCeuli
jariT omar-xani daiZra da alazani gadmolaxa. ereklem dazvervis
saSualebiT adreve Seityo, rom omar-xani jars agrovebda da winaswari
zomebic miiRo: Tbilisi gaamagra, mosaxleoba daxizna, rusTa jari qiziySi
gagzavna, TviTon ki jaris nawiliTurT Telavs dadga, magram cbierma xanma
xma gaavrcela, rom faTali-xanis winaaRmdeg agrovebda jars, `ficiT
mogvatyuao~, _ werda mogvianebiT erekle. axalcixidan lek-osmalTa
mosalodneli Tavdasxmis gamo, erekle moerida qarTlidan jarebis daZvras,
raTa qveyana ormxrivi dartymis qveS ar aRmoCeniliyo. mefe siRnaRSi Cavida
jaris Sesakrebad, magram mosavlis aRebis dro iyo da xalxis mobilizebis
procesi gaWianurda. amasobaSi omar-xanma ioric gadmolaxa da cru manevriT
mowinaaRmdeges moaCvena, TiTqos Tbilisisken modioda. roca rus-qarTvelTa
erTiani jari Tbilisisken daiZra, omar-xanma gezi Seicvala, mtkvari
gadalaxa da borCaloSi* SeiWra. xarebSebmuli artileriis gamo
mokavSireebs swrafad svla uWirdaT da roca md. algeTs miadgnen
marneulTan, aRmoCnda, rom lekebs erTi dRis savalze gaeswroT. amasobaSi
omar-xani axtalaSi avida, naRmiT aafeTqa iqauri cixe, romelsac
mcirericxovani garnizoni icavda da miwasTan gaaswora axtalis vercxlis
sabadoebi. xelCarTul brZolaSi axtalis damcvelebma samasamde leki
mokles, magram gacilebiT mravalricxovani mtris damarcxeba yovlad
SeuZlebeli iyo. omar-xanma 800-mde tyve gaitaca da axalcixeSi gadavida.
axtalis
sabadoebis
ganadgurebiT,
qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos
aunazRaurebeli zarali miadga; marTalia, mogvianebiT maTi aRdgena
40
moxerxda, magram madnis warmoeba Zvelebur simZlavres veRar daubrunda.
garda imisa, rom saxelmwifom 100 aTasamde maneTis zarali ganicada, erekle
iZulebuli gaxda, rom omar-xanisaTvis yovelwliuri jamagiris (5 000
maneTis odenobiT) daniSvniT eyida mSvidoba. am marcxis Semdeg, ereklem
Tavis mimarTvaSi ruseTis xelisuflebas garkveuli pasuxismgebloba
daakisra: Seaxsena ra mis mier nakisri valdebulebebi, xazi gausva imasac,
rom `qveyana arasodes aseT gansacdelSi ar Cavardnila,~ rac mas ruseTTan
dakavSirebis gamo moevlina. ruseTis mTavroba ki am yvelafers kvlav
dapirebebiT pasuxobda.
sagulisxmoa, rom ruseTSi Tavisi despanisadmi gagzavnil erT-erT
werilSi (1786 w. agvisto) erekle isev cdilobda saimperatoro karisaTvis
Seexsenebina pasuxismgebloba yovelive imaze, rac saqarTveloSi xdeboda:
`nurc aTqmevinebT visme amasa, rom didis eketerines xelmwifobaSi ruseTis
SeerTebis mizeziT mouSveleblobiT daiqca saqarTvelo... ra vqna, me bevris
imedi mqonda Tqvenisgan da kidec maqvs. maS visTan mivideT da vis
gamoucxadoT Cveni tkivili: osmaleTTan mivide _ mimiSveben? yizilbaSebTan
mivide _ Semiwynareben? daRistnelebTan mivide _ mimiReben? maS visi sasoeba
mqondes, Tu ara ruseTis didebulis xelmwifisa... vis unda mivmarTo da vis
unda vawyino Tavi?~ erekles mier SemdgomSi gatarebuli RonisZiebebidan
gamomdinare, sruliad naTeli xdeba, rom mefis TiTqosda sasowarkveTili
toni mxolod diplomatiuri etiketisaTvis iyo gamiznuli, sinamdvileSi ki,
ruseTs SefarviT mianiSnebda, rom misi `mfarvelobis~ wyalobiT, qarTlkaxeTis mdgomareoba gacilebiT gauaresda. sakuTari Tavis imedad darCenil
erekles ki danebeba arc ufiqria da damoukideblad ganagrZo moqmedeba: man
molaparakeba gamarTa axalcixis faSasTan da 1786 w. 12 seqtembers masTan
samSvidobo xelSekrulebac gaaforma. Amieridan, mxareebi wyvetdnen
dapirispirebas; erekle pirobas debda, rom Tavis samefoSi ukve arsebuli
rusis jaris garda mets aRar Semoiyvanda, axalcixis faSa ki, sulTnis
jarebs qarTl-kaxeTis sazRvrebidan moaSorebda da lekTa moTareSe razmebs
aRar Seikedlebda.
amrigad, ereklem qveynis samxreTi sazRvrebis
usafrTxoebas miaRwia da axla ukve SeeZlo danarCeni problemebis
mogvarebaze efiqra. pirvel rigSi mas urCi qveSevrdomebi unda daebrunebina
da amierkavkasiaSi Tavisi Cveuli gavlena aRedgina.
ereklem icoda, rom axalcixis safaSosTan damyarebuli mSvidobiani
urTierToba droebiTi iyo da didxans ver gastanda, amitom mas swrafad da
gonivrulad unda emoqmeda. am droisaTvis saqarTveloSi ukve iyo
informacia ruseT-TurqeTis mosalodneli omis (1787-1791 ww.) Sesaxeb.
TurqeTis xelisuflebam Tavisi momxre xanebis meSveobiT gaaZliera
kontroli amierkavkasiis regionze, qarTl-kaxeTTan misi `megobruli~
urTierToba ki Seqmnili viTarebiT iyo nakarnaxevi da misi bolomde ndoba
ar SeiZleboda. es kidec daadastura movlenaTa Semdgomma ganviTarebam: oman
xerxeuliZis gadmocemiT, axtalis darbevis Semdeg, omar-xanma axalcixeSi
41
gamoizamTra, 1786 wlis zamTris dasawyisSi, ereklesTan SeTanxmebis Semdeg
axalcixis faSam igi gamoistumra. omar-xani qarTls moerida da erevnis
qedis gavliT yarabaRSi Cavida; aq mas SuSis xani miegeba, `miiyvana didi
pativiT da yarabaRSi daayena jariTa TvisiTa~. rogorc ki amis Sesaxeb
Seityo, 1787 w. zafxulSi, erekle rusTa da qarTvelTa erTiani jariT
moRalate ganjisa da yarabaRis xanebis dasasjelad gaemarTa. mematianis
gadmocemiT, mas agreTve `omar-xanis Seyra da brZola surda, magram is mefe
erekles eSiSvoda, sul erideboda da ise cdilobda siarulsa, rom mefis
jari arsad Semeyaroso~. rusebTan erTad, ereklem ganjis saxanoze
gailaSqra, yarabaRelebi ki iulon batoniSvilma daamarcxa qarTvelTa
jariT. samxedro operaciis damTavrebamde, jer kidev ganjaSi yofnisas,
rusTa jaris meTaurs imperatoris brZaneba mouvida saqarTvelos saswrafod
datovebis Taobaze. erekle bevrs ecada, aTiode dRiT mainc SeeCerebina
rusebi, magram verafers gaxda. rusuli jaris wasvlis Semdeg, ereklemac
Sewyvita laSqroba (mogvianebiT man mainc daimorCila ganja).
ruseTis xelisuflebam jaris gayvana imiT axsna, rom TurqeTis
winaaRmdeg omSi amierkavaksiis frontis CarTvas ar apirebda, radganac dRis
wesrigSi mxolod yirimis sakiTxi idga. marTlac, es omi 1791 w. dasrulda
da zavic ise daido, rom saqarTvelos arc erTi punqti ar Sexebia.
Sesabamisad,
axalcixis
safaSos
SemoerTebis
sakiTxic,
romelic
ereklesaTvis mTavari argumenti iyo traqtatis gaformebisas, kvlav
gadaido da es moxda maSin, rodesac omis msvlelobisas, ereklem
araerTgzis Seaxsena `mfarvels~ mis mier nakisri valdebulebani,
mitacebuli teritoriebis saqarTvelosTvis dabrunebis Taobaze. isic unda
aRiniSnos, rom am omis dros, axalcixis safaSosTan miRweuli `megobruli
SeTanxmeba~ mainc dairRva: ufro meti agresiulobiT ganaxlda axalcixidan
gadmosul lekTa Tavdasxmebi, `iyo xdomva* lekTagan axalcixiT da
ryvnidian qarTlsa~; Tumca amjerad, traqtatis Tanaxmad, erekles SeeZlo
ruseTTan saomar mdgomareobaSi myofi mtrisaTvis samagiero miezRo. 1789
wels misma SviliSvilma _ daviTma 1000 kaciani razmiT daarbia yarsi* da
sastikad daamarcxa TurqTa mdevari razmebi. amave wels lekebi saguramos
daesxnen Tavs, mefis Ze iuloni maT ivris napirebTan daxvda da mTeli
nadavli waarTva. amave wels lekTa da osmalTa erTianma jarma rusTavi
daarbia; ereklem maT daviT batoniSvili daadevna, romelmac javaxeTamde
misdia mters da naalafari daayrevina, Tavdamsxmelebma amjeradac axalcixes
Seafares Tavi.
aseT viTarebaSi, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos axali, gacilebiT mrisxane Zala
daemuqra iranis mbrZaneblis _ aRa-mahmad-xan yajaris saxiT.
qerim-xan zendis gardacvalebis Semdeg (1779 w.), Sahis taxtisaTvis
dawyebulma mravalwlianma brZolam mTeli irani moicva; erTmaneTs daerivnen
zendebis sagvareulos wevrebic. sabolood, am dapirispirebaSi ori ZiriTadi
mowinaaRmdege gamoikveTa: luTf-ali-xan zendi da aRa-mahmad-xan yajari.
42
1792 wlisTvis am ukanasknelma mowinaaRmdegeze gadamwyveti gamarjveba
moipova, xolo 1794 w. Tavisi Zalaufleba ukve iranis mTel teritoriaze
gaavrcela. saqarTveloSi kargad icodnen, rom Sinaomebis dasrulebisTanave,
iranis axali Sahi kvlav wamoayenebda pretenziebs amierkavkasiaze; amitom
iyo, rom qarTl-kaxeTidan zedized igzavneboda moxsenebiTi baraTebi
peterburgSi.
pirvel xanebSi, sanam mTel irans daimorCilebda, aRa-mahmad-xani
erekles megobrobas eficeboda; magaliTad, jer kidev 1786 w. dekemberSi, man
Tavadi ciciSvilis piriT, erekles sityvierd SemouTvala: `me TqvenTan didi
dostobisa da megobrobis mondome var; msurs, rom me da Sen Sua siyvaruli
da megobroba iyos... da adribeJanis (samxreT azerbaijani, l.m.) alagebi,
romelic Tqveni mxare-provinciebi iyos, TqvenTvis miiReviT samkvidrod,
rogorc erevani giWiravT~. iraneli politikosebis cbiereba da veragoba
kargad iyo cnobili da am sityvebs saqarTveloSi, aramcTu politikosi,
ubralo mokvdavic ki ar daijerebda. miT ufro, rom azerbaijanis saxanoebi,
romlebsac cbieri yajari ase guluxvad uTmobda erekles, 1786 wlisaTvis
arc mas emorCilebodnen da arc mis mowinaaRmdege zendebs.
ruseTis daxmarebis molodinSi, qarTl-kaxeTis xelisufleba Tavis
mxriv aqtiurobda: agenturis warmatebuli muSaobis wyalobiT, samefo kari
detalurad iyo informirebuli iranSi mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb, am
informacias ki organizebulad awvdidnen ruseTis mTavrobas. garda amisa,
erekle piradad ekaterine II-s ugzavnida moxsenebiT baraTebs. aRa-mahmadxanis Tavdasxmis saSiSroeba jer kidev 1786 w. arsebobda: wlis dasawyisSi
Tavisi laSqriT igi samxreT azerbaijanisaken daiZra da aqauri xanebi
TavisTan daibara morCilebis pirobis dasadebad. YyarabaRisa da erevnis
xanebis garda, mas yvelani usityvod eaxlnen. aRa-mahmad-xanma maT mZevlebi
gamoarTva, yovelwliuri xarki Seawera da erTi wlis gadasaxadi winaswar
gamoarTva. amis Taobaze erekle ruseTSi myof Tavis warmomadgenels swerda:
`Cemi azriT, misi aseTi moqmedeba miznad unda isaxavdes Cvens winaaRmdeg
gamolaSqrebas~. Tumca aRa-mahmad-xans
am droisaTvis jer iranSic ar
hqonda poziciebi saTanadod gamyarebuli. zendebis memkvidreTa sabolood
dasamarcxeblad, mas kidev TiTqmis oTxi weli dasWirda. meore mxriv,
azerbaijaneli xanebis usityvo kapitulaciis miuxedavad, man yvelaze ukeT
icoda, rom arc erTi maTgani saimedo vasali ar iqneboda; amitomac iyo,
rom maTgan laSqrobaSi jariT daxmareba ar mouTxovia, mxolod xarks
arTmevda da amiT sakuTar xazinas avsebda. qarTl-kaxeTSi iranis Zveli
gavlenis aRdgenamde ki jer sakuTriv iranis saxelmwifos aRdgena iyo
saWiro, es ki did Zalisxmevas moiTxovda. rogorc SemdgomSi aRmoCnda, aRamahmad-xani saqarTveloze Tavdasxmas didi sifrTxiliT ekideboda da es
gadawyvetileba mxolod mTeli rigi winaswari zomebis Semdeg miiRo.
1793 w. ereklem isev acnoba ruseTs iranidan mosalodneli Tavdasxmis
saSiSroebis Taobaze da moiTxova imperatorisagan, diplomatiur doneze
43
mainc Careuliyo. peterburgSi myof Tavis vaJs _ mirian batoniSvils, igi
weriliT atyobinebda: `xmebi gavrcelda, rom (aRa-mahmad-xani, l.m.)
Teiranidan Sirazisaken miemarTeba luTf-ali-xanis winaaRmdeg, magram
radganac igi cbieria, am xmebs SeiZleba ganzrax avrcelebs Cveni Tvalis
asaxvevad da sinamdvileSi, SesaZloa azerbaijanis gziT Cvens sawinaaRmdegod
emzadebodes. sparselebis cbiereba da muxanaToba sakmaod cnobilia da
rogorc winaTac gwerdi, ecade, rom umaRlesma karma agrZnobinos aRa-mahmadxans, rom Tavi daanebos Cvens winaaRmdeg borot wamowyebas. amisTvis saWiro
iqneba naboZebi zarbaznebis ori wili gamogvigzavnos. ecade, ramdenadac
SegiZlia, am ukanasknelisaTvis (e. i. zarbaznebis gamogzavnisaTvis, l.m.)
Suamdgomlobas da Tu wyaloba iqneba, me Sevecdebi kavkasiis xazidan TviTon
gadmovitano aqamde. Tu Sen am Cems or saTxovars sisruleSi moiyvan, did
samsaxurs gauwev Sens samSoblos da Sens saxlsac~. ruseTis mier didi
xniT adre `nawyalobevi~ zarbaznebis TbilisSi gadmogzavnas uaRresad didi
mniSvneloba hqonda ara marto qarTuli artileriis dasaxmareblad. es aqti
mTel mahmadianur samyaros, iranis CaTvliT, marTlac agrZnobinebda, rom
ruseTi saqarTvelos realurad mfarvelobda. 1786 wlidan moyolebuli,
peterburgSi myofi saqarTvelos yvela warmomadgeneli muxlmodrekiT
evedreboda ruseTs am naCuqari zarbaznebis saqarTveloSi gadmogzavnas. 1793
w. mirian batoniSvilma imarjva da piradad ekaterine II-s warudgina
moxsenebiTi baraTi; amave wlis 30 maiss saqarTvelos sakiTxi ruseTis
samxedro sabWos sxdomaze sagangebod ganuxilavT, ereklesa da mirianis
moxsenebiTi baraTebic waukiTxavT da kavkasiis xazis ufros general
gudoviCisaTvis miundviaT agresiis SeCerebis sakiTxi. amave dros, gudoviCis
mimarT
SemuSavebuli
samoqmedo
instruqcia
metad
orazrovnad
gamoiyureboda: mas evaleboda, aRa-mahmad-xani araTu saqarTveloSi, aramed
azerbaijanSic ki ar SeeSva. saTanado zomebi gudoviCs adgilze Seqmnili
viTarebis Sesabamisad unda mieRo, xolo Tu saqme mainc omamde mividoda,
maSin rogor unda emoqmeda, amis Taobaze instruqciaSi araferi iyo naTqvami.
sabWos dadgenilebaSi pirdapir iyo naTqvami, rom gudoviCs evaleboda ar
Seelaxa TurqeTis interesebi, aRa-mahmad-xanis winaaRmdeg daerazma
azerbaijanuli saxanoebi da SesaZleblobis farglebSi daxmareboda maT,
Tumca `did xarjebsa da davidarabas~ unda morideboda. zarbaznebic
TbilisSi gadaegzavna, `Tuki isini marTlac pirobisamebr qarTvel mefes
unda gadascemoda~. mkvlevari i. cincaZe amis Sesaxeb marTebulad SeniSnavda:
rogorc Cans, ruseTis diplomatia darwmunebuli iyo, rom ruseTidan
miRebuli muqara da amierkavkasiis xanebis erTi nawilis darazmva agresor
yajars saqarTveloze Tavdasxmis xaliss daukargavda da ruseTis generalic
`didi xarjebisa da davidarabis gareSe~ dasaxul amocanas Seasrulebda.
aqedan mxolod erTi ram aris naTeli _ qarTvelma diplomatebma
peterburgSi droulad miawodes amomwuravi informacia regionSi arsebuli
safrTxis Sesaxeb da, SeiZleba iTqvas, ruseTis xelisufleba aiZules, rom
44
es sakiTxi sagangebo sxdomaze ganexila. magram imisaTvis, rom gudoviCs
efeqturad emoqmeda, marto samxedro sabWos orazrovani da bundovani
gadawyvetileba ar iyo sakmarisi: ruseTSi moqmedi avtoritaruli reJimis
pirobebSi gudoviCma mSvenivrad icoda, rom omis SemTxvevaSic ki,
saqarTveloSi jarebis an zarbaznebis gadmosagzavnad piradad eketerine II-is
uzenaesi brZaneba iyo saWiro. am yvelafris Sedegi is iyo, rom es
`bedkruli~ zarbaznebi aRa-mahmad-xanis Tavdasxmis Semdegac ki ar
gadmougzavniaT ereklesaTvis.
Seqmnil viTarebaSi, rodesac ruseTidan daxmarebis imedi ar Canda,
qarTvelma politikosebma tradiciul xerxs mimarTes _ iran-TurqeTis
maradiuli dapirispirebis gamoyeneba scades da TurqeTs daxmareba sTxoves.
aseve moiqcnen erekles vasalebi _ erevnisa da yarabaRis xanebic, magram
amjerad
amas Sedegi ar mohyolia. erekles da mis mrCevlebs arc
saerTaSoriso politikuri situacia gamorCeniaT mxedvelobidan, rac imaze
metyvelebs, rom amierkavkasiis problemebs saerTaSoriso viTarebis
Sesabamisad ganixilavdnen; albaT, amiT unda aixsnas erekles interesi
safrangeTisa da zogadad _ evropaSi mimdinare procesebisadmi. 1793 w.
aprilSi igi peterburgSi mirian batoniSvils avalebda: `macnobe
SesaZleblobis farglebSi, safrangaTisa da sxva evropis saxelmwifoebis
ambebi, agreTve ruseT-TurqeTis sazavo xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb.~
sagareo urTierTobebis mogvarebasTan erTad, erekle qveynis
Sida
problemebsac ar iviwyebda, mtris Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi mas imereTis
daxmarebis imedic hqonda. solomon I-s vaJi ar hyavda, amitom man taxtis
memkvidred Tavisi Zmiswuli daviT arCilis Ze daasaxela, romlis dedac
(elene) erekles asuli iyo. 1789 wels 17 wlis daviTi solomon II-is
saxeliT avida taxtze (1789-1810 ww.). igi erekle II-is karze gaizarda da
agrZelebda ereklesa da solomon I-is kurss, rac saqarTvelos
gaerTianebisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo. 1790 w. dasavleT da
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mflobelebs Soris daido xelSekruleba, romlis
Tanaxmadac solomon II, samegrelosa da guriis mTavrebma qarTl-kaxeTis
samefosTan samxedro kavSiri gaaformes saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg erTiani
ZalebiT gamosvlis Sesaxeb.
aseT viTarebaSi 1795 wlisaTvis erekles jer kidev ar miuRia
ruseTidan realuri daxmareba; general gudoviCis aqtiuroba mxolod imaSi
gamoixateboda, rom man Zvirfasi saCuqrebiT zogierTi daRestneli da
azerbaijaneli xani miimxro, magram aRa-mahmad-xanis moaxloebasTan erTad,
maTi erTguleba ufro da ufro saeWvo iyo. erekles erTaderT mokavSired
rCeboda yarabaRis xani (romelsac, Tavis droze, aRa-mahmad-xanma masTan
gamoucxadeblobisaTvis sikvdili miusaja), magram misi Zlierebis safuZveli
mxolod miuval kldeze agebuli SuSis cixe iyo, romelic marTalia
mozrdil garnizons itevda, magram mravalricxovani mtris winaaRmdeg
generaluri brZolisaTvis es ar iyo sakmarisi. garda amisa, SuSis (anu
45
yarabaRis) saxanoSi ZiriTadad somxebi cxovrobdnen, romlebic ibreim-xanis
mimarT didi erTgulebiT ar gamoirCeodnen, magram am SemTxvevaSi iranis
winaaRmdeg erekles uWerdnen mxars, radgan misi imedi hqondaT;
Tumca
Semdeg, maTma nawilma mainc uRalata mefes da Tbilisze Tavdasxmisas aRamahmad-xanis banakSi armoCnda. arsebiTi daxmareba yarabaRis xans mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi SeeZlo, Tuki aRa-mahmad-xani mcirericxovani jariT wamovidoda
da SuSis cixis aRebamde ver gabedavda Tbilisze Tavdasxmas, magram iranis
Sahi saTanadod iyo momzadebuli: misi mTavari mizani iyo amierkavkasiaSi
ruseTis prestiJis dacema, amas ki pirvel rigSi ruseTis mfarvelobaSi
myofi saqarTvelos ganadgurebiT moaxerxebda.
sagangebod unda iTqvas, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samxedro dazverva
SesaniSnavad muSaobda, aRa-mahmad-xanis yoveli nabiji umokles droSi
TbilisisaTvis cnobili iyo. erekles mzveravebma aRa-mahmadis mier
xelmowerili saidumlo baraTi da misive xeliT dawerili Tbilisze
Tavdasxmis gegmac ki Caigdes xelSi. es yvelaferi ereklem gudoviCs
gaugzavna. 1795w. ivlisSi qarTl-kaxeTis elCi garsevan WavWavaZe ukve
ultimatumis saxiT moaxsenebda ruseTis sagareo uwyebis xelmZRvanels:
`aRa-mahmad-xani
saqarTveloze
Tavdasasxmelad
emzadeba.
Cemi
Tanamdebobisamebr me umdablesad gTxovT gvauwyoT: inebebs Tu ara ruseTis
umaRlesi kari traqtatiT gaTvaliswinebuli daxmarebisa da mfarvelobis
aRmoCenas. vTxov Tqvens brwyinvalebas swrafad momceT pasuxi. Cven axla
ukiduresad gvWirdeba amis codna~. miuxedavad amisa, gudoviCisaTvis
gankuTvnili reskripti* (ekaterine II-is xelmoweriT) mxolod 1795 w. 4
seqtembrisTvis gamzadda, gudoviCma ki igi 1795 w. 1 oqtombers miiRo,
roca aRa-mahmad-xans Tbilisi ukve darbeuli hqonda.
ruseTis
mier
jaris
gamogzavnis
sakiTxiT
aranakleb
iyo
dainteresebuli aRa-mahmad-xanic, romelmac diplomatiuri fandiT moaxerxa
gudoviCis motyueba: 1795 w. ivnisSi man Tavisi `elCebis~ saxiT ori
SeniRbuli mzveravi ruseTisaken gaagzavna. dadgenili wesis Tanaxmad, Sahis
wargzavnilebi kavkasiis xazze (yizlarSi*) gudoviCTan gamocxaddnen da
peterburgSi gamgzavrebis neba iTxoves, magram aRmoCnda, rom maT ar hqondaT
saTanado rwmunebis sigelebi. gudoviCma isini peterburgSi ar gauSva, magram
yizlarSi darCenisa da Semdgom sakuTari survilisamebr ukan dabrunebis
neba misca. amiT man sabediswero Secdoma dauSva _ sinamdvileSi `elCebi~
peterburgSi wasvlas arc apirebdnen, maT kavkasiis xazze ruseTis samxedro
nawilebis ganlageba dazveres da daadgines, rom gudoviCi saqarTveloSi
jaris gagzavnas ar apirebda, rac saswrafod acnobes aRa-mahmad-xans,
romelsac ruseTis jarTan pirispir Sebma ar awyobda. zedmetad
Tavdajerebul gudoviCs ki azradac ar mosvlia, rom aRa-mahmad-xani arc ise
uvici iyo, rom ucxo saxelmwifoSi elCebis gagzavnis procedura ar
scodnoda.
46
1795 w. ivlisis Sua ricxvebSi aRa-mahmad-xanma omis samzadisi
daamTavra. 4 agvistos misma jarma md. araqsi gadmolaxa da sami
mimarTulebiT daiZra: jaris ZiriTadi nawili piradad misi meTaurobiT
SuSis cixes miadga, xolo danarCeni ori ganayofi _ erevnisa da baqoSirvanisaken wavida. erekles mokavSireebma erevnisa da SuSis xanebma cixeebi
gaamagres, mosaxleoba daxiznes da saomrad moemzadnen. AaRa-mahmad-xanma
SuSis cixe alyaSi moaqcia da iqidan erekles ultimatumi gaugzavna,
romliTac misgan moiTxovda ruseTis mfarvelobaze samudamod uaris Tqmas,
sparseTis vasalobas da xarks. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, qarTl-kaxeTze
TavdasxmiT emuqreboda. ereklem mas pasuxic ar gasca.
aRa-mahmad-xanma icoda, rom SuSis cixes mokle xanSi ver aiRebda, mas
adreve hqonda dagegmili jaris nawilis cixesTan datoveba da saqarTveloze
gamolaSqreba. Tavidan igi ar Cqarobda, radgan yizlaridan Tavisi `elCebis~
pasuxs eloda. rogorc ki misTvis esoden saWiro informacia miiRo (4
seqtembers), 20 aTasiani laSqriT Tbilisisaken daiZra. mas ganjisa da Saqis
xanebic SeuerTdnen TavianTi jarebiT; garda amisa, mis mxareze gadavidnen
agreTve YyarabaReli somexi meliqebi* _ mejlumi da habovi. istoriuli
wyaroebis cnobiT, aRa-mahmadma TbilisTan daaxloebiT 30-35 aTasi meomris
mobilizeba SeZlo.
Tbilisis dasacavad imereTidan solomon II Camovida 2 aTaskaciani
razmiT. masTan erTad, mefe erevnis dasaxmareblad gaemarTa, magram jer
kidev gzaSi myofs ibreim-xanisagan mniSvnelovani informacia mouvida:
ibreim-xanis mzveravebs xelSi CauvardaT aRa-mahmad-xanisa da omar-xanis
piradi werilebi. werilSi iranis Sahi miTiTebas aZlevda erevanSi myof
Tavis sardals, rom jari cixeSi ganelagebina da TavdacviTi strategiiT
emoqmeda, xolo rogorc ki erekle gamoCndeboda damxmare jariT, umal
misTvis ecnobebina, TviTon ki ar Cabmuliyo qarTvelebTan brZolaSi. am
Canafiqris mixedviT, erekle ormagi dartymis qveS aRmoCndeboda _ mas
cixidanac Semoutevdnen da zurgidanac aRa-mahmad-xani gaanadgurebda. amis
gamo, erekle iZulebuli gaxda, saswrafod ukan dabrunebuliyo.
mefisaTvis aseve usiamovno informacias Seicavda omar-xanis werilic,
romelSic igi aRniSnavda, rom kaxeTze apirebda Tavdasxmas. amis gamo,
erekle iZulebuli gaxda, kaxeTidan jarebis TbilisSi gadmoyvanaze uari
eTqva: giorgi batoniSvili 4 aTasi meomriT siRnaRSi darCa omar-xanis
mosalodneli Tavdasxmis mosagerieblad. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, ar
aris gamoricxuli, rom omar-xanis werili piradad aRa-mahmad-xanma SeTxza
da ganzrax Caugdo igi xelSi erekles. am gziT, kaxeTis jari adgilze
daabanda da erekles mniSvnelovani Zala gamoacala. iranelTa laSqris erTerTi meTauri, warmoSobiT somexi iakob bebuTovic adasturebs, rom
iranelebi gansakuTrebiT ufrTxodnen kaxel meomrebs. advili SesaZlebelia,
rom werili marTlac yalbi iyo, radgan 1795 w. seqtemberSi lekebi kaxeTs
namdvilad ar dasxmian.
47
samwuxarod, Seqmnili viTarebis gamo, erekles Tbilisis dasacavad
mxolod 5 aTasamde meomari darCa. mefe da misi sardloba ar moelodnen,
rom aRa-mahmad-xani seqtemberSi SuSis cixes auReblad datovebda da
Tbilisze ise wamovidoda; yizlaridan pasuxis miRebisTanave ki, iranis
mbrZanebeli 4 seqtembers saswrafod daiZra Tbilisisaken da rekordulad
mokle droSi _ 8 seqtembers qalaqis misadgomebTan iaRlujis maRlobebze
gamoCnda. es siswrafe imanac ganapiroba, rom iranelTa laSqris umetesobas
cxenosani meomrebi Seadgendnen.
erevnis gzidan mobrunebuli qarTveli mefeebi soRanluRSi* idgnen.
erekle aqedan xelmZRvanelobda qalaqis TavdacviT RonisZiebebs, amave dros
iranelTa laSqris moZraobasac adevnebda Tvalyurs. aRa-mahmad-xanis mowinave
jaris winsvla 7 seqtembers md. xramis napirebTan mdgarma qarTvelTa
razmma SeaCera, maTgan 50 mebrZoli gmirulad daiRupa. 8 seqtembers mtris
poziciebis dasazverad mefem 12 kaciani jgufi gagzavna gorjasp
naTaliSvilis meTaurobiT. isini iaRlujamde mosul mters SeeCexnen da
uTanasworo brZolaSi daiRupnen; gadarCa mxolod naTaliSvili, romelic
mokluli mtris cxenze amxedrda da erekles mtris poziciebis Sesaxeb
droulad acnoba.
aRa-mahmad-xanis moaxloebisas, qarTvelma mefeebma soRanluRi datoves
da TbilisSi Sevidnen. imave Rames daiwyo Tbilisidan mosaxleobis
gaxizvnac. soRanluRi aRa-mahmad-xanma daikava da iq dabanakda. ereklem
gadawyvita mravalricxovani mtris laSqari mtkvris xeobis viwroebSi
Seetyuebina da misTvis gza Tbilisis gamagrebul misadgomebTan gadaeketa. 5
aTasamde qarTveli 35 aTasi iranelis winaaRmdeg _ ZalTa aseTi Sefardebis
drosac ki, 75 wlis erekle mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad Cveuli
SemarTebiT idga.
10 seqtembers iranelTa laSqris ZiriTadi SenaerTebi saomrad daewyvnen
da krwanisis mindors moadgnen. erekle II qarTvelTa jariT seidabadis*
bolos dadga. man mTeli Zalebi 5 nawilad gayo: marjvena frTas misi
SviliSvili daviT batoniSvili sardlobda, romelic 6 zarbazniT
sololakisa da tabaxmelis mxridan Tbilisze misasvlel gzebs icavda.
marcxena frTa ioane muxranbatons ebara, centrsa da mTlianad fronts
mefe xelmZRvanelobda. centris ukan erekles gankargulebiT ori razmi
ganlagda _ mefis Zis vaxtang batoniSvilisa da oTar amilaxvris
meTaurobiT. es iyo e. w. rezervi, romelsac mefe brZolis msvlelobisas
Seqmnili viTarebis mixedviT miaSvelebda romelime frTas. imereTis jari
zurab wereTlis xelmZRvanelobiT brZolis velis centrSi, mefis
xelmarjvniv idga. calke iyo gamoyofili mewinave razmi, _ `mxedrobani
rCeulni~, mefis SviliSvilis _ ioane batoniSvilis meTaurobiT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tbilisis mosaxleobis brZolisunarianma nawilma sagangebo
razmi Seadgina mefis karis msaxiobisa da musikosis _ maCabelas meTaurobiT,
48
romelmac brZolisas arnaxuli simamace gamoiCina: maCabela dairiT xelSi
mxiaruli simReriT (`SadianiT~) miuZRoda TanamebrZolebs.
aRa-mahmad-xanma Tavisi laSqari sam nawilad gayo; centrs TviTon
meTaurobda, marcxena da marjvena flangebze ki Tavisi sardlebi gaamwesa.
qarTvelebma ostaturad gamoiyenes Tbilisis misadgomebis bunebrivi
reliefi da mravalricxovani mteri iseT pirobebSi aiZules ebrZola, sadac
farTo frontis gaSla ar SeiZleboda. amis gamo, iranelebs mcire razmebad
mouwiaT brZola da maRlobze Casafrebulma qarTvelma meTofeebma mters
didi zarali miayenes. iranelTa mowinave razmi (3 000 kaci) Setevaze
gadmosvlis Semdeg, tabaxmelasa da Sindisis xevebSi gamoCnda. maT qarTvel
artileristTa
mcirericxovani
razmi
Seeba.
artileristebs
daviT
batoniSvilis mxedroba wamoeSvela da xelCarTul brZolaSi mteri
damarcxda:
iranelTa
mowinave
jaris
didi
nawili
ganadgurda,
gadarCenilebma ki Sahs am marcxis Sesaxeb amcnes. 10 seqtembris marcxma aRamahmad-xani kidev ufro gaaborota, miT umetes, rom moRalateebisa Tu
sakuTari mzveravebis wyalobiT man Seityo, rom erekles mcirericxovani
jari hyavda. meore dRes, 11 seqtembers, dilis 7 saaTze, man mTeli Tavisi
ZalebiT Seutia qarTvelebs. iranelebi didi msxverplis fasad miiwevdnen
mtkvris viwro xeobaSi; iranelTa armiis oficeri i. bebuTovi werda:
`vecadeT da ver SevZeliT miaxloeba imaTs (qarTvelebis) sangarzed da
Cvenganni mgoni as-asobiT daecnen~-o. qarTvelebma ramdenjerme ukuagdes
mteri, sapasuxo kontrieriSebiTac didi ziani miayenes. iranelebma ver
SeZles frontis centraluri ubnis garRveva, sadac mxcovani erekle II
piradad meTaurobda qarTvelTa jars. misi reaqcia mtris yovel
gadaadgilebaze elviseburi, zusti da Seucdomeli iyo, magram mtris
simravles mainc gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda. erekles ukve ukanaskneli
rezervebi Sehyavda omSi.
radgan centrSi Seteva warumatebeli aRmoCnda, iranelTa sardlobam
gadawyvita qarTvelTaTvis zurgidan moevlo da ukandasaxevi gza moeWra. am
mizniT, ramdenime aseuli cxenosani Sindisis mimarTulebiT daiZra. es iyo
krwanisis omis yvelaze sabediswero momenti; xeobaSi Camowolilma burusma
qarTvelTa zurgisaken mimavali mtris jari dafara, burusi mxolod maSin
gaifanta, roca iranelebi qarTvelTa marcxena flangs miadgnen. marTalia,
ereklem droulad amoicno mtris manevri da solomon II-Tan Sikrikic
gagzavna, raTa daxmarebodaT, magram es Sikriki iranel mzveravebs mouklavT.
zurgidan mtris Setevam, qarTvelTa winaaRmdegoba gatexa, daviT
batoniSvilis isedac SeTxelebulma razmma veRar gauZlo da qarTvelTa
marjvena frTa moiSala. erekles razmic ukan ixevda meoTxe _ ukanaskneli
sangrisaken. Tavganwirul brZolebSi zedized ixocebodnen artileristi
gabriel maiori, msaxiobi maCabela Tavisi dasiT, saxelovani samasi aragveli
da sxva mravali qarTveli. erekles jaris udidesi nawili mters Seakvda,
magram TiTqmis samjer meti zaralis fasad _ iranelebma krwanisSi 13 aTasi
49
meomari dakarges. ukanasknel sangarSi gamagrebuli erekle rCeul
meomrebTan erTad bolo wuTamde ebrZoda yizilbaSebs: `Tumca-Ra iyo friad
moxucebul, magram brZolasa mas Sina yofaqceva misi iyo mravalTa
WabukTagan sanatrel~. male centris dacva SeuZlebeli gaxda, radgan mteri
ukve zurgidan utevda da alyaSi aqcevda, magram erekle mainc ar tovebda
brZolis vels; rom ara ioane batoniSvilisa da misi razmis Tavganwirva,
mefes sikvdili an tyveoba ar ascdeboda. TviTmxilvelTa gadmocemiT,
erekle `iZulebiT wamoiyvanes~. avlabris xidisken mimaval mefes 150-ode
meomari SemorCa, maTgan TiTqmis yvela daWrili iyo. man qalaqisken moixeda
da dainaxa, rogor gadadiodnen iranelebi Tavisive TanamebrZolTa gvamebze
da Zarcvis JiniT anTebulni miiwevdnen qalaqisaken. brZolis survili isev
moeZala mefes da cxeni Semoabruna, magram `maSinve ivane muxranbatonma
mefis iraklis cxens xeli utaca, gamoatriala, erTis mxriTac batoniSvili
vaxtang (igive almasxan) mivarda, meores mxriT batoniSvili ioane, ukan
cxensac qiziyis mouravma maTraxi daukra da saCqarod gaarbenines
gulmokluli sacodavi erekle~. xids gaRma, kldeze gamosaxuli jvris win
mefe CamoqveiTda, daiCoqa da qristianobisTvis wamebuli abos neSts
Seavedra `qristes jvarisaTvis jvarcmuli eri~. mefe mTiuleTSi gaxiznes.
11 seqtembris RamiT mTeli Tbilisi cecxlis alSi gaexvia, quCebSi isev
mimdinareobda xelCarTuli brZolebi, yajaris velurma urdoebma Tbilisi
daarbies, gaZarcves eklesiebi da sasaxleebi, daangries stamba, cecxls
misces wignsacavebi, da mosaxleoba (15 aTasamde) tyved waiyvanes. mefis
sasaxlidan xazinasTan erTad gaitaces ruseTidan miRebuli saCuqrebi _
samefo gvirgvini, kverTxi, droSa.
TbilisTan brZolebma qarTls saSualeba misca mosaxleoba da saqoneli
usafrTxo adgilebSi gaexizna. Tbilisis aRebis Semdeg, qarTlis soflebSi
saTareSod gasulma mterma veRaraferi ixeira, ufro metic: rodesac aRamahmad-xanma erekles gaxizvnis adgili Seityo, Tavis sardali _ qalb-alixani 8 aTasiani jariT gaagzavna mis Sesapyrobad. qalb-ali-xanma sifrTxilis
mizniT es jari orad gahyo: erTi nawili gorisken gagzavna dazvervaze, raTa
qarTvelTa Casafrebul razmebs misTvis zurgidan ar moevloT, mTiuleTSi
mimavali iranelTa meore nawili Jinvalamde mivida, magram mosaxleoba aqac
daxiznuli daxvda. am dros, JinvalSi SamSadilus mmarTveli ali-sulTani _
erekles erTguli megobari, xiznad iyo 200 cxenosniTa da saqonliT.
SamSadiluelebi xevsureTidan Tbilisisaken momaval 300 mebrZols Sexvdnen,
romlebmac arc ki icodnen Tbilisis dacemis Sesaxeb. ali-sulTani
xevsurebs meTaurad aurCeviaT, maT 500 kaciani saxeldaxelod Seyrili
razmiT 4 000 iranels Seuties da sastikad daamarcxes. iranelebma
moklulebi da daWrilebi iqve miatoves da TbilisSi gamoiqcnen,
gamarjvebulebi ki datyvevebuli sparselebiT ereklesTan gamocxaddnen da
jildoc miiRes.
50
rogorc Cans, am marcxma aRa-mahmad-xans afiqrebina, rom erekles jer
kidev sakmao Zalebi SerCa axali Setevis wamosawyebad. dokumenturi
wyaroebi adastureben, rom misi SeSfoTeba usafuZvlo ar iyo: mTiuleTSi
gaxiznuli mefe marTlac axal jarebs uyrida Tavs. amis gamo iyo, rom
gamarjvebulma aRa-mahmad-xanma damarcxebul erekles pirvelma TviTon
SesTavaza zavi.
1795 w. 14 seqtembriT daTariRebul werilSi, romlis adresati
gudoviCia, erekle aRar malavda, rom ruseTTan dadebuli erTgulebis
ficis gamo daatyda saqarTvelos es ubedureba da kategoriulad moiTxova
ruseTidan jaris dauyovnebliv gamogzavna. imave wlis dekemberSi, rogorc
iqna, rusTa jaris 2 batalioni saqarTveloSi Semovida.
Seqmnil
viTarebaSi, ruseTma CaTvala, rom misTvis xelsayreli iyo saqarTvelos
darbevis gamo aRa-mahmad-xanis `dasjis sababiT~ iranis winaaRmdeg laSqroba
wamoewyo; sinamdvileSi ki ruseTis xelisufleba iranSi Tavis savaWroekonomikur interesebs icavda.
1796 w. aprilSi daiwyo ruseTis laSqroba amierkavkasiaSi. rusulma
jarebma valerian zubovis meTaurobiT daikaves darubandi da Crdilo
azerbaijanis ramdenime qalaqi. aman sagrZnoblad gaamyara erekles poziciebi.
ekaterine II Riad acxadebda, rom igi dainteresebuli iyo saqarTvelos
gaZlierebiT, magram yvelaferi uecrad Seicvala. 1796 w. 6 noembers
ekaterine II gardaicvala da axalma imperatorma pavle I-ma iranSi
laSqrobis gegma gaauqma. 1796 w. 6 dekembers zubovma amierkavkasiidan
jarebis gayvanis brZaneba miiRo. es saqme ramdenime xniT Seferxda zamTris
pirobebis gamo. saqarTveloSi 1795 w. Semoyvanili 2 batalionis gayvanas
ruseTi TiTqos arc apirebda, magram amasobaSi aRa-mahmad-xanma erekles ukve
orjer gamougzavna ultimatumi da urCobis SemTxvevaSi kvlav TavdasxmiT
emuqreboda.
1797 w. gazafxulze ruseTis jaris didma nawilma amierkavkasia datova.
amiT gulmocemulma aRa-mahmad-xanma ivnisis Sua ricxvebSi md. araqsi
gadmolaxa da mosaxleobisagan ukve daclil SuSaSi Sevida. aqedan igi
saqarTveloze apirebda wamosvlas, magram sabednierod,
6 ivniss igi
SeTqmulebma mokles. qarTuli da iranuli wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom misi
erT-erTi mkvleli iyo misive piradi msaxuri, warmoSobiT qarTveli `sadey,
saxelad gurji~, qarTuli gadmocemiT _ igive mcxeTeli andria, romelsac
bedis ukuRmarTobam Sahis msaxuroba arguna.
amieridan erekles kvlav SeeZlo efiqra qarTl-kaxeTis aRorZinebaze.
igi daJinebiT iTxovda ruseTis mTavrobisagan kuTvnili daxmarebis miRebas
(jarisa da fuladi sesxis saxiT), amave dros ukve meramdened Seaxsena
peterburgel `mfarvelebs~, rom jer kidev 80-ian wlebSi ekaterines mier
naCuqari zarbaznebi qarTvelebs isev ar miuRiaT; es Txovna erekles elCma
1797 w. dekemberSi kidev erTxel aRZra maT winaSe, magram isev uSedegod.
51
ruseTTan urTierTobis mTeli istoria mxolod imaze miuTiTebda, rom
`erTmorwmune~ imperia mxolod sakuTari interesebis TvalsazrisiT
ganixilavda saqarTvelos daxmarebas, rac sabolood, saqarTvelos sruli
dapyrobiT unda dagvirgvinebuliyo. aseT viTarebaSi, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
marTlac umZimesi xana daudga: 1798 wlis 11 ianvars TelavSi gardaicvala
erekle II.
gadaWarbebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sicocxlis bolos krwanisis
tragediis miuxedavad, erekle II qarTveli xalxis istoriaSi, da rac
mTavaria – mis mexsierebaSi, _ uRrmesi kvali datova. Tavisi sicocxlis
umetesi nawili am meomarma mefem brZolebSi galia da xSirad ubralo
jariskacis xvedrs Tanabrad iziarebda. xalxma mas saalerso saxeli `patara
kaxi~ uwoda da amiTac gamoxata mis mimarT aRfrTovaneba, rom taniT
patara, magram brZoliTa da RvawliT didma xelmwifem qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos amierkavkasiaSi Zveli didebis xana aRudgina. Tavisi moRvaweobiT,
man evropis qveynebSic moixveWa saxeli, rac umizezod da usafuZvlod
namdvilad ar xdeboda. am mxriv, sagulisxmoa somxuri erovnuli moZraobis
moRvawis ioseb eminis (1726-1809 ww.), sityvebi werilidan ereklesadmi:
`Seni saxeli indoeTSi gavigone, magram mxolod inglisSi gavige Seni
gamarjvebebis ambavi~. Tavis naSromSi ki, igi Semdegnairad axasiaTebs
erekles: `is Zlieria suliTac da sxeuliTac. masTan saubari iseve
sasiamovno da Wkuis saswavlebeli iyo, rogorc ganswavlul inglisel
jentlmenTan saubaria. is moklebulia yovelive ampartavnobas, Zaladobasa
da qedmaRlobas, esoden Cveulebrivs sxva azieli xelmwifeebisaTvis. is
didad gonebamaxvilia da arasodes ar trabaxobs~.
albaT, prusiis Zlevamosil mefes fridrix II-sac
(1740-1786 ww.)
hqonda seriozuli safuZveli aseTi gamonaTqvamisaTvis: `evropaSi me var da
aziaSi _ saqarTvelos mefe erekle~-o.
52
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni *
aragvis saerisTavo _ samxedro-administraciuli olqi feodalur
saqarTveloSi, moicavda aragvis xeobasa da md. Tergis saTaveebs.
erisTavTa rezidencia iyo duSeTi da sioni, mTavari cixe _ ananuri,
sagvareulo monasteri _ bodorna.
arezi//araqsi _ md. amierkavkasiaSi, saTaves iRebs TurqeTSi.
artaani _ istoriuli mxare da cixe-qalaqi samxreT saqarTveloSi,
mtkvris zemo dinebaze. 1921 w. sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos
dapyrobis Semdeg TurqeTma moaxdina misi okupacia da ruseT-TurqeTis
xelSekrulebis ZaliT SeierTa.
astraxani _ qalaqi md. volgis deltaSi (ruseTis federacia).
baidari _ (Zv. `wyalTaSua~), istoriuli mxare qvemo qarTlSi, md.
qciis napirze, axl. marneulis raionSi. XVII s-Si iranis Sahebma aq
etapobrivad Camoasaxles momTabare Turqmanuli tomebi, romlebic calcalke soflebad saxldebodnen da qarTveli mefebis ymebad iTvlebodnen.
belujistani _ mxare aziaSi, iranis mTianeTis samxreT-aRmosavleT
nawilSi.
birTvisi _ cixe istoriul qvemo qarTlSi, md. algeTis xeobaSi (axl.
TeTri wyaros raionSi).
borCalo _ istoriuli mxare qvemo qarTlSi, ZiriTadad moicavda axl.
marneulis teritorias; saxelwodeba modis md. debedas xeobaSi XVII sdan Camosaxlebuli Turqmanuli tomis _ borCalusagan.
buxaris saxano _ mdebareobda axlandel uzbekeTSi, buxaris olqSi.
ganCineba _ kanoni, wesdeba.
eCmiaZini _ somxuri samonastro kompleqsi erevnidan 20 km-ze.
veqili _ (arab. vaqil) rwmunebuli, meurve, mzrunveli.
zamburaki _ (spars. didi Tofi), aqlemebze asakidebeli patara qvemexi,
falkoneti.
Tabori _ feodaluri xanis cixe-simagre Tbilisis Zvel ubanSi, Taboris
qedis bolos, axl. botanikuri baRis Tavze. cixisagan dRes nangrevebia
SemorCenili. cixe icavda samxreT-aRmosavleTidan TbilisSi Semomaval
gzas.
Tavrizis saxano _ mdebareobda CrdiloeT iranis teritoriaze.
Tulqi-Tafa _ veli yazaxis saxanos sazRvarTan (axl. Azerbaijanis
teritoria).
iaRluji _ qedi qvemo qarTlSi, md. mtkvris marjvena napirze,
soRanluRis vakesa da md. algeTis qvemo dinebas Soris.
kak-eniseli (kaki//kaxi) _ saqarTvelos istoriuli provinciis _
hereTis mniSvnelovani nawili, axl. azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSi.
53
lore (lore-taSiri) _ Sua saukuneebis cixe-qalaqi da istoriuli
mxare aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, qvemo qarTlis ganapira olqi (axl.
somxeTis teritoria).
md. agri-Cai (agris-wyali) _ alaznis Senakadi, axl. azerbaijanis
sazRvrebSi.
meliqi _ (arab. maliq _ mflobeli, gamgebeli, mefe) _ XVIII s.
amierkavkasiaSi aRniSnavda feodalTa tituls da Tanamdebobas.
mozdoki _ qalaqi Crdilo oseTis teritoriaze.
muRanlo _ marneulis raionis soflebis _ didi muRanlosa da qiraCmuRanlos Zveli saxelwodeba.
naxiCevnis (naxWevnis) saxano _ Seiqmna XVIII s-is Sua xanebSi, nadirSahis imperiis daSlis Semdeg (dR. azerbaijanis teritoria).
prusia _ germanuli saxelmwifo centralur evropaSi. gauqmda II
msoflio omis Semdeg.
regaliebi _ mefis xelisuflebis amsaxveli nivTebi (gvirgvini, taxti
da a. S.) zogadad _ warCinebis niSani (mag.: ordeni da sxva).
regenti _ monarqiul qveynebSi saxelmwifos droebiTi mmarTveli (mag.:
mefis mcirewlovanebis gamo).
reskripti _ mefis mier gamoqveynebuli dokumenti (miweriloba)
qveSevrdomisadmi.
saamilaxvro (saamilaxoro) _ politikur-administraciuli erTeuli
(saTavado md. lexurasa da liaxvs Soris), romelsac marTavda mefis
mier daniSnuli moxele _ amilaxvari. XV s-dan saqarTvelos samefosamTavroebad daSlis Semdeg amilaxvarma dakarga samoxeleo Sinaarsi da
gvarsaxelad iqca. qarTlSi amilaxvris gvari miiRo samcxe-saaTabagodan
Camosaxlebulma zevdginiZeTa feodalurma saxlma. qarTlis amilaxvrebi
iyvnen didebuli Tavadebi da zemo qarTlis sadroSos sardlebi, maT
safeodalos ki saamilaxvro ewodeboda.
sabaraTiano
_
XV
s-is
saTavado
feodalur
saqarTveloSi.
teritoriuli sazRvrebi _ gaCianidan Tbilisis samxreTiT _ loremde,
rezidencia _ samSvilde.
sadgeri _ sofeli borjomis raionSi.
samSvildis cixe _ uZvelesi istoriuli cixe-qalaqi aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi, axl. TeTriwyaros raionis sof. samSvildis maxloblad
(qvemo qarTli). dRes SemorCenilia nangrevebis saxiT.
samcxe-saaTabago
_
feodaluri
samTavro
samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTveloSi; axl. axalcixis, aspinZis, adigenis raionebisa da
TurqeTis momijnave teritoria.
saqsonia _ istoriuli olqi germaniaSi.
seidabadi _ Zveli ubani Tbilisis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi,
krwanisi velsa da Taboris mTas Soris.
54
sindi (sindeTi) _ provincia pakistanis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi,
qvemo indis auzSi; dedaqalaqi _ karaCi.
soRanluRi _ istoriuli sofeli Tbilisis SemogarenSi, axland.
foniWala (Turq. saxelwodebaa da niSnavs `saxaxveTs~; qarTulad erqva
`gziskari~ da `yuryuTa~).
spasalari _ (spars. sefah-salar _ sardali), samxedro moxele Zvel
saqarTveloSi, adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis mxedarTmTavari, romelic
yovel kuTxes Tavisi hyavda.
qsnis saerisTavo _ samxedro-administraciuli erTeuli feodalur
saqarTveloSi. moicavda md. qsnisa da mis dasavleTiT mdebare xeobebs,
maT Soris _ patara liaxvis xeobasac. XVII s-dan misi centri iyo
axalgori.
quCuk-kainarji _ sofeli md. dunais napirze, sadac 1774 w. 10-21
ivliss gaformda sazavo xelSekruleba ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris.
yazaxi _ mxare istoriul qvemo qarTlSi, md. aRstafis qvemo welze
(axl. azerbaijanis teritoria).
yarabaRis (SuSis) saxano _ feodaluri epoqis saxano azerbaijanSi,
1747 w. daaarsa fana-xanma, mdebareobda md. araqsisa da mtkvris Sua.
yarsi _ qalaqi Crdilo-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi.
yizlari _ qalaqi daRestanSi, md. Tergis delta.
yuba-darubandis saxano _ XVIII s-is meore naxevarSi Seqmnili yubis
feodaluri saxano Crdilo-aRmosavleT azerbaijanSi, marTavda faTalixani. 1759 w. faTali-xanma SeierTa darubandis saxanoc (samxreT
daRestanSi).
Saqis saxano _ feodaluri saxano azerbaijanis CrdiloeT nawilSi,
Seiqmna aji-Celebis TaosnobiT.
Sorapnis cixe _ antikuri da Sua saukuneebis epoqis cixe-simagre
dasavleT saqarTveloSi, md. yvirilasa da Zirulas SesarTavSi
(zestafonis r-ni); moRweulia nangrevebis saxiT.
War-belaqnis saxano _ XVIII s. dasawyisSi daRestneli feodalebis mier
aRmosavleT kaxeTis (istoriuli kak-eniselis) teritoriaze Seqmnili
politikuri erTeuli, igive saingilo; dR. azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSi.
moicavs belaqnis, zaqaTalis da kaxis raionebs.
xdomva _ Tavdasxma.
xivis saxano _ mdebareobda axlandel uzbekeTSi, xorezmis olqSi.
xunZaxi _ teritoria dRevandel daRestanSi, md. sulakis xeobaSi.
55
gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:
• oman xerxeuliZe, mefoba irakli meorisa, teqsti gamosca l.
miqiaSvilma, Tb. 1989.
• papuna orbeliani, ambavni qarTlisani, teqsti gamosca e.
cagareiSvilma, Tb. 1981.
• Teimuraz bagrationi, daviT bagrationis istoria, teqsti gamosca
T. enuqiZem, Tb. 1972.
• n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. II, Tb., 1965;
t. VI, Tb. 1973.
• saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t.IV, Tb. 1973.
• m. samsonaZe, saqarTvelos gaerTianebis problema da sagareo
orientacia XVIII saukuneSi, Tb., 1988.
• g. qiqoZe, erekle meore, Tb., 1983.
• z. SaraSeniZe, irani XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi, Tb., 1970.
• v. maWaraZe, aspinZis brZola, Tb., 1957.
• cincaZe, aRa-mahmad-xanis Tavdasxma saqarTveloze, Tb., 1969.
56