harmonization of criminal law in europe

HARMONIZATION OF CRIMINAL
LAW IN EUROPE
ERLING JOHANNES HUSABØ
ASBJØRN STRANDBAKKEN
(eds.)
Antwerpen – Oxford
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Harmonization of Criminal Law in Europe
Erling Johannes Husabø & Asbjørn Strandbakken
© 2005 Intersentia
Antwerpen – Oxford
http://www.intersentia.be
ISBN 90-5095-474-X
D/2005/7849/48
NUR 824
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other
means, without written permission from the publisher.
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PREFACE
A colloquium on “The Harmonization of Criminal Law in Europe” was held at the
Faculty of Law, University of Bergen on 20-21 February 2004. The colloquium brought
together 39 experts of criminal law from eight countries (Norway, Denmark, Sweden,
Finland, Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands). The
harmonization process was highlighted by eight different speakers, who discussed
developments and tendencies in both substantive criminal law, criminal procedural
law and international criminal law. Although the rapid progress in European Union
Law in these areas took a central place, the situation in European states outside the
EU was discussed as well.
The articles presented in this book are based on the lectures given at the colloquium.
The colloquium was sponsored by the E. ON Ruhrgas programme and the Meltzer
Foundation at the University of Bergen.
Bergen, February 2005
Erling Johannes Husabø & Asbjørn Strandbakken
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Asbjørn Strandbakken is Professor of Law and vice dean of the Faculty of Law at the
University of Bergen, Norway.
Walter Perron is Professor of Criminal Law and Procedure and Comparative Criminal
Law and vice dean of the Faculty of Law at the University of Freiburg, Germany.
Petter Asp is Professor of Criminal Law at the University of Uppsala. Sweden.
Günter Heine is Professor of Criminal Law at the University of Berne, Switzerland.
Erling Johannes Husabø is Professor of Law at the University of Bergen, Norway.
Kimmo Nuotio is Professor of Law at the University of Helsinki, Finland.
Henning Radtke is Professor of Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure and Philosophy
of Law and dean of the Faculty of Law at the University of Marburg, Germany.
Thomas Elholm is Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Southern Denmark.
Heike Jung is Professor of Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure, Criminology and
Comparative Criminal Law at the University of Saarbrücken, Germany.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION
ASBJØRN STRANDBAKKEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
CHAPTER II.
PERSPECTIVES OF THE HARMONIZATION OF CRIMINAL LAW
AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
WALTER PERRON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1. The Development of European Criminal Law and Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1. European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
a. Before the Treaty of Maastricht 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
b. The Treaty of Maastricht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
c. The Treaty of Amsterdam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
d. Towards a European Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2. Council of Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3. The Schengen Treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2. Present State of Harmonization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1. General Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2. Subjects of the Different Regulations of the European Union . . . . . . . 14
2.3. Common Patterns in the Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3. Evaluation and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.1. Why Harmonization? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2. Problems of Harmonization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3. Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
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CHAPTER III.
MUTUAL RECOGNITION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINAL
LAW COOPERATION WITHIN THE EU
PETTER ASP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. What Has Been Done? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1. Extradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2. Mutual Legal Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3. Mutual Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Perspectives on Mutual Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1. Mutual Recognition as a General Concept of EU Law . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2. Elements of Mutual Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3. Degrees of Mutual Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4. Mutual Recognition and Harmonization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5. Increased Distance between Execution and Responsibility . . . . . . . . . .
4. Evaluation and Prospects for the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Preliminary Rulings from the European Court of Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2. On the Importance of Preliminary Rulings under the Third Pillar . . .
5.3. The Ne Bis in Idem-Judgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4. The Reference for the Second Ne Bis in Idem-Judgement . . . . . . . . . .
5.5. The Constitution for Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
24
24
25
26
28
28
29
30
31
33
33
36
36
36
39
39
40
CHAPTER IV.
CHANGES IN CRIMINAL LAW AND COOPERATION THROUGH, IN
PARTICULAR, THE SCHENGEN AGREEMENT AND EUROPOL:
POSSIBILITIES, PROBLEMS AND INFLUENCE IN STATES OUTSIDE
THE EUROPEAN UNION
GÜNTER HEINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Inventory: General Features and the Specific Situation of Switzerland . . . . .
2.1. General Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2. Switzerland and Some Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Consequences, Critical Points and Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1. Being European on the Long Run – or Leave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2. Judicial Control and Civil Liberties? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a. Changes in Criminal Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b. Key Position: Preliminary Stage – Adequate Guarantees! . . . . . . .
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CHAPTER V.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW RULES ON TERRORISM
THROUGH THE PILLARS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
ERLING JOHANNES HUSABØ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Security Council Resolution 1373 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A Cross-Pillar Action by the European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Framework Decision on Combating Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1. The Framework Decision in General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2. The Definition of Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a. Background and Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b. The Terrorist Aim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
c. The “Danger” Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
d. Exception for Freedom Fighters and Demonstrations? . . . . . . . . .
4.3. Terrorism as a Crime (Per Se) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4. Criminalization of Preparatory Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. The Blacklisting of Terrorists and Terrorist Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1. The Two Systems of Blacklisting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2. The Functions of the Blacklists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3. The Legal Basis of the Blacklists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4. The Primary Sanctions (Freezing of Funds) and Access to Court . . . .
5.5. The Secondary Sanctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Some General Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1. Globalization and Harmonization of Criminal Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2. More “Pre-activism” in Criminal Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3. More “Subjectivism” in Criminal Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. Pressure on Basic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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54
55
57
57
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58
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61
62
63
64
66
66
67
68
70
72
73
73
73
74
75
CHAPTER VI.
HARMONIZATION OF CRIMINAL SANCTIONS IN THE EUROPEAN
UNION – CRIMINAL LAW SCIENCE FICTION
KIMMO NUOTIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Harmonization of Criminal Sanctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example: Penalties as Concerns Corruption in the Private Sector . . . . . . . . .
“Effective, Proportionate and Dissuasive” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fundamental Rights – in a Similar Spirit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fundamental Rights within the EU and the Law on Penalties . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sanctions and the EC Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
The Green Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Problematic Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Towards the Hague (Tampere II) Agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Harmonization of Penalties as Regarded in Scholarly Research . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Slow Food? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
CHAPTER VII.
THE PROPOSAL TO ESTABLISH A EUROPEAN PROSECUTOR
HENNING RADTKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. The European Public Prosecutor According to the Model of the
European Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1. The Case History of the Green Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2. The Concept of the Green Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. About the Necessity for a European Prosecution Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1. The Reasons of the European Commission for the Introduction
of a European Prosecution Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2. The European Prosecution Service as a Controlling Organisation
of European Police Enquiry Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Criticism of the Green Paper’s Model of the European Prosecution
Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1. No Public Prosecutor’s Office without a Code of Criminal
Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2. Possible Solutions to the Problem of the Transfer of Evidence . . . . .
5. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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104
104
106
109
109
110
113
113
116
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CHAPTER VIII.
NEW EU COMPETITION RULES IN A CRIMINAL LEGAL CONTEXT
THOMAS ELHOLM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Concept of Penalty in Regulation 1/2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Burden of Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Self-Incrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2. The Concept “Criminal Offence” in ECHR Article 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3. The Concept “Charged” for the Purposes of ECHR . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4. The EU Competition Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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4.5. Concerning Legal Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6. Danish Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Search and Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1. ECHR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2. EU Competition Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3. Danish Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. The Distribution of Powers between the Commission and the
Member States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. Conclusion and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
132
134
138
138
139
143
144
144
CHAPTER IX.
MAINTAINING HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE PROCESS OF
HARMONIZING EUROPEAN CRIMINAL LAW
HEIKE JUNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Where Do We Stand? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1. The General Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2. The Particularities of European Criminal Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3. The Reform Market: Proposals, Green Papers, Framework
Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. What Criminal Lawyers Should Be Concerned About? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. In Whom and What Should We Trust? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1. The Symbolic Value of Human Rights Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2. Strict Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3. The Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a. Luxembourg or Strasbourg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b. The Philosophy of the Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
c. The Acceptance of Court Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
d. The Role of the Individual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Strategic Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1. Where Should We Intervene? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2. How Should We Intervene? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. What Counts? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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ABBREVIATIONS
AJIL
American Journal of International Law, USA
AJP/PJA
Aktuelle juristische Praxis, Switzerland
BGHSt
Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofes in Strafsachen,
Germany
BVerfGE
Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgericht, Germany
CML Rev
Common Market Law Review, England
Cornell ILJ
Cornell International Law Journal, USA
DD
Delikt en Delinkwent, The Netherlands
DRiZ
Deutsche Richterzeitung, Germany
DRZ
Deutsche Rechts-Zeitschrift, Germany
EBLR
European Business Law Review, The Netherlands
ECHR
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights
and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950
ECJ
European Court of Justice
ECR
European Court Reports, Luxembourg
ECtHR
European Court of Human Rights
ELR
European Law Review, England
ERA-Forum
Academy of European Law, Trier, Germany
EuGRZ
Europäische Grundrechte-Zeitschrift, Germany
EuZ
Zeitschrift für Europarecht: Beiheft der Schweizerischen
Juristen-Zeitung, Switzerland
EuZW
Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht, Germany
GA
Goltdammer’s Archiv für Strafrecht, Germany
GLJ
German Law Journal, Germany
GYIL
German Yearbook of International Law, Germany
HRLR
Human Rights Law Review, England
ICC
International Criminal Court
ICLQ
International and Comparative Law Quarterly, England
ILF
International Law FORUM du droit international, The
Netherlands
Intersentia
Persoonlijke kopie van ()
xv
Abbreviations
JuS
Juristische Schulung, Germany
JZ
Juristenzeitung, Germany
KritV
Kritische Vierteljahrschrift für Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft, Germany
LJIL
Leiden Journal of International Law, The Netherlands
LoR
Lov og Rett, Norway
NJB
Nederlands Juristenblad, The Netherlands
NJIL
Nordic Journal of International Law, Denmark
NJW
Neue Juristische Wochenschrift, Germany
NStZ
Neue Zeitschrift für Strafrecht, Germany
NTfK
Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab, Denmark
NZZ-Online
Neue Züricher Zeitung Online, Switzerland
PQ
The Political Quarterly, England
SIS
Schengen Information System
SJZ
Schweizerische Juristen-Zeitung, Switzerland
StPO
Strafprozessordnung (Germany)
TEC
Treaty of the European Communities
TEU
Treaty on the European Union
TfS
Tidsskrift for Strafferett, Norway
UfR
Ugeskrift for retsvæsen, Denmark
wistra
Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Steuerstrafrecht, Germany
ZaöRV
Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und
Völkerrecht, Germany
ZBJV
Zeitschrift des Bernischen Juristenvereins, Switzerland
ZRP
Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik, Germany
ZStrR
Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Strafrecht, Switzerland
ZStW
Zeitschrift für die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft, Germany
xvi
Intersentia