The Different Engineering Doctorates in Europe:

Transcrição

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The different engineering doctorates in Europe | Germany | Leuven, Belgium, 16. Sept. 2013
The Different Engineering Doctorates in Europe:
Germany
Prof. Dr. Michael H.W. Hoffmann
1. Competences in general
How do competences of bachelors, masters, and doctors
of engineering differ?
2. What are the most important competences
of a doctor of engineering?
3. How can they be achieved
Recruitment, Status, Format
4. Outcome
Prof. Dr. M. Hoffmann
[email protected]
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1.
Competences
Key question:
How do knowledge, skills, and competences of bachelors, masters,
and doctors of engineering differ?
In contrast to holders of a bachelor degree,
holders of a (consecutive) master degree must possess
• deepened and broadened knowledge,
• enhanced skills, and
• improved professional competences.
But what does a doctoral level distinguish from a master level?
Is it just further improvement of knowledge, skills, and
competences? Why do we need another degree then? Wasn’t the
methodology for improvement learnt during the master program?
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Knowledge, Skills, and Competences (4ING-Definition)
level indicator (8 levels)
knowledge
skills
competences
subjectspecific
learnt, retrievable
information
on facts,
the context,
to which facts are
associated,
and the rules
interrelating facts
to contexts;
related to a field
of work or study.
an ability that has
been acquired by
training, and that
makes use of the
implicit memory, to
apply knowledge to
standard situations,
and to use knowhow to complete
standard tasks, and
to solve standard
problems.
personal
social
individual
the proven ability to autonomously recognize
interrelations between facts and the contexts
to which they are linked, to apply this ability
to systematically develop new methods, and,
if indicated, to apply them to changed
situations in a
subjectspecific
social
individual
environment.
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Knowledge, Skills, and Competences
level indicator (8 levels)
knowledge
skills
competences
subjectspecific
learnt, retrievable
information
on facts,
the context,
to which facts are
associated,
and the rules
interrelating facts
to contexts;
related to a field
of work or study.
an ability that has
been acquired by
training, and that
makes use of the
implicit memory, to
apply knowledge to
standard situations,
and to use knowhow to complete
standard tasks, and
to solve standard
problems.
personal
social
individual
the proven ability to autonomously recognize
interrelations between facts and the contexts
to which they are linked, to apply this ability
to systematically develop new methods, and,
if indicated, to apply them to changed
situations in a
subjectspecific
social
individual
environment.
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2.
Competences of a Doctor of Engineering
Doctors of Engineering must
1. dispose of an excellent knowledge on rules and methods in
several specialized fields of work or study, as the basis for own
creative work to systematically develop novel methods, and, if
indicated, to apply them to changed situations.
Further improvement of knowledge, skills,
and competences is thus a
necessary prerequisite for a doctor,
but not a sufficient one.
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1. dispose of an excellent knowledge on rules and methods in
several specialized fields of work or study, as the basis for own
creative work to systematically develop novel methods, and, if
indicated, to apply them to changed situations.
2. demonstrate autonomy and sustained commitment to the
further development of new ideas or processes by scientific
application of their competences to problems in novel contexts.
Repeated demonstration of willingness
and ability to develop new ideas
autonomously is a must!
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3. be able to circulate knowledge and ideas they have compiled
and created, as it is demonstrated by writing a scientific
dissertation and peer-reviewed publications, and by conducting
disputations.
a doctor shares his/her ideas
with the scientific and
technical community!
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disputations.
4. to guide and instruct less qualified members of their team,
which includes a good understanding of knowledge and skills in
this field of social competences.
a doctor must demonstrate
his/her ability to teach others!
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disputations.
4. be able to guide and instruct less qualified members of their
team, which includes a good understanding of knowledge and
skills in this field of social competences.
5. be able to acquire financial and other means for bringing
forward their work, which is another field of social competences.
a doctor of eng. must be able to survive in the business world!
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The Five Most Important Competences in a Nutshell
Doctors of engineering must demonstrate repeatedly
• ability to apply excellent knowledge on rules and methods in
their fields of expertise to create novel knowledge and methods
• ability and willingness to develop new ideas autonomously
• ability and willingness to share ideas with the scientific and
technical community
• ability to guide and instruct less qualified persons
• ability to acquire financial and other means
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3.
How to achieve
As we all know, achievement of the necessary knowledge, skills
and competences takes time. It makes an appropriate environment
necessary, and it causes costs. Therefore, information is needed on
• election of appropriate candidates
 recruitment
• financial and social security of candidates
 status
• quality assurance and control
 format of the doctorate
• clear definition of knowledge, skills, and competences
 outcome
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Recruitment
• only faculties of (research) universities have the right to grant the
title of a doctor of engineering
• recruitment is mainly up to the later supervisor („doctor father“,
„doctor parent“)
• research topic is mainly specified by doctor parent
• vacant positions must be posted publically
• process of recruitment is controlled by a committee
• as a rule, second cycle candidates with good marks are eligible for
the doctorate, first cycle candidates only in exceptional cases
• formal supervision agreements still quite seldom
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Recruitment
• Typical formats of funding are
1. Employment as a research assistant of the university, funded by
the state.
2. Third–party funding e. g. by EU, or from research organisations,
or industry.
3. Grants from various organisations.
• Funding is offered for up to three years, typically, with the
possibility of an extension to a maximum of 5 years
• doctorates with employment and payment by third party at an
external institution are an exception; only possible in a research
environment; doctor parent must be professor at (research)
university, anyway
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Status
• Most doctoral candidates are employees at universities.
There are also candidates that are financed by scholarships.
Some candidates are employees in industry (external doctoral
candidates), they are supervised by a university professor.
Members of the very small group of non-employed candidates may
apply for the status of a student.
• Employees financed by the state work 50% of time for research;
employees financed by third-party money and candidates w/o
financing work longer for research.
• All candidates are involved in teaching, candidates not employed
by the state are involved to a degree that is appropriate to achieve
the necessary competence to instruct less qualified people.
(Less than the amount of time for state employees).
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Status
• Membership in graduate schools is not mandatory in general, only
at a few faculties
• If doctoral candidates are members of a graduate school,
they must attend accompanying courses in agreement with their
supervisors.
Total workload varies between equivalent of 2 and 15 ECTS in total.
• Salaries for university employees are comparable to or a bit lower
than that of an average engineer in a beginner's position.
Industry salaries may be considerably higher.
Scholarships are lower than the full-time net-salaries, usually about
20% to 30% lower.
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Status
• Health insurance is mandatory for everybody.
• For employees, the usual legal regulations apply.
For holders of scholarships, there is no participation in pension
funds during this time. It is a qualifying period, however, for later
computation of retirement pension.
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Format
• Doctor parent is responsible for supervision
• Organisation of supervision and quality control during doctoral
phase is in the duty of the doctor parent.
• Usually, the candidate must present his/her intermediate results
on a regular basis
• External quality control mainly by external second reviewer;
must not be member of the same institute;
desired: reviewer from other university
• As a general rule, dissertations are monographic, there are only
few exceptions. Cummulative dissertations are seen as
substandard by the majority of colleagues
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Format
• Publication is mandatory, publication of intermediate results is
supported
• Defense of thesis is public, further examination normally behind
closed doors
• Typically, three or even more examiners participate. The
supervisor is one of the examiners.
• Typical duration of doctorate is 3-6 years
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Outcome
• About 5-10% of the doctors of engineering will be employed at
universities and scientific institutions after finishing the doctorate
• About 80% work in commerce and industry
• About 10-5% work for governmental organizations and for bodies
of administration
• Employers confirm their high satisfaction with the competences
that doctors of engineering from German universities have
achieved
• All professors of engineering at German universities and
Fachhochschulen are doctors, far most of them are doctors of
engineering.
• Far most of them have worked for several years in industry
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Thank You
Thank you for your attention!
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The Different Engineering Doctorates in Europe:

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