redaqtorisgan

redaqtorisgan
`istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebani~-s winamdebare
nomeri XV-ea da, amdenad, saiubileo.
roca am krebulis dafuZneba gadavwyviteT, ivane
javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnografiis
institutis socialur urTierTobaTa eTnografiuli
Seswavlis ganyofilebaSi, darwmunebuli ar viyaviT,
rom es gamocema aseTi warmatebuli iqneboda da
seriul saxes SeinarCunebda.
bolo 15 weliwadi qarTuli samecniero sazogadoebisTvis urTulesi etapia. es is periodia, roca
qveynis rTuli viTarebisa da Semdgom, faqtobrivad,
gauazrebeli reformebis Sedegad, qarTuli mecniereba
mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
saqarTveloSi samecniero dargebi, humanitaruli Tu
teqnikuri, mecnierTa Tavdauzogavma da TiTqmis
uangaro Sromam gadaarCina.
samwuxarod, unda aRiniSnos, rom dResac, roca
saxelmwifo axal etapze gadavida da garkveuli
pozitivi aSkarad igrZnoba, samecniero sazogadoeba
isev mZime problemebis winaSe darCa. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom qveynisTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani da saxelmwifoebriobis erT-erTi saZirkveli _ mecniereba, saTanadod ar aris Sefasebuli
da araTu misi ganviTarebisTvis iRwvis vinme, aramed
misi mniSvneloba saerTod ignorirebulia.
Cven ar viciT, SevZlebT Tu ara am krebulis
momdevno nomris gamocemas ivane javaxiSvilis
istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis saxeliT,
vinaidan
reforma,
romelic
samecniero
sazogadoebasTan SeTanxmebis gareSe da misi protestis
3
fonze mimdinareobs, ukve aTi welia, faqtobrivad,
institutebis daxurvas da maT gaurkvevel `mimarTulebebad~ gadakeTebas gulisxmobs.
ar SegviZlia oriode sityviT ar SevexoT meore
problemasac, romelic istoriisa da eTnologiis
institutis winaSe dgas. saxelmwifosTvis strategiuli mniSvnelobis mqone instituts, miTumetes
saqarTvelosTvis, romlis teritoriebis 20% okupirebulia _ quCaSi darCena emuqreba. meliqiSvilis
gamzirze, #10-Si
mdebare Senoba, romelic 1980
wels oficialurad gadaeca instituts, ramdenime
wlis win ukanonod iqna gasxvisebuli, Tan ise, rom
Cven amis Sesaxeb mxolod mogvianebiT SevityveT.
imedia, Cveni Zalisxmeva orive mimarTulebiT
Sedegs moitans da saxelmwifo erTxel da sabolood
gaacnobierebs mecnierebis rols qveynis aRmSeneblobaSi, rac ase kargad icodnen Cvenma winaprebma
jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi da rac ase kargad aqvT
gaazrebuli Tundac Cvens mezobel (arafers vityvi
evropasa da amerikaze) qveynebSi, sadac msgavs institutebs daxurvis reJimSi ki ar amuSaveben, aramed
idealur pirobebs uqmnian moRvaweobisTvis. A
aRniSnuli krebulis ToTxmetwliani arseboba,
misi mniSvnelovani da aqtualuri TematikiTaa ganpirobebuli. faqtobrivad, ar darCenila qarTvelologiuri mecnierebis arc erTi dargi, romelic am
krebulSi ar asaxuliyo: istoria (rogorc saqarTvelosi, ise sazRvargareTis qveynebisa), eTnologia
(qarTveli da saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis), enaTmecniereba, arqiteqtura, folkloristika, religia;
`istoriul-eTnologiuri Zieba4
nis~ dadebiT mxared unda CaiTvalos isic, rom axalgazrda mkvlevrebsa da aseve, tradiciuli mimarTulebebisgan gansxvavebuli azris mqone avtorebsac,
saSualeba eZleodaT daebeWdaT TavianTi naSromebi.
krebulSi
warmodgenili
iyo
gamoxmaurebebi
ucxoel mecnierTa tendenciuri gamocemebis Sesaxeb,
romelnic
Cveni
qveynis
istoriis
gayalbebas
cdilobdnen, rac saxelmwifo interesebis winaaRmdeg
iyo mimarTuli. qveyndeboda polemikuri saxis statiebi da pasuxebi, recenziebi. samwuxarod, mravali,
axlad wasuli qarTveli mecnieris Sesaxeb mogonebebis dabeWdvamac mogviwia...
Tamamad
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
rom
`istoriuleTnologiurma Ziebanma~ damsaxurebulad daimkvidra
Tavisi adgili qarTul samecniero sazogadoebaSi
(egzemplarebi igzavneboda ara mxolod saqarTvelos,
aramed sazRvargareTis sxvadasxva qveynebis biblioTekebSi), rac upirvelesad, monawile avtorebis,
mkiTxvelebisa da Sedgom saredaqcio kolegiis
damsaxurebaa.
winamdebare nomeric mravalferovani TematikiT
gamoirCeva da wina gamocemebis msgavsad, uciloblad
daainteresebs samecniero sazogadoebas, studentebsa
da mkiTxvelTa farTo wres.
5
xaTuna ioseliani
demetre I-is mefed kurTxevis
Sesaxeb
saqarTveloSi mefis kurTxevis wesis amsaxveli
erTaderTi unikaluri freska mogvepoveba – svaneTSi,
sofel latalSi, “macxvariSis” eklesiaSi, sadac
demetre I-is mefed kurTxevaa dawerili. demetre I-s
Tavze gvirgvins adgams angelozi, xolo xmals abamen
dasavleT saqarTvelos didgvarovnebi, maT Soris
vardanis-Ze, svaneTis erisTavi [4, 77].
vinaidan es saqarTveloSi erTaderTi freskaa,
sadac mefed kurTxevis ceremoniaa
asaxuli, mas
mxolod am kuTxiT eqceoda yuradReba. mTavari ki _
is istoriuli informacia, romelsac aRniSnuli
freska gadmogvcems _ yuradRebis miRma darCa.
qarTul istoriografiaSi, wyaroTa simciris
gamo, demetre I - is mefobis xana 1125-1156w.w. [3],
saTanadod araa Seswavlili. misi moRvaweobis didi
nawili, rogorc es mkvlevarTa mieraa aRiarebuli,
bundovanebiTaa moculi, rac, Cans, qveyanaSi, samefo
karze da umaRles wreebSi ganviTarebuli rTuli
movlenebiT iqna ganpirobebuli. Cven ar SevudgebiT
demetre I-is moRvaweobis Sefasebas, Cven mxolod mis
gamefebasTan dakavSirebuli informaciis ganxilvas
SevecdebiT.
“qarTlis
cxovrebis”
monacemebis
mixedviT,
cnobilia, rom daviT aRmaSenebelma, Tavisi
Ze
Tanamosaydred daisva. “TÂsiTa xeliTa dasua saydarTa
6
TÂsTa Ze TÂsi dimitri ... daadga Tavsa mSveniersa
gÂrgÃni qvaTagan patiosanTa ... da Seartya welTa
ZlierTa maxÂili, eha, rabam sÂanad xmarebuli da
Semosa porfiri mklavTa lomebrTa da tansa axovansa”
[1, 363]. anu daviTma Tavisi xeliT daadga gvirgvini
rac saeklesio kurTxevas niSnavs da Seartya maxvili,
rogorc mTavarsardalma.
qarTul
istoriografiaSi
miCneulia,
rom
demetre I-is Tanamosaydred dasmis Semdeg, misi
xelmeored mefed kurTxeva ar momxdara, ufro
sworad, sakiTxi ase arc dasmula da, Sesabamisad arc
aravis ukvlevia.
Cveni interpretacia am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,
sruliad gansxvavebulia.
XII-XIII saukuneebSi, rodesac qveyanas ayvavebis
da
Zlierebis
xana
daudga,
gaZlierda
Sida
institutebi – ara mxolod feodalur-klanuri, aramed demokratiulic (risi faqtebic aris wyaro-ebSi
aRwerili). isini aRar eguebian qveynis erTpi-rovnul
mmarTvelobas da TavianTi rolis gazrdas cdiloben.
miTumetes, im viTarebaSi, roca mtkice da Zlieri
mmarTveli, daviT aRmaSenebeli, romelmac saxelmwifoebrivi institutebi Seqmna da qveyanas ganviTarebis stimuli misca –_ ar hyavT mefed. Cveni azriT,
es ar iyo mxolod piradi ambiciebis gamoZaxili, saxelmwifos erTeulebs TavianTi legitimuri uflebis
dafiqsireba surdaT erTiani qveynis marTva-gamge7
blobaSi, vinaidan qveyanaSi ukve Seqmnili iyo ganviTarebis safuZvlebi momdevno etapisTvis, (isev daviT
aRmaSeneblis reformebidan gamomdinare) rac ase mSvenivradaa “istoriani azmani SaravandedTanis” avtoris
mier naTqvami: “SemyrelTa SÂidTave amis samefosa
meTqu-metyueTa...” [2, 26-27].
Cans, daviT aRmaSeneblis gardacvalebis Semdeg,
demetre I, romelic daviTis mier iqna taxtze
Tanamosaydred dasmuli, rTul viTarebaSi aRmoCnda
da, garkveuli periodis mere, xelmeored, anu wesisamebr mouwia mefed kurTxeva.
analogiuri viTareba gvaqvs Tamar mefesTan
dakavSirebiT, giorgi III-is mier Tanamosaydred
dasmul mefe Tamars mimarTes qveynis didebulebma:
“SemyrelTa SÂidTave amis samefosa meTqu-metyueTa
hkadres” da moTxoves wesisa da rigis mixedviT mefed
kurTxeva. maTi TqmiT, es ceremonia pirvelad ar iyo
wesisamebr Catarebuli. amis Semdeg sruldeba Tamaris
mefed kurTxeva tradiciuli, sruli ceremoniiT. aq
isev ikveTeba politikuri viTarebis zemoxsenebuli
peripetiebi, cxadia, rom miuxedavad Tanamosaydreobisa, samefos didebulebma, moiTxoves mefed
dasmis iseTi wesis aRsruleba, sadac maTi monawileoba gamokveTili iyo. “aRmyvanelTa saydarTa da
sajdomTa mamapapeulTa aRsues mze igi mzeTa
...vinaTgan lixT-imeriTgan iyo wesi dadgmad gÂrgÂnisa
Tavsa
sameufosa,
awÂes
monazoni
Rirsi
da
8
madlSemosili, mTavarepiskoposi quTaTeli antoni
saRiris-Ze, miRebad gÂrgÂnisa, da calis-kerZisa
kaxaberi, erisTavi raWisa da Takuerisa, da srulyves
moÃeleTa sÂanTa da didebulTa vardanis-ZeTa,
saRiris-ZeTa da amanelis-ZeTa moReba da dadeba
Ãrmlisa... Tayuanisces, daloces da adides spaTa
Svidsave samefosaTa” [2, 26-27].
demetre I-is mefoba rTulad warimarTa [5],
miuxedavad imisa, rom is saqarTvelos udidesi mefis
memkvidre iyo. mas mouwyves SeTqmulebebi, taxtidan
gadaayenes, iZulebiT berad Sedgomac mouwia, Semdgom
isev dabrunda qveynis mmarTvelobis saTaveSi.
Tumca, CvenTvis mTavari, misi rTuli da wyaroTa
ar qonis gamo, TiTqmis Seuswavleli moRvaweobidan,
mxolod erTi sakiTxis garkvevaa. mas, iseve, rogorc
Tamar mefes, Cans, garkveuli periodis Semdeg,
xelmeored mouwia mefed kurTxeva.
“macxvariSis” eklesia, sadac demetre I-is mefed
kurTxevaa freskaze
gamosaxuli, demetres I-is
gamefebidan TxuTmeti wlis Semdeg _ 1140 welsaa
moxatuli (TariRi freskasTanaa aRniSnuli).. demetre
I-s Tavze gvirgvins adgams angelozi, xolo xmals
abamen dasavleT saqarTvelos didgvarovnebi, maT
Soris vardanis-Ze, svaneTis erisTavi. “demetre mefesa
Ãrmalsa abmen daviTisas, erisTavni” [4, 77].
winaaRmdeg “qarTlis cxovrebis” cnobisa, sadac
demetres gvirgvins adgams da xmals abams daviT
9
aRmaSenebeli, freskaze am misias angelozi da
erisTavebi asruleben.
Cveni daskvna aseTia: qveynis SigniT erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg mimdinare procesebi ikveTeba (da ara mxolod feodaluri separatizmisa, rac ukve ganviTarebul saxelmwifoze
metyvelebs), amis fonze, problemebi eqmneba demetre
I-s, romelic iZulebuli gaxda, miuxedavad imisa, rom
daviT aRmaSeneblis mier iyo Tanamosaydred dasmuli,
xelmeored kurTxeuliyo mefed, “SvidTa samefoTa”
didebulebisa da spaTa mier, raTa meti, an sruli
legitimacia mieca Tavisi mefobisTvis, da ris
Sesaxebac arafers gvamcnoben qarTuli wyaroebi.
winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi,
anu
misi
nebisa
da
aucilebeli viTarebis ararsebobis gareSe, veravin
gamosaxavda eklesiaSi freskaze mefed kurTxevis
amsaxvel Secvlil versias.
10
wyaroebi da literatura:
1. daviTis istorikosi, “qarTlis cxovreba”, teqsti
dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.
yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 1955.
2. istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, “qarTlis
cxovreba”, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi
xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II,
Tb., 1959.
3. mariam lorTqifaniZe, roin metreveli, saqarTvelos mefeebi, Tb., 2000.
4. svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, t. II, teqstebi
gamosacemad moamzada gamokvlevebi da samecniero
aparati daurTo valeri silogavam, Tb., 1988.
5. j. stefnaZe, demetre pirveli, Tb., 1990.
11
Khatuna Ioseliani
ABOUT THE CORONATION OF KING DEMETRE I
Most of the period of the reign of king Demetre I, son
of David the Builder, is deeply obscure for us. The chronicle
“Kartlis Tskhovreba” says very little about it. According to
the king David’s historian Demetre was consecrated as coruler of David the builder. After this nothing is known about
his second coronation when he became a king. But fresco in
Matskhvarishi church, Svaneti, gives us interesting
information. This is the unique fresco in Georgia. This is the
only one which depicts the scene of coronation. Till now the
fresco was causing the attention only because of the
mentioned scene, but the main thing was left beyond the
observation of scientists. It is obvious that Demetre like
Queen Tamar, who after being co-ruler had to be coronated
for the second time, was consecrated once more as well in a
traditional way with noblemen of the “seven kingdoms”
(administrative regions of the country) and army to give full
legitimacy to his kingship. If Demetre was not crowned for
the second tame, no one could depict on the fresco the
changed version of the coronation. Furthermore, this church
is built and painted by the “will” of king Demetre.
It seems that the heir of the strongest king who was
crowned by this very king had to be consecrated for the
second time that obviously shows and speaks about the
strength of the “seven kingdoms” as well as about the order
that was established in the country.
12
salome baxia-oqruaSvili
stumarmaspinZlobis tradiciebi
afxaz da Cerqez xalxebSi
saukuneTa wiaRSi Camoyalibebuli stumarmaspinZlobis instituti, mTeli kavkasiis mosaxleobisaTvis universaluri movlena iyo [m. mowerelia,
1987; S. inal-ifa, 1965, 420-433; b. kaloevi, 1967,
168-175; i. yalmikovi, 1974, 190-199; yaraCalebi,
1978, 213-214; v.k. gardanovi, 1967, 289-327; da sxv.]
Tumca,
Crdilo
kavkasiis
xalxTa
yofaSi
es
tradiciuli instituti, rogorc dadebiTi, ise
negatiuri da rTuli TaviseburebebiTac gamoirCeoda.
Sua saukuneebis kavkasiis mraval xalxSi saxelmwifoebis, gzebis, centraluri mmarTvelobis uqonlobis
gamo da sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobaTa sustad
ganviTarebis fonze, stumarmaspinZlobis instituti
im mniSvnelovan saSualebas warmoadgenda, romelic
safuZvels udebda tradiciuli xalxuri diplomatiisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel
eTnosTaSoris
urTierTobebs. sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis warmomadgenlebi garda im keTilSobiluri Jestisa, romliTac daRlil da gzaabneul mgzavrs exmarebodnen, am
Cveulebis
wyalobiT
saerToadamianur
zneobriv
normebsac warmoaCendnen.
mravali mxareTmcodne da mogzauri erTnairad
fiqrobda, rom kavkasielebisaTvis stumarmaspinZloba
mniSvnelovani zneobriobis, saTnoebis gamomxatveli
instituti iyo, romelsac kavkasiis yvela xalxi
erTnairad pativs miagebda. mosaxleobis yvela
fenisaTvis stumari vinc ar unda yofiliyo igi,
xelSeuxebel pirovnebas warmoadgenda. Raribebic
13
iseTive stumarTmoyvareni iyvnen, rogorc mdidrebi
[l. lulie, 1859, 33; k. stali, 1910, 135; g. ribinski,
1894, 13, 17; f. tornau, 1964, 107; da sxv.].
stumarmaspinZlobis Cveulebis rituals Tavisufali
qcevis wesebi ar gaaCnda. am SemTxvevaSi yvelas
evaleboda kanonis Zalamde asuli wesebis dacva,
romlis Sinaarsi da azri albaT XX s-is dasawyisisaTvis ukve simboluradac ki gamoiyureboda da
garkveuli socialuri mniSvneloba dakarguli hqonda.
magram rogorc tradiciuli kulturis elementi, igi
eTnokulturuli qcevis sistemis Semadgenel nawils
warmoadgenda, romelic ukve etikets utoldeboda.
Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriaSi am
institutis
funqcionirebam
saerTo
sakacobrio
kulturaSi
mniSvnelovani
da
dadebiTi
roli
Seasrula. Cveuleba ara marto erTi eTnosis
farglebSi, aramed eTnikurad gansxvavebul warmomadgenlebsac erTmaneTis gacnobis, urTierTdamegobrebis saSualebas aZlevda. urTierTgatanisa da moraluri mxardaWeris garda am urTierTobaSi ekonomikuri, urTierTdaxmarebis faqtoric muSaobda. dRes
maspinZeli Tu stumars TviT iRebda pativiscemiT, man
kargad icoda, rom sxva dros, masac igive pativiscema
eloda. stumarmaspinZloba ara marto moraluri da
wminda valdebulebis, aramed usafrTxoebis, dacvis
saSualebac iyo. mkvleli Tu Tavs moklulis ojaxs
miandobda, igi garda TavSesafrisa, garantiasac
iRebda, rom maspinZeli mas sakuTari sicocxlis
fasad daicavda. sayovelTaod cnobili iyo, rom
stumris mkvleloba an Seuracxyofa adaTiTa da
14
CveulebiTi samarTliT kavkasiis yvela xalxebSi
sisxl-mesisxleobis wesebs eqvemdebareboda.
afxazebSi stumari (`asas~) maspinZlis xelgaSililobiT, pativiscemiT, TavazianobiT da gamaspinZlebiT sargeblobda. stumari sasurveli iyo
dRisiT, RamiT, zafxulSi Tu zamTarSi; stumris raodenobas, eTnikur warmomavlobasa da socialur mdgomareobas araviTari mniSvneloba ar hqonda.
stumarmaspinZloba
afxazebSi
tradiciuli
etiketuri wesebiT iyo datvirTuli. igi wminda
kanons warmoadgenda, romlis Sesruleba yvelasaTvis
aucilebeli iyo. `Tu afxazi stumarTmoyvare da
purmariliani ar aris, mas sazogadoebaSi uTuod
moralurad gakicxaven. afxazi stumars, rogor
RmerTis wyalobas ise uyurebs. sufraze gamoaqvs
yvelaferi, rac ki gaaCnia~ [g. ribinski, 1894, 13].
`ubralo glexi, qarTveli iqneba igi Tu afxazi
lamazia
da
Tavis
keTilSobilebas
yovelTvis
amJRavnebs. afxazeTis Rarib ojaxSic ki isini am
keTilSobilebas
yvelanair
situaciaSi
icaven~
[v. nemiroviC-danCenko, 1894, 228].
dasaxlebis
formebis
Seswavlis
Sedegad
dgindeba, rom Tanamedrove afxazebi amaRlebul
borcvebze isliT daxurul sacxovrebel facxebSi
(`afacxa~)
cxovrobdnen.
sacxovrebeli
facxebis
gverdiT
erTi
`asasairTa~
(sastumro
saxli)
aucileblad Sendeboda. sacxovrebeli nagebobebis
formebis cvlasTan erTad, `asasairTa~ zogjer
sacxovrebelSi SigniT inacvlebda. magaliTad, ganSi
gazrdili tipis sacxovrebelSi, sastumros calke
oTaxi eTmoboda. zogierT afxazur sazogadoebas,
15
sofels, romelic erT naTesaur ubnad iyo Camoyalibebuli, zogjer Crdilokavkasiuri `sayonaRos~
(sastumro, afx. `asasairTa~) msgavsad, soflis TavSi,
jargvaluri tipis nagebobac hqondaT, romelic
asasairTad gamoiyeneboda. T. saxokia XIX saukuneSi
werda, rom `rac ar unda Raribi yofiliyo afxazi,
igi cdilobda ori facxa hqonoda. erTi sajalabod
da sacxovreblad, xolo meore _ sastumrod~
[T.saxokia,
1950,
310].
afxazebi
sastumros,
sacxovrebelSi iyo is Tu mis gareT, did yuradRebas
uTmobdnen da bevrad ufro keTilmowyobili hqondaT,
vidre sakuTari sacxovrebeli. `asasairTa~ saerTo
ZalebiT mdidrulad ewyoboda, stumari am naTesauri
koleqtivis
yuradRebis
qveS
eqceoda.
mis
usafrTxoebaze Tu kvebaze yvela erTad zrunavda.
`asasairTaSi~
stumris
gamoCenisTanave
yvela
valdebulad Tvlida Tavs misalmeboda stumars da
mis gamaspinZlebaSi Tavisi wvlili Seetana. zogjer
arafris mTqmeli, magram Tavaziani da mSvidobiani
saubriT unda gaerToT axalmosuli stumari, sanam
misi sakadrisi gasamaspinZlebeli mravalferovani
kerZebi momzaddeboda.
karze
momdgar
stumars
afxazi
gulRiad
xvdeboda, igi arasodes dausvamda kiTxvas, saidan an
saiT midioda, vinaidan es mas uxamsobaSi CaeTvleboda.
amis Tqma TviT stumris movaleobas Seadgenda.
stumaric
Cveulebriv,
iseve
Tavazianad
da
TavSekavebulad iqceoda, rogorc maspinZeli. stumari
maspinZels mogzaurobis mizezs Tu gaacnobda da Tan
daxmarebasac sTxovda, maspinZeli da misi ojaxis
wevrebi
valdebuli
iyvnen,
daxmareba
gaewiaT.
16
afxazuri tradiciis Tanaxmad, stumrobis vada
reglamentirebuli ar iyo, magram dauwereli kanoniT
mas mxolod ori kviris manZilze
SeiZleboda
esargebla
maspinZlis
guluxvobiT,
Semdeg
ki
usaTuod unda wasuliyo. mosvlisTanave ojaxis yvela
wevri valdebuli iyo ezoSive misalmeboda stumars.
ojaxisTvis
ucxo
adamianic
ki,
romelic
sxvadasxva moulodneli mizezis gamo iZulebuli iyo
TavSesafari eTxova, maspinZels anazRaurebas ar
SesTavazebda, radgan igi mas gaanawyenebda. stumris
statusiT usaxlkarosac SeeZlo afxazis ojaxSi
Sesvla da misi maspinZlobiT sargebloba.
stumarmaspinZlobis
Cveleba
ceremonialuri
misalmebiT iwyeboda. saxlis yvela binadari, axalgazrda Tu moxuci stumars ezoSive egebeboda, rac maT
pativiscemas ufro naTlad gamoxatavda [S. inal-ifa,
1984, 104-105].
pirveli saxlSi ojaxis uxucesi wevri Sevidoda,
Semdeg ki stumari. mas yvelaze gamorCeul da
moxerxebul adgils SeurCevdnen dasajdomad. sanam
mamakacebi
stumarTan
saubrobdnen,
qalebi
da
axalgazrda vaJebi samzad saxlSi fusfusebdnen. risi
saSualebac hqondaT (qaTmis, xbos, Zroxis, Txis...)
imas daklavdnen da stumrisTvis gasamaspinZlebeli
gadanaxuli
produqtiT
sufris
samzadiss
Seudgebodnen. gadanaxul produqts `stumris wili~
(`asas ixu~) ewodeboda. sufris mTavari kerZi xorci
da Rvino iyo. Tu ojaxs bevri ar hqonda, isini
Cveulebriv sadilze Rvinos ar xmarobdnen, arc
qaTamsa da raime sxva saklavs klavdnen, stumrisaTvis
inaxavdnen. stumari sayovelTao pativiscemiTa da
17
yuradRebiT sargeblobda. mis sanaxavad naTesavebi da
mezoblebi modiodnen. ojaxSi rac unda momxdariyo,
maspinZeli valdebuli iyo SesaZleblobis farglebSi
stumari gamoekveba da zrunva ar moeklo misTvis.
stumari, rogorc aRiniSna, xelSeuxebeli pirovneba
iyo. ojaxi mis usafrTxoebaze pasuxs agebda. afxazebi
ise icavdnen stumarmaspinZlobis wesebs, rom odnavi
darRvevac ki sazogadoebaSi gansjis sagani xdeboda.
Tu ojaxSi ramdenime stumari movidoda da ojaxs ar
SeeZlo maTi erTad miReba da ganTavseba, maSin isini
mezoblad mcxovrebi Zmis, biZaSvilis, ZmisSvilis da
a.S. ojaxebSi gadanawildebodnen, radgan isinic
valdebuli iyvnen stumrisTvis TavSesafari, mfarveloba da mzrunveloba ar moekloT. afxazebi cdilobdnen stumarTmoyvareobis, stumarmaspinZlobis wesi
ar daerRviaT.
Tu ojaxs imdeni saSualeba ar hqonda, rom
ramdenime dRe stumari Rirseulad mieRo, mezoblebi,
romlebic umetesad axlo naTesavebi iyvnen taqtiT da
SeumCnevlad gasaWirSi myofs produqtiT exmarebodnen. stumari amas verc amCnevda [S. inal-ifa,
1984].
stumars etiketis dacviT iRebdnen. sufra
iwyeboda da mTavrdeboda xelis dabanis ceremonailiT. ojaxis axalgazrda, gauTxovari gogona an
axalgazrda vaJi erT xelSi sapniT, meore xelSi
wylis doqiT da mxarze pirsaxociT miuaxlovdeboda
ojaxis uxuces mamakacs da mis stumars, romelTa
Sorisac dialogi imarTeboda xelis dabanis Taobaze,
isini erTmaneTs pirvelobas uTmobdnen. bolos mainc
stumari imarjvebda da xels pirveli ojaxis uxucesi
18
ibanda, rac etiketiTac gaTvaliswinebuli iyo.
stumaris Semdeg iq myofi mamakacebi gaTvaliswinebul
ceremonials ufros-umcrosobis dacviT agrZelebdnen.
sufrasTan, TavSi, yvelaze sapatio, Tbil da
moxerxebul adgilebs jer ojaxis uxucesi da misi
stumari ikavebda, Semdeg maT gverdiT ufrosumcrosobiT sxva mamakacebi. axalgazrdebi ufrosebisagan moSorebiT, karebisaken sxdebodnen. afxazuri
etiketis Tanaxmad Svils _ mamis, siZes _ simamris,
ZmisSvils da disSvils _ biZis gverdiT jdoma ar
ekuTvnoda. ufrosebis sadRegrZeloebis warmoTqmisas,
axalgazrdebi fexze dgebodnen, ise rom umetesad
fexze dgoma uwevdaT.
yuradRebas iqcevs wesi, romelic afxazebs
CrdiloeTidan CamohyvaT _ wasvlis win stumars
gamosaTxovar sufraze saxalxod saCuqars gadascemdnen. maspinZeli valdebuli iyo stumrisaTvis raime
mniSvnelovani saCuqari mieca. es is nivTi an sagani
unda yofiliyo, romelzec stumari saubris dros
mianiSnebda, Seuqebda Sinaur cxovels, cxens an
unagirs da a.S. maspinZels Tavi valdebulad miaCnda,
Zvirfasi ram daeTmo stumrisaTvis. TavisTavad
cxadia, es wesi xelmokle mosaxleobaSi naklebad
saxarbielo iyo, Tumca, mdidar ojaxebSi stumris
gadakrul sityvas usaTuod Seasrulebdnen.
stumarmaspinZlobis
erTi
aseTi
saintereso
masalis Tanaxmad, `sportul Sejibrebaze cxeniT
mojiriTeebs Soris warmoSobili Cxubis Sedegad,
axalgazrda kaci mokles. mkvlelma gaqceviT uSvela
Tavs da pirvelsave ojaxSi SeiWra. mosulma
maspinZels gulaxdilad uambo mkvlelobis Sesaxeb da
19
mfarveloba sTxova. ojaxis ufrosma igi gadamala.
mokle xanSi, samgloviaro procesiam mokluli
axalgazrda am ezoSi Semoasvena. maspinZeli yvelafers
mixvda, magram stumari mainc ar gasca. rodesac vaJi
daasaflaves da yvela Tav-Tavis saxlSi dabrunda,
gulmoklulma mamam Svilis mkvleli samalavidan
gamoiyvana, usafrTxo gza aswavla da gauSva. wasvlis
win uTxra _ `Sen Cemi erTaderTi Svili mokali,
magram Seni sicocxle me momande da Cemi stumari
gaxdi. me ver davarRvevdi stumarmaspinZlobis wess,
amitom sicocxles gaCuqeb, magram wadi ise Sors, rom
gzaze aRarasodes gadameyaro~ [S. inal-ifa, 1984, 116].
cxadia, zemoT naTqvami mxolod tradiciul
stumarmaspinZlobis
institutis
funqcionirebas
Seexeboda. magram iseve, rogorc mravali tradiciuli
sxva sazogadoebrivi Cveuleba, istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi stumarmaspinZlobis institutic _
`asasTva~ _
cvlilebebs ganicdida socialuri
garemo pirobebis SecvlasTan erTad. magaliTad, feodaluri urTierTobis gavlenis Sedegad stumarmaspinZlobis Zireuli wesebi icvleboda da feodalizmze morgebuli xdeboda. ase magaliTad, afxazeTis
mTavari
manuCar
SarvaSiZe
stumarmaspinZlobis
instituts Tavis sasargeblod iyenebda. ojaxidan
ojaxSi
gadadioda,
moulodneli
stumrobiT,
SeZlebul glexs maspinZlobas da masTan erTad
lamazi glexis qalebis moyvanasac aiZulebda. urC
qveSevrdomebs ki sastikad sjida. misi stumroba
zogjer erTi da ori dRe ar grZeldeboda, rac
ojaxs ekonomikurad da moraluradac anadgurebda.
feodalebi cdilobdnen, wes-Cveulebebi Tavis sasa20
rgeblod da sakuTari interesebisaTvis gamoeyenebinaT,
rac TviT tradiciis ganadgurebiTve mTavrdeboda.
feodalur epoqaSi arsebuli stumarmaspinZlobis
institutis saSualebiT cnobili xdeba, rom 1806 w.
afxazeTis mTavarma qeleSbei SarvaSiZem Tavisi qveynis
RalatisaTvis
Serisxuli,
Turqi
didgvarovani
Taiar-faSa mfarvelobis qveS miiRo. TurqeTis
sulTanma qeleSbeis moRalatis gadmocema mosTxova.
amis gamo maT Soris urTierToba daiZaba da gafuWda,
magram SarvaSiZem stumarmaspinZlobis wess mainc ar
uRalata [i. Salva inal-ifa, 1965, 430].
stumarmaspinZlobis wess miewereba gvian Sua
saukuneebSi warmoSobili wesic, romlis Tanaxmad,
glexs Tavisi mebatonis mitoveba SeeZlo Tu sxva
Tavadis mfarvelobas moipovebda. afxazebSi aseT
mfarvelobaze uaris Tqma ar SeiZleboda, amitom
glexi bunebrivia, axali patronis xelSi, Zvelis
devnisagan daculi iyo. amave dros igi winandeli
mebatonis begarisaganac Tavisufldeboda.
afxazuri
stumarmaspinZlobis
institutis
tradiciuli
sistema
yvelaze
did
msgavsebas,
CerqezulTan amJRavnebda. cxadia, Cveuleba saqarTvelos
teritoriaze
Camotanis
Semdeg,
garemo
pirobebsa da mkvidri mosaxleobis gavleniT, adgilze
transformacias ganicdida da Taviseburebasac iZenda.
adiRebi
(Cerqezebi, jiq-abazebi, SafsuRebi,
natuxaelebi, aSxarelebi, tapanTelebi, bJeduRebi, abaZexebi da sxv.) sakmaod mkacrad icavdnen stumarmaspinZlobis instituts, rac maTTvis maRali zneobriobis gamoxatulebad iTvleboda, romlis drosac
stumari, sanam maT ojaxSi iyo, xelSeuxebeli
21
rCeboda.
stumrisaTvis
gankuTvnili
specialuri
Senoba, am Cveulebis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda. igi
kavkasiur literaturaSi `sayonaRos~ saxeliT iyo
cnobili. SeZlebuli adiRebi am Senobas calke,
sakuTari sacxovrebeli saxlis ezos gareT, iq, sadac
sameurneo nagebobebi iyo Tavmoyrili, aSenebdnen. aseT
sastumro saxls moxerxebuli adgili hqonda, mesriTa
da wnuli RobiT sxva nagebobebisagan gamoiyofoda,
piri gzisken hqonda miqceuli da win patara ezoc
hqonda. sastumro saxlTan yovelTvis iyo Tavla,
xolo mis win, mravalwliani Crdiliani xe idga,
romelic specialurad cxenebis misabmelad da
dasasveneblad
gamoiyeneboda.
sastumro
oTaxis
interieri maspinZlis sacxovrebel saxlze bevrad
ukeTesad unda yofiliyo morTuli. kedlebi noxebiT
iyo dafaruli, Wilofebze sawolis mowyobilobebi
ewyo (baliSebi, gadasafareblebi da a.S.), kedlebze
musikaluri instrumentebi ekida. marTalia, ubralo
adiRebs mdidruli `sayonaRos~ aSeneba ar SeeZloT,
magram cdilobdnen, sakuTar did saxlSi yvelaze
saukeTeso oTaxi stumris misaRebad gamoeyoT da
SeZlebisdagvarad mdidrulad moewyoT. adiRels
sayonaRoSi mihqonda is, rac Rirebuli gaaCnda da
maqsimalurad cdilobda mis keTilmowyobas [i. yalmikovi, 1974, 190-199; yaraCalebi, 1978, 213-214; v.
gardanovi, 1967, 289-326]
sayonaRo saxli adiRelTaTvis sazogadoebrivi da
garkveuli azriT sakulto daniSnulebisac iyo. es
gasagebicaa, radgan maTi warmodgeniT isini gamCeni
RmerTis survilsac asrulebdnen [b. bRaJnakovi, 1985,
180].
22
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis pirvel
naxevarSi gavrcelebul yonaRobis Cveulebis Tanaxmad,
adiReuri tradiciiT, stumars Tavisi vinaoba da gezi
saiT hqonda aRebuli, SeeZlo ar gaemxila, magram
amave dros misi guluxvobiT esargebla. aseT stumars
maspinZeli arasodes ekiTxeboda arafers, radgan
wesad ar iyo miRebuli. amitom, maspinZlobis dros
igi sameurneo saqmeebs imizezebda da stumars marto
tovebda. aseTi stumari daculi iyo, sanam igi am
ojaxs ar datovebda. maspinZeli ganTavisufldeboda
Tu ara pasuxismgeblobisagan, mas ar ainteresebda,
stumars ra bedi eweoda [v. gardanovi, 1967, 305].
Tu stumari ojaxisaTvis nacnobi iyo, misi
mosvlis Sesaxeb yvela naTesavi igebda da maSinve
yvela
sayonaRoSi
misasalmeblad
midioda.
es
yuradRebisa da Tavazianobis gamoxatuleba iyo.
sayonaRos stumrisaTvis gamarTul gamaspinZlebaze,
stumars, rogorc wesi, calke magida edga da iq
geaxlebodaT. yvela kerZs, romelic SemohqondaT, jer
mas gadahqonda, xolo Semdeg ufros-umcrosobis
Cveulebis dacviT sxva mamakacebsac miawodebda.
stumrebs, ojaxSi Tu axalgazrda mamakaci iyo, is
emsaxureboda, Tu ara, maSin romelime axalgazrda
naTesav mamakacs sTxovdnen. saklavis dakvla stumrisaTvis TiTqos savaldebulo ar iyo, magram Cveuleba
amas iTxovda. amitom, xelmokle maspinZels naTesaoba
umarTavda
xels,
rom
stumari
saTanadod
gaestumrebina.
gvianSuasaukuneebSi, feodalizmis epoqaSi, Crdilo
kavkasiaSi
stumarmaspinZlobis
institutis
gverdiT, yonaRobis institutic Camoyalibda. es
23
instituti garkveul adamianebs Soris, romlebic
gansxvavebuli
eTnikuri
wris
warmomadgenlebic
SeiZleba yofiliyvnen, mudmiv megobrobas, erTmaneTisaTvis Tavdadebas, mudmivi da myari kavSiris
arsebobas gulisxmobda. marTalia, es instituti
garkveul dadebiT rols asrulebda kavkasiis sxvadasxva xalxebis damegobrebaSi, magram igi calkeul
konkretul SemTxvevebs Tu exeboda. yonaRobis
instituti
umetesad
qurdebis
da
moTareSe
damnaSaveebis damcveli, damxmare da xelisSemwyobi
xdeboda. es kavSiri, romelsac orive mxare mtkiced
icavda, iSviaTad Tu erTnairi mdgomareobisa da
socialurad erT safexurze mdgom adamianebs aerTianebda. yonaRebi xdebodnen Tavadi an gvaris socialurad dawinaurebuli piri da misi mfarvelobis qveS
myofi, romelTa Soris urTierToba aucileblad
araTanabar saxes iRebda. marTalia, `yonaRi~ stumars
aRniSnavs, magram yonaRobis institutsa da stumarmaspinZlobas Soris gansxvaveba iyo, rac uflebas
gvaZlevs es ori instituti erTad ar ganvixiloT da
amJamad stumrisa da maspinZlis urTierTobaze
gavagrZeloT saubari.
TavisTavad cxadia, stumari kargad iyo daculi
maspinZlisa da misi naTesavebisagan. mtrebisaTvis misi
gadacemis an Seuracxyofis faqts, miT umetes,
Zarcvas an sikvdils aravin dauSvebda _ es yvelaze
did danaSaulad iTvleboda. rogorc wesi, aseTi
danaSauli adaTobrivi samarTliT sisxl-mesisxleobis
sakiTxi xdeboda da sakmaod msxvil gadasaxads
iTvaliswinebda.
marTalia,
aseT
SemTxvevaSi
kompoziciis sistema gamoiyeneboda, rac kidev ufro
24
zrdida
danaSaulis
grZnobas.
amdenad,
yvela
cdilobda, rom stumari, sanam romelime maspinZlis
mfarvelobis qveS imyofeboda, xelSeuxebeli yofiliyo.
jer kidev XVII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, emilio
dorteli
d'askoli,
romelic
kargad
icnobda
Cerqezebs, werda _ `maT uyvarT stumris miReba Tavis
saxlSi. iqneba es vaWari Tu keTilSobili, maspinZeli
yvelanair siTbosa da pativiscemas uxatavs mas. rac
ar unda keTilSobili da lamazebi iyvnen misi
qaliSvilebi, isini stumars xels ukocnian, mis
tansacmelze zrunaven... sanam stumari ikvebeba, ojaxis
maspinZeli mas emsaxureba... TviTon mxolod stumris
TxovniT jdeba sufrasTan. ojaxis wevri yvela
mosulis sadRegrZelos, Taflis maTrobela sasmeliT
(`buza~) svams. maspinZeli, misi coli, vaJebi da
qaliSvilebic, romlebic Tavsaburavis gareSe arian,
stumris winaSe, muxlebze dgebian, qalebi marcxena
xels Tavze ideben, qcevis am formiT stumris mimarT
keTilganwyobas gamoxataven. sanam stumari maT
ojaxSia is da misi nivTebi gulmodgined aris
daculi. magram, gzas daadgeba Tu ara, maSin
darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom ara marto mis niTvebs,
aramed TviT masac daemuqreba saSiSroeba. mas
CerqezebSi datoveben monad an ucxo qveyanaSi
gayidian. Cveulebriv stumarze Tu guli SestkivaT
mas gamcileblis gareSe ar uSveben~ [adiRebi..., 1974,
64].
ufro mogvianebiT, sabWoTa mecnieri b. bRaJnakovi
adiRes eTnikur jgufSi zemoT motanil masalasTan
dakavSirebiT werda, `aucilebeli iyo pativcemuli
25
stumris soflis bolomde gacileba, xolo ucxoels
iqamde acilebdnen, sanam mas usafrTxo adgilamde ar
miiyvandnen [b. bRaJnakovi, 1985, 189-190], erTi
saukunis Semdeg, XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi k. glavani
Cerqezuli stumarmaspinZlobis wesebis Sesaxeb igive
cnobebs iZleva [adiRebi... 1893, 158]. amrigad, rogorc
Cans, ucxo eTnikuri warmoSobis da ucxo qveynis
warmomadgenlis, usafrTxoebis garantia stumars
mxolod maspinZlis saxlSi hqonda, xolo rogorc ki
igi maspinZlis ezos datovebda, stumars SesaZloa
yvelaferi da maT Soris Tavisuflebac daekarga,
monad eqciaT da gaeyidaT kidec. adaTebis krebulSi
es faqti asevea Sesuli, rom SemTxveviTi ucxo
stumarze, an sxva eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenelze,
romelic ojaxis axlobeli an nacnobic ki ar iyo,
wasvlis Semdeg maspinZels mis usafrTxoebaze
pasuxismgebloba exsneboda da SesaZloa, yofili
stumris gaZarcvaSi, mkvlelobasa Tu damonebaSi
monawileobac ki mieRo. XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi
stumarmaspinZlobis Cveulebis farTo gavrcelebis
miuxedavad, kavkasiis mTielebSi adamianis mogzauroba
Zalze saSiSi iyo. stumris statusiT ojaxSi Sesul
adamianze mzrunveloba, xelgaSlili miReba, xolo
wasvlis Semdeg, saxlidan moSorebiT misi dayaCaReba,
cxadia, am ori sakiTxis mdgomareobas SeuTavsebels,
amasTan
maT
`maRal
zneobriobaze~
saubarsac
gamoricxuls xdida, magram samwuxarod, kavkasiis
mTielebisaTvis stumarmaspinZlobis aseTi forma
miRebuli da gavrcelebuli iyo.
Tavis droze m. kovalevskim yuradReba miaqcia
stumarmaspinZlobis am SeuTavsebel mdgomareobas.
26
gamaspinZleba man saojaxo kultTan, kerasTan da
aqedan winapris kultTan daakavSira, rom gardacvlil
winaprebs aucileblad kveba sWirdebodaT. e.i. sanam
stumars ojaxis kerasTan, winaprebis kultTan
urTierToba hqonda, igi privilegiebiT sargeblobda,
xolo saxlidan gasvlis Semdeg, es kavSiri swrafad
wydeboda. Svilis mkvleli maspinZlis saxlSi sanam
imyofeboda SurisZiebisagan daculi iyo, magram misi
urTierToba kerasTan da winaprebis kultTan wydeboda Tu ara, maSinve SurisZiebis obieqti xdeboda.
rac
Seexeba,
ucxo
stumrisadmi
maspinZlis
damokidebulebas, igi aseve ojaxSi yofnis farglebiT
izRudeboda. misi wasvlis Semdeg ojaxis ufross
stumris bedi aRar aRelvebda, radgan mis winaSe igi
valmoxdilad Tvlida Tavs, m. kovalevskis azriT,
yvelaferi es gonivruli iyo da mTielTa yofaSi
Camoyalibebul stumarmaspinZlobis wesebs Seesabameboda [m. kovalevski, 1890, 29]. v. gardanovma m.
kovalevskis es ganmarteba `religiur-idealistur
axsnad~ miiRo, TviTon ki igi `WeSmariti socialuri
fesvebidan gamomdinare~ sakiTxad moixsenia [v.
gardanovi, 1967, 307].
Cveni varaudiTac, stumarmaspinZlobis msgavsi
wesi kavkasieli mTilebisaTvis mesaqonleobasa da
miwaTmoqmedebasTan
erTad
Crdilo
kavkasiis
mcxovrebTaTvis socialuri yofisa da ekonomikis
amaRlebis mizans emsaxureboda. isini ZaladobiT,
SeiaraRebuli TareSiT qonebis, adamianebis, saqonlis
da yvelafris datacebiT, risi waRebac ki SeeZloT,
ekonomikur
pirobebs
iumjobesebdnen.
`TareSis
industriis~ saxeliT cnobili profesiuli TareSis
27
CamoyalibebaSi sxvadasxva socialur institutebs,
maT Soris stumarmaspinZlobasac gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba
hqonda.
maspinZlobisaTvis
gaweul
xarjebs, anazRaureba esaWiroeboda. am rTul sakiTxze aq saubars ar gavagrZelebT, vinaidan igi ufro
intensiur da damoukidebel kvlevas saWiroebs.
amrigad, afxazuri da adiReuri eTnografiuli
masalebis
retrospeqtuli
ganxilva,
Crdilo
kavkasiidan migraciuli gziT am institutis damkvidrebas
adasturebs.
Tumca,
mkvidr
qarTul
mosaxleobasTan istoriul-eTnokulturuli kontaqtebisa da maTi gavlenis Sedegad `TareSis industriidan~ gamomdinare stumarmaspinZlobis institutTan dakavSirebulma am metad uaryofiTma Cveulebam
jer transformacia ganicada da Semdeg saerTod
gaqra. rac TavisTavad gasakviri ar unda iyos, radgan
saqarTvelos teritoriaze, qarTvelebTan gverdigverd
cxovrebam maTi yofis yvela aspeqtze
zegavlena moaxdina.
28
wyaroebi da literatura:
1. m. mowerelia, 1987; m. mowerelia. stumar-maspinZlobis
tradiciebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. Tb.,
1987.
2. T. saxokia, 1950; T. saxokia. mogzaurobani. Tb., 1950.
3. adiRebi..., 1974; Адыги, балкарцы и карачаевцы в известиях
евроейских авторов XIII-XI вв. Нальчик, 1974.
4. b. bRaJnakovi, 1985; Б.Х. Бгажноков. Прием почетного
гостья в радиционной культуре адыгских (черкесских)
народов. Этнические стереотипы. Л., 1985.
5. v. gardanovi, 1967; В. К. Гарданов. Общественный строй
адыгских народов, М., 1967.
6. S. inal-ifa, 1965; Ш. Д. Инал-ипа. Абхазы, Сухуми, 1965.
7. S. inal-ifa, 1984; Ш.Д. Инал-ипа. Очерки об абхазском
этикете, Сухуми, 1984.
8. b. kaloevi, 1967; Б.А. Калоев. Осетины. М., 1967.
9. i. yalmikovi, 1974; И.Х. Калмыков. Черкесы, Чекресск,
1974.
10. yaraCalebi, 1978; Карачаевцы. Черкесск, 1978.
11. m. kovalevski, 1890; М. Ковалевский. Закон и обычай на
Кавказе, т.I, M., 1890.
12. l. lulie, 1859; Л.Я. Люлье. О гостиприимстве у
черкесов. газ. "Кавказ", №7, 1859.
13. v. nemiroviC-danCenko, 1894; В. Немирович-Данченко.
Море. Абхазское поморье. М., 1894.
14. g. ribinski, 1894; Г. Рыбинский. Абхазия в
сельскохозяйственном отношении. Тифлис, 1894.
15. k. stali, 1910; К.Ф. Сталь. Этнографический очерк
черкесского народа. КС т. XXI, Тифлис, 1910.
16. f. tornau, 1864; Ф. Торнау. Воспоминания кавказского
офицера. М., 1864.
29
Salome Bakhia – Okruashvili
TRADITIONS OF GUEST-AND-HOST IN
ABKHAZ AND CIRCASSIAN PEOPLES
Institute of guests and hosts is a universal phenomenon
for the whole population of the Caucasus region. In many
nations of the Caucasus of middle centuries, due to absence
of states, roads, central powers and at the background of
weakly developed commodity-monetary relations, this
institute was the significant means which formed the base for
relations among ethnic groups which was characteristics to
traditional people’s diplomacy. Representatives of various
ethnic origin used to express their kind attitude and favor to
others and helped the travelers who used to lose their way.
Thanks to this institute they showed their human moral
norms too. Irrespective of the fact that traditional system of
regarding their guests with favor, that is “guest-and-host“
system of Abkhaz and Circassian peoples shows great
semblance, retrospective consideration of ethnographic
material of these peoples proves that due to centuries historic
ethno-cultural contacts of Abkhazians with local/aboriginal
Georgian people, this institute underwent partial
transformation.
30
giorgi mamardaSvili
afxazuri xalxuri gadmocemebis,
Tqmulebebis da miTebis geografia
folkloruli da miTologiuri masala mravalmxriv sainteresoa istoriisa da eTnikuri sakiTxebis mkvlevrisTvis. miTi, legenda, Tqmuleba,
zRapari, ra Tqma unda, myari da uryevi samecniero
koncefciebis Camoyalibebisa da zusti istoriuli
realobis aRsadgenad ar gamodgeba, Tumca maTSi aris
racionaluri marcvali, rac
faqtTa mravaljer
ganmeorebadobis, urTierTSedarebis da sxva momijnave
mecnierebebis monacemebTan
Tanaxvedris SemTxvevaSi
garkveuli hipoTezebisa da samecniero msjelobebisTvis argumentebis Camoyalibebis saSualebas
iZleva.
afxazuri folklori, savaraudod, iseve da im
moculobiT
Seicavs
da
asaxavs
istoriul
sinamdvilesa da faqtebs, rogorc sxva xalxTa
folklori. afxazebs, rogorc XX-saukunemde udamwerlobo xalxs mdidari zepirsityviereba aqvT:
narTebis afxazuri versia
da Tqmuleba abrskilze
maRalmxatvruli Rirebulebis mqone nawarmoebia,
romlebic msoflio folklorul Sedevrebis rigSic
Tamamad SegviZlia davayenoT. garda amisa, afxazur
zepirsityvierebaSi mravladaa gadmocemebi, romlebic
mogviTxroben ama Tu im toponimis an gvaris
warmoSoba-warmomavlobis
Sesaxeb,
gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa afxazTa eTnogenetikuri gadmocemebi,
romelTa variaciebi da simravle marTlac gasakviria
31
- amgvar gadmocemebs iSviaTad Tu SevxvdebiT qarTul
folklorSi.
afxazuri zepirsityvierebis bunebis Sesaxeb
sakmaod srulyofil warmodgenas gviqmnis s.zuxbas
mier gasul saukunis 70-ian wlebSi gamocemuli
naSromi „afxazuri zepirstiyvaoba‟‟. am naSromSi
Tavmoyrilia afxazuri zepirsityvierebis nimuSebi,
gaanalizebulia maTi mxatvruli Tviseburebani. Tumca
masala istoriul da eTnologiur WrilSi ar aris
ganxiluli. am mxriv afxazuri folkloruli masalis
damuSavebas sakuTari Sromebi miuZRvnes afxazma
mecnierebma S.inal-ifam, S.salayaiam, l.akbam, i.
anafSbam. maT yuradReba miaqces xalxuri zepirsityvierebis
nimuSebSi
Semonaxuli
istoriuli
warsulisa da am warsulSi afxazebis eTnografiuli
yofa-cxovrebis SesaZlo anareklebs. am mxriv Zalian
konkretul da argumentirebul analizs gvaZlevs
salome baxia-oqruaSvili, romlis naSromi „afxazTa
eTnikuri istoriis problemebi" afxazTa eTnogenezisis sakiTxis mkvlevrebisTvis friad saWiro da
gamosadegia.
dRevandeli
afxazeTis
teritoriis
eTnodemografiuli warsuli qarTveli da afxazi
mecnierebis azrTa dapirispirebis erT-erTi mTavari
sakiTxia. arian Tu ara dRevandeli afxazebi avtoqtonebi? saxlobdnen Tu ara qarTuli tomebi
afxazeTis teritoriaze istoriis manZilze Tu isini
aq muharjirobis Semdeg dasaxldnen kompaqturad [9,
6]. am sakiTxebze mravali naSromi arsebobs, da
vgonebT urigo ar iqneba maTSi dafiqsirebul
32
mosazrebani da ideebi ganxilul iqnes afxazur
folklorul masalasTan urTierTmimarTebaSi.
afxazuri eTnografiis erT-erT fuZemdebeli
S.inal-ifa afxazTa „ambavs‟‟ istoriis mamisgan,
herodotesgan iwyebs da kolxebis egviptur warmoSobis Sesaxeb saubrobs. misi azriT kolxi, krebsiTi
saxelia, mraval toms aerTianebs da am berZnebis mier
kolxebad moxseniebul xalxSi afxazTa winaprebic
aucleblad sagulisxmoa [10, 162]. inal-ifa iqve
miuTiTebs,
rom
kolxTa
egvipturi
warmoSoba
samecniero TvalsazrisiT „gaugebari‟‟ da miuRebelia.
miuxedavad amisa, naSromSi mainc Cans erTgvari
azrobrivi simpaTia afxazTa samxreTuli warmoSobis
ideiisadmi. mkvlevars XVI saukunis Turqi mogzauris,
evlia Celebis cnobebi mohyavs, romlis mixedviTac
afxazTa winapars saxelad abazi erqva da is arabeTSi
cxovrobda [10, 163]. arabeTidan afxazTa winaprebis
ayrisa da samkvidros sxvagan saZebrad wasvlis
motivi
gadmocemebis
yvela
variantSi
TiTqmis
erTnairia: SemTxveviTobaa - afxazTa winaprebSi
gasazrdelad mibarebuli arabi an Savkaniani bavSvebisaTvis an mezobeli arabi/Savkaniani xelmwifis
SvilisTvis SemTxveviT Tvalis amoTxra [5, 203-205].
dazaralebuli mxaris SurisZiebas gamoqceulebi
iZulebulebi arian mravali qveyana gaiaron da
sacxovreblad siriaSi Cerdebian, ajamebis qveyanaSic
cxobroben, zogi versiiT somxeTSic uxdebaT gaCereba,
Tumca am qveynebSi uTanxmoeba mosdiT, ganicdian
devnas da am adgilebidanac gamorbian [10, 169].
sainteresoa, Tu ras unda niSnavdes TiTqmis yvela
legendaSi dadasturebuli Tvalis amoTxris scena.
33
erT-erTi versiaSi Tvalis SemTxveviT amogdebis
scenas win uswrebs cnoba im xalxis sastiki
cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb, romelTa garemocvaSic
afxazTa winaprebs uxdebaT cxovreba: isini cxovroben
principiT „Tvali Tvalis wil, kbili kbilis wil" anu
im
principiT
romliTac
cxovrobda
araqristianuli, qristemdeli sazogadoeba, romelsac
qristem sxva, absoluturad sawinaaRmdego principi
daupirispira. SesaZloa, am siuJets (Tvalis amoTxras) bibliuri safuZveli hqondes anu bibliuri
gadmocemebis gaxalxurebuli varianti iyos. amas
emateba isic, rom abazi (afxazTa winapari) zogi
versiiT, Tavis xalxTan erTad egviptidan modis, rac
aseve SesaZloa bibliuri siuJetis, egviptidan
moses
mier
ebraelTa
gamoyvanis
gaxalxurebul/paganizebuli variants warmoadgens. bibliur
ambebSic da afxazur gadmocemebSic egviptidan (arabeTidan afxazuri gadmocemebis zogierT variantSi)
ltolvilebs mosdevT mdevari. afxazuri gadmocemebiT
mdevari xan winaswarmetyvelia, xan ki arabTa qveynis
sardali an wminda sardali am mdevars zog
gadmocemaSi saxelic hqvia - zogan ltolvilebs ali
misdevs, zoggan ki xazaraTaali [10, 169].
erT-erTi
gadmocemis mixedviT
xozreT-ali, muhamedis mier
sinopsa da anatoliis midamoebSi mcxovrebi xalxisaTvis
gasamusulmaneblad
migzavnili
kacia.
muslimanobis miRebis aramosurne xalxi ayrila da
dauwyia axali samkvidros Zebna. sainteresoa, rom am
gadmocemaTa geografia, moqmedebis ZiriTadi arealebi
egvipte/arabeTi da winaaziaa. TiTqos xalxuri zepirsityviereba xels uwyobs im samecniero koncefciebs,
34
romlis
mixedviTac
afxazur-adiReuri
tomebi
TavianTi
axlandeli
adgilsamyofelidan
didi
manZilis moSorebiT wina aziaSi, xeTebis samefos
midamoebSi cxovrobdnen da isini lursmul teqstebSi
moxseniebuli „qaSqebi‟‟ (adiRelebis winaprebi) [4,
9-10] da abeSla/afSilebi ( afxazTa winaprebi) arian
[7,
17-23].
S.inalfas
mier
Caweril
erT-erT
gadmocemaSi afxazTa winapari Tavis umcros Zmas
nautTan erTad evfratze cxovrobda.
istoria afxaz-adiReelebis samxreTidan (egvipte,
arabeTi/wina azia) wamosulobis Sesaxeb sakmaod did
eWvs iwvevs. sxva sakiTxia lursmuli damwerlobis
xeTur teqstSi moxseniebuli afxaz-adiRevelebis
hipoTeturi winaprebis wina aziaSi moxsenieba,
romlis Sesaxebac azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa [4]. es
sakiTxi Sors wagviyvans da miuxedavad imisa
cxovrobdnen Tu ara afxaz-adiReelebis winapari
tomebi mcire aziaSi, legendis safuZvelad es faqti
ver gamodgeba - saeWvoa istoriuli mexsierebas
amdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi Seenaxa winaresamSoblos
xsovna, Tanac konkretuli adgilebis miTiTebiT (md.
evfrati, sinopi, anatolia). afxazTa warmoSobis
Sesaxeb zemoT moyvanil gadmocemaSi,
Cveni azriT,
ori Zlieri faqtoris gavlena igrZnoba - afxazTa
warmoSobis
istoria
garkveulwilad
bibliuri
siuJetis mixedviT viTardeba da bibliur Targs
ergeba, rac sruladac ar aris gasakviri - afxazeTis
teritoriis
mosaxleoba
sakmaod
adre
eziara
bibliur gadmocemebsa da ambebs, rac udamwerlobo
xalxisaTvis Zlier saxelmwifosa da eklesiis
gavlenis dasustebis Semdeg legendarul, gaxalxu35
rebul ambebad, Tavis Tavze morgebuli gadmocemis
siuJetad iqca; 2) afxazTa
Soris arsebul „bibliur‟‟ tradiciebis gamoyenebiT SesaZloa Turqebis
mizanmimarTuli
ideologiiT
xdeboda
afxazis
Sefaruli daaxloveba musulmanur samyarosTan, anu
maTi
da
musulmani
eris
(arabi,
egvipteli,
abesinieli....)
„odindeli"
Zmobis
kanonizacia.
yabardouli versiebiT Zmebi arian Cerqezebi, Turqebi
da albanelebi da yvelani arabeTidan arian wamosulebi [10, 165], abazebis, lezgebis, arnautebis
(albanelebis) da Cerqezebis yuraeSis tomidan
wamosulobis isev da isev am xalxebis musulmanur
qveynebTan mibmis survilis gamoZaxili SeiZleba iyos.
gavixsenoT, rom albaneTi, lezgeTi da abazeTCerqezeTi
osmaleTis imperiis ganapira CrdiloeTi
mxareebia da swored aq am regionebSi sWirdeba am
agresiul imperias kulturuli eqspansia, rasac XVI
saukunidan neli tempiT, magram mainc anxorcielebs.
gadmocemebs afxazTa warmomavlobis Sesaxeb SesaZloa
istoriuli faqtebis xsovnis kvalic aCndes. yvelaze
adrindeli
cnoba,
romelic
afxazTa
SesaZlo
winaprebis
afxazeTis
teritoriaze
gansax-lebas
mowmobs I saukunisaa [6, 43-44] eTnogenetikuri
Tqmuleba-gadmocemebis didi nawili xazgasmiT aRniSnavs afxazur-adiReuri tomebis migraciebs CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi da maT TandaTanobiT SemoRwevas dasavleT
saqarTvelos
teritoriaze.
jiqTa
moZraoba
aRmosavleTidan dasvleTiT da maTi dasaxleba
afxazeTis CrdiloeTiT dafiqsirebulia „qarTlis
cxovrebaSic‟‟. Zalze niSandoblivia cnoba, romlebic
paWanikebsa da jiqebs urTierTmezobel xalxad moix36
seniebs - erTi cnobiT paWanikni da jiqni qarTlis
mefe azorkTan mosuli osi mefeebis bazuk da
abazukis laSqarSi Canan (8, 45). aq paWanikebisa da
jiqebis urTierTsiaxlovis garda yuradRebas iqcevs
ovsi mefeebis saxelebi, rac Zalauneburad gvagonebs
eTnonim abazs. meore cnoba ki ukve jiqTa TavianTi
samSoblodan ayris konkretul mizezs da afxazeTis
siaxloves dasaxlebis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informacias.
mizezi Turquli tomebisgan Seviwrovebaa: „iotnes
paWanikni da jiqni TurqTagan, da wavidnes paWanikni
dasavliT kerZo, xolo jiqni damkvidrnes bolosa
afxazeTsa~ (8, 157). SesaZloa es cnoba marTlac
asaxavdes
realobas,
Crdilokavkasiuri
tomebis
moZraobas aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken da mere maT
infiltracias samxreT teritoriaze, dRevandeli
afxazeTis miwaze. es procesi, raRa Tqma unda ar
iyo erTjeradi, igi droSi gawelili movlenaa Crdilokavkasielebs uxsovari droidan aviwrovebdnen
samxreT ruseTis stepebze momTabare xalxi (skviTebi,
kimerielebi, hunebi, paWanikebi, xazarebi, yivCaRebi,
monRolebi),
SesaZloa am xalxTagan romelimesTan
konfliqtSi myofi afxazTa winapari marTlac ayriliyo Tavis miwidan. SesaZloa, rom Turqulenovani
momTabare
afxaz-adiRevelis
winapars
sakmaod
gansxvavebul tipaJad miaCnda da droTa ganmavlobaSi
es „gansxvavebuloba‟‟ afxazebis winapris Savkanianebis
garemoSi cxovrebad (gadmocemis mixedviT arabeTSi
sami tomi iyo-erTi TeTrebisa, ori Savkanianebis.
afxazebi TeTrebi iyvnen) gaformda. sainteresoa,
ltolvili afxazebis mdevris saxeli xazaraTaali
(sxva variantiT xozreT-ali). advili SesaZlebelia,
37
rom
saxeli
inaxavdes
CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi
xazarebis batonobis xsovnas, Tumca isic SesaZloa
rom
xazari
iyos
krebsiTi
saxeli
regionSi
gabatonebuli momTabare urdosi - is SeiZleba
aRniSnavdes paWaniksac, yivCaRsac, monRolsac anu
CdiloeT kavkasiaSi gabatonebul, savaraudod, yvelaze
ufro Turqulenovan momTabareebs . amave gadmocemis
bolo nawili legendis geografias garkveul naTels
hfens - devnili afxazebi bolo-bolo yubans miadgnen.
magram mixvdnen, rom am mxaris sicives ver
gauZlebdnen, Tbili qveynis Zieba daiwyes da ase
moxvdnen afxazeTSi. pirvelad lixnis mindorSi
gadasaxldnen.
Semdeg
nel-nela
mTebidan
iwyes
Camosaxleba maTma naTesavebma da ase dasaxldnen
afxazeTSi. afxazTa nawili CrdiloeTSi darCa da
dRes isini abazebi arian [10, 169]. gadmocemis es
nawili ewinaaRmdegeba dasawyiss - samxreTidan daZruli abaz-afxazebi CdriloeTidan miadgnen yubans, rac
TiTqmis warmoudgeneli ramaa - arabeTidan da Tugind
mcire aziidan
yubans CrdiloeTidan rom miadge
uzarmazari manZilis gavla gixdeba da iseTi patara
masisaTvis, rogoric Tugind gaerTianebuli afxazurCerqezuli tomebis winaprebi iqnebodnen adgilobrivebTan gauTqveflobac Zneli dasajerebelia.
legendis is nawili, romelic arnautebisa (albanelebis)
da afxazebis Zmobaze, erTixanoba afxazebis albaneTSi
(arnautebis
qveyanaSi)
cxovrebis
Sesaxeb
mogviTxrobs TiTqos im faqtis argumentad gamodgeba,
rom afxazebi evropis gavliT moxvdnen yubanispirSi.
amave faqtis dasturad gamodgeba afxazeTSi gvari
arnautis
arsebobac,
Tumca
ori
argumenti
38
srulebiTac ar aris sakmarisi, rom albanelTa da
afxazTa „Zmoba‟‟ virwmunoT da winaaziidan afxazTa
winaprebis, SavizRvis garSemo mogzauroba dasaSvebad
miviCnioT. erTaderTi rac am gadmocemis istoriul
safuZvlad gamodgeba aris afxaz-adiRelebis moZraoba
aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken, rasac „qarTlis
cxovrebis" cnoba jiqTa mier yubanis midamoebis
dasaxlebis Sesaxeb da agreTve gadmocemis mixedviT
„mogzaur afxazTa‟‟ yubanSi CrdiloeTidan misvla
adasturebs.
afxazTa
warmoSobis
meore,
gansxvavebuli
versia,
romelic
afxazTa
warmoSobas
arabeTs
(misreTi, egvipte) ar ukavSirebs, afxazTa afxazeTSi
dasaxlebis
sxva
mizezebze
saubrobs
da
am
gadmocemebis
geografias
araferi
aqvs
saerTo
arabeTTan da wina aziasTan. afxazeTSi pirveli
afxazi afsha yofila, igi sxva qveynidan gadmosaxlebula, imitom rom iq, Tavis samSobloSi ramdeni
Svilic gauCna imdeni daRupvia. afshas mama abazi
iyoo,
gvamcnobs gadmocema [3, 68]. gadmosaxlebis
mizezi, raRa Tqma unda sxva iqneboda. uSviloba,
STamomavlobis udReuroba, SeiZleba iyos maTi qveynis
simwirisa da cudi sacxovrebeli pirobebis alegoria.
afsha Tavisi xalxiT adgil saTamaSiaSi (saTamaSa,
saTamaSia) daesaxla. es adgili kodoris xeobiskenaa
da amave gadmocemis mixedviT aqve cxovrobdnen
Crdilokavkasiidan gadmosaxlebuli anuebi. axal
samSobloSi afshas Svili eyola, romelic liZavaSi,
aseve
mTisgadaRmidan
mosuli
aCbebis
gverdiT
daasaxla [3, 68].
39
am gadmocemis mixedviT, afsha Tavisi ojaxiT,
aCbebi da afshas afxazur miwaze damxvedri anuebis
gvaric ki Crdilokavkasiuri warmoSobisaa. afshaze
Tqmulebis erT-erT variantSi aCbebi (Zmebi, sami Zma
aCba) afxazeTSi CrdiloeTidan, mTis gadaRmidan
modian, afshas stumroben, Semdeg mas pirmSos paraven
da isev ukan brundebian. afshas STamomavlis
davaJkacebis Jams, aCbebi isev Cndebian afshasTan da
memkvidris gadacemis nacvlad afxazeTSi dasaxlebis
uflebas sTxoven. afsha iZulebulia maT miwebi
dauTmos. afsha, zogierTi gadmocemiT afxazeTidan
samSobloSi brundeba. erT-erTi versiis mixedviT,
afsha Tavisi xalxiT aRmosavleTSi gadaixveweba. mis
miwa-wyals albaT aCbebi epatronebian, Tumca adgilze
rCebian da arsad midian anuas gvaris warmomadgenlebi
[10, 173].
afshas
aRmosavleTSi
gadaxvewa,
SeiZleba
damaxinjebuli varianti iyos afxazTa samefoSi
dedaqalaqis afxazeTis teritoriidan, anakofiidan
quTaisSi gadatanisa. SesaZloa es faqti sulac ar
ukavSirdebodes aCbebis gamoCenas Tu maTi uflebebis
zrdas afxazeTis teritoriaze. sainteresoa TviT
aCbebis adgili afxazTa eTnogenetikur gadmocemebSi:
aCbas gvari im versiebSic figurirebs, romelic
afxazTa winaprebis arabeTidan/egviptidan ltolvilobis Sesaxeb mogviTxroben - TvalmoTxrili arabi/Savkaniani biWi, romlis gamoc afxazebi ayrilan
TavianTi miwidan afxazebs Tan wauyvaniaT. gzaSi maT
ali dasdevnebiaT, Tumca purmarilis madliT afxazebi
alis risxvas gadarCenilan. alis usinaTlo daulocia: sanam SensaviT usinaTlo ar mogevlinebaT
40
afxazeTSi Seni gvari imfebso. am usinaTlos
ajbebisgan gvari aCba miuRia (5, 203-205). zogi
gadmocemiT TvalmoTxrili arabeTidan aCbebis gvars
mihyavs.
afxazeTSi
arsebobs
gadmocemebi,
rom
aq
Tavdapirvelad, Suasaukuneebamde aCbebi
mefobdnen,
Semdeg ki ServaSiZeema igdes xelT Zalaufleba [5,
203-205]. am azrs zogierTi mecnieric iziarebs [2,
188].
calTvala personaJis „popularoba~ (garda im
axsnisa, romelSic gamoTqmuli iyo varaudi, rom es
pasaJi SesaZloa qristemdeli epoqis angariSgebiani da
Surismgebeli cxovrebis stilis Taviseburi perifrazi
iyos)
SeiZleba,
istoriul
pirovnebas,
Teodosi meore,
usinaTlos ukavSirdebodes. aseve
niSandoblivia, rom Teodosi meores Semdeg afxazTa
samefoSi dinastia icvleba, taxtze bagrationi
ufliswuli bagrat mesame adis. amiT TiTqos
sruldeba afxazTa arabeTidan/egviptidan devnilobis
dros
maTi
mdevari
winaswarmetyvelis
/alis/
xazaraTaalis locva - winaswarmetyveleba: pirveli
da bolo afxazi mefeebi, oriveni calTvalani iyvnen
(Teodosis SemTxvevaSi mTlianad usinaTlo, Tumca
Tqmuleba -gadmocemaSi amgvari gadacdoma advili
dasaSvebia).
egviptidan wamosvlis Tema gvxvdeba Cerqezul
gadmocemebSi, romlis mixedviTac Tavadebi egviptidan
wamosuli xalxisgan warmoiSvnen. es xalxi egviptidan
gaqceula. cota xani yirimSi gaCerebula da Semdeg
adiReelebSi daumyarebiaT wesrigi da saxelmwifo
Zalaufleba SeuqmniaT. am „egviptelebis"
meeqvse
41
Taobis
warmomadgenlad
Tvlian
meToTxmetemeTxuTmete saukunis istoriul pirovnebas inals,
romelic raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos calTvala
gaxldaT [10, 173].
arsebobs gadmocemebi, romlTa mixedviT afsha
berZeni iyo. afsham, aCbebisTvis miwebis daTmobis
Semdeg, aCbebTan mxolod erTi kaci datova msaxurad,
wylis mimtanad. mas aCbebma gvari CaCba misces [5,
364]. afshas aRmosavleTiT gadaxvewa, rogorc adre
aRvniSneT, SeiZleba dedaqalaqis, samefo xelisuflebis anakofiidan quTaisSi gadatanas ukavSirdebodes. CaCba ki afshas datovebuli kacia. rogorc
viciT, Semdeg es CaCbebi (ServaSiZeebi) xdebian
afxazeTis gamgeblebi. pirveli CaCbebi ki bagrat meoTxis dros Cndebian, roca vinme oTaRo WaWas-Ze (anu
CaCas-Zes/CaC-bas) mefis erT-erTi mxedarTmTavaria,
romelic afxazeTis teritoriaze wesrigs amyarebs da
anakofiis cixes brZoliT iRebs [8, 299]. savaraudod,
afshas afxazeTSi datovebuli kacis aCbebis mier
CaCbebad monaTvla da afxazeTis saqmeTa gamriged
moxele WaWas-Zis/CaCbas (ServaSiZe) gamoCena erTidaimave
istoriuli faqtis Janrobrivad urTierTgansxvavebul cnobebad SegviZlia miviCnioT da
CaCbebis mier aCbebis Canacvlebis damadasturebel
argumentad SegviZlia moviSvelioT.
misreTi (egvipte) TiTqos Cans toponim miuseraSi. afxazurad mas msra qvia. S. inal-ifas mier
Cawerili gadmocemis mixedviT aq abesinieli damnaSaveebi CamohyavdaT gemebiT. gadasaxlebis vadis
dasrulebis Semdeg, maT uari uTqvamT samSobloSi
dabrunebaze, abesiniidan ojaxebic CamosvliaT da
42
afxazeTSi gamravlebulan [10, 170]. ocian-ocdaaTian
wlebSi 145 wlis mTxroblis cnobiT, afxazeTSi adre
bevri arabi yofila misridan [10, 168]. zogierTi
aZiubJel zangebs, narTebis eposSi aRweril narTebis
SavkanianTa
qveyanaSi
laSqrobas
da
iqidan
Savkanianebis narTebTan erTad afxazeTSi mosvlas
ukavSirebs [10, 168; 1, 42-46].
sainteresoa,
gadmocemebis
mixedviT
aCbebis
gansaxlebis areali, maT mier afshas kuTvnili
teritoriebis „dakanonebis" Semdeg. isini soWSi,
aWandaraSi, lixnSi da abJuaSi saxldebian. niSandoblivia, rom aq samurzayanoze araferia naTqvami rogorc Cans gadmocemis Caweris dros ar arsebobda
pretenzia
samurzayanos
mosaxleobis
afxazuri
warmoSobis Temaze.
aCbebis garda gadmocemebis mixedviT, „ZirZvel
afxazobaze" pretenziebi sxva gvarebsac SeiZleba
hqondeT. zogi gadmocemiT afxazeTis pirvelmosaxleni
anuas da jopuas gvaris xalxi yofila [10, 173].
arsebobs gadmocemebi, romelTa mixedviT afxazeTSi
afxazebis dasaxlebamde qondriskaci awanebi da devebi
cxovrobdnen [5, 154; 10, 168]. raRa Tqma unda,
gadmocemebi ver aRgvidgenen realur suraTs, magram
mravaljer, sxvadasxva formiT da sxvadasxvagan
dafiqsirebuli azri, romlis mixedviTac afxazebi
dRevandeli
afxazeTis
teritoriaze
mosulebad
miiCnevian, garkveuli daskvnebis gamotanis saSualebas
iZleva.
anuebi afshas da aCbebs xvdebian afxazeTis
teritoriaze. anuebi ixseniebian afshas wasvlis
Semdegac - aRniSnulia, rom afshas aRmosavleTSi
43
gadasaxlebisas maT Tan ar gahyolian anuebi [10,
173]. am gvaris warmomadgenelia sruliad gansxvavebuli Tqmulebis gmiri - adreul dros, muhajirobamde afxazeTis teritoriidan afxazebi ayrilan
da qedsiqiT gadaxvewilan. gasula dro. afxazeTi sxva
modgmis xalxiT dasaxlebula. kidev ramodenime xnis
Semdeg yubanis piras moTamaSe afxaz biWebs gaugiaT
TavianTi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, gamoukiTxavT yvelaferi moxucebisTvis, Semdeg wamosulan da TavianTi
samSoblodan ucxotomelebi brZoliT gauyriaT. am
brZolaSi
gansakuTrebulad
usaxelebia
Tavi
axalgazrda anuas. am Tqulebis epizods, romelic
afxazeTidan
afxazebis
ayras
exeba
istoriul
movlenasTan dakavSireba sakmaod Znelia - aseTi faqti
istoriam ar icis. rac Seexeba yubanispireTSi (an
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi) mcxovrebTa mier samxreTi
teritoriebis aTvisebas - am movlenas TviT am da
sxva TqmulebebSi, agreTve narTebis eposis afxazur
versiaSi moTxrobili ambebi miniSneben.
qronologiuri da eTnodemografiuli TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa gadmocema, romelic anuasTan
erTad
afxazeTSi
pirvelmosaxled
bganbebsac
moixseniebs. gadmocema gvamcnobs, rom pirveli bganbas
vaJiSvili dedis mier dalocvili yofila: sanam Cvens
saxlis win mdgari muxis fesvi iqneba Senc nuraferi
mogivao. dalocvil bganbas muhajirobamde ucxovria
[5,
216-217].
raoden
zRapruladac
ar
unda
mogveCvenos
es
gadmocema,
masSi
moxseniebuli
muhajiroba istoriisTvis lamis guSindeli dRea,
TiTqmis mecxramete saukunis Sua wlebis qvemoT ar
midis da Zalian saeWvoa, rom misi TariRi xalxur
44
mexsierebas metnaklebi sizustiT ar Semoenaxa. bganba,
romelic pirveli afxazis (bganbas) Svilia da
afxazeTSi mosaxle afxazebis meore Taobaa, rac ar
unda jansaRi da dalocvili yofiliyo saukunenaxevarze mets mainc ver gastanda. aqedan gamomdinare
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom afxazeTis mosaxleobaSi meoce
saukunis Sua wlebamde (im droisTvis rodesac es
gadmocema Caiwera) arsebobda xsovna imisa, rom
mosaxleobis garkveuli nakadi (bganbebis saxiT),
afxazeTis teritoriaze meCvidmete saukunis meore
naxevarSi dasaxlda afxazeTSi. Zalian niSandoblivia
is faqtic, rom zogierT gadmocemaSi es bganbebi
afxazeTSi
mosaxle
pirvel
afxazebad
arian
moxseniebulni [5, 216-217].
CrdiloeTidan samxreTisken mosaxleobis infiltracias, afxazeTis teritoriis Crdilo-kavkasielebisgan dasaxlebas afxazur gvarTa geniologiuri
gadmocemebic mowmobs: zuxbas, kviwinias, marSans,
kapbas, adleibas, inafSbas, aCbas [10, 175] gadmocemebis
mixedviT maTi Tavdapirveli sacxovrisi CrdiloeT
kavkasia
yofila.
savaraudod,
Crdilokavkasiuri
warmoSobisani unda iyvnen im gvaris warmomadgenlebic, romlebic TavianT fuZe salocavad
fsxunixas miiCneven - anu es gvarebi CrdiloeTkavkasiidan afxazeTis teritoriaze gadmosasvlelad
iyenebdnen fsxus xeobas, SesaZloa iq ramodenime xani
cxovrobdnen, xdebodnen fshunixas „ymani", SemdgomSi
saxldebodnen da Tan mihqondaT fshunixasadmi mowiwebisa da Tayvaniscemis xsovna. afxazeTis sxvadasxva
mxareSi. fsxunixas loculobdnen: arisTaa, Cxufia,
ptiSi, xvatiSi, aZinaa, adleiba, baRafSi, aSuba,
45
kiaxirfa, simsimi, saZba-CiCba, zuxba, amiWba, marSania,
kviwinia, Cegemi, inal-ifa, bazba, trafSi [3, 62].
sxva
afxazuri
gadmocemebi
afxazeTis
pirvelmosaxleebad awanebs Tvlian. awanebi RvTis
risxvas
gaunadgurebia
uwmindurobisa
da
uRmerTobis gamo cecxlSi amoubugia. awanebis
ganadgureba sodomisa da gomoris ganadgurebis
cnobil bibliur siuJets gvagonebs. awanebs RvTis
keTilganwyobis nakleboba rom SeutyiaT, gadauwyvetiaT RmerTTan wasuliyvnen da caSi asasvlelad
kibis keTeba dauwyiaT, Tumca es saqme bolomde ver
miuyvaniaT [3, 156-158] - es siuJetic albaT bibliuri
babilonis godolis siuJetis xalxuri analogia.
sainteresoa narTebis eposis afxazuri versiis
geografiac, sadac moqmedeba ZiriTadad yubanispireTSi
xdeba. iSviaTad moqmedeba bzifis xeobaSi an
didrifSTan inacvlebs (amb narT). am dasaxelebul
punqtTagan samxreTiT moqmedeba TiTqmis ar xdeba. am
mxriv niSandoblivia narTebis eposisa da abrskilze
Tqmulebebis gavrcelebis urTierTSedareba. narTebis
eposi
ZiriTadad
gavrcelebulia
CrdiloeT
afxazeTSi, bzifis xeobaSi, xolo abJuaSi abrskilze
Tqmulebaa popularuli. abrskili, rom qarTuli
amiranis „moZme" gmiria mecnierTa nawilis mier
damtkicebulia da TviT Tqmulebebic amtkicebs am
faqts - abrskils zogierT gadmocemaSi sulac
amirani qvia [11, 7]. zogjer mas abla-skirsac
uwodeben [11, 8], rac aSkarad migvaniSnebs, rom am
saxelis formireba megrulenovan garemoSi moxda
(skir Ze-s niSnavs megrulad; abla Ziris gvari
46
sakmaod
bevria
samegrelosa
da
samurzayanoSi
(ablaZe/abulaZe, a- b(u)leiskiri da sxva.....)).
narTebis eposis afxazuri gadmocemebi afxazebis
winaprebad
narTebs
miiCnevs.
narTebs
afxazeTi
dausaxlebiaT mkvidri mosaxleobis, awanebisa da
devebis amoxocvis Sedegad. narTebis „samxreTul
eqspansia" kargad Cans gadmocemebSi romlebic mogviTxroben samxreTSi, Tbil qveynebSi (sadac xarobs
vazi
da
xexili)
maTi
laSqrobebis
Sesaxeb.
niSandoblivia, isic rom narTebs xexilis movlis
saidumloebebs acnobs narTi cicvi, romlis dedac
afxazeTSi pirvelmcxovrebi qondriskaci awanebis
qaliSvili
zilxaa.
cicvis
daxmarebiT
devebs
amarcxeben narTebi, maTgan miaqvT xexili da vazi da
TavianT qveyanaSi axareben. cicvis gareSe narTebi
devebs Semdom brZolebSic ver sjobnian [1, 173-175,
208-209].
arsebobs erTi gadmocema, romlic afxazeTis
teritoriidan mosaxleobis CrdiloeTSi gadanacvlebis Sesaxeb gvawvdis cnobas. gadmocemiT uxsovar
dros afxazeTi quTaisamde iyo. qveyanas Warbmosaxleoba awuxebda - saxlebi ise mijriT idga erTmaneTTan, rom kata quTaisidan anapamde saxuravidan Camousvlelad mividodao. afxazTa mefes mTisgadaRmeli
batonisTvis miuTxovebia qaliSvili. qorwilis Semdeg
siZes simamris dasaCuqreba moundomebia, mas ki
yvelaferze uari uTqvams da sakuTari xalxis
dasasaxleblad miwa uTxovia. Tavisufali miwebi
qedsgadaRmel
batons
mravlad
hqonia
da
iq
Casaxlebuli xalxisgan warmoSobilan dRevandeli
abazebi [5, 210-212]. raRa Tqma unda, gadmocema
47
sainteresoa, Tumca metad saeWvoa, rom rodesac
„afxazeTi quTaisamde aRwevda" (anu an afxazTa
samTavros,
afxazTa
samefos
an
gaerTianebuli
saqarTvelos
epoqaSi)
afxazeTidan
mosaxleoba
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadasaxlebuliyo. miTumetes,
warmoudgenelia
es
procesi
Semdgom
epoqaSi,
monRolebis batonobis periodSi, rodesac Crdilokavkasieli mosaxleoba Tavad ganicdida monRolTagan
Seviwroebas da albaT Tavadve iyo Sewuxebuli mciremiwianobiT.
afxazuri miTebi, legendebi, geniologiuri da
eTnogenetikuri gadmocemebi istoriul, arqeologiur,
eTnologiur monacemebTan unda Sejerdes. cxadia
miTebisa Tu gadmocemebis informaciebidan gamomdinare
ama Tu im xalxis an eTnikuri jgufis warsulis
Sesaxeb erTmniSvnelovnad ar SeiZleba saubari. Tumca
afxazuri folkloris am nimuSebis „geografiiT"
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom afxazur miTebSi, legendebSi
da Tqmuleba-gadmocemebSi naTlad Cans afxazeTis
teritoriis
CrdilokavkasielTagan
dasaxlebis
xsovna, qedsiqiTeli mosaxleobis xan TandaTanobiTi
infiltracia afxazeTis mkvidr mosaxleobaSi, xan ki
maT mier aSkarad saomari qmedebebis Sedegad
afxazeTis teritoriis udidesi nawilis eqspansia.
48
wyaroebi da literatura:
1. ambavi narTebisa, nakaduli, Tb., 1980.
2. g.
anCabaZe,
qarTul-afxazuri
urTierTobis
sakiTxebi, Tb., 2006.
3. s. baxia-oqruaSvili, afxazTa eTnikuri istoriis
problemebi, universali, Tb, 2010.
4. g. giorgaZe, Jurnali „artanuji" , X, 2000.
5. s. zuxba, afxazuri zepirsityvaoba, universitetis
gamomc., Tb., 1988.
6. n. lomouri, ZirZveli qarTuli mxaris - afxazeTis
istoriisTvis, Tb., 2008.
7. d. musxeliSvili, artanuji, X, 2000.
8. qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela
ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT simon yauxCiSvilis
mier, t. I, 1955.
9.Ачугба Е – Этническая революция в Абхазии veb
gverdi apsnyteka.org
10.Инал-ифа Ш – Вопросы этно-културной истории
абхазов сух 1976 г.
11.Салакаиа Ш – Абхазский народный героический епос
1966 г.
49
Giorgi Mamardashvili
GEOGRAPHY OF THE ABKHAZIAN LEGENDS
AND MYTHS
The Abkhazian legends, like of all other peoples, have
their own geography as well. Furthermore, we even can say
that from this point of view the Abkhazian material we
possess is more than enough. One part of the scientists
(mostly Abkhazian scientists) thinks that the primary
dwelling place and the distribution area of the Abkhazian –
Circassian tribes was the Southwest Asia. These scientists
connect them with proto-Hittites as well. One of the
arguments to prove this viewpoint for them is legends as
well. Some of the scientists base their arguments on
Herodotus note about the Egyptian origin of the Colchis
people. They assume that the ancestors of Abkhazians were
as well belonging to the Colchis population and with the help
of some west Georgian toponyms put forward the theory that
the population of the Abkhazian-Circassian origin was living
in the South. As if the field ethnographic material proves as
well that Abkhazians moved from the South to the North.
According to the legends Abkhazians believe that they came
from the South (Arabia, Miṣr/Egypt). In these legends the
ancestor of the Abkhaz people and those people, who are far
from them from the scientific point of view (Arabs,
Egyptians, Arnaut/Albanians and their kin Lezgians in the
Caucasus), are brothers. The authentic origin of these
legends is quite doubtful. We think that they should have
been the result of the Muslim ideology of the aggressive
Ottoman Empire. The idea of the kinship and genetic links of
50
the North Caucasian region peoples, Abkhazians,
Circassians, Lezgians and Albanians, who like them were
living in the outlying areas of the country with Muslim
world, supposedly might be the part of the strategy of their
conversion into Islam. The legends and folk stories in which
the actions are taking place near Abkhazia and in most cases
in Kuban and in the Caucasus beyond the mountain range are
more natural and original. In a certain amount of folk stories
it is said that the first inhabitants on the territory of Abkhazia
were not Abkhazians. According to the Abkhazian legends
the North Caucasian population settled on this territory after
the annihilation of the “aboriginal” population or after the
forced transmission of the territories to the “first
Abkhazians” by the population who was living before they
came. The Abkhazian version of the Nart sagas contains not
a single reference about the interests of the North Caucasians
towards the South territories. The contents of the legends
about the origin of some Abkhazian surnames from beyond
the ridge are alike the above mentioned legends. With the
help of the analyses of such ethnogenetic and genealogical
legends it is possible to view the migration processes of the
North Caucasian population from the North to the South
(from nowadays Adighe-Cercassia to nowadays Abkhazia).
51
qeTevan quTaTelaZe
nayofierebis qalRvTaebis erTi saxe
qarTul da kavkasiur eposSi
kavkasiis xalxTa siaxloves, garda enobrivi
monacemebisa, maTi sulieri kulturac amtkicebs.
kavkasiis
sxvadasxva
xalxis
eposSi
msgavsi
siuJetebisa
da
simbolikis
arseboba
saerTo
kavkasiuri mentaluri erTobis myari argumentia.
viziareb mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmad, „folkloruli masalis SedarebiTma kvlevam warmoaCina, rom
zog SemTxvevaSi qarTuli da CrdiloeT kavkasiuri
masala urTierTSemavsebelia, anu nakluli teqstebis,
an gaugebari adgilebis logikuri mTlianobis aRdgena
xerxdeba mezobeli xalxis analogiuri teqstebis
safuZvelze. aseTi magaliTebi mravlad moipoveba
kavkasielTa folklorSi“ (17, 382). gansaxilveli
sakiTxi Seexeba nayofierebis didi qalRmerTis erT
saxes, romelic qarTul da kavkasiur eposSi ,,mzisa
da mTvaris asulad“ aris moxseniebuli. msgavsi
siuJeti da simbolika (RvTaebrivi manaTobeli
frinvelis frTa, beWedi, rZeSi ganbanvis rituali)
saerTo kavkasiur mentalobaze metyvelebs, rac
Zalzed mniSvnelovania istoriuli TvalTaxedviT.
afxazur-adiReur,
kerZod,
abazur
da
xunZur
variantSi RvTaebrivi warmoSobis qali ,,mzisa da
mTvaris asulis“ saxelwodebiT cnobil zRapris
teqstSi gvxvdeba (11, 96–104, 615–624), qarTul
versiaSi ki ,,sakvirveli frTa“ (25, I, 335–340),
sadac mzeTunaxavi qali jadosnuri frinvelis
aRmzrdeli, anu patronia. frinvelis bumbuli RamiT
mTvareze
metad
anaTebs.
igi
Zalian
mZlavri
52
frinvelia, cidan Weqa-quxiliT eSveba (25, I, 1963,
338–339). abazuri teqstis mixedviT, manaTobeli
bumbuli arwivisaa, igi „mzesaviT anaTebs“. ,,roca
arwivi gamoCndeba, irgvliv yvelaferi ganaTdeba.
arwivi
iseTi
xmauriT
mofrindeba,
iqaurobas
gaayruebs“ (11, 98-99). xunZur variantSic frinveli
arwivia da misi bumbuli ise anaTebs, rom
,,qveynierebas aciskrovnebs“ (11, 617). ,,misi frTebis
Sxuilisagan ki didi qarborbala amovardeba“. rogorc
vxedavT, RvTaebrivi frinvelis manaTobeli frTis
sinaTle, mnaTobebTan aris Sedarebuli.
abazur variantSi ,,mzisa da mTvaris asuli“
zRvaSi myofi veSapis mucelSi cxovrobs, xunZurSi ki
- gveleSapis. orive variantSi
veSapi/gveleSapi
SuadRisas wylidan amodis. mzeTunaxavi qali ori
saaTiT miwaze gadmodis veSapis (gveleSapis) piridan.
es ukanaskneli, rodesac wylidan Tavs amohyofs,
saSinlad acivdeba1 (11, 100–101, 621). qarTuli
teqstis mixedviT, manaTobeli frinvelic da misi
patronic erT kunZulze cxovroben (25, I, 338).
mzeTunaxav qals ,,mze rom amodis, sZinavs, vinc
winidan miva, hxedavs, ginda eZinos, ginda eRviZos,
Tormeti nawnavi Tma aqvs“ (25, I, 38). abazur
1abazuri
varianti: „zRvaSi erTi veSapi cxovrobs, im veSapis
mucelSiki mzisa da mTvaris qali ... yovel dRe SuadRisas, veSapi
napirTan modis da Tavs qviSaze debs. maSin misi Tavidan gadmodis
qali da napirze or saaTs rCeba. gagrildeba da isev veSapis gul–
mucels ubrundeba. veSapic zRvaSi Securdeba~ (11, 100–101).
xunZuri varianti: „erT did okeaneSi cxovrobs erTi gveleSapi,
romlis mucelSi mzisa da mTvaris mzeTunaxavi qaliSvili zis ...
yoveldRe SuadRisiT gveleSapi wylis napirTan mova, ori saaTiT Tavs
amoyofs. Tavs rom amoyofs wylidan saSinlad acivdeba, piridan mzisa
da mTvaris asuli amova~ (11, 621).
53
variantSi qali iseTi lamazi iyo, rogorc mze da
mTvare, igi mzesaviT naTels gamoscemda. zRapris am
siuJetSi sayuradReboa cifri Tormeti2, romelic
qalRmerT inanas wminda cifrad iTvleba. mzeTunaxav
qals Tormeti raSi hyavs. abazur variantSic
figurirebs cifri Tormeti. kerZod, Tormeti fuTi
marili unda aWamon oqrosdumian cxvars; qals aseve,
Tormeti raSis mowvelil, aduRebul rZeSi SeuZlia
ganbanva; rZes Tormeti vedroian qvabSi Caasxamen;
teqstSi ixsenieba Tormeti arSiniani TeTri da
Tormeti arSiniani Savi qsovili da sxv. (11, 100,
620). miTologiaSi Tormeti erT-erTi sakraluri
ricxvia. igi aRiqmeba, rogorc dasrulebuli cikli,
kosmiuri mowesrigebuloba. msoflios TiTqmis yvela
religiaSi
inarCunebs
simbolurobasa
da
3
sakralurobas .
manaTobeli frinvelis, an masTan dakavSirebuli
sagnisa da mzeTunaxavis urTierTobis saintereso
versia gvxvdeba qarTul xalxur zRaparSi ,,saswaulTmoqmedi perangi“ (25, I, 236–243). mzeTunaxavis Citi
niskartiT qsovs manaTobel jadosnur perangs,
2qarTuli
poeziis saojaxo leqsebidan TormetTan mimarTebaSi
gvaxsendeba leqsi ,,Tormeti vaJis dedama“, romelsac ,,minani“ hqvia.
igi eqvsjer Sesula boselSi da 12 vaJi dabadebia: ,,minan ki ara
nanulobs oris akvnisa rwebasa, eqvsjer boselSi Sesvlasa, Tormetis
dabadebasa“ (3, 234). minanis saxe nayofierebis simboloa, romelic
boselSi eqvsjer mSobiarobs da tyupi vaJebi SeeZina. misi fonetikuri
saxesxvaoba unda iyos qarTuli miTologiidan ,,inani“. masac gauCenia
tyupi oqrosqoCriani vaJebi, romlebic oqros akvanSi wvanan (13, 91).
3 Sdr. 12 zodiaqo, 12 Tve, 12 nayofi kosmiur xeze, egviptelebis
warmodgeniT saiqios 12 kari, 12 RmerTi olimpos mTaze, miTras 12
moswavle, samoTxis 12 kari, qristes 12 mociquli da sxv. (28, 79–
80)
54
romelsac bevri saswaulis keTeba SeuZlia. Citi
mzeTunaxavs tabudadebul oTaxSi hyavs gamoketili,
romelic SemTxveviT, cnobismoyvareobiT Sepyrobili
misi rCeulis mier iqna gafrenili (25, I, 239). Citis
mflobeli mzeTunaxavi qali Suagul zRvaSi haerSi
dakidebul oqros sasaxleSi cxovrobs, romelic
RamiT
gansakuTrebiT anaTebs.
mzeTunaxav qals
,,mravalkeci saburveli aqvs pirze Camofarebuli,
magram mainc egre anaTebs misi silamazeo“ (25, I,
237–238). mzeTunaxavs sasaxleSi mravalferovani
samkurnalo da jadosnuri yvavilebisa da xilis
baRebi aqvs (25, I, 239). TviTonac mebaRe-ufliswuls
Seiyvarebs (25, I, 242). sainteresoa is faqti, rom
msgavsad, amiranis RvTaebrivi satrfoc (yamar/kamari,
qeTu (svan. varianti), mzeTunaxavi (gur. varianti)
zRvis gaRma miuval koSkSi cxovrobs, romelic caze
jaWviT aris Camokidebuli. guruli variantis
mixedviT, is `casa da dedamiwas Soris aris
moTavsebuli~ (24, 100). amirani didi Zebnis Semdeg,
an jadosnuri sarkis daxmarebiT ipovis koSks.
teqstis mixedviT, `mofrinavs amirani da ixedeba
sarkeSi, casa da dedamiwas Sua erTi koSki dainaxa
Camokidebuli, gars mSvenieri baRi hqonda, Sig
mzeTunaxavi ijda~ (24, 100). vfiqrob, msgavs
siuJetTan gvaqvs saqme. qarTul xalxur zRaprebSi
xSirad
gvxvdeba
aseTi
RvTaebrivi,
sakraluri
mniSvnelobis baRebi, romelTac mebaRe-ufliswuli
mzeTunaxavis, an xelmwifis asulisaTvis aSenebs da
uvlis4. erT-erT qarTul xalxur zRaparSi ,,mzis
4qarTul
xalxur
zRaprebSi
ufliswulebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
55
SemorCenili
siuJeti
mebaRe
mzeTunaxavis jadosnur baRebs
asuli“, aseTi baRi aqvs mzes, sadac nayofi „zogi
mwife iyo, zogi maSinRa yvaoda, zogi maSin
ikrifeboda, zogs ki Camosdioda“ (25, I, 103).
msgavsi siuJetis mxriv, Zalzed sainteresoa
qarTuli miTologiidan ,,Tamaris samoTxe“, sadac
maradiuli zafxuli idga. ,,erTi piri xexili rom
yvaoda, meore mwifda da ase enacvlebodnen erTmaneTs
mTel weliwads“. miTis mixedviT, Tamaris samyofelSi,
romelic ialbuzis mTaze mdebareobda, maradiuli
sicocxle iyo. arc sneuleba sufevda, arc sikvdili.
,,ase imitom, iyo, rom Tamars dro-Jamisa da zamTarzafxulis
gamCeni
Suqurvarskvlavi,
sxvanairad
ciskris varskvlavi hyavda datyvevebuli.“ zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT cifr 12-Tan dakavSirebiT,
niSandoblivia is faqti, rom Tamars sasaxlis
meTormete oTaxSi hyavda gamomwyvdeuli frTiani
sulRumi (zRapruli ucxo frinveli), romelic
Suqurvarskvlavis zoomorfuli saxe unda iyos.
Tamarma msaxurs Tormeti oTaxis klite Caabara da
yvela
oTaxis
gaRebis
ufleba
misca,
garda
meTormetisa. cnobismoyvare msaxurma mainc gaaRo
meTormete oTaxi. ,,gaiRo Tu ara kari, gamofrinda
sulRumi da caSi gauCinarda. ca moiRrubla,
qariSxali atyda, movida qarbuqi da Tovlma dafara
mTeli mTa sasaxliTurT ... da daiwyo dro-Jamma
dineba. amieridan dRemde zafxuls Semodgoma mosdevs,
Semodgomas zamTari, zamTars - gazafxuli da ase
aSenebdnen
da
uvlidnen,
gamoZaxilia
Sumerul
miTologiaSi
Suamdinareli mefeebis mebaReobisa, romelic z. kiknaZis swori
SeniSvniT, sakraluri mniSvnelobisaa da mefis baRs sakulto
daniSnuleba hqonda. aseT mebaRe-mefes ki inana/iSTari Seiyvarebda da
xels umarTavda (14, .206-208).
56
brunavs weliwadi, erTmaneTs enacvlebian weliwadis
droebi“5 (13, 79). rogorc vxedavT, sulRumi
pirdapir ukavSirdeba ciskris varskvlavs, anu
planeta veneras, romlic miTologiurad bunebis
kvdoma-aRdgomas, anu ciklur cvalebadobas gansazRvravs. qarTuli eposis sxva nimuSebis mixedviT
Tamari TviTon aris Sedarebuli Suqurvarskvlavs _
`Sena xar Suqurvarskvlavi, cas Sen gauxsen karia~
(20, 349). sainteresoa is faqti, rom „mzisa da
mTvaris asulis“ abazur da xunZur teqstSic
ganixileba zamTrisa da zafxulis Tema, romlebic
gamudmebiT „mtrobdnen“ erTmaneTs. mze da mTvare
aRniSnaven, rom „zamTari da zafxuli gamudmebiT
brZolaSi iqnebiano“ (11, 103, 624). SeiZleba
paraleli gaivlos da zRapris abazur da xunZur
teqstSi moxseniebuli `mzisa da mTvaris asulic~
ciskrisa da mwuxris varskvlavad migveCnia, romelic
astralurad planeta veneras ganasaxierebs.
rogorc
vxedavT,
zemoaRniSnul
variantebSi
RvTaebasTan dakavSirebulia Wangiani frinvelebi
(arwivi, sulRum/sonRuli), romlebic miTologiurad
ukvaSirdebian zecas da sinaTles. isini RvTaebis
zoomorfuli saxe arian da xSirad exmarebian
RvTaebis rCeul monadireebs. amiT isini gansazRvravdnen didi qalRmerTis erT-erT uZveles
funqcias _ nadirobis mfarvelobas. marTlac, saqarTveloSi nadirobis erT-erTi saxeoba iyo damWeri,
`SavardnisnairTa~ mtacebeli frinvelebiT nadiroba,
5TamarTan
mimarTebaSi „zamTar–zafxulis gamCeni Suqurvarskvlavi“,
gvxvdeba agreTve TqmulebaSi „Tamar mefe da Suqurvarskvlavi“ (25,
III, 239–240).
57
romlebic `orbis“ saxelis qveS iyvnen gaerTianebuli,
Tumca ufro xSirad am saxeliT arwivi moixsenieboda
(22, 13). am informacias amyarebs TeTri wyaros
raionSi
SemorCenili
toponimebi:
samSvildis
uZvelesi saxelwodeba, `orbis cixe~, `yornibudis
klde“, romelic sofel vaneTTan (orbeTis s/sabWo)
kldis saxelwodebaa, aseve sofel didi kldeisis
(kldeisis s/sabWo) midamoebSi `Zeri budes klde“,
sadac Zeras bude gaekeTebina. rogorc Cans, samSvilde
da misi Semogareni mxareebi mtacebeli frinvelebis
bunebrivi
budobisTvis
xelsayrel
adgilebs
6
warmoadgenda . zogadad am tipis frinvelis, romelic
zesknelis simboluri gamoxatulebaa, gaRmerTeba
ganpirobebuli iyo, nadirobis warmatebul procesSi
maTi praqtikuli gamoyenebis gamo.
mtacebel
frinvelebze,
garda
nadirobis
procesSi gamoyenebisa, yovelTvis iyo didi moTxovna,
6vaxuStis
cnobiT,
xramis
xeoba
gamoirCeoda
frinvelTa,
gansakuTrebiT ki kakabTa simravliT (6, 322, 323, 329), romlebzec,
albaT, zemoaRniSnuli gareuli frinvelebiT nadirobdnen. aseve
sainteresoa samSvildesTan mdinare WivWavis saxelwodeba, romelic
sulxan saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, beRuras niSnavs6. SesaZloa, igi
samSvildeSi myofi sanadirod gawvrTnili gareuli frinvelebis
mTavari sazrdo da maTi dageSvis obieqti iyo. `dasturlamalSi“
specialuri punqtia `Sevardnis budeebisa“, romelic iTvaliswinebs am
frinvelis movla-patronobisa da gamravlebis sakiTxs. i. batoniSvili
CamoTvlis mtacebeli, nadirobisTvis dageSili frinvelebis 12
saxeobas: mimino, qori, Savardeni, bari, (bora? _ q. q.), arwivi,
sonRuli, TonRruli, alali, marjani, SavTvali, sirkaWkaWi da jinxva
(xaJo) (7, 463). gansakuTrebiT Semtevi da dauRalavi wiTeli qori
yofila, romelsac Savi ena unda hqondes; arwivs SeeZlo jeiranisa da
irmis Seyeneba, sonRuli weroze da batze nadirobis dros
gamoiyeneboda. mas erTi miteviT SeeZlo 10-12 wero Camoegdo miwaze.
58
radgan
maTi
frTa,
romelic
gansazRvravda
gatyorcnili isris mimarTulebis siswores, isris
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi detali iyo. xalxur
poeziaSi isari `orbis frTianis~ saxelwodebiT moixsenieba. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saxelwodeba
`orbis cixe~, romelic `arwivis cixes~ niSnavs,
ukavSirdeboda
toponim
`samSvildes~,
romelic
mSvild-isris warmoebis erT-erT keras warmoadgenda
saqarTveloSi. SesaZloa, samSvildeSi amzadebdnen
konkretulad nadirobisTvis gankuTvnil isrebs (maT
Soris, msxvili nadirisTvis), romlebsac `orbis~
saxelis qveS gaerTianebuli gareuli, mtacebeli
frinvelis frTiTac amkobdnen (22, 30).
mtacebeli frinvelebi, garda imisa, rom SesaniSnavad iwvrTnebodnen sanadirod da am process ufro
egzotikurs xdidnen, isini, aseve, qarTul miTologiur samyaroSi warmoadgendnen RvTaebis atributs,
simbolos, an rogorc aRvniSne, mis zoomorful
saxes, romelic gansakuTrebiT Seeweva keTili saqmis
mqnel monadires, an ufliswuls, amitom isrisTvis
arwivis, an sxva mtacebeli frinvelis frTis
gakeTebas, marto praqtikuli datvirTva ar unda
hqonoda, aramed simboluric. TiTqmis yvela xalxis
miTologiur cnobierebaSi arwivi asocirdeba sameufeo ZalauflebasTan, simdidresa da ZlierebasTan. igi
miiCneoda mmarTvelTa da meomarTa, rogorc Zalauflebis, Zlevamosilebisa da sidiadis simbolod.
arwivi haeris mflobelia da universaluri simbolo
zesknelis, anu cis. Mmas axasiaTebs siswrafe, maxvili
mzera, rac miTologiurad arwivis simarjviT aris
axsnili. zemoaRniSnuli gamomdinare, TiTqmis yvela
59
xalxis
miTologiaSi
arwivi
mzis
simboluri
frinvelia. xalxTa warmodgeniT, arwivs SeeZlo
freniT mieRwia mzesTan da Serwymoda mas, amitom
arwivi ganasaxierebs xedvasa da sulier sawyiss
adamianSi, romelic zecisken miiswrafis. Zvel romSi
iyo tradicia, rodesac gardacvlili imperatoris
sxeulis dawvis dros gauSvebdnen arwivs, rogorc
simbolos adamianis sulis zecaSi gadasvlis (27,
823). miTologiuri tradiciiT, arwivi mzis garda
Weqa-quxilis simbolosac warmoadgenda, rac dafiqsirebulia zemoaRniSnuli zRapris abazur da xunZur
teqstebSi. anu igi asocirdeboda rogorc sinaTlesTan, aseve nayofierebasTan, radgan Weqa-quxils xSir
SemTxvevaSi Tan axlavs masazrdoebeli wvima (22, 32).
qarTul
xalxur
zRaprebSi
mravali
siuJetia
daculi, agreTve, rodesac monadire exmareba zRaprul da sanadiro frinvelebs _ arwivs, faskunjs,
TeTr qors, Sevardens (TeTri, wiTeli da Savi),
daixsnis maT gvelis an gveleSapis Tavdasxmisagan.
frinvelebi TavianT bumbuls iZrobdnen da daxmarebis
mizniT gadascemdnen monadires. am ukanasknels
gansacdelis Jams mxolod unda moewva bumbulis
bolo. grZneuli frinvelebi maSinve monadiresTan
Cndebodnen da exmarebodnen mas gaWirvebis dros 7.
7qarTuli
xalxuri poeziis mixedviT, nadirobis procesSi arwivi
marTlac rom nadirTRvTaebis saxea, miuTiTebs leqsi, `monadire da
arwivi~. leqsis mixedviT, monadire eubneba arwivs: `me da Sen arwivo
RmerTm egre SamagTvalao, modi waiRe nawili, me mets ar wavitanao~
(25, IV, 31). igi xalxur poeziaSi `mxarkverianis“ saxeliT ixsenieba
da monadire mklavis Zalas uqebs mas. kargi monadire xSirad
Sedarebulia arwivs: `nu exumrebiT mindias, mTebis arwivis Svilsao~7.
mamac vaJkacs saqarTveloSi asec daitirebdnen: `zeiTken waxol, qori
ginda, qveiTken waxol _ Savardeni, TeTrsa qorisa naSobo, Savard-
60
qarTuli miTosis mixedviT, orbi, an am rigis
frinveli RvTaebrivi, monadire lekvis, yurSas dedaa,
yurSas povnas yvela monadire eSureba, radgan igi
warmatebuli nadirobis momtania. `orbisfrTian“
yurSasTan dakavSirebiT Zalze sainteresoa qarTuli
xalxuri zRapari `yurSa da ivane qvacixiseli~8.
mtacebeli frinvelis mier, romelic nadirTRvTaebis saxea, lekvis gamoCeka dafiqsirebulia,
agreTve, uZveles qarTul saweso saferxulo leqsSi,
`qalsa visme erqva SroSanio~, romlis sakraluri
beWdis TvalSi amosul naZvis xis Tavze orbi abreSumis budeSi iagundis kvercxs debs da margalitis
lekvs Ceks. leqsis erT-erT variantSi orbis magivrad
saintereso
kosmologiuri
simbolo
qoria
moxseniebuli romelic naZvis wverze ibudebs (`naZvis
wversa qors bude edga~). mis paralelurad SeiZleba
davasaxelod agreTve, erT-erT saferxulo leqsidan
nisagan naqnaro~ (25, IV, 297.). TeTri qori xSirad gvxvdeba qarTul
xalxur zRaprebSi, rogorc monadiris damxmare frinveli da albaT,
nadirTRvTaebis erT-erTi saxe.
8 zRapris teqsti Sedgenilia e. virsalaZis mier raWis 1960 wlis
eqspediciis masalebis mixedviT, (25, III, 288). teqstis mixedviT,
`Zvelad swamdaT, rom ramdenime weliwadSi erTxel, orbis budeSi,
sxva bartyTa Soris, erTi lekvi gamoiCekeba xolme orbis kvercxisagan. yurSa orbis lekvi yofila. lekvs beWebze orbis frTebi hqonda
da Turme araCveulebrivi monadire ZaRli iyo, or naxtomze jixvs
eweoda, mesame gadaxtomas saTakilod sTvlida, misi yefa cis
grgvinvas hgavda, yur-tuCi oqrosi hqonda, Tvalebi ki mTvaris
odeni.Yyoveli monadire natrobda yurSas povnas, radgan nadirobaSi
iRbliani iyo.Mmagram deda orbi am lekvs gamoCekisTanave aiyvanda
xolme maRla da miwaze daaxeTqebda, rom adamians ar Caegdo xelSi
da ar gaezarda. yovelwliurad, gazafxulze, sagangebo ferxuls
Caabamdnen xolme qalebi da vaJebi da cekviTa da simReriT
SesTxovdnen gazafxulis RvTaebas, raTa orbs gamoeCeka amgvari lekvi,
ar daeRupa da maTTvis eCuqebina~ (10, 175).
61
_ `lerwamisa xesao qori mojda wversao~ (Sdr.
lerwmisgan warmoSobili `lerwmis qali~). isic
RvTaebis atributi, an misi zoomorfuli saxea.
leqsis qarTlur variantSi yurSa `yornis lekvad“
aris moxseniebuli“ (10, 37-38). svanur variantSi ki
orbi Ceks lekvs.
`qali SroSanis”, romelic eZRvneboda gazafxulis
mosvlis momaswavebel RvTaebas, MatributikaSi naZvis
xisa da qoris garda moixsenieba moli - axlad amosuli balaxi da bostani:
`qalsa visme erqva SroSanio, xuTsa TiTsa ecva
beWedio,
beWdis Tvalsa moli mosulao, molis Tavsa naZvi
asulao~ (25, III, 175).
leqsis erTi variantiT:
`beWdis Tvalsa sanTeli enTo, sanTlis Tavsa
bostani iyo,
bostansa moli mosula, mols Sua naZvi asula~
`naZvis wversa qors bude edga~ (25, IV, 22).
am leqsSi SesaniSnavad aris warmodgenili
RvTaebis atributis beWdisa9 da misi Tvalis simboluri datvirTva, rogorc samyaros mcire
modelisa. gazafxulis momaswavebeli RvTaeba Tavad
warmoadgens samyaros kosmiur RerZs, romelsac
xuT TiTze simbolo-niSani beWedi ukeTia. beWdis
Tvali aris samyaros centri, sadac viTardeba
bunebis aRorZinebis sqema: beWdis TvalSi mosuli
moli da bostani axlad aRorZinebuli bunebis
simboloa. centrSi amosuli
naZvi (`sicocxlis
9beWdis
Tema ufro dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT..
62
xe~10) ki _ maradiuli sicocxlisa da ukvdavebis
simbolo (28, 738). ,,qali SroSani“ zogadkavkasiuri qalRvTaebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
saxea (21, 126).
n. abakelias mosazrebiT, `TvalSi, wreSi _ molis
saxiT warmodgenilSi amosuli maradmwvane xe,
sakraluri principiT Tu ganvixilavT, moZravisa da
uZravis maCvenebelia. an ufro zustad simboloTa
agebuleba, romelzec aq aris laparaki, efuZneba
wrisa da RerZis gamosaxulebas~ (1, 205). mTeli am
samyaros modeli, romelic zemoaRniSnuli simbolikiT aris wrmodgenili, TavisTavad gulisxmobs,
rogorc sicocxlis maradiulobas, aseve, ciklur
procesebs, weliwadis droTa monacvleobas (miTologiurad bunebis kvdoma-aRdgomas), romelic usasrulobaSi maradiuli wrebrunviT xorcieldeba. qali
TviTon ganasaxierebs sicocxlis xes, rogorc
samyaros kosmiuri RerZs. xe aris universaluri,
bunebrivi simbolo sezonuri gardacvalebisa da
regeneraciis
(mkvdreTiT
aRdgomis).
qalRvTaeba
gvevlineba
rogorc
bunebis,
masSi
mimdinare
sasicocxlo da cikluri procesebis mfarveli da
warmarTveli. frinvelsa da mzeTunaxavTan mimarTebaSi Zalze sainteresoa, agreTve, qarTuli xalxuri
zRapari, `eTerisa da abesalomis ambavi“, sadac orbi
maRal xis kenweroze Tavis budeSi zrdis da uvlis
ulamazes eTers (25, III, 61). erT-erT xalxur leqsSi
abreSumis budeSi moixsenieba Sevardeni: `Sevardeni
amofrinda abreSumis budidana~. `frTa gaSlili~
10aseve,
SeiZleba miviCnioT, `piramiduli kviparosi~, romelsac
qarTul wayaroebSi `alvis xe~ (Sdr. `mironis xe~, `xeTufala~) hqvia.
63
Sevardeni moixsenieba, agreTve, leqsSi `iagundis
maranSia~. `lileos~ uZveles teqstSic, liles
oqros galavnis `qim-qongurebze Sevardnebi~ sxedan
(19, 8.).
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qalRmerTis ipostasis
_ `mzisa da mTvaris asulis~ silamaze Sedarebulia
mnaTobebTan, igi dakavSirebulia naTebasTan da
zogadad sinaTlesTan. aRniSnuli maSinve gvaxsenebs
inana-iSTaris daxasiaTebas Sumerul-aqadur teqstebSi:
,,cad amomxdari“, ,,cis didi dedofali“, ,,wminda
CiraRdani, cis aRmavsebeli“, ,,sinis (zuenis) didi
asuli“, ,,almasi mzeebr manaTobeli“:
,,odes mwuxrisas cad amobrwyindeba, wminda
CiraRdniT zesknels ra aRavsebs,
mTvare-mzis darad cad ra dadgrebis, qvemo da
zemo qveynebi cnoben“ (14, 254).
qalRmerTisTvis damaxasiTebeli TvisebebiT da
epiTetebiT aris daxasiaTebuli aseve, inanas kultis
msaxuri, an misi ,,asuli“ qalebic, mag.: ,,cis kideze
mokaSkaSe sxivi, dilis mTiebi SuadRemde manaTobeli“.
mzeTunaxavi qalis silamaze mzisa da mTvaris
naTebis
brwyinvalebas aris Sedarebuli, romelic
,,mzesaviT naTels gamoscemda“ (11, 101). anu, igi arc
mzea da arc mTvare, mxolod RamiT mzesaviT anaTebs.
qarTul xalxur eposSi ,,mzisa da mTvaris asulad“
warmoCindeba RvTaebrivi warmoSobis mzeTunaxavi
qali, RvTaebis ipostasi `anana~ (25, I, 435–436 ),
romelsac zemoaRniSnuli `mzisa da mTvaris asulis~
msgavsad, aduRebul rZeSi banaoba SeuZlia11. igi baRSi
11qarTuli
Cveulebrivi
xalxuri zRaparSi `anana”, romlis siuJeti scildeba
zRapris struqturas da mraval miTosur plasts
64
moseirne ufliswuls `dawerili qaRaldis~ saxiT,
ecxadeba, romelic Semdeg mSvenier qalad iqceva. misi
mcenareuli saxea mwvanili (kama da prasi12). marTlac,
ufliswulis baRSi mwvanilis ori kvali iyo
gavlebuli, aqedan erTi kvali prasis iyo, meore ki _
kamis. ufliswuli ise ar isadilebda rom im
kvlebTan ar damjdariyo. anana ufliswulis rCeulia.
sanam ufliswuli ananasTan daqorwindeboda, man
Roris sisxlSi
amoTxvrilma sikvdilis scena
gaiTamaSa. ananam sisxlSi moTxvrili xelmwifis
Svili rom dainaxa SesZaxa:
`mzeo _ dedav, mamav _ mTvarev13, varskvlavebo,
Cemo mzeo
CamouSviT oqros skami, aRar aris xelmwifeo!”
am sityvebis Semdeg marTlac gaixsna ca da
Camovida oqros skami, xelmwifis Svilic adga da
ananas gadaexvia. isini col-qmari gaxdnen (25, I, 435436)14. cis gaxsna da oqros skamis CamoSveba swored
Seicavs, qalRmerT inanasTvis
(an misi msgavsi qalRvTaebebis)
damaxasiaTebeli atributikaa Semonaxuli. `anana” grZneuli qalia, igi
mTidan ibarebs irmebs, wvelis maT da irmis aduRebul rZeSi banaobs,
TiTistariT
abreSums
rTavs.
qalRmerTisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
arabunebrivi qmedebis mibaZviT ufliswulis Cveulebrivi mokvdavi
colebi iRupebian. ufliswuli sabolood `ananasTan” rCeba.
12 Sdr. `qali SroSanis~ bostani. mwvanili axlad aRorZinebuli
bunebis simboloa. miTologiuri TvalTa xedviT, `prasi~ am
SemTxvevaSi samyaros simbolo-modelia. rac Seexeba `kamas~, garda
samkurnalo Tvisebebisa, mas bostanSi mavne MmRrRnelebisgan damcavi
funqciac hqonda. kamas Tesavdnen bostneulis rigTa Soris Txunelas
winaaRmdeg, mis dasafrTxobad, romelic garbis kamis sunze (21, 152,
164).
13abazur da xunZur teqstSi mze mamrobiTi sqesis aris, igi mTvaris
`qmaria~ (11, 103, 623).
14ufliswulis mier Roris sisxlSi amoTxvra, sikvdilis scenis
gaTamaSeba da mkvdreTiT aRdgoma, romlis Semdeg igi anansTan
65
qalRmerTis astraluri saxis _ ciskris varskvlavisTvis, anu qarTul eposSi moxseniebuli `SuqurvarskvlavisTvis~ aris damaxasiaTebeli. ar aris
gamoricxuli, rom uZvelesi qarTuli leqsi mnaTobTa
Tayvaniscemis Sesaxeb _ `mze dedaa Cemi, mTvare mama
Cemi” _ aseve swored inana/ananas kultzec miuTiTebdes.
SesaZloa, aq Sumerul miTologiaSi mTvaris
asulad cnobili ,,cis dedofali“ - inanas msgavsi
RvTaeba vigulisxmoT, romlis astraluri saxe SumerSi da aseve misi msgavsi qalRmerTebis astraluri
saxec planeta venerasTan aris gaigivebuli. igi
ciskris da mwuxris varskvlavad aris cnobili. inana,
rogorc mwuxris varskvlavi da mTvaris asuli, misi
Casvlis Semdeg gamoCndeba caze. z. kiknaZe miiCnevs,
rom ,,am varskvlavad danaxuli inana siyvarulis qalRmerTia, qorwinebis dedofali, iseve rogorc afrodite“, romelsac safo erT-erT fragmentSi ,,saqorwino mwuxris varskvlavad“ moixseniebs (14, 254).
logikurad, rogorc ciskris varskvlavi da `mzis
asuli~ igi iqneba ganTiadisas, rodesac sinaTliT ixsneba ca. rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, zRapris qarTuli
versiis mixedviT, mzeTunaxav qals ,,mze rom amodis,
sZinavs~, anu igi mzes ver xedavs, amitomac aris
`mzeTunaxavi~.
qorwindeba, maSinve gvagonebs inana-dumuzis, kibela-atisasa da
afrodite-adonisis RvTaebriv wyvils da maT urTierTobas. mkvdreTiT
aRdgenadi mamrobiTi sqesis RvTaebebis urTierToba mewyvile did
qalRmerTebTan sakraluria, romelTa astralur saxes planeta venera
warmoadgenda.
66
sulxan saba orbalianis ganmartebiT, ciskris
varskvlavi aris `mTiebi~, anu `afroditi~15 (16, I,
338), romelsac agreTve, `aspirozis~ saxeliTac
moixseniebs (16, I, 70): ` afroditi igi ars, romelsa
ciskris varskvlavad uჴmoben. ese movlis simrgvalesa
cisasa erTsa weliwadsa. odesme vals Rame da odesme
dRisiT. odes saciskrod aRmovals ewodebis mTiebi,
xolo
odes
samwuxrod
aRmovals
ewodebis
afroditi…... amisas ityvian saxe aqvs qalwulisa,
ჴelTa aqvs purio~16, rac misi nayofieri bunebis
ganmsazRvreli unda yofiliyo (16, I, 73). sulxan
saba orbeliani zedmiwevniT ganmartavs ciskrisa da
ganTiadTan dakavSirebul saxelwodebebs. Mmkvlevari
`ciskars uwodebs `mowevnasa ganTiadisasa” (16, I,
.338); `riJuraJi/gariJraJi” gaciskrebis Sedegia 16,
II, 11). anu es sityvac ciskarTan aris dakavSirebuli.
ufro
konkretulad:
`gaciskreba-ars
uwinaresi
ganTiadisa, xolo ganTiadi ars mowevna naTlebisa,
xolo riJuraJi aRmoCena naTlebisa ... xolo alioni
ra dRe da Rame gairCeodes~ (16, I, 152).
15afrodites
erT-erTi saxelia `diona~ (27, 189), an `anadiomena~.
afrodite mcire aziuri warmoSobisaa. garda silamazisa da
siyvarulisa, afrodite iTvleboda agreTve, nayofierebis, maradiuli
gazafxulisa da sicocxlis qalRmerTad. aqedan momdinareobs misi
epiTetebi: `wminda baRiani~, igi yovelTvis aris vardebis, iebis,
narcisebis, SroSanis garemocvaSi. igi aris agreTve, qorwinebisa da
mSobiarobis mfarvelic, agreTve `bavSvis gamomkvebavi~. Tavisi
aRmosavluri warmoSobiT igi axlos dgas finikiur astratasTan,
babilonur iSTarTan da egviptur isidasTan (27, 189, 76). afrodite
moixsenieba agreTve, rogorc `urania~ - ciuri, rogorc amaRlebuli
ciuri siyvarulis qalRmerTi.
16 Sdr. mTvaris asul inanas atributikaSi gamosaxuli xorblis
TavTavebi
67
sainteresoa,
qarTuli
enis
dialeqtebSi
SemorCenili masala, romelic aseve, ukavSirdeba
ciskarsa da ganTiads. qarTuli enis qiziyur dialeqtSi SemorCenilia sityva `nanaT~ (Sdr. naTeba/ganTiadi), rac gariJraJs, ganTiadis pirvel niSans
niSnavs (23,
408); xevsurul dialeqtze `dilaTeneba~ gaTenebis dros, ganTiads aRniSnavs (23, 207);
gurul da qiziyur dialeqtze `dilabneli~ ki adre
dilas, gamTeniis xans, alions niSnavs (23, 207)
fSaurad `siskari~ (ciskari) varskvlavis aRmniSvnelia, romelSic bunebrivia, `ciskris varskvlavis~
saxelwodebiT cnobili planeta venera igulisxmeba
da igi zemoaRniSnuli qalRmerTis astralur saxes
warmoadgens.17 Zveli qarTuli enis ganmartebiT
leqsikonSi `ganTiadi~ ciskrisa da dilas mniSvnelobiT aris moxseniebuli, aseve, `dila~ _ ciskrisa
da ganTiadis da `ciskari~ _ ganTiadisa da dilis
(2, 57, 142, 517). mag.: `viTarca aRmovida ganTiadi~ _
`aRmosvlasa oden ciskrisasa~; `viTarca Tana warhvidodes ganTiad~ _ `viTarca Tana warhvidodes diliT~
(2, 57). aseve, sainteresoa: `ganTiad-ganTiad _
dilaobiT~, an `ganTiadiTgan _ diliT~ (2, 57).
qarTuli folkloruli masalis mixedviT, cis gamxsnelia `Suqurvarskvlavi~ _ `Sena xar (RvTaebis
erT-erTi hipostasi Tamari – q.q.) Suqurvarskvlavi,
cas Sen gauxsen karia~. cis gaxsna xdeba agreTve, rodesac RvTaebis erT-erTi ipostasi zemoaRniSnuli
17qarTul
enaSi damkvidrda `varskvlavis~ aRmniSvneli qalis saxeli
eTeri. (Sdr.erT-erT qarTul xalxur zRaparSi xelmwifis asulis
`varskvlavas~ satrfos abesalomi hqvia) (25, I, gv.474).
68
`anana~ mimarTavs mzesa da mTvares _ `mzeo _ dedav,
mamav _ mTvarev~ (25, I, 435-436).
qarTul
xalxur
saakvno
simRerebSi
da
saymawvilo nimuSebSi, yrma, romlis mfarveladac
miiCneva bunebis didi deda - RvTaeba `nana~, `ciskris
varskvlavs~ aris Sedarebuli, romelic RvTaebis
astralur saxes warmoadgens _ `nani, nana, nanina,
tkbili ZiliT daiZine... Sen xar varskvlavi ciskrisa”
(25, IV, 261). megruli `nana~-s mixedviT, yrma,
romelic akvanSi wevs mzisa da mTvaris msgavsia, caze
dabadebulia, mzisa da mTvaris `gazrdilia~. (12, 221).
saintereso
saxea
agreTve,
narTul
eposSi
moxseniebuli 99 narTis deda `saTanei guaSa~,
romelic didi qalRmerTis arqetipi unda iyos. igi
mnaTobs aris Sedarebuli, romelic Tavis umcros
Svils nanas umReris: `mzes ecileba qali mnaTobi,
mnaTobi qali saamod mReris (18, 54). v. bardaveliZis
TqmiT, `ciskris varskvlavs~ ganasaxierebda svanuri
`lamaria~ (5, 63). nadirobis qalRmerTi, igive,
`diofali dalic~ astralurad mTiebs, anu ciskris
varskvlavs ukavSirdeboda (10, 112)18.
18zemoaRniSnuli
qalRmerTebs,
romelTa
astraluri
saxe
Suqurvarskvlavia,
aerTianebT
isic,
rom
maT
ukavSirdebaT,
nayofierebis bunebis ganmsazRvreli simbolo – mcenare. mag.: `naTel
marexi“ `velze gaSlil yvavils da kanafis TeTr Reros~ aris
Sedarebuli. `ananas~ mcenareuli saxea mwvanili (kama da prasi) (25,
I, 435), rogorc axlad aRorZinebuli bunebis simbolo. Tamari
iwodeba, rogorc `ia da vardi~18. lamariasTan asocirdeba mwvane
foTlebi (18, 42), `qali SroSanTan~ dakavSirebulia bostani, axlad
amosuli moli da masze _ sicocxlis xe naZvis saxiT. qarTuli
xalxuri eposidan sainteresoa, agreTve, `mindorT qali~ da `velis
yvavili~. am mxriv,
paraleli SeiZleba gavaloT Sumeruli
miTologiaSi moxseniebul didi qalRmerT inanasTan, romelsac `velis
dedofals~ uwodeben, radgan mas Tavze `velis gvirgvini~ axuravs,
69
zemoaRniSnuli
qarTuli
miTis
mixedviT,
Suqurvarskvlavi (ciskris varskvlavi) gansazRvravs
dro-Jamisa da weliwadis droebis monacvleobas, rac
bunebis aRorZinebas (kvdoma-aRdgomas), miTologiurad
ki
mkvdreTiT
aRdgomas
gulisxmobs.
aqedan
gamomdinare, ar gamoricxav, rom RvTaebis ipostasis
,,mzisa da mTvaris asulis“ astraluri saxe planeta
venera iyo. qarTul enaSi planetis („marsis“, an
„veneras“),
rogorc
mocimcime
varskvlavis
saxelwodebad damkvidrda `marex–marix“. „marix–
varskvlavi“ igive „Suqur–varskvlavia“, Sinaarsobrivad igi ufro qaluri sawyisis aRmniSvnelia. am
mosazrebas amyarebs uZvelesi qarTuli xalxuri
poeziis nimuSi, saweso leqsi „darCi CvenTan naTel
marexo“, romelic „ananas“ (inana) msgavsi qalRvTaebis
mimarT erT–erT uZveles mavedrebel teqstad unda
miviCnioT. igi gazafxulis mosvlisa da bunebis
aRorZinebis mauwyebeli vedrebaa, romelsac nayofierebis didi qalRmerTi gansazRvravs da warmarTvs.
,,naTel-marexSi“ Cemi azriT, aseve planeta venera,
igive „Suquevarskvlavi“ („marix varskvlavi“/„ciskris
varskvlavi“) igulisxmeba, romelic qarTul da
kavkasiur miTosSi „mzisa da mTvaris asulad“
warmoCindeba.
„– darCi CvenTan naTel marexo, mTaSi maisi
mobrZandeba.
rogorc nayofierebis niSnis ganmsazRvreli (14, 239, 251, 264). am
mxriv, sainteresoa aseve, xeTur teqstebSi moixseniebuli `mindvris
iSTari~ (4, 2010, 304.) (Sdr. xevsuruli `mindoris jvari~).
zemoaRniSnuli kuTxiT, qarTuli eposidan Zalzed saintereso saxea
`lerwmis qali~, an `isris masris sandlis qali (Sdr. gadaxlarTuli
lerwmebi iSTaris simboloa.)
70
velze gaSlili yvavili xar, TeTri Rero xar
kanafisa.
TvlebiT
savsea
Seni
skivri,
laliTa
da
iagundiTa,
oqrosferi dalal–kavebi oqros xvavad mxrebze
gayria.
nursad waxval naTel marexo, TeTrad mogvirTe
gazafxuli~; (19, 12–13).
zemoaRniSnuli zRapris teqstis samive versia
erTmaneTs avsebs, rogorc siuJetis mxriv, aseve,
simbolikiTac.
afxazur-adiReuri (abazuri) da
xunZuri versiebi TiTqmis identuria19, romelTac
amdidrebs simboluri sagnebiT datvirTuli qarTuli
teqsti.
teqstTa
siuJetis
Sejerebis
Sedegad
mzeTunaxavi qali, anu „mzisa da mTvaris asuli“,
romelic RvTaebis ipostasia, flobs skivrs, sadac
savaraudoT Zvirfaseuloba unda hqonoda. aseT skivrs
flobs
zemoaRniSnuli
naTel-marexi
da
aseve,
narTuli eposidan agunda-mzeTunaxavi, romelsac sadafis samziTvo skivri aqvs (15, 284). bunebrivia, aseTi
skivrebi Tavis ZvirfaseulobiT sakraluria. mzeTunaxavi flobs aseve, beWeds, rogorc Zalauflebis,
TviTmyobadobis simbolos. aq beWedi warmoCindeba,
rogorc niSani da ara sagani, romelic mis
RvTaebriobas usvams xazs. beWedi mzisa da mTvaris
gamgeblobaSia, romelsac qals misi rCeuli moutans.
am beWeds ,, mzisa da mTvaris asuli“ Tavis rCeuls
aZlevs mZime davalebis Sesrulebis dros, romlis
daZlevac Cveulebrivi mokvdavisTvis SeuZlebelia.
19afxazurSi
- lurja ulayi, cxvari; xunZurSi - Wreli kvici,
erkemali.
71
beWdis daxmarebiT vaJi Tormet raSs mowvelis,
aduRebul rZeSi ganibaneba da uvnebeli rCeba (25, I,
340). mZime davalebis SesrulebaSi Tavis rCeuls
aseve
exmareba qarTul eposSi ,,isris, masris,
sandlis qali“, anu igive ,,lerwmis qali“ 20. man
nekidan beWedi moiZro da vaJs misca, romelmac
warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi rTul davalebas (25, I,
472). rogorc vxedavT, RvTaebis ipostass saswaulTmoqmedi beWedi nekze ukeTia. aseTi beWdis Tema
farTod aris gavrcelebuli qarTul xalxur eposSi,
mag.: RvTaebis erT-erT saxes ,,Tamars“ - ,,dauZaxe
Tamarsa, Tamar Cveni rZalia, nek beWedi abia“. ,,beWdis
RvTaebrioba“ gamoixateba imaSi, rom misi saSualebiT,
qalRvTaebis
rCeuli
saswaulT-moqmedi
saqmis
Tanaziari da Semsrulebeli xdeba, rac Cveulebrivia
RvTaebisaTvis, ubralo mokvdavisTvis ki SeuZlebeli.
beWedi aris dasturobis simbolo, romelic mis
mflobels saSualebas aZlevs Caswvdes RvTaebrivi
saidumlos arss. xunZur variantSi beWedi oqrosia.
RvTaebriobis, simdidris, xvavisa da baraqis simbolo,
jadosnuri natvris beWedi aqvs qarTuli eposidan
,,mzis asuls“ - ,,miwaze dadeb sufra gaiSleba. sufraze dadeb sasmel-saWmeli Camorigdeba, Camoitan
qveviT - WurWeli darigdebao“ (25, I, 101). wiTelTvliani saswaulTmoqmedi beWedi moixsenieba qarTul
xalxur zRaparSi ,,natvrisTvali“, romelic mis
mflobels nebismier survils usrulebs. am beWdis
20mzeTunaxavis
xelis saTxovnelad misul ufliswuls rTuli
davaleba unda Seesrulebina - rkinis kunZi nafotebad eqcia, wyliT
savse jami ,,alvis xeze“ ise unda aetana, rom arc erTi wveTi ar
daRvriliyo. vaJi am davalebas Tavs ver gaarTmevda, rom mas
,,lerwmis qali“ ar daxmareboda (25, I, 472).
72
mflobelma iseTi baRi gaaSena, sadac zogi xexili
yvaoda, zogi mwifda, zogi ki ikrifeboda“ (25, II,
66). aseTi natvrisTvali
gvxvdeba aseve, qarTul
xalxur zRaparSi ,,koWli monadiris Svili”, sadac
natvrisTvals devi iZleva. jadosnur beWeds qarTul
eposSi flobs aseve, „amirani“ da qarTuli eposis
mravali personaJi.
garda amisa, rogorc aRvniSne, beWedi simbolurad
SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc
samyaros modeli,
romlis centrSic, Tvalis saxiT, zis samyaros
kosmiuri RerZi - ,,sicocxlis xis“ simbolo da igi
pirdapir
ukavSirdeba
,,bunebis
did
dedas“21.
kavkasiur mentalobaSi beWedi - misi geometrouli
forma wre - romelic mTel kosmoss moicavs, aRiqmeba, rogorc samyaros modeli, romelsac warmarTuli azrovnebiT mze da mTvare warmarTaven. maTi
asuli ki beWdis mflobelia, igi samyaros cvalebadobas (miTologiurad kvdoma-aRdgoma) warmarTavs.
Zalzed sainteresoa „mzisa da mTvaris asulis
kavSiri
wyalTan.
teqstis
xunZuri
variantis
mixedviT, mas mTeli cxovreba wyalSi gautarebia.
abazur variantSi ufro dakonkretebulia, sadac
„mzisa da mTvaris asuli“ aRniSnavs, rom „mTeli
cxovreba zRvaSi maqvs gatarebulio“ (11, 104). am
mxriv, saintereso saxea narTebis eposidan „ZerasamzeTunaxavi“, romelic zRvis fskerze sadafis ulamazes sasaxleSi cxovrobda. sasaxles „iatakad lurji mina ego, saxuravad ciskris varskvlavi exura“
21Sdr.
„sicocxlis xisa“ da qalis erTmaneTSi gardasaxva, romelic
simbolurad erT mTlians warmoadgens
73
(15, 42). Zerasa mzeTunaxavsac SeuZlia Tavis rCeulTan erTad vercxlisfer Tevzad gadaiqces (15, 46).
am mxriv, qarTul eposSi qalRmerTis paralelur
saxed kvlav unda davasaxeloT „lerwmis qali“,
romelic aseve dakavSirebulia erT-erT gamnyofierebel stiqiasTan _ wyalTan22. qali ibadeba wylidan
aRmocenebuli lerwmisgan. lerwami ki RvTaeba
iSTaris mcenareul saxed aris miCneuli. gansacdelis Jams qali Tevzad iqceva da kvlav wyals ubrundeba. Tevzadqceuli qali im adgilamde midioda,
sadac xelmwifis saqoneli wyals svamda. Tevzi
afrTxobda saqonels, romelic wyurviliT ixoceboda.
aqedan Cans, rom RvTaeba gansazRvravs saqonlis
wyliT uzrunvelyofas. am adgilebSi Tevzis daWera
sastikad akrZaluli iyo. Tevzi, iseve rogorc wyali,
asocirdeba nayofierebasTan 23.
kavkasiur variantebSi moxseniebuli „veSapi/gveleSapi“, romlis mucelSic cxovrobs „mzisa da
22
qvesknelidan dabrunebuli iSTari miwaze amovida cxovelmyofeli
wylis WurWliT xelSi, romlis saSualebiTac mkvdreTiT aRadgina
mkvdari dumuzi (26, 98-99). bunebisa da wylis nayofierebis erT
RvTaebaSi gaazreba miTologiuri samyarodan maSinve gvagonebs
„anahitas“ kults, romelic iTvleboda bunebis gamnoyierebel,
gamnayofierebeli wylebis sparsul RvTaebad – „notio miwisa da wm.
wyalTa qalRmerTi“ (9, 54; 8., 32). qarTul xalxur eposSi wyalTan
mimarTebaSi saintereso
siuJetia
wyliani
WurWlidan
qalis
gadmosvla.
„zRapari
sakvirveli
qalisa“
mogviTxrobs,
rom
tabudadebul oTaxSi, sadac Sesvla ar SeiZleba, wyliT savse
WurWeli dgas. tabus darRvevis Semdeg qali WurWlidan gadmodis da
uCinardeba. masac aqvs beWedi, romelsac Tavis rCeuls Cuqnis. qals
aseve, baRic aqvs, romelic rogorc aRvniSne, ZiriTadad qarTul
zRaprebSi sakraluri mniSvnelobisaa. qalis rCeuls misi mama mebaRed
aiyvans, rac aseve sakraluria (25, I, 305–306).
23 Sdr. oliangos „aiazmas“ (wm. wyali) eklesia, sirieli qalRmerTis
taZrebTan gaSvebuli Tevzebi.
74
mTvaris asuli“, berZnul drakons Seesabameba. miTologiaSi miRebulia, rom igi aris igive „gveli“,
cecxlismfrqveveli urCxuli, „frTosani gveli,
romelsac arwivis msgavsad frTebi da Wangebi aqvs. am
mxriv, gveleSapi Tavis TavSi aerTianebs gvelsac da
frinvelsac, rogorc sulisa da materiis, zecisa da
miwis simbolos. Tavdapirvelad
gveleSapi/drakoni
pozitiuri simbolo iyo da gansazRvravda wyals. igi
identificirdeboda RvTaebebTan, miwaze ki imperatorTa da mefeTa warmomadgenlad iTvleboda. Semdeg
misi simbolo gaxda ambivaleturi, gansazRvravda ra
madlian wvimas, romelic moyveboda Weqa–quxils, amave
dros elvisa da wyaldidobis damangrevel Zalasac“
(28, 344). drakoni SeiZleba iyos mzisa da mTvaris,
mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTic, keTilica da borotic.
drakoni da gveli urTierTSemcvleli simboloebia.
isini ganasaxiereben rogorc qaosur, dauokebel da
idumal bunebas, aseve, rogorc aRvniSne, cxovelmyofel
Zalas
wylisas.
drakonis
gaorebul
simbolizms adasturebs is, rom mas SeuZlia warmogvidges,
rogorc
wvimis
RmerTi,
aseve,
mis
sawinaaRmdegod, ar misces wvimas mosvlis saSualeba.
erT SemTxvevaSi gveleSaps aigiveben zRvasTan da
zRvis
fskerTan,
meore
SemTxvevaSi
ki
mTis
mwvervalebTan (28, 344). igi wylidan ufro gazafxulze amodis (9, 145–146). gveleSapi miTologiuri gagebiT flobs, an ganagebs raime sivrces, an
icavs gansakuTrebiT Zvirfass. mogvianebiT, gveleSapi,
rogorc negatiuri simbolo, msxverplis gareSe
wyals ar aZlevs adamianebs (Sdr. wylis sanacvlod
mzeTunaxavi qalis Sewirva). q. sixaruliZis azriT,
75
„es SedarebiT gviandeli versia indoevropul models
Seesabameba. ufro adrindel miTologiebSi gveleSapi,
rogorc wylis mflobeli da gansaxiereba, sicocxlis
energiis matarebeli iyo. misi sinkretuli bunebidan
gamomdinare, igi sxvadasxva sferos codnas ganasaxierebda, amitom masTan naziarebi gmirebi fizikur
ZalasTan erTad sibrZnesac iRebdnen“ (17, 382).
zemoaRniSnuli kavkasiuri zRaprebis teqstma
Semogvinaxa
ufro
Zveli
versia
gveleSapTan
damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. igi Tavis wiaRSi icavs
yvelaze Zvirfass _ `mzisa da mTvaris asul~ mzeTunaxavs. aRniSnuli saerTo kavkasiuri mentalobis
arqaul Strixebze metyvelebs. am SemTxvevaSi,
SeiZleba iTqvas, igi „mzisa da mTvaris asulis“
mfarveli da guSagia da masTan erTad binadrobs
zRvis fskerze. igi qalRmerTTan erTad unda gansazRvravdes wylis nayofierebas.
amrigad,
zemoaRniSnuli
masalis
safuZvelze
SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom kavkasiur mentalobaSi
arsebobda nayofierebis qalRmerTis erTi saxe,
romelic „mzisa da mTvaris asulia“. igi dakavSirebulia sinaTlesTan, nayofierebasTan da wyalTan.
RvTaeba dro–Jamisa da samyaros cvalebadobas (miTologiurad kvdoma-aRdgomas), bunebis aRorZinebas
warmarTavda.
76
wyaroebi da literatura:
1. n. abakelia, simbolo-analogiebi da implicituri
`Teologia~ erT saweso saferxulo simReraSi,
kavkasiur-axlo
aRmosavluri
krebuli,
XII,
Tbilisi, 2006.
2. i. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1973.
3. g. alibegaSvili, qarTuli xalxuri poeziis nimuSebi, Tbilisi, 1992.
4. antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia, t. I, Tbilisi,
2010.
5. v. bardaveliZe, qarTvelTa uZvelesi saarwmunoebis
istoriidan (RvTaeba barbar-babar), Tbilisi, 1941.
6.
batoniSvili
vaxuSti,
aRwera
samefosa
saqarTvelosa, `qarTlis cxovreba~, IV, teqsti
dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT,
s. yauxCuSvilis mier, Tbilisi, 1973.
7. batoniSvili ioane, xumarswavla I, kalmasoba, w.I,
Tbilisi, 1990.
8.
n.
gafrindaSvili,
miTologiuri
leqsikoni,
Tbilisi, 1972.
9. a. gelovani, miTologiuri leqsikoni, Tbilisi,
„sabWoTa saqarTvelo“ 1983.
10. e. virsalaZe, qarTuli samonadireo eposi,
Tbilisi, 1964.
11. kavkasiis xalxTa folklori, kulturul urTierTobaTa centri – kavkasiuri saxli, Tbilisi,
2008.
12. n. kapanaZe, bavSvis aRzrdis xalxuri sistema qarTul folklorsa da eTnologiaSi (saakvno sim77
Rerebi), saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia
`tbeloba~, 2009 wlis oqtomber-noemberi (masalebi).
13. z. kiknaZe, qarTuli miTologia, Tbilisi, 2007.
14. z. kiknaZe, Sumeruli miTologia, Tbilisi, 1976.
15. narTebi, osuridan Targmna m. cxovrebovam,
cxinvali, „irisToni“, 1988.
16. orbeliani sulxan-saba, leqsikoni qarTuli, t.I,
Tb., 1991; t. II, Tbilisi, 1993.
17. q. sixaruliZe, kavkasielTa folkloris saerTo
siuJetebi, kavkasiologiuri Ziebani,#3, Tbilisi,
`Tbilisis univrsitetis gamomcemloba~, 2011
18. q. sixaruliZe, kavkasiuri miTologia, Tbilisi,
2006.
19. qarTuli poezia, t. 17, Tbilisi, 1985.
20. q. quTaTelaZe, nayofierebis qalRvTaebis saxelwodebebi qarTuli eposisa da wyaroebis mixedviT
qarTul mentalobaSi, kavkasiologiuri Ziebani,
#3,
Tbilisi,
`Tbilisis
univrsitetis
gamomcemloba~, 2011.
21. q. quTaTelaZe, nayofierebis qalRvTaebis mcenareuli saxe da masTan dakavSirebuli mcenareTa
saxelwodebebi qarTul enasa da folklorSi,
qeTevan quTaTelaZe, Sromebi, Tbilisi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis stamba,
Tbilisi, 2012.
22. q. quTaTelaZe, qvemo qarTlis politikur centrTa istoriul-etimologiuri Ziebani, Tbilisi,
2010.
23. al. Rlonti, qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona,
Tbilisi, 1974.
78
24. m. Ciqovani, mijaWvuli amirani, Tbilisi, 1947.
25. xalxuri sibrZne, xuT tomad, qarTuli zRaprebi,
I, II, III, IV, Tbilisi, nakaduli, 1963, 1964,
1965.
26. Всеобщая история религий народов мира,
Москва, 2007.
27. Мифологический словарь, Москва, 1990
28. Энциклопедия символов Москва Санкт-Петербург,
1990.
79
Ketevan Kutateladze
ONE OF THE FERTILE GODDESS IN
GEORGIAN AND CAUCASIAN EPOS
The existence of resembling plots and symbol in the epos of
different Caucasian peoples is the weighty argument of the
common Caucasian mental unity. The woman of divine origin is
“The daughter of the Sun and the Moon”. In Abazian and
Khundzian variants she is met in the texts of the tales by the same
title, in the Georgian variant it is met as “Astonishing Feather”.
Beautiful woman is the owner of the magic bird. The bird’s
(Eagle) feather is the luminary. According to Georgian epos “The
picture of Beauty” lives on the sea, in the dragon’s stomach and
arises only for two hours. According to Georgian tale “The picture
of Beauty” sleeps when the sun rises, she sees everybody, who
comes from the front, being asleep or awakened, and has 12
plants”. She also has 12 fast horses. In Georgian and Caucasian
texts the mentioned figure 12 is sacred, the Goddess Inana. In
Georgian and Caucasian (Abazian and Khundzian) epos
simultaneously with “The daughter of the Sun and the Moon” we
meet the Beautiful “Anana”, who is also the daughter of the Sun
and the Moon.
“The daughter of the Sun and the Moon” has a trunk and
magic ring – the symbol of deity, which she gives to her chosen
one in the danger times. From this side we can name her parallel
face of the “Lertsmis Kali” (“Reed Woman”), who is connected
with water (comp. symbol of Ishtar) and helps her chosen one by
means of the ring to carry out his hard mission. Such a ring has
Tamar, “Kali Shroshani” (“Lily of the Valley Woman”), the ring
with its stone is the small model of the world.
The astral face of the goddess we consider
“Shukurvarskvlavi” (Day brake star), or Venera planet, whose
poetic face in Georgian epos is the “Bright Marekh”.
80
medea gogolaZe
vaxtang mefis da miqael
mTavarepiskoposis konfliqtis motivebi
xelisuflebis
centralizaciisa
da
qveynis
ZlierebisTvis mniSvnelovani faqtoria saxelmwifosa
da eklesiis erTianoba. uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo
vaxtang gorgasalis mier (V saukunis II naxevari)
gatarebuli saeklesio reforma, romelic Tavisi
mniSvnelobiT, SesaZloa, qveynis, rogorc saSinao, ise
sagareo politikis WrilSi ganvixiloT. Eeklesiis
reorganizaciis Sedegad, vaxtangma gazarda saepiskoposo kaTedrebis raodenoba da, rac mTavaria,
SemoiRo kaTalikosis Tanamdeboba. amis niadagze
vaxtang mefesa da miqael mTavarepiskoposs Soris
didi konfliqti moxda.
juanSeris
Txzulebis,
,,cxovreba
vaxtang
gorgaslisa”-s
mixedviT,
,,WeSmariti
mRvdeli”
miqaeli vaxtangs WeSmarit qristianobas aswavlida da
ebrZoda mazdeanobas da mis agentebs qarTlSi. Tumca,
vaxtang mefis saeklesio reformaSi, qalkedonit
mTavarepiskopos
miqaelis
adgili
ar
moiZebna.
vaxtangma miqaelis magivrad qarTlis eklesiis
meTaurad, umaRlesi saeklesio titulis, kaTalikosis
pativiT, mRvdeli petre, xolo episkoposad, monazoni
samoeli moiwvia bizantiidan, romlebic man pontoze
laSqrobis dros gaicno. Ees rom miqaelma gaigo,
,,daumZimda mas zeda da iwyo reca amboxebad da
mizezobad”, mociquli miugzavna mefes da SeuTvala:
,,Sen dagiteobia qriste da cecxlsa esav”. vaxtangma
mociqulisve daabara pasuxi da uaryo braldeba:
,,ubralo var, RmerTman icis! Mmagra warmivlenia
81
mociquli moyvanebad kaTalikosisa da episkoposTa”.
esma ra miqaels, rom es sinamdvilea, ganizraxa
amboxebiT SeeCerebina es saqme. man dawyevla da
SeaCvena vaxtangi: ,,krul yo mefe da yovelni spani
misi”. vaxtangma urTierTobis gamwvavebas Serigeba
arCia, Tavad mivida gaborotebul miqaelTan, Camovida
cxenidan da mis kalTas emTxvia. Ppativmoyvare
episkoposma uRirsi saqcieli Caidina: ,,ganZra man
ferÃi, da miamTxÂa pirsa mefisasa fandakiTa da
Semusra kbili misi”. didad ganrisxebulma mefem mas
iuda da vercxlis moyvare uwoda da Tan daamata:
,,raJams gesma umTavresisa Senisa qarTlad moyvaneba,
da
aRegzen
SuriTa
borotad,
viTarca
iuda
petresiTa”. mefem miqaeli gaaZeva eklesiidan da
gagzavna konstantinepolis patriarqTan saTanado
sasjelisTvis,
,,aw
migavlino
Sen
patriarqisa
kostantinepoled, da viTarca jer iyos, gangikiTxos”. Ppatriarqma miqaeli mZimed dasaja, gaagzavna
ra, RamisTevis, anu, uZilobis monasterSi, ,,da
eqsoria
yves
miqel
episkoposi
monastersa
mRÂZareTasa‟’ [1, 196-197]. konstantinepolis patriarqma Seasrula vaxtangis Txovna da antioqiis patriarqTan kaTalikosad kurTxevisTvis gaagzavna petre, iq
akurTxes aseve episkoposebad samoeli da sxva
Tormeti mRvdeli. Mmale yvela gamogzavnes qarTlSi.
vaxtangma mcxeTaSi aRaSena sveticxoveli, sadac
dasves qarTlis kaTalikosi petre. samoeli mcxeTis
episkoposad ganaCines, xolo danarCenebi qarTlis
sxva eparqiebSi.
vaxtang
mefis
mier
gatarebul
saeklesio
reformaze mogviTxrobs agreTve sxva qarTuli
82
matiane ,,moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ‟‟. wyaros mixedviT,
rodesac vaxtangi gamefda mTavarepiskoposi iyo
ioveli, romlis drosac mefe gaiwvies iranSi. misi
dabrunebisas mTavarepiskoposi ukve aris miqaeli.
mefisa da mRvdelmTavris konfliqtze ,,moqcevaÁs‟‟
Satberdul variantSi qronistulad naTqvamia, rom
miqaelma ,,miamTxÂa ferÃi pirsa mefisasa vaxtangs...
xolo mefeman waravlinna mociqulni saberZneTa da
iTxova mefisagan da patreaqisagan kaTalikozi. xolo
man mosca petre kaTalikozi. da ese iyo qarTlis
moqceviTgan :ro: welsa... pirveli kaTalikozi iyo
petre” [3, 93].
Tu ra niadagze moxda aseTi mwvave konfliqti
mefesa
da
mRvdelmTavars
Soris,
,,moqcevaÁs”
matianeSi ar Cans. wyaros WeliSuri redaqcia ufro
konkretul miniSnebas iZleva - miqaelma ,,miamTxÂa
ferÃi gorgasals romlisaTÂs mizezisaTÂs, da ganaZo
eklesiisagan” [3, 93]. Ee. i. miqaelma mefes fexi
DCaartya raRac mizezis gamo, magram Tu ra mizezi
igulisxmeba, verc WeliSuri variantiT vgebulobT.
juanSeris Txzulebis motivi am dapirispirebisa,
qarTlis avtoritetuli mTavarepiskoposis miqaelis
Rirsebisa da Tavmoyvareobis Selaxva, gaziarebulia
istorikos vaxuSti bagrationis mierac [2, 113].
Mmagram Semdgomi drois istoriografias aRar
akmayofilebs konfliqtis ase gaazreba da damatebiT
argumentebs eZebs.
mkvlevarTa nawils miaCnia, rom qalkedonit
miqaels vaxtangi monofizituri poziciebidan daupirispirda [6, 380-383]. sawinaaRmdego mosazrebiT,
monofizit miqaels vaxtangi diofizituri pozici83
ebidan upirispirdeba [7, 293]. sxva mosazrebiT,
gamoiricxeba aRniSnuli konfliqtis konfesiuri
aspeqti da Tavs iCens eTikuri mxare, vaxtangi mTavarepiskoposs saeklesio qonebis miTvisebaSi sdebs
brals, uwodebs ra mas ,,vercxlis moyvares” [4, 103].
bolodroindelma kvlevebma konfliqtis sxva
motivi warmoaCina.
cnobilia, rom Zveli qarTuli
saistorio tradicia miqaels marTlmadideblobis e.
i. qalkedonitobis mtkice damcvelad miiCnevs.
qarTlis mTavarepiskoposad misi ganCinebiT vaxtangma
probizantiur politikas daudo saTave. juanSeri mas
,,WeSmarit episkopozsa” da ,,WeSmarit mRvdels”
uwodebs. juanSeris Tanaxmad, miqaeli win aRudga
qarTlSi mazdeanobis gavrcelebis mcdelobas, riTac
igi
qarTlSi
WeSmariti
sjulis
damcvelad
mogvevlina. mematianisve cnobiT, miqaeli aswavlida
vaxtangs qristes sjuls.
sakiTxis
ukeT
warmoCenisTvis
ganvixiloT
bizantiaSi arsebuli religiuri situacia. bizantiis
imperiaSi arsebuli monofiziti samRvdeloebis da
mrevlis winaaRmdegobis gamo imperatorma zenonma
konstantinepolis patriarq akakiusTan erTad 482
wels gamosca e. w. henotikoni, romlis mTavari
mizani diofizitTa (qalkedonitTa) da monofizitTa
Serigeba iyo. zenonis es tolerantuli politika
monofizitTa mimarT gulisxmobda diofizitebis
daTmobebeze wasvlas, mTel rig dogmatur sakiTxebze.
aqedan gamomdinare, diofiziti miqaeli, iseve rogorc
mravali misi Tanamoazre bizantieli mRvdelmsaxuri
ar emxroboda henotikons, xolo qveynis politikuri
interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, bizantiuri orientaciis
84
gamomxatveli, henotikonis momxre vaxtang mefe
dapirispirebuli aRmoCnda qarTlis eklesiis meTaurTan. metic, vaxtangma patriarq akakiusisa da
imperator zenonis mxardaWeriT qarTlis kaTalikosad henotikonis momxre petre akurTxa [5, 23-25].
eklesiis
reorganizacias
didi
mniSvneloba
hqonda avtokefaliis TvalsazrisiT. kaTalikosobis
dawesebiT qarTuli eklesia damoukidebeli xdeboda,
rac, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba qveynis politikurma
mdgomareobam, misma prestiJma. rac mTavaria, imperiis
xelisufleba qarTlis mefes am saqmeSi mxars uWerda.
bizantia-irans Soris garTulebuli urTierTobis
fonze mniSvnelovani iyo samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis
pozicia.
saqarTvelo
maxlobeli
aRmosavleTis
qristianuli poziciebis erT-erTi mTavar damcvelad
gvevlineboda.
rogorc aRiniSna, kaTalikosis Tanamdebobis
SemoRebasTan erTad, vaxtangma episkoposebadac axali
sasuliero pirebi ganaCina, riTac Seasusta miqaelis
gavlena da Zalaufleba da, vfiqrobT, swored am
safuZvelzea saZiebeli es konfliqti.
miqaeli, saxelganTqmuli mwyemsmTavari, marTlmadideblobis didi damcveli iyo. igi sastikad ebrZoda
ara
mxolod
mazdeanobas,
aramed
qristianuli
eklesiis wiaRSi gaCenili mwvaleblobis yovelgvar
gamovlinebas. miqaeli cnobilia mobidan episkoposTan
dapirispirebiT da misi wignebis dawviT. is miiCneva
vaxtang mefis WeSmarit qristianad aRmzrdelad.
miqaelis gavlena imdenad didi Cans samefoSi,
romMyvela piroba arsebobda sasuliero ierarqiac
misi SexedulebiT Camoyalibebuliyo, mis mierve
85
iqneboda dakompleqtebuli saepiskoposo kaTedrebi.
gamomdinare aqedan, ar aris gamoricxuli miqaels
sasuliero xelisuflebis saeroze upiratesobisa
ambicia gasCenoda. ideologiur-politikuri dava
saero-sasuliero xelisuflebebis primatobis sakiTxze xom Cveulebrivi movlena iyo mTeli Sua saukuneebis qristianuli samyaroSi. miqaelic, SesaZloa,
am tendenciis gamtarebelia. Zlieri mefisTvis mTavarepiskoposis es miswrafeba miuRebelia da avtoritetul, magram ambiciur mRdelmTavars am gziT
iSorebs _ kaTalikosis taxtze sxva kandidaturas
svams da masStabur saeklesio reformaSi mis rolze
uars ambobs. vfiqrobT, es dapirispireba gaxda
miqaelis ganrisxebis da protestis aseTi uxeSi
formiT gamoxatvis mizezi da ara ideologiuri dava.
axali
religiuri
doqtrinis
–
henotikonis
mxardaWera, rasac, logikurad, mwyemsmTavrisTvis
aseTi Seuferebeli saqcieli, rac gamoixata, jer
mefisa da misi spis dawyevlaSi, xolo Semdeg mis
fizikur SeuracxyofaSi, ar unda gamoewvia.
86
wyaroebi da literatura:
1.qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, Tb., 1955.
2.qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, Tb., 1973.
3.Zveli qarTuli agiografiis literaturis Zeglebi,
t, I, Tb., 1963.
4.z. aleqsiZe, vaxtang gorgasalsa da miqael mTavarepiskoposs Soris konfliqtis gamo., Ziebani saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriidan, Tb., 1976.
5. g. mamulia, qarTlis eklesia V-VI saukuneebSi, Tb.,
1992.
6. i. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. I
Tb., 1979.
7. s. janaSia, Sromebi, t. I, Tb., 1949.
………
87
Medea Gogoladze
THE MOTIVES OF THE CONFLICT OF
KING VAKHTANG AND ARCHBISHOP
MICHAEL
Vakhtang Gorgasal, the king of Kartli, carried out
significant church reforms in the 5th century. He established
the supreme spiritual rank. King Vakhtang did not present
Archbishop Michael in this rank that caused the conflict
between them. Michael gave the king a physical assault.
There are different viewpoints about this conflict in the
historiography. One part of the scientists believes that the
reason of this conflict was Vakhtang’s being Monophysite
(or Dyophisyte) and Michael’s being Dyophisyte (or
Monophysite). Other part of scientists believes that it was the
reason of issuing the Zeno’s Henoticon that meant the
reconciliation of Monophysites and Dyophisytes. King
Vakhtang took the side of Henoticon that caused the anger of
the Chalcedon Council supporter Archbishop. It is a quite
sound argument, but we think that the main reason of
Michael’s anger, which was exposed by the behavior
inexcusable for a clergyman, was his not being presented in a
rank of Catholicos.
88
TinaTin ximSiaSvili
espaneTis baRebis landSafturi
arqiteqtura algambra generalifi
sabaRe-saparko
xelovnebis
istoriuli
ganviTareba uZvelesi droidan iwyeba. baRebi gaCnda
maSin, rodesac adamianebma momTabareobidan miwaze
damkvidreba daiwyes. baRi gaCnda ufro adre, vidre
soflis meurneoba, radgan adamianebma, pirvel rigSi
SemoRobes ra TavianTi teritoriebi, daiwyes maTTvis
sasargeblo
mcenareebis
gazrda.
rac
Seexeba
dekoratiul mebaReobas, es aris xalxis, kulturis,
misi gazrdili esTetikuri moTxovnilebis niSani.
amitom SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom sabaRe-saparko kulturas imdenive xnis
istoria aqvs, ramdenic msoflio civilizacias.
dRes baR-parkebis
kulturas
umeteswilad, arqiteqturis
istorikosebi
swavloben,
radgan baRi Taviseburi
formaa
xelovnebis
sxvadasxva
dargebis
sinTezisa _ filosofiis, literaturis, poeziis,
yofis esTeTikuri formebis, ferweris, arqiteqturis,
musikis
da maTi ganviTarebis
paralelurad
viTardeba. baRis esTeTikuri aRqmisaTvis aucilebelia
mTeli arsebiT CaRrmaveba baRis arsebobis epoqis
kulturaSi. bevri mcenare
da yvavili, romelic
Tavis droze Zvirfas da egzotikur mcenareebad
89
iTvleboda, karga xania ukve aseTad aRar gveCveneba.
baRis, rogorc xalovnebis nawarmoebis, swori aRTqma
Tanamedrove
pirobebSi,
xelovnebis
da
yofis
istoriis sferoTa safuZvlian codnas moiTxovs.
swrafad cvalebad cocxal bunebriv garemoSi,
ramdenime weliwadSi SeiZleba moxdes seriozuli
cvlilebebi pirvelad mdgomareobasTan SedarebiT, miTumetes,
saukuneebis
manZilze momxdarma uamravma
omebma, mmarTveli wreebis
da sazogadoebrivi formaciebis
cvalebadobam ganapiroba
is garemoeba, rom
sadReisod ar Semogvenaxa
arc erTi uZvelesi periodis baRi da parki. warmodgena imaze, Tu rogorebi
iyvnen isini Zvel xanaSi,
SesaZlebeli xdeba mxolod freskuli naxatebisa da
arqeologiuri kvlevebis
Sedegad miRebuli masalebidan.
sabaRe-saparko
mSeneblobis
ganviTareba
mimdinareobda sxvadasxvagvari
faqtorebis zegavleniT, rac dakavSirebuli iyo sazogadoebis istoriuli ganviTarebis ZiriTad etapebTan,
qveynis
kulturul donesTan, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri
Zlierebis xarisxsa da sazogadoebriv wyobilebasTan.
arabebis
mier
iberiis
naxevarkunZulis
dapyrobis Semdeg, XII–XIV ss. Camoyalibda espanurmavritanuli
baRis
tipi.
maT
dekoratiul
90
elementebs warmoadgendnen mcire zomis auzebi,
kaskadebi, feradi qvebiT Semkuli kedlebi da sxva.
arabuli baRebis kompoziciur filosofiur safuZvels warmoadgenda bunebis mudmivi ganaxlebis idea.
mkacri geometriuli dagegmareba, calkeuli
sivrceebis
Caketiloba,
wylis
da
maradmwvane
nargavebis siuxve, ferebis simkveTre da maiolika -es
aris aRmosavleTis
baRebis
ZiriTadi
damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebi. arabi mebaReebi kargad uxamebdnen
xelo-vnur
landSafts arsebul bunebriv
faseulobebs. arabebisagan espaneTis
ganTavisuflebis
Semdeg, maT mier
Seqmnili
sasaxleebi, meCeTebi, baRebi da sxva faseulobani
gadavida
espanelebis
xelSi,
romelTac
dRemde ufrTxildebian, rogorc qveynis istoriul
kulturul saganZurs.
arabuli periodis islamurma baRebma udidesi
gavlena iqonies evropuli baRis esTeTikaze. aseTi
tipis baRi gansxvavebulia Tavisi kompoziciursivrculi gadawyvetiT, gamwvanebis xerxebiT, wyalsatevebis xasiaTiT, gzebis dekoratiuli mopirketebiT
da, pirvel
rigSi, asaxavs islamis
religiur
principebs da regionis klimatur Taviseburebebs.
91
X saukunis dasawyisSi, arabeTis Zalaufleba
espaneTSi
Zlieri iyo. am periodSi Camoyalibda
kordovas xalifati. arabTa batonobis
periodSi
pirineis naxevarkunZulze
mimdinareobda qveynis
sawarmoo
Zalebis intensiuri
ganviTareba.
espaneTSi
erTmaneTs Sexvda ori gansxvavebuli kultura _ Sua saukuneebis
evropuli
kultura da maRal ganviTarebuli aRmosavleTis
kultura.
arabebi espaneTSi farTod iyenebdnen xelovnur sarwyav sistemebs. maT Seitanes mTeli rigi
axali sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebi: brinji, Saqris
Warxali, TuTis xe, forToxali, limoni. xalifati
vaWrobiT dakavSirebuli iyo mTel musulmanur
samyarosTan.
amdenad, romis imperiis droindeli
espanuri qalaqebi _ kordova, sevilia, granada da
valensia, arabebis batonobis periodSi gadaiqcnen
msxvil samrewvelo-kulturul centrebad.
swored espaneTSi Seiqmna baRis axali tipi
espanur _ mavritanuli baRi-patio. am baRis ganmasxvavebeli niSania
Caketili interieruli xasiaTis
(baRebi garSemotymuli iyo SenobebiT an kedlebiT)
gegmis regularoba. nakveTis simcire, wylis nagebobaTa sistemebi _ arxebi, auzebi da Sadrevnebi warmoadgendnen am baRis ZiriTad elementebs. arabi
92
mebaReebi iyenebdnen maradmwvane
nargavebs, iseTebs
rogorebicaa: bza, mirti, tuia, dafna, forToxlis da
limonis
xeebi.
zog
SemTxvevaSi
mcenareTa
erTferovneba qmnida saerTo kompoziciis simSvides.
kordovaSi -jer kidev aris SemorCenili am periodis
baRebi.
XIIIs. bolos, xalifatis gafurCqvnis periodSi,
granadaSi Seiqmna 14 aTasamde mdidruli vila,
romelTa umSvenieresi nimuSebi dRemdea SemorCenili.
erT-erT aseT nimuSs
warmoadgens algambras
sasaxlis baRi, romlebic aSenebuli iyo
granadas
mmarTvelis muxamed I-is da misi STamomavlebis mier
XIII-XIV ss.
sasaxle aSenebuli iyo borcvis Tavze alkasabas
cixesimagris adgilze. am borcvis
CrdiloaRmosavleT nawilSi ganTavsebulia
qalaqgare
rezidencia generalifi. rodesac espaneTis jarma
qalaqi daibruna, am kompleqsis
udidesi nawili
dangreuli iqna. garkveuli periodi algambra iyo
samefo rezidencia
da karl V-is periodSi aq
daiwyo grandiozuli sasaxlis mSenebloba renesansis
stilSi, Tumca igi ver damTavrda. 1845 wlamde
algambra iyo cixesimagre da saxelmwifo cixe da
mxolod
1890 wlis xanZris Semdeg saxelmwifom
gamoyo Tanxebi sasaxlis da baRis aRsadgenad.
algambras sasaxle warmoadgens sxvadasxva
saxlis
saTavsebis
kompleqss,
romlebic
kompoziciurad gaerTianebulia ori mTavari ezo
patioebis irgvliv. dasavleTis ezo e.w. mirtis ezoiyo mmarTvelTa maRali
wris Sekrebebis
centri.
misi zomebia 23X37m, orientirebuli Crdilo93
samxreTze. ezos CrdiloeT mxareze aRmarTulia koSki
komaresi, romlis pirvel sarTulze ganTavsebulia
elCebis darbazi zomiT 9X9m-ze, xolo gadaxuruli
gumbaTiT koSkis win ganTavsebulia para-duli
darbazi-de la barka; misgan dasavleTiT meCeTia.
mirtis
ezo
yvela mxridan SemosazRvrulia
SenobebiT
da qmnis Sida baRs,
romlis centrSia arxi da Sadrevani. arxis gaswvriv dargulia mirtis
buCqebi
da mowyobilia yvavilnarebi. am baRze
orientirebulia saTavsebi.
mirtis
darbazis aRmosavleTiT, lomis darbazia,
romlis zomebi 16X28m-ia. am
darbazis mTavari
RerZi aRmosavleT-dasavleTiTaa mimarTuli, xolo
darbazis
centrSi ori urTierTgadmkveTi arxia.
am arxebis gadakveTaze qvabis formis
Sadrevania
ganTavsebuli, romelic oTxi lomis zurgze devs.
arxebi
da Sadrevani am darbazis ZiriTadi
elementebia. kompleqsis Crdilo nawilSi
ganTavsebulia lindaraxis mcire zomis regularuli baRi
SadrevniT msxvilfoTliani xeebiT da gakreWili
buCqebiT, rac ufro intimur xasiaTisaa. dedoflis
piradi oTaxis win
mcire zomis
ezo-baRia
ganTavsebuli am baRSia Sadrevani, oTxi piramiduli
formis xe da geometriulad ornamentiani filebiT
mokiwyluli iataki.
94
sazafxuli rezidencia generalifi (generalifi
niSnavs maRal baRs)
ganTavsebulia amave borcvis
zeda nawilSi Crdilo-aRmosavleT mimarTulebiT.
legendis mixedviT, mavrintanel
mefes uwinaswarmetyveles, rom misi Svili daiRupeba, rodesac igi
Sexvdeba da Seiyvarebs qals. amitom mefem es sasaxle
auSena Tavis vaJiSvilis, raTa izolaciaSi hyoloda
da qalebs ar Sexvedroda. sasaxle aSenebuli iyo
1319 wels da SemdgomSi mravaljer gadakeTda.
landSafturi
arqiteqtura
kacobriobis
mxatvruli
da zogad-kulturuli
memkvidreobis
uzarmazari da usazRvro sferoa.
95
Tinatin Khimshiashvili
GARDENS IN SPAIN
The history of the art of making gardens and parks, the
development of the garden and park construction process are
given in the article. These processes mainly are described, on
the example of Alhambra Generalife Spanish gardens.
The article deals with the new type Spanish Mauritanian gardens designed in Spain, garden patio. Islamic
gardens of the Arabic period had a great influenced on the
esthetics of the European gardens. Gardens of this type are
different in its compositional-spatial resolution. It must be
mentioned, that the Spain is the meeting place of two
different cultures – Medieval European culture and highly
developed Eastern culture. Arabs were widely using artificial
irrigation systems in Spain. They brought in the country
different kinds of crops, plants, such as: rice, sugar, mulberry
tree, orange and lemon. The distinguishing feature of the
Mauritanian garden is closed interior. The main elements of
this garden were: bars surrounded by buildings, or regulation
of the plan by walls, small space, plot, system of buildings
for water: channels, pools, fountains. The article tells about
the gardens of this time mainly balus of Alhambra Generalife
in Cordoba, its planning, planting of greenery and other
elements peculiar for gardens and parks. It also is
underscored in the article, that landscape architecture is a
huge and boundless sphere of the artistic and generally
cultural heritage of mankind.
96
xaTuna TodaZe
qarTul-bizantiuri samonastro
cxovrebis paralelebi (XI s.)
qarTuli da bizantiuri samonastro cxovrebis
Sesaswavlad erT-erT saukeTeso wyaros samonastro
wesebi anu tipikonebi warmoadgens. 2000 wels
vaSingtonSi gamoqveynebulma ormocdaaTi tipikonis da
anderZis inglisurma Targmanma saSualeba mogvca
aqamde CvenTvis ucnob wyaroebs gavcnobodiT da
qronologiuri principiT
Segvedarebina qarTul
masalasTan. Cvenamde moRweuli VIII-XIII saukuneebis
qarTuli tipikonebi pirobiTad SeiZleba or nawilad
daiyos: sakuTriv, saqaTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli
monastrebis wesebi da bizantiis teritoriaze
arsebuli qarTuli savaneebis gangebani. kvlevis
garkveul etapze erTmaneTs SevadareT XI saukunis
meore
naxevris
ori
tipikoni
_
petriwonis
monastris wes-gangeba da miqael ataliates wesdeba.1
es
ukanaskneli
inglisurad
Targmna
da
komentarebi daurTo cnobilma amerikelma bizantistma
alis-meri TalboTma.
bizantiur
wyaros
amjerad
XI
saukunis
dasawyisis meore qarTul gangeba _ aTonis iverTa
monastris tipikoni SevadareT.
miqael ataliate, savaraudod, 1020-1030 wlebSi
daibada. niWieri ymawvili SemdgomSi senatori da
msajuli gaxda. igi cnobilia agreTve, rogorc 10341079 ww. `istoriis~ avtori. ganawesi 1077 wels
1
ix. x. TodaZe `ori monasteri _ ori samyaro~. (msgavsebagansxvavebani). poeturi sulis mecnieri giorgi nadiraZe _ 80,
Tbilisi, 2012. gv. 293-307.
97
daiwera. teqstis mixedviT ataliatem raidestoSi
marmarilos
zRvis
CrdiloeT
sanapiroze
da
konstantinopolSi iafad SeiZina miwebi erTiani
saqvelmoqmedo
dawesebulebisaTvis:
glaxakTa
saxlisaTvis raidestoSi da yovladmowyale macxovris monastrisaTvis konstantinopolSi. imis SiSiT,
rom
SemdgomSi
misi
dawesebuleba
saeklesio
xelisufalT ar miesakuTrebinaT miqael ataliatem
proteqtorati daawesa, romelsac misi vaJi Teodore
Caudgeboda saTaveSi, Semdeg misi pirdapiri an
gverdiTi STamomavlebi gaagrZelebdnen. 1079 wels
miqael ataliate jer kidev cocxali iyo, radgan
imperator nikofore III (1078-1081 ww.) saimperatoro,
beWdiT damowmebuli sigeli miiRo. rodis gardaicvala ataliate ucnobia, 1085 wels gardacvlili
Cans misi vaJi Teodorec. am wlis CanawerebSi
moxseniebulia wignebi, romlebic dawesebulebas misi
sikvdilis Semdeg gadaeca. 1094 wels vlakerniis
sinods eswreboda monastris ucnobi xelmZRvaneli. es
bolo dokumentia, sadac es saqvelmoqmedo dawesebulebaa moxseniebuli. SemdgomSi, savaraudod, is
romeliTac
didma
monasterma
an
sapatriarqom
SeierTa.
petriwonis wesdeba 1083 an 1084 wels daiwera
taoeli qarTveli grigol bakuraianisZis mier. man
1083 wels daaarsa monasteri qalaq filipopolis
maxloblad, rodopis mTis kalTebze.*
aTonis iverTa monasteri X s. bolos _ 875
wels daarsda. mas Tavdapirvelad ioane xelmZRva*
monasteri amJamadac arsebobs, mas axla baCkovos saxeliT icnoben
(sofelia erT kilometrSi), monasteri qarTvelebs aRar ekuTvnis.
98
nelobda, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg misi vaJi
eqvTime**. tipikonic, albaT, eqvTimes winamZRvrobis
(1005-1019 ww.) periodSi daiwera.
samwuxarod,
Cvenamde
am
gangebis
mxolod
fragmentma moaRwia da mis Sesaswavlad erTaderT
wyaros giorgi mTawmindelis `cxovreba ioanesi da
efTÂmesi~ warmoadgens.
grigorl bakurianis Zis tipikoni 33 Tavisagan
Sedgeba. damatebiTi sami Tavi monastris qonebis
aRweras eZRvneba. `Sinaarsi am wmida wignisa, romelic
WeSmaritad asaxavs monazvnur cxovrebas da romelic
gadmoRebulia Cvens mier xSirad xsenebuli yovladwminda panagiis monastris tipikonidan _ xolo mciredi Cvens mier aris damatebuli~ [1.7].
ataliates berZnuli ganawesi sruli ar aris.
samonastro liturgiuli wesebis Sesaxeb is mwir
informacias gvawvdis. alis-meri TalboTi varaudobs,
rom es sakiTxebi detalurad unda yofiliyo
ganxiluli amJamad dakargul tipikonSi, romelic
ataliates mtkicebiT dawerili iyo [3. 19].
wesdebis Tanaxmad, petriwonis monasterSi 50
monazoni unda yofiliyo, garda winamZRvrisa [1. 55].
aTonis qarTvelTa monasterSi giorgi mTawmindelis
sityvebiT eqvTimes winamZRvrobisas `samarisa sulisa
zrunvaÁ uxdeboda~ [2. 343]. roca 1057-58 ww.
qarTlis
erisTaviT-erisTavi
liparito
berad
aRkvecila monasterSi isev 300 monazoni yofila [6.
35-36].
SesaZloa
ivironSi
ZmaTa
raodenobis
**

monasterSi amJamad berZnebi arian damkvidrebulni.
vgulisxmobT s. yauxCiSvilis redaqcias.
99
dawesebuli ricxvi 300 iyo. tipikonis nawyveti am
sakiTxze dums.
rac Seexa bizantiur monasters, miuxedavad imisa,
rom
ataliate
umaRlesi
socialuri
fenis
warmomadgeneli iyo, mis mier daarsebuli monasteri
ki aristokratiulad iTvleboda, berebis raodenoba
ganawesis mixedviT Svidi unda yofiliyo. `vbrZaneb,
rom Cems monasterSi berebis ricxvi SvidiT Semoifarglos, Tumca dResdReobiT mxolod xuTi beria~...
radgan garemoebebi metis saSualebas ar iZleva...
radgan Svidi wmindaa da erTaderTi, ...vbrZaneb, rom
rogorc ki RvTis SewevniT situacia gamoswordeba,
monasterSi Svidi beri iyos, winamZRvris, meTaurisa
da mekaris CaTvliT [3. mux. 27].
bizantiurisagan gansxvavebiT orive qarTuli
monasteri damoukidebel da ekonomikurad Zlier
erTeuls warmoadgenda.
samive monasterSi monazonTa qcevis wesebi,
rasakvirvelia, mkacrad iyo gansazRvruli. maTi
ZiriTadi saqmianoba wirva-locva iyo. ar SeiZleboda
RvTismsaxurebaze dagvianeba, uyuradReboba, CurCuli,
wirvis umizezod datoveba. akrZaluli iyo senakebSi
Tavmoyra da Woraoba, gabutva, Cxubi, senakebSi
saWmlis momzadeba, trapezze dagvianeba da xmauri,
winamZvRvrisadmi daumorCilebloba da sxv. monasterSi unda yofiliyo simSvide, morCileba da
simdable. bizantiuri tipikonisagan gansxvavebiT
qarTuli monastrebis ber-monazonTaTvis Sroma iseve
savaldebulo
iyo,
rogorc
locva.
SesaZloa,
garkveulwilad swored es aqcevda maT ekonomiurad
Zlier organizaciad. ataliates monasteri, rogorc
100
aRvniSneT,
Semowirulobebze
iyo
damokidebuli.
gansxvavebulia kidev erTi wesi. bizantiuri tipikonis
mixedviT, berebs ufleba hqondaT hyolodaT msaxuri.
wesdebis ormocdameore Tavi gardacvlili berebis
msaxurTa pensiebs Seexeba. `roca monastris beri
uflis winaSe warsdgeba, mis msaxurs SeuZlia
ormoci dRe glaxakTa saxlSi dayos daTxovnis
gareSe, Tu kargi znis aRmoCndeba, ufleba miecema
yoveldRe kvebon. Tu ara, yovelwliurad 12 sawyare
xorbals miiRebs~ [3. mux. 42]. grigol bakurianisZe,
tipikonis meoTxe Tavis mixedviT, piriqiT, krZalavs
monasterSi msaxurTa damkvidrebas. `SeiZleba vinme
didebulTagan an fufunebiT mcxovrebTagani movides.
aseTebi momsaxureebis dayenebas saWiroeben. nu
SevqmniT amisgan raime uwesobas [1. 41]. warCinebulTa
Zmobis wevrad miRebas erideboda eqvTime aTonelic
`mravalni movidian safasiTa didiTa, raÁTamca
moiparsnes. daiTrgunis Jam raodenmen merme ubrZanis:
`SegÂndeT ver mogparsavT. Tquen xar kacni saxeloani,
odes safase mosceT eklesiasa gansunebiT gnebavs yofaÁ da nuukue ver gagisuenoT da merme SeswuxdeT da
kualad Zmani yovelni Zlierad Surebian... xolo ukueTu vinme movides ZmaÁ mSromeli da mdabali, ityÂn
mamaÁ viTar grwmenin, Zmano amaTi mirCevnia SewynarebaÁ vire aTasimca vin drahkani momca~ [2. 355].
qarTul tipikonebsa da ataliates wesdebas
sxvadasxva
damokidebuleba
aqvT
saWurisebTan
mimarTebaSic. ataliate, pirdapir moiTxovda, rom
misi
berebi
saWurisebi
yofiliyvnen,
`xorcis
ltolvaTagan Tavisufalni~ [3. mux. 30]. saerTod,
bizantiur monastrebSi saWurisebs yvelgan ar
101
iRebdnen. amerikeli mecnieri aleqsandre kaJdani,
romelmac XI-XII ss-is biznatiuri tipikonebi
Seiswavla, wers: "Какой-то степени мешало постригу и
оскопление - во всяком случае евнухов принимали не во
все монастыри, особенно строгие препоны чинили им
афонский уставы" [7.57]. aTonis qarTuli monastris
tipikonis fragmenti am sakiTxze cnobas ar gvawvdis.
Tumca darwmunebiTYSeiZleba iTqvas, rom saWurisebi
arc ivironSi iyvnen. eqvTime aToneli monasterSi
uwverulebis damkvidrebasac ki krZalavda. tipikonis
mixedviT momavali kadrebis momzadeba mxolod
monastridan moSorebiT SeiZleboda. moZRvrad ki
gamocdili da gansakuTrebuli sulieri TvisebebiT
dajildoebuli adamiani unda daeniSna. `kualad
ukuTu ZmaTa vieTme moiyvannian TÂsni naTesavni
uwuerulni,
mamaca
hnebavn,
raÁTamca
iswavles
swavlaÁ da ÃelovnebaÁ. garna monastresa ara daimWirnis, aramed gare sofelTa gagzavnis, sada icodis
umjobesi da sulieri da gamocdili ikonomosi, da
mun aRizrdian, da odes wuerTa Seimosnian, maSin
Semouyvannis monastrad [2. 356-357].
grigol bakurianisZec `mraval wmida mamaTa
msgavsad~ krZalavda saWurisebis monasterSi damkvidrebas. wesdebis meCvidmete Tavi `imis Sesaxeb, rom
ueWvelad aikrZalos saWurisTa Semosvla monasterze, agreTve axalgazrda ymawvilTa~. am sakiTxs
eZRvneba: `Sesaxeb saWurisTa, anu egreTwodebul yverulTa, da uasako Wabukebisa, radgan mravalni wminda
mamaTagan krZalavdnen maT saeklesio saidumloTa
gamo, raTa ar momxdariyo usiamovneba, da imTaviTve
daaweses es, aseve darCes samudamod, da arc samsaxuris sababiT, arc rame Tanamdebobis gulisTvis ara102
vis aseTs ar Caabaron samonazvne saqme, vinaidan aseTi
ram warmoadgens uSverebas da uwesobas [1. 97-99].
yvelaze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba,
romelic
qarTul wesdebebsa da bizantiur tipikons Soris
arsebobs, administraciuli sakiTxebisa da finansebis
marTvaSi SeimCneva. ataliate Tavis dawesebulebis
proteqtorad Tavis vaJs niSnavs da samemkvidreo xazs
awesebs [3. mux. 20]. dawesebulebis TviTmmarTvelobis
uflebas igi mxolod misi STamomavlobis xazis
dasustebis SemTxvevaSi iZleva, magram sakmarisia
gamoCndes romelime gverdiTi Stos naTesavi, Tundac
qali, rom mmarTveloba kvlav memkvidreobiT wess
ubrundeba `Cveni uflisa da macxovris _ ieso
qristes Semdeg, memkvidred, batonad da mmarTvelad
vniSnav Cems sanatrel vaJs --- lord Teodores da
mis pirdapir STamomavlebs, Zeebs, imaT Zeebs da a.S. ---- Tu vaJiSvilebi ar arian, maSin qaliSvilma unda
itvirTon memkvidreoba...~ [3. mux. 10]. qarTveli
domestikosi meTvramete TavSi, imis Sesaxeb, rom
monasteri Tavisufali iyos Cemi naTesavebis mxriT
raime uflebis gamocxadebisagan da zianisagan yvela
danarCeni
yovelgvari
saxis
masSi
arsebuli
gamosaRebisagan~, piriqiT krZalavs naTesavebze mmarTvelobis gacemas. `msurs, rom es Cveni yovlad wminda
monasteri Tavisufali iyos yvela imaTgam romelnic
moindomeben TavianTi mavne xeli Seaxon mas, agreTve
yvela rogorc ucxo, ise Cveni naTesavi pirisagan,
amJamad rom arseboben da Cven Semdegac rom iqnebian...~
[1.
99-101].
Teodore
da
misi
memkvidreebi
winamZRvrisa da e.w. mouravis daniSvnis uflebiTac
sargeblobdnen [3. mux. 26].
103
grigol bakurianisZis tipikonis mixedviT axali
winamZRvari misma winamorbedma unda daayenos, oRond
ara naTesaobiT da megobrobiT, aramed Zmebis arCeviT
da damtkicebiT [1. 45]. asevea aTonis monastris
tipikonis mixedviTac `... da esreT ganewesa raTa
TiToeuli mamasaxlisi~ Semdgomad Tvissa aRsrulebisa sxuasa dauyevnebdes winaZRuarsa Rirssa da
saTnosa~ [2. 340]. Teodore finansuri privilegiebiTac sargeblobda. mas Semdeg rac tipikoniT
dadgenili xarjebi daifareboda. Semosavlis 1/3
xazinaSi unda Senaxuliyo 2/3 Teodores gadaecemoda
[3. 24]. grigol bakurianisZe amis uflebas aravis
aZlevda. petriwonis monasteri TviTTmarTvelobis da
erTianobis principze iyo dafuZnebuli. Zmebs sruli
ufleba hqondaT qonebis momxveWeli winamZRvari an
vinme naTesavi monastridan gaeZevebinaT.
unda aRiniSnos, rom petriwonis wesdebasa da
aTonis qarTvelTa monastris gangebac gansxvavebulia.
ataliates monasterSi da petriwonis qarTvelTa
savaneSi Zmebi sam dasad iyofian. gansxvavebulia maTi
sazRauric, romelic fuladi Tu sakvebis saxiT
miecemodaT. aTonis monasterSi aseTi dayofa arsad
Cans. savaraudod, Zmebis dasebad dayofa bizantiur
monastrebSi
swrafad
damkvidrda.
1053
wels
gardacvlili mama lazare, romelic galesios mTaze
monastris damaarsebeli iyo, sam dasad dayofaze
ambobda. wesi erTia, rac Seexeba sam dasad dayofis
Cveulebas, igi damkvidrda Cveni Taobis sisustisa da
uZlurebis gamo [4. 9]. grigol feraZe aRniSnavda:
`wm. eqvTime da giorgi aTonelebi ar iyvnen brma
mimbaZvelebi da yvelaferi rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo
104
berZnuli berobisTvis ar gadmouRiaT, isini irCevdnen
mxolod imas, rac sasargeblod da daucileblad
miaCndaT [5. 13].
rogorc Cans, ase iqceodnen qarTveli qtitorebic. amaze metyvelebs grigol bakurianisZis mier
panagiis monastris tipikonze damatebuli Tavebi.
rogorc vnaxeT, qronologiuri Tanxvedris da
imis miuxedavad, rom XI s-is meore naxevris orive
gangeba qtitoruli, xolo aTonis monastris wesdeba
winamZRvars ekuTvnis, petriwonis da aTonis qarTuli
tipikonebi met siaxloves iCens erTmaneTTan, vidre
ataliates bizantiuri wesebi.
saerTod tipikonebs Soris uamravi gansxvavebaa.
yvela monasters mainc Tavisi specifikuri wesebi
hqonda.
wyaroebi da literatura:
105
grigol bakurianis Zis tipikoni (petriwonis
wesdeba) georgika V. gamosca simon yauxCiSvilma,
Tbilisi, 1963.
2. g. mTawmindeli. `cxovreba ioanesi da efÂimesi~
Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb., 1979. gv. 325-372.
3. Rule of Michael Ataties for his Almshouse in Rhaidestos
and for the momnastery of Christ. Panoiktirmon in
Constantinople. - Buzantine Monastic Foundation
Documents. A Complete translate at the Surviving
Founder Typika and Testamenst, edited by Jonn Thomas
and Angela Constantinides Gero. Published by
Dombartion Oaks Research Library and Collection.
Washington, D. C. 2000.
4. Testament of Lazanus of Mount Galesios.
5. g. feraZe. DIE ANFANGE DES MONCHITUMS 14
GEORGIAN LAUGURAL DISSERTATION ZUR
FRLANCUNC DER DOKTOR - WIRDE GENEFIMILT
VOR DER PHKOSOPH ISHEN FAKULTQA ZU
BONN. VOM GREGOR PERADSE, DRUCK VON
FRIEDRICH ANDREAS PERTHES VON FRIEDRICH
ANDREAS PERTHES, A. G. GOTHA, 1927.
6. iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. gv. VII,
Tb., 1984.
7. А. Капсдан. "Византийский монастырь XI-XII вв. как
социальная греппа". Византийский временник, т. 31.
1.
Khatuna Todadze
106
COMPARISON OF GEORGIAN AND
BYZANTINE MONASTERY LIVES
(11TH CENTURY)
One of the best source for studying of the monastery
live in Georgian and Byzantium are the monastery
regulations, or typicons.
Georgian typicons of 8th-13th centuries could be
conditionally classified into two groups, the monastery
regulations of the monasteries in Georgian territories and
regulations of those located in Byzantium.
At the certain stage of research we compared two
typicons of 11th century: regulations of Petritsoni Monastery
and Michael Attaleiates’s Ordinance. The latter was
translated and commented by famous American Byzantinist,
Alice-Mary Talbot.
Further we compared with the Byzantine source the
other Georgian regulations of early 11th century – typicon of
Iviron Monastery at Mount Athos.
irma kvaSilava
107
“wminda giorgi ilorisao, gerisao,
qurmuxisao... Tavzardamcemo mtrisao!”
(iloris, geris da qurmuxis wm. giorgis
salocavebis Sesaxeb)
yoveli eri gansakuTrebul pativs scems romelime
wmindans, romelic loculobs erisTvis, qveynisTvis
da ifaravs gansacdelTagan.
wminda giorgi aris saqarTvelos upirvelesi
mfarveli anu `uZleveli winambrZoli qarTvelTa
erisa da mfarveli Cveni eklesiisa~. amitom aris igi
gerbi saqarTvelosi, vinaidan saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis
ganuyoflobis, erTobis mtkice simboloa. mTavarmowame giorgis saxeli erovnul saxeladac ki aqvT
SeTvisebuli, romelic XI-XII ss-Si gansakuTrebiT
popularuli xdeba [1, gv. 187]. "Культ св. Георгия
настолько прочно вкоренился в возрении грузинского
народа, что вне предстовления об этом святом, как о
родовом патроне, житье -битье патриархального грузина,
как будто совсем немыслимо. Поэтому-то и
неудивительно, что Грузию обычно считают страной св.
Георгии [2, 223].
niSandoblivia, rom qarTuli folklori wminda
giorgis yovelTvis dadebiTad warmoadgens.
garda amisa, dReobebsa da xatobis ritualze
dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom qarTveli eris sarwmunoebriv warmodgenaSi ufrosobiTa da ZlierebiT
pirveli adgili swored wminda giorgis ukavia.
interesmoklebuli
ar
iqneba
TiTo-orola
im
Tqmulebis gaxseneba, sadac uZleveli wminda mxedari,
adamianebis dauRalavi mzrunveli da qomagia, TiTqos
qristeze aRmatebuli Tavisi RvawliT da keTil
108
muSakobiT. kerZod, didi warRvnis legendis qarTul
variantSi, qristes mier mowveulni RvTaebani miiReben
gadawyvetilebas, rom warRvniT msoflio moespoT.
kidec Seudgnen ganzraxvis Sesrulebas. es ambavi
wminda giorgim SemTxveviT gaigo, igi aRSfoTda,
adamianTa modgmis mosalodnelma daRupvam daaRona.
bolos dedamiwaze sicocxlis gadarCenis erTaderTi
gza gamonaxa, noe daibara da kidobnis gakeTeba
daavala da ase gadaarCina kacTa modgma mosalodnel
safrTxes [3, 107].
aRniSnuli folkloruli masala gvarwmunebs, Tu
rogor aRmerTebs xalxi Tavis rCeul wmindans.
saamisod ar arsebul Tvisebebs, gmirobas, xasiaTs
miawers, oRond ucvlelad hyavdes, rogorc xalxis
da qveynis mfarveli. erT-erTi Tqmulebis mixedviT,
mecxvare cxvris saTxovnelad misul wvimisa da
setyvis momyvan wm. elias da macxovars _ iesos
uariT istumrebs im motiviT, rom `cxvars rogor
mogcem, sawyal kacs Wirnaxuls utialeb, avs ar
arCev da kargso~. qriste macxovarsac igives
hkadrebs, cxvars rogor mogcem, avi da kargi ver
gagirCeviao. bolos saTxovnelad misul wm. giorgis
ekiTxeba, vin xar, cxvars rom mTxovo? me var wminda
giorgi, xalxisa da qveynis mfarvelio! mTeli fara
waiyvaneo-miugebs mecxvare [4, 201].
mTavarmowame giorgi uflis rCeuli mravalfunqciuri
da
mswraflSemwe
wmindania.
misi
moRvaweoba mokled mis troparSi gvaqvs mocemuli,
saxeldobr; tyveTa ganmanTavisuflebeli da glaxakTa
xelis aRmpyrobeli, sneulTa mkurnali da mefeTa
uZleveli winambrZoli mxedari, gveleSapis mkvleli
109
da selinis mefis asulis ganmanTavisuflebelia, e.i.
sikeTis borotebaze gamarjvebis maradiuli simboloa.
`ukve gasagebia, Tu ratom airCia `did veSapTa~ mier
dasanTqmelad ganwirulma patara qarTvelma erma, wm.
giorgi Tavis mfarvelad da xelmZRvanelad. ratom
Secvala mTvaris kulti, `wm. giorgis kultad~,
ratom daukavSira Tavisi ganmanaTlebeli kapadokieli
qalwuli nino sisxliT naTesaobiT wminda giorgis da
ratom
aSenebda
Tavisi
gaqristianebis
pirvel
wlebSive taZrebs ZiriTadad wm. giorgis savedrebelsadideblad, maSin, rodesac Tavis mSobliur qveyanaSi
Zlevamosili mxedari jer kidev rigiT wmindanad
moiazreboda~ [5, 13].
saqme imaSia, rom wm. giorgis saxeSi qarTveli
xedavda ara mxolod kapadokiel wmindans, aramed
qristianul RmerTs, Zalismier mebrZol aspeqtSi
borotebis winaaRmdeg. `Cveni winaprebis rwmeniT, wm.
giorgi qarTvel ers ieso qristem mouvlina~ [6,38].
igi raindul saqmes jer RvTis da jvaris
daxmareba - SewevniT asrulebs, mere ki Tavisi
vaJkacoba - mamacobiT [7,12].
swored am sanukvari idealebiT, maradiuli
faseulobebiT cxovrobdnen Cveni winaprebi. medgrad
imarjvebdnen rogorc xilul da uxilav mterTan, ise
usamarTlo
wuTisofelTan
WidilSi.
amitom
`giorgoba aris usaRvToesi anderZi CvenTa mama-papaTa,
romelnic
mTavarmowame
giorgis
hbaZavdnen
mxedrobaSiac da mamuliSviloba da qristianoba
moiTxovda, mowameobaSiac~ [8, 3].
Sesabamisad, sruliad bunebrivad unda CaiTvalos,
rom misi saxeli saficrad iqca qarTvelebisTvis.
110
`megrelma Tu rame Tavisi simarTle unda daumtkicos
moyvass, - etyvis wm. giorgis madlma, es aseao! es
ficis formula srulebiT sakmarisia maficarma
Tavisi simarTle saCino hyos. igive megreli, roca
gaborotebulia
vizedme,
wm.
giorgis
saxeliT
daiwyevleba,
mavans
wminda
giorgim
kiseri
mougrixoso! amis Tqma sakmao iqneba, wminda giorgim
usminos damawyevars vedreba da saWirod dainaxos
damwyevlelis dasja! [9, 62].
xatze daficeba zogadad miRebuli iyo qarTul
sazogadoebaSi. xalxSi imdenad Zlieri yofila wm.
giorgis saswaulmoqmed xatisadmi Tayvaniscema, rom
erTmaneTs
am
xats
aficebdnen.
saqarTvelos
dauZinebel mters, Sah-abass erT-erTi molaparakebis
dros SeumCnevia, rom luarsab mefis bediT dainteresebuli imereli elCebi, ra xSirad da didi
mowiwebiT aficebdnen giorgi saakaZes mravalZalis
wminda giorgis. Sahi dainteresebula am eklesiiT da
rodesac mouxsenebiaT aqauri jvar-xatis siZliereze
Tavisi oqroTi mooWvili xmali Seuwiravs [10, 128].
sayovelTaod
cnobilia,
rom
oqonis
xati,
qarTvel mefeTa sawinamZRvro oqonis xat-jvarcmasTan
erTad, sigelebSi `Tavdebad~, gorijvris wminda
giorgi meoxad moyavdaT. aRarafers vambobT svanebze,
fSav-xevsurebze, romlebic locvis dros wm. giorgis
RmerTis msgavsad scemen Tayvans da RmerTze
Zlieradac miaCniaT [11, 7].
wminda giorgi Tu ara, vin miuZRvis saymos
laSqrobebs giSris fafariani nisla cxeniT?! amitom
aTqmevina molaSqre meomar RvTaebs Semdegi sityvebi:
`me viyavi, wminda giorgi,/CemTan ra gagidiodaT,
111
lurjas Semohkras maTraÃi, /zRvaze xmeliviT
dioda,
gaRma aiRis begara, /gamoRma gamodioda~ [12,11].
ra Tviseba ar miewereba mTavarmowame wminda
giorgis, romeli erTi SeiZleba CamoTvalo, mtyuanmarTlis garCeva, mesaqonleobis mfarveloba, damnaSavis aRmoCena da Sesaferisad dasja, Svilierebis,
mosavlianobis momateba da a.S. ufro metic, vis xeze
mexi daecemoda, is ojaxi xatisagan iTvleboda
damizezebuli da galaxuli - `Jvarili~. amitom
ojaxs unda eloca `ganalini~. exvewebodnen iloris
wm. giorgis - daefara maTi ojaxi mexisa da
cecxlisagan. Semdeg batkans an Tikans sawiraviT
waiyvandnen ilorSi da iqac loculobdnen [13,325].
samegreloSive sruldeboda `sajgego~, ojaxis
gamravlebisa da yovelive faTerakisagan damcveli
rituali, romelsac Semodgomaze pirvel saxare xbos
wiravdnen. ara marto locvisa da vedrebis dros
ixsenebda mlocveli wminda mxedars, aramed megruli
Selocvebisa
da
wyevla-krulvisas
kadnierad
mimarTavda;
vinaidan
swamda
misi
pirveladoba,
mswraflSemweoba. amave rwmeniT aaSena Cvenma winaparma
uricxvi raodenobis sadidebel-savedrebeli taZarsaydrebi
da
qristianuli
dawinare-qristianuli
saidumloebis
yovlismomcvel
saxebad
gulSi
samudamod Caikira. TuSuri gadmocemis mixedviT, samas
samocdasami wm. giorgi yofila. is qajebs tyved
Cavardnia. uTqvamT, es wmindania da unda gamovcadoTo.
sami dRe da Rame wisqvilis borbalze miukravT, ise
tanjes, ver mokles. sami dRe da Rame sakireSi
Caagdes, is ar daiwva. mere samas samocdasam nawilad
112
daWres, exlac ar mokvdebio? `Saimosa suyvela
angelozebad da gafrindnen. yvelas imas Tavisi
saxeli hqvia da yvelani wminda giorgis naWrebi arian
da imisi moZmeebia. saxelebi imaT hqviaT: kopala,
laSari, ÃaÃmati, laR iaÃsaric. SeiZleba erTis niSi
aTgan iyos~ [14, 425].
uZleveli mxedari erT-erTi sastikad wamebuli
wmindania. gavrcelebulia azri, TiTqos RmerTma mis
sxeulis nawilebi qveyanaze gaanawila da sadac isini
moxvda, yvelgan salocavi daawesa.
saqarTveloSi weliwadis yovel dRes izeimeboda
giorgoba, romelic wmindanis saxelobis romelime
taZarTan,
xatTan
an
mis
mier
aRsrulebul
saswaulebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. ar darCenila
saqarTvelos arc erTi kuTxe, romelic Tavs ar
iwonebdes mTavarmowame wm. giorgis wminda nawiliT
an saswaulmoqmedebiT. saxeldobr, zRvis donidan
4000m.
simaRleze
mdebare
beTlemis
mRvimesac
moxeveebi wm. giorgis sabrZanisad Tvlidnen, saidanac
iverielTa dasaxmareblad daeSveboda xolme mTavarmorwmune... saeklesio gadmocemiT, laTinebi qarTvelebs `sartylis qristianebs~ uwodebdnen. - wm.
giorgim Tavisi sartyliT Sekra veSapi da misca mefis
asuls,
romelic
am
veSapisTvis
samsxverplod
gaewiraT [15, 425].
cnobilia, rom wm. giorgis Tavis qalis nawilebi
Casvenebuli
yofila
gorijvris
wm.
giorgis
saxelobis eklesiis kuTvnil jvarSi. m. janaSvilis
cnobiT, Tavad amilaxvrebs igi goridan 3 km-ze
mdebare sof. oTaraSenSi gadaubrZanebiaT [16, 36].
113
samegreloSi, abaSis raionSi, sujunas wm. giorgis
eklesiaa,
romelsac
`marCqileni~
wm.
giorgid
ixseniebdnen, es imitom, rom am eklesiaSi wm. giorgis
yuri yofila Catanebuli. xalxi ambobda, rasac
SesTxov, aucileblad Seismenso, amitom SeurqmeviaT
`marCqileni~ anu Semsmeneli wm. giorgi. aq dacul wm.
giorgis xats hqonia sanawile zed warweriT.
sanawileSi yofila: 1. wm. giorgis TiTi; 2. wm.
giorgis Zvali; 3. wm. giorgis nawili; 4. WeSmariti
xorci [17, 10].
Cvenamde moaRwia erT dros gelaTis monastris
kuTvnilma wminda giorgis Tavis qalis Txemma,
romelic sabWoTa xelisuflebis dros quTaisis
isto-riul
muzeumSi
iyo
daculi...
guriaSi
Semoqmedis monasterSi daculi iyo wm. giorgis
sisxli, TeZos Zvali qvaTaxevis monasterSi [18, 270].
sazogadod, unda iTqvas, rom wm. giorgi friad
cnobili wmindania sxva xalxTa Soris, magram
qarTvelTa rwmeniT, wm. giorgis abaria es qveyana,
xolo zeviTa qveyana ki RmerTs [19, 545].
xalxuri gadmocemiT, xevSi, beTlemis gamoqvabuli
xom wm. giorgis sabrZanebelia. aqedan dahyurebs Cvens
codvil qveyanas wmindani da ara gamoepareba ra, rac
ki am wuTisofelSi usamarTloba xdeba. roca
gauWirdeboda Cvens samSoblos, maSinve gamoagelvebda
TeTrons da win miuZRveboda qarTvelebs brZolis
velze [15,77]. kacTaTvis RvTisa da mamulis
siyvarulis
mqadagebeli,
msgavsad
qristesa,
moyvasisaTvis Tavis gamwirveli wmindani qarTveli
xalxis ideali gaxda, romelic mudam mzad aris
daexmaros gansacdelSi myof an gaWirvebaSi Cavardnil
114
adamians. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, ilia II
brZanebs, kaxeTSi mas `piroflian giorgis~ anu
daRlil giorgis uwodeben, es imas niSnavs, rom igi
mudam exmareba gaWirvebul adamians. misive TqmiT,
sakanSi STagdebul mowames, romelic sisxlisgan
icleboda, esma xma uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi:
giorgi nu geSinia, me SenTan var. es yovelTvis unda
gvaxsovdes Cven, roca gansacdelSi vimyofebiT. miT
ufro, rom saqarTvelo Zalian xSirad aris am
mdgomareobaSi~.
wm. giorgis saswaulmoqmedi xatebis CamoTvla
Sors wagviyvanda, mag.: svaneTSi ar arsebobs iseTi
eklesia, rom ar inaxebodes wminda mxedarTa
amsaxveli Weduri xelovnebis Zeglebi - gansakuTrebiT wminda giorgis. SedarebiT popularulia
gveleSapis mlaxvravi wm. giorgis saxeba, romelic
aris qristes eklesiis borotebisa da codvaze
gamarjvebis simbolo, xolo xati, romelzec igi
diokletianes klavs, simboloa eklesiis gamarjvebisa
mis xilul mtrebze, maTze, vinc qristianobas
cecxliTa da maxviliT ebrZoda
da cdilobda
jalaTis xeliT kacTa gulebidan amoeglija qristes
saxeli [15, 23].
saqme imaSia, rom wm. giorgis saqarTveloSi
gansakuTrebiT scemdnen Tayvans rogorc istoriulad
arsebul pirovnebas. misi gmiroba ara marto sulieri,
simboluri, mistikuria, aramed fizikuri, amqveyniuri.
giorgoba noembris 23 ricxvSi, mTel qristianul
samyaroSi mxolod saqarTveloSi aRiniSneba, rogorc
saero dResaswauli. borbalze sastiki wamebis dRe,
miiCneva macxovris jvarcmis tolfasad. qarTvelebis
115
msgavsad,
wm.
giorgis Tayvaniscemis
masStabebi
araqarTvel mosaxleobasac gadaeca. sulieri kulturiT, mrwamsiT, Taviseburi idealebiT, zne-CveulebebiT
(e.w. saRmrToebi, daficeba), ritualebi ufro metad
yovlisSemZle da keTilmoqmed wm. giorgis saxels
daukavSirda, romelmac aTqmevina brZen qarTvel kacs,L
wm. giorgi visac swyalobs, RmerTic imas wyalobso,
an `wminda giorgi, qarTvelTa meoxi, gvedriT ar
dagvkargo~! TiTqmis igives imeorebs osi uxucesi
ludiTa da xabizginiT xelSi didebisa da vedrebis
tradiciul ritualSi: `vasTirjo (os. wm. giorgi),
TuTiro
da
vaCillav,
Tqveni
imediT
vsuldgmulobTo~. isini rasakvirvelia, didebul wmindanebs
da eklesiis mnaTobebsac ar iviwyebdnen da Seavedrebdnen duxWir yofas - `gurjistanis brwyinvale
eklesiebo, kargi TvaliT gadmogvxedeTo~ [20, 2].
rogorc x. mamisimediSvili wers, osi mamakaci ase
iloceba:
RvTisa
da
vasTirjis
wyaloba
ar
mogvakldeso [21, 123].
amrigad, wm. giorgi sruliad saqarTveloSi
saerTo siwminded iTvleba, romelsac gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc mfarvels, mwyalobels da
mama-papaTa did mSvenier salocavs. sakvlevi Temis
sakiTxi iloris, geris da qurmuxis wm. giorgis
eklesiebi,
SesaZloa
xelovnebis
Zeglebs
ar
warmoadgendnen, magram xalxis gulSi mtkiced aqvT
adgili damkvidrebuli. samive taZari ganTqmulia
giorgobis dResaswauliT: `dReobisTvis didis ambiT
emzadebian. yvela Tavis saRmrTo movaleobad Tvlis,
ar gamoakldes dReobas. ar iqneba ar daunTos qveynis
116
patrons wm. giorgis sanTeli, ar dauklas saRmTo...~
[22,178].
rogorc zaqaria edili werda, qurmuxis wminda
giorgis dResaswauli iyo erTaderTi dReoba mTel
saingiloSi darCenili uZvelesi droidan, romelic aq
mcxovrebi yvela erovnebis da mrwamsis warmomadgenlisTvis saerTo salocavad iTvleboda [23, 106-107].
Zvelad aq RvTismSoblis taZari yofila, magram
xati wm. giorgis saxeliT aris darCenili. igive
rogorc
rkonSi,
gerisTavSi
da
sxv.
1894w.
ganaxlebul am patara qurmuxis eklesias wm. giorgis
saxeli misces, magram es patara eklesia `didi
saydris~ saxeliT darCa [24, 23].
ingiloebi mogviTxroben, rom qurmuxis eklesiis
siRrmeSi, fuRuro lodSi cxovrobs TviT wm. giorgi
da RvTismSobeli. maTi locva-kurTxeviT aris, rom
ingiloebi aqamde urjuloTagan uvneblad cxovroben.
`Tu ojaxis romelime wevri ver midis salocavad,
misTvis qurmuxis saydridan moaqvT erTi muWa miwa da
aWmeven. am miwas ingiloebi `TuTias~ uwodeben [10,
185].
sxva cnobiT, Tqmulebis mixedviT, im mRvimis
karipiridan aRebuli TuTia (wminda miwa), rom iqonio
da wyalSi nalesi dalio, gargebs da sxvadasxva
sneuleba ver Segawuxebs [22,71].
rac mTavaria, lxinsa da WirSi ingilo saSvelad
RmerTsa da qurmuxis saydars Seavedrebs Tavs:
`RmerTo da qurmuxis saydaro, nu mogvakleb purs,
wyals da sarCo-sabadebelso~.
am gansazRvruli rwmenisa da sasoebis gamo,
TxovniT mimarTa saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma
117
ilia II-m 2007 wels azerbaijanis ministrTa sabWos
rwmunebuls faSa zades, raTa man xeli Seuwyos
qarTvel momlocvelebs daubrkoleblad aRavlinon
locva qurmuxis wm. giorgis eklesiaSi. sapasuxo
werilSi naTqvamia, qurmuxis wm. giorgis saxelobis
taZarSi RvTismsaxureba im motiviT Sewyda, rom igi
kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglad aris gamocxadebuli. kaTolikos-patriarqma ilia II-m Seix iul
islam alah Suqur faSa zades Seaxsena, rom Tbilisis
juma meCaTic kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglia,
magram iq, TbilisSi mcxovrebi muslimebi daubrkoleblad ganagrZoben msaxurebas [25,15].
molaparakebis Sedegad, uwmindesisa da unetaresis,
ilia II-is CareviT, 2007w. 23 noembers istoriul
hereTSi, amjamad azerbaijanSi, xornabujisa da
hereTis episkoposma melqisedekma (xaCiZem) sasuliero
pirebTan erTad, qurmuxis wm. giorgis taZari
moiloca da savedrebeli paraklisi gadaixada. taZari
ver itevda rogorc qristian, ise muslim momlocvelebs, romelTagan zogierTi azerbaijanis sxvadasxva kuTxidan iyo Camosuli. `Segewias~ - `dagimadlas~ - aseTi tradiciuli formiT ulocavdnen
erTmaneTs hereli qristianebi giorgobas [26, 8].
aravin icis qarTvelTaTvis rodis gaixsneba geris
wm. giorgis eklesia, romelic uZlieresi salocavad
iTvleba liaxvis xeobis qarTvelTa da osTaTvis.
rodis gacocxldeba xatobaze mimavali mlocvelis
mistikuri
mimarTva.
`gwyalobdeT~
an
`Tqveni
mwyalobelic iyoso~. amJamad, geris wm. giorgis
eklesiis samarTalmemkvidred osebi iTvlebian da ise
gakadnierdnen, qarTvelebis SromiT da locviT naSeneb
118
saydars, osebis sarwmunoebriv centrad warmaodgenen.
osebisgan usamarTlod Sewuxebulma qarTvelebma
`gerisToba-giorgoba~ barSi, sof. arboSi gadmoitana,
sadac XI s-is wm. giorgis darbazuli eklesiaa.
mlocvelebi arboSic imave wesebs asrulebdnen, rasac
gerSi misdevdnen. geri iyo wm. giorgis xatis mTis
sabrZanisi, xolo arbo-barisa. `arbos geris jvris
umcros Zmas uwodeben da geris gamo arboc
saxelganTqmulia qarTlSi~ [27,205].
sof.
geri
(amJamad
cxinvals
ekuTvnis),
cxinvalidan 22 km-ze mdebareobs, zRvis donidan 1480
m-ze. geris wm. giorgis salocavi ganviTarebuli
Suasaukuneebis nagebobaa, mogvianebiT SekeTebuli.
gerisToba iwyeboda agvistos bolos da sam kviras
grZeldeboda. es rac xatobas Seexeba, Torem
qristeSobis damlevamde ganuwyvetliv midiodnen
SeTqmulebi, sneulebisgan ganTavisuflebulni an
sneulebi.
`wminda giorgis mSveneba, Sors miadgeba gorasa,
SoriT moiyvans mlocavsa, avadmyofsa da monasa!~
xatobis mesame geris bolo arboSi imarTeboda.
aRniSnuli dReoba iyo saerTo salocavi, rogorc
socialurad, ise erovnulad gansxvavebuli adamianebisaTvis. maTi ricxvi imdenad didi iyo, rom sami
kviris ganmavlobaSi `1350 suli cxvari da 500 suli
msxvili saqoneli daikla, sawiravis fuli, sanTeli,
mitkali, Zafi, jvrebi, qaTmebi, qadebi, arayi, ludi,
Rvino da sxva ram mravali~ [28,3].
geris wm. giorgis eklesia imdenad mcire zomis
iyo, ramdenime aTeuli kaci Tu moTavsdeboda, magram
iseTi saxelganTqmuli, rom mlocveli da madidebeli
119
arasodes
aklda.
rogorc
imdroindeli
korespondentebi werdnen, am eklesiis Semosavali
weliwadSi aTas Tumans aRemateboda, magram arc gza
hqonda, arc mosasvenebeli adgilebi, arc galavani.
magram osi mnaTeebisagan da qarTveli mRvdlebisagan
dalocvili mavedrebeli, yovelwliurad sasoebiT,
imediT,
siyvaruliT
moilocavda
saTayvanebel
salocavs momaval gerisTobamde.
gerisa da iloris wminda giorgis saswaulmoqmedi
salocavebi amaod elodebian qarTul enaze wirvalocvas da mavedrebel mrevls. iloris eklesia qalaq
oCamCiridan 3 km-ze mdebareobs, romelic amJamad,
ruseTis mier aris okupirebuli. afsidiT dasrulebuli erTnaviaini nageboba XIs-is I meoTxeds
ganekuTvneba. taZars CrdiloeTiT, samxreTiT da
dasavleTiT minaSenebic axlavs, mas mzrunveli xeli
arasodes ar aklda, Tumca Cvens droSi am taZarze
`zrunvam~
TviTneburi
xasiaTi
miiRo.
iloris
eklesias gansakuTrebuli Tavisebureba axasiaTebs, iq
qarTul
enaze
wirva-locva
TiTqmis
arasodes
Sewyvetila. yovel noemberSi, giorgobaze mTeli
dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba sanTel-sakmevliT,
saklavebiT stumrobdnen am didebul salocavs.
imdenad didi iyo momlocvelTa raodenoba da taZris
Sesawiri, rom am SemosavlebiT yovelwliurad
afxazeTSi
ramdenime
eklesiis
aRdgenas
da
mSeneblobas eyreboda safuZveli. miuxedavad imisa,
rom taZari zRvisgan arc Tu ise Sors gaxldaT,
zRva ki savse iyo mekobreebiT, eklesiis gaZarcvas
veravin bedavda gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi, naqurdali
uklebliv
ubrundeboda
saswaulmoqmed
taZars.
120
rogorc frangi mogzauri Jak fransua gamba werda,
`afxazebi da megrelebi gansakuTrebiT Tayvans scemen
iloris eklesias da dausruleblad SeuZliaT
laparaki iq momxdari saswaulebis Sesaxeb~ [29,88].
yovel
giorgobaze
odiSis
samRvdeloeba
aRasrulebda xaris Sewirvis rituals, romelic wm.
giorgis SerCeuli iyo. Zvel droSi xaris nacvlad
samsxverplo zvaraki iyo iremi, romelic gadmocemis
Tanaxmad Tavad midioda taZarSi.
msgavsi gadmocema arsebobs sofel kaleSi mdebare
wminda giorgis saxelobis eklesiaze, romelsac
`irmis rqis eklesias uwodeben. aq irmebi TavianTi
nebiT midiodnen da ewirebodnen mas~ [30, 3]. xari da
iremi
qarTul
miTologiaSi
pirveli
adgilis
dasakaveblad TiTqmis erTmaneTs ejibreba. iloris
eklesiasTan arsebul TqmulebebSi, iremsac sapatio
adgili uWiravs, vinaidan taZris mSeneblobis Sesaxeb
werilobiT wyaroebSi aranairi cnoba ar Semonaxula,
legendas unda verwmunoT. TiTqos adgilobrivma
Tavadma nadirobisas is iremi daWra, romelic wm.
giorgis mfarvelobis qveS imyofeboda. am ambiT
SeZrwunebulma Tavadma wm. giorgis sadideblad
iloris taZari aaSena [31, 20].
siwmindeTa da saswaulTa simravle izidavda ara
marto qristianebs, aramed mahmadianebsac. ilorSi
popularuli iyo gadmocema im Turqis Sesaxeb,
romelmac ar irwmuna ilorSi wm. giorgis mier xaris
saswaulebrivad moyvanis SemTxveva da rodesac Tavisi
xari amoicno, man col-Svili odiSSi Camoiyvana,
qristes
rjulze
moeqca
da
iqve
dasaxlda.
cnobilia,
rom
XVIII
s-Si
afxazeTi
121
muslimanobisken miidrika. afxazeTis mTavris, umemkvidro jiqeSia SarvaSiZis gardacvalebis Semdeg,
mmarTvelad moiwvies, baTumSi mcxovrebi misi umcrosi
Zma zurab ServaSiZe. igi islamis aRmsarebeli iyo da
ar surda emarTa afxazi xalxi, romelic Rvinos
svamda da Roris xorczec ar ikavebda Tavs.
xangrZlivi molaparakebis Semdeg, zurab SarvaSiZe
daTanxmda dabruneboda qristianul rjuls da
monaTluliyo iloris yovlisSemZle taZarSi. asec
moxda. aRniSnul pirovnebaze swored im muslimanis
moqcevis
saswaulma
imoqmeda,
romelic
zemoT
aRvniSneT da ase realurad aRiqmeboda imdroindeli
sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi.
JamTa svla Tavis ucvlel kanonzomierebas miyveba.
legendad iqca ilorSi wm. giorgis xaris moyvanis
saswauli. lamis legendad iqca TviT iloric, sadac
Zvelad Turme TaRidan oqros saswaulmoqmedi
saswori eSveboda. modaveni mis qveS dgebodnen,
wmindanisadmi locvas aRavlendnen da sasworis pina
marTlisken ixreboda. magram erTxel wm. giorgis
motyueba ucdiaT da wmindans saswori samudamod
wauRia zecaSi. amis Semdeg damkvidrebula e.w.
ginoCama _ xatis samsjavroze damnaSavis gadacema.
vimedovnebT male dadgeba Jami, rodesac iloris
taZarSi zecidan oqros saswori daeSveba da mtyuanmarTali samarTlianad ganisjeba. RmrTis samarTali
marTalia urmiT dadis, magram Cvename usaTuod
moaRwevs.
niSandoblivia, erT-erT lomisur sadidebelSi
mTielebis simRera, romelic iloris wm. giorgisac
miesadageba:
122
`wminda giorgi cxenze zis, muxli da niavqaria,
mxarze hkidia maTraxi, samocdasami mxaria,
visac daartyams daaCnis, magis dakruli mwaria~.
aseTi sworupovari da qeduxreli wminda mxedari
hyavs mfarvelad saqarTvelos da mis kurTxeul
miwaze mcxovreb yvela erisa warmomadgenels.
123
wyaroebi da literatura:
1. g. akofaSvili, wminda giorgis saxe qarTul feodalur kulturaSi, `saqarTvelos feodaluri xanis
istoriis sakiTxebi~, kr. VII, 1999.
2. Л. Меликсет-Беков, Страна св. Георгия, известия
кавказского
отдела
императорского
русского
географического ообщества, т. XXIV,#2 Тиф. 1916.
3. osuri zRaprebi da legendebi, Tb., 1957
4. xalxuri sibrZne, qarTuli eposi, III, Tb., 1964.
5. kal. cincaZe, qvaSveTis wminda giorgis eklesia
tfilisSi, Tb., 1994.
6. v. abramiSvili, gorijvari, Tb., 1994.
7. k. kekeliZe, etiudebi, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, t. II, Tb.,1945.
8. m. janaSvili, giorgoba, gaz. `iveria~, #86.
9. T. saxokia, eTnografiuli nawerebi, Tb., 1956.
10. iambe cixis naSalo, Tb., 2001.
11. wminda giorgi Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi, Tb.,
1956.
12. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, Tb., 1992.
13. s. makalaTia, samegrelos istoria da eTnografia,
Tb., 1941.
14. g. boWoriZe, TuSeTi, Tb., 1993.
15. saqarTvelos imedi, Tb.,2012, wigni 6.
16. М. Джанашвили, Гори и его окрестности, Тиф. 1904.
17. dekanozi k. kaWarava, sujunis wm. giorgis eklesiis istoria, Tb., 2010.
18. e. bubulaSvili, saqarTvelos eklesiis siwmindeebi, Tb., 2007.
19. qarTuli xalxuri sityviereba, t. II, Tb., 1991.
124
g. CoCiSvili, dResaswaulebi oseTSi, gaz. `droeba~,
1883, #258.
21. x. mamisimediSvili, jvar-xatTa sakulto teqstebi,
Tb., 2009.
22. m. janaSvili, saingilo, wign. Zveli saqarTvelo,
t. II, tf. 1913.
23. z. edili, saingilo, Tb. 1997.
24. g. marjaniSvili, hereTi, Tb., 2005.
25. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis 2007 wlis
qronika, gaz. `sapatriarqos uwyebani~, 2008. 4-9
ivnisi.
26. s. kereseliZe, giorgoba hereTSi, gaz. `sapatriarqos uwyebani~, 2012, 29 noemberi-5 dekemberi
27. i. megreliZe, warwerebi da sxva siZveleebi patara
liaxvis xeobaSi, calke amonabeWdi, 1957.
28. d. dgvriseli, Cveneburi ambebi, geris xeoba, gaz.
`iveria~, 1903, 23 agvisto.
29. J.f. gamba, mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi, Tb., 1987.
30. g. qurasbediani, wminda giorgis saxelTan dakavSirebuli Tqmulebebi, Tb. 2001.
31. А. Кация, Илори, Сух. 1963.
125
Irma Kvashilava
“ST. GEORGE OF ILORI, OF GERI, OF
KURMUKHI... YOU, WHO TERRIFY ENEMY”
Great martyr (megalomartyros) St. George (Giorgi) is a
patron saint of Georgia and Georgian people has a special
honor towards him. In each part of the country, all over it,
there are many beautiful churches and sacred place dedicated
to him. Though some churches and places of veneration are
now on the occupied territories, they are still venerated as
before. It must be mentioned that Ilori in Abkhazia, Geri in
Ossetia, Kurmukhi- the “Great Church” in Saingilo are the
common places for veneration for the entire Georgia and
people living in this country. How intimately St. George, this
great martyr, brave knight, fighter against evil, who unites
Georgia, became linked to everybody, enemy or friend is
discussed in the article.
St. George is not only megalomartyros, almighty,
miracle worker but expresses warrior spirit and force,
Georgian ardour, ideal of national hero which inspires and
gives vitality to those who glorify him.
126
daviT WiTanava
,,wamxaris’’ RvTismSoblis xati
zugdidis raionis sofel kokSi, soflis sasaflaosTan, mdinare enguris marcxena sanapirodan
daaxloebiT 2 kilometrSi, dgas wminda giorgis
saxelobis axlad aRdgenili eklesia. Aaq SemorCenili
iyo Zveli eklesiis kedlis naSTi, romlis erT-erTi
moCuqurTmebuli, daaxloebiT ori metris simaRlis
qva dResac eklesiis aRmosavleTiT, Sesasvlel karTan
aris CaSenebuli [7, 159].
am eklesiaSi inaxeboda Zveli RvTismSoblis
xati, romelzec gazeT `kvalis~ furclebidan cnobas
gvawvdis o. WiWinaZe; misive sityvebiT, `kokis soflis
wminda giorgis eklesiaSi vnaxe am JamaT erTi Zveli
RvTis-mSoblis xati. dawerilia xatis gverdze
xucuriT, aso mTavruliT mxedruli asoebiT. rogorc
miambes iqaurma moxucebulebma, es RvTismSoblis xati
127
unaxavT `wamxaris~ (`wamxari~, rogorc miambes,
afxazeTis erTi sofelTagania) eklesiis nangrevebSi
da moutaniaT axlandel kokis wminda giorgis
eklesiaSi sadac amjamad aris. amasTanave miambes, rom
xatze warweraSi moxseniebuli manuCar ServaSiZe
Zvirfasi oqros kuboTia dasaflavebulio ,, wamxaris‟‟
eklesiis ubanSi magram sad, romel adgilze aris, ar
viciT;
sasaflao
ar
Canso.
xatze
warwera
amovikiTxeT, Zlivs rogorc iqna, sruliad da
gigzavniT redaqciaSi. xati Zvelia, isic upatiuraT
aris eklesiaSi da SeiZleba momavalSi sul daikargos
Tavisi warweriT. amisTvis saWiroT davinaxe am
zewarweris amokiTxva da gamogzavna dasastambavaT. `q.
dedao. RTisa Cvenisa macxovrisao, qalwul mariam,
Sendave aRvimsTob msaxurebad, rom aRmiRe mona ese
Seni da myav mravlisa gansacdelisagan xsnili da
keTil
dReobasa
da
bednierebasa
SemTxveuli,
romlisTvis kvaladve mowyalebiTman moxedvaman Senmam
momca suli me monasa Sensa SarvaSiZes manuCars,
raTamca eklesia ese wamxarisa mravlis wliTagan da
mravlis
dRiTgan
dacemuli
da
datovebuli
darRveuli aRmeSenebina da ganmeaxlebina da viTar
ganvizraxe, myis viwye ganaxlebad da mravliTa
RTawliTa da xarjiTa gardavxure da ganvawyobine
Sinagan da garegan, viTarca taZari RTisa da miviyvane
mwyemsmTavari Cveni da sulieri mamaCemi – caiSeli
mitropoliti grigol da vakurTxebine saydari ese
saxelsa
zeda
RvawliT
Semosilisa
wmindis
giorgisaTa da davayene xucesni mwirveli mlocvelad
da msaxurad eklesiisa amis da Sevwire mojalabe
koCaia cxadaia Tavis col-SviliT msaxuraT ama
128
eklesiasa zeda mRvdelTaTvis; xolo wminda ese xati
Seni movaWedine da davsdev amav eklesiaSi Sina
simrTeled da mSvidobad Cvenda da meuRlisa Cemisa
dadianis asulisa qeTevanisa da ZeTa CvenTa mravalJamierobad
amave
qveyanasa
Sina
da
Semdgom
sicocxlisa Cvenisa mocemad Cvenda romels ganumzade
moyvareTa TvisTa amin welsa Cyib.
y-d wmidao deda RvTisa Seiwyale am xatis
mamkobi meunargia pepu... „‟
kokis
eklesiaSive
imyofeba
barZimferxumi,
romelzedac aweria Semdegi: `qriste Seiwire Sensa
wamxarisa
amis
sakurTxevelisa
Sina
sirmisa
barZimfeSxumi Cvenda codvaTa mosatevebelad da
meuRlisa Cemisa dadianis asulis qeTevanisa da ZeTa
da asulTa CvenTa simrTelad. amin. SarvaSiZe manuCar.
welsa Cyib~ [8].
aq
moxseniebuli
grigoli,
aris
caiSeli
episkoposi grigol Ciqovani (1777-1823), xolo
qoronikoni udris 1812 wels. xatis mamkobi ki
yofila
pepu
meunargia.
xatis
warweraSi
moxseniebuli da wamxaris eklesiis aRmdgeni manuCar
ServaSiZe iyo samurzayanos ukanaskneli mflobeli.
misi meuRle qeTevani ki aris levan V dadianis
(1804-1840) da.
manuCar ServaSiZis pirveli meuRle iyo giorgi malaqias Zis beJan abaSiZis asuli
TaTia [2, 199, 206].
manuCar ServaSiZe moklul iqna
1813 wels xutunia ServaSiZis mier.
manuCar
ServaSiZe, levan dadianis mxares ibrZoda afxazeTis
samTavros
dauflebisTvis
brZolaSi,
romelma
ukanasknelmac 1809 wels mas gadasca samurzayano
samarTavad [4, 140, 141]. manuCar solomonis Ze
129
ServaSiZes,
samurzayano_afxazeTis
samTavros
samarTavad gadacemis dros, didi niko dadiani ase
axasiaTebs: ,,ara Tu siZeobisTvis pativsca esreT,
aramed vinaTgan iyo igi kaci saxelovani da saqmesa
Sina marjve‟‟ [2, 199].
saarqivo monacemebiT, kokis wminda giorgis
eklesiaSi 1908 wels msaxurobda mRvdeli nestor
cxakaia,
medaviTne
avqsenti
Sonia,
mamasaxlisi
wuleiskiri [5, 59].
wamxari
moxseniebulia
1525-1550
wlebiT
daTariRebul biWvinTis iadgarSi, sadac
levan
dadadiani da misi orive Ze giorgi da mamia
biWvinTis
RvTismSobels,
sxva
adgilmamulebTan
erTad, swiraven ,,wamxars gamkervalias”. Aaq moxseniebuli levan dadiani unda iyos levan I (1532-1572),
xolo maTi Svilebi giorgi III (1572-1582) da mamia
IV (+1590), romlebic SemdgomSi samegrelos mTavrebi
iyvnen [6, 129]. am sabuTSi moxseniebuli wamxars
,,Sewiruli gamkervalia”, rogorc Cans aris gvarsaxeli, ramdenadac XVI saukunis afxazeTis sakaTalikoso glexebis did davTarSi, xoiris sasaxlis
gamosavlis nusxaSi naxsenebia xaxuta gamkervalia,
romelsac marTebs
,,smai, da Wamai, laSqrobai da
samsaxuri” [3, 31]. A gamomdinare aqedan, unda vivaraudoT, rom XVI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi wamxarSi
eklesia ukve idga. Tumca danamdvilebiT viciT, rom
momdevno saukunis pirvel
naxevarSi,
levan II
dadianis dros (1611-1657) lambertis rukaze moxseniebul wamxarSi eklesiaa aRniSnuli da is miTiTebulia wifurias dasavleTiT, md. enguris marjvena
130
mxares, romel ukanasknelSic am periodSi misionerTa
sacxovrisi da ori eklesia idga.
T.
beraZis
azriT,
lambertis
rukaze
moxseniebuli Zamchaz–unda iyos wamxari. amJamad amgvari saxelwodebis sofeli ar arsebobs. sofel Tagilonis erT ubans dRes ewodeba wamxari da iq SemorCenilia gvianfeodaluri eklesiis nangrevebi. lambertiseuli wamxari swored aq unda yofiliyo [1, 79].
zemoT warmodgenili xatis warweris safuZvelze
naTelia, rom wamxaris eklesia
wminda giorgis
saxelobis iyo, romelic caiSelma mitropolitma
grigorim misi ganaxlebisTanave xelaxla akurTxa.
misi kurTxeva unda momxdariyo swored maSin,
rodesac samegrelos mTavarma levan V dadianma
(1804_1840) 1811 wlis didi Jamianobis da tyveTa
syidvis gaZlierebis gamo samurzayanoSi Tan waiyvana
Tavisi biZa Wyondideli mitropoliti besarioni da
caiSeli mitropoliti grigoli. aseve, masTan erTad
iyo misi siZe, im Jamad ukve samurzayanos gamgebeli
manuCar solomonis Ze ServaSiZe. mas mtrobda
xutunia leonis Ze ServaSiZe, romelic im dros
bediis cixeSi iyo gamagrebuli da swored 1813 wels
man veragulad mokla manuCar ServaSiZe [2, 203].
dResdReobiT CvenTvis ucnobia wamxaris eklesiis
Tundac SemorCenili nangrevebis mdgomareoba. rogorc
xatis warweridan Cans, wamxaris eklesia XVIII
saukunis bolos ukve dangreuli yofila da is
manuCar ServaSiZes aRudgenia. isic naTelia, rom es
eklesia aRgdgenis Semdgomac, anu 1812 wlis Semdgom,
kidev erTxel Cans dangreuli. danamdvilebiT ucnobia
manuCar ServaSiZis mier aRdgenili am
eklesiis
131
meored
dangrevis
mizezic,
Tumca
SeiZleba
vivaraudoT, rom manuCar ServaSiZis mier aRgdgenili
es eklesia misi mokvlisTanave daengria (1813 wels)
xutunia ServaSiZes, romelic savaraudod qristianul
sarwmunoebis mimdevari ar iyo. wamxaris RvTismSoblis xati rogorRac nangrevebSi gadarCenila da
1893 wels, is ukve inaxeba sofel kokis wm. giorgis
saxelobis eklesiaSi. xolo kokis wm. giorgis qvis
eklesia unda daengriaT gasabWoebis
dros
da
wamxaris RvTismSoblis xatic swored am periodSi
Cans dakarguli, an ganadgurebuli. SesaZloa misi
adgilsamofeli Semdgomma kvleva-Ziebam gamoavlinos
kidec. erTaderTi, rac dResdReobiT danamdvilebiT
viciT is aris, rom es xati saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
muzeumis fondis koleqciebSi ar inaxeba.
132
wyaroebi da literatura:
1. T. beraZe, XVII saukunis pirveli naxevris odiSis
ruka, ,,Zeglis megobari‟‟, 21, Tb., 1970.
2. n. dadiani, qarTvelTa cxovreba, Tb., 1962.
3. s. kakabaZe, afxazeTis sakaTalikozo glexebis didi
davTari, Tb., 1914.
4. s. makalaTia, samegrelos istoria da eTnografia,Y
Tb., 1992.
5. caiSis sakaTedro taZari, redaqtori_dekanozi
amirani (Sengelia), zugdidi_caiSi, 2002.
6. a. xaxanaSvili, gujrebi, quT., 1891.
7. d. WiTanava, eklesiebi da TavdacviTi nagebobebi
samegreloSi (uZvelesi droidan dRemde), Tb., 2010.
8. o. WiWinaZe, gaz. kvali, 1893, #22.
133
Davit Chitanava
CAPTION ON THE "TSAMKHARI" ICON OF THE
VIRGIN MARY
The article is about the church, located in Abkhazia, inscription
on the "Tsamkhari" icon of the Virgin Mary, which was published in
1893 in the newspaper, "Kvali".
Nowadays this icon is believed to be missing. Inscription on the
icon is dated 1812 years. It informs us that the decorator of the icon
was Pepu Meunargia. According to icon inscription, Tsamkhari
church was renewed in 1812 by Manouchar Shervashidze, which was
the last owner of Samurzakano. In the inscription, Manouchar's wife Qetevani is referred to as Levan V Dadiani's (1804-1840) sister.
Caishi Bishop Grigol is also referred to, who is Grigol Chiqovani
(1777-1823). Tsamkhari is being referred in Bichvinta Iadgari dated
by 1525-1550 years AD, from which it is clear that in the first half of
the XVI century, the church has already stood in Tsamkhari.
However, we know for sure that in the first half of the next
century, during Levan II Dadiani (1611-1657), on a Lambert's map,
the church is referred in a Tsamkhar, and it is indicated to be on the
west of Tsipuria, on the right side of Enguri river, in which during this
period two churches and housing of missionaries has been.
Based on the label of the icon presented above, Tsamkhari
Church must have been named after the Virgin Mary. Nowadays we
do not even know the condition of the church remnants. According to
the inscription Tsamkhari church was demolished at the end of the
XVIII century, which was renewed by Manouchar Shervashidze.
However, it appears that afterwards the church renewal, i.e. after
1812, once again seems to be demolished, but reason of demolishing
for the second time, after being restored by Manouchar Shervashidze
is unknown.
It probably should have happened long before Sovietization, to
the extent that in 1893 the icon was kept in the St. George's church of
the Koki village. Koki St. George Stone Church had to be destroyed
while Sovietization and the Tsamkhari Virgin Mary icon seem to be
lost, or destroyed during this period. Maybe its location will be
revealed after further research.
134
aleqsandre TvaraZe
vend graf fon kalnainis samxedro
tyveobis aRweriloba – sabWoTa
saqarTvelos istoriis mniSvnelovani
wyaro
sabWoTa periodis saqarTvelos yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis
Sesaxeb
aRniSnuli
epoqidan
bevri
avTenturi, obieqturi wyaro ar mogvepoveba. im
droidan SemorCenili dokumentebi, garkveuli gamonaklisebis garda, umTavresad gvTavazoben yoveldRiurobis suraTs, romelic ZiriTadad Tavsdeba
oficialuri propagandis mier SemuSavebul sqemaSi.
rogorc originaluri wyaro, XX saukunis 40-iani
wlebis
meore
naxevris
sabWoTa
saqarTvelos
istoriisaTvis
mniSvnelovania
vend
graf
fon
kalnainis wigni, romelic germaniaSi daibeWda 2003
wels (Wend Graf von Kalnein, Georgisches Tagebuch,
Fünf Jahre kriegsgefangen im Kaukasus [qarTuli dRiuri,
xuTi weli kavkasiis tyveobaSi], hrsg. von Oliver
Reisner, Osnabrück: Fibre Verlag, 2003. 323 gverdi.
wignis gamomcemelia oliver raisneri. wigns Tan
erTvis gamomcemlis saintereso bolosityvaoba).
avtori siRrmiseul informaciebs gvTavazobs rogorc
samxedro tyveTa
banakebze, maTi
mmarTvelobis
struqturaze, ise qveynis ekonomikur, socialur da
religiur realiebze.
germaneli samxedro tyveebis saqarTveloSi yofnis
istoria, ramdenadac vici, praqtikulad Seswavlili
ar aris. am dros samxedro tyveebma sakmaod
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes 40-iani wlebis meore
naxevris sabWoTa saqarTvelos ganviTarebaSi: aaSenes
135
mravali nageboba, gaiyvanes sxvadasxva gzebi, aages
industriuli sawarmoebi. samxreT kavkasiaSi mTlianobaSi iyo 11 sammarTvelo punqti samxedro tyveTa
banakebisTvis, maT Soris afxazeTSi (soxumi da
oCamCire), qarTlSi (rusTavi, Tbilisi, molotovo),
imereTSi (tyibuli). maT daqvemdebarebaSi iyo 116
SedarebiT mcire banaki, samxedro tyveTa 7 samuSao
batalioni da samxedro tyveTa 3 hospitali
(dasasvenebeli banakis CaTvliT). kavkasiis samxedro
tyveTa pirveli banaki daarsda TbilisSi 1942 wels.
danarCeni banakebi gaixsna 1944 wlidan. tyveebis
pirveli partia gaanTavisufles da ukan gauSves 1946
wels. umravlesobas ukan dabrunebis ufleba mieca
sami an oTxi wlis Semdeg, rodesac dasrulda didi
samSeneblo proeqtebi. 1949 wlis dasasrulidan 1950
wlis dasawyisamde tyveTa yvela banaki gauqmda.
samxreT kavkasiidan germaniaSi daaxloebiT 60. 000
tyve dabrunda. danarCeni 25. 000 savaraudod aq
daiRupa. samxreT kavkasiaSi myofi germaneli tyveebis
daaxloebiT naxevari gadanawilebuli iyo banakebSi
saqarTvelos teritoriaze. iZulebiTi Sroma sabWoTa
kavSirSi gamoiyeneboda rogorc saSualeba socialisturi ekonomikis aRmSeneblobisTvis. samxedro
tyveebis saqarTveloSi muSaoba ganuyofeli nawili
iyo meoTxe xuTwledis samuSao gegmis [2, 319-320].
fon kalnaini tyved Cavarda vermaxtis upirobo
kapitulaciis Semdeg. is jaris nawilebTan erTad
brundeboda germaniaSi, bohemiis teritoriaze daapatimres Cexebma da Semdeg danarCen tyveebTan erTad
gadasces sabWoTa armias. sabWoTa saqarTvelos
banakebSi gaatara xuTi weli. raki icoda rusuli,
136
aZlevdnen samuSaos banakis xelmZRvanelobaSi. aqedan
saSualeba hqonda siRrmiseulad gascnoboda banakebis
struqturas,
aseve
gviani
stalinizmis
xanis
ekonomikur da sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas qveyanaSi.
sakuTari dakvirvebebi, mravali saubari patimrebTan,
banakebis qarTvel da rus personalTan, xSiri
kontaqtebi mosaxleobasTan gvaZleven cocxal suraTs
samxedro tyveebis, sabWoTa saqarTvelos cxovrebis
Sesaxeb. fon kalnaini, rogorc germaneli samxedro
tyve, movlenebs uyurebs da afasebs germanelis,
evropelis perspeqtividan. amitom garkveul stereotipebs da winaswar kliSeebs monografiaSi vxvdebiT.
magram mTlianobaSi misi wigni aris neitraluri
wyaro, romelic emyareba sakuTar dakvirvebas da
gamocdilebas. mis monografias Janrobrivi TvalsazrisiT
erTgvari
Sualeduri
adgili
uWiravs
samogzauro literaturas (miuxedavad imisa, rom
avtorma am SemTxvevaSi erTgvari iZulebiT imogzaura) da omis literaturas Soris (Tumca aq ufro
omis Semdgomi periodia aRwerili).2 garda amisa, fon
kalnainis wigni Tavsdeba agreTve zogad konteqstSi,
romelic ukavSirdeba saqarTveloSi germanelebis
cxovrebis istorias.3
2
adreuli axali drois da Tanamedroveobis germanul samogzauro
literaturaze, romelic kavkasias da saqarTvelos exeba, bevri
qarTveli mkvlevari muSaobs, magaliTad: gia gelaSvili, goCa saiTiZe,
dali kandelaki, beJan javaxia, elene gogiaSvili. statiis
specifikidan gamomdinare, aq Sesabamisi bibliografiis TandarTvis
aucilebloba ar aris.
3 saqarTvelosa da kavkasiaSi mcxovreb germanelebTan dakavSirebiT
ix.: avTandil sonRulaSvili, germanelebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi:
mecniereba, 1995; saqarTveloSi germanelebis istoriis sakiTxebi,
137
fon kalnaini daibada 1914 wels ludvigslustSi
(meklenburgi), gaizarda avstriaSi. swavlobda xelovnebis istorias, arqeologias da romanistikas bonSi
1935-1939 wlebSi. meore msoflio omis dros
ibrZoda safrangeTSi da ruseTSi. 1950 wels tyveobidan dabrunebis Semdeg disertacia daicva 1953
wels. 1957 wlidan iyo ceeringerebis muzeumis direqtori baden-badenSi, 1964-1979 wlebSi _ diuseldorfis xelovnebis muzeumis direqtori. 1979
wlidan aswavlida axali xelovnebis istorias
zalcburgSi, cxovrobda zeekirxenSi (avstria), sadac
gardaicvala 2007 wels. saqarTveloSi yofnisas
ganawilebuli iyo rusTavis da WiaTuris samxedro
tyveTa
banakebSi,
sadac
muSaobda
banakebis
mmarTvelobaSi sxvadasxva postebze, buRaltrad,
Tarjimnad, aseve ubralo muSad mSeneblobebze.
winamdebare statias, bunebrivia, ar aqvs fon
kalnainis monografiis safuZvlianad ganxilvis, an
aRniSnuli wignis masalaTa gaTvaliswinebiT gviani
stalinizmis epoqis sabWoTa saqarTvelos politikuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri Tu sxva mocemulobebis gaanalizebis pretenzia. raki wigni, rogorc
qarTveli specialistebisTvis, ise farTo sazogadoebisaTvis praqtikulad ucnobia, minda aq ubralod
mokled mimovixilo „qarTul dRiurSi“ mocemuli
mTavari sakiTxebi Tu Temebi.
Semdg. gari augsti, mTargmn. germanulidan aleqsandre feldmaieri,
Tbilisi: Sps “mwignobaris” st., 2011.
138
rusTavis samxedro tyveTa kolonia
fon kalnainis mixedviT, rusTavSi mdgomareoba
banakebSic
da
moqalaqeebs
Sorisac
sakvebiT
momaragebasTan dakavSirebiT gaxldaT Zalian mZime.
puris gacemisas imarTeboda namdvili brZolebi,
xolo karaqi da xorci garkveul xans gamqrali iyo.
samxedro tyveebs banakis xelmZRvaneloba xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi kvebavda mxolod qatos an
kombostos supiT, rasac emateboda normirebuli
puris mcire raodenoba [1, 98-101]. sakveb produqtebs
saxelmwifo
fasebiT
qarxnebisa
da
fabrikebis
specialur maRaziebSi mxolod iq dasaqmebulebi
iRebdnen.
„Tavisufal“
bazarze,
anu
bazarSi
yvelaferi samjer Zviri iyo [1, 78]. Tavidan daasaqmes
sawyobSi, sadac uxvad iyo amerikuli daxmarebiT
miRebuli konservebi, Saqris tomrebi _ sent-luisidan, fqvilis tomrebi _ ilinoisidan. magram
aRniSnuli daxmareba banakis sawyobidan ZiriTadad Sav
bazarze midioda. sawyobis gamges garkveuli drois
Semdeg fon kalnainis iq muSaoba, rogorc damatebiTi
mowmis, aRar moewoneba da am samuSaodan gaanTavisufleben, ris Semdegac gadaiyvanen buRaltrad [1,
80-82, 88-92]. fon kalnainma SeamCnia, rom sikvdilis
SemTxvevebi banakSi iyo SesamCnevad iSviaTi. erT-erTi
eqimisgan
gaigo:
mZime
avadmyofebi
gadayavdaT
TbilisSi samxedro tyveebis lazareTSi, sadac isini
masiurad iRupebodnen. banakSi gardacvalebis ufleba
ar hqondaT, raki es xelmZRvanelobisTvis ar iyo
sasurveli. bevri verc aRwevda Tbilisamde da
kvdeboda gzaSive. tyveTa gardacvalebis mTavari
mizezi iyo mZime samuSao pirobebi da sakvebis
139
sistematuri ukmarisoba. maTi nawili ukve iseTi
gamofituli mohyavdaT banakSi, rom aRar SvelodaT
araferi [1, 105].
banakis ufrosma moifiqra saSualeba, rogor
gaeCinaT damatebiTi Semosavali: “romeli qarTveli
ityvis araoficialur Semosavalze uars?” gaxsna
saxelosno da Sekriba iq germaneli tyveebi.
mosaxleoba unda moemaragebinaT sxvadasxva samomxmareblo sagnebiT, tansacmeliT, fexsacmeliT. oficialurad
mTeli
Semosavali
unda
yofiliyo
saxelmwifosi, magram sxvadasxva gzebiT Tanxis nawili darCeboda banakis xelmZRvanelobasTan. aq Tavi
mouyares mkeravebs, mewaReebs, mesaaTeebs, durglebs.
gaxsnes patara saxelosnoebi da male veRar audiodnen SekveTebs. moqalaqeebi modiodnen specialurad
Tbilisidan.
masala
unda
moetanaT
TviTon,
ukveTavdnen kostiumebs, fexsacmels, avejs. garda
imisa, rom germaneli xelosnebis naxelavi mowonebiT
sargeblobda, xalxi ambobda, rom TbilisSi xelosnebi
ityuebian. erT-erTi klienti yveboda, rogor miutana
TbilisSi tyavi mewaRes. am ukanasknelma misi
kuTvnili tyavi gayida, xolo fexsacmels Zirebi
gaukeTa xisa da muyaosgan. germanelötyveebTan aseve
Ciodnen, rom normirebulma sistemam mospo kargi
xelosnoba: yvelaferi keTdeba Cqara da uxarisxod.
saxelosnos
erqva
“Sirpotrebi”,
anu
“farTo
moxmarebis saqoneli”. sabWoTa kavSirSi swored es
yoveldRiuri moxmarebis sagnebia, askvnis fon
kalnaini, romlebic yvelas sWirdeba da arsad ar
iSoveba.
moqalaqeebi
eZeben
iaf
tansacmels
bavSvebisaTvis, sasadilo magidas sastumro oTaxi140
saTvis, amis nacvlad ki mzaddeba tankebis liTonis
damcavebi. samxedro tyveebi dainteresebuli iyvnen
saxelosnoebSi saqmianobiT. gamomuSavebul Tanxas
TviTon ar iRebdnen, magram sanacvlod aRar gadiodnen mSeneblobebze, SedarebiT ukeT iyvnen uzrunvelyofili sakvebiT [1, 93-97].
WiaTuris samxedro tyveTa kolonia
WiaTuraSi WirdebodaT buRalteri da fon
kalnaini Tavisi TanamSromlebis daxmarebiT moaxerxebs am adgilis miRebas. rusTavis stepebis Semdeg
WiaTurisken matarebliT mimavali, iqaur bunebas
aRwers, rogorc samoTxes: tyiani ferdobebi, xeobebi,
mTis mdinareebi, megobruli soflebi ayvavebul
baRebSi, leRvis xeebi, rododendroni, maradmwvane
mcenareebi, pirveli palmebi. axsendeba legendaruli
oqros sawmisi da kolxeTi. rodesac WiaTuraSi
dilis mzeSi patara CanCqeris qveS wevs, Tavi hgonia
arkadiis princi [1, 108-112]. Tumca male gamoirkveva,
rom samxedro tyveebs aq gacilebiT ufro daundobel
pirobebSi amuSaveben, vidre rusTavSi. samxedro
tyveebs Tavidan davalebuli hqondaT manganumis
samrecxaos aSeneba. muSaobdnen maRal kldovan
kedelze sxvadasxva doneebze. iyo autaneli sicxe. ar
iyo daculi usafrTxoebis araviTari pirobebi. zeda
terasebidan
ganuwyvetlad
cvioda
qvebi.
vinc
muSaobda qveda terasebze, imyofeboda sikvdilis
mudmivi safrTxis qveS. lazareTi savse iyo ubeduri
SemTxvevebis dros daSavebulebiT. filtvebi saSineli
mtverisgan yvelas gamomSrali hqonda. aseTi tipis
samuSaos xangrZlivad ver gauZlebda vercerTi
adamiani, miT umetes 600 grami puris da wyalwyala
141
supis
dRiuri
racioniT.
sabolood
rusTavSi
Sepirebuli kurortidan bevri araferi darCenila [1,
113-115].
erovnebebi sabWoTa kavSirSi
da nacionaluri politika
fon kalnaini axasiaTebs agreTve calkeul
erovnebebs sabWoTa kavSirSi, exeba sabWoTa mTavrobis
nacionalur
politikas.
qarTvelebis
Sesaxeb
aRniSnavs, rom samxedro tyveebisadmi zogadad
simpaTiiT arian ganwyobilni da mtruli damokidebuleba aqvT bolSevikuri reJimis mimarT [1, 135].
xazs
usvams
qarTvelebis
musikalurobas:
maTi
simRerebi gamoirCeva rTuli polifoniiT, melodiebi
momajadovebelia. maTi musika arc evropulia, arc –
aRmosavluri. maTi melodiebis smenisas msmenels
albaT
Sua
saukuneebis
bizantiuri
eklesiebi
gaaxsendeba [1, 144]. mis ufross zinCenkos SorapanTan
stumrad
mihyavs
qarTvel
TavadTan,
romelsac
koleqtivizaciis dros garSemo mTeli mamulebi da
venaxebi CamoarTves. Tavadi zinCenkosgan davalebulia,
raki rusi samxedro miexmara Tavisi Svilis
samsaxurSi mowyobaSi. aRniSnavs, rom zamTarSi
qarTul saxlebSi aris gausaZlisi sicive. fon
kalnaini aRwers qarTuli sufris mimdinareobas da
mis wesebs: Rvino Zalian kargia, magram ar SeiZleba
misi ylupebad daleva; Tu vinme amas gaakeTebs, maSinve
kargavs TanameinaxeTa pativiscemas (sufraze ar
xmarobdnen dana-Cangals, ramac dRevandeli qarTveli
mkiTxveli SeiZleba gaakvirvos) [1, 149-153].
fon kalnainisTvis moulodneloba iyo sabWoTa
ebraelebis megobruli da koreqtuli damokidebuleba
142
germaneli samxedro tyveebisadmi. am garemoebas xsnis
imiT, rom albaT isini germanel samxedro tyveebSi
xedavdnen adamianebs, romlebmac icodnen, Tu ra iyo
ukeTesi, sabWourze umjobesi cxovreba, Tu sistema.
ebraelebi xom sabWoTa kavSirSi pirvelebi iqnebodnen,
vinc moisurvebda kapitalistur sistemaze gadasvlas.
fon kalnaini SeniSnavs, rom ebraelebs mniSvnelovani
Tanamdebobebi eWiraT sabWoTa kavSirSi: dawyebuli
qveynis finansTa ministridan, damTavrebuli samSeneblo organizaciis inJineriT an mTavari buRalteriT, yvelgan warmodgenilni iyvnen. maT ar hqondaT is
partiuli stereotipebi, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo
sabWoTa
funqcionerebisaTvis.
amgvarad
qmnidnen
mZlavr, „miwisqveSa“ gaerTianebas da axerxebdnen
bolSevikuri sistemis pirobebSic mogebis naxvas [1,
117-119].
saintereso unda iyos agreTve fon kalnainis
informacia
sabWoTa
erovnul
politikasTan
dakavSirebiT: WiaTuraSi yvelgan xedavda qarTul
warwerebs da arsad ar iyo rusuli warwera. aseve
wignis maRaziebSi (magaliTisTvis asaxelebs wignis
maRaziebs
Tbilisis
matareblebis
centraluri
sadguris mimdebare teritoriaze) versad ver naxa
rusuli literatura, iyideboda mxolod qarTuli an
naTargmni
literatura.
es
miaCnia
sabWoTa
nacionaluri politikis Sedegad kavkasiis xalxebTan
mimarTebaSi. bolSevikuri xelisufleba amgvarad
cdilobda caristuli rusifikaciis fonze sakuTari
Tavis ukeT warmoCenas [1, 138, 156-158].
143
sazogadoebis socialuri
struqtura sabWoTa kavSirSi
fon kalnainis dRiuri agreTve naTel suraTs
gvaZlevs, Tu rogor Camoyalibda TiTqos uklaso
sazogadoebaSi sxvadasxva socialuri fenebi. magaliTad Cveulebrivi matareblebiT mgzavrobdnen muSebi,
glexebi, vagonebi savse iyo fuTebiT, tom-rebiT,
yuTebiT. yvelaferi ise gaxldaT gadaWedili, rom
adamians nabijis gadadgma gauWirdeboda. maSin,
rodesac egreT wodebuli vercxlis matarebliT
mgzavrobda uzrunveli publika, romelic zRvaze
midioda
dasasveneblad,
an
iqidan
brundeboda.
rusTavSi aseve aRmoaCina, rom fabrikis sasadilos
aqvs ori darbazi: erTi saerTo, naklebad sufTa,
uxeSi personaliT. xolo meore, ufro mcire
darbazis magidebze TeTri, sufTa sufrebi iyo
gadafarebuli, momsaxure personalic megobruli da
gaRimebuli gaxldaT. didi darbazi gankuTvnili iyo
ubralo muSebisTvis, xolo mcire – direqtorebisTvis, inJinrebisTvis, maTi mdivnebisTvis. arcerT
muSas TavSi azradac ar mouvidoda, Sesuliyo ufro
mcire sasadiloSi. fon kalnainis mixedviT, sabWoTa
kavSirSi revoluciis da klasobrivi brZolis ideebs
aqtualoba dakarguli hqondaT. Teoriul doqtrinaSi
isini
ucvlelad
gaxldaT
SenarCunebuli,
maT
citirebas mudmivad axdendnen presaSi, propagandaSi,
istoriis
gakveTilze,
literaturaSi.
magram
realobaSi uklaso sazogadoebis idea cariel
Sablonad iyo gadaqceuli. amis kidev erTi magaliTi
gaxldaT,
rogor
iSenebdnen TbilisTan axlos
mTavrobis wevrebi TavianTTvis vilebis specialur
144
kolonias. sabWoTa kavSiris gmirebs magaliTad
hqondaT
specialuri
pensia
mTeli
cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi,
saxelmwifo
maT
aZlevda
pirad
avtomanqanas mudmiv mflobelobaSi. vend fon kalnaini
aRniSnul
gamovlinebebs
Tvlida
wanamZRvrebad,
saidanac unda Camoyalibebuliyo biurgerTa axali
fena [1, 183-187].
erTmaneTs adarebs agreTve dasavlur qveynebSi da
sabWoTa
kavSirSi
mopovebul
qonebas. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi iqmneba soliduri safuZveli momavlisTvis, STamomavlobisTvis, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi es
xSirad aris erT dReSi naSovni qoneba, romelic
aseve erT dReSi SeiZleba gaqres. is damokidebulia
saxelmwifos
wamier
keTilganwyobaze.
sabWoTa
kavSirSi saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba SeZlebul
adamians itans im dromde, vidre imis safrTxe
gaCndeba, rom qonebis mflobeli SeiZleba damoukidebeli gaxdes. rodesac adamiani saxelmwifos
keTilganwyobas
kargavs,
qreba
materialuri
keTildReobac. sabWoTa kanonmdebloba yovelTvis
gamzadebulia, rom damrRvevis winaaRmdeg amoqmeddes.
mizezi SeiZleba iyos Zalian martivi: magaliTad nkvdm CaTvala, rom konkretulma pirma kapitalizmisken
sazRvari gadalaxa. amitom yvela erideba Tavisi
qonebis Cvenebas [1, 121].
totaluri parva da tyuili,
romliTac sazogadoeba cxovrobs
WiaTuraSi, rogorc iTqva, buRalterad daiwyo
muSaoba. jgufi, romelic safinanso ganyofilebaSi
iyo mokalaTebuli, Sedgeboda qarTvelebis, berZnebis
da somxebisagan, romelTac xelmZRvanelobda ebraeli.
145
qalaqidan gamogzavnil xorcs gzaSive miyiddnen
restorans. aseve asxvisebdnen axali TeTreulis
naxevars. Saqris didi nawili midioda agreTve Sav
bazarze. sabWoTa kavSirSi yvelas unda raRaciT
cxovreba da meore ar unda Caerios mis saqmeSi, Tu
ra gziT Soulobs saarsebo saxsars. am SemTxvevaSi
marto samxedro tyveebs ar eqceodnen cudad. iseve
Zarcvavdnen TavianT Tanamemamuleebs, rodesac amis
saSualeba hqondaT.
kontroli saerTod iSviaTi iyo. komisiebi
sabWoTa kavSirSi isedac komikuri gaxldaT, xolo
WiaTuraSi srul burleskTan hqondaT saqme. komisiis
sxdomebi mimdinareobda iqauri kargi Rvinis, da ara
gasakontrolebeli sabuRaltro wignebis niSnis qveS.
komisiis mosvla, rogorc wesi, winaswar icodnen.
kontroliorebi
mkacri
saxeebiT
Caujdebodnen
sabuRaltro davTrebs, erTi-or muqarasac gamourevdnen, magram amasobaSi banakis ufrosis coli
sufras gaSlida. stumrebs SesTavazebdnen axali
Rvinis gasinjvas. TviTkritikis saxiT banakis ufrosi
TviTon miuTiTebda maT garkveul saeWvo punqtebze.
daafiqsirebdnen ramdenime mcire nakls, Semdeg ki
yvelaferi sruldeboda Rvinis smiT. komisiis wevrebs,
rogorc wesi, Tan hqondaT specialuri WurWeli,
romliTac Rvino saxlSic mihqondaT.
komisia ZiriTadad mxolod maSin iyo saSiSi, Tu
is modioda moskovidan. mas Tan axlda partiuli
centraluri biuros asketuri suliskveTeba, romelic
ase gansxvavdeboda saqarTvelos Senelebuli da
zarmaci cxovrebis wesisgan. am dros iyo didi Tavis
mtvreva, rogor gadaefaraT puris, Saqris Tu
146
TeTreulis danaklisi. ramdenime dRe gamwarebulebi
muSaobden,
Jonglirebdnen
angariSebiT,
werdnen
damatebiT qviTrebs. Tumca, rogorc wesi, am tipis
organizaciebi adre Tu gvian moskovis komisiis
msxverplni xdebodnen [1, 122-125].
fon kalnainis mixedviT, qurdoba kavkasiaSi, sadac
rusuli da aRmosavluri erTmaneTSia Sereuli,
erTgvari sportia. matareblebi da sadgurebi savsea
jibis
qurdebiT,
romlebTan
SedarebiTac
maTi
evropeli kolegebi mokrZalebul diletantebad Canan.
aqve mogviTxrobs erTi eqspeditoris qaliSvilis
istorias. gogona midioda matarebliT oCamCireSi.
atarebda yavisfer, karg fexsacmelebs. matareblis
ganyofileba TiTqmis savse iyo. gogonas cota xans
CaeZina da rodesac gaiRviZa, fexsacmelebi aRar ecva.
Zilis dros viRacam gaaZro. ganyofilebaSi aravis
warbic ar Seuxria, arcerTma ar icoda, rodesac maT
mimarTes, vin iyo qurdi [1, 131-132].
rodesac fon kalnaini Tavisi sabuRaltro
davTrebiT WiaTuridan rusTavSi Cavida kontrolze,
iq daamSvides, ar unda iRelvos, raki konkretuli
detalebi maT ar ainteresebT. mTavaria sabolood
fon kalnainis da maTi ricxvebi Tanxvdes erTmaneTs.
Tu saidan modis fon kalnainis ricxvebi, es maTi
saqme ar aris. SekiTxvaze, ra unda gaakeTos, Tu
Catardeba inventarizacia da gansxvavebebi dafiqsirdeba werilobiT, isev daawynares, rom aseT
SemTxvevaSi kidev aris ricxvebis Secvlis SesaZlebloba. iZulebulia tyuili aRricxva kidev ramdenime
Tve gaagrZelos. amis Semdeg misTvis TandaTan naTeli
gaxda, ratom hkidia bewvze buRalteris bedi sabWoTa
147
kavSirSi da ratom aris is ase axlos cixesTan.
komisiasTan
agreTve
rCeba
piradi
morigebis
SesaZlebloba. mTlianobaSi sabWoTa kavSirSi yvelas
aqvs SiSi pasuxismgeblobis winaSe. TiToeuli bednieria, Tu is konkretuli saqmisTvis ar aris
pasuxismgebeli. yvela cdilobs sxvaze gadavides
pasuxismgebloba, rom problemebis SemTxvevaSi sxvam
agos pasuxi. evropels garkveuli dro Wirdeba, vidre
muSaobis am stils mieCveva. yvelgan rCeba gaurkvevlobis da arasandoobis gancda, rac evropelisTvis,
romelic miCveulia sizustes da mkafioobas, Zneli
misaRebia [1, 162-165].
qalaqebis aRwera
fon kalnaini aRniSnavs, rom miuxedavad mTeli
sabWoTa gaWirvebisa, Tbiliss mainc aqvs didebuleba,
romelic yvelafris mnaxvel evropelsac gulgrils
ar datovebs. Tbiliss adarebs lieJs, sadac aseve
midian mTisken dakidebuli savaWro quCebi. puSkinis
da lermontovis mier aRwerili Zveli Tbilisidan,
saidanac aqlemis qaravanebi midiodnen sxvadasxva
mimarTulebiT,
bevri
araferi
iyo
darCenili.
negatiuri STabeWdilebebidan gamoyo, rom gzebze
didi ormoebia, tramvais vagonebs SuSebis magivrad
xis firfitebi aqvT, Zeglebi TabaSirisgan aris
damzadebuli, mdinare nagaviT aris savse, gazonebi
mouvlelia. zogierT maRaziaSi naxavT delikatesebs,
magram mosaxleobis didi nawili cxovrobs puriT da
margariniT. qalaqSi bevri manqanaa, magram qalaqgareT
ver gadian, raki iq benzinis Casasxmeli sadgurebi ar
aris [1, 156-160]. quTaisma da WiaTuram germanel
tyveze mTlianobaSi sasiamovno STabeWdileba datoves:
148
quTaisi lamazi samxreTuli qalaqia, sadac quCebSi
izrdeba palmebi da limonis xeebi [1, 174]. WiaTura
amfiTeatralurad aris ganlagebuli da Zveli saxlebi xis SuSabandebiT, Tu uxvi baRebiT lamazi
sanaxavia. ucxoelebi WiaTuridan gauZevebiaT 1928
wels. inglisTan Tu ingliselebTan sasamarTlo davis
procesi 1939 wels, rodesac omi daiwyo, jer kidev
grZeldeboda [1, 136-137].
religia da mecniereba
Zalian moewona WiaTuris mRvimevis pitoreskuli
monasteri. ramdenime germanel tyves banakis xelmZRvanelobam iq asvlis ufleba misca. Sexvdnen
monastris winamZRvars. fon kalnaini manamde fiqrobda, rom bolSevikebma yvela eklesia daketes.
monastris winamZRvarma mouTxro, rom saqarTvelos
eklesiebi gadaurCnen 1917-1920 wlebis sisxlian
wlebs. mosaxleobasac ise ar Seuqcevia zurgi sarwmunoebisTvis,
rogorc
ruseTSi.
saeklesio
RvTismsaxurebas atarebdnen yovel kviras, is akrZaluli ar iyo, magram eswreboda mxolod ramdenime
adamiani. monasteri gareSe Tvalisagan ase dafaruli
rom ar yofiliyo, albaT kidev ufro moeridebodnen
iq misvlas. salocavad ZiriTadad qalebi midiodnen,
Tumca did dResaswaulebze, gansakuTrebiT aRdgomas,
eklesia yovelTvis savse iyo.
fon kalnaini ambobs, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi Rrmad
swamT mecnieruli progresis. erTi didi foladis
fabrikis TanamSromelma, romelic ar iyo Tavgadakluli
bolSeviki,
uTxra
mas:
mecnierebam
yvelafers naTeli mohfina; rac dRes kidev ar viciT,
momavalSi gavigebT misi wyalobiT. hqonda adre vinmes
149
warmodgena mzis sistemis an radiotelegrafiis
Sesaxeb?
momdevno
100
weliwadSi
yvelaferi
gvecodineba. aRniSnul rwmenas iziarebs sabWoTa
adamianebis umravlesoba. es aris aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi
teqnikis
gaRmerTebis,
yovelgvari
sentimentis,
zebunebrivis,
cxovrebidan,
landSaftidan, literaturidan gaZevebis Sedegi [1, 191198].
sabWoTa propaganda, mdgomareoba banakebSi
1946-1947
wlebidan
sabWoTa
xelisufleba
cdilobda
samxedro
tyveebi
propagandistuli
saSualebebiT ideologiurad Tavis mxares gadaeyvana.
avrcelebdnen propagandistul gazeTebs. tyveebSi
Seqmnes antifaSisturi moZraoba. amis sawinaaRmdego
umravlesobas araferi hqonda da gawevriandnen. Tumca
aRniSnuli moZraoba TandaTanobiT iqca komunistur
gaerTianebad. iq mowodebuli informacia, wers fon
kalnaini, Tavidan sruliad absurduli gveCveneboda:
libknexti, roza luqsemburgi, adleri da telmani
arian xalxTa didi megobrebi; berlinSi spartakistebis ajanyeba gaxldaT germaniis istoriis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena; marSali pilsudski
iyo tirani diqtatori da xalxis mteri; wiTeli
CineTi da demokratiuli saberZneTi Cveni WeSmariti
mokavSireebi iyvnen. magram aRniSnuli Teoriebi iseTi
patiosani darwmunebulobiT gviqadages da imdenjer
gagvimeores, rom bolos Cvenc viswavleT es
yvelaferi, rogorc am qveynis saxareba.
Semdegi nabiji iyo muSaTa brigadebs Soris
Sejibris inicireba. brigadirebi samuSao SejibrSi
iwvevdnen erTmaneTs. daiwyo brigadaTa gamalebuli
150
muSaoba.
gamarjvebuls
ajildovebdnen
wiTeli
vimpeliT.
iZulebiTi
samuSao
uceb
gadaiqca
nebayoflobiT, aRmafrTovanebel Sromad. propgandistuli manqana aamuSaves mTeli ZaliT. banakis
SesasvlelTan aRmarTes didi dafebi, romlebzec
yvelaze warmatebul brigadebs da maT procentebs
aRniSnavdnen. es iyo kargad mofiqrebuli saSualeba,
raki yvelas surda sakuTari Tavis dafaze naxva.
iwyeboda 150 %-iT da adioda dRiuri normis 200,
300, 400 %-iT Sesrulebamde. did Sexvedrebze
acxadebdnen
yovelTviur
Sedegebs.
zogierTi
brigadiri, pativmoyvareobidan gamomdinare, lamis
sikvdilamde amuSavebda Tavis brigadebs. tyveebsac
unda gaeziarebinaT sabWoTa muSebis cxovrebis
ideologiuri safuZveli, mudmivi socialisturi
Sejibris idea [1, 199-204, 257]. propagandistuli
saSualebebis nawili iyo samSobloSi safosto
baraTebis gagzavna. vinc kargad muSaobda, SeeZlo
TveSi erTi safosto baraTi daewera. vinc kidev ukeT
muSaobda mas TveSi ori baraTis gagzavnis nebas
rTavdnen. xolo vinc Zalian kargad muSaobda, mas
SeeZlo TveSi sami baraTi gaegzavna germaniaSi [1, 69].
„nkvd“ informacias agrovebda yvelaze, uTvalTvalebda yvelas, moqmedebda moulodnelad da
yovelgvari dasabuTebis gareSe, ZiriTadad pirovnuli
eWvis safuZvelze. uceb mzareuli qreba Tavisi
postidan. Tarjimans kldovan kedelze uSveben
samuSaod. aravin icoda Tvalyurs adevnebdnen Tu ara
da visi meSveobiT. yvela yvelasgan yvelaze uaress
elodeboda. raki fon kalnainma icoda inglisuri da
daiwyo
qarTulis
Seswavla,
CaTvales
saeWvo
151
pirovnebad da daabrunes isev rusTavis tyveTa
banakSi. aq garkveul xans mouwia uSiSroebis
samsaxuris cixeSi yofna. Semdeg samuSaod uSvebdnen
ukve mZime ubnebze [1, 206-219.
1948 wlis bolodan rusTavis tyveTa banaki
gaamagres rogorc cixe-simagre. Robe aamaRles,
daamontaJes proJeqtorebi, Ram-RamobiT mavTulxlarTebTan abamdnen ZaRlebs. samxedro tyveTa banaki
gadakeTda sareJimo banakad, sadac Tavi mouyares omis
damnaSaveebs, politikurad saSiS pirebs. kavkasiis
sxvadasxva mxareebidan Camoiyvanes “saeWvo pirebi”,
somxeTidan, Savi zRvis mimdebare regionebidan,
groznos da yubanis mxaridan. dapatimrebulebi erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli xalxi iyo: partiis
yofili wevrebi, adamianebi, romelTac naTesavebi
ucxoeTSi yavdaT, an ucxo ena icodnen, Tarjimnebi,
mexanZreebi, fostis muSakebi, satyeo samsaxuris
TanamSromlebi, policielebi. yvela SemTxvevaSi maTi
dapatimreba damokidebuli iyo nkvd-s adgilobriv
oficrebze, romlebic moskovidan wamosul generalur
brZanebas TavianTi Sexedulebis mixedviT ganmartavdnen [1, 251-253].
fon kalnains unda rusi klasikosebis xelaxla
wakiTxva. erTxel rusTavis banakis mmarTvelobis
TanamSromelTan,
vinme
osipovTan
erTad
midis
TbilisSi. osipovs Txovs, rom wignebis maRaziaSi
gaiaron, raTa iyidos puSkinis da lermontovis wignebi. osipovi dafiqrebuli eubneba, rom amisaTvis jer
nebarTva unda aiRos nkvd-sgan. kalnainma uTxra: “me
xom mxolod ramdenime klasikosi mainteresebs, romlebic daaxloebiT 100 wlis win gardaicvalnen”.
152
osipovma amaze miugo: „ar arsebobs mwerali, romelsac ar qondes garkveuli tendencia. yvelas aqvs
garkveuli tendencia, puSkini iqneba es Tu lermontovi. saidan unda vicode me, rom es tendencia TqvenTvis, rogorc tyvesTvis, sasurvelia?“ [1, 199-204].
vend fon kalnainis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi Tu
zogadad sabWoTa kavSirSi erTi Tviseba yvelas
saerTo aqvs. es aris yvelafris gasaidumloebis
saocari meTodi. dawerili furceli arasodes arsad
ar devs magidaze. mis gasagonad erTmaneTs aravin
araviTar informacias ar awvdis. werilobiT miTiTebas ar urTaven zepir axsnas. yvelafris safuZveli
aris werilobiTi dokumentebi. aseve ar saubroben
sajaro sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. misi mgzavrobebis dros
fon kalnains arasodes hqonda pirdapiri kiTxvis
dasmis ufleba. aseT dros yvela sabWoTa moqalaqe
xdeba Caketili da misgan modis undobloba. pirdapir
kiTxvaze tipiuri pasuxia: ratom gainteresebT es? ar
aqvs mniSvneloba Tqven dainteresdiT romelime
geografiuli punqtiT,
Tu
romelime
fabrikis
saxeliT. erTma inJinerma qalma, romelmac Tavisi
pasuxis absurduloba im momentSi verc gaicnobiera,
rodesac vkiTxe saaTi, undoblad miTxra: ratom
gainteresebT? [1, 286].
saxelmwifos da mosaxleobis
damokidebuleba germaneli tyveebisadmi
germaneli samxedro tyveebisadmi qarTvelebs
mTlianobaSi dadebiTi damokidebuleba hqondaT. fon
kalnaini imasac ki ambobs, rom adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba maTdami, tyveebisadmi, sakmaod ucnaur
pativiscemas iCenda, ufro mets, vidre sakuTari
153
Tanamemamuleebisadmi [1, 142-143]. Tumca gansxvavebuli
iyo tyveebisadmi damokidebuleba tyibulSi, sadac
iqaurebi daarwmunes, rom germaneli tyveebi, yvelani,
arian „ss“-is TanamSromlebi, gansakuTrebiT saSiSi
damnaSaveebi da yvelas daaxloebiT „rqebi“ aqvs Tavze.
mosaxleobam es yvelaferi advilad irwmuna da
amitom tyibulSi mudmivi Sexla-Semoxla hqondaT
adgilobrivebTan. tyibulis maRaroebSic samxedro
tyveebs
mZime
pirobebSi
uxdebodaT
muSaoba,
usafrTxoebis zomebi warRvnamdeli iyo, amuSavebdnen
dReSi Tormet saaTs, zogs TveobiT ar enaxa mze.
pirobebi
imdenad
cudi
iyo,
rom
adamianebi
SimSilisgan ixocebodnen. ufro asakovani Stabsoficrebisgan sul mcire ori mesamedi daiRupa.
sabWoTa xelisuflebis damokidebuleba germaneli
mecnierebisadmi, romlebic agreTve tyved Caigdes
berlinis aRebis Semdeg, gansxvavebuli iyo. soxumSi
karg pirobebSi moxvdnen berlinis yofili kaizervilhelmis institutis wevri mecnierebi. maT iq
mTeli kvartali gamouyves. cxovrobdnen sufTa
vilebSi, samecniero aparaturis nawili wamoiRes
berlinidan. profesorebs karg xelfassac uxdidnen,
hqondaT sakuTari manqanebi da laboratoriebi. magram
mosaxleobasTan kontaqtis uflebas ar aZlevdnen.
maTi sacxovrebeli kvartali iyo daculi, aseve
SemoRobili gaxldaT pliaJis da tyis is nawilebi,
sadac germaneli mecnierebi da maTi ojaxis wevrebi
isvenebdnen [1, 254-255].
raTa aemaRlebinaT tyveebis samuSao motivacia,
1945 wlidanve SemoiRes gansxvaveba normirebuli
sakvebis raodenobaSi: 600 gram purs iRebda is, vinc
154
100 procentiT asrulebda samuSaos, 700 grams
iRebdnen 110 procentiT, xolo 800 grams – 120
procentiT Sesrulebisas. es iyo sakmaod veraguli
sistema, radgan danamati tyves eZleoda mxolod ori
kviris Semdeg, rac normis zemoT daiwyebda samuSaos
Sesrulebas. magram bevri imdenad Zalagamoclili
iwyebda Sromas, rom mcire normebiT veRar axerxebda
energiis aRdgenas. 1946 da 47 wlebi umosavlo iyo,
amitom racioni saerTod 400-600 gramze daiyvanes. es
gaxldaT daundobeli TamaSi racioniT, Tu imasac
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom rusi inJinrebis da prorabebis
xasiaTze iyo damokidebuli, Sesrulebul procentebs
aRiarebdnen Tu ara. samxedro tyveebs ar uxdidnen
kuTvnil xelfass. samxedro tyveTa lazareTi iRebda
yoveldRiurad 30 adamianis sakveb porcias, maSin
rodesac iq iwva magaliTad 40 avadmyofi. faqtiurad
amgvarad modioda miTiTeba, ramden adamians hqonda
avad gaxdomis ufleba [1, 225-226, 230].
Tumca 1947 wlidan sabWoTa funqcionerebi
mixvdnen, rom damSeuli, Zalagamoclili tyveebiT
xuTwledis gegmas ver Seasrulebdnen. 1948 wels
tyveebi
ukve
regularulad
iRebdnen
kuTvnil
xelfass, daaxloebiT 800 maneTs. aRniSnuli xelfasi
im drois sabWoTa kavSirSi, miT umetes tyveebisTvis,
garkveuli mniSvnelobis Tanxa iyo. radgan 1947 wlis
dekemberSi fulis reformis Semdeg fasebi mkveTrad
daeca. puri, romelic sabWoTa kavSirSi yvelafris
sazomi iyo, Rirda sami maneTi, erTi kilo xorci –
22-32 maneTi, erTi kvercxi – ori maneTi. aqve fon
kalnaini saintereso informacias gvawvdis im drois
sabWoTa saqarTveloSi garkveuli profesiebis saxel155
faso Skalis Sesaxeb. muSebs Soris foladze momuSaveebi qmnidnen erTgvar aristokratias. maTi xelfasebi ukeTesi iyo, vidre mSeneblobaze dasaqmebulebis.
mSeneblobaze da miwaze momuSaveebi iRebdnen 400-600
maneTs, liTonze momuSaveebi _ 700-1.200 maneTs,
sawyobis gamge _ daax. 500 maneTs, prorabi – 1.200
maneTs, buRalteri – 1.100 maneTs. raki xelfasebi
maRali ar iyo, muSaTa umravlesoba cxovrobda mxolod Savi puriT da kartofiliT, rasac SeiZleba cota margarinic damateboda. karaqi kilo Rirda 60 maneTi da Cveulebrivi muSa mis yidvas ver axerxebda.
rac SeexebaT ufro maRali rangis moxeleebs, inJinrebs da smenis ufrosebs, maT hqondaT 2. 000 maneTi,
organizaciis ufross – 3. 000 maneTi [1, 272-274].
fon kalnains, rogorc iTqva, agreTve uxdeboda
Tarjimnad muSaoba germaneli tyveebis dakiTxvebis
dros. aseT SemTxvevebSi uSiSroebis TanamSromlebi
yovel dakiTxvas garkveuli stereotipebiT iwyebdnen:
darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom tyveebis erTma kategoriam,
policielebma, dacvis TanamSromelebma, ss-is diviziebma principialurad Caidines saSinelebebi. amitom
praqtikulad yvela maTgani windawin ganwiruli iyo,
rom omis damnaSavis iarliys miakravdnen. magaliTad
Tbilisis sasamarTloSi, sadac calkeul tyveebs
braldebodaT samxedro danaSauli, es xdeboda Zalian
swrafad, konveieris saxiT. braldebulebs dacvis
ufleba hqondaT, magram ar arsebobdnen mowmeebi, ar
iyo dokumenturi damamtkicebeli masala [1, 287].
rogorc motanili monacemebidan Cans, vend fon
kalnainis wigni sabWoTa saqarTvelos cxovrebis
sxvadasxva sferoebis Sesaxeb mravalferovan masalas
156
gvTavazobs. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
sasurvelia vend fon kalnainis wignis Targmna da
Sesabamisi masalis integrireba gviani stalinizmis
xanis saqarTvelos istoriis kvlevaSi. aqve SeiZleba
aRiniSnos, rom qarTvelebis erTgvari susti mxarea,
rodesac Cvens Sesaxeb ucxour cnobebSi ZiriTadad
pozitivis gamoyofa gvinda. wyaroebisadmi amgvar
damokidebulebas Tavisi obieqturi axsnac aqvs, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT
Cveni
istoriis
ganuwyvetel
sirTuleebs. magram albaT Tanabrad saintereso da
mniSvnelovani unda iyos, Tuki, rogorc adgilobriv,
ise
ucxour
wyaroebs,
erTgvari
kritikuli
perspeqtividanac wavikiTxavT. vend fon kalnainis
dRiuri am kuTxiTac saintereso wyaroa, raTa
gavecnoT XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis evropelis
xedvas sabWoTa saqarTvelos cxovrebaze.
157
wyaroebi da literatura:
1. Wend Graf von Kalnein, Georgisches Tagebuch, Fünf
Jahre kriegsgefangen im Kaukasus, hrsg. von Oliver Reisner,
Osnabrück: Fibre Verlag, 2003.
2. Reisner, Oliver, Nachwort, in: Wend Graf von Kalnein,
Georgisches Tagebuch, Fünf Jahre kriegsgefangen im
Kaukasus, hrsg. v. Dems., Osnabrück 2003.
3. saqarTveloSi germanelebis istoriis sakiTxebi,
Semdg. gari augsti, mTargmn. germanulidan aleqsandre
feldmaieri, Tbilisi, Sps “mwignobaris” st., 2011.
4. a. sonRulaSvili, germanelebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1995.
158
Aleksandre Tvaradze
WEND GRAFS VON KALNEIN
GEFANGENSCHAFTSDARSTELLUNG
IM KAUKASUS – EINE WICHTIGE QUELLE
FÜR DIE GESCHICHTE SOVJET-GEORGIENS
Wend Graf von Kalnein wurde nach der bedingugslosen
Kapitulation der Wehrmacht in Böhmen festgenommen. Er
wurde mit weiteren Kriegsgefangenen nach Kaukasus
geschickt, wo er fünf Jahre in der Kriegsgefangenschaft
verbringen musste. Die Erinnerungen über seine
Kriegsgefangenschaftszeit schrieb er unmittelbar nach seiner
Rückkehr nieder. Sie wurden jedoch erst 2003 veröffentlicht.
Die Gefangenschaftszeit verbrachte er in den Lagern von
Rustavi und Tschiatura. Da von Kalnein die russische
Sprache beherrschte, durfte er verschiedene Posten in der
Lagerverwaltung bekleiden. Daher hat er tiefen Einblick in
das Leben der Gefangenenlager, in die alltägliche
Lebenswelt des sowjetischen Georgiens gewonnen. Wend
von Kalneins „Georgisches Tagebuch“, eine authentische
Quelle, liefert wichtige Informationen über die
Kriegsgefangenenlager Rustavi und Tschiatura, über
verschiedene Nationen im sowjetischen Vielvölkerstaat und
über Minderheitenpolitik, über die gesellschaftliche
Schichtung, über Religion und Wissenschaft in der
Sowjetunion u. v. a. m. Seine Darstellungen bilden insgesamt
eine wichtige Quelle sowohl für die Geschichte der
deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in Kaukasien wie auch für die
georgische Geschichte in der Zeit des Spätstalinismus.
159
avTandil sonRulaSvili
eqvTime TayaiSvilisa da
irodion sonRulaSvilis
epistolaruli memkvidreobidan
gamoCenil mecniersa da sazogado moRvawes eqvTime
TayaiSvils axlo urTierToba akavSirebda irodion
sonRulaSvilTan. farTo sazogadoebisaTvis SedarebiT
naklebad aris cnobili i. sonRulaSvilis pirovneba
da amitom mokled aRvniSnav mis Sesaxeb.
irodion Tomas Ze sonRulaSvili (1881-1958)
daibada sofel diRomSi glexis ojaxSi. saSualo
ganaTleba miiRo TbilisSi, saTavadaznauro gimnaziaSi.
eqvTime TayaiSvilis mzrunvelobiT 1903 wlis
agvistoSi q. odesaSi gaemgzavra, sadac daamTavra
odesis universitetis fizika-maTematikis fakultetis
sabunebismetyvelo dargi.
universitetis
damTavrebis
Semdeg
irodioni
TbilisSi brundeba da maswavleblad iwyebs muSaobas,
magram sul male, 1909 wlis oqtomberSi igi akeTebs
arCevans, romelic sabolooa mis cxovrebaSi. arCevans,
romelsac nirSeucvlelad mihyveba da emsaxureba
ukanasknel amosunTqvamde: igi muSaobas iwyebs
saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebaSi, romelic 1907 wels daarsda. 1910 wels
irodioni sazogadoebis sabWos wevri xdeba, rac mis
udavo avtoritetze metyvelebs. imxanad aseve daarsda
sazogadoebis siZveleTa muzeumi: irodions daevala
koleqciebis dacva da damuSaveba. igi ganagebda sazogadoebis samkiTxvelosac. im droidan daiwyo misi
megobroba am sazogadoebis TavmjdomaresTan eqvTime
TayaiSvilTan, rac sikvdilamde gagrZelda. eqvTimem
160
irodion sonRulaSvilTan erTad Seadgina `saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis
rusul-qarTuli fulebis koleqcia~ [6, 13-14].
pirveli msoflio omis dros safrTxe Seeqmna
qarTul muzeumsa da mis saistorio saganZurs.
eqvTime TayaiSvilma gamoiZaxa irodion sonRulaSvili,
rezo gabaSvilTan erTad, da gamoucxada: yvela
samuzeumo nivTi saswrafod yuTebSi unda CavalagoT,
CavWedoT da, TaTrebs rom ar darCeT, kievSi
waviRoTo.
`kievSio?! kievSi ra unda Cvens nivTebs?!~ _
iyvira irodionma. gabaSvilmac mxari auba. amaod
irwmuneboda eqvTime TayaiSvili _ Turqebi dagvRupaven da es saganZuric dagvekargebao, irodioni
Tavisas ambobda: `mxolod Cems gvamze Tu gadaitanT
muzeumidan Tundac erT nivTsaco~. bolos imaze
SeTanxmdnen, rom kuboebi SeekraT, nivTebi Sig
CaeketaT da diRomSi TviTon irodion sonRulaSvilis
mamulSi saidumlod CaeflaT.
cnobili
sazogado
moRvawis
aleqsandre
sarajiSvilis gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1914 wels
sazogadoebis xazinadaroba miendo sabWos wevrsa da
saqmis mwarmoebels irodion sonRulaSvils, romelic
amave dros muzeum-biblioTekis
gamgis pirvel
TanaSemwed iTvleboda.
irodionis xelfasi 600 maneTs Seadgenda.
eqvTime TayaiSvili ki irodionisaTvis 700 maneTs
moiTxovda, maSin roca sazogadoebis mdivans sergi
gorgaZes mxolod 300 maneTi eZleoda, droebiT
mowveul muzeum-biblioTekis gamges iustine abulaZes
ki _ mxolod 50 maneTi [5, 108].
161
eqvTime TayaiSvilis zrunva irodionisadmi
mxolod megobruli urTierTobiT ar iyo gamowveuli.
irodionis saqmianoba metad Sromatevadi da sapasuxismgeblo iyo.
irodionis
mokrZalebuli
Tanamdeboba
ver
itevda im did Sromas, romelsac es adamiani eweoda.
akademikos roin metrevelis sityviT `swored aseTi
Cumi da keTilsindisieri xalxi sWirdeboda didi
saqmeebis praqtikul ganxorcielebas, organizaciul
mogvarebas~ [5, 189-190].
mogvianebiT irodioni Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetSi `eTnografiuli muzeumis arsebobis
dros direqtoris movaleobas asrulebda~ [2, 135].
Tavisi
politikuri
mrwamsiT
irodioni
erovnul-demokrati iyo. 1912 wels erovnuldemokratebma
daaarses
yovelkvireuli
Jurnali
`klde~. Jurnalis damaarsebeli iyo rezo gabaSvili
(vaJi ekaterine gabaSvilisa). mogvianebiT rezo
gabaSvils sxva qarTvel moRvaweebTan erTad mxarSi
amoudga da TanamSromlobda irodioni.
1917 wlis 4-20 ivniss Catarda erovnuldemokratiuli
partiis
damfuZnebeli
yriloba.
yrilobam airCia komiteti, romlis SemadgenlobaSi
arCeul iqna ir. sonRulaSvili. komitetma airCia
prezidiumi, molared _ irodioni.
1921 wlis maisidan saqarTvelos saistorio da
saeTnografio sazogadoeba gaerTianda ganaTlebisa da
socialisturi
kulturis
muSakTa
profesiul
kavSirSi. aRniSnuli profesiuli kavSiris gamgeobis
arCevaSi
monawileobas
iRebda
sazogadoebis
162
wargzavnili aTi delegati, maT Soris iyo irodion
sonRulaSvilic.
emigraciaSi wasul eqvTime TayaiSvils qarTuli
wigniTa da gazeTiT amaragebda irodioni. eqvTime
parizidan TbilisSi Tavis megobars ioseb megreliZes
werda: `soso Seni Wirime, Cemi Ria werili irodions
waakiTxe, gaigebs Cems ambavs. Seudarebeli, saucxoo
da dauokebeli adamiania, patiosani da uangaro, Cemgan
SvilsaviT miCneuli da CemTvis Tavdadebuli...~[7, 83].
ucxoeTidanac zrunavda eqvTime TayaiSvili
saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis biblioTekis gamdidrebaze. igi dabejiTebiT
avalebda irodions, sakuTari unikaluri biblioTeka,
romelic eqvTimem TbilisSi datova, `saistoriosaeTnografio muzeumSi gadaetana karadebianad~. igio
_ werda eqvTime irodions, _ sazogadoebas hqondes
mTlianad,
Cemi
anderZiTac
is
sazogadoebis
kuTvnilebaa; rom davbrundebi, me ukan ar gamovitan,
iqedan visargebleb~.
1922 wlis 1 ianvars irodionisadmi gagzavnili
werilidan Cans, rom irodions Seusrulebia eqvTimes
Txovna. `miTxres, Cemi wignebi gadagizidavs sazogadoebaSi; Zlier gamaxara am ambavma. imedi maqvs,
karadebsac gadaitandi da SiT moaTavsebdi wignebs...
CemTvis didi bedniereba iqneba, Tu Cemi biblioTekidan
erTi nafleTi qaRaldic ar daikargeba, sxvas ise ar
vidardeb~ [6, 16].
1923 wlis 17 marts Salva amiranaSvilma
safrangeTSi
myof
eqvTime
TayaiSvils
werili
gaugzavna, sadac aRniSnavda: `... am werilTan erTad
gigzavniT irodion sonRulaSvilis werilsac, rome163
lic me TqvenTvis piradad unda gadmomeca. magram isev
vamjobine
fostiT
gamomegzavna,
vinaidan
Cemi
Camosvla, sul Tu ara, sakmaod didi xniT gadaidva.
irodionma da s. gorgaZem orivem didi mokiTxva
damabares da zogi Sinauri ambavic~.
momdevno wlis gazafxulze eqvTime wers:
`metad verafriT gamaxarebdi ise, rogorc cnobiT,
rom Cveni ivane (javaxiSvili _ a. s.) sazogadoebis
Tavmjdomared agirCeviaT da is daTanxmebula. ivane
piradadac umwikvlo adamiania, didi pirovneba da
didi Cveni mecnieria. axla me sruliad damSvidebuli
var da darwmunebuli var, sazogadoebis mecnieruli
muSaoba da saqmeebi kargad wava. Zalian gTxovT
yvelas,
SeumsubuqoT
tvirTi
da
yovelgvari
TanamSromloba da Semweoba aRmouCinoT sazogadoebis
saqmeebSi~ [4, 74].
es sixaruli gasagebicaa. e. TayaiSvili jer
kidev
peterburgSi
moRvawe
iv.
javaxiSvils
sTavazobda
amave
sazogadoebis
xelfasian
Tavmjdomareobas, oRond ki TbilisSi gadmosuliyo.
1926-1927
wlebSi
eqvTimes
mdgomareoba
uaresdeba. 1928 wlis zafxulSi meuRle dauavadda,
ramdenime operacia gadaitana da 1931 wlis 8 marts
gardaecvala.
eqvTimes kidev ufro gauWirda. igi parizidan
TbilisSi wers irodions: `Cemi sioble Cemi
martoobaa da umweo mdgomareoba usityvoTac kargad
unda warmoidginos yvelam~.
eqvTime suliT mainc ar ecemoda, bunebiT optimisti iyo. imave wels werda irodions: `daveci, fexi
movitexe (erTi bavSvobaSi hqonda motexili _ a. s.)
164
parizis saavadmyofoSi vwevar, Cemi mdgomareoba erTob
mZimea, jerjerobiT verca vdgebi da verc vjdebi,... es
aRsasrulis dasawyisia. nino aRara myavs. Cemi am
mdgomareobaSi movla marto mas SeeZlo...~ da aqve
dasZens: `me, xom ici, mtkice xasiaTis arseba var
sazogadod~.
mogvianebiT eqvTime isev irodions werda: `me aq
wylidan amovardnil Tevzsa vgavar. bevri ubedureba
gadavitane... moklebuli var saSualebas Tavis dargSi
ganvagrZo muSaoba da Tanac Rone gamomelia, Segneba
aseTi mdgomareobisa mZimed mawevs gulze da naRvels
mgvris. magram me mainc sasowarkveTilebas ar vecemi,
mwams Cvens Semdeg Cvenze ukeTesebi movlen da rac
Cven ver gavakeTeT, isini gaakaeTeben~. eqvTime kvlav
avlens nebisyofis utexobas da Tavis rCeul mowafesa
da megobars mamaSvilurad arigebs: `pesimistoba ar
varga, energias ukargavs adamians~ [4, 85-86].
mas Semdeg, rac 1945 wels eqvTime TayaiSvili
safrangeTidan dabrunda, irodioni iyo misTvis
yvelaze axlobeli adamiani, uimisod erT dResac ver
Zlebda. akademikosi vaxtang beriZe amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavda: `Cven yvelani am sakvirveli
megobrobis
mowmeni
viyaviT
mas
Semdeg,
rac
TayaiSvili safrangeTidan dabrunda.~ irodioni,ukve
samoc wels gadacilebuli, ise eqceoda eqvTimes,
rogorc sakuTar mamas, dRedaRam misTvis zrunavda.
auRelveblad ver uyurebdnen Tanamedroveni maTs
urTierTobas (orive jiuti iyo da, albaT, zogjer
daetakebodnen kidec erTmaneTs). erTxel eqvTimes
uTqvams mis Sesaxeb _ `У него гвоздь в голове~ [1,
284].
165
evropidan axlad dabrunebuli eqvTime irodions
diRomSi, mama-papeul ojaxSi daupatiJebia. masTan
erTad yofilan kaTolikos-patriarqi kalistrate,
samson fircxlava da ioseb megreliZe. irodions mamis
Sesandobari daulevia, ioseb megreliZesac auwevia
Wiqa da uTqvams _ gaanaTloso.
es sityva Zalian mowonebia samson fircxalavas,
cremlebi wamouvida Turme, eqvTimes ki uTqvams: _
`Wame samson, cremlebiT ver gaZRebio!~ [4, 270].
siyrmiTve Zlier mtkivani fexi da xSiri
gaciveba Zalian uzRudavda moxuc eqvTimes Sinidan
gamosvlis saSualebas, metadre Camosvlidan 2-3 wlis
gasvlis Semdgom: erTxans Tu dawesebulebebSi, sesiasxdomebze da sxvagan dadioda (TviTonac kiTxulobda
moxsenebebs) da sakuTari avtomanqaniT Tbilissa da
mis midamoebsac ki moivlida xolme, mere da mere
TiTqmis sul binaSi gamoiketa da zogjer loginSi
mwoliarec
ki
muSaobda.
amasTanave
smena
da
mxedvelobac Sesustebuli hqonda, xeli ukankalebda
da wera umZimda _ teqnikurad, ra Tqma unda. am dros
mxolod misi namowafari da megobari irodion
sonRulaSvili Cveulebisamebr erTgulad mxarSi edga
da exmareboda muSaobaSi [3, 177].
1952 wlis martidan, rodesac bolSevikebis
satrapma ruxaZem yovelmxriv Seaviwrova eqvTime da
faqtobrivad Sinapatimroba miusaja, veRaravin bedavda
masTan misvlas. am periodSi ZiriTadad ioseb
megreliZe da irodioni dadiodnen eqvTimesTan.
rogorc Tavad ioseb megreliZe igonebs _ `irodion
sonRulaSvili
iyo
usayvarlesi
maswavleblis
166
uerTgulesi mzrunveli. bevri Svili ver gaukeTebs
mamas imas, rasac irodioni axerxebda eqvTimesaTvis~.
1953
wlis
21
Tebervals
gardaicvala
saqarTvelos
`meWurWleTuxucesi~,
1958
wlis
Semodgomaze _ irodion sonRulaSvili. mis dakrZalvas
mSobliur
sofelSi
apirebdnen.
Salva
amiranaSvilisa da ioseb megreliZis iniciativiT, igi
usa-yvarlesi
maswavleblis
eqvTime
TayaiSvilis
gverdiT daikrZala vakis sasaflaoze.
1963 wlis 10 Tebervals e. TayaiSvilis
dabadebis 100 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT misi neSti
vakis sasaflaodan qarTvel moRvaweTa didubis
panTeonSi gadaasvenes.
aRniSnuli
epistoleebi
maswavleblisa
da
mowafis megobrobis naTeli magaliTia da Rirseul
winaparTa
mamulisadmi
siyvarulis
nimuSs
warmoadgens.
167
wyaroebi da literatura:
1. v. beriZe, mogonebebi, Tbilisi, 1987.
2. l. gudiaSvili, mogonebebis wigni, Tbilisi, 1979.
3. e. TayaiSvili, rCeuli naSromebi, tomi I, Tbilisi,
1968.
4. i. megreliZe, eqvTime TayaiSvili, Tbilisi, 1989.
5. r. metreveli, saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio
6. sazogadoeba, Tbilisi, 1982.
7. v. sonRulaSvili, sonRulaSvilebi, Tbilisi, 2007.
8. e. ubilava, ganZeulis guSagi, Tbilisi, 1980.
168
Avtandil Songulashvili
FROM THE EPISTOLARY INHERITANCE OF
EKVTIME TAKAISHVILI AND ORION
SONGULASHVILI
A great scientist Ekvtime Takaishvili was in a very close
relationship with Orion Songulashvili. Due to the help of
Ekvtime Takaishvili, Orion Songulashvili graduated from
the Science Department of the Faculty of Mathematics and
Physics, University of Odessa. Then he starts to work in the
Georgian historical and ethnographic society serving there
until the end of his life.
Orion supplied emigrated Takaishvili with the Georgian
books and newspapers. We can see a lot of interesting
information about the life of Georgian association in France
from the letters of these two outstanding people in
emigration.
The above mentioned epistle is an obvious example of
friendship of disciple and teacher and represents the great
love of our ancestors for the country.
169
irma kvaSilava
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebi
postsabWour periodSi
saqarTveloSi berZnebis pirveli dasaxlebebis
gaCena Zv. w. aR-is VIII saukunes, Savi zRvis
sanapiroebis
intensiur
berZnul
kolonizacias
ukavSirdeba. es sakiTxi qarTul istoriografiaSi
gacilebiT ukeT aris Seswavlili, vidre berZenTa
xelmeore migraciis problemebi, amitom aTvlis
wertilad XIX saukune miviCnieT. miTumetes XIX
saukunis saqarTvelos berZen mosaxleobas araviTari
kavSiri ar hqonia im berZen mosaxleobasTan, romelic
Zvelad gaCnda dasavleT saqarTveloSi. antikuri
epoqisa da adreuli Suasaukuneebis saqarTveloSi
mcxovrebi berZeni mosaxleoba ukvalod gaqra: maTgan
erTi nawili samSobloSi dabrunda, meore ucxoelTa
Semosevebis Sedegad gawyda, mesame _ gaiTqvifa
adgilobriv qarTvel mosaxleobaSi (k. anTaZe, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, Tb., 1973). saqarTveloSi berZeni
mosaxleobis gansaxlebis dinamikas v. jaoSvilis
monografia pasuxobs (v. jaoSvili, saqarTvelos
mosaxleoba, Tb., 1996).
saqarTvelos teritoria uZvelesi droidan iyo
moqceuli intensiuri migraciebis arealSi. aqtiuri
migraciuli procesebi saqarTvelosa da mis mezobel
regionebs Soris mimdinareobda. saqarTvelos samefo
xelisufleba ara Tu upirispirdeboda migrantebs,
piriqiT qmnida pirobebs maTi integrirebisaTvis.
saxeldobr, erekle mefis Zalisxmevis Sedegia
berZenTa pirveli mcirericxovani dasaxlebebis gaCena
aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi.
anatoliidan
da
170
giumiSxanidan Camosulma berZnebma daiwyes axtalisa
da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxva adgilebSi oqros,
vercxlis, spilenZisa da rkinis sabadoebis damuSaveba.
es iyo 1778 wels, berZnebma samTamadno samuSaoebiT
garkveuli Semosavali SesZines samefo xazinas. 1785
wels omar xanma saqarTveloze Semosevis dros,
gaJlita an tyved waasxa axtalis samTamadno
budobebis raionSi mcxovrebi daaxloebiT 1,0 aTasi
berZeni.
swored s. yauxCiSvili da p. guguSvili arian is
pirveli avtorebi, romlebmac Seiswavles berZnebis
dasaxlebis istoria saqarTveloSi (s. yauxCiSvili,
quTaisis a. wulukiZis saxelobis saxelmwifo pedinstitutis Sromebi, t. IV, 1942 da t. VI, 1946w.)
da TurqeTis safaSoebidan somexTa da berZenTa
gadmosaxleba (p. guguSvili, saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, t. 1, 1949).
saqarTveloSi gabatonebis pirvelive wlebSi,
rusuli mmarTveloba sasurveli eTnikuri situaciis
Sesaqmnelad praqtikuli RonisZiebebis gatarebas
Seudga.
erT-erTi
pirveli
talRa
berZeni
kolonistebisa ruseT-TurqeTis dapirispirebas mohyva.
ruseTis mefis mTavrobam miiRo zomebi TurqeTis
imperiidan kavkasiaSi organizebulad gadmoesaxlebina
berZnebi da somxebi, Caesaxlebina isini TurqeTis
mosazRvre raionebSi da uerTgulesi winamavali
razmebi hyoloda (i. axuaSvili, berZnuli axalSenebi
qvemo qarTlSi, J. mnaTobi, #12, 1989). qarTvelTa
denacionalizacia, qristiani da araqristiani mosaxleobis kolonizacia, qarTvelebis gaberZneba da sxva
eTnikuri procesebi asaxulia mitropolit anania
171
jafariZis
monografiaSi
`qarTvelTa
denacionalizacia XVII-XX saukuneebSi~, Tb., 1997.
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi Tanamedrove berZnebi,
umTavresad, e.w. pontos berZnebi arian, romlebic
TurqeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTis raionebidan gadmosaxldnen. enobrivad saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebi
iyofodnen berZnulenovnebad (elinofonebi) da Turqulenovnebad (urumebi). elinofonebi laparakobdnen
berZnuli enis pontos kilokavze, romelic VI-VII
ss-Si iRebs saTaves... berZnuli enis pontur
kilokavze metyveleben afxazeTsa da aWaraSi mosaxle
berZnebi. walkis raionis berZnebis ZiriTad masas
urumebi (Turqulenovani berZnebi) warmoadgendnen.
afxazeTSi mosaxle berZnebis dasaxlebis istoria,
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT saTanadod aris Seswavlili
s. yauxCiSvilis statiaSi, xolo yofa-cxovreba dasaxlebidan anu XIXs-dan XXs-is 90-ian wlebamde
asaxulia berZeni avtoris n. ioanidis naSromSi (Н.
Иоаниди, Греки в Абхазии, Сух. 1990). afxazeTSi
mcxovrebi
araqarTveli
mosaxleobis
berZnebis,
moldavelebis, estonelebis Camosaxlebis da sameurne
Sroma-saqmianobis,
rwmena-warmodgenebis
zogierTi
sakiTxebi ganxilulia m. ivaSCenkos CanawerebSi,
romelic gamouqveynebelia da iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis arqivSi inaxeba (М.
Ивашченко, этнографические заметки, 1942). aWaraSi
berZnebis
migracia
ruseT-TurqeTis
interesTa
Sejaxebas
mohyva.
saerTod,
eTnodemografiuli
situaciis Secvla ruseTis imperiis gaZlierebas da
saqarTveloSi misi winsvlis istorias daukavSirda,
iseve rogorc afxazeTSi, aseve aWaraSic berZeni
172
moaxalSeneebi adgilobrivi mosaxleobisgan daclil
adgilebSi ganaTavses. barisa da mTis mosaxleobis
bunebriv-migraciuli
procesebi
da
ucxoeTidan
moaxalSeneebis
Semoyvanac,
baris
daclili
teritoriebis mosaxleobiT gajerebas emsaxureboda.
es procesebi erTis mxriv, ekonomikuri wonasworobis
dacvas uwyobda xels, meore mxriv, istoriulgeografiuli
karCaketilobis
moxsnas,
sazRvargareTidan Semosuli Tu romelime qarTuli eTnografiuli
jgufis
kulturuli
potencialis
zogadqarTul modelSi integrirebas. saqarTveloSi
mimdinare eTno-kulturuli procesebi da eTnikuri
umciresobebis samoqalaqo integraciis analizi ganxilulia ramdenime vrcel, avtorTa jgufis mier
Seqmnil monografiebSi, rogoricaa `eTnosebi saqarTveloSi~, Tb., 2008 da `socialuri usafrTxoebis
eTnikuri aspeqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi~, Tb.,
2011). saqarTvelos polieTnikur regionebSi mcxovreb
eTnikur
jgufebs
dRemde
SenarCunebuli
aqvT
eTnikuri TviTSegneba, TviTdasaxeleba, ena, religia
da tradiciuli kultura. saqarTvelos mravalenovan
da mravalerovan qveyanaSi odiTganve cxovrobdnen
sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebsac yovelTvis
hqondaT
saSualeba
daecvaT
TviTSegneba,
sarwmunoeba da kultura. is, rac dRes erovnul
umciresobaTa
dacvis
egidiT
xdeba
msoflios
demokratiul qveynebSi, saqarTveloSi mTeli Sua
saukuneebis manZilze, aseTi pozicia ekavaT Cvens
winaprebs _ wers a. sonRulaSvili Tavis naSromSi
`erovnuli
umciresobani
da
konfesiebi
saqarTveloSi~, Tb., 2005).
173
rogorc irkveva, walkis raionis umravles
soflebSi urumebi cxovroben. TrialeTi moicavs
dRevandeli walkis raions, romelic
XIXs-Si
Sedioda Tbilisis guberniis borCalos mazraSi.
sainteresoa, am periodis statistikuri aRweriloba,
mosaxleobis
erovnuli
Semadgenlobis
mixedviT
(`Тифлисская губерния, Борчалинский уезд~, 1914).
walka istoriuli TrialeTis teritoriaze
mdebareobs. TrialeTis eTnikuri procesebi, saerTod
XIX s-Si aq Semoxiznuli mravali eTnikuri jgufis
yofa da kultura asaxulia eTnologebis naSromebSi,
rogoricaa g. Citaias, eTnografiuli mogzaurobidan
aRbulaRis raionSi, saqarTvelos muzeumis moambe,
tf. 1928, t. 4); l. faSaevas «Этнические процессы в
Триалети», жур. «Мацне» (серия истории), #1, 1977,
misive «Некоторые календарные праздники урумов, жур.
«Мацне» (серия истории), #1, 1983. walkis urumebis
ojaxi da saojaxo yofa safuZvlianad aris Seswavlili l. faSaevas sakvalifikacio naSromSi «Семья и
семейный быт цалкских урумов», Тб., 1972.
TrialeTis winareqristianuli da qristianuli
xanis sakulto Zeglebi, sacxovrebeli Tu sameurneo
nagebobani, reliefis, havis, niadagis saxesxvaobani T.
Ciqovanma saTanadod gaanaliza (T. Ciqovani, TrialeTi,
Tb., 1976w.). berZnebis saojaxo da sazogadoebrivi
yofa asaxulia m. mixailovis monografiaSi (М.
Михаилов, культуры и быт греков Грузии, Тб., 1980).
amave
Sinaarsis
naSromTa
ricxvs
ganekuTvneba
«Народы Кавказа», т. II,
М., 1962 da `berZnebi
saqarTveloSi~, Tb., 1990.
174
dasaxelebul naSromebs Cvens sakvlev sakiTxTan
mxolod arapirdapiri Sexeba aqvT. cxadia, mTavari
dasayrdeni Cveni savele muSaoba gaxlavT, rodesac
uSualo
Sexeba
gvqonda
migrantebTan.
Tumca
saqarTveloSi mosaxle berZnebis Sesaxeb postabWour
periodSi imdenad mwiri istoriografiuli bazaa,
realuri suraTis misaRebad, saWiro gaxda am Temaze
arsebuli yvela naSromis met-naklebad gaTvaliswineba. aseve iribi Sexeba aqvs Cvens sakvlev
sakiTxTan a. aklaevis statias walkis raionis
mosaxleobis eTnikur TviTSegnebasa da enobriv
situaciaze (А. Аклаев, этноязыковая ситуация и
особенности этнического самосознания грузинских
греков, жук. «Советская этнография», №5, 1988).
agreTve l. boWoriSvilis naSroms walkeli qalis
Tavsaburavze, romelic saqarTvelos eTnografiis
masalebSia dabeWdili.
gacilebiT did daxmarebas gviweven perioduli
presis Zveli da Tanamedrove masalebi. saxeldobr,
gaz: `kavkazi~, `saqarTvelos respublika~, `rezonansi~, `alia~ da a.S. Jurn: `saarqivo moambe~,
`saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba~, `Советская этнография~ da misTana.
berZnul migracias aWaraSi aqvs sakuTari
istoria. cnobilia, rom mcire aziis mkvidr
qristianebs _ maT Soris berZnebs, erovnuli gadagvarebis safrTxe emuqreboda. TurqeTis mTavroba yovel
Rones xmarobda imperiis araTurqi mosaxleobis
(berZnebis, somxebis, lazebis da sxva) gamuslimanebisaTvis. amas xels uwyobda qveSevrdomi berZnebis
mimarT warmoebuli TurqeTis mTavrobis politika.
`kidev ufro metad is politika, romelsac
175
awarmoebda TurqeTi evropis kapitalisturi qveynebis
mimarT. davimowmoT CvenTvis ukve sakmaod nacnobi
faqti: ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris sxvadasxva
periodSi warmoebul omebSi, erT-erTi mebrZoli
mxarisaTvis
yars-ardaRanis
olqebis
mierTeba,
Cveulebriv gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda xolme mcire
aziis berZnebis gadmosaxlebis procesSi. aWaris
teritoriac, romelic berZenTa emigraciamde ukve
didi xnis win Turqebs hqondaT okupirebuli,
anatoliiis trapezundis (trapizonis) msgavsad,
ganxeTqilebis vaSlis funqcias asrulebda ruseTisa
da TurqeTis politikaSi~ [1, 65]. mxolod 1878 wels
gaaTavisufles aWara TurqTa batonobisagan. XIXs-is
70-ian wlebSi warmoebul ruseT-TurqeTis omTa
simZime gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos Savi zRvispireTs,
kerZod, afxazeTs da aWaras daawva. ruseT-TurqeTis
omis Semdgom, aWara moeqca ruseTis imperiis
SemadgenlobaSi.
`TurqeTis
xelisufleba
ver
Seurigda strategiuli TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovani saporto qalaqis _ baTumis dakargvas da
dakargulis dabrunebas Seecada aWaris muslimani
mosaxleobis gadmobirebis gziT~ [2, 57-58].
aRniSnuli propagandis Sedegad, aWaris bevri
sofeli
dacarielda.
swored
amitom
carizmi
dainteresebuli iyo daesaxlebina pirvel rigSi es
dacarielebuli daba-soflebi da amiT gaemagrebina
ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebi. aseT sando elements
warmoadgenda berZnuli mosaxleoba, romelic baTumSi,
rogorc zRvispira, saporto qalaqSi adrec yofila
damkvidrebuli. `isini ZiriTadad gamoCndnen 1846
wlidan~, romlebic iyvnen sxvadasxva profesiis
176
adamianebi _ TerZebi, mWedlebi, xuroebi, eqimbaSebi da
sxva. unda aRiniSnos, rom baTumSi Camosuli berZnebi
erTgvarad momTabare cxovrebas eweodnen. isini
baTumSi Camodiodnen Semodgomis dasawyisSi da
rCebodnen gazafxulis miwurulamde. maTi aseTi
qcevis mizezi gaxldaT didi SiSi baTumSi gavrcelebuli ciebisa, romelic umTavresad zafxulobiT
iCenda Tavs. am ciebiT Zalze bevri xalxi ixoceboda.
magram bolos da bolos berZnebi SeeCvivnen baTums,
mis ciebiT gajerebul havas da TandaTan iwyes aq
dasaxleba~ [3, 3].
berZenTa
Camosaxleba
umtkivneulod
rodi
xdeboda. migraciis simwvaves emateboda klimaturi
pirobebic. saxeldobr, axalSeneli informatori i.
papaianidi (dabadebuli 1935w.) igonebs Zvelebisagan
gagonils. `cidan mkvdari frinveli cviodao~,
dablobSi malaria boboqrobda, amitomac xalxi
midioda maRlobSi, sadac iyo sufTa haeri da wyali~
[4, 76]. mcireaziel berZenTa masiuri da perioduli
Camosaxleba aWaris soflebSi iwyeba XIXs. 80-iani
wlebidan, rodesac TurqeTis imperiaSi gamefebuli
autaneli socialuri da politikuri Cagvris gamo,
trapizonis
vilaieTidan aiyara berZenTa Svidi
sofeli. nawili soflebis mosaxleobisa samSoblos
daubrunda [4, 75]. berZnebis garda, aWaraSi da
saerTod saqarTveloSi, am dros bevri araqristiani
eZebda da poulobda TavSesafars. demografiuli
procesebi iseTi tempiT ganviTarda, rom sul male q.
baTumi polieTnikur qalaqad gadaiqca. Camosaxlebuli
berZnebis raodenoba dRiTidRe izrdeboda. saxeldobr,
1890 wlisTvis 1995 suli saxlobda, 1897w. 2764
177
berZeni, 1926w. 2844 adamiani, 1959w. ki _ 11668. es
baTumSi, xolo rac Seexeba mTel aWaras, 1979 wels
mTlianad saxlobda 7000 berZeni. 1998 wels ki _
2837.
aseTi
mkveTri
Semcireba
ganpirobebuli
gaxldaT maT mudmiv sacxovreblad gadasaxleba
istoriul samSobloSi _ saberZneTSi [3, 5]. saerTod,
saqarTveloSi berZnuli mosaxleobis zrdis procesi
mxolod XXs. 40-iani wlebis bolos Seferxda,
saqarTvelos
berZnuli
mosaxleobis
ricxvis
meqanikur SemcirebasTan dakavSirebiT [1, 71]. berZenTa
kompaqturi dasaxlebebi gvxvdeba qalaqebSi _ baTumsa
da qobuleTSi, xolo soflebSi aWyvaSi, dagvaSi,
kvirikeSi
(qobuleTis
raioni)
da
axalSenSi
(xelvaCauris raioni). mTavroba maT asaxlebda
saxazino da muhajirTa miwebze; dagva da axalSeni
iyo
is
pirveli
soflebi,
romelmac
miiRo
Camosaxlebuli berZnebi, romlebic saxldebodnen
kompaqtur jgufebad. maT Soris iyvnen SesaniSnavi
kalatozebi, qvismWreli ostatebi, mkalavebi, mWedlebi da a.S. Camosulebi cdilobdnen samosaxlod
aerCiaT maRlobi
adgilebi, radgan arajansaRi
klimati, malariis kera daxvdaT. pirvel xanebSi,
roca miwa sakmarisad iyo, calkeuli ojaxebi
flobdnen miwis did nakveTebs. SedarebiT gvian
Camosuli berZnebi miwebs yidulobdnen adgilobriv
mkvidrTagan. yidvisas dgeboda sabuTi `Tafi~, ris
safuZvelzec, mowmeebis TandaswrebiT, miwis nakveTi
umtkicdeboda ama Tu im pirs [4, 76]. mosaxleoba
ZiriTadad inaxavda adgilobrivi jiSis saqonels,
radgan Camoyvanili jiSi ver egueboda adgilobriv
klimatur da ekologiur pirobebs. axalmosaxleni
178
metwilad erTsarTulian saxlebs iSenebdnen, romelic
Cveulebriv ori oTaxisa da verandisagan Sedgeboda.
saxlis interierisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo buxari,
romlis orive mxares iyo niSi xatebiT. yofiT
urTierTobaSi berZnebSi igrZnoboda Zlieri konservatizmi.
adgilobriv
mosaxleobasTan
mWidro
sameurneo-kulturuli
urTierTobis
procesSi,
mravali tradiciuli wes-Cveuleba da rituali
droTa viTarebaSi Seerwya da SeeTvisa erTmaneTs.
1990-iani
wlebisaTvis
aWaraSi
berZnuli
mosaxleoba metwilad Tavmoyrili iyo qobuleTis
raionSi (3.839), Semdeg xelvaCaurSi (625), xuloSi
(22), qedaSi (8), SuaxevSi (2). `saqarTvelos sxvadasxva teritoriaze sxvadasxva dros dasaxlebul
berZenTa Soris aWaraSi gadmosaxlebul berZnebs
yvelaze wmindad hqondaT Semonaxuli berZnuli ena da
tradiciebi. isini ganaTlebisa da kulturis sakmaod
maRali doniTac gamoirCeodnen~ [1, 67]. rogorc T.
komaxiZis monografiidan irkveva, baTumSi berZenTa
simravles berZenTa sazogadoebis Seqmna gamouwvevia.
misi Tavmjdomaris i. efremidis mier gamoyofil miwis
nakveTze auSenebiaT berZenTa sazogadoebis eklesia.
aqve funqcionirebda sazogadoebrivi skola. xolo
1883 wels baTumSi daarsebula berZnuli saeklesio
samrevlo saswavlebeli. interesmoklebuli ar iqneba
im faqtis xazgasma, rom nacionalur da religiur
Cagvras gamoqceuli berZnebi pirveli SesaZleblobisTanave eklesiaze an samlocveloze iwyeben
zrunvas.
ase
mag:
`borjomis
raionis
sof.
cixisjvarSi Camosaxlebulebs, romelTa umravlesoba
gvarad sevastovebi yofilan, maSinve patara, magram
179
metad lamazi eklesia auSenebiaT. es ara imdenad
saWiroebisaTvis, aramed imisaTvis, rom rjulis
erTianoba daedasturebinaT da TavianTi ostatobac
eCvenebinaT~ [5, 19]. rogorc irkveva, berZnebs
sakulto nagebobis, eklesiis gareSe cxovreba ar
SeuZliaT. postsabWour periodSi, rodesac mrevli
Semobrunda eklesiisken, saeklesio mSenebloba aWaris
berZnul mosaxleobaSi farTod gaiSala. Zveli, JamTa
siavisgan dazianebuli samlocveloebi aRdga.
niSandoblivia,
rom
saqarTveloSi
arsebul
berZenTa gansaxlebaSi ar SeiniSneba raime specifikuri momenti. mosaxleobis zrda, ganawileba soflisa
da qalaqis mosaxleobas Soris ar gviCvenebs
mniSvnelovan
gadaxrebs
saerTo
respublikuri
maCveneblebisagan~ [1, 83].
rasakvirvelia, demografiuli viTareba radikaluri Seicvala sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg.
saqarTveloSi ganviTarebulma procesebma (ekonomikuri krizisi, eTnikuri konfliqtebi) ganapiroba
cxovrebis donis mkveTri dacema, gaizarda umuSevroba, gaCnda ltolvilTa didi raodenoba, samuSaos
saZebnelad
ucxoeTSi
wavida
uamravi
adamiani.
yovelive aman ganapiroba mosaxleobis socialuri
struqturis, eTnikuri Semadgenlobis da sxva
parametrebis cvlilebebi. Seicvala mosaxleobis
erovnuli Semadgenloba. aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo,
araqarTuli mosaxleobis nawili, maT Soris berZnebi
daubrundnen Tavis istoriul samSoblos. Tumca
rogorc berZeni informatorebi acxadeben, maTi
nawili kvlav saqarTveloSi apirebs dabrunebas [6,
180
150]. maT Cvens qveyanasTan aseTi didi siyvaruli
akavSirebT.
saberZneTSi
mcxovrebi
berZnebi
umetesad
soflis meurneobas misdevdnen da aqac igive
gaagrZeles. aWarisa da afxazeTis berZnebi meTambaqoebaSi, meCaiobaSi, mebostneobaSi, mebaReobaSi da
agreTve meTevzeobaSi aqtiurad iyvnen Cabmulni.
cnobilia, rom baTumSi pirveli Tambaqos fabrikis
mepatrone
berZeni
iyo,
romelic
samSobloSi
dabrunda. mis yofil sacxovrebel saxlSi amJamad
aWaris arqiteqtorTa SemoqmedebiTi saxlia ganlagebuli. aWaraSi mcxovrebi berZnebi dasaqmebulni
iyvnen mrewvelobaSi, vaWrobaSi, xelosnobaSi (isini
saukeTeso
qvisxuroebi
arian),
kulturasa
da
ganaTlebaSi. devnilobis mZime xvedris miuxedavad,
saqarTvelo aRmoCnda is fuZe, sadac berZnebma myudro
da saimedo navTsayudeli
ipoves.
saqarTvelos
berZenTa federaciis prezidentis baton kiriakos
iordanidis TqmiT, swored amitom igrZnoba aq ase
mZlavrad berZnuli suli [7, 7].
ufro met simarTles Seicavs aWaraSi mcxovrebi
berZeni diriJoris odisei dimitriadis ganacxadi _
me mxolod fizikurad, sxeuliT var berZeni, suliT
ki _ qarTveli var.
aWaraSi berZenTa diasporis SenarCunebasa da mis
Semdgom ganmtkicebaSi did rols asrulebs 1990w.
baTumSi daarsebuli berZenTa sazogadoeba, romlis
saqmianobas asaxavs beWdviTi sityvis organo _ gazeTi
`baTumi~. Tavisi qmedebiT da daniSnulebiT berZenTa
sazogadoeba sakonsulos rols asrulebda [3, 51]. am
sazogadoebis
saqmianoba
1995w.
saqarTveloSi
181
gaxsnilma saberZneTis saelCom gaagrZela. sazogadoebis dafuZneba moiTxova aWaridan q. salonikSi
repatrirebulma mosaxleobam. aWaridan saberZneTSi
Casaxlebuli berZnebis ZiriTadi masa q. salonikSi
cxovrobs. aq 1997 wels daarsda sazogadoeba
`baTumi~, riTac Cveni kuTxidan gadasaxlebulma
berZnebma gamoxates TavianTi siyvaruli im kuTxisadmi, im qalaqisadmi, sadac isini aTeuli wlebis
ganmavlobaSi cxovrobdnen [3, 68].
cxadia, Zalian rTulia postsabWour periodSi
araqarTveli mosaxleobis migraciaze, imigraciaze
sando cnobebis mopoveba. 2002 wlis saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis pirveli sayovelTao aRweris mixedviT,
aWaraSi berZnebis raodenoba Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba. aq sul 2168 berZeni cxovrobs. aqedan q.
baTumSi 587 berZenia. qedisa da Suaxevis raionebSi
saerTod ar gvxvdebian. TiTqmis igive suraTia xulos
raionSi, aq mxolod 2 berZeni cxovrobs. xelvaCaurSi
_ 91, xolo yvelaze didi raodenobiT isini
qobuleTis raionSi binadroben _ 1487 [8, 304].
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, q. salonikSi moiyara
Tavi, rogorc saqarTvelodan gasaxlebulma berZnebma,
ise saSovarze gasulma qarTulma mosaxleobam.
dReisaTvis q. salonikSi aranakleb ocdaaTi aTasi
saqarTvelodan wasuli berZeni cxovrobs, romlebmac
miiRes
moqalaqeoba,
xolo
Casul
qarTvelTa
umravlesoba
aralegalurad
cxovrobs.
berZnebs
axsovT is sikeTe, megobroba da mezobloba, rac
saqarTveloSi daxvdaT da Sesabamisad xels umarTaven
aralegalurad Casul Cvens Tanamemamuleebs. am
megobrobis naTeli dadasturebaa 1998w. Catarebuli
182
saberZneTis
kulturis
dReebi,
mravalferovani
programiT: koncertebiT, simpoziumebiT, gamofenebiT
da misTana. aRsaniSnavia, sagareo saqmeTa ministris
movaleobis
Semsruleblis,
baton
georgios
papandreus misasalmebeli sityva kulturis dReebis
daniSnulebis
Sesaxeb.
`rom
gadavxedoT
Cvens
istoriul warsuls, masSi xSirad ikveTeba saqarTvelos berZnebis Tema. isini yovelTvis gamoirCeodnen
TavianTi Zirebisa da Rirebulebebis erTgulebiT,
inaxavdnen erovnul tradicias, ufrTxildebodnen
TavianT TviTSegnebasa da dedaenas. saqarTveloSi
mcxovrebma berZnebma, romlebmac qarTul miwaze
mkvidrad gaidges fesvebi, yvelaze mZime Jamsac ki,
SeinarCunes TavianTi rwmena msoflmxedveloba, maRali
idealebi~ [7,8].
saberZneTis kulturis dReebidan sul samiode
Tve iyo gasuli, rodesac baTums ewvia pontoel
berZenTa sakmaod ricxvmravali, 200 kaciani warmomadgenloba. am delegaciis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen
saberZneTis parlamentis wevrebi, qalaqebis merebi,
sazogado
moRvaweebi,
agreTve
folkloruli
ansamblebi. winaswar gaxldaT dagegmili konferenciis
Catareba Temaze: elinizmi yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi [3,
86].
amrigad, berZnebi saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT
kavkasiis uamrav adgilebSi cxovroben, magram aWaris
berZnebis
erTsulovneba
da
erTianoba
TiTqos
ganumeorebelia, rogorc erTmaneTTan ise damxvdur
mosaxleobasTan. Camosaxlebidan dRemde maT erTad,
udrtvinvelad
daZlies,
rogorc
socialuri,
183
ekonomiuri, ekologiuri, demografiuli Tu sxva
umniSvnelovanesi problemebi.
aWaris garda, berZenTa kompaqturi dasaxlebebi
gvxvdeba afxazeTSi. saerTod, saqarTveloSi berZnuli
dasaxlebebi umeteswilad ganlagebulia saqarTvelos
samxreT, samxreT-dasavleT da Crdilo-dasavleT
regionebSi. esenia: walka, TeTriwyaro, dmanisi,
marneuli, wiTelwyaro, axalcixe, borjomis raionebi.
sxvagan saqarTveloSi berZeni mosaxleoba an saerTod
ar
iyo,
an
ramdenime
aseuli
mcxovrebiT
ganisazRvreboda.
cnobilia, rom afxazeTis eTnikuri aWreleba
XIXs-is meore naxevars ukavSirdeba, Tumca carizmis
xelisuflebas ukve XIX s-is 30-iani wlebisTvis
hqonda dagegmili: TurqeTis samflobelos mosazRvre
saqarTvelos miwebi saukeTeso pirobebs warmoadgenda
rusebis dasaxlebisaTvis. mdidari bunebis miuxedavad,
samegrelos, guriisa da imereTis kolonizacia
gauvali Waobebisa, uRrani da gautexeli tyeebisa da
miudgomeli mTagrexilebis pirobebSi jerjerobiT
rusebisTvis SeuZlebeli iyo. amitom Zveli kolxeTis
gaudaburebuli adgilebi TurqTa pronvinciebidan
gadmosaxlebuli
qristianebis
meoxebiT
unda
aeyvavebinaT [9, 541]. amisTvis xelsayreli pirobebi
Seiqmna 1866-1867 wlebSi, rodesac saberZneTsa da
TurqeTs Soris urTierToba gamwvavda da Turqebma
daiwyes represiebi mcireaziel berZenTa winaaRmdeg.
`aseT ambebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, rom 1868 wlis
ganmavlobaSi
200
komli
anatolieli
berZeni
dasaxlda Savi zRvis olqSi~ [10, 131]. 1866 wlis
184
cnobili afxazTa ajanyebis Semdeg, sakmao teritoria
aRmoCnda Tavisufali.
afxazeTis mkvidri mosaxleoba 1877-1878 wlebis
omis periodSic, didi raodenobiT gaixizna TurqeTSi.
cxadia, afxazeTis dacarielebuli soflebi didxans
ar
darCeboda
dausaxlebeli
da
auTvisebeli.
afxazeTis nayofieri miwa-wyali, hava, klimati
mimzidvel
pirobas
qmnida
nebismieri
rjulis
adamianis dasasaxleblad. `aseT pirobebSi sando
elements warmoadgenda TurqeTis mosisxle mteri,
berZnoba. masze dayrdnoba ruseTis mTavrobas ufro
uSiSrad SeeZlo, vidre adgilobriv mosaxleobaze,
romelmac Turqebis pirvel moaxloebisTanave 1877w.
afxazeTSi
arsebuli
socialuri
usworobiT
gamowveuli grZnobebi ajanyebad aqcia~ [10, 136].
migrantebis dasaxlebas SesaZloa stiqiuri
xasiaTi hqonoda, magram maT imdenad kargi pirobebi
daxvdaT, organizebuli migraciis SemTxvevaSi rom
xdeba xolme. saxeldobr, `maT gankargulebaSi imdeni
miwa iyo, rom TviTon erT meoTxedsac ver
amuSavebdnen: danarCenebs isini an hyidnen (ris
wyalobiTac msxvili miwismflobelebi gaCndnen) an
imaragebdnen
(albaT,
momavalSi
gadmosaxlebul
mcireaziel TvistomTaTvis)~ [10,143].
konkretulad mcire aziis romeli dasaxlebidan
arian aqauri berZnebi wamosuli zustad ar aris
dadgenili.
berZnebis
masobriv
da
etapobriv
gadmosaxlebas xels uwyobda ruseTis mTavrobis
dapirebebic, rogoricaa 15 wlis manZilze samxedro
samsaxuridan ganTavisufleba, 30 desetina miwa, TiTo
xari, mewveli Txa da TiToeul ojaxs kidev mciredi
185
fuladi daxmareba. garda amisa, mTeli am afxazTa
ajanyebebisa
da
areulobis
dros
afxazeTSi
gadmosaxlebul berZnebsa da maT soflebs icavda
sagangebod gamoyofili jaris nawilebi. es ar yofila
SemTxveviTi
RonisZieba,
radgan
mTeli
zemoT
aRniSnuli saomari moqmedebis manZilze, afxazeTSi
gamorboda mcireaziel berZenTa da maT Soris sxva
modgmis mcireaziel ltolvilTa axal-axali nakadebi.
zemoT ganxiluli areulobebis periodSic da sxva,
SedarebiT mSvidobian drosac afxazeTSi dasaxlebuli
berZeni kolonistebi, rogorc wesi aqtiurad icavdnen
im adgilebs, sadac isini damkvidrdnen. ase iyo
saqarTveloSic.
ase
iyo
mTeli
amierkavkasiis
farglebSic da mis gareTac [1, 64]. niSandoblivia
isic, rom afxazeTisa da aWaris berZen kolonistebs
sxva kolonistebTan SedarebiT, ganaTlebisa da
kulturis maRali donec gamoarCevda.
berZenTa pirvel axalSenebs 1869 wels _
aleqsandrovka, olginskoe da georgievskoes, swrafad
miemeta 1879 mariinskoe, 1880 wels mixailovka,
1882w. _ konstantinovka da ekaterinovka _ 1880
wels. afxazeTis berZnul axalSenebs ruseTis samefo
sagvareulos brwyinvale warmomadgenelTa da kavkasiis mefisnacvlis saxels (mixailovka) arqmevdnen.
ise gaizarda afxazeTSi berZnuli mosaxleoba, rom
1934 wlis monacemebiT, 31 soflis ZiriTad
mosaxleobas isini Seadgendnen. saerTod, 1940-ian
wlebSi afxazeTis 96 sofelSi moipoveboda berZnuli
mosaxleoba [10, 153; 125]. berZenTa kompaqturi
dasaxlebebi ZiriTadad soxumis raionis soflebSi
186
gvxvdeboda. agreTve qalaqebSi: soxumSi, gagraSi,
gudauTaSi.
afxazeTSi XIXs-is II naxevarSi intensiurad
mimdinareobda araqarTvelebis Camosaxleba. gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT modiodnen somxebi, berZnebi,
moldavelebi, estonelebi, rusebi, bulgarulebi da
a.S., romlebic damkvidrnen, rogorc qalaqebSi, ise
soflebSi. ase Seiqmna axali berZnuli da somxuri
soflebi afxazeTSi. berZnuli mosaxleobis swrafi
kolonizaciis Semdeg, mosaxleoba aq ganuxrelad
izrdeboda bunebrivi matebis xarjze. zrdis procesi
XXs. 40-ian wlebis bolos Seferxda. jer kidev
1926 wels afxazeTSi aRmocenda moZraoba saberZneTSi
gadasaxlebasTan dakavSirebiT. 1930w. saqarTvelodan
saberZneTSi gamgzavrebis msurvelebi 1200-1400 kacs
Seadgendnen. maTi saberZneTSi gamgzavrebis mizezebi
SemdegSi mdgomareobda: 1) ZaldatanebiTi gawevrianeba
kolmeurneobebSi; 2) ekonomikuri siduxWire da
SimSilis zRurblze yofna; 3) mcire miwianoba da
mousavlian miwebze dasaxleba; 4) saskolo saqmis
mougvarebloba
[2,
61].
gadasaxlebis
uflebis
mopovebis
Semdeg,
berZenTa
nawili
dabrunda
samSobloSi. 1949 wlis sakavSiro dadgenilebis
mixedviT, specgadasaxlebis wesiT da rigiT saqarTvelosa
da
azerbaijanis
sabWoTa
socialuri
respublikebidan gadasaxlebul iqnen: 1) saberZneTis
yvela qveSevrdomi; 2) saberZneTis yofili qveSevrdomebi, romlebsac im momentisaTvis ar gaaCndaT
moqalaqeoba; 3) saberZneTis yofili qveSevrdomebi,
romlebmac SemdgomSi sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqeoba
miiRes [11, 42]. saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis avtono187
miuri respublikis sadireqtivo organoebis gadawyvetilebiT gasaxlebul iqnen berZeni erovnebis pirebi,
sxva
qveynebis
qveSevrdomebi
da
moqalaqeobis
armqoneni. afxazeTidan yazaxeTSi gadasaxlebulebis
nawili (anu is pirebi, romlebic ar eqvemdebarebodnen
specgadasaxlebas) _ sul 1362 adamiani, TviTneburad
dabrunda afxazeTSi da dasaxlda gulrifSisa da
soxumis raionebSi, agreTve uSualod q. soxumSi [11,
46]. rogorc irkveva, berZnebs axasiaTebs xSiri
adgilmonacleoba.
kerZod,
berZeni
erovnebis
warmomadgenelTa nawili, romelic samamulo omamde
saberZneTSi wavida, 50-ian wlebSi kvlav brundeba
saqarTveloSi, es procesi mraval siZnelesTan iyo
dakavSirebuli.
xolo
yaxazeTSi
arakanonierad
gasaxlebul berZnebs mTavrobam, zarali aunazRaura
[2, 61].
istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis arqivSi
inaxeba masala, romlebic afxazeTSi mcxovrebi
berZeni
migrantebis
sabWouri
cxovrebis
wess
gvacnobs. misi cnobiT, XIXs-is 70-80-ian wlebSi
afxazeTSi gadmosaxlebuli berZeni kolonistebi
trapizonis vilaieTidan iyvnen. kalatozobiT cnobili
berZnebi zafxulobiT gadmodiodnen samuSaos saZebnelad da zamTarSi, samSobloSi brundebodnen. maTi
kldovan-mTiani
da
naklebad
nayofieri
miwebi
ubiZgebdaT eZebnaT ukeTesi sacxovrebeli pirobebi.
saamisod afxazeTi maTTvis saocnebo mxare aRmoCnda.
trapizonSi berZnebis mTavari saqmianoba friad
Sromatevadi kulturis _ Tambaqos moyvana gaxldaT
da aqac igive gaagrZeles. misdevdnen agreTve
mesaqonleobas da miwaTmoqmedebas, mefutkreobas da
188
mefrinveleobasac.
sofelSi
ZiriTadad
soflis
meurneobiT
iyvnen
dakavebuli,
xolo
qalaqSi
xelosnobiTa da vaWrobiT.
Zalze sainteresoa maTi rwmena-warmodgenebi.
saxeldobr,
saqonlis
mfarvelad
wm.
dimitri
gvevlineba. sazafxulo saZovarze saqonels bednier
dReebSi mierekebian, rogoricaa orSabaTi, paraskevi
da SabaTi. miwis damuSavebisas wm. giorgis evedrebian
da SeTxoven mosavlis siuxves. qorwili umeteswilad
kvira saRamos imarTeba. amindi damokidebulia ianvris
pirveli Tvis Tormet dReze. Tu rogori amindi
iqneba Tvis TiToeul dRes, zustad igive iqneba sxva
dReebSi. mag: Tu sami ianvari wvimiani iyo, igive
aminds unda velodoT vTqvaT imave wlis sam marts
da a.S. axali wlis dadgomisas wm. basili dids
simReriT mimarTaven. maTTvis yvelaze did dResaswaulad jvarTamaRleba iTvleba. RmrTismSoblis
safarvelis xsenebis dRes micvalebulebs _ saflavze
gasvliT da trapeziT moixsenieben [12, 4-20].
ivaSCenkos mixedviT, 1930 wels, afxazeTSi berZnebis
raodenoba 29703 adamians ar aRemateboda.
erovnuli
umciresobani
ekonomikurad,
kulturulad, enobrivad da sayofacxovrebo doniT
sruliad sxvadasxva safexurze iyvnen. berZnebSi
farTod damkvidrebuli iyo konservatiuli urTierTobi. yofiT urTierTobaSi berZnebSi igrZnoboda
Zlieri konservatizmi. aq Tavs iCenda adrindeli
sacxovrisidan
moyolili
tradiciuli
wesCveulebebisa da ritualebis Serwyma. isini Rrmad
religiurebi iyvnen. marTlmadidebel qristianebs
swamdaT xis, wylis, mTis, mzis da sxva kultebi.
189
gvalvis dros wvimis gamosawvevad sxvadasxva magiur
ritualebs
mimarTavdnen.
axali
wlis
dReebSi
axalgazrdoba mdinareebTan da wyaroebTan iyrida
Tavs, raTa wylis RvTaebisTvis axali weli mieloca
[13, 432].
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebidan kulturulad
da
ekonomikurad
yvelaze
CamorCenili
Tbilisis mazris walkis raionis berZnebi iyvnen.
ukeTes pirobebSi imyofebodnen aWarisa da afxazeTis
berZnebi. 1926-1927ww. saswavlo wels saqarTveloSi
36 berZnulenovani skola iyo. am skolebisTvis kadrebs leningradis universitetSi amzadebnen. q. soxumSi mcxovrebi berZnebisTvis berZnulad gamodioda
gazeTi `Красный табаковод~. am periodSi gaixsna
soxumSi berZnuli dramatuli Teatri [14, 62].
berZnebi
gulgrilobas
iCendnen
sabWouri
cxovrebis wesisadmi. saqarTveloSi partiis wevri
berZeni 80 adamiani iyo, afxazeTSi _ 32, aWaraSi _
38. komkavSirelTa raodenoba mTlianad 468 wevriT
ganisazRvreboda. afxazeTSi 1000 berZen glexze 1
partiis wevri modioda. profkavSiris wevrad 1538
berZeni iricxeboda [2, 65].
es miT ufro sainteresoa, vinaidan berZeni
emigrantebis didi nawili ruseTis saxelmwifoSi
cxovrobda. 1989 wlis sakavSiro aRwerilobis
mixedviT, afxazeTis teritoriaze 14664 berZeni
iTvleboda, rac mTlianad saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi
berZnebis 14,6%-s Seadgenda [15, 70].
1990-ian
wlebSi
dawyebul
migraciul
procesebSi,
berZnebi,
sxva
eTnikur
jgufebTan
SedarebiT,
gansakuTrebuli
aqtiurobiT
gamoi190
rCeodnen. amaSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula
saberZneTis mTavrobam, romelic xels uwyobda
yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebSi mcxovrebi
berZnebis
saberZneTSi
imigracias.
`1992-1993ww.
afxazeTis
teritoriaze
mimdinare
saomari
moqmedebebis
Sedegad,
afxazeTis
berZnuli
mosaxleoba, romelic 1989 wels 14700 adamians
Seadgenda,
saberZneTis
mTavrobis
xelSewyobiT,
TiTqmis mTlianad gadasaxlda saberZneTSi~ [6, 159].
amdenad,
gareSe
Zalebis
mier
inspirirebulma
afxazur-qarTulma
konfliqtma
adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis da Semosuli migrantebis erToba gaTiSa.
gamoiwvia
mwvave
politikuri
da
ekonomikuri
krizisi, rac met-naklebi sixSiriT dRemde grZeldeba.
berZenTa kavkasiaSi (maT Soris saqarTveloSi)
gadmosaxlebis
saqmes,
pirobebs
da
process
xelmZRvanelobda 1810w. sagangebod Seqmnili `kavkasiaSi
TurqeTidan
qristianTa
gadmosaxlebis
komiteti~. maT dasasaxleblad adgilobrivi mosaxleobisgan daclili gaukacrielebuli adgilebi SeirCa,
romelTa aTviseba sasurvel Sedegs iZleoda. aseTi
regionebis ricxvSi TrialeTi, dRevandeli walkis
raioni
aRmoCnda.
qarTvelebiT
mudam
mWidrod
dasaxlebuli kuTxe XIXs.-is damdegs gaukacrielebuli
iyo.
`samagierod
momravldnen
`elni
muhamedianni _ nomadi Turqebis STamomavalni, romlebmac TandaTanobiT daikaves TrialeTis qedis
samxreTi kalTebi~ [16, 14]. 1829w. ukve daiZra berZen
kolonistTa ojaxebi TrialeTisaken. pirveli sofeli,
romelSic isini dasaxldnen beSTaSeni iyo. es iyo
gadmosaxlebulTa
pirveli
jgufi,
socialurad
191
Sereuli statusis mcxovreblebi (xelosnebi, vaWrebi,
miwaTmoqmedni). berZnebis meore jgufs sasuliero
wodebis migrantebi miematnen. mogvianebiT mesame da
meoTxe jgufic SemouerTdaT, romlebic walkis
midamoebSi, arsebul nasoflarebSi dasaxlda 18291831ww. walkis raionis 31 sofelSi 7052 berZeni da
somexi saxlobda. erovnebis mixedviT maT Soris
umravlesobas berZnebi Seadgendnen [17, 557].
kolonistebisadmi mocemuli bevri piroba da
SeRavaTi mxolod qaRaldze darCa. administraciisgan
Seviwroebul migrantebs arc ukan dasabrunebeli gza
hqondaT. TurqeTis samflobeloebSi ara marto
samoqalaqo, aramed sarwmunoebrivi Cagvrac elodaT
da nebiT Tu uneblieT sabolood beds Seurigdnen.
1832 wlisTvis gadmosaxlebulebma TrialeTis 18
soflis miwa-wyali Seavso. `maT umravlesobas
uwodes im Zveli Turquli soflebis saxelebi,
saidanac isini gadmosaxldnen: avranlo (sof. Tezi),
barmaqsizi, kariaqi (yof. bWiTi), qvemo xaraba (babia),
yarakomi (lipi) da sxva [18, 159].
sabWoTa periodSi da postsabWour saqarTveloSi iyo dayenebuli sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom
aRniSnul
soflebs
Zveli
qarTuli
saxelebi
dabruneboda,
magram
amJamadac
araqarTuli
saxelwodebebiT gvevlinebian.
amdenad, walkaSi XIXs-is manZilze berZnebis
raodenoba yovelwliurad izrdeboda. Tu 1832w. maTi
ricxvi 3381 adamians aRwevda, 1864w-is, ukve 9245
Seadgenda [19, 65]. walka droTa ganmavlobaSi
Tbilisis guberniis borCalos mazraSi Sedioda. erTerTi statistikuri aRwerilobis mixedviT, aRniSnul
192
mazraSi berZnebi Semdeg soflebSi umravlesobas
warmoadgendnen. mag. akranloSi 1634 adamiani, edilqilisaSi 1167, qumbiaTSi _ 1915. qariaqSi 1204,
barmaqsizSi _ 1655 da a.S. [20, 118-126].
berZen emigrantTa saqarTveloSi Camosaxleba
periodulad aqtiurdeboda. XIXs-is 80-ian wlebSi,
maTi kolonizacia afxazeTsa da aWaraSi swrafi
tempiT wavida. TrialeTSi (walkaSi) mcxovrebi
berZnebis ZiriTad masas urumebi warmoadgenen,
romlebic marTlmadideblebi arian, magram Turqulenovani. `amasTan erTad eTnografiuli niSnebiTac
ufro qarTul-kavkasiur-osmalur samyaros ganekuTvnebian, vidre berZnuls~ [21, 309].
aWaris berZnebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic
dasaxlebisTanave samlocveloebis mSeneblobas iwyebdnen, borCalos mazraSi mcxovrebi urumebi, mza
taZrebs TavianT samrevlo eklesiebad gadaaqcevdnen,
xolo axali eklesiebis aSenebas, Zveli qarTuli
taZrebis masalis xarjze iwyebdnen [22, 3].
amrigad,
walkis
raionSi
Camosaxlebuli
migrantebi, rogorc teritorias ucvlian saxelwodebas, ise im miwaze ganTavsebul Zeglebzec acxadeben
pretenzias. Tumca ar SeucvliaT dasaxlebis uZvelesi
forma _ soflis struqtura da sacxovrebeli.
Tanamedrove soflebi xasiaTdebian sworad gayvanili
farTo quCebiT, baR-bostnian karmidamoebSi Cadgmuli
axali
tipis
saxlebiTa
da
kulturul-saganmanaTleblo da sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis obieqtebiT.
sacxovrebel nagebobebTan erTad, yvela sxva
kuTxeebisgan gansxvavebiT, ganviTarebuli mesaqon193
leobis maRalma kulturam, walkis raionSi da
saerTod, TrialeTSi moiTxova boslis mSeneblobis
gansakuTrebuloba,
rac
imaSi
gamoixata,
rom
gvianobamde SemorCa asi, as oci da zogjer orasi
kv.m. farTis mqone boslebi [16, 68]. mesaqonleobidan
miRebuli sxva produqtebTan erTad, didi mniSvneloba
eniWeboda nakels, romelsac sasuqadac iyenebdnen da
wivasac amzadebdnen, romelic SeSis magivrobas uwevda
mosaxleobas,
vinaidan
ZiriTadi
saqmianoba
mecxoveleobas ukavSirdeba, sakvebic xorcisa da rZis
produqtebisgan
Sedgeboda.
`berZenTa
saerTonacionalur sakvebad SeiZleba miviCnioT gansakuTrebulad momzadebuli flavi (pilaki), fafa _
`xasila~, kvercxiani Wamadi _ xaixana, mxlana da a.S.
[1, 100]. Tanamedrove pirobebSi saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebul berZenTa kveba TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba
irgvliv mdebare raionebis mcxovrebTa kvebisagan. maT
SeiTvises is sakvebi, romelic qarTul tradiciul
samzareulos warmoadgens da SesaniSnavad floben
maTi momzadebis xelovnebas.
rac Seexeba urumebis samoss, mosarTavebs, masze
aisaxa is qarTul (Wanuri) da Turqul-somxuri
kulturis mZlavri zegavlena, rasac ver aicilebda
polieTnikur
samxreTSi
mobinadre
urumoba.
Zirfesvianad
gadaxalisebulma
urumebma,
Zvel
sacxovrebel garemoSi Seqmnili aTad-Cvevani JamTa
srbolas ar gaayoles da samSoblodan motanili
tradiciebi axal samyofelSic adrindeli cxovelmyofelobiT gaagrZeles. Tanmoyolili sulieri da
materialuri yofis ganviTareba Zveleburi gziT
wavida da erTi saukunis manZilze is adgilobrivi
194
(qarTuli) kulturis elementebiTac gamdidrda.
amgvari viTareba, walkis teritoriaze dabinavebuli
urumebis yvela ganStoebis (`fasenni~, `ovani~,
`groni~ anu `qiRiselni~) cxovrebaSi TiTqmis
Tanabari
siZlieriT
aisaxa,
magram
TiToeuli
maTganisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburi elferi
dRevandlamde mainc Semoinaxa [23, 127]. Tanamedrove
pirobebSi berZenTa samosi da samkaulebi arsebiTad
ar
gansxvavdeba
qarTvelTa
samosisa
da
mosarTavebisagan. es savsebiT bunebrivia. xangrZlivi
Tanacxovrebis procesSi TandaTan xdeba tradiciaTa
Serwyma.
kerZod,
naTlisRebis,
dakrZalvis
da
qorwinebis zogierTi wesebi saerTo qarTul wesCveulebebs dauaxlovda.
walkaSi, TeTriwyaroSi da dmanisSi mcxovrebi
urumebis kalendaruli dResaswaulebi, maT sameurneo
saqmianobas ukavSirdeba. isini Seiqmna saqarTvelos
teritoriaze gadmosaxlebamde didi xniT adre.
qarTul miwa-wyalze maT daxvdaT adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis tradiciuli zne-Cveulebani, romlebic
miiRes da gamoiyenes TavianTi rwmenisa da SesaZleblobebis mixedviT. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebisaTvis `urumebisTvis~ wm. giorgi iyo yovlisSemZle~
[20, 108]. am wmindans mimarTavdnen avadmyofobisas,
mogzaurobisas, uSvilobisas, uxvi mosavlis misaRebad
da a.S. swiravdnen cxvars, xars, mamals. msxverplSewirvis rituali msgavsia qarTve-lebSi dRemde
SemorCenil `saRmrTo~-s ceremonialTan. saerTod,
religiur dResaswaulebSi samsxverplo cxovelis
Sewirva da saerTo puroba gavrcelebul tradicias
warmoadgenda. saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebuli berZnebi
195
religiurobiT,
marTlmadidebluri
sarwmunoebis
aRmsareblobiT gamoirCevian. saeklesio dResaswaulebs
_ mariamobas, naTlisRebas, Sobas, aRdgomas da sxva
saTanado msaxurebiT, aRsarebaziarebis miRebiT egebebian [24, 13]. maT Soris Zalian popularulia wm.
konstantines da dedofal elenes xseneba. pativs
miageben
macxovris
winamorbedis
wm.
ioane
naTlismcemels, wm. petres da pavles, winaswarmetyvel ilias. wm. dimitri Tesalonikelis xseneba
ukavSirdeba Turqebisagan q. salonikis ganTavisuflebas da saerTo erovnul dResaswaulad aRiqmeba [26, 163]. cxadia, didmarxvisTvis saTanadod emzadebian. Sesabamisad icaven yveliers, xorciels da
msgavss akrZalvebs. yvelieris da xorcielis SabaT
dReebSi micvalebulTa saflavebs moinaxuleben da winaparTa sulebisTvis Sendobas gamoiTxoven. berZnebi
gansxvavebulad aRniSnavdnen barbarobas. `am dRes
berZeni gogonebi dadian kardakar, mRerian simRerebs
janmrTelobisa da nayofierebis Sesaxeb. gogonebs am
dRes uZRvnian tkbileulsa da kamfetebs Wrel
xelsaxocSi gaxveuls. am wmindanis dRes iSleba
ritualuri sufra, cxveba sawesCveulebo mrgvali
puri, sakmevliT nakmevi. mas Wamen lukma-lukma,
nawils aWmeven Sinaur cxovelebs~ [1, 103].
aRsaniSnavia, rom qristeSobidan naTlisRebamde
morwmune adamianebi cdilobdnen gansakuTrebuli
siwmindiT da sifrTxiliT yofiliyvnen. maTi rwmeniT,
am TormetdRiani akrZalvis safuZveli aixsneba im
garemoebiT, rom wyali nakurTxi ar aris da
macxovris naTlisRebamde, arawminda sulebs TiTqos
meti Zala SeswevT zianis misayeneblad.
196
Zalze sainteresoa saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi
berZnebis ara marto religiuri, aramed saxalxo dResaswaulebi. saukeTesod aris Seswavlili walkeli
urumebis materialuri da sulieri kulturis
zogierTi sakiTxebi da amaze ar SevCerdebiT. XIX sis bolos, e.i. 1897 wlisTvis saqarTveloSi
mcxovrebi berZnebis naxevari (maTi ricxvi 40-aTass
aRwevda) borCalos mazraze modioda [26, 144].
sabWoTa reJimis sawyis etapze, adgili hqonda
saqarTveloSi
mcxovrebi
berZnebis
samSobloSi
dabrunebis mcdelobas. sabWour xanaSi periodulad
xdeboda berZnebis gasaxleba, ramac didi materialuri
da moraluri ziani miayena am xalxs. miuxedavad
amisa, 1989 wels saqarTveloSi berZnebis raodenobam
100 aTas miaRwia. isini umravlesobas warmoadgendnen
walkis raionSi _ 27 aTasi, rac raionis mosaxleobis 61,0% iyo. Tumca 1990-ian wlebSi, maTSi gaurkveveli momavlis SiSi warmoiqmna, rac saqarTvelos
berZnebs qveynis datovebisken ubiZgebda. saberZneTis
xelisuflebam uzrunvelyo berZnebis samSobloSi
imigracia da Sesabamisad saqarTveloSi berZnebis raodenoba imdenad Semcirda (2002w. monacemebiT), rom
15-aTass ar aRemateba [6, 158]. am etapze, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebis raodenoba SesaZlebelia
gacilebiT Semcirebuli iyos, miuxedavad imisa, rom
emigrirebulTa nawili kvlav saqarTveloSi brundeba.
rogorc informatorebi acxadeben, maT socialurekonomiurad amJamad ar uWirT; masobrivi umuSevrobis
miuxedavad, Semosavlad Tvlian im gzavnilebs, rasac
samSobloSi
dabrunebuli
ojaxis
wevrebi
an
axloblebi ugzavnian. walkaSi ZiriTadad sapensio
197
asakis adamianebi SemorCnen, romlebic saxelmwifosagan iReben pensias an socialurad daucvelTa
Semweobas garkveuli raodenobiT. berZnebi SromismoyvareobiT gamoirCevian. walkis raioni mSromeli
adamianisTvis nayofieri regionia. aq yvelas aqvs baRi,
bostani, saTibi ojaxis moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad. ase rom kargad movlili meurneobiT,
wesrigiT, Tanamedrove avejiT isini arafriT ar
gansxvavdebian adgilobrivi mcxovreblebisgan. piriqiT, materialurad ufro uzrunvelyofilni arian
[24, 7]. saqarTveloSi darCenili berZnebis socialurekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaSi Zalisxmevas
iCens saberZneTis mTavroba da sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso berZnuli organizaciebi, romlebic sistematurad axorcieleben humanitarul programebs [6,
160]. raionSi faqtobrivad axalgazrdebi ar darCnen,
xolo xandazmulebi met nugeSs da mxardaWeras saWiroeben. cxadia, aRar arsebobs kulturul saganmanaTleblo, sayofacxovrebo da samrewvelo obieqtebi,
arc fabrika-qarxnebi funqcionirebs, sadac axalgazrdoba dasaqmdeboda da gauZRveboda sazogadoebriv
cxovrebas.
am etapze walkaSi mcxovrebi berZnebis saxlebSi
emigrirebulTa axlo naTesavebi cxovroben; saxlebis
nawili gayidulia, nawili ki upatronod aris
mitovebuli da gaZarculia. saqme imaSia, rom stiqiuri movlenebis Semdeg, XXs-is 80-iani wlebidan aq
etapobrivad xdeboda saqarTvelos mTis regionebSi
dazaralebuli
mosaxleobis
Camosaxleba.
Warbi
mosaxleobis organizebul migracias XXs-is 40-50-an
wlebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi, afxazeTSi sakavSiro
198
mTavrobac mimarTavda. 1987 wels didTovlobisa da
stiqiuri ubedurebis gamo, bolnisSi, dmanisSi,
gardabanSi dazaralebuli svanebi daasaxles. 19972003 wlebSi ekomigrantebis ricxvi qvemo qarTlSi
gaizarda. Tavdapirvelad xelisufleba TavisTavze
iRebda maT transportirebas, saxlebiTa da miwis
nakveTebiT uzrunvelyofis xarjebs. berZnebi iafad
hyidnen saxlebs, rasac mTavroba ekomigrantebisTvis
iTavisebda. `ukanasknel wlebSi, rodesac saberZneTSi
gamgzavrebulebi
iq
damkvidrnen,
ekonomikurad
momagrdnen;
amave
dros,
2005w.
saqarTvelos
xelisuflebam ormagi moqalaqeobis kanoni miiRo,
saxlebi da sakarmidamo nakveTebi wasulebs kerZo
sakuTrebaSi
daukanondaT,
berZnebma
gadaifiqres
saxlebis gayidva an gaaormages gamosasyidi fasi.
xelisuflebam an SeaCera sacxovreblebis Sesyidva, an
naxevari
fasi
gadaixada
im
imediT,
rom
axalmosaxleebi TviTon daamatebdnen Tanxas~ [27, 82].
saxlebis ukanonod dakavebam da sxvadasxva
sayofacxovrebo problemebma berZnebs, somxebsa da
ekomigrantebs Soris dapirispireba gamoiwvia, ramac
religiuri Sinaarsi SeiZina. kerZod, berZnebsa da
Camosaxlebul
aWarlebs
Soris,
sarwmunoebrivi
gansxvavebuloba mTel rig SeuTavseblobas iwvevs.
Tumca walkeli aWareli ekomigrantebi TandaTan
qristiandebian da Segueba, Tanacxovreba qristian
berZnebTan momavalSi ar gauWirdebaT. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom ekomigrantebs jer adaptaciis
procesic ar daumTavrebiaT. aq Tavis adgilas
ganvixileT aWaraSi mcxovrebi berZnebis sanimuSo
199
megobroba, mezobloba aWarlebTan, romelic albaT
gagrZeldeba usazRvrod da usasrulod.
amrigad, saberZneTs, rogorc erT-erT uZveles
kulturis qveyanas, odiTganve mWidro kavSir-urTierTobani hqonda saqarTvelosTan. araviTari istoriuli
wyaro ar arsebobs saqarTvelos Tanamedrove berZnul
mosaxleobas raime kavSiri hqondes im Zvel berZnul
mosaxleobasTan, romelic Zv. w. VII saukunidan gaCnda
dasavleT saqarTveloSi. Cvens qveyanaSi amJamad mcxovrebi berZnebi, umTavresad e.w. pontos berZnebi arian,
romlebic TurqeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleT raionebidan
gadmosaxldnen. maTi pirveli dasaxleba XVIIIs-is II
naxevarSi gaCnda, XIXs-Si gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT gamoirCeoda da met-naklebad gagrZelda XXsis 30-ian wlebamde. migrantebi saxldebodnen Zvel
nasoflarebSi; xelisuflebisgan garkveuli mxardaWeris aRmoCenis gamo, saqarTveloSi mosaxle sxva
umciresobaTa Soris raodenobrivad mexuTe adgili
eWiraT. ZiriTadad mosaxleobdnen walkaSi, afxazeTsa
da aWaraSi, saqarTveloSi sxvagan cixisjvarSi, miqelawmidaSi aTeuli ojaxebiT binadrobdnen. 2002
wlis mosaxleobis aRweris Sedegebis mixedviT,
berZnebis raodenoba sagrZnoblad Semcirda. amJamad
qveynis masStabiT 15-aTasamde berZenia, rac mTeli
mosaxleobis 0,3%-s Seadgens. 1992-1993 wlebSi
afxazeTSi mimdinare saomari moqmedebebis Sedegad,
afxazeTis berZnuli mosaxleoba TiTqmis mTlianad
gadasaxlda samSobloSi. saqarTveloSi darCenil
mosaxleobaze zrunaven rogorc adgilobrivi, ise
saberZneTis Sesabamisi organoebi da sxvadasxva
saerTaSoriso berZnuli organizaciebi.
200
wyaroebi da literatura:
1. berZnebi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1990.
2. sonRulaSvili a., erovnuli umciresobani da konfesiebi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2005.
3. komaxiZe T., Zmao ZmiTa xar Zlieri, baTumi, 2000.
4. demurova l., axalSeneli berZnebis yofisa da
kulturis istoriidan, Jurn. `Woroxi~, #4, 1982.
5. gelaSvili v., cixisjvari, Jurn. `saqarTvelos
soflis meurneoba~, #10, 1982.
6. eTnosebi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2008.
7. saberZneTis kulturis dReebi saqarTveloSi, 2-17
ivnisi, 1998.
8. futkaraZe T., g. belova, demografiuli mdgomareoba q. baTumSi 2002 wlis aRweris mixedviT,
wign. baTumi _ warsuli da Tanamedroveoba, kr. 1,
200.9
9. guguSvili p., saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, t. 1, Tb., 1949.
10. yauxCiSvili s., berZnebis dasaxlebis istoria
saqarTveloSi, quTaisis a. wulukiZis saxelobis
saxelmwifo pedinstitutis Sromebi, t. VI, 1946.
11. alaverdaSvili d., berZnebis, Turqebis, iranelebisa da sxva warmomavlobis mqone pirTa gadasaxleba 1949-1950 wlebSi, Jurn. `saarqivo
moambe~, #4, 2009.
12. Ивашченко М., Этнографические заметки, 1942.
masala inaxeba iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da
eTnologiis institutis arqivSi.
13. Народы Кавказа, т. II, М., 1962.
201
14. Аклаев А., Этноязыковая ситуация и особенности
этнического самосознания грузинских греков, журн.
«Советская этнография», №5, 1988.
15. Иоаниди Н., Греки в Абхазии, Сух., 1990.
16. Ciqovani T., TrialeTi, Tb., 1976.
17. yauxCiSvili s., berZnebis dasaxlebis istoria
saqarTveloSi, quTaisis a. wulukiZis saxelobis
saxelmwifo institutis Sromebi, t. IV, 1942.
18. axuaSvili i., berZnuli axalSenebi qvemo qarTlSi,
Jurn. `mnaTobi~, #12, 1989.
19. Тифлиская Губерния, Тиф. 1914.
20. Пашаева Л., Этнические процессы в Триалети, журн.
«Мацне» (серия истории), №1, 1977.
21. mitropoliti anania jafariZe, qarTvelTa denacionalizacia XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi, Tb., 1997.
22. Такаишвили Е., Тифлисская губерния, Борчалинский
уезд, журн., «СМОМПК», Тиф. 1913.
23. boWoriSvili l., walkeli qalis Tavsaburi, Jur.,
`masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis~, VIII,
1956.
24. kvaSilava i. savele dRiuri, walka, 2012, dekemberi.
25. Михаилов М., Культура и быт греков Грузии, Тб.,
1982. sakvalifikacio naSromi istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis misaniWeblad.
26. anTaZe k., saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, Tb., 1973.
27. socialuri usafrTxoebis eTnikuri aspeqtebi
polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2011.
202
Irma Kvashilava
GREEKS IN GEORGIA IN THE POST-SOVIET
PERIOD
Since ancient times Georgia was a part of the intensive
migrations area. The relations of Georgians with Greeks take
place from the 8th century BC, but modern Greek population
of Georgia is not related at all with those ancient Greeks. The
Greeks living now in Georgia, so called “Pontian Greeks”,
found themselves in Georgia after the Russo-Turkish war.
The Russian government settled them mainly on the
territories that borders with Turkey. Thus, in the 19th century
the new colonies of Greeks appeared. The social, economic,
ecological and demographic problems of physically, as well
as ethnically, saved migrants are discussed in the article.
More or less the integration process of Greeks with local
population, mechanisms of protecting national traditions and
identity and other nuances, is studied as well.
Together with the history of Greek diaspora, social
problems of the repatriated Greeks are not of less interest.
The mutual aid between Georgians seeking labor abroad and
the Greek population who met them in Greece should have
been an example for other peoples who are in conflict with
Georgians.
Greeks in Georgia were actively involved in industry,
workmanship, trade, culture and education. They left their
mark in building the Georgian state.
203
vaxtang sonRulaSvili
saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da eklesiis
damokidebuleba religiuri da eTnikuri
umciresobebisadmi XI-XII saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi
religiuri da eTnikuri umciresobebis sakiTxi
dRevandel msoflioSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSi
metad aqtualuri da problematuria. Tanamedrove
epoqam axali moTxovnebi da gamowvevebi daayena dRis
wesrigSi da wlebis, saukuneebis manZilze Camoyalibebuli da damkvidrebuli wesebi gadasinjvis da
axleburad gaazrebis winaSe dadga. Bbunebrivia,
nebismier movlenas gansxvavebulad da sakuTari
poziciebidan gamomdinare afasebs da aRiqvams saxelmwifoc da eklesiac. TiToeul maTgans saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli tradicia, funqcia da
valdebuleba
gaaCnia.
swored
amitom,
aqedan
gamomdinarea ori sruliad gansxvavebuli Sexedulebis, mrwamsis da ideologiis matarebeli sistemis
damokidebuleba qveyanaSi mimdinare movlenebisadmi.
nebismieri saxelmwifos, eris arsebobis da
ganviTarebis aucilebeli pirobaa sakuTari warsulis
codna, istoriuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba, am
yovelives Tanamedrove epoqaze morgeba da sakuTari
interesebis
Sesabamisad
urTierTobis
Semdgomi
gansazRvra-ganviTareba sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebTan.
eris arsebobis aucilebeli da ganmsazRvreli
niSania, rom msoflio istoriis ZiriTad Semadgenel
nawils swored saxelmwifos da religiis urTierTmimarTebis problema warmoadgens. am mxriv gamonaklisi arc saqarTveloa, sadac saxelmwifos da
eklesiis urTierTobis Taviseburi da gansakuTrebuli
204
forma Camoyalibda.
am damokidebulebis erTi-erTi
gamovlenaa saxelmwifos da eklesiis mimarTeba
religiuri da eTnikuri umciresobebisadmi.
gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba da istoriulad
arsebuli sinamdvilis warmoCena mraval problematur
sakiTxs mohfens naTels.
XI-XII
saukuneebi
mravalmxrivi
etapia
saqarTvelos istoriaSi da aravin daobs imaze, rom
drois am qronologiur monakveTSi mravali kardinaluri mniSvnelobis movlena xdeba Cvens qveyanaSi:
dawyebuli saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianebidan
damTavrebuli religiuri, kulturuli, ekonomikuri
viTarebis aRorZinebiT. XI-XII saukuneebi gardamtexi
etapia saqarTvelos istoriaSi. swored amitomac,
aRniSnuli periodi mravalmxrivaa Seswavlili. Tumca
naklebad
gvxvdeba
gamokvlevebi
saqarTvelos
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb
religiuri
da
eTnikuri
umciresobebisadmi.
magaliTisTvis SeiZleba aRiniSnos levan aleqsiZis
statia, `ucxoelTa da ucxo sarwmunoebis mimdevarTa
uflebrivi
mdgomareoba.~
calkeul
naSromebSi
warmodgenili informacia mxolod zogadi xasiaTisaa
da problema am kuTxiT ar dasmula.
erTiani
saqarTvelos
mefeebis
rjulSemwynareblobis
politika
dReisaTvis
yvelasTvis
cnobili da saamayo faqtia. samwuxarod, qarTul
wyaroebSi naklebad gvxvdeba informacia erTiani
saqarTvelos
mefeTa
da
sasuliero
wodebis
warmomadgenelTa politikis Sesaxeb am sferoSi.
ZiriTadi informacia qarTul Tu ucxour wyaroebSi
SemorCenilia daviTis da Tamaris moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.
205
amitom rTulia XI-XII saukuneebis sruli suraTis
aRdgena religiuri umciresobebisadmi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. cnobili
faqtia,
rom
XI-XIII
saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi,
aseve
mogvianebiTac,
arsebobda erovnuli reJimisa da sarwmunoebiTi
Tavisuflebis
principi,
romelic
rjulSemwynareblobis dRevandel gagebas uaxlovdeba da im
droisaTvis uCveulo movlena iyo. `dasavleT evropis, aRmosavleTisa da ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT,
ebraelebi saqarTveloSi uflebrivad gaTanabrebulni
iyvnen qristian mosaxleobasTan. isic sagulisxmoa,
rom kaTolikur eklesiasTan urTierTobis sabolood
Sewyvetis saqmeSi (1054) qarTuli eklesia, XIII
saukunis Sua wlebamde loialurad ekideboda orive
mxares. rjulSeuwynarebloba kaTolikeTa mimarT,
romelic esoden Zlieri iyo bizantiaSi, ruseTSi,
sxva
marTlmadideblur
qveynebSi,
ucxo
iyo
qarTvelTaTvis~ (10. 21) rogorc cnobilia, Sua
saukuneebSi
religiuri
umciresobebi
arcTuise
saxarbielo mdgomareobaSi iyvnen amaTuim qveyanaSi
damkvidrebul ZiriTad religiur aRmsareblobasTan
mimarTebaSi. am mxriv arc saero xelisufleba iCenda
did yuradRebas maTdami, Tumca erTaderTi razec
saxelmwifo
daTmobaze
midioda
da
garkveul
SeRavaTebsac aniWebda vaWrebi iyvnen. Aam yovelives
Tavisi obieqturi mizezi hqonda. religiuri Seuwynarebloba ara marto Suasaukuneobrivi evropis erTerTi urTulesi problemaa, aramed axali droisac.
swored es problema iyo mravali saerTaSoriso
konfliqtis mizezi. cnobilia, rom safrangeTisa da
sxva
qveynebis
xelisufalni
maT
saxelmwifos
206
teritoriaze mcxovreb sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevarTa
mimarT masobrivi fizikuri ganadgurebis zomebsac ki
iRebdnen (mag. barTlomes Rame _
1572 wlis 24
agvisto). mxolod XVI saukuneSi iwyeba rjulSeuwynareblobis problemis, saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi
gadawyvetis cdebi. pirvelad evropaSi sarwmunoebaTa
Tavisufleba augsburgis (1555) da vestfaliis (1648)
traqtatebiT iqna aRiarebuli, romlebmac kaTolikur
da
protestantul
sarwmunoebaTa
Tanasworuflebianoba gamoacxades. Aam principma religiuri
Semwynarebloba xelmwifis sarwmunoebamde daiyvana da
yvela mefis, maTi sarwmunoebis miuxedavad, saerTaSoriso Tanasworuflebianoba aRiara, rasac winaT
kaTolikuri eklesia uaryofda. amgvarad, XI-XIII
saukuneebSi (ufro gvian periodSiac) dasavleT
evropis qveynebis eklesia da saxelmwifo uaryofdnen
ara marto ucxoelTa, aramed Tavisi qveSevrdomebis
sarwmunoebaTa
Tavisuflebas
da
gaafTrebulad
ilaSqrebdnen sarwmunoebaTa Tavisuflebis mqadagebelTa da sxva rjulis mimdevarTa winaaRmdeg (1,
147-148). XI-XII saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi
ucxoelis beds mTlianad is mefe an feodali
swyvetda, romlis samflobeloSic savaWrod an sxva
saqmianobisaTvis ucxo piri aRmoCndeboda. Eevropis
qveynebSi, rogorc Cans, sakmaod mZime adaT-wesebi iyo
gabatonebuli ucxoelTa mimarT, miuxedavad dacvis
sigelis qonebisa, am ukanasknelTa pirovnebisa da
sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba ar iyo uzrunvelyofili.
safrangeTSi, germaniasa da evropis zogierT sxva
qveyanaSi moqmedebda wesi, romlis mixedviTac Tu
sxvis samflobelo teritoriaze myofi ucxoeli
207
erTi wlisa da erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi ver
moipovebda adgilobrivi feodalebis mfarvelobas,
ukanasknels ufleba hqonda ucxo piri Tavis ymad
eqcia, qoneba ki CamoerTmia.
dasavleT evropis samarTali icnobs e.w.
`sanapiro uflebas~ _ stiqiuri ubedurebis dros
zRvis napirze gariyuli gemi ekipaJiTa da mgzavrebiT,
agreTve
mTeli
maTi
qonebiTurT
adgilobrivi
feodalis sakuTrebad iTvleboda. miuxedavad imisa,
rom papma 1079 wels dagmo e.w. `sanapiro ufleba~
lateranis msoflio krebaze, italiasa da germaniaSi
igi XVIII saukunemde mainc moqmedebda. moulodneli
mogebis ufleba ucxoels ar aZlevda qonebis
vinmesTvis
anderZiT
datovebis,
an
gasxvisebis
uflebas. ucxoelis sikvdilis Semdeg misi mTliani
qoneba adgilobriv feodals unda gadascemoda
sakuTrebad. ucxoelebs
sxva
saxis
SezRudvebic
hqondaT im droisaTvis, rac xazs usvamda maT
Seviwroebul
mdgomareobas.
yovelive
aqedan
gamomdinare SemTxveviT aRar Cans ucxoelis mimarT
gamoyenebuli
gamoTqma:
`ibadeboda
Tavisufali,
kvdeboda monad~. mxolod zogierT ucxoel vaWrebs
eZleodaT mefis wyalobis sigelebi, romlebic vaWris
usafrTxoebis
dacvisaTvis
iyvnen
mowodebuli.
gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi iyvnen dasavleT
evropaSi mcxovrebi, rogorc adgilobrivi, ise sxva
qveynebidan Camosuli sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevarni.
XII
saukunidan
kaTolikuri
eklesia
ibrZvis
religiuri erTobis principis danergvisaTvis. Tavisi
rjulSeuwynareb-lobiT
gamoirCeoda
kaTolikuri
eklesia, romelic simkacres iCenda ara mxolod
208
ebraelebisa da mahmadianebis, aramed marTlmadideblebis mimarTac. ase rom, aRebuli periodis
dasavleT evropis qveynebSi uaryofilia rogorc
ucxoelTa, aseve ucxo sarwmunoebis mimdevarTa
Tavisufleba.
daaxloebiT
igive
mdgomareoba
mahmadianuri aRmosavleTis qveynebSic. ufro metic,
islamma
imTaviTve
mkveTrad
gaavlo
zRvari
muslimanebsa da aramuslimanebs Soris. Mmuslimobis
principebma Tavisi gamoxatuleba hpova mahmadianur
samarTalSi e.w. SariaTSi~. `SariaTis~ principebi
politikuri
cxovrebis
yvela
sferoSi
iyo
gabatonebuli. igi `urjuloebs~ ufro did religiur
Tavisuflebas aZlevda, vidre dasavleT evropis
qveynebis kanonmdebloba, magram `SariaTiT~ miniWebuli
SedarebiT farTo qonebrivi da saproceso uflebebi
damamcirebel xasiaTs atarebda. mahmadianur qveynebSi
mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze religiuri fanatizmi
saxelmwifo politikamde iyo ayvanili. aRmosavleTis
qveynebi moqmedebdnen ra principiT: `ar SeiZleba
arsebobdes
raime
Tansaworoba
mahmadiansa
da
urjulos Soris~, barbarosulad sdevnidnen qristianebs, ramac aiZula dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoTa
mesveurebi
emoqmedaT
vaWrebis
usafrTxoebis
dacvisaTvis zomebis misaRebad~ (5, 269-270) aseT
situaciaSi, bunebrivia qarTvel mefeTa tolerantuli
politika udavod wingadadgmuli da humanuri nabiji
iyo Sua saukuneebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sistemis
fonze. aRniSnuli sakiTxis Sesafaseblad, pirvel
rigSi aucilebelia ganisazRvros ra ganapirobebda
qarTveli mefeebis mxridan rjulSemwynareblobas sxva
religiuri
umciresobebisadmi.
pirvel
rigSi
209
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom amgvari politika ara
imdenad keTili nebis gamoxatuleba iyo, ramdenadac
im didi saxelmwifoebrivi politikis mizanis, rasac
qarTveli monarqebi axorcielebdnen. religiuri da
eTnikuri mravalferovneba damaxasiaTebeli mxolod
saqarTvelosTvis ar yofila da es Cveulebrivi,
sazogado movlena iyo Sua saukuneebSi. amitom
sxvadasxva
saxelmwifoebis
monarqebs
sakuTari
SemuSavebuli sistema gaaCnda da amis mixedviT
moqmedebda. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom XI-XII saukuneebi
erT-erTi gamorCeuli etapia saqarTvelos istoriaSi
da saqarTvelo Tavisi siZlieris kulminacias aRwevs,
qarTveli monarqebi radikalur qmedebebs saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi religiuri da eTnikuri umciresobebisadmi ar mimarTavdnen. ra ganapirobebda am faqts?
1. saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareoba ganapirobebda
mudmiv dainteresebas Cveni qveyniT. Aamitom es
yovelive xels uwyobda saqarTvelos saxelmwifos
mravaleTnikurobas da mravalkonfesiurobas. 2. amas
garda,
savaWro-ekonomikuri
kavSirebi
erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo. saqarTvelos gaerTianebis
Semdeg es urTierTobebi kidev ufro metad gaizarda
da
Sesabamisad
imata
sxvadasxva
erovnebis
warmomadgenelTa Semosvlam saqarTvelos teritoriaze. `ucxoeTTan vaWrobas mowmobs saqarTvelos
teritoriaze napovni aRmosavleT da dasavleT
qveynebis monetebi. imaves metyvelebs saqarTveloSi
msxvili sakredito, gamsesxebel-damgiravebeli amxanagobis arseboba, romelic aqtiur rols asrulebda
samefos sagareo vaWrobaSi~ (1, 142) levan aleqsiZis
azriT, `saqarTveloSi ucxouri elementis SemoWris
210
erTerTi mizezi isic iyo, rom TiTqmis mTeli amierkavkasiis miwebis SemoerTebis Semdeg saqarTvelos
samefos sazRvrebSi moeqca saerTaSoriso savaWro
gzebi da qalaqebi _ anisi, dvini, kari (somxeTi),
ganZa, bardavi, bailakani (rani), Samaxia, yabala
(Sarvani) da sxva, romelic qarTul qalaqebTan da
gzebTan erTad axlo aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs
Soris saerTaSoriso vaWrobis erTerT umniSvnelovanes magistralad iqcnen~ (1, 143) zogierTi
qarTveli istorikosis azriT, aseTi tolerantuli
damokidebuleba sxva xalTa mimarT imiTac aixsneba,
rom sxva tomis warmomadgenlebi (somxebi, ebraelebi,
muslimebi) ar misdevdnen qarTvelTaTvis tradiciul
saqmianobas, aramed umetesad vaWrobaSi, xelosnobaSi
iyvnen dakavebulni. qarTveli xelisufalni, ki romlebic dainteresebuli iyvnen qveynis da, Sesabamisad,
misTvis saWiro xelosnobis ganviTarebiT, iZulebulni
iyvnen, maT rjuls ar Sexebodnen (10, 61) 3.
qveynis Tavdacvisunarianoba _ `sakuTari meobis
gadasarCenad da qveynis damoukideblobis dasacavad
ori gza arsebobda: an qveyana Zalian Zlieri unda
yofiliyo,
an
gamoeCina
Semwynarebloba,
ufro
moqnilad emoqmeda da ucxo elementi, Tundac
garkveuli daTmobebiT, qveynis sasargeblod mimarTul
procesebSi
CaerTo.
qarTveli
istorikosebi
marTebulad SeniSnavdnen, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom
garkveul periodebSi qarTuli saxelmwifo sakmao
siZlieres aRwevda, igi mainc ar iyo ise Zlieri, rom
sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis mimarT mxolod Zala
gamoeyenebina da maTi daTrgunvis gzas dasdgomoda.
Aamitom, mas ufro moqnili, gonivruli da realuri
211
gza hqonda arCeuli, iCenda rjulSemwynareblobas da
saboloo jamSi Tavis ZiriTad mizansac aRwevda,
mosul xalxs Tavisi saxelmwifos sasargeblod
iyenebda~ (10, 61). cnobili faqtia, rom daviT
aRmaSenebeli yovelmxriv uwyobda xels savaWroekonomikuri urTierTobis ganviTarebas. amisTvis sxva
mraval RonisZiebaTa Soris aSenebda xidebs da
gahyavda gzebi. `raodenni xidni mdinareTa sastikTa
zeda aRaSena~ da `raodeni gzani, sawyinod savalni,
qva-fenil yvna~. saqarTvelos gaerTianebis Semdeg
dawyebuli
procesi
qveynis
gaZlierebisa
da
aRorZinebisaTvis
Tavisi
ganviTarebis
umaRles
stadias
aRwevs
daviT
aRmaSeneblis
epoqaSi.
Bbunebrivia, qarTvel monarqTa mTavar mizans qveynis
samxedro-politikur gaZlierebasTan erTad savaWroekonomikuri kavSirebis gafarToeba da socialuri Tu
ekonomikuri safuZvlis gazrda iyo. es swrafva ki,
bunebrivia ganapirobebda saqarTvelos CarTulobas
farTo
savaWro
sferoSi:
qveyana
Rebulobda
sxvadasxva sarwmunoebisa Tu erovnebis warmomadgenlebs, romelTa xelSi iyo savaWro berketebi.
amisTvis ki erTiani saqarTvelos mefeebs garkveul
daTmobaze wasvlac uxdebodaT. daviT aRmaSeneblis
rjulSemwynareblur politikaze cnobebs gvawvdian
ucxoeli
avtorebi,
romlebic
Tavis
dadebiT
damokidebulebas ver malaven daviT IV-sadmi. Aalfarikis cnobiT: `daadgina, rom qalaqis im nawilSi,
sadac muslimanebi cxovrobdnen, aravis yoloda Rori
da aravis daekla igi maT Soris. Mman moWra maTTvis
moneta xalifasa da sultnis saxeliT da misca maT
ufleba namazisa da Tavisuflead locvisa. agreTve,
212
rom arc qarTveli, arc ebraeli da arc somexi ar
Sevidoda ismailis abanoSi da rom paraskev dRes
minbaridan ilocos xalifasa da sulTnisaTvis da
misTvis.
Man
daawesa
yovelwliuri
gamosaRebi
qarTvelebisaTvis _ 5 dinari, igi ise keTilad
epyroboda
muslimanebs
da
maT
sarwmunoebas,
mecnierebas, xalxs da sufiebs, rom aseTi pativi maT
ar hqondaT TviT muslimebs Soris.~ (8, 42).
analogiur suraTs gvixatavs meore arabi
istorikosi ibn-al-jauzi, Tumca mas ramdenime axali
momentic aqvs motanili. Aal-jauzis cnobiT, mefe
daviTi SviliTurT (demetre) paraskeobiT meCeTs
ewveoda xolme,, sadac locvasa da yuranis kiTxvas
usmenda. wasvlisas igi didZal fuls wiravda.
`man (daviT aRmaSenebelma) auSena mqadageblebs,
sufiebs da asketebs sasaxleebi, awyobda mejlisebs...
Tu
romelime
mahmadiani
Tbilisidan
wasvlas
daapirebda. aZlevda amis uflebas da sakmao
raodenobiT samgzavro fuls. iseve rogorc alfariki, al-jauzi daaskvnis: mahmadianebs ufro meti
pativiT epyroboda, vidre TviT muslimanuri xelmwifeni (1, 159). al-fariki aRniSnavs, rom misi saqarTveloSi yofnisas daviT aRmaSeneblis gardacvalebis
Semdeg 1154 wels mis mier muslimTaTvis miniWebuli
yvela piroba ZalaSi iyo. es ganpirobebuli iyo
Semdegi garemoebebiT: daviT aRmaSeneblis amgvari
damokidebuleba
mahmadia-nebisadmi
ekonomikuri
interesiT iyo ganpirobebuli. Mmas surda TbilisSi
mahmadiani vaWar-xelosnebis mizidva da damagreba,
raTa saqarTvelodan maTi wasvliT qveynis ekonomikas
ziani ar miyeneboda. (6, 64). aRsaniSnavia daviT
213
aRmaSeneblis
politika
somxebis
mimarT.
igi
yovelmxriv uwyobda maT xels qveynis ekonomiur
cxovrebaSi aqtiuri monawileobis misaRebad mefem
aRadgina Zveli cixe-simagre gori. gaaSena qalaqi da
didi raodenobiT daasaxla somxebi, romelTaTvis
metad privilegiuri pirobebi Seqmna. daviT aRmaSenebelma daasaxla somxebi ara marto gorSi, aramed
qveynis sxva qalaqebsa da kuTxeebSic. aseTive rjulSemwynareblobas iCenda daviT aRmaSenebeli ebraelebis
mimarTac. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom ebraelebi TbilisSi
qarTvelebTan SedarebiT ufro SeRavaTian gadasaxads
ixdidnen (4 dinari 5-is magier) da aqtiurad
monawileobdnen uZravi da moZravi qonebiT vaWrobaSi.
dasavleT
evropis,
aRmosavleTisa
da
Zveli
ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT saqarTveloSi ebraelebi
uflebrivad
gaTanabrebuli
iyvnen
qristian
mosaxleobasTan (1, 161).
ivane javaxiSvils sagangebod mohyavs muhamed alhamavis cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom daviT aRmaSenebeli
islamis didi mcodne iyo da ganjis yadis xSirad
imazec ki ekamaTeboda Tu yurani rogor da saidan
warmosdgao. somexi istorikosi maTe urhaeli wers
daviTis somxebTan damokidebulebis Sesaxeb: `is
(daviT aRmaSenebeli) aRmoCnda mimRebi da moyvaruli
somexTa tomisa… man aaSena somexTa qalaqi qarTvelTa
qveyanaSi.
ganamtkica
eklesiebi
da
monastrebi
mravlad, xolo qalaqs saxelad uwoda gora. Ddidis
sixaruliT da aRfrTovanebiT eqceoda mas mTeli
somexi
xalxi~
(6,
275)
qarTvel
mefeTa
tolerantuli politika sxva mraval faqtorTa
Soris gamomdinareobda iqidanac, rom saqarTvelo
214
muslimanur saxelmwifoebs Soris imyofeboda da
lavirebuli
religiuri
politikis
warmoeba
aucileblobas warmoadgenda.
aleqsandre TvaraZe saintereso dakvirvebas
awarmoebs am mimarTulebiT da samxedro tolerantobis Canasaxs jer kidev vaxtang gorgaslis dros
poulobs: `juanSerTan qarTvelebi da sparselebi
vaxtangis gamarjvebisaTvis RmerTze loculoben TavTavianTi religiebis mixedviT. Sesabamisad, dauSvebelia Semdegi faqti: qristianebi da cecxlTayvanismcemlebi erT RmerTze loculoben sxvadasxvagvari
formiT!
amdenad,
pirvelive
qarTul
nawarmoebSi, sadac dafiqsirebulia samxedro-qristianuli msofmxedveloba Tavisi Camoyalibebuli formiT,
mocemulia
religiuri
tolerantobis
nimuSic.
marTalia es religiuri tolerantobis gamovlena
mainc gamonaklisi ufroa am SemTxvevaSi qronikis
saerTo suraTis fonze, magram TavisTavad ufro
mniSvnelovan precendentTan unda gvqondes saqme.
radgan renesansamde sruli religiuri tolerantulobis idea igive dasavleT evropisaTvis ucxoa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom e.w. rainduli tolerantulobis nimuSebs maRali Sua saukuneebis dasavleTevropul kulturaSi uxvad vxvdebiT~ (4, 24-25).
`rjulSemwynarebloba
anu
tolerantoba
daviTis xelSi Turq-selCukTa winaaRmdeg amierkavkasiis xalxTa darazmvis kargi saSualeba iyo. amave
dros misi gamoyenebiT igi qveynis ekonomiuri
mdgomareobis gamosworebasac cdilobda. Aase, rom am
politikis
saboloo
mizani
isev
saqarTvelos
gaZliereba iyo. amitom gasagebia, rom daviTis
215
saxelmwifo, mas Semdeg rac man somxuri mosaxleobis
didi nawili SemoierTa, iq qarTuli diofizituri
sarwmunoebis mimdevarTa gamravlebas Seecdeboda. ra
Tqma unda, SeizRudeboda Sesabamisad monofizitoba.
qarTuli
eklesiis
mesaWeebi
am
SemTxvevaSi
saxelmwifos karnaxiT moqmedebdnen. saqarTvelos
mTavrobisa da eklesiis miznebi aRniSnul mxareSi
diofizituri eklesia-monastrebis gamravlebas moiTxovdnen. Dgasagebia, rom aRniSnul mizezTa gamo,
saqarTvelos
saxelmwifos
rjulSemwynarebluri
politika yovelTvis daculi ar iyo.
jemal
stefnaZis
azriT:
XII
saukuneSi
qalkedonisturi propagandis sabuTad am mxareSi Cven
SegviZlia gamoviyenoT ZiriTadad X-XII saukuneebSi
aSenebuli
somxuri
eklesia-monasterTa
gverdiT
qarTul eklesiaTa mSeneblobis faqti. am eklsiamonastrebs (qoberi, `Zeli WeSmariti~, oskipari da
sxva) saxelmwifoebrivi daniSnuleba hqondaT: maT am
raionebSi diofizitoba unda daenergaT, radganac
diofizitoba am mxareSi gamodioda rogorc qarTuli
nacionaluri religia. Aam amocanis Sesruleba
saboloo jamSi, mxaris `gaqarTvelebas~ niSnavda.
Ggarda axali eklesia-monastrebis agebisa, xdeboda
agreTve monofizituri eklesia-monastrebis diofiziturad gardanaTvlac. somexi saeklesio moRvaweni
naTlad xedavdnen im process, rac qvemo qarTlSi
xdeboda. Aamitom isini mTeli qveynidan ikribebodnen
am mxareSi, raTa qalkedonizmisaTvis gza gadaeWraT
da antiqalkedonizmi daecvaT. Mmagram selCukebis
winaaRmdeg mebrZol qarTvelebs am etapze sruliadac
ar awyobdaT somxur mosaxleobasTan urTierTobis
216
garTuleba.
piriqiT,
isini
maTi
religiuri
daaxloebis momxreni iyvnen~ (6, 63). sainteresoa
zaqaria al-kazvinis cnoba aRniSnul sakiTxTan
mimarTebaSi,
Tumca
Tbiliss
SecdomiT
xosro
anuSirvanis agebulad miiCnevs: `Tbilisi gamagrebuli
qalaqia. Mmis iqiT islami araa. igi xosro anuSirvanma
aago da ishak ibn ismailma banu umaias mavlam
gaamagra. Mmas al-qurris mdinare hyofs. misi
mcxovreblebi musalimebi da qristianebi arian. alqurris erT-erT napirze locvisaken mouwodeben
meore napirze ki zars reken. Hyvebian, rom qalaqi
fiWiT iyo gadaxuruli da roca al-muTavaqilma ishak
ibn ismailTan sabrZolvelad iq buRa gagzavna, ishaki
buRasTan
saomrad
gamovida.
buRam
cecxlis
wamkideblebs ubrZana, maT qalaqs cecxli esroles.
Dda igi gadawves. qalaqi mTlianad daiwva, vinaidan
fiWvis
xis
iyo.
daiRupa
50000
kaci.
is
sakvirvelebaTaganaa Zalian cxeli abano, romlisTvisac wyals arc acxeleben da arc qaCaven, radgan
igi cxel wyarozea agebuli. erT-erTi vaWari yveboda,
rom es abano muslimTaTvisaa gankuTvnili. masSi
urwmuno sruliad ar Sedis. Qqristianuli religia
iq aSkaraa da qalaqic maT olqSia. iq aris saknebi,
eklesiebi da dinari, romelsac ferferas uwodeben.
igi sufTa kargad Cazneqili dinaria. Mmasze siriuli
warwera da kerpTa gamosaxulebaa. yoveli dinari
kargi oqros miskalia. Aaravis SeuZlia misi
gayalbeba. is aris abxazTa qveynis fuli da iWreba
misi mefeebis mier. Tfilisidan gaaqvT.~ (2, 40).
hoded al-alemis cnobiT, `tfilisi didi,
ayvavebuli qalaqia, magari, gaSenebuli da mravali
217
simdidris mqone. Oori patnezi aqvs da (islamobis)
sazRvars warmoadgens urwmunoTa mxrisaken. Mmas
mdinare mtkvari Suaze Caudis~ (3, 15)
XII-XIII
saukuneebis
mijnaze
saqarTvelos
politikur
sazRvrebSi
sxvadasxva
sarwmunoebis
xalxebi cxovrobdnen. Aam istorikosebs aRniSnuli
sarwmunoebisadmi TavianTi damokidebuleba gaaCndaT.
maT aSkarad sZulT maramarTlmadideblebi. Mmag.
Tamaris pirveli istorikosis sityviT monofizitebi
Svidgzis wyeulni da SeCvenebulni arian, xolo
mahmadianebi
_
bilwebi.
Bbasili
ezosmoZRvari
aRfrTovanebulia
qristianobis
aRmavlobiT
da
mahmadianTa dasustebiT. igi, iseve rogorc pirveli
istorikosi,
uTanagrZnobs
saqarTvelos
samefo
xelisuflebas
mahmadianuri
qveynebis
aoxrebaSi.
Mmagram am sarwmunoebaTa winaaRmdeg aSkara brZolis
mowodeba maT ar aqvT. Tamaris istorikosTa
damokidebuleba sxva sarwmunoebebisadmi, upirveles
yovlisa, saqarTvelos religiuri politikiT iyo
ganpirobebuli. saqarTvelos eklesia oficialurad
tolerantizms aRiarebda, sinamdvileSi ki diofizituri eklesiis mrevlis gadidebas cdilobda~ (7,
29) msgavs politikas atarebda Tamaric XII saukunis
miwuruls somexTa or monasters Soris dava
amtydara Zvrifasi jvris Taobaze. ivane aTabagis
brZanebiT qalaq dvinSi moiwvies sasamarTlo, romlis
SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen didebulni, marzpani ivane
tbeli, memna jayeli, didi Wyondideli da sxva. Aamas
garda yadi Tbilisisa, yadi anisisa da yadi dvinisa.
amasTanave surmanis ganTqmuli Seixi, agreTve anisis
arqiepiskoposi da episkoposni mijnisisa da haRbatisa.
218
sasamarTlos daeswro agreTve saqarTvelos mwignobarTuxucesi-Wyondideli,
rogorc
saxelmwifo
interesebis warmomadgeneli da am sasamarTlos
momwvevi. `am…nabijiT saqarTvelos umaRlesma saxelmwifo xelisuflebam imaze miuTiTa, rom aseTi saqmeebis garCevis dros is ar Tvlis saWirod angariSi
gauwios konfesiur gansxvavebebs, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi qristianebi da mahmadianebi sruliad Tanasworni
arian da rom is mTavar mniSvnelobas akuTvnebs
codnasa da gamocdilebas da ara imas, Tu romel
sarwmunoebas ekuTvnis kaci~. `am
sagangebo
sasamarTloSi _ askvnis iv. javaxiSvili, _ is aris
gasaocari
da
gasaxareli,
rom
saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoSi maSin sami rjulis samRvdeloebis
warmomadgenelT _ qarTvel marTlmadidebelTa, somexgrigorianebisa da mahmadian yadiebisa da Seixis
saerTo
moqmedeba
da
Tanxmobrivi
mSvidobiani
TanamSromloba SesaZlebeli yofila.
ucxoelebis mimarT ,mfarvelobiT cnobili iyo
Tamar mefe. Tamaris Tanamedrove ivane SavTeli
`abdulmesianSi~ sagangebod axasiaTebs saqarTvelos
mefes, rogorc `ucxoT moyvares~.
XIII saukuneSi erT-erT msxvil sakredito,
gamsesxebel _ damgiravebel amxanagobaSi _ urtaRSi
_Tanaswori uflebebiT Sediodnen ebraeli, somexi da
muslimani. udavoa, rom aseTi saxis kompaniebi da
kompanionebi XII saukuneSic arsebobda. (1, 163).
rogorc aRvniSneT, qarTul wyaroebSi Riad ar
Cans
sasuliero
xelisuflebis
damokidebuleba
qarTvel monarqTa rjulSemwynarebluri politikisadmi. Tumca, savaraudoa, rom eklesia mxars
219
uWerda samefo xelisuflebis politikas religiuri
umciresobebisadmi,
Tumca
kategoriulad
ewinaaRmdegeboda TviTon qristianobis SigniT gaCenil
eresebs. Aamas mowmobs `wigni, romeli mowera didman
efTvme didsa bersa giorgis~. Ees aris XI saukune,
kerZod, 1005-1019 wlebi. Aam dokumentSi warmodgenilia is wignebi, romelic miuRebelia qristianuli
eklesiisaTvis.
`...origenes mwvalebelsa mravali wigni daewera
da ara Seiwynarebs eklesiai. [d]a evsebi pamfielisa
wigni aris da mravalTa saqmeTa warmoityჳs da
Txr[o]baTa TჳTo-saxeTa filosofosobiTa daweril[n]i
ganwvalebani CaurTvan; amisTჳs ara Seiwynarebs
eklesiaჲ. igi qarTulad uTargmnia da uwinares
mravlisa Jamisa, sicocxleesave mamisa Cemisada
moewera muniT stefane ebikopossa da ekiTxa Tu
Sesawynarebel ars. Kargica mravali sweria, garna
RuarZlica mravali CaurTavs da miT uჴmar ars.
antioqisa moqcevai ara Sesawynarebel ars da
sxuaჲ raime ars. sweria Tomaჲs saxarebad. igica
ucxoჲ ars. wigni,
romelsa
abukorova
h[r]qჳan,
wvalebaჲ cxadi vhgoneb Tu araჲ sweria; garna
ucxoTa raTme saqmeTa metyuel ars da eklesiaჲ
saberZneTisai ara Seiwynarebs. da sxuaჲ raჲme ars
adamis cxorebaჲ da arca mas Seiwynarebsda sxuaჲ ars
wigni siyrme uflisaჲ da arca mas Seiwynarebs. da
mociqulTa cxorebani zogni ganryunilni arian
mwvalebelTagan; wmidisa maTe maxarebelisaჲ sxuaჲ
raჲme ars. Dda wmidisa andriaჲsi wmidisa giorgisi
ars wamebaჲ WeSmariti, romeli eklesiaTa Sina
220
ikiTxvebis, da kualad sxuaჲ raჲme ars ucxoჲ da
ucxoni raჲme saqmeni swerian da ara Sesawynarebel
ars. da wmidisa kჳrikes wamebasa sweria. viTarmed
sxuani vieTme daweres wamebaჲ ucxoჲ qristeanTa
wesisagan da sxuani eseviTarni raime natyuvarni:
zogisa saxelebi ara vici.
Aaw ese viTarmed romeli sxuaTa mwvalebelTa
dauweria igi aw ese viTarime, romeli sxuaTa
mwvalebelTa dauweria, igi TჳT sacnaur arian~ [9. 5,
6] amrigad, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos da eklesias
Tavisi
mimarTeba gaaCnda qveyanaSi mcxovrebi
religiuri da eTnikuri unciresobebisadmi. zemoT
ganxiluli masala safuZvels gvaZlevs gansxvavebuli
kuTxiT
davamuSavoT
da
SevxedoT
am
metad
mniSvnelovan problemas.
221
wyaroebi da literatura:
1. l. aleqsiZe, ucxoelTa da ucxo sarwmunoebis
mimdevarTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba, Tsu Sromebi,
1968, #125.
2. zaqaria al-kazvinis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,
arabul teqsts Sesavali waumZRvara, qarTuli
Targmani daSeniSvnebi daurTo oTar cqitiSvilma,
sqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebi, t. XI, Tbilisi,
mecniereba, 1975.
3. hoded al-alemi, Targmani SeniSvnebiTa da
saZiebliT v. TofuriZisa, Tbilisi, 1937.
4. al. TvaraZe, saqarTvelo da kavkasia evropul
wyaroebSi istoriografiuli da kartografiuli
masalis safuZvelze, Tbilisi, 2004.
5. r. metreveli, narkvevebi feodaluri saqarTvelos
istoriidan, Tbilisi, 1972.
6. j. stefnaZe, saqarTvelos politikuri urTierToba
kavkasiis xalxebTan XII saukuneSi, Tbilisi:
mecniereba, 1974.
7. j. stefnaZe, kulturisa da azrovnebis donis
sakiTxisaTvis XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnis qarTul
istoriografiasa da poeziaSi, kr. saqarTvelos
feodaluri istoriis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1966.
8. j. stefnaZe, saqarTvelo XII saukunisa da XIII
saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbilisi, mecniereba,
1985.
9. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, teqsti gamosca,
SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i. doliZem,
Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1963.
222
10.
g. joxaZe, XIII-XIV saukuneebis saqarTvelos
eklesiis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 2003.
Vakhtang Songulashvili
THE ATTITUDE OF THE GEORGIAN STATE
AND THE CHURCH TOWARDS THE
RELIGIOUS AND ETHNICAL MINORITIES IN
THE XI-XII CENTURY
Nowadays the issue of religious and ethnical minority is
very important and problematic all over the word and of
course Georgia is not an exception. The modern epoch has
put into its agenda the new challenges and demands. Due to
this the laws established over the centuries are to reviewed
and considered again. Of course, any kind of event, both the state and the church perceives and evaluates differently.
Surely, each of them has its own created for centuries
traditions, the roles and responsibilities. That’s why the
attitude to the current national events of the two completely
different in view, believes and ideology can not be the same.
Every nation for its further existence and development
is obliged to know its own history. The historical experience
will certainly help the state to establish the new and
important relations with the other states that can enable it to
fit the modern epoch and act on its interest.
It is not possible to assess the current events of
modern world without considering the religious factor.
Everyone knows that the faith is the important feature of the
existence of different peoples. The main part of the world
history represents the problematic relations between state and
religion. Of course Georgia is not an exception, as here was
established a peculiar and special form of the relations of
state and church. One of the main reasons of this situation is
223
the relationship and attitude of church and state toward the
religious and ethnic minorities.
The XI-XII century is a very diverse stage in the history
of Georgia. No one doubts that in above mentioned period
our country faced many important and cardinal events: from
the political unification of Georgia, ending with a religious,
cultural and economic renaissance. Only one thing is obvious
here: the period of XI- XII is the turning point of the history
of Georgia. Therefore, there are done a lot of researches in
the Georgian historiography, in the fields of specific issues
about the above mentioned period. But we can claim that
less often me meet the researches about the relations of
Georgian state and church towards the religious and ethnical
minorities.
224
xaTuna ioseliani
XII-XV saukuneebis svaneTis
istoriuli-geografiis sakiTxebi
svaneTis
istoriuli-geografiis
sakiTxebi,
faqtobrivad Seuswavlelia metic, SeiZleba iTqvas,
dRemde ar gamxdara srulfasovani mecnieruli
kvlevis obieqti.
geografiuli kuTxiT svaneTi bevrad ukeTesada
gamokvleuli, vidre istoriul-geografiuli TvalsazrisiT. svaneTis Sua saukuneebis administraciuli
dayofa, urTierTmimarTeba svaneTis sam nawils Soris
(zemo svaneTi, qvemo svaneTi da kodoris (dalis)A
xeoba,
dRemde
Seuswavlelia.
bundovania,
ra
administraciuli “olqebisgan” Sedgeboda es kuTxe,
ra sazRvrebSi moiazreboda, sad iyo am olqebis
centrebi da a.S. miuxedavad imisa, rom am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT mdidari da saintereso masala gvxvdeba
werilobiT ZeglebSi, folklorul da eTnografiul
monacemebSi.
gansakuTrebuli interesis sagani gaxda svaneTis
samTavros
sazRvrebis
sakiTxi
misi
ruseTTan
mierTebis Semdeg. Seiqmna komisia, romelsac unda
daedgina samTavros sazRvrebi, am komisiaSi Sedioda
besarion niJaraZe, romelsac dawvrilebiT aqvs
aRwerili es mogzauroba svaneTsa da CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi [2]. sxvadasxva kuTxiT kvlevebs vxvdebiT S.
CarTolanis, g, gasvianis, r. yenias, a. silogavas
SromebSi. TiTqmis wyaros tolfasia e. TayaiSvilisa
da b. niJaraZis naSromebi.
Cveni mizani am statiaSi svaneTis
XII-XV
saukuneebis
istoriuli-geografiis
sakiTxebis
225
ganxilvaa,
werilobiTi
wyaroebis
monacemebis
safuZvelze. kvlevis momaval mizans ki warmoadgens
svaneTis samive regionis _ zemo svaneTi (dRevandeli
mestiis raioni), qvemo svaneTi (dRevandeli lentexis
raioni) da kodoris, anu dalis xeoba _ istoriulgeografiuli
suraTis
Seqmna,
Tavisi
Sida
daraionebiTa da istoriuli sazRvrebiT.
svaneTis
werilobiTi
Zeglebis
monacemebis
safuZvelze saSualeba gveZleva met-naklebad mainc
gavarkvioT
rogori
iyo
miTiTebuli
periodis
svaneTis administraciuli suraTi.
Suasaukuneebis svaneTis, rogorc erTi mTliani
politikur-administraciuli
erTeulis
ganmsazRvrelad, svaneTis werilobiT ZeglebSi, mkafio
formulirebaa
Camoyalibebuli:
“erTobili
xevi
suaneTisa”, “erTobili xevi lalvers SemoRmarT da
uSguls CamoRmarT”, “sruliad suaneTisa xevi
uSgulsa da lalvers Sua”, “erTobili xevi uSqulsa
da lalvers Sua” da a.S. aseTi formulireba gvxvdeba
XIII saukunidan moyolebuli, XV saukunis bolomde.
am sazRvrebSi igulisxmeba “sruliad svaneTi”,
e.w. zemo svaneTi (dRevandeli mestiis raioni),
rogorc svaneTis ZiriTadi politikuri (da ara
teritoriuli) erTeuli, balszemo da balsqvemo
nawilebiT. am teritoriaze iyo ganTavsebuli svaneTis
erTiani,
mmarTveli
administraciuli
erTeuli
(saerisTavo, Semdgom balsqvemoT samTavro), romelic,
Cans politikuri TvalsazrisiT wamyvani iyo im
periodSi.
rac Seexeba sazRvrebis saxeldebul adgilebs _
uSguli svaneTis ukiduresi Crdilo-aRmosavleTi
226
administraciuli (da ara mxolod dasaxlebis
maCvenebeli, vinaidan aq Semodioda Tundac cana-c)
punqtia, xolo lalveri, rogorc sabuTebidan Cans,
dasavleTi sazRvaria. lalveris lokalizeba rTulia,
vinaidan is, sabuTebis monacemebiT da Cven mier
moZiebuli masaliT, oTx adgilas davadastureT. Cans,
es saxelwodeba konkretuli, erTi adgilis ki ara,
aramed
punqtis
bunebriv-geografiuli
xasiaTis
aRmniSvnelia.
toponimi
“lalveri”
wyaroebSi
sxvadasxva
formiT gvxvdeba: “lalver, lalaver, larver,
larvel” [3]. Tumca, misi ZiriTadi forma, Cans
“lalveria”, vinaidan am saxiT yvelaze xSirad
gvxvdeba rogorc dokumentebSi, ise eTnografiul
masalaSi.
terminis Sinaarsi nawilobriv gaurkvevelia.
mTxrobelTa axsniT, is rbilmiwian adgils, mdelos
unda niSnavdes; “laara – mdelo, saTibi, ver- miwa”
[5]. amdenad, is SeiZleba sruliad sxvadasxva adgils
erqvas da asecaa. CvenTvis saintereso lalveri ki,
romlis lokalizebac, samwuxarod bolomde ver
movaxdineT adgilze kvleviT, sabuTebis mixedviT
svaneTis ukiduresi dasavleTi administraciuli
punqti unda iyos, vinaidan, miTiTebulia: “uSguls
CamoRmarT da lalvers SemoRmarT”, rac “uSguls
qveviT da lalvers zeviT” niSnavs, agreTve “uSgulsa
da lalvers Sua” svaneTis qveS, svaneTis yvela Temia
CamoTvlili, romelnic Tavisi ZiriTadi eklesiebis
“TavsdebobiT” arian warmodgenilni:
“mTavarmowame setisa, macxovari laSxeraSisa,
mTavarmowame
xidisa,
mTavarangelozi
kaSaSisa,
227
mTavarmowame sufisa, mTavarangelozi fxotrelisa,
macxovari qarTuanisa, mTavarangelozi labesyaldisa,
mTavarangelozi mezrisa, mTavarangelozi gulasa,
macxovari latalisa, macxovari mulaxisa, macxovari
wuremisa, mTavarmowame ifarisa, macxovari hadisa,
kvirike kalisa, RvTismSobeli uSgulisa” [3, 112].
es dokumenti mkvlevarTa mier XV saukunis
boloTi TariRdeba, Tumca eWvi gvaqvs, rom XV
saukunis I - naxevrSi unda iyos Sedgenili (ris
safuZvelsac qvemoT damowmebuli meore dokumenti
iZleva).
“erTobili svaneTis” aRmniSvnelad, XIII-XV
saukuneebis sabuTebSi da Weduri xatebis warwerebSi,
sxvadasxva
epiTetebia
gamoyenebuli:
“erTobili
suaneTi”, “erTobili xevi”, “suaneTisa yoveli xevi”,
“sruliad xevi”, “xevo bednierisa suaneTisao”,
“didisa suaneTisaTvis” [3, 105-107; 1,62,65].
zemo svaneTi geografiulad balis qediT or
nawilad iyofa. swored aqedan momdinareobs dRes
damkvidrebuli saxeldebebi: “balszemo da balsqvemo”
svaneTi. es formulireba aSkarad, SedarebiT gviandelia vinaidan balis qedi, rogorc Sida administraciuli sazRvari, mxolod XV saukunis bolos
Sedgenil sabuTebSi gvxvdeba. manamde, anu “erTobili
suaneTis” arsebobis pirobebSi, balis qeds, rogorc
gamyofs, mxolod geografiuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda,
rac dokumentebSic Sesabamisadaa formulirebuli:
“zemo xevi da qvemo xevi”, “amer-imeri” [3, 106].
Cans, rom bunebrivi dayofis principi iseTivea,
rogorc zogadad saqarTvelosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli:
amer-imeri, aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi saqarTvelo,
228
rac calsaxad geografiul principzea dafuZnebuli.
eTnografiuli
masaliTac
analogiuri
suraTi
vlindeba, dRevandeli formulireba aseTia: “leqvaaviS
(leqva-dasavleTisken) – dasavleli anu balsqvemoeli,
qvemoxeveli”
da
“leJaaviS
(leJaaRmosavleTisken) – aRmosavleli, anu balszemoeli,
zedaxeveli”. gamoiyeneba agreTve “muCvaabir” – “Cvab”
dasavleTi, aqeda _ dasavleli da “muJaabir” – “Jaab”
aRmosavleTi, Sesabamisad _ aRmosavleli (5).
svaneTis “erTobili xevi” eklesiurad or
nawilad iyofoda, balszemo svaneTi cageris saepiskopos ekuTvnoda, xolo balsqvemo – caiSels: “Tu
qvemo xevs gamoaCndes – caiSelman daiWiros rjuli
... cagerelman – zemoT daiWiros [3, 111].
werilobiTi
wyaroebis
monacemebiTa
da
eTnografiuli masaliT Cans, rom “erTobili svaneTi”
Temebis (xeobebis) gaerTianebas warmoadgenda. yvela
sabuTi, romelic svaneTisTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiTaa Seqmnili, dgeba yvela Temis
(xevis) monawileobiT. sabuTebSi CamoTvlilia Sida
administraciuli,
yvela
Semadgeneli
nawili,
romelTac sruli ufleba da agreTve movaleobac
hqondaT saerTo sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi monawileobis miRebisa. es Cans, Tavdapirvelad erTiani
svaneTis
saxeliT
Sedgenili
sabuTebis
TavSi
moTavsebuli formulirebebidan: “suaneTisa yoveli
xevi”, “sruliad xevi”... [3, 105, 107].
yovel
dokumentSi,
romelic
“erTobili
svaneTis” saxeliT iqmneba, aris CamonaTvali im
Temebisa, romelnic monawileoben am dokumentis
229
Sedgenasa da, Sesabamisad,
dadgenilebis
ganxorcielebaSi.
sainteresoa,
rom
Temebi
ar
fiqsirdebian
TavianTi saxelwodebiT. isini warmodgenilni arian
Temis mTavari salocavis saxeliT, rac sruliad
logikuria ara mxolod Sua saukuneebis svaneTisTvis,
aramed mTeli saqarTvelosTvis. am periodSi sazogadoebis administraciul da kulturul centrs eklesia (Temis mTavari salocavi) warmoadgenda. amdenad
gasagebia, rom “erTobili svaneTis” saxeliT Sedgenil dokumentebSi monawile Temebi ara Tavisi, aramed
TavianTi mTavari eklesiis saxeliT da “TavsdebobiT”
arian dafiqsirebulni: “mTavarmowame setisa, deda
RmrTisa uSgulisa, macxovari mulaxisa, mTavarmowame
fxotrelisa, macxovari latalisa” da a.S. [3].
XV saukunis bolos, romelic saqarTvelosTvis
uaRresad mZime periodia, analogiuri procesebi
ganviTarda svaneTSic. erTiani saqarTvelos da
saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis moSlam, “erTobili
xevis” dayofa da teritoriebis dakargva gamoiwvia.
1503 wliT daTariRebuli “jafariZeebis sasisxlo
sigelis” Tanaxmad, svaneTs CamoerTva misi organuli
nawili, “raWis mTiuleTi”, dRes raWis kuTvnili
teritoria; qvemo svaneTi dadianebma daipyres. SigniT
mimdinare procesebma ki, zemo svaneTis or nawilad –
svaneTis samTavrod da e.w. “Tavisufal svaneTad”
dayofa ganapiroba. es procesebi naTladaa asaxuli
svanur werilobiT ZeglebSi.
XV saukunis bolos Sedgenil or dokumentSi,
manamde mxolod geografiuli sazRvari _ balis qedi,
ukve administraciul gamyofad fiqsirdeba. formu230
lireba “erTobili suaneTi” am dokumentebSi, nacvlad
wina
saukuneebis
faqtologiisa,
“uSgulsa
da
lalvers Soris”, mxolod balszemo svaneTs moicavs,
rac moxseniebulia “atkversa da belas Suaman”formulirebiT: “Tquen, xevsa balszemoca da atkversa
qvemoTca”; “Tquen xevsa dagrComodes bals zemoTaca
da atkvers qvemoTaca” [3, 119-120].
belas//balis
qedi cnobilia, rac Seexeba meore, am SemTxvevaSi
aRmosavleTiT ukidures sazRvars – “atkveri”,
uSgulidan qvemo svaneTSi gadasasvleli uReltexilis saxelwodebaa.A (“caanxan anRrix i ihaalh
atkveri zagarTeJi” -canadan modian da uaxlovdebian
atkveris zegans) [4, 36; 5.].
amasTanave,
icvleba
monawile
Temebis
Semadgenloba. dokumentSi, romelic XV saukunis
dasasruls
miekuTvneba,
CamoTvlili
eklesiebi,
mxolod balszemo svaneTis Temebis salocavebia:
“macxovari latalisa, macxovari muJalvisa, macxovari wuremisa, mTavarmowame grdaSisa, macxovari
elisa, mTavarmowame ifarisa, wm. kvirike kalisa, deda
RmrTisa
uSgulisa”.
sabuTis
boloSi
calkea
moxseniebuli mTavarmowame setisa [3, 109].
am dokumentebis monacemebis mixedviT Cans is
rTuli procesebi, romelic saqarTvelos sxva
kuTxeebis msgavsad, svaneTSic mimdinareobda. es
iseTive mravali aspeqtis momcvelia, rogorc sxva
kuTxeebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi. aq ikveTeba Sida
problemebis garkveuli speqtri, romlis ganxilva am
statiis farglebs scildeba da Cveni momavali
kvlevis sagania.
231
amrigad,
XII-XV
saukuneebis
svaneTis
administraciul-teritoriuli suraTi, werilobiTi
dokumentebis
mixedviT
ase
gamoiyureba:
XV
saukunemde, zemo svaneTi erTiani administraciulpolitikuri da erTerTi wamyvani erTeulia, romlis
mmarTvelebi saqarTvelos samefo karze mniSvnelovani
privilegiebiT sargebloben, misi sazRvrebi mTis
raWidan
“lalveramde”
grZeldeba.
geografiuli
TvalsazrisiT dayofilia “balszemo da balsqvemo”
suaneTad, “imer-amerad”, “zeda xevad da qveda xevad”.
XV saukunidan, aRniSnuli geografiuli dayofa
administraciul-politikur xasiaTs iZens: balsqvemo
svaneTSi yalibdeba “svaneTis samTavro”, balszemo
nawili ki, tradiciuli, “erTobili suaneTis”
saxelwodebiT, calke erTeulis saxiT yalibdeba.
balszemo svaneTis SemadgenlobaSi igulisxmebian
Semdegi
Temebi
(dasavleTidan
aRmosavleTisken
principiT): latali, lenjeri, mestia, mulaxi,
muJali, wvirmi, ifari, adiSi, kala, uSguli.
TviToeuli
Temi,
sinamdvileSi,
lokaluri
administraciuli erTeulia, romelic soflebis
sakmaod did raodenobas moicavda, dadgenili iyo
sazRvrebi, gaaCnda Tavisi moqmedi da “TavsdebobiT”
mosaxseniebeli eklesia, romlis saxeliTac is
monawileobas
Rebulobda
erTiani
interesebis
ganxorcielebaSi.
232
wyaroebi da literatura:
1. m. axalaSvili, X-XV ss. warwerebi svaneTis Weduri xelovnebis Zeglebze, Tb., 1987.
2. b. niJaraZe, eTnografiuli werilebi svaneTze, t.
II, Tb., 1964.
3. svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, t. I, teqstebi
gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvlevebi da samecnierosacnobaro aparati daurTo v. silogavam, Tb., 1986.
4. svanuri prozauli teqstebi, t. I, Tb.,
5. x. ioseliani, svaneTis eTnografiuli dRiuri.
233
Khatuna Ioseliani
THE HISTORIC GEOGRAPHY OF THE 13TH-15TH
CENTURIES SVANETI
On the basis of the written sources and ethnographical
material a picture of the administrative-territorial
arrangement of Svaneti is given in the article. For denoting
an administrative unit local population used the terms:
“United Svaneti” (Ertobili Svaneti), “the United Gorge of
Svaneti” (Ertobili Khevi Svanetisa), “United Gorge between
Ushguli and Lalveri” (Ertobili Khevi Svanetisa Uhgulsa da
Lalvers Shua)...The epithets of these administrative unities
are following: “Fortunate Gorge of Svaneti”, “For Great
Svaneti” etc.
Till the 15th century “United Svaneti” (Ertobili Svaneti)
was covering the territory of nowadays Upper or the Enguri
Valley Svaneti. It was consisted of so called “temebi”
(communities), which in fact were the administrative unites
and were actively participated in solving the important for
“United Svaneti” issues.
Some administrative units are mentioned in the written
sources with the names of the sanctuaries which were the
main places of veneration and carriers of the most important
religious as well as administrative functions. For example:
“Mother of God of Ushguli”, “Savior of Mulakhi” etc.
234
zurab sulaberiZe
Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropis
saskolo da sauniversiteto ganaTlebis
istoriidan
samecniero
literaturaSi
adreul
Sua
saukuneebs xSirad moixsenieben rogorc „bnel
periods“ kacobriobis istoriaSi.
aseTi Sefasebis
mTavar mizezs V-X saukuneebis evropis qveynebis
kulturis
mkveTri
dacema
warmoadgens.
Sua
saukuneebis evropaSi antikuri kulturis memkvidreobis winaaRmdeg brZolis mTavar iniciatorad
romis papi leo pirveli gamodioda. aseT pirobebSi,
gansakuTrebli zianis qveS
ganaTlebis dargi
aRmoCnda [129-130].
Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropa gamoirCeoda
ganaTlebul adamianTa deficitiT rogorc glexTa
fenaSi, ise maRali socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebSic. magaliTisTvis SegviZlia movi-yvanoT,
ostgoTebis cnobili beladi Teodorixi, romelic
wera-kiTxvis ucodinari iyo. imis gamo, rom ar
SeeZlo xelmowera, iyenebda dafas, sadac misi saxeli
iyo amokveTili. sicocxlis bolo dRemde ar icoda
aseve wera-kiTxva frankTa imperiis damaarsebelma
karlos didma.
adre
Sua
saukuneebis
evropis
qveynebSi
qristianuli ideologiis gavrcelebam da ganviTarebam
imTaviTve ganapiroba winaaRmdegobrivi damokidebuleba
antikur saganmanaTleblo da sulier RirebulebebTan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Sua saukuneebis evropis
civilizacia ZiriTadad mainc antikuri epoqis
social-ekonomikur da kulturul safuZvelze idga,
235
evropis sazogadoeba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mainc
skeptikurad
iyo
ganwyobili
antikuri
Rirebulebebisadmi.
cnobili
rusi
mecnieris
pavle
uvarovis
SexedulebiT, Sua saukuneebis evropaSi, swavlebis
ZiriTadi
safuZveli
kaTolikuri
eklesiis
ideologiaze
iyo
damyarebuli.
gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo ioanes saxarebis 1:1-3 Si Caweril sityvaze: „dasawyisSi iyo sityva, sityva
iyo RmerTTan da sityva iyo RmerTi. is dasawyisSi
RmerTTan iyo. yvelaferi misi monawileobiT gaCnda,
mis gareSe araferi Seqmnila.“ am sityvebis mixedviT,
Sua
saukuneebis
msoflmxedvelobaSi
yvelafris
sawyiss RmerTi warmoadgenda. adamianis cxovrebis
mTavar mizans RvTis gacnobiereba warmoadgenda.
adamians mTeli Tavisi cxovreba bibliis kiTxvasa da
interpretaciisTvis unda mieZRvna. zemoaRniSnulidan
gamomdinare, qadagebasa da locvas gansakuTrebulad
didi mniSvneloba hqonda daTmobili Sua saukuneebis
saswavlo sivrceSi. es tradicia ara mxolod Sua
saukuneebis,
aramed
me-18-19
saukunis
evropis
saganmanaTleblo procesis ganuyofeli nawili iyo.
Sua saukuneebis ideologebis mixedviT, yoveli
qristiani, pirvelyovlisa RvTis moswavle iyo.
amitomac im periodis Teologiuri literaturis
ZiriTadi nawili dawerilia gomiliis (qadagebisa) da
didaskaliis (maswavlebelTa Segonebis) komentarebisa
da glosariebis JanrSi [8, 23-24].
Sua saukuneebis evropaSi skolebs gacilebiT
adre Caeyara safuZveli vidre universitetebs. jer
kidev adreqristianul epoqaSi, mravali antikuri
236
epoqis moazrovne ieso qristes miiCnevda rogorc
skolis damaarseblad da „upirveles maswavleblad“.
cnobili moazrovne paladiusi axasiaTebda qristes
rogorc „arqipastors, arqimaswavlebels ..“ amgvari
Sefaseba damyarebuli iyo axali aRTqmis rig
adgilebze, romelSic asaxulia ieso qristes moRvaweoba. mag: ieso dadioda
galileaSi, aswavlida
xalxs sinagogebSi, qadagebda sasixarulo cnobas
samefos Sesaxeb da kurnavda adamianebs nebismieri
avadmyofobisa da uZlurebisagan“ [maTes 4, 23]. aseve,
markozis, lukas da oanes saxarebebSi gvxvdeba
mravali adgili iesos saganmanaTleblo moRvaweobis
Sesaxeb.
sainteresoa agreTve is garemoeba, rom Tu
antikuri
sazogadoebis
ideals
warmoadgenda
moqalaqe, meomari, fizikuri da sulieri srulyofilebisadmi mizanmimarTuli adamiani (akme), Sua
saukuneebis dasawyisis evropaSi es Sexeduleba arsebiTad icvleba da religiuri ideologia adamianebs
mouwodebda, rom ar dawafeboda gansakuTrebul
cxovrebiseul idealebs da Sinaganad bavSvs unda
damsgavseboda. aRniSnuli Sexedulebis argumentad
samRvdeloebas mohyavda axali aRTqmis wignis maTes
18:1-4 muxlebi, sadac ieso qriste mis moswavleebsa
da adamianebs mouwodebda, rom „ Tu ar mobrundebiT
da bavSvebiviT ar gaxdebiT, ver SexvalT zecier
samefoSi... vinc am bavSviviT daimdablebs Tavs, is
iqneba yvelaze didi zecier samefoSi...“.
aseve, adre Sua saukueneebSi antikuri filosofiisadmi winaaRmdegobis kvali kargad Cans axali
aRTqmis rigi Tavebidan, maT Soris 1 kornTelTa 3:19237
Si Cawerili sityvebidan: „radgan am qveynierebis
sibrZne ugunurebaa RvTisaTvis“.
V-X saukuneebis evropis mwignobari sazogadeobisTvis biblia da vergiliusi faqtobrivad
warmoadgenda cxovrebis ganuyofel wignebs. aseve
sqolastizmis
epoqis
msoflmxedvelobis
mTavar
qvakuTxeds warmoadgenda cnobili moRvawis, netari
avgustines
qristianuli
msoflmxedvelobis
4
ZiriTadi dogma: 1.„Semqmnelis Seasaxeb“, 2.„codvis
Sesaxeb“; 3. „gamosyidvisa“ da 4. „aRdgomis Sesaxeb“.
amgavar pirobebSi adre Sua saukuneebis evropis
qveynebSi aRmocenebas iwyebs 4 tipis skola:
1. samonastro skolebi, romelic Tavis mxriv
dayofili iyo or kategoriad: skolebi, romlebic
zrdidnen momaval sasuliero pirebsa da saero
mosamsaxureebs.
2. episkoposis rezidenciasTan arsebuli kaTedraluri skolebi romlebic aseve amzadebdnen
momaval sasuliero da saero momsaxureebs.
3. samrevlo skolebi, romlebic zrdidnen momaval
mRvdlebs. sadac swavlobdnen 7-15 wlis asakis
mozardebi, romlebic swavlobdnen weras, kiTxvas,
gamoTvlas, saeklesio galobas da a.S [20, 99; 119120].
saeklesio skolebi winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen
yvelafer
imas,
rac
qristianuli
ideologiis
interesebSi ar Tavsdeboda. aRniSnulma garemoebam
ganapiroba arasaeklesio swavlulTa kavSirebis Seqmna,
ris safuZvelzec mogvianebiT aRmocenda salernos
samedicino skola, boloniisa da paduis iuridiuli
skolebi da sxv. aseve, qalaqis macxovrebelTa fena
238
TavianTi interesebis
Sesabamisad qmnis axali tipis
saswavlo dawesebulebebs - saqalaqo skolebs, romelic amzadebdnen momaval
magistrantebs, gildiisa
da
manufaqturis muSebs. am tipis saswavleblebis
arseboba Sua saukuneebis evropaSi saintereso iyo im
TvalsazrisiTac, rom swored am skolebSi daiwyo
pirvelad swavleba mSobliur enaze, ramac Semdgom
gazarda moTxovnileba mTargmnelebsa da mTargmnelobiT saqmianobaze. me-13 saukunis dasawyisisaTvis
evropul
enebze
Targmnil
iqna
aristoteles
Txzulebebi, aseve, arabi maTematikosebis, geografebis,
astronomebisa da eqimebis aRiarebuli Sromebi.
adre Sua saukuneebis dasawyisSi, swavleba
mimdinareobda romauli skolebis msgavsad. sadac
swavlebis atmosfero gamoirCeoda mkacri konservatulobiT. saswavlo disciplinebis swavlebis speqtri
aseve SezRuduli iyo. moswavleebi swavlobdnen e.w.
`Tavisufal xelovnebas~ (artes liberales) romelic
Seicavda e.w. triviumis sagnebs: gramatikas, ritorikasa da logikas an dialeqtikas. zemoaRniSnul
sagnebs uwodebdnen rogorc formirebis xelovnebasartes formales[3, 62]. didi yuradReba eTmoboda
aseve e.w. kvadriumis mecnierebebs (ariTmetikas,
geometrias, astronomiasa da musikas). aseve calke
samecniero dargad iwyebs Camoyalibebas medicina da
iurispodencia [19, 41-43].
swavlebis tradicia, mecnierebaTa Svid nawilad
dayofis - sam logikur da oTx maTematikur nawilad,
momdinareobda
klasikuri
periodis
berZnuli
filosofiidan.
berZeni
filosofosebis
azriT,
pirveli sami aerTianebda sokratamdeli periodidan
239
arstoteles
CaTvliT
arsebul
filosofiur
moZRvrebebs, romelTac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeboda
moswavleTa
logikuri
azrovnebis
Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. gamorCeulia aristoteles
Txzulebebi: „kategoria“, „topika“ da „ontologia“,
romelnic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi didi interesiT
iswavleboda saskolo ganaTlebis sistemaSi [3, 62].
rac Seexeba maTematikuri disciplinebis dayofas
oTx nawilad, Zvel antikuri moazrovneTa azriT, is
emyareboda piTagoras an piTagora-platonis ontologias, romelsac mogvianebiT aqtiurad gamoiyenebdnen
neoplatonizmis
mimdevrebi.
piTagoras
ontologia gansazRvravda maTematikis oTx disciplinad dayofas.
TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgenda
erTianobis, umaRlesi codnis Secnobis safexurebs:
ariTmetika swavlebas ricxvebis Sesaxeb, musika swavlebas harmoniis Sesaxeb, geometria swavlebas
sigrZis, ganfenilobis Sesaxeb xolo astronomia ki
swavlebas kosmosis, rogorc samyaros ganfenilobis
harmoniis Sesaxeb [3, 63].
Sua saukuneebis evropaSi aseve me-12 saukunidan
Camoyalibebas iwyebs aRzrdis axali mimarTuleba raindebis aRzrda. samxedro teqnikis ganuviTareblobam, mudmivma samxedro dapirispirebam feodalebs Soris,
raindebis aRzrdis aucilebloba
ganapiroba. raindebisTvis ucxo iyo fizikuri da
gonebrivi Sroma. maTTvis elementaruluri ganaTlebis miRebac ki ar warmoadgenda aucileblobas. magram
raindebs unda SeZlebodaT: mTamsleloba, curva,
xmalaoba, nadiroba, Wadrakis TamaSi, leqsebis Seqmna
da musikalur instrumentze dakvra.
240
specifikuri xasiaTis matarebeli iyo qalebis
aRzrda-ganaTleba Sua saukuneebis evropis saxelmwifoebSi. feodalTa ojaxis qalebi, mxolod qalebis
zedamxedvelobis qveS myof ojaxebSi izrdebidnen da
maTi
aRzrdiT
dakavebulni
iyvnen
specialuri
aRmzrdelebi.
XII-XIII saukuneebis saganmanaTleblo praqtikaSi
farTo gavrcelebas hpovebs eklesia- monastrebSi
qalTa aRzrda-ganaTlebis tradicia. aq moswavleebi
swavlobdnen
laTinurs,
ecnobodnen
biblias,
iTavisebdnen keTilSobiluri urTierTobis
unarCvevebsa da sxv. eklesiac Tavis mxriv dainteresebuli
iyo qalebis religiuri ganaTlebis meSveobiT gavlena
moexdina maT meuRleebze - feodalebsa da raindebze.
im qalebis ganaTleba ki, romlebic miekuTvnebodnen
araprivilegirebuli sazogadoebis wres,
Semoifargleboda mxolod sameurneo saqmianobiT, xelgarjilobis swavlebiTa da religiuri wesebis dacviT.
Sua saukuneebis evropis ganaTlebis ganviTarebaSi
xazgasasmelia frankTa imperatoris karlos didis
Rvawli,
romelic
sicocxlis
bolo
wlebSi
gatacebuli iyo damwerlobis xelovnebiT. karlosi
mfarvelobda ganaTlebul adamianTa fenas. mis mier
789 wels gamocemul iqna specialuri brZaneba, e.w.
kapitulacia, romelic aRniSnavda, rom eklesiamonastrebSi garda sasuliero cxovrebisa yuradReba
unda miqceoda Tavad sasuliero pirebis ganaTlebas.
unda amaRlebuliyo religiuri ganaTlebis done da
gamosworebuliyo is xarvezebi, rac
SeiniSneboda
sasuliero pirebis mier gamocemul werilebSi [13,
130-131].
241
karlos didis iniciativa sisruleSi ver iqna
moyvanili, radgan
imperiaSi ganaTlebuli kadrebis
saTanado raodenoba sakmarisi ar iyo. magram samefo
karze organizebul iqna specialuri skola, sadac
amzadebdnen momaval saxelmwifo moRvaweebs. karlos
didisave brZanebiT, aaxenSi agebul iqna samefo
sasaxle, romelic gaxda im periodis ganaTlebis
centri, sadac cxovrobda da moRvaweobda Sua
saukuneebis udidesi moRvawe al kuini [13, 131].
frankTa
imperatoris
amgvarma
moqmedebam
ganapiroba evropis kulturuli ganviTareba, romelic
istoriaSi „karolinguri aRorZinebis“ saxeliT aris
cnobili.
es procesi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ar
gagrZelebula.
karlosis
gardacvalebis
Semdeg,
kulturulma cxovrebam kvlav monastrebis kedlebSi
gadainacvla.
Sua saukuneebis evropaSi qalaqebis aRmocenebaganviTarebis Sedegad, bunebrivad dadga sxvadasxva
dargis specialistebis - eqimebis, saxelmwifo moxeleebis,
mosamarTleebis,
pedagogebisa
da
sxv.
aucileblobis sakiTxi, rac umniSvnelovanesi saganmanaTleblo sistemis - universitetebis warmoSobis
winapiroba gaxda [16, 310-314]. universitetebis
warmoSoba ganapiroba Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebis
moTxovnilebam, rom qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikur
sarbielze ganaTlebuli xalxi yofiliyo. aseTi
pirebi saWiro iyo rogorc saero, ise saeklesio
sferoSi. ganaTlebuli kadrebis deficiti gansakuTrebulad SeiniSneboda Sua saukuneebis dasavleT
evropis qveynebis sasamarTlo sistemaSi [18, 6-7].
242
me-12 saukunisTvis evropaSi safuZveli eyreba
pirvel umaRles saswavleblebs: seviliis parizis,
tuluzis, kembrijis, oqsfordis, boloniisa, valensiis da sxva. universitetebis warmoSoba efuZneboda
saskolo bazas.
eklesiasTan da monastrebTan
arsebul skolebSi moRvawe pedagogebi drodadro
axdendnen gamoyofas da qmnidnen sakuTar korporacias
- universitetebs. am gziT Camoyalibda boloniis,
parizis, fraiburgis da sxva evropis cnobili
universitetebi [16, 317].
Sua
saukuneebis
evropis
umaRles
saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi ZiriTadad funqcionirebda ori
erTmaneTisgan met-naklebad gansxvavebuli - franguli
da italiuri sistema. gansxvaveba italiur da
frangul
sauniversiteto
cxovrebas
Soris
mdgomareobda imaSi, rom Tu italiis universitetebSi
korporaciuli avtonomiis gafarToebisTvis brZola
mimdinareobda universitetsa da qalaqis xelisuflebas Soris, parizSi - episkopossa da universitetis kanclers Soris. kanclers gaaCnda diplomis
gacemisa (licentia docendi) da umaRles saswavleblebSi
disciplinuri uflebamosilebis gansazRvris ufleba.
am garemoebebis gamo, parizis universiteti didi xnis
manZilze inarCunebda sqolastizmis tradicias. Tumca
brZola universitetis avtonomiis gafarToebisaTvis
mTeli
me-13
saukunis
manZilze
grZeldeboda
universitetis kanclersa da saepiskoposos xelisuflebas Soris. mxolod 1246 wlisTvis pap inokent
IV-is CareviT universitets mieniWa sakuTari beWedi
[11, 325]. universitetebs CamoyalibebisTanave gaaCndaT
sazogadad aRiarebuli avtoriteti, ama Tu im
243
universitetis mier miniWebul samecniero xarisxebs
gaaCndaT saerTo evropuli mniSvneloba [12, 234-235].
pirveli universitetebi imTaviTve warmoadgendnen Sua saukuneebis mecnierebis mTavar centrebs.
evropis yvela qveyanaSi sauniversiteto ganaTlebis
miReba
erTiani
sistemiT
mimdinareobda,
sadac
swavlebis ena laTinuri iyo. Sua saukuneebis
universitetebis swavleba efuZneboda kaTolikuri
eklesiis
doqtrinas.
umaRlesi
saswavleblebis
cxovrebaSi aqtiurad iyvnen CarTulni sxvadasxva
religiuri ordenebi - franciskanelTa, dominikanelTa
da sxva. aRniSnuli procesi ar yofila umtkivneulo
rogorc oficialur eklesiasTan, ise studentebTan
urTierTobaSi [10, 37]. Tumca araerTi didi
warmomadgeneli
am
ordenebisa,
amSvenebda
Sua
saukuneebis
universitetebs,
romelTa
Soris
aRsaniSnavia albert magnusi da Toma aqvineli.
universitetis sistema iyofoda fakultetebad,
naciebad da kolejebad [12, 239-245; 4, 23-28].
fakulteti Tavidanve warmoadgenda yvelaze did
organos sauniversiteto cxovrebaSi. Sua saukuneebis
evropaSi ZiriTadad funqcionirebda Tavisufali
xelovnebis, samarTlis, medicinisa da Teologiis
fakultetebi. maswavleblebi da studentebi iTvlebodnen
fakultetis
wevrebad,
rogor
wevrebi
„studium generate“. unda aRiniSnos, rom evropis
universitetebis safakulteto sistema mowyobili
iyo parizis univeristetis safakulteto modelze.
parizis modeli bevrad warmatebuli iyo, ris gamo is
misaRebi gaxda mTeli centraluri da samxreTdasavleTi evropisTvis. SedarebiT gansxvaebuli iyo
244
boloniis universitetebisgan, romlebic ZiriTadad
orientirebulni iyvnen erTi disciplinis irgvliv
ganaTlebis micemaze. aseve universiteti dayofili
iyo 2 nawilad: pirvelSi erTiandebodnen apenininis
naxevarkunZulze
dabadebuli
studentebi
da
leqtorebi, xolo meoreSi ara
apeninis mkvidri
leqtor-studentebi. profesorebsac gaaCndaT TavianTi korporacia - collegium doctorum. boloniis
modeli faqtobrivad naklebad gamoiyeneboda Sua
saukuneebis evropaSi [17, 109-111].
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mniSvnelovani nawili
administraciuli funqciisa fakultetze modioda.
fakultets hyavda xelmZRvaneli - dekani (decanus)
da xazindari (receptor); fakultets gaaCnda aseve
medali, beWedi da wesdeba. pirveli dekanebi
msoflios sauniversiteto istoriaSi Cndebian me-13
s-Si parizsa da monpelieSi. me-14 saukunidan
aRniSnuli Tanamdeboba gvxvdeba sxvadasxva qveynebisa
da qalaqebis umaRles saswavleblebSi.
rac Seexeba meore formas korporaciisa- naciebs,
es warmoadgenda e.w saTvistomoebs. Tavdapirvelad
saTvistomoebi spontanurad aRmocendnen
studentebisa da leqtorebis Zalisxmevis Sedegad, mogvianebiT ki universitetis Semadgeneli nawili gaxdnen.
universitetebis cxovrebaSi saTvistomoebi mniSvnelovan
rols
TamaSobda.
xSiri
iyo,
roca
saTvistomoebis Tavmjdomareebi irCevdnen reqtorebs
da Sediodnen universitetebis mmarTvelobaSi. parizis
universitetSi warmodgenili iyo Semdegi erovnuli
saTvistomoebi: franguli, pikarduli, normanuli da
inglisuri.
saTvistomos marTavda sabWo, romelic
245
yovel TveSi irCevda prokurors (procura¬tor).
saTvistomoebs gaaCnda sakuTari beWedi, registraciis,
Semosavalisa da gasavlis Jurnali.
mogvianebiT universitetebs daemata kidev erTi
axali korporacia kolejebis saxiT.
koleji anu
domus
scholarium,
Tavdapirvelad
Camoyalibda,
rogorc pansioni Raribi studentebisTvis. mogvianebiT, ki es pansionebi gardaiqmnen avtonomiuri an
naxevrad avtonomiuri uflebebis mqone akademiur
dawesebulebebad. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi cnobili
iyo parizis universitetTan arsebuli koleji
[hospitia], wm. Tomas koleji [St. Thomas du Louvre],
daaxloebiT 1257 wels rober sorbonis mier
daarsebuli koleji da sxv. rac Seexeba kolejebis
saswavlo mimarTulebebs, is ZiriTadad orientirebuli iyo gramatikis, xelovnebisa da Teologiis
mimarTulebiT.
rogorc
aRniSnulia
samecniero
literaturaSi, Sua saukuneebis evropaSi Zalze
iSviaTobas
warmodgenda
samedicino
kolejebi.
kolejebis xelmZRvanelobis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen eklesiebisa da universitetebis administraciis
warmomadgenlebi. kolejebs xelmZRvanelobda e.w.
provizori (provisor), romelsac weliwadSi erTxel
irCevdnen [14, 289].
mTeli sauniversiteto sistema moiTxovda mkacr
wesrigs. ara mxolod saswavlo weli, aramed dRis
ganrigic
winaswar iyo gawerili studentebisa da
leqtorebisTvis. zafxulSi mecadieneoba iwyeboda
aranakleb dilis 5 saaTze
[ordinariae], ZiriTadi
leqciebi sruldeboda dilis 8-9 saaTisTvis. sauzmis
246
Semdeg da saRamos imarTeboda klasgareSe kiTxvebi
(extraordinariae)[14, 290-291].
saswavlo
wlis
dasawyisSi
saartisto
fakultetis
maswavleblebi
erTmaneTs
Soris
inawilebdnen wignebs.
yovel artists mudmivad
uwevda wignebis SerCeva iseTnairad, rom
siRrmiseulad ver axerxebdnen specialobis sagnis aTvisebas.
gansakuTrebiT mwiri iyo profesuris raodenoba
maRal kursebze. mag. medicinis fakultetze mxolod
erTi
docenti
kiTxulobda
yvela
Teoriul
disciplinas, meore docenti ki praqtikuli medicinis
yvela kurss.
Sua
saukuneebis
universitetis
cxovrebaSi
urTierTobebis araerTi maxinji faqti arsebobda. mag:
profesorebis dasmena, TanamSromlebis TvalTvali da
sxv. e.w. "nokomaqes eTikis" mixedviT, parizSi
dawesebuli iyo 12 kvirian saswavlo semestri.
students, romelic swavlobda medicinis specialobaze, unda moesmina 50 leqcia hipokrates
aforizmebis Sesaxeb, aseve 38 leqcia e.w. „cxelebis
wignis“ Sesaxeb da sxv. [5, 320-32].
leqciis kiTxvisas docenti ikavebda misTvis
gankuTvnil adgils kaTedraze. sqolarebi isdnen
skamze,
xolo
mosamzadebel
safexurze
myofi
studentebi, romlebsac artistebs uwodebdnen, iyo
SemTxveva, rom isxdnen iatakze [12, 240]. aseve
misaRebi iyo sxvadasxva meTodebiT dasja
artistebisa,
rac
maRali
kursis
studentebTan
urTierTobaSi dauSveblad miiCneoda [9, 83].
Sua saukuneebis universitetebis auditoriebi, im
periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli safexureobrivi mwkri247
vebiT, merxebiTa da skamebiT, mogvagoneben Tanamedrove universitetebis auditoriebs. qvemoT ganTavsebuli iyo muxis masiuri magida, sadac leqtorebi
maTTvis
gankuTvnil
kaTedras
ikavebdnen
da
auditoriis winaSe leqciebs kiTxulobdnen. studentebi ismendnen leqcias da axdendnen Canaweris
gakeTebas. studentTa asaki gansxvavebuli iyo. mravalferovani iyo aseve studentTa Semadgenloba
erovnulobis TvalsazrisiT: espanelebi, germanelebi,
frangebi, ingliselebi. erovnuli mravalferovneba maT
ar uqmnida aranair bariers saswavlo proceSi, radgan
yvela evropelisTvis Sua saukuneebis samecniero enas
laTinuri warmoadgenda.
saswavlo
procesSi
didi
adgili
eWira
diskusiebs. xSiri iyo magistrebsa da artistebs
Soris mimdinare diskusiis dapirisperebaSi gadasvla.
aseT disputTa Soris cnobilia pier abeliaris
diskusia parizis universitetis profesorTan giliom
SamposTan, romelic urTierTdapirispirebaSi gadavida
[2, 353]. aRniSnuli diskusia damTavrda imiT, rom
profesori Sampo iZulebuli iyo eRiarebina abeliaris simarTle da axalgazrdas Tavisi kaTedra dauTmo
[1, 288-289].
saswavlo kursi univeristetSi gansazRvruli
iyo xangrZlivi periodiT. magaliTad, Teologiis
kursi Tavidan gaTvlili iyo 8 weliwadze, Tumca iyo
tendencia kursis xanrZlivobis gazrdis Sesaxeb.
aseve, mag: xelovnebis specialobis kursdamTavrebuls
4 weli unda mieZRvna bibliis
da 2 weli petre
lombardelis „sentenciebis“ [azrebis] SeswavlisTvis.
xolo magistrisa da doqtoris xarisxis misaRebad
248
studenti saWiroebda damatebiT 4-5 wliani saswavlo
kursis gavlas. rac Seexeba asaks, studentTa asaki aq
bevrad axalgazrda iyo, vidre Tanaedrove periodSi
[7, 183].
me-12 saukunis Sua saukuneebis evropis qeynebis
inteleqtualur cxovrebaSi didi gavlena iqonia
codnam aristotelizmis Sesaxeb. yovelive amas xeli
Seuwyo, didi filosofosis Semoqmedebis laTinur
enaze Targmnam.
me-13
saukunis
10-iani
wlebidan
evropis
universitetebSi
TiTqmis
yvelgan
daiwyo
aristoteles filosofiuri swavlebis devna. am ideis
erT-erTi novatori iyo romis papi grigori X,
romelmac gamosca specialuri bula aristoteles
swavlebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb [7, 187-188], magram me-13
saukunis 60-iani wlebisTvis parizis universitetSi
aristoteles swavleba ukve daSvebuli iyo [10, 53].
me-14 saukunis dasasrulidan adamianis statusis
amaRlebisTvis mniSvnelovani gaxda neoplatonizmis
ideebis gaTaviseba. romelic mxatvars aRmoaCenda
rogorc Semoqmeds, romelic SemoqmedebaSi axdenda
materiis gardaqmnasa da RvTaebrivi ideebis Semotanas
[10, 55].
me-15 saukunis dasawyisisTvis evropaSi 65
universiteti emsaxureboda umaRlesi ganaTlebis
miRebas. es ricxvi kidev ufro gaizarda saukunis
dasasruls da man 79 miaRwia [15, 352]. maT Soris
yvelaze prestiJulad iTvleboda parizis, boloniis,
kembrijis, oqsfordis, praRis, haidelbergis da
krakovis univesritetebi [6].
249
aseTi saxis mqone, religiuri gavlenis qveS
myofi Sua saukuneebis saganmanaTleblo sistema,
mTlianobaSi mimarTuli iyo feodaluri sazogadoebis
gaZlierebisken.
romis kaTolikuri eklesiis zegavleniT, codnaganaTlebis miReba koncentrirebuli iyo eklesiebsa
da
monastrebSi,
ris
Sedegad
religiur
xelisuflebas
uadvildeboda
kontroli
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis Sida cxovrebaSi.
universitetebsa da saswavlo dawesebulebebze Tavisi
gavlenis damyarebas cdilobdnen evropis monarqebi da
samefo
xelisuflebis
administraciis
warmomadgenelebic. saukuneebis manZilze universitetebis
akademiuri warmomadgenlebisa da studentebis didi
brZolis fasad, umaRlesma saswavleblebma SeZles
mieRwiaT
garkveuli
avtonomiisa
da
privilegiebisaTvis.
aseTi saxiT evropulma universitetebma ganvles
xangrZlivi, rTuli da saintereso gza saeklesio da
samonastro skolebidan, saqalaqo da manufaqturuli
organizaciis gzis gavliT Zlier korporaciamde,
romelic mogvianebiT Camoyalibda rogorc patara
saxelmwifo saxelmwifoSi.
250
wyaroebi da literatura:
1. Абеляр П. История моих бедствий //Августин
Аврелий. Исповедь; Абеляр П. История моих
бедствий.- Москва, 1992.
2. Всемирная история. Энциклопедия. Т.1 /Глав. Ред. М.
Аксенова.- Москва 1997
3. Гайденко В, Смирнов Г. Западноевропейская наука в
средние века, Москва, 1989
4. Гештор А. Средневековый университет: Управление и
ресурсы.//ALMA MATER.- 1996.- № 5.- С.23-28.
5. Гофф Ж. Ле Цивилизация средневекового Запада.- М.:
Наука, 1992
6. Документы по истории университетов Европы,
Воронеж, 1973 el.
versia: http://www.vostlit.
info/Texts/Dokumenty/Italy/XII/Univers/vved.phtml?id=6
006
7. Коплстон Ф. История средневековой философии».Москва, 1997
8. Пиков Г. Из истории европейской культуры; Учебное
пособие / Новосибирский государственный университет. Новосибирск, 2002.
9. Поэзия вагантов /Отв. Ред. Ф.А. Петровский.- Москва
1975
10. Уваров П.Ю. История интеллектуалов и интеллектуального труда в Средневековой Европе. - Москва,
2000,
11. Уваров П.Ю. История средневековых университетов
по франко-бельгийской историографии начала 80-х
годов 20 в. // Средние века. Вып. 50. Москва, 1987,
С.325.
251
12. Университет / Энциклопедия Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А.
Ефрона (1890 - 1916гг.), 1890, репринтное издание,
Т.58.Москва 1993
13. Хрестоматия по истории средних веков /Под ред.
Н.П. Грацианского и С.Д. Сказкина. Т.2.- Москва,
1950
14. Хрестоматия по истории средних веков /Под ред.
Н.П. Грацианского и С.Д. Сказкина. Т.1. Москва 1949
15. Энциклопедия: «Всемирная история». Том 1. /Гл.
Редактор М. Аксѐнова.- Москва, 1997
16. Ястребицкая А.Л. Средневековая культура и город в
новой исторической науке. Перевод с фр. Отрывка из
книги А.Б. Гоббена об университетах. - Москва, 1995
17. Denifle H., Die Universitaten des Mittelalters bis 1400.
Berlin, 1885
18. Dmitrishin Al., Deconstructing Distinctions. The
European University in Comparative Historical
Perspective, Journal of World History Universitat Pompeu
Fabra Barcelona Número 5 (juny 2013) el. resursi:
www.entremons.org, gv. 6-7
19. Muther Th. Zur Geschichte der Rechtswissenschaft und
der Universitaten in Deutschland. 1876, gv.41-43
20. Pedersen O., The first Universities, Cambridge 1997, gv.
99-120.
252
Zurab Sulaberidze
FROM THE HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL
SYSTEMS IN WEST EUROPEAN PRIMARY
SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES
One of the most significant features in the history of the
Medieval Western Europe was a process of cultural and
educational degradation. The medieval society skeptically
adjusted basic antique values of education and culture. The
main spiritual source for the literate society of the above
mentioned period was the Bible and "Eneida” by Vergil.
Four main dogmas of the well-known Scholasticism figure Aurelius Augustine had an important place in the medieval
educational ideology, as well.
The new cities foundation and development of the public
relations caused the needs of having different specialties that
conditioned the creation of the medieval universities.
At the turn of the 15th-16thcenturies it was possible to
get higher education at 79 universities in Europe. The most
prestigious among them were the universities of Paris,
Bologna, Cambridge, Oxford, Prague, Heidelberg and others.
At that time getting the proper education was possible
almost exclusively in the Church institutes(monasteries,
temples),that gave the Church officials the desirable chance
to achieve control and run the educational system. The royal
authorities were also actively interfering in the activities of
the educational institutions. Autonomy of board and some
privileges of the high education institutions were gained only
after a century of fighting of the academic circles’
representatives and students
253
igor kekelia
,,saafacios“ lokalizaciisaTvis
enguris xeoba uZvelesi droidan iqcevda ucxoel
da qarTvel mecnier-mogzaurTa yuradRebas, masze
gamavali mniSvnelovani strategiuli, politikuri Tu
ekonomikuri komunikaciebiT. enguris xeobaSi mdebare
punqtebis _ anakliisa da ruxis aRweris Semdeg
vaxuStis naSromSi gadmocemulia enguris xeobis
geografiuli mdebareoba: ,,ruxs zeiT, am wyalzed,
mTasa Sina ars saafacio saTavidam“ [3, 778-779].
mis mierve Sedgenil rukebze saxeldebuli
obieqti xan mdinaris marcxena napirzea aRniSnuli,
xan marjvenaze. am sakiTxiT Tavis droze dainteresda
odiSis saistorio geografiis cnobili mkvlevari
Tamaz beraZe. ,,saafacios“ lokalizaciis kuTxiT
warmoebuli kvleva gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi
gamoqveynebul naSromSi man Semdegi saxiT Camoayaliba:
is faqti, rom vaxuStis Tavis rukaTa meore atlasis
arc erT Sesabamis rukaze saafacio, rogorc punqti,
ar aRuniSnavs, im garemoebiT unda aixsnas, rom
saxelovan mecniers eWvi epareboda am saxelwodebis
punqtis realurad arsebobaSi. vaxuStis cnobis
Tanaxmad, saafacio iseTive feodaluri erTeulia,
rogoricaa salipartiano, magram saqme isaa, rom
odiSis am nawilis sofelTa toponimia ar icnobs
punqts ,,saafacios“ saxelwodebiT. mis arsebobaze
arafers gveubneba xalxuri gadmocema da vinaidan
254
werilobiT wyaroebSic araferia cnobili afacias,
rogorc feodaluri gvaris Sesaxeb, saafacios
feodaluri
erTeulis
arsebobac
eWvs
iwvevs.
saafacioSi,
daaskvnis
mkvlevari,
SeuZlebelia
vigulisxmoT sof. ruxis erTi ubani safarcvanio,
vinaidan araa savaldebulo Zvel droSi damoukidebel
soflad misi miCneva. amasTanave, rac mTavaria,
farcvaniebis gvareulobidan, vaxuSti bagrationis
mier nagulisxmevi saafacios feodaluri erTeuli
ver Seiqmneboda, radgan am gvaris kacni glexebi
iyvnen [1, 61].
T. beraZis aRniSnuli msjeloba rom damajerebelia, amaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom ruxeli
farcvaniebis gadmocemiT, maTi winaprebi XIX saukunis
50-ian wlebSi Camosaxlebulan salipartianodan.
gadmocemis siswores adasturebs erTi saistorio
wyaroc,
saidanac
irkveva,
rom
salipartianos
soflebidan – kurZudan da namkoludan 85 komli
glexis (maT Soris – Todua 14 komli, farcvania –
13 k; janaSia – 12 k; okujava – 3 k; facia – 3 k;
naWyebia – 2 k.) ruxSi Camosaxleba momxdara 1859
wels,
niko
dadianis
iniciativiT,
romelsac
TiToeuli axalmosaxle ojaxisaTvis engursa da
kuCxiobonus Sua ufasod miucia 15 qceva miwa da 5
wlis ganmavlobaSi yvela gaunTavisuflebia gadasaxadisagan. Semdeg gadasaxadis saxiT dawesebula 5
maneTi da erTi koka Rvino TiTo ,,gramotaze“. amis
255
gamo sofel ruxs, rac niko dadianis sakuTrebas
warmoadgenda, nikosia darqmevia (26, Canaw. 898).
prof. p. cxadaias TqmiT, nikosia sofels 1926
wlamde erqva
(24, 269). ,,yazayiSi gazeTis“ 1932
wlis №181 ki gvamcnobs, rom nikosias 1932 wlis 15
seqtembers daubrunda Zveli saxeli ruxi.
safarcvanio ubania sajanaSiosa da qvemo saToduos Sua. p. cxadaias cnobiT, radganac ,,gramotas“
Camoyolili farcvaniebi waCxuruSi (martvilis r.)
yovel wels salocavad ver midiodnen, ,,sawaCxuro
lagvani“ aq, ruxSi mouwyviaT [6, 272].
sakvlevi toponimis (,,saafacio“) lokalizaciaze
msjelobisas sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom sof. ruxSi
mosaxleobs 30 komlamde facias gvariskaci da maTi
dasaxleba iwodeba safaciod. udaod TvalSisacemi
garegnuli msgavsebis miuxedavad (,,saafacio“ –
,,safacio“) vaxuStiseuli saxelwodebis amosavali
Ziris
mniSvnelobis
SeZlebisamebr
mkafiod
ilustirebisaTvis ruxSi mdebare faciebis gvaris
kompaqturi dasaxlebis aRmniSvneli saxeli ,,safacio“
mainc ver gamodgeba, kvlav im umTavresi garemoebis
gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom
faciebic
(farcvaniebis
msgavsad) glexebi iyvnen da, Tu vigulisxmebT, rom
vaxuStis mixedviT, saafacio marTlac garkveuli
feodaluri erTeulis saxelwodeba iyo, glexTa
gvareuloba am erTeulis saxelis ,,naTlia“ ver
iqneboda.
256
amave dros angariSgasawevia Semdegi Tvalsazrisic:
vaxuSti
bagrationi
SesaZlebelia
arasworad
iZleodes am feodaluri erTeulis saxels, an
zustad ver gansazRvravdes mis mdebareobas, magram
isic Zneli dasajerebelia, rom mas saerTod
moegonebinos ,,saafacios“ arseboba [1, 61].
enguris xeobaSi, saafacios, rogorc soflis Tu
feodaluri erTeulis, arseboba da zogierT rukaze
misi aRniSvna, Zneli saTqmelia, vaxuStis subieqtur
mosazrebas mivaweroT, Tu xalxur gadmocemaze
dafuZnebul Tvalsazrisad miviCnioT. Tumca ufro
sarwmunod is garemoeba gvesaxeba, rom mecnieri
saafacioze werisas xalxisagan miRebul cnobebze
dafuZnebul Tvalsazriss gvTavazobs, oRond –
araswori saxiT.
T. beraZe ganagrZobs msjelobas saafacios garSemo
da varaudobs, rom vaxuStiseul saafacioSi SesaZlebelia werilobiT wyaroebSi XIII s-dan moxseniebuli
odiSis Zlieri feodaluri sagvareulos – afaqiZeebis
(adg.
gamoTqmiT
afaqiebis)
feodaluri
erTeuli saafaqiZo//saafaqio viguli-sxmoT. am gvarSi
Semonaxuli erTi gadmocemis Tanaxmad afaqiZeTa
samflobelo erT dros md. maganamde aRwevda, rac
vaxuStis mier mocemuli ,,saafacios“ teritorias
nawilobriv emTxveva. T. beraZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs
XVII s. pirveli naxevriT daTariRebul sabuTSi
,,saqoCaqiZeos“ moxseniebis faqts, rac iyo ,,dadianis
257
levanis wyaloba mamuli“. wyarod miTiTebulia prof.
sargis kakabaZis mier gamoqveyenebuli ,,afxazeTis
saeklesio glexebis didi davTari“.
toponimi ,,saqoCaqiZo“ dasturdeba md. enguridan
ramdenime km-iT daSorebul sof. CqvalerSi (walenjixis r.). saqoCaqiZo, masSi Semavali jgalis cixesasaxliT, vrceli ,,qveyana“ unda yofiliyo. rac, T.
beraZis azriT, nawilobriv Tavsdeba vaxuStis rukaze
mocemul teritoriaze. ,,saafacio“ SesaZlebelia
damaxinjebuli ,,saqoCaqiZo“ iyos. erTi ram cxadia,
daaskvnis mkvlevari, rom vaxuStiseuli saafacio
romeliRac realurad arsebuli feodaluri erTeulis gamomxatvelia, Tumca saxelovani mecnieri mis
saxelsa da mdebareobas arazustad gadmoscems [1, 62].
saafacios
mdebareobis
Sesaxeb
T.
beraZis
mosazrebis analizi mocemulia d. WiTanavas naSromSi,
romelic saanalizod miuTiTebs istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad
T. beraZis mier warmodgenili sadisertacio naSromis
Sesabamis gverds. toponimi ,,saafacio“ am mxareSi
verc d. WiTanavas daufiqsirebia. mkvlevari emxroba
im azrs, rom werilobiT wyaroebSi afaciebis
feodaluri saxli da gvareuloba ar ixsenieba, Tumca
damatebiTi masala ,,saafacios“ lokalizaciis Taobaze
mas ar warmoudgenia [7, 381-382].
am TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyrobs zugdidis rnis
sof.
WkaduaSSi
dadasturebuli
toponimi
258
,,saafaqioS CxouSia“. ase ewodeba mdinares, rac
warmoadgens
CxouSiis
marcxena
mdgenels.
mis
saTavesTan mdebare farTo vakes ,,saafaqio“ hqvia
(saxelmdebni
akonkreteben:
saanTioS
CxouSia,
TordinefiS CxouSia//yaliCefiS CxouSia, Tudoleni
CxouSia,
naoCuS
CxouSia,
saafaqioS
CxouSia).
sainteresoa isic, rom engur-Waniswylis wyalgamyofze, sof. WkaduaSsa da jvars Soris mdebare
maRlobi da sofelic saafaqiod iwodeboda. WkaduaSis
nawils rom afaqiebi (afaqiZeebi) flobdnen, mowmobs
soflis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, walen-jixis
raionis sof. didi eweris sazRvarze, sajin-jolaSi
mdebare sasaflaosa da naeklesiaris saxelwodeba
naoxvam(u)//buWueS oxvame informatorebi aq eklesiis
aSenebas Tavad buWue afaqias miaweren [6, 397].
d. WiTanava sof. WkaduaSis siZveleebze saubrisas
p. cxadaias naSromidan [6] Sesabamisi gverdebis
miTiTebiT imowmebs sofelSi toponimebad dadasturebul naeklesiar adgilebs. asaxelebs naoxvamus//buWueS oxvames da am eklesiis mSeneblad
SecdomiT Tavad buWue alanias miiCnevs [7, 139].
,,saafacios“
likalizaciis
saqmeSi
garkveul
samsaxurs gviwevs mari broses naSromi, raSic, sxva
sakiTxebTan erTad, aRwerilia samegrelosa da
afxazeTis istoriuli siZveleni. frangi qarTvelologi nabakevis
maxloblad asaxelebs
Zvel
cixesimagres saoxocios saxelwodebiT da
mis
259
SemogarenSi, enguris SesarTavTan mdebare samlocvelos da Rrma Was, rasac megrelebi Turme mahmetis
inWas eZaxdnen [2, 140].
broses zemoT damowmebuli cnoba iZleva imis
safuZvels, vifiqroT, rom vaxuSti batoniSvilis
mier moxseniebuli ,,saafacio“ realurad arsebobda
enguris marjvena mxares, axlandeli galis raionis
nabakevis Temis SemogarenSi. nabakevi galidan 25 km-iT
aris daSorebuli. arqanjelo lambertis rukaze
dafiqsirebulia Naalbachia-s formiT.
2003 wels gamoqveynebul samurzayanos geografiul saxelwodebaTa nusxaSi (5) vaxuStiseuli
,,saafacio“ da broseseuli ,,saoxocio“, samwuxarod,
ar dasturdeba, magram Rrmad varT darwmunebuli,
rom orive toponimi erTi da imave obieqtis
saxelwodebis
varianti
unda
iyos.
amasTanave,
gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom mari broses
moRvaweobis periodi (1802-1880 ww.) 100
wliT
aSorebs vaxuStis fundamenturi naSromis Seqmnis
dros, rac ufro met sandoobas hmatebs frangi
qarTvelologis naSromSi damowmebul cnobebs.
260
wyaroebi da literatura:
1. T. beraZe, vaxuSti bagrationi da odiSis istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebi, ,,saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis krebuli“, IV. Tb., 1971.
2. mari brose, arqeologiuri mogzauroba samegrelosa da afxazeTSi, teqsti frangulidan Targmna
xaTuna wiklaurma, Tb., 2011.
3. vaxuSti “aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa”, teqsti
dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.
yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1973.
4. s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, tf., 1921.
5. p. cxadaia, v. jojua, samurzayanos geografiuli
saxelwodebani, Tb., 2003.
6. p. cxadaia, samegrelos geografiuli saxel-wodebani, II. zugdidis raioni, Tb., 2007.
7. d. WiTanava, eklesiebi da saero nagebobebi samegreloSi (uZvelesi droidan dRemde), Tb., 2010.
8. Сборник сведении о Кавказе, т. V, Тифлис, 1879,
Canaw. 898.
261
Igor Kekelia
FOR THE LOCALIZATION OF ,,SAAPATSIO~
The well-known scientist and public man of XVIII century in
Vakhushti Bagrationi’s fundamental work are given the
descriptions of the different parts of Georgia according to the
natural consequence and military-political division of these
places.
The geographical atlases with the maps of the different parts
of Georgia are very important. They were made by
Vakhushti in 1735-1745 years. On these maps we can see the
historical-geographic parts of the country, settlements, relief
and hydrography.
In this review of Vakhushti Bagrationi with his maps and
other written sources, there are given the materials about
historical Geography of the Enguri Valley.
262
eka avaliani
CemiPpasuxi b-n jemal SaraSeniZis recenziaze:
“ramdenime arasasiamovno sityva eka avalianis
wignze: Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis
istoria: ganviTarebis traeqtoriebi Zv.w. III
aTaswleulidan III saukunemde”,
Tb. 2012.
winasityvaoba
2012 wels gamoica Cemi monografia, Zveli
maxlobeli
aRmosavleTis
istoria:
ganviTarebis
traeqtoriebi Zv.w. III aTaswleulidan III saukunemde”,
wigni I, 197 gv. wignis redaqtorebi: zurab kiknaZe,
maia RambaSiZe, nino Ciqovani. rogorc avtorma,
imTaviTve gavTvale redaqtorebis SerCevis sakiTxi da
mizanSewonilad CavTvale, rom pirvel wigns hyoloda
ori eqsperti Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis
ganxriT, profesorebi zurab kiknaZe, vinc qarTul
enaze “aametyvela” Zveli Suamdinaruli wyaroebi da
maia RambaSiZe – pirveli Taobis asiriologiis
kursdamTavrebuli, Tsu profesori. orive profesori
kargad icnobs Suamdinarul wyaroebs da artefaqtebs
da, am TvalsazrisiT, maTi rCevebi CemTvis Zalzed
yuradsaRebi iyo.EerTi eqsperti avirCie istoriis
TeoriaSi da meTodologiaSi, romelic kargad icnobs
istoriis dargSi aprobirebul Tanamedrove meTodebs
da meTodologias, es iyo profesori nino Ciqovani.
Cemi
gadawyvetileba
mimaCnda
gamarTlebulad,
radganac kvleva miznad isaxavda Zveli maxlobeli
aRmosavleTis
regionuli,
transregionuli
da
periferiuli sistemebis kompleqsur modelirebas
sivrceSi da droSi, amave dros, Zveli istoriis
calkeuli Temebis da problemebis (empiriuli
263
masalis) Teoriul interpretacias da reinterpretacias. bunebrivia, aRniSnuli mimarTulebebiT
kvleva bevr aspeqts moicavda da mec kompleqsuri
amocanebis
gzaSesayarze
aRmovCdi.
Tu
ufro
konkretulad davasabuTeb mecnierul midgomebs, me
miznad
visaxavdi,
erTgvari
siaxle
Semometana
meTodologiis TvalsazrisiT, dargSi ontologiuri
da epistemologiuri kvlevebis sinTezis fonze,
bolomde ameTvisebina yvela aprobirebuli meTodi
(veyrdnobodi arqeologiur, anTropologiur, kulturologiur, narativistul meTodebs) da Sedegad,
vaxdendi calkeuli epoqebis istoriul modelirebas,
istoriuli dinamikis warmoCeniT. am midgomebis
nawilobrivi aprobirebis safuZvelze,
2001 wels
gamovida
Cemi
monografia
saTauriT
“Zveli
civilizaciebis formireba maxlobel aRmosavleTsa da
centralur mediteranul samyaroSi”, redaqtorebi
grigol giorgaZe, guram lorTqifaniZe da nana tonia,
mogvianebiT ki, 2002 wels davicavi sadoqtoro
disertacia. aqve minda davZino, rom
dasavluri
akademiuri
sivrcisTvis es midgomebi ar iTvleba
siaxled, ukve XX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan
integraluri kvlevis gverdiT, farTod inergeba
Teoriuli, interdisciplinuri da multidi-sciplinuri kvlevebi da sxvadasxva mecnieri gansxvavebul
xedvas, mignebas da modelirebas gvaTavazobs.
me,
rogorc
mecnieri,
xangrZlivi
drois
ganmavlobaSi vemzadebodi am kvlevisaTvis, vswavlobdi
CemTvis saintereso problemebs, gavecani wamyvani
qarTveli
da
dasavleli
mecnierebis
Sromebs,
saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis muzeumebSi gamofenil
264
artefaqtebs, viyavi Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis
teritoriaze ganfenili urbanuli centrebis araerTi
eqspediciis monawile da TviTmxilveli. rasakvirvelia, Cveni kvleva, Tavisi masStaburobis gamo, ver
Caeteoda erTi wignis farglebSi da didi codnis
dagrovebas moiTxovda. amdenad, etapobrivad unda
momxdariyo dagrovili codnis gaazreba, gadamuSaveba,
ganxilva, gaziareba da inteleqtualur naazrevad
gadaqceva.
Cveni kvlevis pirveli nawili daeTmo Semdeg
TavebSi gadmocemul Temebsa da problemebs:
Tavi I. Sesavali, ras gulisxmobs cneba – “Zveli
maxlobeli
aRmosavleTi”?
terminebisa
da
koncefciebis Tanamedrove gaazrebisaTvis. qveTavebi:
cneba “Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTi” da Tanamedrove
xedvebi; “Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTi” cneba da
sxva monaTesave terminebis dazusteba; termini “Zveli
maxlobeli aRmosavleTi” da misi geografiuli
ganfenilobis aspeqtebi; Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis lokaluri, regionuli da transregionuli
sistemebi; Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoria
da qarTuli realoba; dargis qronologiuri mijnebis
problema.
Tavi II. dargis Teoriuli kvlevebi, midgomebi,
meTodologia da meTodebi XXI saukuneSi. qveTavebi:
dargis zogadi konceptualuri sakiTxebi da axali
midgomebi; Zveli istoria da qalaquri cxovrebis
inovaciebi.
Tavi III. Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis winare
istoriuli (preistoriuli) xana.
265
Tavi IV. Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis urbanizacia da qalaquri cxovreba. qveTavebi: iq sadac
gaCnda pirveli qalaqi, ukve daiwyo istoria;
damwerlobis sistemis ganviTareba SuamdinareTSi;
uruqis kulturis gavlenebi da mezobeli regionebi;
uruqis kulturis dasasruli.
Tavi V. SuamdinareTis qalaq-saxelmwifoebis
formireba, adredinastiuri periodi. qveTavebi: SuamdinareTis qalaqebidan momdinare werilobiTi dokumentebi da wyaroebi; istoriuli agenti Tu miTiuri
gmiri?
Tavi VI. samxreT SuamdinareTis politikuri
centrebis ganviTareba. qveTavebi: samxreT SuamdinareTis politikuri centrebis ganviTareba; pirveli politikuri konfliqti – umasa da lagaSs
Soris sasazRvro dava; sxva Suamdinaruli qalaqebis
istoria, teritoriuli saxelmwifoebis mSenebloba.
Tavi VII. adredinastiuri xanis Suamdinaruli
qalaq-saxelmwifoebis
fizikuri
da
socialuri
landSaftis/sivrcis konstruireba. qveTavebi: Sumeruli sazogadoebis pirveli kaci – Princeps Civitas
da qalaqebis uzenaesi RvTaeba; babiloniis mezobeli
regionebi adredinastiur xanaSi.
Tavi VIII. Suamdinaruli religiis sakvanZo
sakiTxebi. qveTavebi: uZvelesi Suamdinaruli artefaqtebi da religiis Casaxva; Suamdinaruli miwawylis didi qalRmerTebis kulti; Sumerul-aqaduri
sinkretizmi; Suamdinaruli panTeonis kompoziacia da
ikonografia; asuris mfarveli RvTaebani; gardacvaleba da dakrZalvis tradicia; qalaqi nifuri –
qveynis religiuri centri; Suamdinaruli wminda ala266
gebi da nekropolisebi (uris nekropolisis magaliTze).
Tavi IX. Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis politikuri panorama, SuamdinareTi Zv.w. III aTaswleulis
miwuruls. qveTavebi: Zv.w. III aTaswleulis bolo,
politikuri centralizaciis tendenciebi, aqadis
aRzeveba; sargonis epoqis istoriuli agentebi;
ucxotomelebi SuamdinareTSi, pirveli gardamavali
xana; uris mesame dinastiis aRzeveba, Zv.w. 21122004ww; qalaqi uri, rogorc maradiuli qalaqis
simbolo; uris dacemis Semdeg.
Tavi X. Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTi Zv.w. II
aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi. qveTavebi: axali
saxelmwifos warmonaqmnebi; mefe xamurabi, rogorc
epoqis istoriuli agenti; xamurabis memkvidreebi da
dekadensis pirveli niSnebi; diplomatiuri komunikaciebi Zvel maxlobel aRmosavleTSi, babilonis da
maris magaliTze; qalaqi aSuri da qaneSis savaWro
kolonia Zv.w. XIX–XVIII ss. SuamdinareTi da misi
mikro-saxelmwifoebis politikuri istoria, eSnunasa
da elamis saxelmwifo modeli; Zveli maxlobeli
aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebis regionuli sistema,
dasavleTis sivrce: qalaq-saxelmwifo mari da
iamxadis
samefo.
cxrili:
Zveli
maxlobeli
aRmosavleTis mefeTa sia, dinastiebi.
monografiaSi gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva avtoris
Sromebi, qarTul, rusul da evropul enebze
dawerili samecniero literatura (200-ze meti
avtori),
ZiriTadad
sWarbobs
anglo-amerikuli
skolis warmomadgenlebis Sromebi, rac bunebrivia –
dargi swored am skolebSi ganviTarda. naSroms aqvs
267
9 gverdiani inglisurenovani rezume, erTvis rukebi,
sqemebi, diagramebi, cxrilebi (mefeTa sia, dinastiebi)
da artefaqtebis ilustraciebi. wignSi ganxilulia
sakiTxebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba Zveli urbanuli
centrebis, kerZod, qalaqebis da qalaq-saxelmwifoebis Temas. es Temebi sajarod ganxilulia,
gaazrebulia da aprobirebulia saerTaSoriso grantis
“maradiuli qalaqebi, uZvelesi kosmopolitiuri
centrebidan Tanamedrove megapolisebamde” samuSao
Sexvedrebis dros, 2009-2012 wlebSi. samuSao
SexvedrebSi monawileobdnen Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis da aRmosavleT mediteranuli samyaros aRiarebuli mkvlevarebi, profesorebi: jek sazoni da
devid oueni (aSS, kornelis da vanderbiltis
universiteti), jon beinsi da angus bovie (oqsfordis
universiteti), goCa cecxlaZe (melburnis universiteti) da axalgazrda Taobis niWieri mkvlevrebi.Mkolegebisgan didi gamocdileba SeviZine, bevri
megobruli SeniSvna da
rCeva
movismine, rac
gaviazre da SeZlebisdagvarad avsaxe Cems SromaSi.
Cemi madliereba maT mimarT imiT gamovxate, rom
aRniSnuli
monografia
mokrZalebul
saCuqrad
gavugzavne,
maTi
daJinebuli
moTxovniT,
or
egzemplarad, sakuTriv maTTvis da universitetis
bibiloTekisTvis.
b-n jemal SaraSeniZis recenzia da Cemi pasuxebi
b-n jemal SaraSeniZis recenzia daibeWda kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebulis XV nomerSi, gv.
156-162. (2013 w.), romelic gamodis iv. javaxiSvilis
istoriis da eTnologiis institutis bazaze, magram
sazogadoebriv sawyisebze da misi redaqtoria q-ni i.
268
tatiSvili. me ar mxvda wilad bedniereba, rom Tavad
SemeZina aRniSnuli Jurnali, Tumca oficialur
viTarebaSi, sasamarTlos msvlelobis dros, b-nma
Temur Toduam
gadmomca b-ni jemal SaraSeniZis
recenziis
qseroasli.
amdenad,
veyrdnobi
am
dokuments, rogorc oficialur wyaros. aRniSnuli
recenzia, rogorc CemTvis gaxda cnobili, gadaeca
reqtors, akademikos lado papavas. guldasmiT
gavecani b-ni jemal SaraSeniZis mecnierul kritikas
da SeniSvnebs, aqve msurs madloba gadauxado
mas
imisaTvis, rom man Seiswavla Cemi naSromi da sajaro
forma misca mecnierul polemikas, rasac Cven
mxolod mivesalmebiT!
radganac ar minda, rom
daikargos recenziis
paTosi da aseve, wamoWrili aqtualuri sakiTxebidan
raime damrCes pasuxgaucemeli, gadavwyvite, b-ni
jemalis
teqstis gaswvriv, ganvaviTaro Cemi
mosazrebani Semdegi sistemiT:Bb-ni jemalis recenziis
teqsti gatanilia BbrWyalebiT
(miseuli punqtuaciis dacviT), mas mosdevs Cemi Ppasuxi; iqve vuTiTeb
nawilobriv im literaturis mcire nawils, rasac
veyrdnobi.
1) “wignis avtori Tavisi monografiiT erTob
problemuri amocanis gadawyvetas isaxavs miznad: mas
surs, rom Seiswavlos Zv.w. IV-II aTaswleulis
droindeli Zveli SuamdinareTis saxelmwifoebis –
Sumerisa da Zveli babilonis politikuri, socialekonomikuri da kulturuli cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mxareebi da gamokveTos maTi gavlenis sferoebi maSindeli viTarebis mixedviT sakmaod vrcel
regionze–aRmosavleTiT
mdebare
elamis
saxelm269
wifodan mokidebuli TiTqmis xmelTaSuazRvispireTis
sanaxebamde dasavleTiT.” recenzia, gv.156.
monografiaSi warmodgenil problemebze xelaxla
aRar SevCerdebi, rac Sesaval nawilSi gamotanilia
TavebSi da qveTavebSi, dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli kargad
gaecnoba iq gaSlil problematikas.
veTanxmebi b-n jemals imaSi, rom monografiaSi me
wamovWri problemur amocanas, Tumca aqve davazusteb, rom ara mxolod erTs,
rac radikalurad
gansxvavdeba recenzentis mier aRqmuli da danaxuli
realobisgan, romelsac aviTarebs recenziis dasawyisSive (Sdr. Cemi sarCevis Tavebs da qveTavebs).
b-n jemals ver daveTanxmebi imaSi, rom Zv.w. IV
saukuneSi SuamdinareTSi iyo saxelmwifoebi – Sumeri
da Zveli babiloni, radganac aRiarebulia, rom Zv.w.
3500 wlamde SuamdinareTSi aris “preistoriuli
xana”. amdenad, aq aTvlis wertilad am qronologiuri
zRvris dadeba, rbilad rom vTqvaT, aramarTebulia.
Zv.w.3500-3100ww. TariRdeba “uruqis kultura”,
uruqi aris mxolod qalaqi, mas “protoqalaqsac”
uwodeben da is ar aris miCneuli saxelmwifo
erTeulad. davazusteb am nawils: saxelmwifos
axasiaTebs kompleqsuri administraciuli sistema,
Zalauflebaze
orientirebuli
da
saxelmwifo
organizaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli administraciuli
institutebi da sxva maxasiaTeblebi, rac uruqis
SemTxvevaSi ar dasturdeba. uruqSi Cndeba mxolod
erTi
administraciul-urbanuli
instituti
–
taZari.SumerSi da aqadSi pirveli qalaqebi Cndeba
Zv.w. III aTaswleulidan da mxolod Zv.w. 2900-2700
wlebiT TariRdeba adredinastiuri I periodi. am
270
periodidan iwyeba qalaqebis istoria, an, ufro
sworad,
qalaq-saxelmwifoebis
saxelmwifoebrivteritoriuli erTeulebad formireba, rac droSi
gawelili procesia.
b-n jemalTan kidev meqneba pretenzia wignis
Qqronologiuri
qargis
damaxinjebul
aRqmasTan
dakavSirebiT, kerZod, misi TqmiT, vikvlev “Zv.w. IV-II
aTaswleuls.” aq gaugebaria mis mier miTiTebuli
bolo qronologiuri mijnac – Zv.w. II aTaswleuli,
radganac me mkafiod miweria bolo Tavis saTaurSi
Tavi X. Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTi Zv.w. II
aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi, Cemi wigni Tavdeba
Zv. w. XVII saukunis 20-ani wlebiT da saubaria maris
qalaq-saxelmwifoze da, gakvriT, regionSi xeTebis
gamoCenaze. zustad 6 saukune mrCeba kidev sakvlevi,
rom bolomde aRvwero Zv.w. II aTaswleuli, es Sroma
jer ar damisrulebia da arc gamomiqveynebia.
vinc
dargSi muSaobs (an ar muSaobs),
SesaniSnavad
esmis, Tu am 6 saukuneSi ramdeni qalaqi da
saxelmwifo erTeuli ganadgurda an warmoiqmna
regionSi, rogor Seicvala eTnikuri da demografiuli foni da, Sesabamisad, rogor Seicvala
istoriis dinamika da traeqtoria! amis dasturad
sul patara magaliTic ki sakmarisia,Sumeruli eTnosi
meore aTaswleulis bolos gadaSenebulia!
minda gamovTqva Cemi mosazreba b-ni jemalis mier
miTiTebul teritoriuli ganfenilobis problemasTan
dakavSirebiT.
namdvilad pirvelad mesmis, rom
“SuamdinareTis-saxelmwifoebs – Sumersa da Zvel
babilons” raime Sexeba hqonda teritoriasTan,
rogorc is moixseniebs, “xmelTaSuazRvispireTis
271
sanaxebamde
dasavleTiT”.
Tu
“dasavleTSi”
gulisxmobs mars da iamxadis, es qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi siriaSi mdebareobdnen (iamxadi Tanamedrove
alepo, mari ki lokalizirdeba Sua evfratze, am
nawils “zemo SuamdinareTsac uwodeben”). amdenad,
“xmelTaSuazRvis sanaxebamde” rogor gadis Sumeris
da Zveli babilonis “kavSirebi”, rbilad rom vTqva
gaugebaria. Tu am sakiTxis codnas mainc momawers bni jemali am wignis farglebSi, madlobas ver
gadavuxdi, radganac es aris dargSi seriozuli ganacxadi, rasac me ver davasabuTeb! Tu is daasabuTebs,
maSin is dargs axali aRmoCeniT gaaocebs!
literatura: M. Van de Mieroop, A History of the
Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC, Second Edition,
Blackwell Publishing, Oxford 2007; M. Van de Mieroop,
The Ancient Mesopotamian City, Oxford , 2004;
Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed.,J.Sasson,
Michigan, 2000; R.Wallenfels (edr.in Chief) and J. Sasson
(consulting edr.); The Ancient Near East, An Encyclopedia
for Students, v.1., New-York, London 2000.
2) “SeiZleba ar iyos uadgilo avtoris mier
sakiTxis dasma imis Sesaxeb, rac tradiciuli
terminis “Zveli aRmosavleTis istoriis” magivrad
SemoviRoT axali, ufro zusti da ramdenadme
gamokveTili Sinaarsis mqone termini ”Zveli axlo
aRmosavleTis istoria”. am sakiTxis dasabuTebas
eZRvneba arc Tu ise urigod dawerili da misaRebi
argumentebiT
Semagrebuli
msjeloba,
romelic
monografiis
pirveli
da
meore
TavebisaTvis
gankuTvnil adgils 5-30 gv. ikavebs.” recenzia, gv.
156.
272
b-ni jemali is profesoria, vinc 2006 wlidan
kiTxulobs
Tsu
humanitarul
mecnierebaTa
fakultetze “Zveli aRmosavleTis istoriis” savaldebulo kurss, da Tu me, rogorc is miwodebs,
dargSi “ucodinarma”, miviyvane Zveli maxlobeli
aRmosavleTis istoriis koncefciis reviziamde, es
Cemi pirdapiri Tu iribi mecnieruli aRiarebaa! magram
sinamdvileSi, dargis koncefcia da termini sulac ar
aris axali da Cemi dazustebuli, es dargis xangrZlivi ganviTarebis Sedegia!
b-ni jemali axla am
kurss ukve aRar kiTxulobs, samwuxarod, situacia
kidev ufro damZimda, kursi or profesors mihyavs,
romlebsac dargze mxolod zedapiruli warmodgena
aqvT (erT-erTi profesoris naSromze vfiqrob, rom
davwer recenzias axlo momavalSi). b-no jemal, raxan
Tqven mixvdiT, rom dargis koncefcia Cemi gavlenis
wyalobiT unda SecvaloT, iqneb mixedoT am saqmes,
radgan me Tavis droze es ar gamakeTebineT!
gagiziarebT Cems mosazrebas imis Taobazec, rom
arsebuli silabusi unda Seicvalos da profesiul
dones pasuxobdes.studentebma Sveba unda igrZnon!
3) “wignis am nawilSi wamoyenebuli zogadi
postulatebis faqtobrivi monacemebiT Semagrebas ki
eTmoba monografiis danarCeni nawili (gv. 31-151),
sadac sakmaod skurpulozuradaa aRnusxuli is
konkretuli realiebi, rac wignis SesavalSi dasmuli
mTavari
problemis
_
Zveli
SuamdinareTis
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis
Camoyalibeba da gavrceleba-gavlenis suraTis realur
saxes warmoaCenda. magram samwuxaroa, rom wignis
swored es nawili – umTavresi da faqtobrivi
273
masalis Semcveli didi mniSvnelobis mqone monakveTi
iwvevs mkiTxvelSi ukmayofilebis grZnobas masalis
naklebi
sisruliT
warmodgenis
TvalsazrisiT.”
recenzia, gv.156.
b-no jemal, raxan Tavidanve avirCie principi, rom
uyuradRebod ar davtovo Tqveni arcerTi azri, am
nawilzec mogaxsenebT: Tu postulatebis gasamagreblad skurpulozurad aRvnusxav da momyavs konkretuli realiebi.
vfarav yvela aspeqts da
maxasiaTebels konkretuli Temis garSemo da es moicavs 31-151 gverdebs, Tqven ratom giCndebaT
ukmarobis grZnoba masalis simcirisTan dakavSirebiT?
Tqven xom MmTeli SuamdinareTis istoriis problematika (Tanaavtori r. rcxilaZe) da empirika
(faqtobrivi masala) mxolod 77 gverdSi CaatieT?
(Sdr. Zveli aRmosavleTis istoria gv. 39-117,
1988w.). Tu mipasuxebT, rom wignis formati
gzRudavdaT, gagigebT, magram ar mesmis, 1988 wlis
Semdeg am Cavardnis gamosworebas ratom ar ecadeT?
miT umetes, rom jer kidev am wigniT aiZulebdiT
(es dRemde grZeldeba) studentebs, eswavlaT “Zveli
aRmosavleTi”?
1988
wlidan
dargSi
axali
artefaqtebi gamoCnda, romelsac qarTuli sazogadoeba 1988 wels ar icnobda, gamoCnda axali
firfitebic, romelic erayidan aSS-s universitetebSi
moxvda da gamoqveynda da axla isev eraySi igzavneba.
iqiT iyos am Tqveni naSromis sakiTxi, es Tqveni
sazrunavia, magram kategoriulad ar dageTanxmebiT
imaSi, rom wignSi mwiria faqtobrivi masala. ar
wamomiWria arc erTi problema, romelic arsebuli
faqtobrivi masaliT ar myardeba da dasturdeba. Tu
274
faqti ar arsebobs, arc problema wamoiWreba (es xom
mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSiria!)
da
TuFfaqtebi
erTeulia, me ver gavakeTeb artefaqtis xelovnur
fabrikacias!
Tqveni SeniSvnis sapirwoned kidev gavimeoreb, rom
Cemi wignis Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriis
es monakveTi mxolod Zv.w. II aTaswleulis pirvel
naxevars moicavs (wigni I) da win erT aTaswleulze
meti maqvs aRsaweri!
4)
“aSkarad Cans, rom moxseniebuli wignis
umetesi da ZiriTadi nawili dawerilia ara Zveli
Suamdinaruli pirvelwyaroebis monacemTa safuZvelze,
aramed zedmetad kompilaciuri xasiaTisaa”. recenzia,
gv. 156.
b-no jemal, dasazustebelia, Tu ras gulisxmobT
gamoTqmaSi “Suamdinaruli pirvelwyaroebis monacemebi”, mxolod empirikas? zogadad, pirvelwyaroa
artefaqtebi, werilobiTi, literaturuli teqstebi
da epigrafikuli masala (umjobesia, Tu am masalas
konteqstic axlavs Tan). Tqvengan gansxvavebiT, me
erTic nanaxi maqvs da meorec. Tu Tqven ggoniaT, rom
es mxolod teqstebia da imas, rom Suamdinaruli
teqsti ar aris Cemi deSifrirebuli da naTargmni,
geTanxmebiT, me am naSromSi wyaroebis deSifrirebas
da Targmans ar visaxav miznad, da arc arasdros
movkideb
xels
imas,
rac
brwyinvaled
aris
gakeTebuli Cemamde, im specialistebis mier, vinc
konkretulad am saqmes emsaxurebian. ise, Tqvens
deSifrirebul teqstsac gamoviyenebdi, aseTi Tu
iqneboda da Tan sando!
275
kompilaciis sakiTxs rac Seexeba, me, Tqvengan
gansxvavebiT,
kompilaciasa
da
gamoyenebul
literaturis Soris seriozul gansxvavebas vxedav;
me ar vTvli,
rom Tqven
pioneri xarT,
vinc
dargSi wamoayena problemebi, aRmoaCina artefaqtebi,
Seiswavla
werilobiTi
wyaroebi,
istoriul
konteqstSi Casva da moaxdina dargis Teoretizacia,
ris gamoc (da mxolod amitom) ambobT uars sxvisi
Sromebis
aRiarebaze. me mirCevnia kompilatori
miwodoT, vidre es Sexedulebebi gaviziaro XXI
saukunis 10-ian wlebSi!
5) “wignis dasaxelebul nawilSi Sesuli masalis
udidesi
umetesoba
amoRebulia
ZiriTadad
inglisurenovani popularuli naSromebidan. avtori
TiTqmis sityvasityviT mihyveba publikacias: Van de
Mieroop M., A History of Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323
BC. Oxford , 2007. rogorc vxedavT, gansaxilveli
wignis saTauric am gamocemidan aris aRebuli:
damatebulia mxolod mTlad arc Tu ise gasagebi
Sinaarsis
fraza:
“ganviTarebis
traeqtoriebi.”
recenzia, gv. 157.
namdvilad
ar
vici,
b-ni
jemali
sityvas
“popularuli” ra mniSvnelobiT xmarobs, “aRiarebuli” Tu samecniero-popularuli? magram wigni
marTlac Rirebulia, dargSi axalia da Zalian
momwons. rac Seexeba am wignidan amoRebuli masalis
umetesobas, ver daveTanxmebi recenzents. mas rom
undodes, Zalian bevr sxva avtors naxavda, visac
veyrdnobi
Cemi mosazrebis gasamyareblad (Sdr.
sqolioebi da gamoyenebuli literatura),
vis
azrsac, ubralod, viziareb, vis azrsac vsesxulob an
ubralod, visac am problemaze aqvs gamoTqmuli saRi
276
mosazreba. b-no jemal! am midgomas hqvia
dRes
dargis Tanamedrove kvlevebi! da imaSi, rom me
momwons es avtori da xdeba misi damowmeba
sxvadasxva SemTxvevebSi, ra aris cudi? rogorc Tqven
brZanebT, “sityvasityviT” rom ar mivyvebi avtors da
sxva problematikas vikvlev, martivad darwmundeba
gonieri mkiTxveli, Seadarebs am ori wignis sarCevebs
da gamotanil sakvlev problemebis Tematikas da iqve
naTeli xdeba yvelaferi. Tqven, iqneb, sarCevi mainc
SegedarebinaT, Tu ufro Sors ver waxvediT!
kidev axali braldeba saTaurTan dakavSirebiT. bno jemal, Tqven acnobierebT ras werT? maSin
momiwevs axsna, dargs hqvia “Zveli maxlobeli
aRmosavleTi” (me amas versad ver gaveqcevi, Cemi
kvlevis obieqtia), aqvs Tavis “qronologiuri qarga”
(da verc am nawils gavukeTeb revizias),
miznad
visaxav istoriuli procesebis dinamikaSi asaxvas am
regionSi
da
qronologiaSi,
es sami aspeqti
erTiandeba
wignis
saTaurSi.
Tu
TqvenTvis
“ganviTarebis traeqtoriebi” gaugebaria, maSin iqneb
“istoriuli procesebis dinamika” iyos gasagebi?
Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTi traeqtoriebs icvlis
maSin, rodesac Cndeba (an piriqiT, nadgurdeba) axali
xalxi, axali qalaq-saxelwifoebi, saxelmwifoebi da
imperiebi sxvadasxva epoqaSi.
6) “avtori Zalze Taviseburad uTiTebs Tavis
ZiriTad wyaros, mkiTxveli, Tu am ori wignis
detalur Sedarebas ar moindomebs, ver mixvdeba, es
miTiTeba rame konkretuli debulebis gaziarebas
niSnavs, Tu mTeli pasaJebis, sqemebisa da a.S.
gadmoweras. Sesabamisad, sesxebis am formas mTlad
277
plagiati, albaT, ar ewodeba, magram mecnierul
keTilsindisierebasTan mas namdvilad araferi aqvs
saerTo.” recenzia, gv. 157.
b-no jemal Tqven, albaT, ar gekuTvniT es
“aRmoCena”, imitom, rom pirvelad zustad es kiTxva,
sakonkurso gasaubrebaze Tqvenma kolegam, levan
gordezianma damisva, Semdeg ar momca saSualeba,
bolomde mepasuxa. axla dro, formati da viTareba
maZlevs amisTvis srul Tavisuflebas. Aar mesmis
“Taviseburad miTiTebuli wyaros” da “ ZiriTadis”
mniSvneloba? Tu TqvenTvis, orivesTvis, es wyaro
aris ZiriTadi, imitom rom sxva wignebi, romelic me
maqvs miTiTebuli, ar gaqvT SeZenili da wakiTxuli,
maSin is “ZiriTadi” TqvenTvis xdeba da ara CemTvis
(ixilavs am miTiTebul wignebs mkiTxveli)! rac
Seexeba monografiaSi
miTiTebis wess, sqolios
miTiTeba aucilebelia, roca: 1) veyrdnobi sxva
avtors Cemi mosazrebis gasamyareblad; 2) sxva
avtoris azrs bolomde viziareb; 3) sxva avtoris
azrs vsesxulob, Tu sityvasityviT vsesxulob,
saWiroa brWyalebis da sqolios miTiTeba, Tu
nawilobriv viziareb da vukeTeb interpretacias,
maSin sqolios vjerdebi; 4) movixsenieb sxva avtors,
visac am problemaze aqvs gamoTqmuli mosazreba. es
aris saerTaSoriso standarti, Tu am wess Tqven
“Tavisebur” miTiTebad TvliT, albaT, Tqven ors,
gaqvT SemuSavebuli “sakuTari sistema”, rasac
recenziaSi axsenebT, magram ar gvizustebT!
sqemebis sakiTxic ar minda upasuxod damrCes, rac
kvlav kolegis, gordezianis kiTxvasTan mabrunebs.
naSromSi mravali sqemaa, me momwons es stili, roca
278
naSromi gamdidrebulia sqemebiT, diagramebiT, magram
am sqemebis didi nawili Cemi Seqmnilia, nawili –
nasesxebi. nasesxebi sqemebi (miTiTebuli pirvelwyaroTi) or kategoriad iyofa: pirveli exeba qronologiaSi gadatanil istoriul procesebs da meore –
mefeTa sias da dinastiebs. Tqven TvliT, rom “mefeTa
sia” da “dinastiebis sqema” Van de Mieroop M., A
History of Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC.Oxford,
2007 wignidan aris amoRebuli. amaSic cdebiT, es aris
brinkenis nusxa, romelic isesxa openheimma da Tqven
rom wigni SegiZeniaT gordezianTan erTad, misma
avtorma (Van de Mieroop) da mec saerTo pirvelwyaroTi vixelmZRvaneleT, oRond sworedac rom
mecnieruli keTilsindisierebiT: me es avtorebi 151-e
gverdze mivuTiTe! es avtorebi da maTi Rvawli
keTilsindisierad avsaxe. ai, Tqven ki am mxriv ar
gamoirCeviT keTilsindisierebiT! kargad maxsovs,
profesor gordezianis “gonivruli SeniSvna”, ratom
gadmoitane es mefeTa sia am TanamimdevrobiTo,
romanovebis dinastia xom ar iyoo? gana marto
romanovebis
dinastiis
asaxvis
dros
aris
Tanamimdevroba da saxelebis miTiTeba saWiro?!
pativcemulebo! dargSi unda sceT pativi sxvis
Rvawls,
aRmoCenebs, dadgenil normas! Aaba, Tqven
Tqvens
nebaze
am
dinastiebs
da
mefeebis
Tanmimdevrobas aravin dagalagebinebT! Aamas hqvia
faqtebiT gamyarebuli sistema!
A mecnieruli eTika gvkarnaxobs, wigni qarTulia
Tu inglisuri, seriozulad unda gaecno, kritikac
seriozuli unda iyos, rasakvrvelia, Tu paskvilebis
werisTvis ar xar motivirebuli da codnaSic
moikoWleb!
279
7)”TxrobaSi avtori SigadaSig urTavs adgilebs
enciklopediuri gamocemebidan, zogjer seriozuli
monografiuli gamokvlevebidanac, magram uknaskneli
Zalze iSviaTad xdeba”. recenzia, gv. 157.
b-no jemal, ar gifiqriaT imaze, rom dainteresebuli mkiTxveli da kritikosi Seadarebs Cemi
wignis sqolioebSi moyvanil literaturas da Tqven
braldebaze dafiqrdeba?! es wigni xom iyideba? sul
mcire, rac SeiZleba ifiqros, rom Tqven ver
ansxvavebT erTmaneTisgan calkeul problemaze gamocemul kvlevebs, monografiebs da enciklopediur
gamokvlevebs. ukve meore sakiTxia, Tqven ratom
amaxinjebT am Tanafardobas. am SemTxvevaSi, veyrdnobi
statistikur monacemebs: Cemi samecniero erTeulebi
gatanilia sqolioebSi, saeTro statistikuri monacemiT, daaxloebiT erT gverdze 5 sqolio, zogadad
meryeobs 3 miTiTebuli erTeulidan 10-mde; gamoyenebul literaturaSi 214 erTeulia.
am Temas aRar
ganvavrcob, ukve zemoT visaubre. magram statistikas
kvlav movuxmob: Tqven Zveli SuamdinareTis istoriis
modelirebaSi daeyrdeniT 16 avtors (mxolod
qarTulenovani da rusulenovani literatura, Sdr.
“literatura” gv. 484-485). aqedan 3 naSromi Tqvenia
da ori 1988 wlisTvisac ki sakmaod moZvelebuli –
TariRdeba 1968 wliT. yvelaze axali literatura
miTiTebulia Tqveni avtorobiT 1983 da yvelaze
Zveli – 1961wliT. 1988 wels gamocemulia zurab
kiknaZis
brwyinvale
“Suamdinaruli
miTologia”
(1979), romelic Tqvens miTiTebul literaturaSi ar
xvdeba, albaT, ar mogwonT da imitom! magram
anacvlebT Tqveni zemoT miTiTebuli naSromiT
280
“Sumerebi da maTi kultura” (1983). Tqven ar
mogwonT da ar ixseniebT dasavleTis arc erTi
cnobili avtoris naSroms, krameris erTi wignis
garda (Tumca mas mravali STambeWdavi kvleva aqvs).
es faqtic Tqvens rafinirebul mecnierul gemovnebaze
da keTilsindisierebaze metyvelebs!
8) “amasTanve gvinda xazgasmiT aRvniSnoT, rom ver
naxavT wignis TiTqmis vercerT gverds, romelzedac
ar gvxvdebodes met-naklebi xarisxisa da donis
uzustobani,
xSirad
aSkara
da
mkvlevrobis
pretenziaze mqone avtorisaTvis yovlad miutevebeli
Secdomebi. yvela maTganis aRricxvas Cven namdvilad
rom ver SevZlebT, mxolod zogierTze mivuTiTebT.”
recenzia, gv. 157.
b-no jemal, roca yvela cdomilebaze mimiTiTebT
met-naklebi seriozuli xarisxis da donis kritikiT,
pirobas gaZlevT, rom me amomwurav pasuxebs gagcemT.
9) “avtori xSirad ukritikod imeorebs ucxoeli
mkvlevrebis mier daSvebul aSkara Secdomebs, an
arasworad aqarTulebs maT azrs, radganac ar esmis
kargad, razea saubari. movitanT ramdenime magaliTs:
uruqis xanaSi (Zv.w. IV aTaswl. Sua xanebi) TiTqos
“dadginda weliwadi, romelSic 12 Tve iyo, xolo
TiToeuli Tve 30 dRisgan Sedgeboda. mas emateboda
damatebiT erTi Tve, weliwadis gamotovebiT, raTa
erTiani solaruli cikli dafiqsirebuliyo (gv. 47).
avtori amisTvis Van de Mieroop-s uTiTebs. am
ukanasknels uweria “an additional month was added
intermittently….”SigadaSig/periodulad
erTvoda
damatebiTi Tve (gv. 33). rac sworia, magram
dazustebas saWiroebs”, sinamdvileSi damatebiTi (e.w.
281
diri “zedmet”) Tves Sumerebi urTavden ara yovel
meore weliwads (es xom Sumerebis mxridan didi
Secdoma iqneboda!) aramed yovel me-5 wels (es
garemoeba karga xania gamokvleulia NN.Schneider-isa
daT.Gomi-is mier).” recenzia, gv. 157.
b-no jemal, ar ivargebs aseTi midgoma, mwamebT
uyuradRebobas, zedapirulobas, enis ucodinarobas da
Tan amaxinjebT Cems teqsts, konteqstidan glejT
calkeul Ffrazebs. me miweria (momyavs ucvlelad es
pasaJi):
“gviani
uruqis
xanidan
zoma-wonis
erTeulebis
aRsanusxavad
gaCnda
metrologiuri
niSnebi. drois aRsaniSnavad dadginda weliwadi,
romelSic 12 Tve iyo, xolo TiToeuli Tve 30
dRisgan Sedgeboda. amas emateboda damatebiTi erTi
Tve, weliwadis gamotovebiT, raTa erTiani solaruli
cikli dafiqsirebuliyo”
(sqolio 6. Bgv. 47,
miTiTebuli avtori Van de Mieroop gv. 31-33).
recenziaSi Tqven werT, TiTqos me miweria:
“uruqis xana (Zv.w. IV aTasw.Sua xanebi)”. ar minda
ciliswameba an ucodinaroba dagabraloT, magram
rogor moviqce?! jer erTi,GCems mier miTiTebuli
definicia _ gviani uruqi ar aris “uruqis xana” da
misi erTi monakveTia, miTumetes Tqveneuli CanarTi,
qronologiuri qarga “Zv.w. IV aTasw.Sua xanebSi” ar
aris swori, adreuli uruqi iwyeba da moicavs Zv.w.
3500-3200 ww., roca gvian uruqs Seesbameba Zv.w.
3200-3100/3000ww. Tqveneuli fraza rom moviSvelio,
faqtobrivi masala,“Suamdinaruli pirvelwyaroebis
monacemebi” ganapirobebs kulturis qronologiur
daTariRebas!
Tqven
dargis
qronologiaze
282
pirvelkurseli studentis codna gaqvT! es ar
ekadreba kritikiT dakavebul mwerals!
literatura: M.Liverani,Uruk ,The First City,
London, 2006 gv.84; Civilizations of the Ancient Near East,
ed.,J.Sasson, Michigan, 2000 gv.4.Sdr. qronologiis
sqemas agreTve gv.796.-798. Aamave gamocemaSi, H.J.
Nissen , “Ancient Western Asia before the Age of
Empaires”.
meore sakiTxi exeba isev Cems keTilsindisierebas,
avtoris (Van de Mieroop gv. 31-33.) am grZel
pasaJebs brWyalebis gareSe gadmovcem, Cemi erTi
patara pasaJi miTiTebuli avtoris msjelobas ar
asaxavs bolomde, me am msjelobas ar mivyvebi, Tumca
viziareb. Tqven amtkicebT, rom es debuleba sworia,
magram dazustebas moiTxovs, vis aswavliT Wkuas _ me
Tu meirups? kargiT, iqiT iyos es sakiTxi, magram
mogyavT ori avtoris gvari, Tqveni azris dasturad
N(T.Gomi da N.Schneider), magram ar uTiTebT
naSromis saTaurebs da swored aq unda dagesesxoT
marTebul sityvas: “TiTqosda” gesmiT es sakiTxi. ar
gesmiT, b-no jemal, es sakiTxi, arc meirupze da arc
Cemze ukeT, da ai ratom:
T.Gomi: marTlac, am avtors aqvs gamoqveynebuli
naSromi kalendarze: Tohru Gomi, “On the Position of the
Month iti-ezem-dAmar-dSin in the Neo-Sumerian Umma
Calendar”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische
Archäologie 75 (1985), 4–6. Mmagram Cemi susti ucxo
enebis codnis kvalobazec naTelia, rom es naSromi
uruqis xanas ki ara, axal Sumerul xanas exeba. sad
vcuravT axla Cven? axal Sumerul xanaSi _ Zv.w. 2120 saukuneebSi, Tu isev uruqSi varT?
283
es wigni ar maqvs da, gamogitydebiT, arc avtors
vicnob, magram internet resursis daxmrebiT Sevdivar
oqsfordis universitetis Suamdinaruli kalendris
garSemo arsebul literaturis katalogSi da iq
vnaxulob bibliografias. Ggasaubrebaze Tqvens mier
naTqvam frazas Tu daveyrdnobi, “oqsfordSic arian
debili profesorebi”, magram dasavluri universitetis xibli imaSia, rom yvelafers aRnusxaven da
mecniers uadvileben cxovrebas. Tqveni meore avtoric
aq aris, Nikolaus Schneider, Die Zeitbestimmungen der
Wirtschaftsurkunden von Ur III (Rome 1936). ratomRac
esec uris III periodze wers da isev axal Sumerul
xanaSi mabrunebs. Aamitomac ar ginaxavT es avtorebi
Tqven da saTaurebic ar iciT am wignebis!
http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=calendars&s[]=go
mi#pre-sargonic_and_sargonic_calendars
10) “aseve arasworia, rom TiTqos uruqis xanaSi
ganisazRvra wonis erTeulis _ talantis sidide (gv.
47). am azrsac avtori Van de Mieroop-s miawers,
amjerad samarTliand. cnobili ki aris, rom
talantis zoma gacilebiT gvian dadginda (amazec
arsebobs I.J.Gelb-isa da A.Solonen-is naSromebi)”
recenzia, gv.158.
b-no jemal, minda kidev erTxel agixsnaT, rom
avtoris saxeli da gvari misi naSromis gareSe aris
marto saxeli da gvari, naSromis saTauri akademiur
recenziaSi aucileblad unda mieTiTos! winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, es araseriozulia da araseriozul
kiTxvebs seriozuli mecnierebi ar pasuxoben!B axla
gadaval Van de Mieroop-s “dacvaze”, ixileT gv. 320321, avtoris mier 2 TavisTvis akuratulad
Sedgenili da gamoyenebuli literatura (rasac Tqven
284
edavebiT ukve mas), internet resursi (leqsikuri
teqstebis monacemebisTvis).
sxvaTa Soris, Tqveni
avtorebi gakvriTac ar arian naxsenebi,
Tu Tqveni
wina magaliTiT vimsjelebT, iqneb arc ki hqoniaT maT
am Temaze aseTi gamokvleva? me girCevT, Tu Van de
Mieroop-s mimarT raime pretenzia gaqvT, Tavad
miswereT (misamarTs me mogawvdiT), an inglisurad
gamouqveyneT recenzia da daelodeT pasuxs! Aisev
meirupis “kritikas” mihyveba Cemi recenzentis Semdegi
pasaJebi:
12) “amave avtors miewereba kidev erTi uzustoba: TiTqos aqadis dinastiis mefem maniSTusum (da
ara “maniSTusum “rogorc wignis avtori wers) mis
mier Sesyiduli 3 aTas heqtarze meti miwa TiTqos
“gadasca mis erTgul xalxs sakuTrebaSi” (gv. 105).
Van de Mieroop-i ufro rbilad wers (gv.^66):
“Tumca Sesyidvis fasi ar iyo uCveulod dabali,
cxadia, rom maniSTuSum iZulebiT gaayidvina mflobelebs miwa, raTa Tavisi mxardamWerebisTvis misi
darigebis SesaZlebloba Hhqonoda.” recenzia, gv. 158.
b-no jemal, ra uzustobazea laparaki, ver
gavige. da verc mkiTxveli gaigebs, radganac mima-xinjebT teqsts.Mme vwer: ”savaraudod, mefe mani-STusus
zegavlena mouxdenia miwis mepatroneebze da es miwebi
SedarebiT iafad miuRia. mefe maniSTusus es miwebi
gadaucia misi erTguli xalxisTvis sakuT-rebaSi” (gv.
104-105).. SeadareT es teqsti Tqvens moyvanil Van de
Mieroop-is teqsts. me Aar mesmis, misi teqstis
“sirbileSi” Tqven ras gulisxmobT,
magram am
sakiTxSi Cemi azri bolomde emTxveva mis azrs.
285
meore Tema _ sakuTari saxelebis (onomastikonis)
sakiTxi _ Zalze problemuri Temaa Zveli istoriis
dargSi, gansakuTrebiT, Tu mkvdar enebzea saubari.
sxvadasxva avtori SeiZleba gvTavazobdes saxelis
miseuli amokiTxvis versias. axla am sakuTari
saxelis Sesaxeb oriode sityva minda vTqva,
maniSTusu-s,
Cemeuli
versiis
da
maniSTuSu-s,
Tqveneuli variantis Sesaxeb. arc Cemi da arc Tqveni
versiebi ar aris farTod aRiarebuli, ufro
miRebulia variantebia
Maništisu (maniSTisu) an
Maništišu
(maniSTiSu) da ara maniSTusu, an maniSTuSu. Tumca zogierTi mecnieri iyenebs Cems da
Tqvens miTiTebul versiasac (Tqveni versia miRebulia
rusulenovan gamocemebSi). onomastikonis Temas aRar
davubrundebi, am mimarTulebiT recenzenti sxvaganac
gvaxvevs Tavs Tavis versiebs, me davakonkreteb
sakiTxs, upiratesobas dasavleTSi miRebul versiebs
vaniWeb!
literatura: Neo–Sumerian Administrative Tablets
from The Yale Babylonian Collection, I part, eds., M.Sigrist,
T.Ozaki 2009, 56 gv.; The Babylonian Laws-Hammurabi
king of Babylonia, Clarenden Press 1955, 127gv. iqve ixile
damowmebuli lit-ra. Tqveneul variants imowmebs Van
de Mieroop-i.
13) “amave avtorisagan momdinareobs e. avalianis
morigi Secdoma: TiTqos Sumeris saxelmwifos
“periferiaSi
mimdinare
procesebs
centrTan
(igulisxmeba qveynis dedaqalaqi uri _ j.S.)
akontrolebda mefis moxele e.w.sukal-maxi” (gv. 119).
es gancxadeba araa swori. suqalmaxs ar evaleboda
periferiebSi mimdinare procesebis kontroli. igi
iyo saxelmwifos sagareo saqmeebis uwyebis meTauri,
286
romelic ijda ara dedaqalaqSi, aramed misgan
ramdenadme moSorebiT mdebare lagaSSi. suqalmaxis
saxeloSi Sedioda agreTve qveynis SigniT mimdinare
safosto saqmianobis zedamxedvelobac (am sakiTxze
arsebobs Cemi monografiuli gamokvleva, romelsac
avtori, Cans ar
icnobs. Tu icnobs, masze miTiTebas
igi mainc ar ikadrebda, radganac e. avaliani
principulad ar scnobs ucxoeli, gansakuTrebiT
inglisurenovani mkvlevrebis garda aravis _ arc
rusebs da miTumetes arc qarTvel aRmosavleTmcodneebs!).” recenzia, gv. 158.
b-no jemal, kidev erTxel gTxovT, ar gindaT
voluntaruli tipis perifrazebi da pasaJebis
“daCexva”, “mimateba” da “gulisxmoba”, sityvebis
dakleba da a.S., maSin brWyalebi mainc mospeT! Aar
gekadrebaT am asakSi es ymawvilkacuri cuRlutoba.
me vwer: ”politikurad daqvemdebarebul regionebSi
uris mefeebma daadgines TavianTi samxedro reJimi,
mmarTvelebi samxedro generlebi iyvnen (miTiTebulia
sqolio). periferiaSi mimdinare procesebs centridan
akontrolebda mefis moxele e.w. kancleri, sukalmaxi” (miTiTebulia sqolio) (gv. 119).
axla gadavideT Tqvens brladebaze da moviSvelioT mecnieruli statistika: uri III xanaSi
sukal-maxi-s pozicia sazogadod miCneulia didi
veziris Tanamdebobad, sityva-sityviT ki niSnavs
“uzenaes macnes”, igive premier ministrs Sdr.
W.W.HHallo, Early Mesopotamian Royal Titles, American
Oriental Series 53, New Haven, 1957 9-121gv. ). am
periodSi Uuri III-s saxelwifo iyofa centrad da
provinciebad/periferiad, mmarTvelis (ensi) garda,
287
provincias ganagebda centridan daniSnuli generali,
romelic ijda provinciaSi da isini pirdapir
miTiTebas iRebdnen kancler sukal-maxisgan, an
mefisgan, gv. 20. Sdr.PP. Steinkeller, “The Administrative
and Economic Organization of UR III State: The Core and
the Periphery”, in McGurie Gibson and R. D. Biggs eds., The
Organization of Power.Aspects of Bureaucracy in AncienT
Near East, Chicago, The Oriental Institute 1987 gv. 19-41.
gavagrZeloT xazi, me arsad vwer (Tqven gulisxmobT
amas), rom sukal-maxi ijda q. urSi, me vwer, rom
ijda “centrSi da iqidan akontrolebda” (gv. 119).
axla davazustoT, Tu ra iTvleba centrad mag
xanebSi: uri, uruqi, girsu, lagaSi da sxv. qalaqebi
iTvleba centrad, Sdr.PP. Steinkeller, gv. 19. da ara
marto uri, Tqven rom ggoniaT da”varaudobT” da Tan
me mawerT am azrs!
lagaSSi lani, misi vaJi urSulfa da SviliSvili ir-nana
ikaveben am
Tanamdebobas, cnobilia agreTve ramdenime cilindri
ir-nanas saxeliT girsudan. didi veziris tituli
vrceldeba elamSic, Sumerulis gavleniT.
Tqven am sakiTxSi ar eTanxmebiT Van de Mieroop-s,
magram ras erCiT Cikagos brwyinvale skolis
warmomadgenel
P. Steinkeller-s,
esec
debili
oqsfordeli profesori xom ar aris? harvardis
profesoria! da aseve cnobil mkvlevars, Dominique
Charpin-s, isini xom am azrs iziareben _ uris III
xanaSi periferiebs marTavdnen samxedro avtoritetis
mqone mmarTvelebi, vinc eqvemdebarebodnen kanclers
(SUKKAL.MAḪ).
b-no jemal, ar SemiZlia ar Sevexo Tqvens
braldebas, rom qarTvel da rus mecnierebs ar
vixsenieb Cems kvlevaSi, orive skolis warmoma288
dgenlebs vixsenieb (ix. gamoyenebuli literatura),
magram Tqven ara!Aamasac qvemoT avxsni, Tu ratom ara:
1974 wels gamovida Tqveni naSromi, D.M.Scharaschanidze, "Die Sukkal-mäh des alten Zweistromland in der
Zeit Der Ur 3 Dyn.von Ur” Semdeg gamocemaSi: AActa
Orientalia, 22, 1977, 103-12, sadac Tqven am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT
halosgan
gansxvavebul
pozicias
ayalibebT. 1992 isev ibeWdeba W.W.HHallo-s naSromi
E”Ebrium at Ebla”, Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblite
Language, gamomcemelebi Cyrus H.Gordon & Gary
A.Rendsburg, sadac is Tqvens pozicias moixseniebs da
ar geTanxmebaT, Cans, arc gordoni da rensburgi
iziarebdnen Tqvens azrs, sxvebis msgavsad, imitom rom
isini ar gbeWdaven halos gverdiT! rbilad rom vTqva,
ar mindoda amis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi gaegoT, magram
Tqven maiZuleT!
literatura: Dominique Charpin, The History of
Ancient Mesopotamia in: Civilizations of the Ancient Near
East, ed., J.Sasson, Michigan, 2000, gv.812.
14) “gv. 119-ze gansaxilveli wignis avtori wers:
Zv.w. 21-e saukuneSi “uris dinastiis princesa
daqorwinda iranel ufliswulze”. saocaria, rogor
unda vivaraudoT am Soreul warsulSi Tundac
cnebisa da misi Sesabamisi politikuri erTeulis
“iranis” arseboba. es Secdomac Van de Mieroop-s
ekuTvnis, e. avaliani ki uneblied mis tiraJirebas
axdens”. recenzia, gv. 158.
b-no jemal, ar aris es Secdoma da arc Van de
Mieroop- s mosvlia es Secdoma. termin “irans” Zvel
periodTan mimarTebaSi, rogorc geografiul-kulturul da politikur cnebas, ise gamoiyeneben da ara
rogorc
mxolod politikur erTeuls, im irans,
289
Tqven rom ggoniaT! naxeT aseTi Sroma Art and
Archaeology of Western Iran in Prehistory, avtori
Oscar, White Muscarella, Civilizations of the Ancient Near
East, ed., J.Sasson, Michigan, 2000, gv. 981-999. avtors
ganxiluli aqvs “Zveli iranis” (sityva-sityviT)
kulturebi, urbanuli centrebi da sxva, winare
istoriidan dawyebuli, rkinis xaniT damTavrebuli!
iqve ixileT sxva avtorebis Sromebi da codna
gaiRrmaveT!
15) “gv. 131 wignis avtoris mixedviT, ”xamurabis
saxels
miewereba
samarTlis
kodeqsis
Seqmna”.
xamurabis “kodeqsi” ar Seuqmnia da arc SeiZleboda
im epoqaSi Seeqmna. mas mxolod kanonebis krebulis
avtoroba
miewereba.…amitomac
aSkarad
mcdaria
terminis “xamurabis kodeqsis”
xmareba, rasac,
samwuxarod,
qarTveli
iuristis
naSromebSiac
vxedavT. aRniSnuli terminis gamoyenebasac avtori
Van de Mieroop-s miawers.” recenzia, gv. 158-159 .
b-no
jemal,
rbilad
rom
giTxraT,
aqac
voluntarul
interpretacias
akeTebT, Van de
Mieroop-s ki ara, S. Greengus vuTiTeb mag sqolioSi,
rac Seexeba Tqvens kategoriul uaryofas am
terminisa, ra vqna, me jek sazonis avtoritetis da
argumentebis ufro mjera, visac seriozuli Sroma
aqvs am sakiTxSi, vidre Tqveni, amitom vimeoreb
miseul termins “hamurabis kodeqsi”. xom xedavT,
qarTvel iuristebsac Tqvenze meti codna aqvT mag
mimarTulebiT!
Semdeg am “daxvewil” stilSi grZeldeba avtoris
“SeniSvnebi” recenziis 159gv-ze. am SeniSvnebs pasuxi
rom keTilsindisierad gavce, vSiSob, ar davarRvio
mecnieruli eTikis normebi! aba, rogori pasuxi unda
290
gavce
aseT SeniSvnas: “naram-sinma kiššatu-s (unda
iyos naramsuenma) daumata dingiri, RvTis aRmniSvneli
niSani…da …axali koncefcia Semoitana ”mefe oTxi
mxarisa”, avtori Caufiqrdeba am frazas da inanebs,
ra ususuri Secdoma dauSva uneblied.” Bb-no jemal,
iyos TqvenTvis “naramsueni”, me upiratesobas b-n
zurab kiknaZis versias vaniWeb _ “naramsins.” ise, arc
mag frazas aklia “Cafiqreba” da arc am naSromis
sqolioSi miTiTebis Semrcxveba: P. Michalowski,
Memory of Deed: The Historiography of the Political
Expansion of the Akkad State. In: Akkad: The First world
Empire. Structure, Ideology, Traditions, ed.M.Liverani,
History of the Ancient Near East studies 5. Padua, 1993, 88.
am situaciaSi ki marTla mrcxvenia yofna, oRond
“sxvis” gamo! neta, piotr mixalovski, miCiganis
universitetis Zveli enebisa da Zveli maxlobeli
aRmosavleTis
profesori,
ielis
universitetis
kursdamTavrebuli doqtori, “inanebda” imis gamo,
ususuri Secdoma rom dauSva “uneblied” da jemal
SaraSeniZem aRmouCina?!
recenzenti 160-161 gverdebze kvlav am tipis,
yovlad dausabuTebel argumentebs iSveliebs da
“Secdomebis
koriantelSi”
madanaSaulebs,
xan
sruliad ucodinars miwodebs, ar indobs arc im
avtorebs, visac veyrdnobi, Tumca arsad iSveliebs
Tavisi azris gasamyareblad sxvaTa Sromebs. xandaxan
es braldebebi XXI saukuneSi imdenad miamiturad
dasmul sakiTxebad gveCveneba, rom Tavs vikavebT
imisgan, rom emeritus profesors es avuxsnaT! b-ni
jemali, magaliTisTvis, ase “gvamecadinebs”: “avtors
SeiZleba vuTxraT, rom uruinimgina aris igive
291
uruqagina, rac man, rogorc Cans, ar icis”. recenzia,
gv. 160.
recenzents
vpasuxob,
sakuTari
saxeli
UUru’inimgina, romelic ase gamoiTqmis, da miRebulia
dargSi, dasavleTSi XXI saukuneSi da Tqveneuli
versiisgan (uruqagina) gansxvavebulia, ratom aris
Cemi ucodinrobis samxili? iqneb piriqiT, Tqveni
ucodinarobis dasturia! rusebmac xom Secvales es
araswori versia?
dargis zogierTi mkvlevari
orives
axsenebs,
magram
Cems
versias
aniWebs
mecnierul upiratesobas Sdr. Hallo, William W.
"Reforms of Uru-inimgina (2.152)." Context of Scripture
Online. Editor in Chief: W. Hallo. Brill Online, 2013.
Reference.
23
November
2013
http://www.
encquran.brill.nl/entries/context-of-scripture/ reforms-of-uruinimgina-2-152-aCOSB_2_152
http://www.encquran.brill.nl/entries/context-of-scripture/
reforms-of-uru-inimgina-2-152-aCOSB_2_152?s.num=1#
COSBIBLSB.2.152_Bibliography
momyavs citata:
“The last ruler of the “First Dynasty of Lagash” (ca.
2570–2342 BCE) is known in the literature variously as Uruinimgina or Uru-kagina (ca. 2351–2342 BCE)1 (sqolioSi
motanilia am saxelis wakiTxvis variaciebi Edzard
1991, Lambert 1992, Selz 1992). rogor moviqce me,
rogorc mecnieri, Tqveni lanZRva miviRo, Tu Tqveni
ucodinroba vamxilo? netav,
marTla sad gadis
zRvari mecnierul keTilsindisierebasa da uzneobas
Soris?!
161 gv. recenzenti wers: “avtors moZalebulad
emCneva ucxourenovani samecniero literaturiT
gataceba _ mis wignze TandarTuli literaturis
292
siaSi gvxvdeba iseTi wignebis dasaxeleba, romlebic,
etyoba, TvaliTac ar unaxavs mas. aseTebia, magaliTad,
Semdegi: (amaze uTiTebs sxva avtoris meSveobiT,
aSkarad Cans, rom wignis SesavlisaTvis, germanulis
arcodnis gamo, arc gadauxedavs mas).
A recenziis am nawilSi b-ni jemali brals gvdebs
dasavluri
samecniero
literaturiT
zedmetad
gatacebaSi da amave dros gamoTqvams azrs, rom
zogierTi maTgani TvaliTac ar gvinaxavs. imis
mtkiceba rTulia, Tu fizikuri Sexeba ra wignebTan
mqonda warsulSi sxvadasxva bibiloTekaSi muSaobis
dros, es nawili morig ciliswamebas ufro hgavs,
vidre akademiuri recenziis stils mihyveba; Tumca
am
wignebTan
wvdomis
xarisxi,
recenzentTan
SedarebiT,
gacilebiT meti da xangrZlivi rom
mqonda, amas adasturebs Cemi dasavleTis biblioTekebSi muSaobis gamocdileba, rac Cvens recenzents, ubralod, ar gaaCnia, martivi mizezis gamo –
man ar icis arc erTi dasavluri ena, ver eswreba
saerTaSoriso konferenciebs da ver monawileobs
saerTaSoriso samecniero forumebsa da proeqtebSi,
rac XXI saukuneSi marTlac warmoudgenelia dargSi
muSaobis dros! germanuli da faranguli enis
bazisuri codna, Cems SemTxvevaSi, gamarTlebulia
inglisuri enis srulfasovani codniT, amave dros,
maRali teqnologiebis XXI saukuneSi ar warmoadgens
sirTules wignis garkveuli pasaJebi internetuli
resursebis daxmarebiT Targmno, leqsikoni gamoiyeno,
es Targmani gadaamowmo da Semdeg moiSvelio, Cans,
Cveni oponenti am mxrivac moklebulia Tanamedrove
codnas da mxolod sakuTar codnas aRiarebs!
293
161 gv. recenzenti wers: “Thureau-Dangin F., Les
Cylindres de Goudea, Paris 1905 (unda iyos: 1925), Tu
unaxavs, rasakvirvelia, ratom uTiTebs maTze?
sakuTar naSromSi xom versad vxvdebiT maTi
gamoyenebis kvals! Ees wignebi kidevac rom enaxa
avtors,MmaTi monacemebiT veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver
isargeblebda igi, radganac CamoTvlil gamocemebSi
Sumerulenovani
lursmuli
teqstebis
mxolod
avtografebia gamoqveynebuli; maTze ki Sumeruli
lursmuli damwerlobisa da enis sruli ucodinarobis gamo xeli ar miuwvdeba mas”.
recenzentis mier miTiTebuli wigni pirvelad
gamoica 1905 wels da ara 1925 wels, rogorc es
Cvens pativcemul emeritus profesors hgonia da
Secdomas gvisworebs! b-n jemals SeuZlia ixilos es
wigni veb-gverdze,
Cems mier qvemoT miTiTebul
misamarTze, iqve gadaamowmos gamocemis weli da,
survilis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba gadmoiweros kidec:
http://www.forgottenbooks.org/books/Les_Cylindres_de
_Goudea_1200048134
kvlav ver daveTanxmebi recenzents, rom am wignSi
Sumerulenovani
lursmuli
teqstebis
mxolod
avtografebia gamoqveynebuli, aq gamoyenebulia gudeas
cilindrebis teqstebis transkripcia, transliteracia, Sesabamisi komentarebi da saubaria gramatikul da leqsikis sakiTxebze. Sumerul teqstebs
Tan erTvis franguli Targmani. es unda icodes Cvenma
gamocdilma recenzentma!Ggamoyenebuli literatura
ar niSnavs damowmebul literaturas, mecnierma unda
waikiTxos dargSi sxvadasxva literatura, gaiazros,
gaacnobieros da sakuTari warmodgenebi Seiqmnas
garkveul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, man citirebaSi
294
SeiZleba
ar
gamoiyenos,
magram
gamoyenebul
literatura ki unda miuTiTos, Tu gascnobia. b-ni
jemali Kkategoriulia Cveni enis codnis Sefsebis
sakiTxSi, srul ucodinars gviwodebs, me ki sakuTar
codnas am mimarTulebiT mokrZalebuls davarqmevdi
da iq, sadac vfiqrob, rom sxva mecnierebi ukeTes
kompetenciebs floben, maT Sromebs daveyrdnobodi,
rasakvirvelia,
gadamowmebis
da
konteqsturi
gaazrebis Semdeg. am urTierTobebs hqvia mecnieruli
da kolegialuri TanamSromloba. miuxedavad imisa,
rom kargad vicnob Sumeruli teqstebis katalogebs
da piradad mimuSavia am katalogebze da firfitebTan,
b-ni jemalis saxeli arsad Semxvedria, arc erTi
Targmnili firfitis gaswvriv!
baton jemals
xelSic ar sWeria originaluri Sumeruli artefaqti,
firfita lursmuli teqstebiT, an sad unda hqonoda
amis
SesaZlebloba?!
bunebrivia,
ar
minda
niSnismogebiT saubari, magram arc ciliswameba da
sajaro damcirebaa koreqtuli b-ni jemalis mxridan.
161-162 gv. recenzenti wers: “ise gamodis, rom am
wignebis miTiTebiT igi aSkarad cdilobs Tavis
gamoCenas araspecialistebisa da farTo sazogadoebis
winaSe, rasac zogjer axerxebs kidec (erTma
araspecialistma, mecnierebis sul sxva dargSi
momuSave soliduri avtoritetis mqone mkvlevarma
CvenTan saubarSi gakvirvebiT ganacxada: eka avalianis
mier sakuTar wignebze TandarTuli umdidresi da
vrceli bibliografiis Tundac Semdgeneli rogor
SeiZleba,
rom
iseTi
dabali
kvalificirebis
mkvlevari iyos, rogorc ambobeno. Cvenma mosaubrem
ar icoda, rom Zveli aRmosavleTis istoriis, enebisa
295
da kulturis Sesaxeb cnobebis Semcveli internetuli gverdebi savsea msgavsi literaturuli
CamonaTvaliT, riTac gulsrulad da mizanmimarTulad
yovelTvis sargeblobs Cveni ”aRmosavleTmcodne”
avtori).
ra gaewyoba, am lirikul gadaxvevazec momiwevs
pasuxis migebeba b-ni jemalisaTvis: pativcemulo
recenzento, ar geCvenebaT Tqveni antireklama Cems
wisqvilze dasmxmul wylad?! Tu dRes qarTul
sazogadoebaSi araspecialistebi da farTo sazogadoeba, rogorc Tqven ambobT, Cems wignebs kiTxulobs da interesdeba dargiT _ Zveli istoriiT
(raRac manqanebiT vaiZuleb maT amis gakeTebas, mec
mikvirs, Tu rogor), gana es Cemi, rogorc mecnieris,
aRiareba da damsaxureba ar aris? Tqven ver
warmoidgenT, rogor gamaxareT am sityvebiT, radganac
verc ki vifiqrebdi, Tu farTo sazogadoeba giorgi
meliqiSvilis, grigol giorgaZis da zurab kiknaZis
garda, dargSi Cemi Taobis mecnierebsac Tu icnobda
saxelebiT, icnobda da dros uTmobda maT kvlevebs.
Mmadlobeli var, rom Tqven da araspecialisti,
soliduri reputaciis mqone qarTveli mecnieri
(samwuxarod, ar asaxelebT pirovnebas), saubrobT
Cems wignebze, msjelobT maT avkargianobaze, rogorc
Cans, Tqven “avze” da is “kargze”, esec didi
stimulia CemTvis! magram bolo nawilSi veRar
dageTanxmebiT, ara marto literaturis CamonaTvaliT,
aramed
seriozuli
gamokvlevebiTac
gvanebivrebs
internet
resursebi,
zogjer
wvdoma
am
literaturaze ufasoa, zogjer ki fasiani.
296
ar mesmis Tqvens mier gamoyenebuli
sityvis
“gulsrulad” mniSvneloba da verc qarTuli enis
ganmartebiT leqsikonSi (mTavari red. arn. Ciqobava)
moviZie
igi,
magramFvvaraudob,
rom
raRac
“bejiTobasa” (“gulianad”) da “srulfasovnebis“
kompoziti unda iyos, am azrs mimyarebs meore sityva“mizanmimarTuleba”, rasakvirvelia, bejiTad Seswavlili masala unda gaaanalizo, gaiazro, gaiTaviso da
mizanmimarTulad, anu saTanado konteqstSi gamoiyeno,
amas hqvia Zveli istoriis interpretacia da
epistemologiuri
kvlevebis
ganviTareba.
arsad
miTqvams, rom var aRmosavleTmcodne _ Orientalist
(Tqven brWyalebSi svamT am termins, ironizirebis
konteqstSi). aRmosavleTmcodneoba, igive orientalistika, ar ikvlevs Zvel maxlobel aRmosavleTs
(Ancient Near East), mas sxva qronologia da kvlevis
obieqti aqvs, Sesabamisad, dargis sxva koncefciac. Tu
sabWouri skolis termins iyenebT, maSinac uadgiloa
Tqveni SeniSvna, Zveli indoeTi da CineTi, rogorc
mkvlevars, naklebadD mizidavda da Tqven, icnobT ra
“gulsrulad”
Cems
kvlevebs,
es
ar
unda
gamogparvodaT!
162 gv. recenzenti wers: “yovelive aRniSnulidan
gamomdinare,
SegviZlia
mxolod
gulistkiviliT
aRvniSnoT: ra dasanania, rom amgvari wignebi kidev
iwereba da, samwuxarod, momavalSic daiwereba amisgan
Tavdacvis raime efeqturi saSualebebis ararsebobis
gamo.
saerTaSoriso
kavSirebis
gafarTovebis
kvaldakval ucxoeTidan bevri cudi ram SeviTviseT
da maT Soris MSemdegic: axla rasac ginda, imas
dawer da Tanxebis mopovebis SemTxvevaSi saukeTeso
297
ydaSi
Casmul
mdare
xarisxis
naSromsac
ki
gamoaqveyneb”.
pativcemul recenzents minda guli davumZimo,
radganac vmuSaob or monografiaze da maqvs
garkveuli samecniero gegmebi momavlisTvis. rac
Seexeba amgvari literaturidan Tavdacis efeqtur
saSualebas, vSiSob, rom ar arsebobs! b-n jemals am
mwvave problemasTan dakavSirebiT SemiZlia gavuziaro
Cemeuli mosazreba: Tqven unda daweroT ukeTesi
naSromi, b-no jemal! Tqvens mier dawunebuli avtoris
Sromebis kiTxvaze dro aRar dakargoT, Tu am
prevenciulma meTodmac ar gaWra, maSin es wignebi
dawviT koconze da gulzec mogeSvebaT!
ucxoeTidan
vin
ra
SeiTvisa,
konkretuli
adamianis gemovnebis sakiTxia, vin rogor moipovebs
Tanxebs, es Temac ar meCveneba mecnieruli davis an
gansjis sagnad (radgan qarTul realobaSi amis
gamoZiebam
SeiZleba
Sors
wagviyvanos
Tqvens
SemTxvevaSi), xolo mdare xarisxis naSroms rom verc
Zvirfasi garekani (esec Tqveni SemTxvevaa) da verc
avtoris regaliebi (esec Tqveni SemTxvevaa) uSvelis,
amaSic araerTxel davrwmunebulvar, radganac es
naSromebi “Cawolilia”. yavlgasuli literaturiT
arc qarTveli studenti tyuvdeba, arc profesionali
da arc faro sazogadoebaSi iwvevs raime interess.
dasavleTSi (am SemTxvevaSi me ar vgulisxmob
dasavleT
saqarTvelos
da
Tqveni
“ucxoeTis”
sapirwoned Semomaqvs es cneba, radganac “ucxoeTi”
Zalze farTo mniSvnelobis matarebelia qarTul
enaSi), romelic Tqven ase ar mogwonT, ubralod ar
scnoben am naSromebis avtorebs, rogorc mecnierebs,
298
arc
aravin
TanamSromlobs
maTTan,
radganac
seriozul konferenciaze rom dagidasturon monawileoba, sul mcire, jer ori Savi oponenti waikiTxavs
Sens Teziss, Tu ar moewonaT, ar dagiSveben, radganac
ufrTxildebian sxvis da sakuTar dros, amaSia
dasavleTis mokrZalebuli xibli, dro fasobs!
ise ar minda davasrulo Cemi pasuxi, rom
megobruli rCeva ar mivce b-n jemals. gaufrTxildiT
Tqvens da Cems dros, umjobesia es dro seriozul
mecnierul kvlevas dauTmoT da ara “omebiada”-s
weras. diax, omebiada jemal SaraSeniZis bolo
naSromis saTauria, Tsu gamomcemlobaSi dabeWdilis.
saTauri ki Zalian maxsenebs homerosis “iliadas”,
oRond ilioni Zveli qalaqis, troas meore saxelia!
aris prefiqss “ada”-Si “raRac antikuri”, magram
SaraSeniZe Sors aris homerosisgan! 2006 wlidan b-ni
jemali Hhumanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetze
daniSnulia sagamomcemlo eqspertTa jgufis ufrosad
da misi dasturis gareSe profesori ver dabeWdavs
Sromas Tsu gamomcemlobaSi, universitetis saxeliT!
calke Temaa misi leqciebis saTaurebidan gamomdinare
kursis
Sinaarsi,
xarisxi
da
pedagogiuri
keTilsindisierebis sakiTxebic! Tumca es sxva Temaa
da scildeba recenziis pasuxs. da mainc, minda
madloba gadavuxado b-n jemals, am saTno mecniers,
recenziisaTvis da, rac MmTavaria, imisTvis, rom Cvens
polemikas sajaro saxe misca.
299
aleqsandre TvaraZe
recenzia wignze:
ebstorfis msoflio ruka,
komentirebuli gamocema, gamomc.
hartmut kugleri, t. 1-2, berlini:
akademi-ferlag, 2007
(DIE EBSTORFER WELTKARTE,
KOMMENTIERTE NEUAUSGABE IN ZWEI
BÄNDEN, HRSG. V. HARTMUT KUGLER,
UNTER MITARBEIT VON SONJA GLAUCH UND
ANTJE WILLING, DIGITALE
BILDBEARBEITUNG: THOMAS ZAPF, BD. 1:
ATLAS, BD. 2: UNTERSUCHUNGEN UND
KOMMENTAR, BERLIN: AKADEMIEVERLAG, 2007).
2007 wels berlinSi ebstorfis msoflios ruka
hartmut kuglerma gamosca or tomad. ebstorfis
msoflios ruka TariRdeba 1235 an 1300 wliT. es
aris Sua saukuneebidan SemorCenili erT-erTi
unikaluri, didi formatis ruka, romelic savaraudod amSvenebda ebstorfis qalTa monastris (CrdiloeT germania) sakurTxevels. daaxloebiT 3, 57 m.
diametris ruka uxvad aris dasuraTebuli. ruka
faqtiurad aris msoflios erTgvari istoria, sadac
vxvdebiT suraTebs miwieri samoTxis, aleqsandre
makedonelis laSqrobebis Tu aRmosavleTis sxvadasxva
saocrebebis Sesaxeb. ruka sainteresoa saqarTvelos
istoriis konteqstSic, raki gvTavazobs kolxebis,
qalaqi dioskuriis, oqros sawmisis, qalaq derbentis
da misi mcvelebis gamosaxulebebs. gamocemis pirvel
tomSi
mocemulia
rukis
maRali
xarisxis
300
reproduqciebi. ebstorfis ruka pirvelad misi
gamocemis istoriaSi dayofilia 61 segmentad. TiTo
gverdze datanilia TiTo segmentis reproduqcia,
xolo momdevno gverdze mosdevs teqsti, romelic
aRniSnul segments ekuTvnis (laTinuri originali da
germanuli Targmani). meore tomi eTmoba gamomcemelis
detalur
komentarebs.
Tavidan
ganxilulia
zomerbrodtis, konrad mileris, vinekes Zveli
gamocemebi.
hartmut
kugleri saubrobs rukis
savaraudo avtorze an mis damkveTze: gansxvavebiT
Zveli Sexedulebisgan is Tvlis, rom gervazius
tilberieli ar yofila rukis Seqmnis iniciatori.
komentarebSi agreTve saubaria rukis SesaZlo
wyaroebze, isidor sevilielis da honorius augustodunenzisis geografiul traqtatebze. ganxilulia
agreTve: ebstorfis rukis litera-turuli wyaroebi,
rukis daTariRebis (kugleri miiCnevs, rom ruka
Seqmnilia 1300 da ara 1235 wels, rogorc es
miRebuli
iyo
adreuli
kvlevis
mier)
da
lokalizaciis sakiTxebi, misi savaraudo funqcia.
ebstorfis
rukis
aRniSnuli
gamocema
Zalian
mniSvnelovania rogorc TviTon rukis, aseve zogadad
Sua saukuneebis kartografiis istoriisaTvis.
301
nino maisuraZe
gamoxmaureba wignze
`qarTuli materialuri kulturis
eTnografiuli leqsikoni~
(Tbilisi, 2011)*
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare globalizaciis
da integraciis pirobebSi uaRresad aqtualuria
tradiciuli kulturuli memkvidreobis fiqsaciis,
kulturul RirebulebaTa gadarCenis sakiTxi. am
TvalsazrisiT
did
interess
iwvevs
dRes
sazogadoebis winaSe warmodgenili `qarTuli materialuri kulturis eTnografiuli leqsikoni~. igi
eTnologiis sferoSi Sesrulebuli pirveli naSromia,
romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT unikaluria. wigni eZRvneba
qarTuli
eTnologiuri
skolis
fuZemdebels
akademikos giorgi Citaias, romlis moRvaweobis
pirveli wlebi eTnologiis sferoSi, profesor vera
bardaveliZesTan erTad, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
muzeumTan (amJamad erovnuli muzeumi) aris dakavSirebuli. proeqtis avtori da samecniero xelmZRvanelia istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
eldar nadiraZe; leqsikonis redaqtori akademikosi
roin metrevelia, romlis didi Rvawli pirveli
qarTuli
universaluri
enciklopediis
mravaltomeulisa (1975-1987) da ivane javaxiSvilisadmi
miZRvnili unikaluri enciklopediuri leqsikonis
(2002) momzadebasa da gamocemaSi sayovelTaod cnobilia. avtor-Semdgenlebi ZiriTadad eTnologebi arian,
romelTagan zogierTi maTgani dRes Cvens Soris aRar
*
wakiTxulia wignis prezentaciaze saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi
302
aris. aRsaniSnavia, rom `qarTuli materialuri
kulturis
eTnografiuli
leqsikoni~
momzadda
saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi. am RirsSesaniSnavi
naSromis upirvelesi mizania saukuneTa siRrmidan
momdinare da, dRes eTnografiul sinamdvileSi
Semonaxuli qarTvelTa uZvelesi da umdidresi, xSir
SemTxvevaSi unikaluri kulturuli memkvidreobis
warmoCena, romelsac WeSmaritad qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan mivyavarT. naSromSi, terminTa
ganmartebasTan erTad, TvalsaCinoebisaTvis warmodgenilia maRal mxatvrul doneze Sesrulebuli sailustracio masala, romelic, Tavis mxriv, eTnografiuli leqsikonis mimarT interess bevrad zrdis.
materialuri kulturis TiToeuli Zeglis, xSir
SemTxvevaSi vrceli ganmarteba warmodgenas gviqmnis
eTnologiis dargSi arsebul mimarTulebebsa da am
mimarTulebebis
kvlevis
siRrmeze,
rogoricaa
magaliTad,
sameurneo
kultura,
miwaTmoqmedeba,
mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba, mesaqonleoba, meTevzeoba, kvebis
kultura, xelosnoba, meWurWleoba, sabrZolo iaraRi,
feiqroba, nagebobani, musika, medicina, transporti da
sxv. yovelive aman asaxva hpova eTnografiul leqsikonSi, sadac mocemulia TiToeuli nivTis dawvrilebiTi aRweriloba, masala, risganac damzadebulia
es nivTi, damzadebis wesi, funqcia da misi adgili
xalxur yofaSi, gavrcelebis areali. ufro metic,
leqsikonSi calkea
warmodgenili
ama Tu im
materialuri
Zeglis
Semadgeneli
komponentebis
terminologia da Sesabamisi ganmartebebi, TiToeuli
maTganis mniSvneloba Zeglis srulyofaSi. materialuri kulturis nimuSebis, maT Soris – saxvneli
303
iaraRis sxvadasxva saxeobani miesadageba bunebrivsameurneo pirobebs da lokalur Taviseburebebs,
esenia: aCaCa, orxela, didi guTani, arona, jilRa,
romelic erqvanis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. miniSnebulia saxvneli iaraRebis konstruqciuli siaxlove
da specifika. TiToeuli maTganis daxasiaTeba SesaniSnavad asaxavs qveynis vertikalur zonalobas (mTa,
zegani, bari). imisaTvis, rom naTeli warmodgena
Segveqmnas leqsikonis Sinaarsobriv mxareze, Tqvens
yuradRebas SevaCereb ludze, romelic kulturulistoriuli TvalsazrisiT da utilitaruli daniSnulebiT did interess iwvevs. ludi jvar-xatebSi
religiur
dResaswaulebTan
dakavSirebuli
wesCveulebebisa da ritualebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi komponentia. `leqsikonSi~ mocemulia terminis etimologia, ludis gavrcelebis are, damzadebis
wesi da funqcia xalxur yofaSi. saubaria agreTve
ludis Suamdinarul (Sumerul) warmoma-vlobaze, rac
mravlismetyvelia qarTul-winaaziuri kulturulistoriuli Tu genetikuri kavSirebis aspeqtiT.
naCvenebia kulturul-sameurneo kavSirebi ZvelaRmosavlur civilizaciebTan, urartusTan, egvip-tesTan.
ludis Sesaxeb gamokvleva, rogorc uZvelesi droidan
momdinare qarTuli kulturis elementisa, calke
wignad gamoica. wignis avtori eldar
nadiraZea.
eZRvneba qarTveli eTnologis andro lekia-Svilis
xsovnas.
wignma
`qarTuli
ludi~,
romelic
gamocemulia kompania `nataxtaris~ mxardaWeriT,
msoflios civilizebuli samyaro moiara. igi, msgavsad wignisa `samosi~, romlis avtoric agreTve b-ni
eldaria, organuli nawilia `qarTuli materialuri
304
kulturis eTnografiuli leqsikonis~, sadac am
`wminda~ sasmelis Sesaxeb vrclad aris saubari.
leqsikonSi da `qarTul ludSi~ uxvadaa warmodgenili WurWeli, maT Soris - ludis moxmarebisaTvis saWiro WurWeli - vercxlis, spilenZis,
xis, rqis, esenia: jami, Tasi, yanwi, jixuri, konCxi,
samTvali da sxv. saTanado adgili aqvs daTmobili
jvar-xatebisadmi
Sewirul
vercxlis
sakralur
sasmisebs. am mxriv eldar nadiraZis kvlevis
interesTa areSi moeqca TrialeTSi aRmoCenili
vercxlis Tasi (Zv. w. II aswleulis I naxevari).
Tasis
orive frizi leqsikonSi dawvrilebiT aris
aRwerili da naCvenebia misi socialur-religiuri
aspeqti.
mniSvnelovania
Tvalsazrisi,
romlis
mixedviT sasmisze asaxuli mTavari RvTaebisadmi
`wminda~ sasmelis Sewirvis ritualSi, SesaZloa,
sasmelad `wminda~ ludia gamoyenebuli. miT umetesad,
rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi, bolo dromde
arsebul religiur dResaswaulebSi, `sadidebelTais~
ritualSi, romelic formiT da SinaarsiT TrialeTis
vercxlis sasmisze asaxuli ritualis anareklia,
mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs `wminda~ ludis Sesmas.
`leqsikonSi~
warmodgenilia
religiur
dResaswaulebSi `wminda~ ludis SesmasTan dakavSirebuli
wesebi, romlis erT-erTi komponentia fanduri,
romelic simRerasTan erTad, rogorc Tanmxlebi
sakravi, organulad aris dakavSirebuli `wminda~
ludis Sesmis wesebTan. es sakravi, sxva sakravebTan
erTad,
aRwerilia
leqsikonSi.
Tasze
asaxuli
kompoziciisa da misi religiuri aspeqtebis Sesaxeb
vrclad aris msjeloba agreTve `qarTul ludSi~,
305
magram am saintereso sakiTxze da kidev sxva mraval
sakiTxze saubari amjerad Sors wagviyvans. amgvarad,
zemoxsenebuli msjelobidan Cans, rom leqsikoni ar
warmoadgens mxolod terminTa CamonaTvals, aramed es
terminebi umeteswilad moicavs maT irgvliv arsebul
yovelmxriv monacems.
`qarTuli materialuri kulturis eTnografiuli leqsikoni~ da materialuri kulturis
calkeuli Zeglebis Sesaxeb gamocemuli eTnografiuli wignebi, magaliTad, maRal mecnierul da
mxatvrul doneze Sesrulebuli `qarTuli samosi~,
`qarTuli ludi~, Sinaarsobrivad qmnian erTian
saocar simfonias, romelic qarTuli kulturis am
elementebs erTmaneTTan harmoniulad akavSirebs.
leqsikonSi warmodgenili mdidari qarTuli leqsika,
vfiqrob, momavalSi enaTmecnierTa calke Seswavlis
sagnad iqceva.
minda visargeblo SemTxveviT da ramdenime
sityviT Sevexo
eldar nadiraZis, rogorc am
SesaniSnavi proeqtis avtoris samecniero moRvaweobas
saqarTvelos
erovnul
muzeumSi.
igi
mravali
sayuradRebo naSromis avtoria. wlebis manZilze
warmatebiT
xelmZRvanelobs
eTnologiis
dargs
saqarTvelos
erovnul muzeumSi da Rirseulad
agrZelebs b-ni giorgi Citaias da q-n vera
bardaveliZis mier muzeumSi dawyebul saqmes. igi
redaqtoria eTnologiuri krebulebis, romlebic
yovelwliurad
qveyndeba
saqarTvelos
muzeumis
mesveurTa ZalisxmeviT. swored misi am moRvaweobis
Sedegia pirveli qarTuli materialuri kulturis
eTnografiuli
leqsikonis
gamocema,
romelic
306
saqarTvelos
erovnul
muzeumSi
momzadda
da
qarTvelTa uZvelesi droidan momdinare kulturis
RirsSesaniSnavi matianea.
me
maxsendeba
b-ni
kote
ColoyaSvilis
gamonaTqvami
saaxalwlo
sufrasTan,
romelic
yovelwliurad imarTeboda q-ni veras da b-ni giorgis
ojaxSi: `pirvel rigSi ikiTxeT rogori adamiania da
Semdeg – rogori mecnieri~. b-ni eldari gamorCeulia
Tavisi pirovnuli TvisebebiT, am sityvis farTo
gagebiT. igi uaRresad keTilSobili, uSurveli da
yvelasadmi keTilganwyobilia. amave dros principuli,
Rirseuli moqalaqea da TvalsaCino mecnieri.
307
Nino Maisuradze
“ETHNOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF THE
GEORGIAN MATERIAL CULTURE”
In our modern world of globalization and integration
the fixation andpreservation of the traditional cultural
heritage and cultural values areof utmost relevance. From
this point of view “Ethnographical Dictionary of the
Georgian Material Culture” is a first work in Ethnology,
which is unique in its content. The ancient and the richest
cultural heritage that brings us to the roots of the truly
Georgian civilization is reflected in the book.
Нино Маисурадзе
ОТЗЫВ О КНИГЕ «ЭТНОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ
СЛОВАРЬ ГРУЗИНСКОЙ МАТЕРИАЛЬНОЙ
КУЛЬТУРЫ»
В современном мире, в условиях глобализации и
интеграции, исключительно актуален вопрос фиксации
традиционного культурного наследия и уцеления
культурных ценностей. С этой точки зрения
«Этнографический словарь грузинской материальной
культуры» первый труд в сфере этнологии, который
своим содержанием уникален, В нем отражено
древнейшее и боготейшее культурное наследие
грузинского народа, которое приводит к истокам
воистину грузинской цивилизации.
308
sarCevi
redaqtorisagan
.......................................................... 3
xaTuna ioseliani
demetre I-is mefed kurTxevis Sesaxeb...................... 6
Khatuna Ioseliani
About the Coronation of King Demetre I......................... 12
salome baxia-oqruaSvili
stumarmaspinZlobis tradiciebi
afxaz da Cerqez xalxebSi........................................... 13
Salome Bakhia – Okruashvili
Traditions of Guest-and-host in Abkhaz
and Circassian peoples...................................................... 30
giorgi mamardaSvili
afxazuri xalxuri gadmocemebis,
Tqmulebebis da miTebis geografia............................. 31
Giorgi Mamardashvili
Geography of the Abkhazian
legends and Myths........................................................... 50
qeTevan quTaTelaZe
nayofierebis qalRvTaebis erTi saxe
qarTul da kavkasiur eposSi....................................... 52
Ketevan Kutateladze
One of the Fertile Goddess in Georgian
and Caucasian Epos.......................................................... 80
309
medea gogolaZe
vaxtang mefis da miqael mTavarepiskoposis
konfliqtis motivebi.................................................... 81
Medea Gogoladze
The Motives of the Conflict of King Vakhtang
and Archbishop Michael................................................... 88
TinaTin ximSiaSvili
espaneTis baRebi - algambra generalifi................... 89
Tinatin Khimshiashvili
Gardens in Spain............................................................... 96
xaTuna TodaZe
qarTul-bizantiuri samonastro
cxovrebis paralelebi (XI s.).................................... 97
Khatuna Todadze
Comparison of Georgian and Byzantine
Monastery Lives (11th century)......................................... 107
irma kvaSilava
“wminda giorgi ilorisao, gerisao, qurmuxisao...
Tavzardamcemo mtrisao!” (iloris, geris da
qurmuxis wm. giorgis salocavebis Sesaxeb)............ 108
Irma Kvashilava
“St. George of Ilori, of Geri, of Kurmukhi...
You, Who Terrify Enemy”............................................... 126
310
daviT WiTanava
,,wamxaris‟‟
RvTismSoblis
xati............................. 127
Davit Chitanava
Caption on the "Tsamkhari" icon of the Virgin Mary.......... 134
aleqsandre TvaraZe
vend graf fon kalnainis samxedro tyveobis
aRweriloba – sabWoTa saqarTvelos
istoriis mniSvnelovani wyaro.................................... 135
Aleksandre Tvaradze
Wend Grafs von Kalnein Gefangenschaftsdarstellung
im Kaukasus – eine wichtige Quelle für die
Geschichte Sovjet-Georgiens............................................ 159
avTandil sonRulaSvili
eqvTime TayaiSvilisa da irodion sonRulaSvilis
epistolaruli memkvidreobidan.................................. 160
Avtandil Songulashvili
From the Epistolary Inheritance of
Ekvtime Takaishvili and Orion Songulashvili................. 169
irma kvaSilava
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebi
postsabWour periodSi................................................. 170
Irma Kvashilava
Greeks in Georgia in the Post-Soviet Period.................... 203
311
vaxtang sonRulaSvili
saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da eklesiis
damokidebuleba religiuri da eTnikuri
umciresobebisadmi XI-XII saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi.................................................................. 204
Vakhtang Songulashvili
The Attitude of the Georgian State and
the Church towards the Religious and Ethnical
Minorities in the XI-XII century...................................... 223
xaTuna ioseliani
XII-XV saukuneebis svaneTis
istoriuli-geografiis sakiTxebi............................... 225
Khatuna Ioseliani
The Historic Geography of the 13th-15th
Centuries Svaneti.............................................................. 234
zurab sulaberiZe
Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropis
saskolo da sauniversiteto ganaTlebis
istoriidan...................................................................... 235
Zurab Sulaberidze
From the History of Educational Systems
in West European Primary Schools and
Universities....................................................................... 253
igor kekelia
,,saafacios“ lokalizaciisaTvis................................. 254
Igor Kekelia
For the Localization of ,,Saapatsio~................................ 261
312
polemika
eka avaliani
CemiPpasuxi b-n jemal SaraSeniZis recenziaze:
“ramdenime arasasiamovno sityva eka avalianis
wignze: Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis
istoria: ganviTarebis traeqtoriebi
Zv.w. III aTaswleulidan III saukunemde”,
Tb. 2012............................................................................................. 263
recenzia
aleqsandre TvaraZe
ebstorfis msoflio ruka, komentirebuli
gamocema, gamomc. hartmut kugleri, t. 1-2,
berlini: akademi-ferlag, 2007.................................. 300
Aleksandre Tvaradze
Die Ebstorfer Weltkarte, Kommentierte Neuausgabe
in zwei Bänden, hrsg. v. Hartmut Kugler, Unter
Mitarbeit von Sonja Glauch und Antje Willing,
Digitale Bildbearbeitung: Thomas Zapf, Bd. 1:
Atlas, Bd. 2: Untersuchungen und Kommentar,
Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 2007....................................... 300
gamoxmaureba
nino maisuraZe
`qarTuli materialuri kulturis
eTnografiuli leqsikoni~ (Tbilisi, 2011)............
302
Nino Maisuradze
“Ethnographical Dictionary of the Georgian
Material Culture”.............................................................. 308
313