Progress towards attainment of EU limit values in Berlin

Transcrição

Progress towards attainment of EU limit values
in Berlin
Martin Lutz
Annette Rauterberg-Wulff
Senate Department for Health, Environment
and Consumer Protection
Directorate III, Environment Policy
 AQ assessment & current compliance situation
 actions in the pipeline
 impact analysis of LEZ & other measures
 compliance gap – how to deal with it
 problems, outlook
Senatsverwaltung für Gesundheit, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz, Referat III D, M. Lutz
1
current situation NO2
nitrogen dioxide pollution in Berlin in 2009
levels above
40 µg/m3 exceed
annual NO2 AQ
standard
Low Emission Zone
Automatic station in roads with high traffic volume
Automatic station in residential or suburban areas
Passive sampler in roads with high traffic volume
Slide 2 Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz, Referat III D, M. Lutz
Senatsverwaltung für Gesundheit,
2
long-term trend of nitrogen dioxide in Berlin:
no improvement despite decreasing NOx-emissions
gap
-50%
gap
-28%
3
SenatsverwaltungSlide
für Gesundheit,
Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz, Referat III D, M. Lutz
3
EU-wide non-compliance  PM10
compliance with the PM10 air quality standard in Europe
Villach
Rotterdam
Mannheim
Hamburg
EU - limit value
Frankfurt
Berlin
Klagenfurt
Dresden
Vienna
2008
Leipzig
Linz
2007
Munich
Madrid
Graz
2006
Rhine / Ruhr area
Barcelona
2005
Stockholm
Lyon
Lissabon
Brussels
Milan
Zagreb
Riga
Thessaloniki
London
Sofia
0
35
70
105
140
175
Number of excess days of the 24h PM10 standard of 50 µg/m
210
245
3
source: City of Linz
4
compliance situation  PM10
5
origine of PM10
 transboundary transport
backward trajectory statistics Jan-April 2010
receptor point Berlin
Source: E. Reimer, IfM
Free University Berlin
6
Source apportionment
 PM2.5-speciation
Chemical composition of PM2.5 at a busy city centre traffic spot in 2007
split up into different source areas
regional
background
7
Introduction
 source analysis
origin of kerbside PM2.5 and NO2 in Berlin
sources of roadside
NO2 pollution
sources of roadside
PM2.5 pollution
regional background
ca 7%
local traffic
resuspension
resuspension ++
abrasion
abrasion by traffic
traffic
resuspension
+
resuspension
+
abrasion
by traffic
2%
abrasion
by traffic
combustion in
road
road transport
transport
4% 4%
manufacturing
7%
road
roadtransport
transport
industry
9%
9%
2%
other sources
4%
waste treatment and
disposal
0%
other mobile sources
and machinery
4%
other sources
7%
production processes
8%
additional combustion
1%
urban
background
solvent and other
product use
5%
non-industrial
combustion
3%
combustion in energy
and tranformation
industries
1%
combustion in energy
and tranformation
industries
9%
production processes
1%
road transport
combustion in
manufacturing
combustion in manufacturing
road transport
12%
industry
12%
0% resuspension
resuspension ++
abrasion
abrasion by traffic
traffic
3%
local traffic
54%
non-industrial
combustion
10%
other sources
11%
homemade vehicle
tailpipe contribution
agriculture
4%
Berlin, 2007
large-scale
background
urban background
traffic
32%
Basis: NOx modelling
8
Clean Air Plan Berlin list of actions
 Large Stationary sources:
 Best Available Technology; already largely exhausted
 Domestic heating:
 cleaner fuels (nat. gas), heat&power cogeneration
 promotion of energy saving measures
 renewables (but strict emission limit values for wood fired burners)
 option: stricter emissions standards for wood heating systems (< 10 mg/m³)
 synergies with new Berlin energy program
 aim: 25% less CO2-emission by 2010 (relative to 1990)
 only few single coal fired stoves left (<2% of all flats);
 Construction:
 Guidelines & information about dust abatement measures
 agreement with construction business for voluntary application
 ultimate option: regulation
 DPF as criteria for construction machinery for public tenders
 Transport:
 Cleaner vehicles and fuels (CRT retrofit & CNG)
 municipal vehicle fleet (CRT retrofit & CNG)
 filter retrofit of passenger cruising ships
 LEZ (low emission zone)
 Less traffic through sustainable transport- and city planning
 master plan transport, “StEP”




Optimized traffic management
Speed limits (30 km/h)
Ban of heavy duty vehicles in single streets
...
9
Berlin LEZ  emission citeria
Stage 1: since 1.1.2008

Diesel vehicles: at least Euro 2
or Euro 1 & retrofit


Gasoline vehicles: at least Euro 1
7% of vehicle fleet affected
Stage 2: since 1.1.2010

Diesel: Particle emission Euro 4:

cars: Euro 3 + particle filter or
better
goods vehicles: also retrofit of
Euro 1-3 towards Euro 4Particle
10% of the vehicle fleet affected
Area:

about 88 km²
(Berlin total area: 892 km²)

Inhabitants:
about 1 Million
(Berlin total: 3,4 Mio)
 more than 40 LEZ planned/in force in Germany, but
with different emission criteria
11
low emission zone stage 2
 affected vehicles
Stage 2: Free entry only with green sticker
affected vehicles 2010:
4
S - UM43
(according to registration data base of 1. January 2010)


Diesel Passenger cars:

14.000 PC (7%) with red sticker

60.000 PC (30%) with yellow sticker
2
 can barely be retrofitted to
3
 can be retrofitted to
S - UM43
S-- UM43
4
S - UM43
commercial Diesel vehicles:

10.000 LDV/HDV (12%) with red sticker

25.000 LDV/HDV (30%) with yellow sticker
2  can be partly retrofitted to
S - UM43
3
S-- UM43
 can be retrofitted to
4
S - UM43
affected vehicles in total: ca. 124.000
by mid 2010: 25% Diesel PC & 18% LGV/HGV retrofitted!
40% of Diesel PC have a DPF with 60% closed systems
Senatsverwaltung für Gesundheit, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz
Slide 12
Referat III D: Luftreinhaltung und Lärmschutz, M. Lutz
Berlin LEZ – real impact analysis
 impact on fleet composition
Share of registered vehicles with 4
S - UM43
Positive impact of Berlin's LEZ on the registered vehicle fleet
Share of registered vehicles with green sticker
120%
100%
92%
90%
all cars
88%
85%
Trend
UWZ
96%
91%
90%
81%
80%
UWZ
60%
60%
59%
54%
49%
48%
40%
Diesel cars
39%
Trend
37%
UWZ
31%
20%
20%
19%
17%
goods vehicles
0%
1%
Jan 2006
25%
Trend
LEZ stage 1
Jan 2008
LEZ stage 2
Jan 2009
Jan 2010
15
 impact on fleet composition
before-after comparison of the
fleet composition at Frankfurter Allee
Fleet characteristic at Frankfurter Allee based on number plate recognition
before and after introduction of Berlin„s LEZ in 2008/9
2%
100%
3%
17%
90%
22%
23%
29%
34%
80%
32%
36%
44%
40%
53%
70%
9%
18%
62%
50%
52%
27%
73%
36%
60%
58%
40%
32%
50%
50%
36%
40%
26%
41%
32%
31%
30%
21%
28%
20%
24%
10%
0%
47%
29%
6%
20%
10%
6%
37%
20%
5%
33%
23%
39%
26%
15%
8%
10%
7%
30%
28%
17%
11%
4%
LGV Diesel
HGV 3,5 - 7,5 t
21%
16%
23%
Feb Sep Sep Trend Feb Sep Sep Trend Feb Sep Sep Trend
07
08 09 09
09 07
08 09 09
07 08 09
no befor
no
befor
no before
LEZ LEZ
UWZ
LEZ
e
e
LEZ LEZ
Pass. Cars Diesel
4 - green
3 - yellow
2 - red
1 - no sticker
7%
10%
5%
6%
Feb Sep Sep Trend
09
07 08 09
no
befor
UWZ
LEZ
e
HGV > 7,5
16
 NOx emissions
LEZ impact: change of NOx emissions from road traffic*
based on fleet composition at Frankfurter Allee (new emission factor data base HBEFa 3.1)
10.000
NOx vehicle emissions [t/a]
9.000
2007
Trend 2008 without LEZ
LEZ 2008
LEZ 2009
-15%
8.000
-19%
7.000
status of Sept 09
6.000
*NO2 direct emissions
included, but no NO2
accumulation by
retrofitted DPF for HGV
5.000
4.000
3.000
2.000
1.000
0
Total
Cars
LGV
HGV
17
 particle tailpipe emissions
LEZ impact: change of particle exhaust emissions
based on fleet composition at Frankfurter Allee
(new emission factor data base HBEFa 3.1)
Particle vehicle exhaust pipe emissions [t/a]
400
350
2007
LEZ 2008
LEZ 2009
-21%
300
-35%
250
200
150
100
50
0
Total
Cars
LGV
HGV
emissions extrapolated to the entire main road network based on the fleet composition at Frankfurter Allee
(without DPF retrofit, only warm emissions, no cold start impact)
18
LEZ – real impact analysis
 pollution concentration
based on the results of the PM2.5-source apportionment in
a main road in Berlin„s city centre
applying the
emission reduction
of the LEZ
soot + organic
material from
vehicle exhaust
in Berlin
secondary
14%
particles from
NOxemissionen
from traffic in
Berlin
8%
of -35% EC & OC
 - 4.9% PM2,5
of -19% NOx
- 1.5% PM2,5
Σ = - 6.4 % PM2,5
related to PM10:
- 4.5 % PM10
(70% PM2,5 in PM10)
resuspension +
abrasion from
traffic in Berlin
7%
other sources in
Berlin
15%
traffic outside
Berlin
9%
other sources
outside Berlin
47%
largely independent from
traffic and meteo changes
20
 total carbon concentration
traffic-adjusted trend of the local traffic increment of total carbon concentrations in
main roads in and outside of the LEZ
220%
LEZ in force
5,4
5,1
-28%
4,5
5
4,8
200%
4,0
3,9
4,4
4
180%
share of situations with low wind speed <2.4m/s, 2007=100
Radon levels 2007=100%
3,5
average over 10 passive samplers inside of the LEZ
3
160%
3,4
average over 12 passive samplers outside of the LEZ
138%
140%
131%
129%
2
118%
126%
120%
114%
112%
100% 100%
1
103%
100%
0
dispersion-related parameters, 2007=100%
annual total carbon mean (EC+1.2*OC) in µg/m³
6
80%
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
21
 NO2-concentration
traffic adjusted trend of Berlin's contribution to NO2- levels in main
roads in and outside of the low emission zone
urban contribution = kerbside levels -upwind levels at city periphery (ca 10 -12 µg/m³)
60
220%
urban contribution to annual mean NO2 [µg/m³]
49,41
50,3
50
48,9
200%
46,5
49,0
47,9
41,2
180%
44,4
40
share of situations with low wind speed <2.4m/s, 2007=100
40,25
Radon levels 2007=100%
160%
average over 10 passive samplers inside of the LEZ
30
average over 12 passive samplers outside of the LEZ
138%
140%
131%
129%
20
118%
126%
120%
114%
112%
100% 100%
10
103%
100%
0
dispersion-related parameters, 2007=100%
LEZ in force
80%
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
22
LEZ
 résumeé
 no visible shift of traffic into surrounding areas
 significant change in the vehicle fleet composition:
 fewer „dirty“ vehicles (<E1):
 LGV/HGV: only 4-7% instead of 30 %
 more clean vehicles (E4):
cars 73% instead of 44%,
lorries 50% instead of 17-23%
 decrease of traffic emissions on top of trend :
 exhaust particles: - 35 %; NOx: - 19 % (probably less)
 LEZ is most effective single measure, if
4
 based on ambitious emission criteria

43
 covering a larger area
 introduced not too late
 ~2010-12
 exemptions are limited
possible benefit for the air quality
 5-10% reduction of PM10/2.5 & NO2,
 traffic related decrease of black carbon ~30%
 ~10 less excess days > 50 µg/m³ PM10
S - UM
26
Clean Air Plan Berlin  transport measures
 particle filter in passenger cruise ships
pilot project 2008-2010:
• retrofit of 3 vessels with different filter
systems
• monitoring of filter efficiency, performance
and handling during routine operation
28
Berlin transport strategy
 portfolio of measures
Promotion of sustainable
transport modes & car sharing
Speed limits
- extra bus lanes
- traffic light priority for bus
& tram
re-allocation of road space in
favour of cyclists & pedestrians
Parking management
Traffic bans
traffic light synchronisation
optimising vehicle flow
29
traffic management measures
 potential impact on air quality
 shift modal split from motor traffic to clean transport modes
 Berlin„s planning objective:
-10% less motor traffic in 10-15 years
results in 5-10% less NO2, 3-4% less total PM10
 optimizing traffic flows (progressive signal systems):
 impact difficult to quantify
 local effect, traffic signal coordination works only
in one direction, potentially negative effects on
cross-roads
 conflict with acceleration of bus/tram
 risk that gained road capacities will attract more traffic
 small net gain in pollution control
 speed limit 30km/h:
 example Schildhornstraße Berlin: 10 % less NO2, -6% PM
if traffic light coordination with 30 km/h works well
speed limit is enforced
 also less noise and traffic accidents
 truck ban:
 example HEAVEN project: up to 20% less NO2, -7% PM
 only local effect in single roads,
merely shift to other roads, no net reduction
30
long-term trend of nitrogen dioxide in Berlin:
no improvement despite decreasing NOx-emissions
gap
-50%
gap
-28%
Slide
Senatsverwaltung
für31
Gesundheit, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz, Referat III D, M. Lutz
31
progress towards compliance
challenges for NO2
modelled NO2- levels at traffic site Stuttgart Neckartor
Closing the NO2-gap in Berlin
max NO2-level
-15%
NO2limit value
gap
-50%
mean NO2-level
gap
-28%
-15% fleet renewal, incl LEZ
-3% modal shift
-5% speed limit 30 km/h
-x% Euro 6/VI incentives
EU limit value
-x% SCRT retrofit buses & HGVs
-x% ???????
 LV excess even in 2020 and even if all
vehicles were Euro 6/VI
source: Udo Lambrecht
IFEU Institute 2010
32
progress towards compliance
arguments vis-à-vis Brussels…
 NO2 attainment 2015:
 full impact of LEZ stage 2 ( fading away by 2015)
 SCRT retrofit program buses & perhaps for some HGVs
 speed limits, traffic light coordination, etc
 modal split change due to transport strategy
 local (HGV) traffic bans ( barely feasible in Berlin)
 Euro 6/VI incentives ( need to wait for the Federal Gov.)
 realistic scope for improvement up to 30%
 full compliance unlikely
 PM10 attainment by 2011: short notification end of 2010




full impact of LEZ stage 2
tightening LEZ excemptions
optional: stricter emission limits for small combustion units
long-range (transboundary) PM transport is not Berlin‟s fault
 (>50% of excess day 2010)
 compliance in 2011 is a lottery game depending on meteo
source: Udo Lambrecht
IFEU Institute 2010
33
Conclusions
Result: Better Balance between City, Transport and Environment
Thanks
for
listening!
For more information on
 Berlin„s LEZ see www.berlin.de/umweltzone (also in EN & FR)
 LEZ in Germany see http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/umweltzonen/index.htm
 LEZ-cities in Europe visit www.lowemissionzones.eu, the website of the
European Network of LEZ-cities (LEEZEN)
 transport related measures in EU cities visit www.civitas.eu
34

Progress towards attainment of EU limit values in Berlin

Transcrição

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