Development of Advanced Driver Attention Metrics Approach and

Transcrição

Evaluation and Reduction of Driver
Distraction and Divertion
Prof. Dr. phil. Klaus Bengler
Technische Universität München
Institute of Ergonomics
COPYRIGHT RECHTE DER INHALTE VERBLEIBEN BEIM LEHRSTUHL FÜR ERGONOMIE TU MÜNCHEN
Classical Driver Workplace
Primary Driving Task
… Information and Assistance
Primary Driving Task
and Integration
Source: AUDI
Trends - Stimuli
• Increase of Functionality
• Remarkable increase of of nomadic devices
• Increase of traffic density and urban traffic
• Demographic changes
• Changes in communication behavior (calling & texting)
• Increase of content und related business models
Applications and Interaction
• Touch-Interaction
• Turn-Push
• Steering wheel buttons
• Buttons
• Touchpad
• Speech
• Wheels/Jogdials
Potential of Information
There is a high potential for driver
information and traffic efficiency in
the integration of further
information
Krause, M., Knott, V. & Bengler, K. (2013). Traffic Light Assistant – Can Take
My Eyes Off of You. Human Factors and Ergonomic Society Europe Chapter
2013. Turin
Integration of Mobile Devices
To be checked:
Reachability
Readability
Occlusions
Glare/Reflections
Contrast
Interaction concept
Crash
Distraction vs. Diversion
• Distraction: the attention of the driver is misled and not allocated towards
the driving task in an adequate way.
This effect can be caused by distracters inside or outside the car.
• Diversion: shift of the driver's attention away from the driving task,
induced by the driver and introduced by preparatory activities in order to
compensate for the attentional cost of the diversion in advance (i.e.
intense visual scanning of the environment before reading a navigation
display)
• Ergonomic measures help to reduce the effects fo Diversion and avoid
distraction
(Kubitzki 2012)
History of Guidelines
• TRL checklist, HARDIE, Leitlinien, …
• AAM Guidelines (2002)
• JAMA Guidelines (2004)
• European Statement of Principles (2006)
• DOT Guidelines (2012)
Only the ESOP addresses all relevant „stakeholders“
AAM Voluntary Guidelines
• „Statement of Principles, Criteria and Verification Procedures on Driver
Interactions with Advanced In-Vehicle Information and Communication
Systems“
• 24 overarching Principles divided into five groups
–
–
–
–
–
Installation Principles (5)
Information Presentation Principles (4)
Interaction with Displays and Controls (6)
System Behavior Principles (3)
System User Information (6)
Projects - Driver Distraction
ISO TC 22/SC 13/WG 8
CEN/
ISO
EMMIS (EU)
HASTE (EU)
ROADSENSE (EU)
Research
STAMMI/
HARDIE (EU)
INVENT (EU)
COMUNICAR (EU)
MOTIV 2000 (G)
AIDE (EU)
ADAM
CAMP
NHTSA
Forum
AAM
1st release
1st update
European
SoP
1992-1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
But then, the 100-Car Naturalistic
Driving Study (VTTI)
(Federal Register Vol 77, 37 2012)
Riskyness of Secondary Tasks
(Federal Register Vol 77, 37 2012)
European Statement of Principles 2006
Structure and Content
Five overall Design Goals
Overall design principles
Installation principles
Information presentation principles (*)
Principles on interaction with displays and controls (*)
System behaviour principles
Principles on information about the system
Structure and Content
• Recommendations for Safe Use (RSU)
for Service providers, Point of Sale, Hire Companies, Employers,
Drivers
• Structure of Principles
Principle
Explanation
Examples (good & bad)
Applicability
Compliance
Definitions
ESOP-Principles - Examples
• Visual Demand
Visually displayed information should be such that the driver can
assimilate it with a few glances which are brief enough not to
adversely affect driving.
Where available, internationally agreed standards relating to
legibility, audibility, icons, symbols, words, acronyms or
abbreviations should be used.
• Interruptability
The system should not require long and uninterruptable sequences
of interactions.
System controls should be designed such that they can be operated
without adverse impact on the primary driving task. The driver
should be able to control the pace of interaction with the system.
AAM Guidelines-Principles Derived from ESOP
• Visual Demand
Systems with visual displays should be designed such that the driver can
complete the desired task with sequential glances that are brief enough
not to adversely affect driving.
• Interruptability
The system should not require uninterruptible sequences of
manual/visual interactions. The driver should be able to resume an
operator-interrupted sequence of manual/visual interactions with the
system at the point of interruption or at another logical point in the
sequence.
NHTSA Guidelines
February 15, 2012
Comparison of HMI-Guidelines
Revised ESOP
AAM Guideline
NHTSA Guideline
Issued
2006
2003
2012
Edited by
OEMs, suppliers,
authorities /
institutes
OEMs
Administration
Goal
Guideline
facilitate good
HMI solutions
MOU
limit distraction
Guideline
limit distraction
Scope
Information &
communication
systems
“advanced”
information &
communication
systems
all OEM integrated
systems
System oriented
No task-based
criteria
System/Function
oriented
Task-based
criteria
System/Function
oriented
Task-based
criteria
Visual Demand Criteria - Comparison
15 Sec
J-SAE
AAM
15 Sek
TSOT
12 Sec
NHTSA
Different Messages
How much visual demand?
Location of Displays Criteria - Comparison
• AAM: max 30° below line of sight
• JAMA: max 30° below 30° Regel
• ESoP: max 30° below 30° recommended
Relevant ISO Standards (selected)
• Dialogue management principles - and compliance procedures
(publ. 7/02) ISO 15005
• Auditory information presentation
(exp. 1st half/03) ISO 15006
• Measurement of driver visual behaviour
(publ. 3/02) ISO 15007
• Visual presentation of information
(exp. 2002) ISO 15008
• Suitability of TICS for use while driving
• Assessment of visual distraction
Measures
• Location
• Information presentation
• Interaction concept
Check - Interaction concept
Occlusion
• Interrupted vision while secondary task negotiation
• Measurement of Total Task Time, Visual Demand, Interruptibility
• Laboratory
Keinath, A., Baumann, M., Gelau, C., et al. (2000)
Check - Interaction concept Lane
Change Task
• „Change your lane immediately
as soon as you recognize the next sign.“
• Measurement of Total Task Time, Visual Demand, Interruptibility
• Laboratory
(Mattes, S. and Hallen, A. 2009)
Check Interaction Concepts
Driving Simulators
Knappe, G., Keinath, A. and Bengler, K. (2007)
Check of Visual Demand
Eye Tracking
Evaluation Methods in the Process
Specification Simulation
PDT
Occlusion
Lane
Change
Task
Static/Dyna
mic Driving Field Trials
Simulator
Without driving Messung und Evaluation
Simulated driving 30
Performance Values
Validity
Driving
Detection Response Tasks
Measurement of Cognivite Demand
(Conti, A.S., Dlugosch, C., and Bengler, K. 2012)
Summary
• Diversion and Distraction can be minimized by ergonomic
measures
• International Requirements are heterogeneous
• Methodologies (standardized) are available and can be
applied
• Nomadic Devices
will expand (apps) in their relevance
• Users see compatibility with driving task as a quality
criterion
Summary
• History
The formulation of guidelines will continue
International aspects will increase
• Requirements
Represent the SoA
• Methodologies
Are available and can be applied
• Nomadic Devices
Will expand (apps) in their relevance
• Users are very sensitive for compatibility with driving
Literature
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
AAM (2002) Principles on Human Machine Interface (HMI) for In-Vehicle Information and Communication
Systems (Draft), Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, Detroit.
Bengler, K. (2014). Driver Distraction. Encyclopedia of Automotive Engineering. 1–8. Published Online: 29
APR 2014. DOI: 10.1002/9781118354179.
Commission of the European Communities (2006) Commission Recommendation of 22 December 2006 on
Safe and Efficient In-Vehicle Information and Communication Systems: Update of the European Statement
of Principles on human machine interface. Brussels, 22.12.2006.
Conti, A.S., Dlugosch, C., and Bengler, K. (2012) Detection Response Tasks: How Do Different Settings
Compare? Automotive UI Conference Proceedings, October 2012. Portsmouth, NH, USA.
JAMA (Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association) (2004) Guideline for In-vehicle Display Systems.
Keinath, A., Baumann, M., Gelau, C., et al. (2000) Occlusion as a Technique For Evaluating In-Car Displays.
In Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics Vol. V.II. International Conference on Engineering
Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics—2000 Edinburgh, Scotland.
Knappe, G., Keinath, A. and Bengler, K. (2007) Driving Simulators as an Evaluation tool—Assessment of the
Influence of the Field of View and Secondary Tasks on Lane Keeping and Steering Performance. ESV
Conference Lyon.
Krause, M., Knott, V. & Bengler, K. (2013). Traffic Light Assistant – Can Take My Eyes Off of You. Human
Factors and Ergonomic Society Europe Chapter 2013. Turin
Mattes, S. and Hallen, A. (2009) Surrogate distraction measurement techniques: the lane change test in
Driver Distraction: Theory, Effects, and Mitigation (eds M.A. Regan, J.D. Lee and K. Young), Taylor & Francis,
London, pp. 107–121.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration—NHTSA (2013) Driver distraction guidelines for in-vehicle
electronic devices. Docket No. NHTSA-2010-0053.

Development of Advanced Driver Attention Metrics Approach and

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