Grafiken in R - Grafikausgabe, von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen
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Grafiken in R - Grafikausgabe, von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen
Vorlesung Programmieren in statistischer Software: R Sommersemester 2009 Kapitel 4 Grafiken in R Grafikausgabe, von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen, Erweiterung von Grafiken, Trellis Grafiken Christian Heumann Foliengestaltung von Martin Dörr Inhalt dieses Abschnitts 1 Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm Koplots Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken Grafiken Heumann Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Trellis Grafiken Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm Koplots Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken 4.3 Grafikausgabe Heumann Die Grafikausgabe von R erfolgt in ein sogenanntes Gerät Ein Gerät ist zum Beispiel ein Fenster auf dem Bildschirm oder eine Datei Es stehen dabei zum Beispiel folgende Geräte zur Verfügung: bitmap(), jpeg(), pdf(), pictex(), png(), bzw. postscript(), xfig(), x11(), X11(), quarz(). Unter Windows(TM) gibt es auch noch bmp() und win.metafile(). Beispiel: x11() Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm Koplots öffnet ein Grafikfenster auf dem Bildschirm und dev.off() Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken schließt das Fenster wieder. Trellis Grafiken 4.4 Beispiel zur Grafikausgabe: Zeichnen der Dichte der Standard–Normalverteilung auf dem Bildschirm Heumann Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen > x11() > curve(from=-3, to=3, dnorm(x), ylab="Dichte der N(0,1)-Verteilung") Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm Koplots Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken 4.5 Beispiel zur Grafikausgabe: Zeichnen der Dichte der Standard–Normalverteilung in eine Datei Statt auf dem Bildschirm, lassen wir uns die Grafik direkt in ein gewünschtes Dateiformat ausgeben, zum Beispiel PDF oder Postscript. Heumann > pdf("dichteN01.pdf") > curve(from=-3, to=3, dnorm(x), ylab="Dichte der N(0,1)-Verteilung") > dev.off() Die Datei dichteN01.pdf wird dabei im aktuellen Arbeitsverzeichnis angelegt, welches man mit dem Befehl getwd() herausfinden kann. Sie können das Ergebnis mit dem Acrobat Reader betrachten. Die Postscript–Version geht ganz analog: > postscript("dichteN01.ps") > curve(from=-3, to=3, dnorm(x), ylab="Dichte der N(0,1)-Verteilung") > dev.off() Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot 0.4 Streudiagramm Koplots Histogramm 0.3 Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen 0.2 Erweiterung von Grafiken −1 0 x 1 2 3 0.3 0.2 0.1 −2 0.0 −3 Dichte der N(0,1)−Verteilung 0.4 0.1 Trellis Grafiken 0.0 Dichte der N(0,1)−Verteilung Normal–QQ–Plot −3 −2 −1 0 x 1 2 3 4.6 Typischer Ablauf Allgemeines Vorgehen: Erzeugen der Grafik auf dem Bildschirm, bis diese den eigenen Wünschen entspricht, danach Ausgabe in das gewünschte Dateiformat durch einfaches Abändern des Ausgabegeräts. Eine Liste der aktuell geöffneten Geräte erhält man mit dev.list(). Mit dev.set() läßt sich ein Gerät für die nächsten Zeichenoperationen auswählen. Daneben gibt es die Befehle dev.copy() und dev.print(), siehe Online–Hilfe. Heumann Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm Koplots Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken 4.7 Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen R stellt eine Reihe von Standard–Grafikfunktionen zur Verfügung. Beispiele sind Boxplots und Streudiagramme. Für die folgenden Beispiele laden wir wieder den Mietspiegeldatensatz: > daten <- read.table(file= "http://www.statistik.lmu.de/service/datenarchiv/miete/miete03.asc", header=TRUE ) > attach(daten) Öffnen Sie einen Editor (zum Beispiel Wordpad), um die eingegebenen R Befehle speichern zu können! Heumann Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm Koplots Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken 4.8 Balkendiagramm Heumann Ein einfaches Balkendiagramm erhält man mit barplot(). Mit table() erzeugen wir die Häufigkeitsverteilung der Variablen rooms des Datensatzes. > table(rooms) rooms 1 2 3 4 5 6 255 715 759 263 47 14 > barplot( table(rooms) ) Die Funktion barplot() nimmt also die Auszählung der Variablen rooms nicht selbst vor, sondern dies muss vorher durch die Funktion table() erledigt werden. Wie man sich in der Online–Hilfe überzeugt, können der Funktion eine Reihe von Parametern übergeben werden. Als Beispiel schreiben wir folgenden Befehl in unseren Editor barplot(table(rooms),col="gray",border="blue", main="Balkendiagramm für die Variable rooms", xlab="Anzahl der Räume", ylab="Absolute Häufigkeiten", ylim=c(0,800) ) Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm Koplots Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken und bringen diesen zur Ausführung durch Kopieren und Einfügen an der R Kommandozeile (oder durch den Befehl source(), wenn wir den Inhalt des Editorfensters in einer Datei im aktuellen Verzeichnis abgespeichert haben). 4.9 Heumann Beispiel Balkendiagramm: Fortsetzung 800 Balkendiagramm für die Variable rooms Grafiken in R 600 Grafiken Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen 400 Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm 200 Koplots Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen 0 Absolute Häufigkeiten Grafikausgabe Erweiterung von Grafiken 1 2 3 4 5 6 Trellis Grafiken Anzahl der Räume 4.10 Beispiel Balkendiagramm: Fortsetzung Man erkennt, dass bei der Skalierung der Grafik die Schriftgröße sehr (zu) klein werden kann. Man kann dies beispielsweise durch Änderung des globalen Grafikparameters cex ändern (character extension) > cex.alt <- par("cex") > par(cex=2) barplot(table(rooms),col="gray",border="blue", main="Balkendiagramm für die Variable rooms", xlab="Anzahl der Räume", ylab="Absolute Häufigkeiten", ylim=c(0,800) ) > par(cex=cex.alt) Heumann Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm Koplots Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken 4.11 Heumann Beispiel Balkendiagramm: Fortsetzung 600 Grafiken in R 400 Grafiken Grafikausgabe 200 Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot 0 Absolute Häufigkeiten 800 Balkendiagramm für die Variable rooms Streudiagramm 1 2 3 4 5 6 Koplots Histogramm Anzahl der Räume Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Zu beachten ist, dass par() innerhalb der Geräteauswahl verwendet werden muss: Trellis Grafiken pdf("barplot2.pdf") par(cex=2) barplot(table(rooms),col="gray",border="blue", main="Balkendiagramm für die Variable rooms", xlab="Anzahl der Räume", ylab="Absolute Häufigkeiten", ylim=c(0,800) ) dev.off() 4.12 Heumann Noch ein Balkendiagramm Wir verwenden die Datei VADeaths: VADeaths barplot(VADeaths, beside=T, legend=T, ylim=c(0,99), ylab="Tote pro 1000", main="Sterberaten in Virginia 1940") Grafiken in R Sterberaten in Virginia 1940 Grafiken 80 50−54 55−59 60−64 65−69 70−74 Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Boxplot 60 Streudiagramm Koplots Histogramm 40 Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen 20 Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken 0 Tote pro 1000 Gruppierter Boxplot Rural Male Rural Female Urban Male Urban Female 4.13 Heumann Kuchendiagramm pie(table(rooms), clockwise=T) 5 6 Grafiken in R 1 Grafiken 4 Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm Koplots 2 Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot 3 Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken 4.14 Heumann Boxplot Einen Boxplot kann man mit dem Befehl boxplot() erstellen. Als Beispiel erstellen wir einen Boxplot der Variable nmqm (Nettomiete pro qm): boxplot(nmqm, main="Boxplot der Nettomiete pro qm", col="lightgray", border="red") Grafiken in R Boxplot der Nettomiete pro qm Grafiken 20 Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm 15 Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot 10 Streudiagramm Koplots Histogramm 5 Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken 4.15 Gruppierter Boxplot R erlaubt auch die einfache Erstellung gruppierter Boxplots. D.h. wir wollen eine 5–Punkte Zusammenfassung der Verteilung einer Variable innerhalb der Kategorie einer zweiten (Faktor–)Variable. Mit dem folgenden Befehl erhalten wir einen Boxplot der Nettomiete pro qm aufgeschlüsselt nach der Anzahl der Zimmer: > boxplot(nmqm ~ rooms, main="Nettomiete pro qm nach Anzahl der Zimmer", xlab="Anzahl der Zimmer", ylab="Nettomiete pro qm")+ + + Heumann Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe Nettomiete pro qm nach Anzahl der Zimmer Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot 15 Streudiagramm Koplots Histogramm 10 Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken 5 Nettomiete pro qm 20 Kuchendiagramm 1 2 3 4 5 6 Anzahl der Zimmer 4.16 Heumann Streudiagramm Das Kommando pairs() erlaubt die einfache Erstellung einer Streudiagramm–Matrix. Im folgenden werden die Nettomiete und die Wohnfläche in xy–Diagrammen dargestellt: > pairs( cbind(nm,wfl), labels=c("Nettomiete", "Wohnfläche") ) 50 100 Grafiken in R 150 1500 Grafiken Grafikausgabe 1000 Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Nettomiete Balkendiagramm 500 Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm Koplots Histogramm 150 Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen 100 Wohnfläche Erweiterung von Grafiken 50 Trellis Grafiken 500 1000 1500 4.17 Heumann Koplots Koplots (conditional plots) erlauben die Darstellung zweier Variablen gegeben eine dritte oder eine dritte und eine vierte Variable. Im folgenden erhält man ein Streudiagramm von Nettomiete und Wohnfläche getrennt für jede Ausprägung der Anzahl der Zimmer (1 bis 6): > coplot( nm~wfl | as.factor(rooms), panel= panel.smooth ) Given : as.factor(rooms) Grafiken in R Grafiken 6 Grafikausgabe 5 4 Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen 3 2 Balkendiagramm 1 Kuchendiagramm 50 100 150 50 100 150 Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm Koplots Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot nm Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen 1500 Erweiterung von Grafiken 500 1000 Trellis Grafiken 50 100 150 wfl 4.18 Heumann Koplots Simultane Betrachtung von vier Variablen: > coplot( nm~wfl | as.factor(rooms) * as.factor(badextra), panel= panel.smooth ) Given : as.factor(rooms) Grafiken in R 6 Grafiken 5 4 Grafikausgabe 3 Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen 2 1 50 100 Balkendiagramm 150 50 100 150 50 100 150 Kuchendiagramm 1500 Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot 1 1000 Streudiagramm Koplots 500 Histogramm nm Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen 1500 Weitere Funktionen Trellis Grafiken 500 0 1000 Erweiterung von Grafiken 50 100 150 50 100 150 50 100 150 wfl 4.19 Histogramm Hierzu stehen die Befehle hist() und, nach Laden der MASS–Bibliothek mittels library(MASS), die Funktion truehist() zur Verfügung. Beispiele anhand von Nettomiete pro qm und Anzahl der Zimmer: par( mfrow=c(2,2) ) hist(nmqm) truehist(nmqm) hist(rooms) truehist(rooms) Heumann Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Histogram of nmqm 0.15 Boxplot 0.10 500 Kuchendiagramm 300 Gruppierter Boxplot 0.05 Streudiagramm Koplots 100 Frequency Balkendiagramm Histogramm 0.00 0 0 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen nmqm nmqm Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Histogram of rooms 1.0 400 0.0 0.5 200 0 Frequency 600 1.5 Trellis Grafiken 1 2 3 4 rooms 5 6 1 2 3 4 rooms 5 6 4.20 Heumann Normal–QQ-Plot # n x y z w Daten <- 200 <- rnorm(n=n) <- rt(n=n, df=6) <- rt(n=n, df=2) <- exp(rnorm(n=n)) # Referenzverteilung ist Normalverteilung par( mfrow=c(2,2) ) qqnorm(x) qqnorm(y) qqnorm(z) qqnorm(w) Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Normal Q−Q Plot 4 2 0 Sample Quantiles −6 2 1 0 −1 Sample Quantiles −2 ● Boxplot ● Gruppierter Boxplot ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ●● −2 ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● −4 3 Normal Q−Q Plot Streudiagramm Koplots Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen ● Weitere Funktionen −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 Erweiterung von Grafiken Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles Normal Q−Q Plot Normal Q−Q Plot Trellis Grafiken −2 −1 0 1 2 3 10 ●● ●●● 0 ● −3 ● 5 ●● 15 ● Sample Quantiles 20 0 −60 −40 −20 Sample Quantiles 40 ● ● ●● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●● −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4.21 Heumann Zeichnen von Funktionen Die Funktion curve() haben wir bereits kennengelernt. Sie erlaubt das Zeichnen von Funktionen. Beispiel: curve(x^4, from=-1, to=1, col="blue", ylab=expression(paste("Blau: ", x^4, " rot: ", x^2)) ) curve(x^2, from=-1, to=1, add=TRUE, col="red" ) Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Blau: x4 rot: x2 Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm Koplots Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 x 4.22 Weitere Funktionen contour() für Höhenlinien dotchart() für sog. Dotcharts (Ersatz für Balkendiagramme) image(), Bilder, mit Farben als dritter Dimension Heumann Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen mosaicplot(), Mosaikgrafiken zur (mehrdimensinalen) Darstellung kategorialer Variablen (Kontingenztafeln) Balkendiagramm persp(), perspektivische Oberflächen über der xy–Ebene Gruppierter Boxplot Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Streudiagramm qqplot(), allgemeiner QQ–Plot scatterplot3d() im Zusatzpaket scatterplot3d Koplots Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken 4.23 Beispiel: Dichte der bivariaten Normalverteilung Wir nehmen an: µ = (0, 0)0 und σ12 = σ22 = 1 und ρ = 0. Im folgenden erzeugen wir ein Gitter der xy–Ebene, anschliessend wird die Dichte der bivariaten Normalverteilung (dmvnorm()) an jeder Stelle des Gitters ausgewertet. library(mvtnorm) x <- seq(from=-2, to=2, by=0.1) y <- x z <- matrix(nrow=length(x), ncol=length(y), data=0 ) for ( i in 1:nrow(z) ) for ( j in 1:ncol(z) ) z[i,j] <- dmvnorm( cbind( x[i], y[j] ) ) image(x,y,z) Heumann Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm 2 Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm 1 Koplots Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot 0 Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken −1 Trellis Grafiken −2 y Zeichnen von Funktionen −2 −1 0 1 2 x 4.24 Beispiel Fortsetzung: Dichte der bivariaten Normalverteilung Heumann contour(x,y,z) 2 Grafiken in R 0.02 0.02 Grafiken 0.04 Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen 1 0.08 0.1 Balkendiagramm 0.12 Kuchendiagramm Boxplot 0 Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm 0.14 Koplots −1 Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen 0.06 −2 Weitere Funktionen 0.02 Erweiterung von Grafiken 0.02 Trellis Grafiken −2 −1 0 1 2 4.25 Beispiel Fortsetzung: Dichte der bivariaten Normalverteilung Heumann persp(x, y, z, theta = 30, phi = 30, expand = 0.5, col = "lightblue") Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm z Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm y Koplots Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot x Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken 4.26 Erweiterung von Grafiken Heumann Es gibt eine große Zahl von Parametern Die Erklärung jedes einzelne Parameters würde den Rahmen dieses Kurses sprengen Der Befehl par() ohne Argumente liefert eine Übersicht über alle Grafikparameter und ihre Voreinstellung Die Parameter von par() können verändert werden. Wir haben bereits kennengelernt: par(cex=2) für eine global größere Schrift und par( mfrow=c(2,2) ), um 4 Grafiken in einem Gerät in der Anordnung einer 2×2–Matrix zu plotten (multi figure). Nützliche Befehle sind zum Beispiel points() und lines() axis() zur Veränderung der Achsenbeschriftungen legend() zum Anbringen von Legenden Innerhalb der Grafikfunktionen: xlim, ylim zur Festlegung der Skala arrows() zum Zeichnen von Pfeilen text() und mtext() zum Beschriften außerhalb und innerhalb der Grafik ··· Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm Koplots Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken 4.27 Beispiel einer selbstgebauten Grafik Heumann Die Ausführung sollte schrittweise geschehen, um jeweils den Effekt jedes einzelnen Befehls auf die Grafik zu erkennen. par(cex=2) par(las=1) x <- seq(from=-1, to=1, by=0.01) y1<- x^2 y2<- x^4 matplot(x,y1, type="l", axes=FALSE, main="Beispiel", xlab="x", ylab=expression(paste("Schwarz: ", x^2, " rot: ", x^4)) ) matlines(x,y2, type="l", col=2) axis(1, at=c(-1, 0, 1), labels=c("-1.0", "0.0", "1.0" ), col = "gold", lty = 1, lwd = 2 ) axis(2, at=c(0, 0.5, 1.0), labels=c("0.0", "0.5", "1.0" ), col = "blue", lty = 1, lwd = 2 ) legend(-0.5, 0.75, legend=c(expression(paste("y=",x^2)), expression(paste("y=",x^4)) ), col=c("black", "red"), lwd=2 ) box() Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm Koplots Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken Das Ergebnis ist die folgende Grafik: 4.28 Heumann Beispiel einer selbstgebauten Grafik Schwarz: x2 rot: x4 Beispiel 1.0 Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen 2 y=x y=x4 0.5 Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm Koplots Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen 0.0 Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken −1.0 0.0 1.0 x 4.29 Heumann Beispiel einer erweiterten Grafik n <- 100 x <- runif(n=n) a <- 3 b <- 2 y <- a + b*x + rnorm(n=n, mean=0, sd=0.1) plot(x,y) abline(a=a,b=b) abline(h=mean(y)) abline(v=mean(x)) mtext(paste("Mittelwert von x"), side=1, at=mean(x) ) mtext(paste("Mittelwert von y"), side=2, at=mean(y) ) text(0.2,4.5, "Wahre Regressionsgerade", pos=4) arrows(0.4, 4.4, 0.6, 4.2) Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Boxplot 5.0 Gruppierter Boxplot ● ●● Streudiagramm ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Koplots ● ● Histogramm 4.5 ● Wahre Regressionsgerade ● 3.5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Normal–QQ–Plot ● ● ● Zeichnen von Funktionen ● ● Weitere Funktionen ● ● Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 3.0 y 4.0 Mittelwert von y ● ● ● ● ● ● 0.0 0.2 Mittelwert von x 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 4.30 Trellis Grafiken Heumann Die sogenannten Trellis–Grafiken (Cleveland, 1993) stehen nach Eingabe von Grafiken in R library(lattice) Grafiken Grafikausgabe zur Verfügung. Die Initialisierung erfolgt durch trellis.device() Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm bzw. durch trellis.device(file="trellis1.pdf", device="pdf") wenn eine Dateiausgabe gewünscht wird. Es sind dann folgende Standard–Grafiken zur Verfügung: Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm Koplots Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken 4.31 Übersicht über Trellis–Grafiken, vgl. Ligges, U., p.167 barchart() bwplot() cloud() contourplot() densityplot() dotplot() histogram() levelplot() piechart() qq() splom() wireframe() xyplot() Balkendiagramm Boxplot Punktwolke (3D) Höhenlinien Kerndichteschätzer Punktegrafiken Histogramm Levelgrafiken Kuchendiagramm QQ–Plots Streudiagramme 3D–Flächen Allgemeine Zeichenfunktion Heumann Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm Koplots Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken 4.32 Heumann Beispiel 1 einer Trellis–Grafik xyplot(nm~wfl | as.factor(rooms), main="Nettomiete versus Wohnfläche gegen Anzahl Zimmer" ) Nettomiete versus Wohnfläche gegen Anzahl Zimmer 50 100 4 150 5 6 Grafiken in R ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●●●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● 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100150 1 3 1 4 50 100150 1 5 1 6 ● Grafiken in R ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● 1500 ● Grafikausgabe ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● Grafiken 1000 Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm ● 500 ● Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot 0 nm 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 1500 ● ● 1000 500 ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 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●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● 50 ● 10 ● ● 1500 100 Grafiken in R Grafiken 15 5 wfl 100 ● ● ● nmqm 150 150 ● Balkendiagramm ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● 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● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ●● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● Weitere Funktionen Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken Scatter Plot Matrix 4.35 Heumann Beispiel 3a einer Trellis–Grafik super.sym <- trellis.par.get("superpose.symbol") trellis.device() #trellis.device(file="trellis3a.pdf", device="pdf", color=TRUE) splom( ~cbind(nm,wfl, nmqm), groups=rooms, key=list( columns=6, points=list(pch = super.sym$pch[1:6], col = super.sym$col[1:6] ), text=list(c("1","2","3","4","5","6")) ) ) #dev.off() Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Boxplot ● 1 2 ● ● ● ● 4 ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●●●●● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● 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● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ●●● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● Weitere Funktionen ● ●● ● 150 150 100 Gruppierter Boxplot 6 20 ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●●●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ●●● ●●●●● ● ● 1500 5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 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● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ●●● Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken ● ● Scatter Plot Matrix 4.36 Beispiel 4 einer Trellis–Grafik aus der Online–Hilfe Heumann data(volcano) ## 87 x 61 matrix wireframe(volcano, shade = TRUE, aspect = c(61/87, 0.4), light.source = c(10,0,10)) Grafiken in R Grafiken Grafikausgabe Von R bereitgestellte Grafikfunktionen Balkendiagramm Kuchendiagramm Boxplot Gruppierter Boxplot Streudiagramm Koplots volcano Histogramm Normal–QQ–Plot Zeichnen von Funktionen Weitere Funktionen row column Erweiterung von Grafiken Trellis Grafiken 4.37
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