Schaubild 2: Regelung des "Handelns auf Befehl" (Superior Order
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Schaubild 2: Regelung des "Handelns auf Befehl" (Superior Order
Schaubild 2: Regelung des "Handelns auf Befehl" (Superior Order) in völkerstrafrechtlichen Quellen Quelle (Datum der Verabschiedung/Inkrafttreten) als Strafausschluß als Strafmilderung Verantwortlichkeit der/des Vorgesetzten A. Internationale Instrumente I. Verträge Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (10.12.1984/26.6.1987) Nein (Art. 2 Abs. 3: "... order ... may not be invoked ...") nicht geregelt nicht geregelt Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Nein (Art. 5: "... nor may any law Officials (Resol. 34/169 vom enforcement official invoke superior 17.12.1979) order ..." bezüglich Mißhandlungen) nicht geregelt nicht geregelt Declaration on the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearances (Resol. 47/133 vom 18.12.1992) nicht geregelt nicht geregelt II. Soft Law 1. GV-Resolutionen Nein (Art. 6 Abs. 1: "No order or instruction ... may be invoked ...") 2. Andere Resolutionen, Erklärungen oder Quellen Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal (1949) Nein (Art. 8: "The fact that the defend- Ja (Art. 8: "... may be considered in ant acted pursuant to order ... shall not mitigation of punishment if justice so free him from responsibility ...") requires") Principles of International Law recog- Nein (Princ. IV: "The fact that a Ja (Princ. IV: "... in mitigation of nized in the Charter and the Judgement person acted pursuant to order, ... does punishment if justice so requires") of the Nuremberg Tribunal ILC not free him from responsibility ...") (2. Sitzung 1950) Principles on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra-legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions (ECOSOC-Resol. 1989/65 vom Nein (Princ. 19: "... may not be invoked as a justification") nicht geregelt Grundsätzlich ja, da "official position" kein Strafausschließungs- oder Strafmilderungsgrund (Art. 7) nicht geregelt Grundsätzlich ja ("... may be held responsible ..."), falls "... they had a reasonable opportunity to prevent such acts" (Princ. 19) 24.5.1989) Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials (Resol. des "8. UN-Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders", 27.8.7.9.1990) Grundsätzlich nein (Princ. 26:"... shall be no defence ..."), falls "... law officials knew that an order ... was manifestly unlawful and had a reasonable opportunity to refuse to follow it" Grundsätzlich ja: "In any case, responsibility also rests on the superiors who gave the unlawful orders." (Princ. 26) nicht geregelt Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind of the ILC (in der auf der 48. Sitzung angenommenen Fassung, 6.5.26.7.1996) Nein (Art. 5: "The fact that an individual ... acted pursuant to an order ... does not relieve him of criminal responsibility ...") Grundsätzlich ja (Art. 5: "may be considered in mutigation of punishment if justice so requires") Grundsätzlich ja ("... does not relieve his superiors of criminal responsibility..."), falls "they knew or had reason to know ... that the subordinate was committing ... such a crime and if they did not take all feasible measures ... to prevent ... the crime" (Art. 12) Sicherheitsratsbeschluß zur Errichtung eines ad hoc-Tribunals für das ehem. Jugoslawien (Resol. 827 vom 25.5.1993) Nein (Art. 7 Abs. 4: "The fact that a person acted pursuant to an order ... shall not relieve him of criminal responsibility.") Ja (Art. 7 Abs. 4: "... but may be considered in mitigation of punishment if the International Tribunal determines that justice so requires".) Grundsätzlich ja ("... does not relieve his superior of criminal responsibility ..."), falls "he knew ...that the subordinate was about to commit such acts ... and failed to prevent such acts ..." (Art. 7 Abs. 3) Sicherheitsratsbeschluß zur Errichtung eines ad hoc-Tribunals für Ruanda (Resol. 955 vom 8.11.1994) Nein (Art. 6 Abs. 4: "The fact that a person acted pursuant to an order ... shall not relieve him of criminal responsibility.") Ja (Art. 6 Abs. 4: "... but may be considered in mitigation of punishment if ... justice so requires".) Grundsätzlich ja ("... does not relieve his superior of criminal responsibility ..."), falls "he knew ...that the subordinate was about to commit such acts ... and failed to prevent such acts ..." (Art. 6 Abs. 3) B. Regionale Instrumente I. Organisation amerikanischer Staaten* Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture (9.12.1985/28.2.1987) Nein (Art. 4: "The fact of having acted under orders of a superior shall not provide exemption from the corresponding criminal liability.") nicht geregelt Inter-American Convention on the Forced Disappearance of Persons (6.6.1994/28.3.1996) Nein (Art. VIII: "The defense of due obedience to superior orders ... shall not be admitted.") nicht geregelt Ja (Art. 3a: "A public servant ... who ... orders ... or who, being able to prevent it, fails to do so, shall be held guilty.") nicht geregelt * In anderen regionalen Instrumenten findet sich, soweit ersichtlich, keine Regelung der "superior order".