Venomous Spiders of Turkey (Araneae)

Journal of Applied Biological Sciences 1 (3): 33-36, 2007
Venomous Spiders of Turkey (Araneae)
Abdullah BAYRAM1*, Nazife YİĞİT1, Tarık DANIŞMAN1, İlkay ÇORAK1, Zafer SANCAK1, Derya ULAŞOĞLU2
1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, University of Kırıkkale, 71450 Kırıkkale, TURKEY
2
Vera Pest Control, Ulus, İstanbul, TURKEY
*Corresponding Author
e-mail: [email protected]
Received: 26 May 2006
Accepted: 25 October 2006
Abstract
Over 50.000 species have been described on the world. Among them about 100 species are dangerous for human. Members
of Latrodectus and Loxosceles share the habitats of human beings. Chemically, spider venom is heterogeneous, and contains
poly peptide, poly amine, nucleic acid, free amino acid, monoamine, neurotoxin, enzyme and inorganic elements. In enzymes,
proteases, hyaluronidase, sphingo-myelinase, phospholipase and isomerase form necrosis. Venom is neurotoxic, and it causes
paralysis. In Turkey, some species of Latrodectus, Steatoda, Loxosceles, Cheiracanthium, Segestria, Agelena, Tegenaria, Araneus
and Argiope are venomous. The specimens that collected from different habitats and localities of Turkey were examined under
stereo microscope. They were identified as species level, and the venom organs of some spiders were investigated morphologically
with the light and electron microscope.
Key words: Spider, Venom, Turkey, Araneae.
INTRODUCTION
About 50.000 species have been described on the world.
All of the spiders have venom glands except the members of
Uloboridae and Archaeidae. Preys of spiders are insects, other
arthropods and invertebrates, and from vertebrates small fishes,
frogs, lizards, birds and even mammalians such as mice. Among
spiders, nearly 100 species can affect human beings and big
mammalians with their venom. Envenomation with spider bites
call as “araneism”.
In spiders, the venom organs take place anterior of prosoma,
and they consist of a pair of glands, a pair of fangs on apical
of the chelicerae and a pair of canals that lie from the glands
through the chelicera to the tip of the fangs [1, 2, 3 ].
Venomous species of Latrodectus, Loxosceles, Phoneutria,
Atrax and Hadronyche share the habitats such as baths, toilets,
garages, workshops, as well as living rooms [4]. They live also
on or in fences, stack of woods, huts and walls [5,6].
Spider venom are mainly in two characters; neurotoxic and
necrotoxic. Neurotoxins cause paralysis the nerves system in
arthropods and vertebrates. Necrotoxins form ulcer and heavy
destruction in the issue [7,8]. Also, the venom damages the
muscle system and blood cells, cause breathe difficulty and
death. Venom of some species is fifteen time effective than
venom of a wiper. In addition, some venomous of spiders can
leave and circulate for two years in human body.
Spider venom is chemically heterogeneous, and contains
polypeptide, poly amine, nucleic acid, free amino acid,
monoamine, neurotoxin, enzyme and inorganic elements.
Among enzymes, protease, hyaluronidase, sphingo-myelinase,
phospholipase and isomerase form necrosis [9,10,2].
The aim of this article is to explain the venomous spiders,
and inform their habitats and distributions in Turkey.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The specimens were collected from different habitats
and localities in Northeast Blacksea Region, East Anatolia,
Southeast Anatolia, Central Anatolia and Mediterranean Region
in the period of 1993-2005. The specimens were examined
under stereo microscope, identified as species level, and venom
organs of some spiders were morphologically investigated with
the light and electron microscope (SEM, TEM) [3,11,12,13].
Keys of Heimer and Nentwig [5], Roberts [6], Tyschenko [14]
were used in identification. The specimens were preserved at
the Zoological Research Laboratory of Kırıkkale University.
RESULTS
Venomous spider’s groups of Turkey can be arranged as
follow:
Black Widows (Theridiidae): The most venomous spider
of the world is Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (Fig. 1).
LD50 is 0,05 mg/kg in mice (i.v.). It is a holarctic species. It
has been seen in most of the Mediterranean countries but not
yet in Turkey. Every year, many cattle have been lost by these
spiders in Russian steppes. Its venom is neuro and cyto toxic.
L. tredecimguttatus (Rossi, 1790) called as “Mediterranean
black widow” has been recorded from Istanbul, Ankara,
Adana, Mardin, Erciş and Kars (Fig. 2). LD50 is 0.013 mg/
mice (13-17 g), 0.032 mg/rat (50-60 g). It shows Palaearctic
distribution. This spider built its web on huts, coops, stacks of
woods and stones. From steatods (spiders with globe abdomen)
Steatoda grossa (Koch CL, 1838) (Fig. 3) and S. paykulliana
ase,
ase,
osis
ase,
osis
osis
the
the
itats
the
itats
tats
rom
rom
east
om
east
east
east
and
east
and
993and
993nder
93nder
vel,
der
vel,
were
vel,
were
ight
were
ight
EM)
ght
EM)
wig
EM)
dwig
in
wig
dved
in
dved
in
of
ved
of
of
can
can
can
most
most
ctus
most
ctus
is
50
ctus
rctic
50 is
is
0the
rctic
ctic
the
in
the
in
been
in
been
. Its
.een
Its
L.
Its
L.
as
L.
as
been
as
been
ana,
eenis
0ana,
ana,
0(50is
0This
is
(50This
s50of
This
s of
ders
sders
of
Koch
ders
Koch
ana
och
ana
can
ana
can
can
workshops etc., and go into shoes, boots and annulipe
jump suit. Also, it is hided under cardboards,
panels and pictures on walls. In North
34
A. Bayram et al / JABS, 1 (3):
33-36, 2007
America,
more than 80 percent of the spider
bites are because of this species. The venom
forms
a button(Loxoscelidae):
first. The swelling
(Walckenaer, 1806) are dangerous. They can be seen in many
Violin Spiders
Loxoscelesrecedes
rufescens
and 1820)
turns (Fig.
a reddish
reaction Itarea
places in Turkey.
(Dufour,
4). It is dangerous.
likes (lesion).
cellars huts;
Then itetc.,
transforms
necrosis
Fig.
workshops
and go intoashoes,
boots(gangrene,
and jump suit.
Also,
This
species
was panels
seen in
Mu÷la,
it is5).
hided
under
cardboards,
andMardin,
pictures on
walls. In
Hatay
andmore
Elbistan
(Kahramanmaraú).
North
America,
than 80 percent
of the spider bitesL.are
reclusa
Mulaik,
1940 first.
thatThe
because
of this Gertsch
species. The&venom
forms a button
distributed
in turns
North
and South
swelling
recedes and
a reddish
reactionAmerica,
area (lesion).the
Then
Pacific a necrosis
Islands,
Africa
somewas
it transforms
(gangrene,
Fig. 5).and
This species
is more(Kahramanmaraş).
dangerous.
seenMediterranean
in Mardin, Muğla,countries
Hatay and Elbistan
Besides
of
necrosis
its
venom
can cause
L. reclusa Gertsch & Mulaik, 1940 that distributed
in North
disorder
nessIslands,
in coagulation
and haemolysis,
South America,
the Pacific
Africa andand
some Fig 5. Gan
death. Dispersion
of L.
rufescens
from
the
Mediterranean
countries is more
dangerous.
Besides
of necrosis
Southcan
America
and Africa
to the
is
its venom
cause haemolysis,
disorder
nessnorthern
in coagulation
planes
and ships.
and by
death.
Dispersion
of L. rufescens from the South America
and Africa to the northern is by planes and ships.
Fig 1. Latrodectus mactans
Fig 1. Latrodectus mactans
Fig
1.1.Latrodectus
mactans
Figure
Latrodectus mactans
Fig 6. Che
Violin
Spiders
(Loxoscelidae):
Fig
2. Latrodectus
tredecimguttatus
Loxosceles
rufescens
(Dufour, 1820) (Fig. 4).
Fig
2.
Latrodectus
tredecimguttatus
Figure
tredecimguttatus
It 2.isLatrodectus
dangerous.
It likes cellars huts;
Figworkshops
2. Latrodectus
tredecimguttatus
etc.,
and go into shoes, boots and
jump suit. Also, it is hided under cardboards,
panels and pictures on walls. In North
America, more than 80 percent of the spider
bites are because of this species. The venom
forms a button first. The swelling recedes
and turns a reddish reaction area (lesion).
Then it transforms a necrosis (gangrene, Fig.
5). This species was seen in Mardin, Mu÷la,
Hatay and Elbistan (Kahramanmaraú). L.
reclusa Gertsch & Mulaik, 1940 that
distributed in North and South America, the
Pacific
Islands,
Africa
and
some
Mediterranean countries is more dangerous.
Besides of necrosis its venom can cause
Figure
3. Steatoda grossa
haemolysis,
disorder ness in coagulation and
Fig
3.
Steatoda
grossa
death. Dispersion of L. rufescens from the
Fig
3. Steatoda
grossaand Africa to the northern is
South
America
Hunt
Latreille,
Lycosa
narbonen
Fig
4.
Loxosceles
rufescens
Figure 4. Loxosceles rufescens
singorien
Foliage
SpidersSpiders
(Clubionidae):
These spiders are
mostly Mediterr
Foliage
(Clubionidae):
These
found
in fallenare
foliage
in gardens
andin
fields.
However,
the in
most borrowin
spiders
mostly
found
fallen
foliage
dangerous
species
Cheiracanthium
punctorium (Willers,
1789) tubes in
gardens
and
fields. However,
the most
and dangerous
C. mildei Koch L, 1864
(Fig.
6)
live
in
or
around
houses.
species In Gnaphosidae,
Cheiracanthiumthe mirabilis
that
of loxoscelism.
Like
L.
rufescens
this
species
prefers
cellars
punctorium (Willers, 1789) and and
C. workshops.
mildei Pisaurida
species
Nomisia
aussereri
(Koch
L,1872
It is
attractive.
Epidemiology
of
cheiracanthism
looks
like that) (Ageleni
Koch L, 1864 (Fig. 6) live in or around
of and
loxoscelism.
In
Gnaphosidae,
the
species
Nomisia
aussereri
in
Liocranidae,
the
species
Liocranum
houses. Like L. rufescens this species prefers 1757) (a
(Koch
L,1872)and
and workshops.
in Liocranidae,
species
Liocranum seen all
annulipes
Kuczynski,
1897Itthe
areis
dangerous.
cellars
attractive.
annulipes
Kuczynski,
1897
are
dangerous.
Epidemiology of cheiracanthism looks like Koch CL
Fig 5.5. Gangrene
Figure
Gangrene
gerous.
cause
on and
om the
hern is
These
iage in
most
nthium
mildei
around
prefers
active.
ks like
Fig 5. Gangrene
A. Bayram et al / JABS,Fig
1 (3):
33-36, singoriensis
2007
7. Lycosa
Figure 6. Cheiracanthium mildei
Fig 6. Cheiracanthium mildei
Hunter Spiders Oxyopes lineatus Latreille, 1806 (Lynx
spider, (Oxyopidae); Lycosa tarantula (Linnaeus, 1758), L.
narbonensis Latreille, 1806 and L. singoriensis (Laxmann,
Spiders
Oxyopes
1770)Hunter
(The Mediterranean
tarantulas,
Fig. 7, arelineatus
borrowing
Latreille,
(Lynxtubes
spider,
(Oxyopidae);
spiders,
dig and1806
live in vertical
in the ground,
Lycosidae),
Pisuara
(Clerck 1757)
(Tent spider,
Pisauridae);
Lycosamirabilis
tarantula
(Linnaeus,
1758),
L.
from
the
funnel
spiders
(Agelenidae)
Agelena
labyrinthica
narbonensis
Latreille,
1806 1802)
and (it L.
Tegenaria agrestis
(Walckenaer,
is
(Clerck
1757) (a cosmopolitan
species, and
can be seen
singoriensis
(Laxmann,
1770)
(The
Tegenaria
agrestis
(Walckenaer,
1802)
(it all
is
an
attractive
spider),
T.
domestica
(Clerck,
over Anatolia, Fig. 8), A. gracilens Koch CL, 1841, some
Mediterranean
tarantulas,
Fig.
are
an (House
attractive
spider),
T. domestica
1758)
spider);
also,
the
water7,(Clerck,
spider
Histopona
species, Tegenaria
agrestis
(Walckenaer,
1802) (it
1758)
(House
spider);
also,
the
water
spider
borrowing
spiders,
dig
and
live
in
vertical
aquatica
isArgyroneta
an attractive spider),
T. domestica (Clerck
(Clerck, 1758)1758)
(House
Argyroneta
aquatica
(Clerck
1758)
tubes
in the
thewater
ground,
Lycosidae),
Pisuara
spider);
also,
spider dangerous.
Argyroneta
aquatica
(Clerck
(Argyronetidae)
are
Bites
of
(Argyronetidae)
are
dangerous.
Bites
of
1758)
(Argyronetidae)
are
dangerous.
Bites
of
Tegenaria
cause
mirabilis
(Clerck
1757)
(Tent
spider,
Tegenaria cause typical necrosis.
typical
necrosis. cause
Tegenaria
Pisauridae);
fromtypical
the necrosis.
funnel spiders
Fig 8. 8.
Agelena
Figure
Agelenalabyrinthica
labyrinthica
35Crab and
oblongus
(Clerck,
Cambridge
Walckenae
Tibellus o
Thanatus
Philodrom
(Simon,
(Clerck, 1
argelasius
Heteropod
1761) and
Salticidae)
1789) (La
Pritha nan
(Foskoel,
venomous
Garden Spiders (Araneidae): Araneus diadematus Clerck
1757 (Garden spider, Fig. 9), A. angulatus Clerck 1757, A.
Garden
Spiders
(Araneidae):
Araneus
marmoreus
Clerck
1757; Argiope
lobata (Palas,
1772) (Tiger Six-eye
diadematus
Clerck
1757
(Garden
spider,
Fig. (Rossi, 17
spider), Neoscona adianta (Walckenaer, 1802), Larinioides
9), A. angulatus
Clerck
A. marmoreus
1758) (Fi
cornutus
(Clerck, 1758)
and L. 1757,
folium (Schrank,
1803). These
Clerck
1757;
Argiope
(Palas,
1772)
species
built
vertical
orb-webs lobata
between the
branches
of bushes
The spider is either in the central of the web recorded f
and
trees. Diameter
of some Neoscona
webs is more thanadianta
(Tiger
spider),
The
spider
is either
intothe
central
of the1 meter.
web Thesome spec
or
under
a leave
near
the
web.
spider
is
either
in
the
central
of
the
web
or
under
a
leave near
(Walckenaer,
cornutus
stones and
or
under a leave1802),
near to Larinioides
the web.
to
the
web.
(Clerck, 1758) and L. folium (Schrank, splits of w
1803). These species built vertical orb-webs
between the branches of bushes and trees.
Diameter of some webs is more than 1 meter.
(Agelenidae) Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck
1757) (a cosmopolitan species, and can be
seen all over Anatolia, Fig. 8), A. gracilens
Koch CL, 1841, some Histopona species,
Fig
Araneus
diadematus
Fig
9.9. Araneus
diadematus
Figure
9. Araneus
diadematus
Crab and Jumping Spiders: Heriaeus oblongus Simon,
FigLycosa
7. Lycosa
singoriensis
Fig 7.
singoriensis
Figure 7. Lycosa singoriensis
Crab
and Jumping
Spiders:
Heriaeus
1918, Misumena
vatia (Clerck,
1758) , Synaema
plorator
Crab
and
Jumping
Spiders:
Heriaeus
oblongus
Simon,
1918,
Misumena
vatia
Cambridge
O.P,
1872
and
Thomisus
onustus
Walckenaer,
1805
oblongus Simon, 1918, Misumena vatia
(Clerck,
1758) Tibellus
, Synaema
plorator1802)
(from Thomisidae);
oblongus (Walckenaer,
(Clerck, 1758) , Synaema plorator
and Thanatus striatus
Koch and
C.L, 1845
(from Philodromidae);
Cambridge
O.P, 1872
Thomisus
onustus
Cambridge
O.P, 1872
and
Thomisus
onustus
Heteropoda
variegata
(Simon,
1874),
Micrommata
virescens
Walckenaer, 1805 (from Thomisidae);
Walckenaer,
1805
(from
Thomisidae);
(Clerck,
1757)
(Green
spider)
and
Olios
argelasius
(Walckenaer,
Tibellus oblongus (Walckenaer, 1802) and
Tibellus
(Walckenaer,
1802)
1805) (fromoblongus
Heteropodidae);
Philaeus chrysops
(Poda,and
Thanatus
striatus Koch
C.L, 1845
(from1761)
and some species
of Phidippus
(from Salticidae);
Eresus
Thanatus
striatus
Koch
C.L,
1845
(from
Philodromidae);
Heteropoda
variegata
cinnaberinus
(Olivier,
1789)
(Ladybird
spider,
from
Eresidae);
Philodromidae);
Heteropoda virescens
variegata
(Simon,
1874),1868)
Micrommata
Pritha nana (Simon,
and P. insidiatrix (Foskoel, 1775)
(Simon,
1874),
Micrommata
(Clerck,
1757)are(Green
andvirescens
Olios
(from Filistatidae)
venomousspider)
and dangerous.
(Clerck,
(Green spider)
Olios
argelasius1757)
(Walckenaer,
1805)and(from
argelasius
(Walckenaer,
1805) (Poda,
(from
Heteropodidae);
Philaeus chrysops
Heteropodidae);
Philaeus
chrysops (from
(Poda,
1761) and some species
of Phidippus
Salticidae);
Eresus
cinnaberinus
(Olivier,
1761)
and some
species
of Phidippus
(from
36
A. Bayram et al / JABS, 1 (3): 33-36, 2007
Six-eyed Spiders: Segestria florentina (Rossi, 1790) and
S. senoculata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fig. 10, from Segestriidae)
were recorded from Muğla, İzmir and İstanbul; some species of
Dysdera that leave under stones and logs in gardens and fields
or in splits of walls are dangerous.
REFERENCES
[1]. Foelix RF. 1982. Biology of Spiders. 3rd Edition,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 325 Pages.
[2]. Habermehl GG. 1981. Venomous Animals and Their
Toxins. Spinger-Verlag, Berlin.
There is no research on venom of most
[3]. Yiğit N, Güven T, Bayram A, Çavuşoğlu K. 2004. A
species
of spiders. Venom analysis of the
morphological study on the venom apparatus of Agelena
limitedlabyrinthica
species(Araneae,
is known.
Hundreds of
Agelenidae). Turkish Journal of
species
are
need
of
analysis.
Zoology, 28, 121-127.
The
spiders Phoneutria fera (Ctenidae,
[4]. Kaston BJ. 1978. How to Know the Spiders. C. Brown
LD50Company
= 0.0009
mg/kg
mice)
Publishers,
Dubuque,
Iowa. and Atrax
robustus
(Dipluridae) which are very
[5]. Heimer S, Nentwig W. 1991. Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Ein
dangerous
in
the South
NorthBerlin,
America
Bestimmungsbuch,
Verlagand
Paul Parey,
543 Pages.
do[6]. not
distributed
in
Turkey
and
the
Roberts MJ. 1995. Spiders of Britain and Northern
Palaearctic
region [18].
Europe. Collins Field Guide, Harper-Collins Publishers,
London.
Fig 10.10.
Segestria
Figure
Segestriasenoculata
senoculata
DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
It is recorded that venom of some spiders
It is recorded that venom of some spiders is effective fifteen
is
effective
fifteen times than venom of a
times than venom of a wiper [15]. However, spider venom does
wiper
However,
spider
doesvenom.
not
not
cause[15].
important
destructions
like thatvenom
done by snake
cause
important
destructions
like
that
done
This is because of smallness of spider and weak injection
mechanism.
For instance,
a black widow
injects 0.02-0.03
by snake
venom.whileThis
is because
of
mg
(dry) venom,
long nosedand
wiper weak
injects 20injection
mg, and the
smallness
ofthe spider
American rattlesnake injects 437 mg in one bite [16]. Because of
mechanism. For instance, while a black
the following causes spiders are not dangerous as far as scorpions
widow injects 0.02-0.03 mg (dry) venom, the
and snakes: The chelicerae are too weak to pierce the skin of
long (1),
nosed
wiper
injects
20 mg,
and the
human
the venom
injected
is not enough
for envenomation
American
rattlesnake
injects
437 human,
mg inthey
one
(2),
most of spiders
are not proud
for biting
bite
only
panic situation
(3), of
mostthe
of the
venom are not
enough
bite in[16].
Because
following
causes
toxic
for human
they dangerous
are effective for
(4), most of
spiders
are not
asinvertebrates
far as scorpions
spiders live far from human habitats (5).
and snakes: The chelicerae are too weak to
In many cases, because of the smallness the victim can not
pierce
the skin of human (1), the venom
see the spider. So, it is hard to identify the spider in general.
injected
is not enough for envenomation (2),
This situation can cause misperceiving. On the other hand, it is
most of
spiders
arethenot
possible
that mix
each other
spiderproud
bites and for
other biting
arachnids
human,
they
only
panicaccording
situation
(3),
such
as mite,
bug bite
and flea.
Forin
instance,
to Russell
and
Gertsch
[17],
from
600
suspected
spider
bites
with
local
most of the venom are not enough toxic for
sings
and
symptoms,
recorded
by
them
80
percent
were
bites
human they are effective for invertebrates
by other arthropods (ticks, bed bugs, fleas, etc).
(4), most of spiders live far from human
There is no research on venom of most species of spiders.
habitats
(5).
Venom analysis of the limited species is known. Hundreds of
In
many
because of the smallness
species are need ofcases,
analysis.
theThe
victim
can not see the spider. So, it is
spiders Phoneutria fera (Ctenidae, LD50 = 0.0009
hard
to
identify
spider
in general.
This
mg/kg mice) and Atraxthe
robustus
(Dipluridae)
which are
very
situationin the
canSouth
cause
misperceiving.
On thein
dangerous
and North
America do not distributed
Turkey
the Palaearctic
region [18].
other and
hand,
it is possible
that mix each other
the spider bites and other arachnids such as
mite, bug and flea. For instance, according to
Russell and Gertsch [17], from 600 suspected
spider bites with local sings and symptoms,
REFERENCES
[7]. Bettini S. 1978. Arthropod Venom, Springer-Verlag, New
[1]. Foelix
York. RF. 1982. Biology of Spiders. 3rd
Edition,
Cambridge
University
Press,
[8]. Nentwig W.
1987. Ecophysiology
of Spiders,
SpringerCambridge,
325 Pages.
Verlag, London.
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