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THESIS
CARNIVORE ATTRITION OF THE KAPLAN-HOOVER BISON BONEBED:
LATE HOLOCENE PREDATORY ECOLOGY OF THE
CACHE LA POUDRE BASIN, COLORADO PIEDMONT
Submitted by
Chrissina Coleen Burke
Department of Anthropology
In partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the degree of Master of Arts
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado
Summer 2008
COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY
May 9th, 2008
WE HERBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER
OUR SUPERVISON BY CHRISSINA COLEEN BURKE ENTITLED CARNIVORE
ATTRITION OF THE KAPLAN-HOOVER BISON BONEBED: LATE
HOLOCENE PREDATORY ECOLOGY OF THE CACHE LA POUDRE BASIN,
COLORADO PIEDMONT BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING IN PART
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS.
Committee on Graduate Work
__________________________________________________
Kenneth J. Berry
__________________________________________________
Jason M. LaBelle
__________________________________________________
Advisor: Lawrence C. Todd
__________________________________________________
Anthropology Department Chair: Kathleen A. Galvin
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ABSTRACT OF THESIS
CARNIVORE ATTRITION OF THE KAPLAN-HOOVER BISON BONEBED:
LATE HOLOCENE PREDATORY ECOLOGY OF THE CACHE LA POUDRE
BASIN, COLORADO PIEDMONT
This thesis presents the results of zooarchaeological, taphonomic, and
ethological investigations pertaining to carnivore modification at the KaplanHoover bison bonebed (5LR3953) located in Windsor, Colorado. Kaplan-Hoover
is a Late Archaic Yonkee bison kill dated to approximately 2724+/-35 RCYBP.
Prehistoric hunters utilized an arroyo on the landscape to trap approximately
200+ bison. After the kill limited use of the carcasses by hunters left a surplus of
bison meat available for non-human scavengers and predators. Carnivore
attrition at the site is represented on over 40% of the skeletal elements.
Taphonomic analysis indicates that the Kaplan-Hoover collection was modified
and utilized by a range of non-human scavengers after the kill event occurred.
Using an interdisciplinary approach to methodology as well as identifying key
patterns relevant to a variety of fields of research, including conservation biology
is done. This thesis is imperative for understanding how biogenic factors
influence the taphonomy of a faunal assemblage. This assessment insists that in
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order to understand human interactions with present and future environments, a
researcher must first understand the prior behaviors that assisted in the
development of those events.
Chrissina Coleen Burke
Anthropology Department
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, CO 80523
Summer 2008
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract of Thesis…………………………………………………………………....... ii
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………….. iii
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………….. vi
List of Figures……………………………………………………………………….... ix
List of Tables………………………………………………………………………….. xi
CHAPTER 1 Introduction…………………………………………………….…….… 1
Questions for Research…………………………………………….……….… 1
Site Description and Information…………………………………….…........ 3
Kaplan-Hoover and Other Yonkee Bison Kill Sites…………….…………. 6
Spatial Analysis at Kaplan-Hoover……………………………….……….. 12
Summary of Chapters………………………………………………….……. 13
CHAPTER 2 Where to Begin: Background Research to Entice Questions…….. 15
Methodological Changes to Understanding Biogenic Factors…….……. 16
FAUNMAP: Choosing Non-Human Scavengers to Explore…….……… 20
Ethological Research: Understanding Scavenging Behaviors…….…….. 28
Canis lupus………………………………………………...…………. 28
Canis latrans………………………………………………………….. 32
Comparing Wolves and Coyotes…………………………………... 34
Ursus arctos……………………………………………………........... 35
Ursus americanus………………………………………………….… 40
Conservation Research…………………………………………………........ 42
Canis lupus and Canis latrans: Conservation Issues…………….. 42
Ursus arctos and Ursus americanus: Conservation Issues……… 45
Summary of Chapter………………………………………………………… 51
CHAPTER 3 An Interdisciplinary Approach to Methods……………………….. 52
Data Collection Procedures…………………………………………………. 53
Multiple-Component Coding System…………………………....… 54
Herd Characteristics: Zooarchaeological Methods……………….. 56
Carnivore Modification: Taphonomic Methods…………………... 62
Extant Non-Human Scavengers: Ethological Methods…………… 73
Summary of Chapter…………………………………………………………. 74
CHAPTER 4 Results of Data Analysis……………………………………………… 76
Herd Characteristics Analysis……………………………………………….. 77
Sex Analysis………………………………………………………….... 78
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Humerus…………………………………………………….… 78
Radius-Ulna…………………………………………………... 79
Metacarpal…………………………………………………….. 79
Femur………………………………………………………….. 80
Tibia……………………………………………………………. 80
Metatarsal……………………………………………………… 81
Astragalus……………………………………………………... 82
Calcaneus…………………………………………………….... 82
Number of Individual Specimens…………………………………... 83
Minimum Number of Individuals………………………………..… 83
Forelimb……………………………………………………….. 83
Hind Limb…………………………………………………...… 85
Astragalus, Calcaneus, and Third Phalanx……………….... 86
Differential Destruction Analysis…………………………………………… 87
Minimum Number of Elements by Coded Location……………… 88
Humerus…………………………………………………….… 90
Radius-Ulna…………………………………………………... 90
Femur………………………………………………………….. 91
Tibia…………………………………………………………… 92
Minimum Number of Elements by Skeletal Landmarks……....… 93
Humerus……………………………………………………… 93
Radius-Ulna……………………………………………...…… 94
Femur………………………………………………………….. 95
Tibia……………………………………………………..…….. 96
Minimum Number of Animal Units and %MAU………...………. 97
Carnivore Modification Analysis………………………………………….. 100
General Descriptive Statistics……………………………………… 100
Entire Collection…………………………………………….. 100
Modification and Intensity: Specific Skeletal Elements…………. 101
Humerus……………………………………………………… 101
Radius-Ulna………………………………………………….. 105
Femur…………………………………………………………. 108
Tibia…………………………………………………………… 112
Metapodials………………………………………………….. 115
Astragalus, Calcaneus, and Third Phalanx……………….. 116
CHAPTER 5 Conclusions and Future Directions………………………………… 119
Correlations: Skeletal Analysis and Ethological Information…………... 122
Implications for Conservation Research………………………………….. 128
Future Directions……………………………………………………………. 131
References Cited……………………………………………………………………... 135
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Appendix A…………………………………………………………………………. 148
Appendix B…………………………………………………………………………. 152
Appendix C…………………………………………………………………………. 154
Appendix D………………………………………………………………………… 159
Appendix E…………………………………………………………………………. 200
Appendix Disc
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Kaplan-Hoover bison bonebed………………………………………….. 5
Figure 1.2 Late Archaic Yonkee projectile points………………………………….. 7
Figure 1.3 Map of Yonkee bison kill sites…………………………………………... 8
Figure 1.4 Spatial distribution of Kaplan-Hoover element clusters…………….. 12
Figure 2.1 Montana – FAUNMAP sites with non-human scavengers…………. 24
Figure 2.2 Wyoming – FAUNMAP sites with non-human scavengers………… 25
Figure 2.3 Colorado – FAUNMAP sites with non-human scavengers…………. 25
Figure 2.4 FAUNMAP age groups with non-human scavengers……………….. 27
Figure 2.5 Canis lupus maxilla……………………………………………………... 30
Figure 2.6 Carnassial pair in wolf dentition………………………………………. 31
Figure 2.7 Canis latrans maxilla……………………………………………............. 33
Figure 2.8 Ursus arctos maxilla…………………………………………………..… 36
Figure 2.9 Ursus americanus maxilla…………………………………….………... 41
Figure 3.1 Chipping back…………………………………………………………… 65
Figure 3.2 Crenellations…………………………………………………………….. 65
Figure 3.3 Furrowing…………………………………………………………........... 66
Figure 3.4 Pitting…………………………………………………………………….. 66
Figure 3.5 Punctures………………………………………………………………… 67
Figure 3.6 Scooping out…………………………………………………………….. 67
Figure 3.7 Tooth scoring……………………………………………………………. 68
Figure 3.8 Light utilization…………………………………………………………. 69
Figure 3.9 Light to moderate utilization…………………………………………... 69
Figure 3.10 Light to moderate utilization……………………………………….… 70
Figure 3.11 Moderate utilization…………………………………………………... 70
Figure 3.12 Moderate to heavy utilization………………………………………... 71
Figure 3.13 Moderate to heavy utilization………………………………………... 71
Figure 3.14 Heavy utilization…………………………………………………….… 72
Figure 3.15 Extremely heavy utilization…………………………………………... 72
Figure 4.1 %MAU and bone mineral density scatter plot………………………. 99
Figure 4.2 Percentage of carnivore modification on entire collection..……….. 101
Figure 4.3 Percentage of carnivore utilization on the humerus…….……….… 102
Figure 4.4 Percentage of carnivore utilization on the radius-ulna ……………. 106
Figure 4.5 Percentage of carnivore utilization on the femur………….………... 109
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Figure 4.6 Percentage of carnivore utilization on the tibia…………………..… 113
Figure E.1 Sex scatter plot for humerus M11xM7………………………………. 200
Figure E.2 Sex scatter plot for radius-ulna M9xM4…………………………….. 201
Figure E.3 Sex scatter plot for radius-ulna M11xM7…………………………… 201
Figure E.4 Sex scatter plot for metacarpal M1xM5…………………………….. 202
Figure E.8 Sex scatter plot for femur M17xM10………………………………... 204
Figure E.9 Sex scatter plot for femur M8xM10…………………………………. 204
Figure E.10 Sex scatter plot for femur M8xM17………………………………... 205
Figure E.11 Sex scatter plot for tibia M1xM2…………………………………… 205
Figure E.16 Sex scatter plot for metatarsal M1xM5……………………………. 208
Figure E.20 Sex scatter plot for astragalus M3xM5……………………………. 210
Figure E.21 Sex scatter plot for calcaneus M5xM4…………………………….. 211
Figure E.22 Sex scatter plot for calcaneus M6xM7…………………………….. 211
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 FAUNMAP age groups……………………………………………….…. 22
Table 2.2 FAUNMAP species codes……………………………………………….. 22
Table 4.1 Humerus side/sex cross tabulation…………………………………….. 84
Table 4.2 Radius-ulna side/sex cross tabulation…………………………………. 84
Table 4.3 Metacarpal side/sex cross tabulation………………………………...… 84
Table 4.4 Femur side/sex cross tabulation……………………………………...… 85
Table 4.5 Tibia side/sex cross tabulation………………………………….………. 86
Table 4.6 Metatarsal side/sex cross tabulation………………………………….... 86
Table 4.7 Astragalus side/sex cross tabulation………………………………….... 87
Table 4.8 Calcaneus side/sex cross tabulation……………………………………. 87
Table 4.9 Bone mineral densities………………………………………………...… 89
Table 4.10 MNE portions humerus……………………………………………...… 90
Table 4.11 MNE portions radius-ulna…………………………………………..… 91
Table 4.12 MNE portions femur………………………………………………….... 92
Table 4.13 MNE portions tibia…………………………………………………...… 93
Table 4.14 MNE landmarks humerus…………………………………………..… 94
Table 4.15 MNE landmarks radius-ulna………………………………………..… 95
Table 4.16 MNE landmarks femur………………………………………………... 95
Table 4.17 MNE landmarks tibia………………………………………………….. 96
Table 4.18 MAU and %MAU………………………………………………………. 97
Table 4.19 Portions MAU and %MAU………………………………………….… 98
Table 4.20 Spearman correlation…………………………………………………. 100
Table 4.21 Sex and carnivore utilization chi-square for humerus…………….. 103
Table 4.22 Sex and modification chi-square for humerus…………………….... 103
Table 4.23 Carnivore utilization and side chi-square for humerus……………. 104
Table 4.24 Carnivore utilization and side cross tabulation for humerus……… 104
Table 4.25 Carnivore utilization and portion chi-square for humerus………... 105
Table 4.26 Carnivore utilization and portion cross tabulation for humerus…... 105
Table 4.27 Carnivore utilization and portion chi-square for radius-ulna……… 107
Table 4.28 Carnivore utilization and portion cross tabulation for radius-ulna.. 108
Table 4.29 Sex and carnivore utilization chi-square for femur………………….. 110
Table 4.30 Sex and modification chi-square for femur…………………………... 110
Table 4.31 Carnivore utilization and side chi-square for femur……………...… 111
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Table 4.32 Carnivore utilization and side cross tabulation for femur……….… 111
Table 4.33 Carnivore utilization and portion chi-square for femur…………… 112
Table 4.34 Carnivore utilization and portion cross tabulation for femur…...… 112
Table 4.35 Sex and carnivore utilization chi-square for tibia…………………… 114
Table 4.36 Sex and modification chi-square for tibia……………………………. 114
Table 4.37 Carnivore utilization and side chi-square for tibia…………………. 115
Table 4.38 Carnivore utilization and portion chi-square for tibia…………...… 115
Table 4.39 Metapodial bone mineral densities…………………………………… 116
Table 4.40 Astragalus, calcaneus, and third phalanx bone mineral densities… 117
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CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Questions for Research
In any archaeological site there are specific factors that illustrate formation
processes essential to understanding the spatial and temporal paleoecology. If
the site is composed of a dense bonebed of skeletal materials it is necessary to
assess the taphonomic factors associated with skeletal remains. Of particular
interest to this thesis is carnivore modification, a biogenic factor that influences
the overall destruction and formation of the bonebed as well as illuminates the
predatory and scavenging behaviors of both human and non-human scavengers.
In regards to human behaviors, questions regarding processing and hunting
techniques are relevant and for non-human scavengers it is important to be
aware of their hunting, scavenging, and seasonal behaviors to appreciate their
utilization of bonebed material.
The goals of this thesis are wide-ranging, with primary questions,
secondary questions, and tertiary questions that incorporate an understanding of
the first two for analysis. In general the questions presented by this research are
important to zooarchaeology and a number of archaeological, paleontological,
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and ecological sites. These questions provide a basic description of the KaplanHoover bison bonebed as well as an understanding of four non-human
scavenger species: Canis lupus, Canis latrans, Ursus arctos, and Ursus americanus.
Finally, this research describes an interdisciplinary methodological framework to
zooarchaeological research and carnivore modification.
To begin it is essential to know the demographics of the herd, therefore
analysis on size and sex of the skeletal material must be accomplished. Second, a
record of the types of carnivore modification present as well as where it is
located anatomically and in what abundances is relevant for comprehending
overall destruction of the material, utilization of the material, and site formation
processes. In conjunction with the secondary questions, ethological literature is
useful for understanding non-human scavenger behaviors, specifically species
that could be associated with the region the site is located in.
Finally, the overarching question of contemplation and analysis pertains
to the interactions between human and non-human scavengers that can be
observed by comparing and contrasting the data from the primary and
secondary questions. Included will be a discussion on how these data sets can be
used to understand the overall paleoecology of a region and present and future
conservation issues that may have resulted from the interactions created in the
past by humans between themselves and their environments
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Site Description and Information
The Kaplan-Hoover bison bonebed located in Windsor Colorado is an
important example of why it is imperative to research the behaviors of carnivore
and rodent species living on the Great Plains to assess the specific mammals that
altered the skeletal elements after prehistoric peoples had left. To test the
usefulness of the methodological questions presented in the proceeding
paragraphs, the Kaplan-Hoover site was used. Excavations were undertaken by
Colorado State University from 1997-2001 and overseen by Dr. Lawrence C.
Todd from the CSU Anthropology Department.
Kaplan-Hoover is a late archaic (middle Holocene) bison arroyo trap
single catastrophic event kill (Todd, et al. 2001). Located in Larimer County
Colorado, the site sits at an elevation of 1475 m on a the Cache la Poudre River
and Fossil Creek are approximately 800 m north and 20 m lower in elevation of
the bonebed (Todd, et al. 2001). Radio carbon dating was accomplished using 97
small charcoal samples that are not associated with a hearth feature and likely
washed into the arroyo after the bone was deposited (Todd, et al. 2001). Using
AMS dating two larger chunks of charcoal were dated to 2740+/-40 and 860+/-40
RCYBP (Todd, et al. 2001). In addition, an intact metatarsal was dated to 2690+/60 RCYBP and when averaged with the date of one of the charcoal chunks of
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2740+/-40 RCYBP, Kaplan-Hoover is given a data of 2724+/-35 RCYBP (Todd, et
al. 2001).
The seasonality of the site has been determined by (Todd, et al. 2001) as
being a September-October kill based on the eruption and wear of the
mandibular molars. The site as stated previously is an arroyo trap composed of
a dense accumulation (Figure 1.1) of Bison bison skeletal material measuring 4-5
m wide and at least 1 m thick (Todd, et al. 2001). The minimum number of
individual animals (MNI) at the time of the first report was 44 based on the
crania recovered (Todd, et al. 2001). Additionally, 4000+ identifiable skeletal
elements have been removed from the site and are currently housed in the
Anthropology Department at Colorado State University (Todd, et al. 2001).
Estimations from minimum number of skeletal elements (MNE) and number of
identified specimens (NISP) suggest that the deposit could hold roughly 200+
bison, therefore, 150 have yet to be exhumed (Todd, et al. 2001). From these data
the herd composition is approximately 33-39% bulls and 61-67% females and
sub-adults (Todd, et al. 2001). Research presented in this thesis will change these
numbers slightly.
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Figure 1.1: Kaplan-Hoover bison bonebed (Todd, et al. 2001).
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Kaplan-Hoover and Other Yonkee Bison Kill Sites
The projectile points recovered from Kaplan-Hoover are Yonkee points,
described after the Powers-Yonkee site (24PR5) in south eastern Montana
(Bentzen 1961, 1962b; Bump 1987; Frison 1978; Roll, et al. 1992). Yonkee points
(Figure 1.2) are typically side and or corner notched with a basal notch or
indention (Frison 1978). The type site of this technology is the Powers-Yonkee
(24PR5) site, located in southern Montana (Bentzen 1961, 1962; Bump 1987;
Frison 1978). Other sites that contain Late Archaic Yonkee points include:
Kobold (24BH406) in southern Montana, Powder River (48SH312), and
Mavrakis-Bentzen-Roberts (48SH311) both of which are in northern Wyoming
(Bentzen 1962a; Bump 1987; Frison 1968, 1970, 1978). The last site to be discussed
is Ayers-Frazier (24PE30), another bison trap in Montana (Clark and Wilson
1981) (Figure 1.3).
Powers-Yonkee (24PR5) was initially dated to 4450+/-125 years before
present (Bentzen 1961). Several years later Bump (1987) dated bison skeletal
material to 2290+/-50 years before present. The site was excavated by the
Sheridan Chapter of the Wyoming Archaeological Society in August of 1961
(Bentzen 1961). Powers-Yonkee arroyo trap bison kill that sits upon a high
terrace at about 3600 feet above sea level; the site is located on the north bank of a
small arroyo upon this terrace (Bentzen 1961). Bentzen (1961) states that the
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bison were driven into the north-south branch of the arroyo and then were
shunted or trapped into the east-west branch of the arroyo. A bison kill is
represented at Powers-Yonkee, however, there are other faunal remains,
including one canid (Bump 1987). The remains are very well preserved and
major concentrations lie at approximately 89-104 cm below the surface sediments
(Bentzen 1961 and Bump 1987). As will be seen in most of the sites designated as
Yonkee, projectile points are usually recovered from rib skeletal elements as well
as specific butchering marks indicating muscle stripping (Bentzen 1961; Frison
1968, 1978).
Figure 1.2: Late Archaic Yonkee projectile points from the Kaplan-Hoover site.
The Powder River site (48SH312) located in the Powder River Basin has
not been dated. The site was excavated in 1966 and is an arroyo trap bison kill,
likely a single event, similar to Powers-Yonkee with an MNI of approximately 12
7
bison (Frison 1968). Of the 25 projectile points found at the site, 16 are located
inside rib or vertebral column skeletal elements and butchering indicates that the
hunters took the meat that was easiest to obtain, the majority are hind limbs,
where as the forelimbs are mostly present (Frison 1968). In addition, hunters did
not remove the brains, hides, or tongues, further reinforcing the idea that the
meat was chosen based on easiest to access in the arroyo (Frison 1968). Finally,
the author makes mentions that other damage to the skeletal elements are most
likely indicators of non-human scavenging behaviors, although he does not go
into detail on this topic (Frison 1968).
Figure 1.3: Map of Late Archaic Yonkee bison kill sites.
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The Mavrakis-Bentzen-Roberts bison trap (48SH311) is a single kill event
located in the Powder River Basin just as 48SH312 (Bentzen 1962a; Frison 1968,
1978). Mavrakis-Bentzen-Roberts site was excavated in 1962 and is an arroyo
trap kill with an MNI of approximately 17-26 bison (Bentzen 1962a). Dated to
2600+/-200, site 48SH311 shows evidence of marrow removal because of stone
tools imbedded directly into shaft of the elements (Bentzen 1962a). Finally,
48SH311 shows butchering cut mark evidence of muscle stripping as well (Frison
1978).
The Kobold site (24BH406) has not been dated, however, the projectile
points at the site are Yonkee points (Frison 1970). Kobold is a multiple
component bison jump from a 25 foot cliff in southern Montana (Frison 1970).
Two of the levels at the site contain faunal remains, level two contains badly
decomposed material with some long bones broken for marrow and an MNE of
approximately 65 (Frison 1970). The second level to contain faunal materials is
level four which is mostly scapulae, humeri, radii, and metacarpals with possible
removal of marrow (Frison 1970).
The final site to discuss is the Ayers-Frazier site (24PE30) dated to 2180+/150 years before present (Clark and Wilson 1981). Ayers-Frazier is located in the
same county, Big Horn as the Kobold site in southern Montana. The site was
excavated in 1978 and is evidence of a single kill event in an arroyo trap with an
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NISP in the test excavation area of 700 and approximately 300 more elements in a
looter’s back dirt pile (Clark and Wilson 1981). There is evidence of butchering
in terms of cut marks, chop marks, and skinning marks on the skeletal remains
from Ayers-Frazier (Clark and Wilson 1981). Of the 700 skeletal elements
analyzed from the test excavation area, approximately 15% have carnivore
modification and the authors go into great deal discussing the bone tools of the
site, which after completion of this thesis project, their descriptions are very
similar to the carnivore modification types of chipping back and salivary
polishing (Clark and Wilson 1981:50-51).
Yonkee complex sites are very similar in more ways than just the type of
projectile points. The bison kills from the Yonkee Late Plains Archaic sites are
typically arroyo traps with exception of the Kobold site which is a jump (Bentzen
1961, 1962; Bump 1987; Clark and Wilson 1981; Frison 1968, 1970, 1978). Faunal
material at Yonkee sites typically have points lodged in the ribs and vertebral
columns and butchering evidence suggests stripping of muscle meat as well as
some removal of marrow and long bones (Bentzen 1961, 1962b; Bump 1987;
Clark and Wilson 1981; Frison 1968, 1970, 1978). With limited carcass utilization,
expecting non-human scavenger modification is reasonable. The only authors
discussing carnivore modification are Clark and Wilson with the Ayers-Frazier
site which was published in 1981. At this time, there was a transition from
10
understanding carnivore modification as a taphonomic factor in faunal
assemblages because of Binford’s research in 1981.
The majority of the skeletal elements missing from the bonebed are ribs,
thoracic vertebrae (hump meat), and femurs all of which have high food utility
values (Todd, et al. 2001). In general the preservation of the bones is excellent,
with very little weathering cracks which according to Todd, et al. (2001) indicate
burial of the remains soon after the animal’s death. However, the site
preservation is compromised due to heavy modification of the abandoned
skeletal elements by carnivores and rodents.
Heavy modification due to carnivores is what separates the K-H bonebed
from other sites in the prehistory of America. During initial examination of the
skeletal elements 45 humeri were studied for degree of carnivore damage, of
those 80% had carnivore damage consuming the entire proximal end and Todd
et al. (2001) remark that “overall, 98% of the humeri from the site have some
carnivore damage.” These estimates surpass the Casper site which has 37%, the
Jones-Miller site which has 28%, and the Bugas-Holding site which has 17%
carnivore damage to the humeri (Todd 1987b; Todd, et al. 2001; Todd 1997).
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Spatial Analysis at Kaplan-Hoover
Research on spatial analysis has been accomplished on Kaplan-Hoover
(Burke and Otárola-Castillo 2007; Otárola-Castillo, et al. 2007; Otárola-Castillo , et
al. 2006). Three dimensional analysis of the bonebed illustrated a number of
important patterns present. First of all the fore limbs of the bison are located on
the periphery of the bonebed while the hind limbs are located centrally (Figure
1.2) (Burke and Otárola-Castillo 2007). In addition, the crania and axial skeletal
elements are located in the periphery of the bonebed, a pattern similar to that of
the fore limbs (Figure 1.4) (Burke and Otárola-Castillo 2007).
Figure 1.4: Location of long bones at Kaplan-Hoover bison bonebed.
12
Carnivore modification is located in higher concentrations as well
spatially (Figure 1.2) (Burke and Otárola-Castillo 2007). Much of the
modification is located on the north, north east, and south east portions of the
site (Figure 1.2). Besides the bison remains present at the Kaplan-Hoover site,
there were remains of a domesticated dog (Kinneer 2002). These remains are
located in the south eastern area of the site where the highest concentration of
carnivore modification is located.
Summary of Chapters
The remaining chapters will discuss a wide range of topics and end with a
synthesis of ideas. Chapter 2 discusses a number of important background
research projects and methods that are important for understanding the data
presented. Chapter 2 begins with a presentation of exploratory research using
FAUNMAP, methodological framework on carnivore attrition throughout
archaeological history, Yonkee kill sites, and finally ends with a discussion of
non-human scavenger behaviors and conservation in North America. Chapter 3
describes and explains the methods used to collect data and analyze data from
the Kaplan-Hoover collection. Chapter 4 discusses the final results of analysis,
specifically discussing sex analysis, herd characteristics, carnivore modification,
and overall description of carnivore destruction on the collection. Finally
chapter 5 allows discussion of the most important results and patterns as well as
13
correlations between the skeletal analysis and ethological literature review.
Chapter 5 concludes with future directions for research in biogenic factors in
taphonomy, carnivore management, and future interdisciplinary approaches to
current environmental problems.
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CHAPTER 2
Where to Begin: Background
Research to Entice Questions
This chapter presents the results of a literature review pertaining to
carnivore modification studies in zooarchaeology, Great Plains bison research,
and non-human scavenger ethological literature. First, it is imperative to
understand where and how the understanding of carnivore modification on
faunal remains has emerged in the long history of archaeology and
zooarchaeology. Second, taking into account the site of interest, Kaplan-Hoover,
is a Great Plains Holocene bison kill, research using the FAUNMAP database on
non-human scavenger remains in Holocene archaeological and paleontological
sites is important for narrowing down possible species responsible for the
skeletal elements destruction. In addition to research on Holocene
archaeological sites, discussion of sites similar to Kaplan-Hoover with Yonkee
projectile points is useful for an understanding of the unique nature of the site.
Finally, a review of the ethological literature on the species of interest
Canis lupus, Canis latrans, Ursus arctos, and Ursus americanus serves as both part of
the literature review and as a results section to questions about specific animal
15
behaviors, that may have contributed to the taphonomy of faunal assemblages
and how those behaviors may be visible during data analysis and collection.
This chapter ends with a discussion on conservation issues in regards to wolves,
coyotes, and bears. In view of the long relationship humans and these
scavengers have had, it is important to discuss how zooarchaeological research
can contribute to long term management decisions. Further discussion of
conservation can open interdisciplinary communications that can influence the
understanding humans have of their environment and the impacts they have in
relation past interactions which conditioned other mammalian species surviving
during the Holocene.
Methodological Changes to Understanding Biogenic Factors
In the earliest archaeological research, faunal remains were typically
thrown to the side or thrown away, then gradually, archaeologists began
recording what species the faunal materials were and counting how many were
present (Reitz and Wing 1999). Over time however, archaeologists began
interpreting damage to faunal remains as bone tools, and in many cases the
modification was interpreted as indicating tool construction (Binford 1981; Brain
1981; Dart 1953, 1956; Dart and Wolberg 1971). An example of the most famous
misinformed assumption that bones were altered to be tools or weapons was
established by Raymond Dart and his Osteodontokeratic Culture (Binford 1981;
16
Brain 1981; Dart 1953, 1956; Dart and Wolberg 1971). Dart believed that in the
South African caves, the bone accumulations were indications of a violent past in
human culture and he suggested that the breaks and crenellations exhibited in
the skeletal elements were created by early man, because of a need to defend
themselves (Binford 1981; Brain 1981; Dart 1953, 1956, 1958; Dart and Wolberg
1971). Reviewing the records of bone tools, specifically images from 1960s and
1970s site reports on the Great Plains and the infamous finds in Makapansgat by
Raymond Dart, illustrates that in many cases, these “bone tools” were nothing
more than carnivore modified elements (Brain 1981; Shipman and PhillipsConroy 1977; Sutcliffe 1973). C.K. Brain (1981) took a different approach to the
evidence proposed by Dart; he studied the behaviors of African carnivores and
the geology of caves and discovered a drastically different scenario. After
observing wild dogs, he found that the types of modification Dart had been
recording on bones was very similar to the types of gnawing and crushing marks
created by dogs devouring a carcass (Brain 1981).
In the United States Great Plains, a similar situation was occurring. Many
bison kill sites were being excavated and skeletal elements were being analyzed.
At the Glenrock Buffalo Jump site, Frison (1970) suggests that bone tools were
constructed as “expediency tools” and used to skin and remove meat from the
bison. At the Casper site, George Frison (1974) again suggests the use of skeletal
17
elements as choppers and hide scrapers. Closer evaluation of these materials
(Frison 1974: images 1.12 and 1.14) illustrate that what is assumed to be a tool is
now possibly carnivore modification (Haynes 2007). Similar to Brain, Lewis
Binford (1981) was working on understanding the different processes possible to
change the dynamics of an archaeological site. In the seminal publication,
“Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths”, Binford disposes the differences
between bone tools and carnivore modification of elements (Binford 1981). In
addition, he demonstrates with extensive actualistic research the differences
between animal and human modification to skeletal elements and publishes
images of each type of modification on various sizes of skeletal remains (Binford
1981). Then he contrasts those results with more actualistic research of human
produced skeletal fractures from his research with the Nunamiut populations
(Binford 1981). Finally, Binford (1981) states that while humans may be the sole
agent for change in stone and making stone tools, the correlation does not
necessarily mean that humans are the only agent to impact skeletal material,
especially considering that numerous mammals rely completely on other animal
resources for survival.
Complementary research by Gary Haynes (1980a; 1980b; 1981; 1982; 1983)
emerged as well in the early 1980s. Instead of Binford’s system to understand
the types of specific marks produced by scavenging predators, Haynes (1981 and
18
1982) sought out to understand how entire carcasses were utilized. Instead of
coding the types of modification present on the skeletal elements, Haynes (1982)
recorded the amount of destruction to the elements and compared this to
actualistic research of scavenging behaviors. Combining methods presented by
Binford and Haynes, use ethological literature, actualistic research, and skeletal
material properties has influenced how archaeologists in the Great Plains, North
America, and the World understand the influence of biotic factors in site
formation processes.
Recently, after the acceptance of research on carnivore modification,
researchers began to ask how one could identify the specific predator that left the
marks on the remains found at sites (Coard 2007; Dominguez-Rodrigo and
Piqueras 2003; Pickering, et al. 2004; Selvaggio and Wilder 2001). The majority of
this research is done in African faunal assemblages containing hominid deposits
(Selvaggio and Wilder 2001; Dominquez-Rodrigo and Piqueras 2003; Pickering et
al. 2004). Arguments could be made that these researchers are not fully utilizing
their empirical toolbox, in that they are attempting to distinguish tooth marks on
skeletal elements by species. Unfortunately, they are not discussing the
ethological literature or doing ethological research as Binford (1981), Haynes
(1980a, 1980b, 1982, and 1983), and Burgett (1990) had. Trying to determine
species from tooth marks invariably led to the assessment (thus far) that the size
19
class of predators responsible could be discovered however because of the
processes of gnawing and the plasticity and density of the skeletal material,
accurate measurements are not attained and comparison with the various
African carnivores can not be determined to any defining degree (Selvaggio and
Wilder 2001). Selvaggio and Wilder (2001) specifically found that it is very
difficult to assess species of scavenger on skeletal elements based on size and
shape of tooth marks, specifically because skeletal element densities affect the
resistence to force skeletal material has.
FAUNMAP: Choosing Non-Human Scavengers to Explore
The FAUNMAP database was created in an effort to document the
mammalian species in paleontological and archaeological deposits in the United
States during the Quaternary period (Graham and Lundelius 1995). This
database is not exhaustive but is fairly extensive on specific species within
paleontological and archaeological deposits. Initially the database was created to
facilitate the knowledge base on the evolution and movement of mammalian
communities, but can be used as an important resource for archaeologists
attempting to understand the biogenic ecology of a region, such as the locality of
their specific site (Graham and Lundelius 1994).
This background project was used to achieve an understanding of the
specific species of predators represented in Bison bison archaeological
20
assemblages and to evaluate the overall changes, through time, space, and in
terms of population numbers between various species and bison. The
FAUNMAP database was used as the baseline method for data collection for this
thesis. From FAUNMAP information has been collected on Holocene sites from
the Great Plains states of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado (coded as MT, WY,
and CO respectively). The information collected for each site includes: site name,
number, state, county, latitude and longitude, FAUNMAP age group (Table 2.1),
species and family (if possible) (Table 2.2), minimum number of individuals
(MNI, if possible), number of individual specimens per taxon (NISP, if possible),
and literature citation (to seek out any information not provided by the
FAUNMAP database). The species of interest for this research study were Canis
familiaris, Canis latrans, Canis lupus, Ursus arctos, Ursus americanus, and Bison
bison. To begin with, all sites containing Bison bison in Montana, Wyoming, and
Colorado were documented, followed by collection of the above species, and
finally collection of the rest of the information listed above. In the literature
citations, information such as: MNI, NISP, non-human scavenger modification,
and any other faunal related information was recorded (Appendix A).
21
FAUNMAP Age Categories
Age Categories
FMAGE
Holocene 0-10,000 B.P.
HOLO
Early Holocene 7,500-10,500 B.P.
EHOL
Early/Middle Holocene 3,500-10,500 B.P.
EMHO
Middle Holocene 3,500-8,500 B.P.
MHOL
Middle/Late Holocene 0-8,500 B.P.
LMHO
Late Holocene 450-4,500 B.P.
LHOL
Late Holocene/Post-Columbian 0-4,500 B.P.
HIHO
Post-Columbian 0-550 B.P.
HIST
Table 2.1: FAUNMAP age categories used for background research.
FAUNMAP Species Codes
Species
FMSP
Canidae
CAN
Canis sp.
CA
Canis familiaris
CA fa
Canis lupus
CA lu
Canis latrans
CA la
Ursus arctos
UR ar
Ursus americanus
UR am
Bison bison
BI bi
Table 2.2: FAUNMAP species codes used for background research.
Analysis began by assessing the overall numbers of sites in each state and
within specific latitudes and longitudes. There are 30 sites located in Montana,
46 in Wyoming, and 13 in Colorado. This disparity could be accounted for by
first of all, discovery. The northern plains have lower densities of human
populations in the modern times; therefore it could be assumed that these
regions are not “concrete landscapes” specifically like the Front Range in
22
Colorado, meaning potential for more sites to be discovered. Alternatively, bison
populations during the middle Holocene increased in numbers in the northern
plains because bison thrive on the abundance of C4 grasses which are tolerant of
drought and thus typical of the warm and dry Hypsithermal period (8,000 –
4,000 B.P.), which began in the northern plains and moved south through time
(Kay 1998). This was then overlapped and followed by the Neoglacial which
began around 4,500 B.P. and lasted into present times in the northern plains. The
Neoglacial period contrastingly was associated with higher precipitation and
thus expansion of boreal forests, this could have also increased bison population
numbers and bison kills by providing more precipitation to grasses, further
expanding Ursidae habitats (Kay 1998). Interestingly, Montana and Wyoming
(Figures 2.1 and 2.2) have both grizzly bears and black bears present in faunal
assemblages, where as Colorado (Figure 2.3) does not, and may have been too
warm and dry to accommodate the forest dwelling bears. Finally, these
relationships correspond with the number of sites containing non-human
scavengers in the late Holocene.
The numbers of predators in archaeological assemblages increased in the
late Holocene (Figure 2.4), from 7% to 45%! From the time when the Neoglacial
began about 4,500 B.P. at the beginning of the FAUNMAP age group for the late
Holocene, it would be assumed that this drastic increase in predator
23
representation was related to moisture in the northern plains. Increasing
precipitation increases boreal forests, grasses, and other botanical species, thus
increasing amount of resources for a multitude of mammalian and ornithologic
species as well. It should be assumed that Canis familiaris, Canis latrans, Canis
lupus, Ursus arctos, and Ursus americanus were not solely sustaining themselves
on Bison bison. Therefore, the increase in numbers could have come in part on
the increase in the family Lagomorpha or the variety of berries whose population
numbers could have increased as well.
Figure 2.1: Percentages of sites with specific non-human scavengers in Montana.
24
Figure 2.2: Percentages of sites with specific non-human scavengers in Wyoming.
Figure 2.3: Percentages of sites with specific non-human scavengers in Colorado.
Transitioning from the late Holocene to the Post-Columbian is an
interesting shift as well. Again, 45% of late Holocene sites contain predator
remains, where as the late Holocene/Post-Columbian switch has 23% and then
decreases again in the Post-Columbian period to 12% (Figure 2.4). This could be
accounted for in a number of reasons. First of all prior to this period in the
middle Holocene there is a striking increase in prehistoric human populations on
25
the Great Plains, the immigration of Euro-American settlers into the plains, and
finally the eradication of the bison by the 1840s and 1850s by Euro-Americans
would have impacted these results significantly (Burris 2006). These events
impacted the amount and integrity of sites on the plains and therefore would
have impacted the numbers of predators represented in these assemblages.
Furthermore, as bison began to disappear so too would have the predators that
likely used them for sustainability. This could have occurred by population
movements to the east, west, or south and by reduction in number of offspring
produced.
In relation to the paleoclimatic fluctuations, there are distinct differences
in which species live in which regions. Ursidae and Canidae can live in a wide
range of environments (Fitzgerald, et al. 1994). Ursidae, is typically a scavenger,
and scavenges in the spring months after their winter lethargy period has
completed (Green, et al. 1997; Mattson 1997). In addition, Canidae does scavenge
specifically Canis lupus and Canis latrans (Paquet 1992). If these canids were
scavenging human produced carrion then it would be assumed that from this an
eventual interaction would have occurred and possibly led to domestication.
Canids account for 97% of predator remains in the sites in Montana,
Wyoming and Colorado. It has been suggested that dog domestication and or
hybrid dog remains are present as early as 6,500 B.P. at the Hawken Site in
26
Wyoming and 4,300 B.P. at the Dead Indian Creek site in Wyoming (Walker and
Frison 1982). Similarly, in behavior, coyotes may have adapted to following
humans for sustainability, because they are cited as following wolves to kills and
waiting in the distance to scavenge the remains (Wade and Bowns 1985). To
what extent wolves and coyotes were following humans in the Holocene is
unknown at this present time, however, assuming that domestication began in
the early to middle Holocene as Walker and Frison (1982) postulate, the question
of why canid remains are present at approximately 97% of sites in Montana,
Wyoming, and Colorado could explain why there is a drastic increase.
Figure 2.4: Percentage of non-human scavengers present in sites within FAUNMAP age groups.
27
Ethological Research: Understanding Scavenging Behaviors
The research presented in the following section is by no means conclusive
or exhaustive. There are hundreds of thousands of books, articles, conference
proceedings, and reports published on the behaviors of carnivore and omnivore
scavengers in the Great Plains, North America, and the World. This research
background gives a brief description of Canis lupus, Canis latrans, Ursus arctos,
and Ursus americanus behaviors and feeding habits to inform further questions
about interactions with bison kill remains from prehistory. Research on wolves
and grizzly bears is very expansive; including numerous books and articles
where as research on coyotes and black bears is limited, having fewer books and
repetitive information in each article and book. In future research a more
encompassing review of these mammals’ behaviors along with behaviors of
many other mammal scavengers would be necessary.
Canis lupus
Canis lupus was at one point common all over the United States, which
indicates that they could have easily been located all over the Great Plains. Ever
since the advent of domesticated cattle, however, the species has been eradicated
from most states for livestock slaughter (Fitzgerald, et al. 1994). Canis lupus can
occupy a wide range of environments, including high altitudes and the species
tends towards regions where there are high populations of large bodied ungulate
28
species (Fitzgerald, et al. 1994). Documentation of kills demonstrates that the
gray wolf mostly predates elk, mule deer, bison, and mountain sheep and in
some instances beavers (Fitzgerald, et al. 1994; Mech 1970).
Anatomically canids (Figure 2.5), unlike felids are designed to make
numerous shallow bites while attacking to take down its prey, where as a felid
can take one deeper bite and hold on to take their prey down (Peterson and
Ciucci 2003). Wolves having heterodont type teeth are able to break and chew
through a variety of gross materials, the molars are used to rip and shred meat,
while the canines are used to crush and crack bone material (Peterson and Ciucci
2003). In addition to the dental specialization for meat consumption, the
mandibular structure of a wolf is robust with several massive muscles that act in
unison to close to jaw rapidly and efficiently (Peterson and Ciucci 2003). Further
adaptation for the lifestyle of a carnivore is the carnassial pair (Figure 2.6), which
are the upper fourth molar and the lower first molar that act together as scissors
for shearing and slicing through hide materials (Peterson and Ciucci 2003).
29
Figure 2.5: Canis lupus maxilla (Myers, et al. 2008).
Wolves can swallow very large pieces of carcasses whole, in one study
two whole caribou tongues were found in a wolf stomach (Mech 1970). Wolf
stomach contents have been known to contain anywhere from 5.3 to 13.2 pounds
of meat, bone and hair, with the largest known amount being close to 19 pounds
(Mech 1970). Typically wolves begin feeding on the internal organs after tearing
open the carcass, then move to hind limbs and other parts, while avoiding the
entrails and stomach contents (Mech 1970; Peterson and Ciucci 2003). Wolves
will feed until their stomachs are full and their sides distended and in the winter
after feeding wolves will collapse and sleep up to 5 hours which aids in digestion
after gorging (Peterson and Ciucci 2003). In addition, wolves rely heavily on
bone materials from kills, often scavenging on them to sustain their mineral
nutrient intake (Peterson and Ciucci 2003). Further, single wolves that have not
30
had access to a fresh kill can sustain themselves for long periods of time on only
skeletal material and then may be willing to eat any part of the gross tissue
(Peterson and Ciucci 2003).
Figure 2.6: Carnassial pairs of Canis lupus (Myers, et al. 2008).
Gray wolves are recorded as scavenging as much as 94 bison carcasses as
opposed to 40 red deer and 32 wild boars in Bialowieza Primeval Forest (BPF) in
Poland (Selva, et al. 2005). Interestingly of all the predators monitored in BPF
(including: ravens, buzzards, eagles, red foxes, raccoon dogs, pine martens, and
domestic dogs) gray wolves were the only species able to open dead bison
(Selva, et al. 2005). In the winter season, Huggard (1993) noted that wolves
scavenged in shallower snow than deep snow and would hunt more often if the
snow was at great depths. Wolves are even known to cache carcass remains for
later use, specifically in the summer to keep flies away and preserve the meat out
31
of the summer heat (Mech 1970; Peterson and Ciucci 2003). Further this caching
can be done to save food for later after the wolf is satiated, and typically wolves
will take their food for caching long distances from the kill to avoid theft by other
scavengers (Peterson and Ciucci 2003).
Canis latrans
Canis latrans (Figure 2.7) on the other hand is still considered common all
across Colorado and is easily adapted to all elevations (Fitzgerald, et al. 1994).
Additionally, the species is well adapted to living amongst human populations
and may have thrived after the eradication of the gray wolf (Fitzgerald, et al.
1994). Typically, Canis latrans is an opportunistic feeder, often preferring animal
meat, but also consuming vegetation in some instances (Fitzgerald, et al. 1994).
In most situations coyotes will eat jackrabbits, cottontail rabbits, and rodents,
likewise; they are known to scavenge carrion of cattle and big game which has
been killed by other larger predators and do often themselves kill livestock such
as sheep and goats (Fitzgerald, et al. 1994; Hilton 2001; Kleiman and Brady 2001;
Paquet 1992). Coyotes can and will alter their natural diet to exploit foods
introduced by humans and other scavengers to lessen the amount of energy
needed to gain food (Kleiman and Brady 2001). Coyote stomachs typically
contain large quantities are scavenged foods as well, indicating that in the wild
they are not necessary hunters, but scavengers (Kleiman and Brady 2001).
32
Figure 2.7: Canis latrans maxilla (Myers, et al. 2008).
Canis latrans is known for defecating on their kills and carrion to mark
their property and deter other animals from consuming it (Acorn and Dorrance
1990, 1998; Wade and Bowns 1985). In addition, coyotes attack the neck/throat
first of sheep and goats and attack the hind limbs in calves of other ungulates
(Wade and Bowns 1985). They primarily begin feeding in the hind limbs or just
below the ribs and choose viscera first when consuming carcasses (Acorn and
Dorrance 1998; Acorn and Dorrance 1990; Wade and Bowns 1985). In almost
every case of carrion scavenging however, the coyote will either follow gray
wolves or scavenge gray wolf kills (Paquet 1992). In some instances it is difficult
to assess the amount of material in a coyote stomach as carrion or hunted,
however, presence of maggots and fly larvae have been used as a means to
determine if the coyote hunted its meal (Kleiman and Brady 2001).
33
Comparing Wolves and Coyotes
A research study at Riding Mountain National Park in Manitoba,
documented 194 ungulate wolf kills from July 1982 through March 1986 (Paquet
1992). Within this same time frame Canis latrans killed 59 ungulates and were
documented to visit every wolf kill (Paquet 1992). On average large gray wolf
packs consume more of the killed carcasses than do coyotes; this is likely due to
size and energy expenditure needed by each non-human scavenger (Hilton 2001;
Paquet 1992). However, during this research study Paquet (1992) found that all
wolf-killed ungulates remains (n=194) were scavenged by coyotes and this was
evident by coyote tracks to every wolf-kill and skeletal disarticulation and hide
removal of carcasses. Moreover, Paquet (1992) observed coyotes waiting 100 m
from a fresh and still being utilized wolf kill and noticed that the coyotes moved
in quickly to consume the remains immediately following wolf departure. This
of course led to the demise of some coyotes that were impatient; however, this
danger did not deter them (Paquet 1992; Wilmers and Getz 2004). Finally,
Paquet (1992) documented multiple occasions where coyotes followed wolves to
kill events in order to have scavenging opportunities.
Anatomically, wolves and coyotes are identical; however, the coyote is
constrained by being significantly less powerful than the wolf and much smaller
in size (Hilton 2001). In terms of scat, wolf and coyote scats are similar in
34
appearance, contents, and can overlap in size, however, coyote scat rarely
exceeds one inch in diameter, while wolf scats can exceed one inch and typically
go beyond or up to one and a half inches in diameter (Mech 1970). In
appearance, wolf and coyote scat is arranged with the skeletal fragments in the
center while hide and hair are wrapped around the outside, therefore protecting
the intestines (Mech 1970). Unlike wolves however, coyotes scavenge and
typically hunt alone, allowing more time to be dedicated to following other
hunters (Kleiman and Brady 2001).
Ursus arctos
Ursus arctos (Figure 2.8) is known to live in a wide variety of environments
from plains grasslands to alpine tundra and are most content in a habitat of
seasonally changing food stuffs (Fitzgerald, et al. 1994; Servheen 1999). Brown
bears are known to be throughout the Great Plains during the Holocene,
unfortunately, documentation is a forthcoming search. In light of this,
FAUNMAP lists skeletal remains of various species at specific sites in the United
States during all geological time periods, including Colorado during the early,
middle, and late Holocene. Predominately, Ursus arctos consumes vegetation,
nevertheless, the species is known for scavenging carrion (especially in the
spring), and killing small mammals such as marmots, large mammals such as elk
35
and other ungulates, and livestock such as cattle and sheep (Craighead, et al.
1995; Fitzgerald, et al. 1994; Wade and Bowns 1985).
Figure 2.8: Ursus arctos maxilla (Myers, et al. 2008).
These mammals are incredibly efficient at being omnivores, and are fairly
inefficient at being carnivores, so scavenging is the main way for them to get
meat protein (Craighead and Craighead 1972). Winter killed ungulate species
are of specific importance to grizzly bears, specifically in the spring after they
have awakened from winter lethargy; however, carrion feeding is at its peak
from March through May (Craighead, et al. 1995; Green, et al. 1997; Mattson
1997). In Yellowstone National Park (YNP), brown bears consume mostly elk,
bison, and moose meat (Craighead, et al. 1995; Mattson 1997). Carrion
availability can drastically affect these behaviors by increasing the amount of
time bears use carrion (Craighead, et al. 1995). Mattson (1997), states that the
frequency in which brown bears used ungulate carcasses, varied during months,
years, and regions of the park. In addition, usage of ungulates was related to
36
availability of whitebark pine seeds (Mattson 1997). However, if large numbers
of carcasses exist in a grizzly bears territory they will forego eating other foods
and just sustain themselves on carrion, further, bears are known for caching
carcasses for future use and will return to feed numerous times if the carcass is
not located by other scavengers (Craighead, et al. 1995). Moreover, Green et al.
(1997) discovered that date of death was less important in determining
scavenging if the death occurred between February and early March and more
important between middle March to late April. This could be due to increase in
temperature and rate of decomposition of the carcasses. Green, et al. (1997)
further reported that Ursus arctos typically scavenges more Bison bison than
Cervus elaphus in YNP. Ursus arctos exploits carrion more frequently in higher
altitudes in YNP than lower altitudes during the late spring (Green, et al. 1997).
Bison bison predation by brown bears in Yellowstone National Park
consisted mainly of adult males and this occurred most often during late summer
to early fall (Mattson 1997). Grizzly bears are capable of killing and hunting
ungulate species as well, specifically sick or young animals and have to capacity
to hunt and kill weak, sick bison and young bison calves (Craighead, et al. l995).
Ursus arctos will kill prey with bites and blows to the skull or neck which breaks
cranial and vertebral skeletal elements and they will typically drag their kills to
forested areas prior to feeding (Wade and Bowns 1985).
37
After consumption of ungulate species in the early spring, snow decreases
and tourist activity increases allowing grizzlies to stock up on more calorie rich
foods from garbage dumps, which is particularly important to the feeding habits
of Yellowstone National Park bears (Craighead, et al. 1995). Garbage dump
feeding does have a specific seasonal time period however; as bears use this
resource continuously throughout their non-lethargy season as a consistent and
stable food supply (Craighead, et al. 1995). In addition, to carrion and garbage
dumps, grizzly bears subsist on sedges and grasses that are sprouting in the
spring through the month of June and move to flowers, bulbs, and tubers in to
July (Craighead, et al. 1995). From August until early November, bears subsist
on berries, then pine nuts and more garbage until returning to their dens for
lethargy (Craighead, Sumner, Mitchell 1995).
Ursus arctos is an animal that as argued by Craighead, et al. and
Craighead and Craighead (1995 and 1971) is conditioned by humans for food
resources. There is a large body of literature on grizzly bears feeding in garbage
dumps, campgrounds, and bone yards (cattle carcass piles) in Montana and
Yellowstone National Park (Craighead and Craighead 1971; Craighead, et al.
1995; Rogers 1989; Wilson, et al. 2005). According to Craighead and Craighead
(1972), grizzlies who feed at garbage dumps, campgrounds, and bone yards
exhibit less fear of humans and human smells, however, in other areas of
38
national parks and human landscapes they are fearful and tend to avoid contact
with humans. When humans approach these man-made landscapes however,
they are more alarmed and move quickly away from the area and return to feed
when safety has returned (Craighead and Craighead 1972). Within Yellowstone
National Parks campgrounds, grizzlies return for garbage foraging during spring
and fall migratory movements to gain access to another food source with limited
energy expenditures and the animals that frequent campgrounds on a regular
basis become conditioned to human presence, a difference from grizzlies that
frequent isolated garbage dumps where humans move into and out of the area
on a more predictable regular basis (Craighead and Craighead 1972). These
conditioned behaviors of grizzly bears are typically caused by human
interactions, hence, increasing a tolerance response from bears towards leading
to bears attempting to access homes, cars, and campers to get food (Craighead
and Craighead 1972).
Finally, boneyards are important to discuss in terms of where bear
behaviors have been constant over time. Across the Great Plains and Western
United States, cattle ranchers have utilized boneyards or cattle carcass dumps
when their livestock have died (Craighead, et al. 1995; Mace, et al. 1987; Wilson,
et al. 2005; Wilson, et al. 2006). A significant research study from 1977 to 1987
suggested that grizzly bears on the east front of the continental divide of
39
Montana were frequenting rancher boneyards as a secondary source of all
protein (Craighead, et al. 1995; Wilson, et al. 2005; Wilson, et al. 2006). These
sites are typically frequented during the spring when bears need to gain calories
and protein quickly after winter lethargy (Mace, et al. 1987; Wilson, et al. 2006).
Craighead, et al. (1995:324-326) compare boneyards to bison kill sites, suggesting
that these were predictable events and stable events across the Great Plains,
allowing bears to be conditioned further by humans to expect large quantities of
carrion available throughout the year.
Ursus americanus
Ursus americanus (Figure 2.9) is commonly found in montane shrublands
and forests, and subalpine forests at moderate elevations, because this species is
arboreal by nature, they thrive in environments that are forested (Fitzgerald, et
al. 1994). Primarily, black bears are vegetarians however they have been known
to consume carrion and will kill elk calves and other wild ungulate calves, sheep,
goats, and pigs (Fitzgerald, et al. 1994; Wade and Bowns 1985).
Ursus americanus commonly predates in the spring and summer and
mostly attack sheep, goats, calves, and pigs (Wade and Bowns 1985). Green, et
al. (1997), discusses Ursus americanus use of lower altitude carrion as opposed to
Ursus arctos. Additionally, the black bear is more likely to use carcasses during
the late spring than the early spring (Green, et al. 1997). In the attack, black bears
40
typically use their paws and break the back or neck with strong blows,
eventually killing the prey by biting the neck and shoulders (Wade and Bowns
1985). Black bears similar to brown bears are inclined to drag their food to a
secluded area for feeding, and afterwards will defecate on the carrion as Canis
latrans to prevent other non-human scavenger from consuming it (Wade and
Bowns 1985). Finally, both black and brown bears do not scatter, chew, and
break up carcasses, which is typical canid behavior (Wade and Bowns 1985).
Figure 2.9: Ursus americanus maxilla (Myers, et al. 2008).
41
Conservation Research
Canis lupus and Canis latrans: Conservation Issues
Wolves and coyotes have always been considered a nuisance by ranchers
and hunters (Clark and Rutherford 2005; Fritts, et al. 2003; Smith, et al. 1999;
Wilmot and Clark 2005). Public interest is varied, with some people believing
that wolves and coyotes destroy their products (livestock) and profits while
others believe that they should be left alone, to allow them to live naturally in the
wilderness (Clark and Rutherford 2005). On another side, hunters argue that
introduction or reintroduction of non-human predators significantly reduces
population numbers for wild game hunting and eliminates the traditional
heritage of American settlers (Wilmot and Clark 2005).
While settling the west, ranchers would kill wolves and coyotes since they
were decimating their livestock and adding competition to hunting wild game
(Smith, et al. 1999). After prey species of the wolf, such as bison, deer, elk, and
pronghorn populations decreased during the settling of the west, wolves began
to feed on livestock provided by the ranchers (Young 1946). The rough lifestyle
of western settlers and the depredation of their livestock caused animosity
towards the wolves, which in a short period of time led to the eradication of
wolves (Young 1946). Wolves were almost completely eradicated, with few
singles and pairs from the lower United States, except for northern parts of
42
Minnesota by the 1930’s (Smith, et al. 1999). In 1974, wolves were listed on the
Endangered Species Act and mandated to be reintroduced to Yellowstone
National Park and not until 1995 and 1996 were 31 individuals reintroduced
(Smith, et al. 1999; Smith, et al. 2003). After a year, 44 adult wolves and an
unknown number of litters were present in and around the park (Smith, et al.
1999). Prior to the count, 26 had been killed from human caused deaths such as
illegally or legally being shot and being hit by cars (Smith, et al. 1999). To this
day, humans are the largest cause in wolf mortality rates, where wolves can live,
and influence the behaviors and predatory ecology of the species (Fritts, et al.
2003). Finally, this reintroduction has changed the numbers of coyotes
drastically and changed their breeding and hunting behaviors as well (Smith, et
al. 1999).
The importance of wolves in ecosystems cannot be over stated. The
species is responsible for much of the available carcasses for scavenging species,
leaving available carrion and bones for scavengers such as birds and coyotes
(Mech 1970). In addition, wolves are imperative to some ungulate species
population control, without predator-prey relationships, some species such as
elk in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) may become overpopulated
which will lead to starving, more accidents with cars, and government
interaction for culling costs. In fact, some critics are suggesting reintroduction of
43
wolves or culling to improve the situation in RMNP (Bioitani 2003; Boitani 2003;
Slevin 2008). However, there are differences between ungulate species and the
reintroduction of wolves to YNP. A research project on the affects of
reintroduction to Cervus elaphus (elk) and Bison bison suggests that the elk
population suffered a shift in diet quality to low while bison remained stable
with females and calves increasing vigilance (Hernandez and Laundre 2005;
Laundre, et al. 2001).
Coyotes have been seen in a similar light throughout western settlement
and are still seen as a problematic nuisance with ranchers today (Bekoff and Gese
2003). Livestock predation amongst coyotes is a contentious issue, with a
disparity between human belief that coyotes kill livestock or leave livestock
alone (Bekoff and Gese 2003). As the wolf’s habitat has decreased and human
eradication of them has occurred, coyotes have been able to move into their
habitat ranges (Nowak 2001). In addition, coyotes are very efficient at adapting
to human environments such as, neighborhoods, towns, and larger cities by
exploiting garbage, livestock, and pets (Bekoff and Gese 2003; Nowak 2001). For
the sheep industry, many stockmen have stated that coyote depredation is the
most problematic cause of profit loss (Bekoff and Gese 2003; Sterner and
Shumake 2001). Coyote population control and determent from sheep and
livestock depredation is been done by a number of means, including non-lethal
44
methods such as: exclusion fences, aversive agents, and chemosterilants (Acorn
and Dorrance 1998; Acorn and Dorrance 1990; Bekoff and Gese 2003; Sterner and
Shumake 2001). Of the methods to deter coyote depredation, aversive agents
such as olfactory and gustatory products have done little to decrease predation
(Bekoff and Gese 2003). Other methods such as sheep collars that release toxic
chemicals when punctured and trapping have be somewhat productive in recent
years with proper training (Bekoff and Gese 2003). Interestingly with all of the
control methods and killing of coyotes by humans, population numbers of
coyotes have remained stable (Bekoff and Gese 2003).
Ursus arctos and Ursus americanus: Conservation Issues
Human relationships with bears are a highly contentious issue in wildlife
conservation (Craighead, et al. 1995; Gilbert 1989). Bears are typically
omnivores, and easily adapt to change. They are able to adapt so well to human
surroundings, that people have been accidentally conditioning bears for a long
time (Gilbert 1989). From the opening of Yellowstone National Park, humans in
the west have been feeding and taking care of bears, which bears have responded
by being less fearful of humans (Craighead, et al. 1995; Gilbert 1989).
Grizzly bear populations today in the lower 48 states are located in
Yellowstone National Park, with another smaller population located in the
northern cascades, with approximately 1000 bears between the two (Schwartz, et
45
al. 2003).
From the earlier years of the park 1930s through the 1960s, visitors
would feed grizzlies and did not anticipate that building a reliance and
acceptance of human presence could influence future problems, such as personal
injuries to humans and property damage (Craighead, et al. 1995). Early attempts
to educate the public on wildlife included many lecture series, where park
rangers would place food wastes in a central location and then visitors would sit
on bleachers watching the bears feed and hear about their behavior and ecology
(Craighead, et al. 1995). The last of the lecture series food waste sites were closed
by the mid-1940s in a hope to decrease human-bear interactions, however, bears
did not stop feeding in these locations or other established tourist dumps and
may have become accustomed to including garbage into their seasonal feeding
habits (Craighead, et al. 1995). These human induced bear interactions lead
researchers to believe that the major causes of bear mortality have less to do with
habitat and more to do with their relationships with humans (Gilbert 1989).
Mortality rates in grizzly bear populations are caused mostly by human impacts
to populations through hunting, poaching, and habitat loss (Schwartz, et al. 2003;
Servheen 1999). Cause for eradication of grizzly bears was due to fear of attack
from them or destruction of campsites and livestock (Craighead, et al. 1995;
Primm and Murray 2005).
46
Human-bear interactions are among the most important to consider when
discussing conservation, specifically for the grizzly bear, which has been
conditioned to trust and in some instances rely on humans for food (Gilbert
1989). Researchers believe that in parks, like YNP, when humans began feeding
bears or when lectures were centered on bear feeding, that bears became
conditioned or accepting of human smells and therefore less fearful (Craighead,
et al. 1995; Gilbert 1989). Beginning in 1968 YNP personnel began reducing the
amount of garbage held in the remaining park tourist dumps and by 1971 closed
the rest of the dumps (Primm and Murray 2005). Other researchers believed that
the dumps should not have been closed instantaneously and that the bears
should have been weaned off of human garbage as sustenance (Craighead, et al.
1995; Primm and Murray 2005).
Behaviorally, grizzly bears at garbage dumps will leave if humans
approach and the increase in human presence at dumps can instigate reduced
nutrient feeding from natural areas and increase feeding stress on the animal
(Gilbert 1989). This food stress and the closure of the dumps led to increases in
bear-human conflicts in campgrounds (Gilbert 1989). After the closure of the
dumps, there was a dramatic decline in the number of grizzly bears in the park,
with the constant source of garbage unavailable, the bears began going into
camps, livestock areas, and surrounding community garbage dumps outside of
47
YNP, leading to more human-bear conflicts, and more deaths caused by human
shootings (Primm and Murray 2005). After this, researchers and public
relationships declined and finally in 1975 the grizzly bear was declared
threatened under the Endangered Species Act (Primm and Murray 2005). For the
next decade, grizzly bear populations declined because of the force to learn to
find natural foods in the environment, thus causing fecundity issues, given that
they were malnourished (Primm and Murray 2005). Today grizzly bears have
made a comeback and have become accustomed to feeding in natural
environments, however, they have moved in to more human environments as
well creating more disturbances that have led to a lot of animosity between
ranchers, surrounding communities, and the national park systems (Primm and
Murray 2005).
Black bears are a wide ranging species capable of adapting to human
presence; therefore, many of the causes of their mortality are human hunting,
poaching, and roads kills (Pelton 2003; Pelton, et al. 1999; Rogers 1989). Similar
to grizzly bears, black bears have a tendency to feed on human garbage in and
around parks (Fitzgerald, et al. 1994; Green, et al. 1997; Wade and Bowns 1985).
Typically, black bears will utilize garbage dumps when there is a reduction in
their habitat and therefore natural food range (Rogers 1989). Human and black
bear interactions are more frequent than grizzly bear interactions at dumps and
48
this is primarily due to the fact that black bears simply ignore human presence at
the dumps and continue on with what they are doing (Rogers 1989). In the event
that people begin to throw food or rocks at the bears feeding, they will either
ignore or move away, rarely if ever defending their food (Rogers 1989). Most of
the injuries incurred by black bears have been a reaction to a person handing a
bear some food (Rogers 1989). In Wisconsin, complaints of bear related
destruction was the main reason for bear control initiatives (Rogers 1989). To
curb bear damage, trapping, shooting, and similar to coyotes, chemical aversion
techniques have been employed (Pelton 2003; Rogers 1989).
When it comes to carnivores both canids and ursids, it is important to
realize that humans influence their behaviors (Bekoff 2001). This idea is highly
contentious and the conservation issue for carnivores is emotionally intense for
many people, leading to great debates (Bekoff 2001). To better the conversation
on carnivore management, understanding the whole story including the length
of time humans and carnivores have been interacting and the role that these
mammals play in the biodiversity, stability, and integrity of a multitude of other
mammal species and community constructions is extremely relevant (Bekoff
2001). To encourage this dialogue it is becoming increasingly necessary for
conservationists and government agencies to gather all of the information they
can, instigating an interdisciplinary approach to understanding carnivore
49
management. Beginning with the earliest settlers of the world, humans have
been interacting with their environments, for better or for worse; changes have
been made (Lyman and Cannon 2004).
As presented in the proceeding paragraphs, humans impact other
mammals in a variety of ways, since these impacts began in North America
10,000 years ago, it is important to review archaeological sites for an improved
understanding of our previous interactions with non-human scavengers to
become better prepared to make conservation decisions (Lyman and Cannon
2004). Finally, if managers and government agencies have the information
archaeologists can provide of the past and our understandings of taphonomy,
species distributions in archaeological assemblages, and manipulations humans
have made to their environments, a more informed decision can be made about
how to sustain non-human scavenger populations. Further discussion of this
topic will follow in chapter 5 to illustrate how the data provided by the KaplanHoover bison bonebed could be relevant to conservation issues on the Great
Plains.
Summary of Chapter
This chapter presented multiple areas of literature from many disciplines.
First, a methodological background for how questions were asked and what
prior researchers influenced the methods chosen to analyze the Kaplan-Hoover
50
collection was undertaken. Second, a sample of the literature on archaeological
sites from FAUNMAP in the states of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado
discussing presence of bison and one of the four main non-human scavengers
was presented. After reviewing FAUNMAP, an understanding of the
relationships between bison and these animals in the archaeological literature is
done, with focus on the Yonkee sites indicated that most of the sites with Yonkee
projectile points were arroyo traps and butchering patterns suggest that
prehistoric hunters did not utilize all of the bison meat available. At the AyersFrazier site, there is a record of carnivore modification being present, suggesting
that a new analysis of the other sites may yield similar results considering that
the other publications were prior to intense taphonomic scrutiny at
archaeological sites. Finally, this chapter ends with a review of Canis lupus, Canis
latrans, Ursus arctos, and Ursus americanus behavior in feeding events and
conservation issues relevant to these species.
51
CHAPTER 3
An Interdisciplinary
Approach to Methods
Zooarchaeological research is a result of the cultural ecology movement of
the mid-twentieth century attributed to Julian Steward (Krause 1998; Reitz and
Wing 1999). Prior to this theoretical movement in archaeology, faunal remains
associated with archaeological deposits were reported in lists and tables in
appendices and never discussed in any further detail (Reitz and Wing 1999). The
late twentieth century was met with the onset of functional and processual
approaches to faunal remains to which the majority of zooarchaeological
research theories today are still maintained (Reitz and Wing 1999). Site
formation studies in zooarchaeological research changed temporally as well.
Early researchers were not concerned with site formation and instead focused on
butchery patterns as a means to understand human interactions within their
environment (Lyman 1994). While taphonomy was defined by Efremov (1940) in
the field of paleontology, the use of taphonomic research in archaeology was not
clearly established until the 1980s as a reaction to Binford’s concept of middlerange research (Binford 1981). Since that time taphonomy has become one of the
52
most important factors for understanding faunal assemblages and archaeological
site formation processes (Lyman 1994; Reitz and Wing 1999).
An interdisciplinary approach to site formational processes and
paleoecological reconstructions has become increasingly important to
archaeological research. For this project research was undertaken using three
methodological frames of inquiry: zooarchaeological, taphonomic, and
ethological. By collecting more data from various fields of the natural and social
sciences a researcher may become familiar not only with the multiple processes
producing the dynamics of the bonebed, but also increase the understanding of
the processes themselves. For instance, use of ethological literature will increase
the understanding of non-human scavenger behaviors that can vary across
species and would have influenced the taphonomy of the bonebed dramatically.
This chapter outlines those three approaches by illustrating specific methods
used for research. In addition, each section outlines the importance of the
method used and how it has improved the holistic nature of a multiple discipline
approach to site formational processes and paleoecological reconstructions.
Data Collection Procedures
For this research the majority of the appendicular skeleton of the species
Bison bison was analyzed: humerus, radius-ulna, metacarpal, femur, tibia,
metatarsal, astragalus, calcaneus, and third phalanx. These elements were used
53
for both practical and methodological reasons. In terms of practicality, each of
these elements has been reliably used to assess sex in bison herds and is
consistently well preserved in archaeological sites (Bedord 1974; Morlan 1991;
Todd 1983, 1987a, b; von den Driesch 1976). Second, these particular skeletal
elements have been standardized in terms of measurements and have been
discussed in non-human scavenger modification studies more often than axial
skeletal remains, thus alleviating the need to create methods for determining
herd demographics, instead focus was directed on carnivore modification
methodologies that have not been standardized (Bedord 1974; Haynes 1980a, b,
1981, 1982, 1983, 1991; Morlan 1991; Todd 1983, 1987a, b, 1997; Todd and Rapson
1988; Todd and Rapson 1999; von den Driesch 1976). For statistical analysis basic
descriptive statistics, scatter-dot graphs, chi-square goodness-of-fit, and Pearson
and Spearman correlations were prepared using the SPSS program version 15.0.
Multiple-Component Coding System
The coding system (Appendix B) used for the data collection was
established by Todd (1983 and 1987) and included: element, portion, side, sex,
proximal fusion, distal fusion, and bone breakage. This system has been used for
the majority of zooarchaeological research in the Great Plains therefore;
deviation from a trusted system was not pursued. Systematic coding after Todd
(1983 and 1987) was used as a standard means to collect data used in analysis of
54
herd demographics. These methods allow for organization of the data in a clear
manner to illustrate patterns and give a necessary basis for statistical analysis.
The landmark coding system (Appendix C) was used to assess overall
destruction of the assemblage. Skeletal elements with landmark codes included:
humeri, radius-ulna, femora, and tibia. This is another back up to the coding
system which recorded portion and segment remaining in the skeletal elements
from the collection. Additionally, the landmarks were used to understand
overall non-human scavenger destruction in terms of specific skeletal landmarks
that in most cases indicate muscular attachments that could increase
understanding of non-human scavenger behaviors including meat selection
choices. Specific landmarks discussed for the humeri include: deltoid tuberosity,
tubercle for attachment of medial collateral ligament, major tuberosity, proximal
olecranon fossa, posterolateral nutrient foramen, and teres major tubercle. For
the radius-ulna landmarks are posterolateral nutrient foramen and radial
tuberosity. On the femora the anterior nutrient foramen, supracondyloid fossa,
and the major and minor trochanter were recorded. Finally, on the tibia the
following landmarks were recorded: anterior crest, posterolateral nutrient
foramen, and anterior nutrient foramen.
Modifications to this coding system, however, were designed to better
represent the collection for non-human scavenger modification. Carnivore
55
modification (Appendix B) was coded based on multiple authors’ typological
descriptions and relevant images and will be discussed later on in this chapter
(Binford 1981; Fisher 1995; Haynes 1980a, b, 1982, 1983, 1991; Lyman 1994; Stiner
1994). These data collection methods will be useful for a holistic approach to
understanding bonebed dynamics by increasing the available data set to work
from. Additionally, Todd’s coding system increases speed and efficiency of data
collection while allowing a researcher to obtain a greater breadth of data, hence
increasing the ability to ask further questions of the data if needed at a later time.
This approach is not always feasible due to time restraints and funding
constrictions, however, in this instance the collection of more data allowed for an
increased learning environment as well as a variety of empirical methods that
can be used in future projects and for future directions with this particular
collection by other researchers.
Herd Characteristics: Zooarchaeological Methods
To begin it is important to define specific terms that will be used
throughout this thesis, as these terms can be defined differently by different
archaeologists (Lyman 1994). First of all, for the entirety of this project “skeletal
element”, “element”, and “specimen” refers to any identified or unidentified
bone or fragment of bone. This nomenclature is necessary as the Kaplan-Hoover
material used for this thesis represents both complete and fragmented bones to
56
varying degrees and interchanging the terminology would weigh down the
understanding of the information being presented. In instances where
understanding the intensity of the destruction is necessary there will be reference
back to the coding system and all tables, graphs, or figures will appropriately
explain where on the skeletal element the information is being derived.
Metric quantification for the collection was undertaken using
measurements (Appendix C) previously defined by Bedord (1974), Morlan
(1991), Todd (1987), and von den Driesch (1976). These measurements were used
to approximate sex on the collection to ascertain if any difference was present
between males and female/sub-adult usage by non-human scavengers. Sex
determination for the assemblage was difficult to assess very quickly and
accurately due to the high degree of destruction by non-human scavengers. The
elements that were easily sexed (Appendix E) include: humerus (M11 x M7;
Todd 1987), radius-ulna (M9 x M4, M11 x M7; Todd 1987), astragalus (M3 x M5;
Morlan 1991), calcaneus (M4 x M4, M6 x M7; Morlan 1991) and metapodials. Sex
for the metapodials was accomplished using measurements 1-4 crossed against
M5 (Bedord 1974). Bedord (1974) suggest that greatest breadth of distal end is
the most accurate measure to use for sexing the metapodials therefore this
measure was crossed against the remaining 4 measures collected for the
assemblage. The reason these were relatively easy includes the frequency
57
distribution of data measurements available and bivariate methods used are well
defined in the literature. The remaining skeletal elements, however, were not as
easy to record sex for.
Sexing the femur and tibia was complicated by the overall destruction by
non-human scavengers, making it difficult to use the measurements taken by
Bedord (1974), Todd (1987), and von den Driesch (1976) therefore, these elements
were sexed differently. In order to overcome this obstacle, greater measurement
distributions were crossed using bivariate scatter plots to assess sex for these
elements (Appendix E). This included a number of crosses therefore, columns
were created in the database to account for all the crosses and following
completion these were assessed to determine sex (Appendix Disc). Furthermore,
in the event that the sex estimates were even, meaning female and male
identifications were the same an assignment of “not sexed” was used to avoid
bias results. On the femur the distribution of data in each of the measurements,
suggests that measurements 8, 10, and 17 are usable for sex determination. To
use these measurements they were all crossed against each other using bivariate
scatter plots (Appendix E) and the following crosses worked out for sex
determination (M17 x M10, M8 x M10, and M8 x M17). For the sex of the tibia
there were a number of measurements that were usable including: M1, M2, M6,
and M7. Measurements 9 and 10 also had large frequency distributions in terms
58
of measurements however, bivariate scatter plots were too difficult to read and
therefore sex based on those measurements was not reliable. Even given the use
of M1, M2, M6, and M7 sexing of the tibia was difficult as there were not many
measurements to cross (Appendix E), however, crosses did include: M1 x M2, M1
x M6, M1 x M7, M2 x M6, and M2 x M7. Finally, sex for the third phalanx was
not undertaken due to the difficulty in assessing fore from hind limb which
could have drastically affected results and there are no confirmed means to
accurately assess sex of the elements.
Quantification of the skeletal remains present is the first task of any faunal
analysis (Grayson 1984; Lyman 1994). Under the coding system described above,
Bison bison skeletal elements are quantified using a set of previously defined
general indices. First of which is number of identified specimens (NISP), where
“identified” indicates to skeletal element. NISP will be used to indicate the entire
quantity of skeletal elements used for this project, thus allowing for an
understanding of why results may vary due to increases or decreases to the
quantity of lines of data represented. Similarly, NISP is used to identify the total
number of skeletal elements within each specific identified element; thus
identifying sample size (Lyman 1994). The second measure of importance is
minimum number of individuals per specific skeletal element (MNI), where
number of individuals will be cross-tabulated with sex (male or female/sub-
59
adult) and side (left, right, not sided) to gain the most accurate demographic
description of the sample (Lyman 1994).
The following indices will be used for descriptive purposes as well;
however, these indices are more useful for understanding the overall destruction
of the humerus, radius-ulna, femur, and tibia by non-human scavengers.
Minimum number of elements (MNE) is used to assess the number of specimens
for each specific element examined. Accordingly, this measurement is used to
assess specific patterns in completeness of the skeletal remains. These indices
will be MNEpr, minimum number of elements proximal portion (including any
portion code for proximal or proximal epiphysis); MNEds, “ds” for distal portion
(including any code for distal or distal epiphysis); MNEsh, “sh” for shaft portion
(including any code for shaft or diaphysis); and finally, MNEco, where “co” is
complete portion. Further, several ratios will be assessed using the MNE indices
to illustrate differential destruction between the specific elements and between
specific portions (Lyman 1994). Descriptive statistics of the landmarks will be
assessed at this point as well and will be compared with the MNE indices created
above for comparison. This minor empirical test will evaluate the use of
collecting landmark data to understand overall destruction. In addition to
collecting data on portions, data is collected on mineral density values of skeletal
elements as put forth by Kreutzer (1992) and Lyman (1994).
60
The last index of use for this collection is minimum number of animal
units necessary to account for the elements in a collection (MAU) (Lyman 1994).
The formula for MAU is MNE₁ / number of times ₁ occurs in one skeleton
(Lyman 1994). Finally, %MAU will be assessed for the collection using the entire
collection and then MNE portion values. %MAU is found by taking MAU x 100
and dividing it by the maximum MAU value (Lyman 1994).
Finally, the MNE portions are used to assess independence from sex, side,
and utilization. The chi-square goodness-of-fit will assess if these variables are
independent from each other. Related to the MNE portions, the %MAU values
will be crossed in a scatter plot and analyzed using the chi-square goodness-of-fit
analysis with the mineral density values for Bison bison skeletal elements put
forward by Kreutzer (1992) and Lyman (1994).
The methods put forth in this section pertaining to indices and measures
will give an overall description of the herd demographics as well as illustrate the
scavenging patterns statistically allowing for a statistical representation to back
up the photographic representation of non-human scavenger destruction at
Kaplan-Hoover.
Carnivore Modification: Taphonomic Methods
Non-human scavenger modification has not always been addressed in the
literature. Typically articles mention carnivore modification as present or not
61
and in most instances it is given in a percentage of presence on the collection.
Literature in the past decade (Binford 1981; Fisher 1995; Haynes 1980a, 1982,
1983, 1991; Lyman 1994; Stiner 1994) have discussed the amount of modification
in terms of where it is on the skeleton, intensity, types of marks, and percentage
on the entire collection. It is important to consider non-human scavenger
modification in all aspects to accurately question the paleoecology and site
formation processes.
Two methods of data collection will be used to assess non-human
scavenger modification. Use of these confirmed methods, with alterations to
each, will achieve a holistic examination of non-human scavenger impacts on the
collection. The first method, as described previously, is based on a literature
review of carnivore modification typologies and images (Binford 1981; Fisher
1995; Lyman 1994; Stiner 1994). After an evaluation of previous and current
typologies of carnivore modification it was necessary to survey the KaplanHoover collection for carnivore modification. As a result the following
modification types were assessed: chipping back, crenellation, furrowing, pitting,
puncture, salivary polishing, scooping out, and tooth scoring (Figures 3.1-3.7).
The second method codes non-human scavenger modification based on intensity
of carcass utilization (Haynes 1982). This method allows for an overall view of
the destruction of the skeletal material and therefore gives a better representation
62
of the processes leading to burial of the carcass (Haynes 1982). Furthermore,
analysis of carcass utilization will allow for a more holistic view of destruction by
encouraging researchers to review the entire process instead of cataloging
specific marks which can eliminate data necessary to discover the paleoecology
and complete record of site formation processes (Haynes 1982).
In order to gain acceptance of how these elements were coded for this
project descriptions need to be defined in images as well as text. Chipping back
(Figure 3.1) is defined by Binford (1981) as being caused by “strong carnassial
teeth” applying pressure to the compact bone and hence leaving a “mashed off”
appearance. Salivary polishing, which is caused by the salivary juice of a tongue
moving over the bone, therefore wearing it smooth and chipping back are coded
in this project (when they appear together) as crenellations (Figure 3.2).
Crenellations are defined in the Webster’s New World Dictionary and Thesaurus
as “to furnish with battlements or with squared notches” as would be seen in a
fortress or castle. This code was only used on skeletal elements that exhibited
both chipping back and salivary polishing (Lyman 1994). Furrowing (Figure 3.3)
is defined for research in this project as the “gouging out” of
cancellous/trabecular bone. Pitting (Figure 3.4) is typically a product of an
animal gnawing at bone without intention of removing meat, thus leaving a
number of tiny pit marks (Binford 1981). Punctures (Figure 3.5) are easily
63
defined and visible by any observer. These marks are defined by Binford (1981)
as an area “where the bone has collapsed under the tooth”, leaving as Lyman
(1994) states “a clear, more or less oval depression in the bone, often with flakes
of the outer wall of the bone pressed into the puncture.” Scooping out is defined
in this research differently than it has been previously defined by Lyman 1994,
who defines it more as furrowing. In order to account for a phenomenon seen on
the collection scooping out is similar to chipping back, however, it is a larger
chunk pulled back (Figure 3.6) off of the medullary cavity. This is similar to
Binford’s mark of channeling, although there is less of a crushed edge and the
piece removed was removed in one act (Binford 1981). Tooth scoring (Figure 3.7)
has been described by Binford (1981) as the “result of either turning the bone
against the teeth or dragging across” the bone. Binford (1981) notes that scoring
can resemble cut marks in that it looks like linear dragging marks. In the
Kaplan-Hoover collection these particular marks ranged in breadth and therefore
in many cases did not look like cut marks, but more like deep grooves in the
bone surface.
64
Figure 3.1: Chipping back on proximal end of femur, cranial view.
Figure 3.2: Crenellations on proximal end of humerus, cranial view.
65
Figure 3.3: Furrowing on proximal end of tibia, cranial view.
Figure 3.4: Pitting on proximal end of humerus, cranial view.
66
Figure 3.5: Punctures on the distal end of a femur, caudal view.
Figure 3.6: Scooping out on the proximal end of a humerus, caudal view.
67
Figure 3.7: Tooth scoring on the proximal end, head of the humerus.
Carcass utilization is coded as light, light-moderate, moderate, moderateheavy, and heavy (Figures 3.8-3.15). This is a slight variation on Haynes (1982),
which used full as a measure for moderate-heavy. This technique is argued by
Haynes (1982) to present a more holistic view of the non-human scavenger
damage at a site as well as illustrate that not all modification results in specific
marks and therefore would be difficult to code. Furthermore, Haynes (1982)
argues that without this holistic perspective, a researcher may associate
particular marks with specific animals instead of approaching the modification
from an un-biased stance. In light of taphonomic research, it is therefore
68
imperative to incorporate both methods to illuminate the entire range of
processes leading up to site formation.
Figure 3.8: Light utilization of a tibia, cranial view.
Figure 3.9: Light/moderate utilization of a tibia, cranial view.
69
Figure 3.10: Light/moderate utilization of a femur, cranial view.
Figure 3.11: Moderate utilization of distal femur, cranial view.
70
Figure 3.12: Moderate/heavy utilization of a femur, cranial view.
Figure 3.13: Moderate/heavy utilization of a humerus, medial view.
71
Figure 3.14: Heavy utilization of two humeri, lateral view.
Figure 3.15: Extreme heavy utilization of two humeri, only two like this in the collection.
72
Finally, descriptive statistics of specific non-human modification types is
assessed. Percentages of non-human scavenger modification versus no
modification, compared to complete versus incomplete elements is assessed to
distinguish the overall amount of destruction. Chi-square goodness-of-fit is used
to determine any significance or independence of carnivore utilization from sex,
side, and element. Assessment of types of carnivore modification marks
compared with degree of utilization and bone mineral densities is discussed as
well.
Extant Non-human Scavengers: Ethological Methods
Scavenging, predatory, and nutrient attaining behaviors affect the
movement, and destruction of kill sites. Recognizing which predators prefer
which carrion, which rodents burrow in which regions, and the general
behavioral ecology of mammals in the Great Plains will greatly increase the
knowledge base on prehistoric hunting in North America and increase
awareness of outside mammalian components that affect zooarchaeological site
formation. In order to get at who contributed to the site formation it is necessary
to research the specific non-human scavengers in the Great Plains today and
during the middle Holocene and discuss their scavenging, hunting, and
predating patterns.
73
Mammals of interest for this research project are Canis lupus and Canis
latrans (gray wolf and coyote) and Ursus arctos and Ursus americanus
(brown/grizzly and black bears). Interest in these particular mammals is due to
the large amount of literature published on their behaviors. Foxes, wild cats, and
mustelids would also have been informative, it is assumed they would not have
ignored the carcasses; however, literature on them is not as frequent, especially
pertaining to carrion scavenging behaviors. A discussion of the specific
behaviors of non-human scavengers preceded this chapter in the literature
review and will continue further in the discussion where results will be
compared to assess similarities and differences.
Summary of Chapter
This chapter presented the methodologies used to assess the faunal
material from the Kaplan-Hoover bison bonebed. A holistic methods approach
using zooarchaeological, taphonomic and ethological data collection procedures
greatly increases the ability to infer the processes that altered the bonebed after
the hunt and before, during, and possibly after deposition. Zooarchaeological
methods will improve the understanding of herd demographics and descriptive
statistics on biogenic factors. Taphonomic methods will assist in the
understanding of bonebed formational processes; specifically those biogenic
influences and ethological research will increase the understanding of non-
74
human carnivore behaviors. Finally, these methods are not only applicable for
Kaplan-Hoover, but if adapted accordingly could be used for other faunal
assemblages, including single death events.
75
CHAPTER 4
Results of Data Analysis
This chapter presents the results of data analysis on the Kaplan-Hoover
Bison bison fauna collection. To begin, basic descriptive statistics concerning herd
characteristics is addressed. Descriptive statistics for number of individual
specimens (NISP), minimum number of individuals (MNI), minimum number of
elements (MNE), and minimum animal units (MAU) is described. Included in
the descriptive statistics is an analysis of sex from bivariate scatter plots. MNI is
based on sex and side cross-tabulations, and MNE will be described by specific
portions of elements, proximal, distal, shafts, and completes. These results are
useful in answering the first question in this thesis: what are the herd
characteristics?
Differential destruction analysis is performed using MNE, landmarks,
MAU, and the index %MAU. These statistics are used to discover specific
patterns in the destruction of the skeletal elements by non-human scavengers.
Further answering the second questions of inquiry: what are the patterns of
carnivore modification?
76
Finally, this chapter concludes with a thorough discussion and analysis of
carnivore modification statistics in terms of descriptive results pertaining to
percentages and degrees of specific modification marks as well as results of
intensity and degree of utilization. These final results are useful for illustrating
the interactions between the first two questions to make inferences of human and
non-human scavenger interactions and illustrate the relationships initiated by the
institution of large bison kills on the Great Plains.
Herd Characteristics Analysis
Analysis of herd characteristics is always of importance when doing
research with faunal assemblages. The importance lies in the ability to ask
questions of the collection that may illustrate information for taphonomy.
Besides data collection of portion, segment, side, carnivore modification, and
measurements sex was assessed to understand whether the collection was a
nursery herd or a male dominated herd.
Further use of sex and determination of herd demographics are useful to
results later in this chapter. By comparing sex with specific types of carnivore
modification marks and degrees of utilization, patterns will emerge illustrating if
there was feeding preference by non-human scavengers. In addition, sex can be
compared with bone mineral densities and sex to understand further if
preferential selection exists. By using chi-square goodness-of-fit, sex is compared
77
to various measures to determine significance of sex in relation to side, portions,
utilization and presence or absence of modification.
Sex Analysis
Assessing sex on the Kaplan-Hoover collection is complicated.
Destruction of the skeletal elements by non-human scavengers has made it
difficult to assess sex. Approximately 512 of the 1204 skeletal elements had
presence of carnivore modification. This damage made it difficult in many
skeletal elements to identify sex, because key measurements could not be
accurately taken due to lack of complete material. In other elements breakage
not necessarily caused by non-human scavengers added to the lack of ability to
take accurate measurements. In total 319 of the elements are female/sub-adult
while 163 are male. The visual results for sex were accomplished using results
are of bivariate scatter plots designating the particular measurements that were
in high enough abundance that accurate crosses could be accomplished. For all
of the sex scatter plot graphs, red indicates female or sub-adult and blue
represents male. These graphs are located in Appendix E; however, a brief
discussion the results for each element are below.
Humerus
The humerus (Appendix E – Figure E.1) was the easiest element to sex (in
terms of number of scatter plots needed) and of the 93 humeri measured, 40 are
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female and/or sub-adult, 17 male, and 36 were not able to be sexed because of
damage to the elements. Measurements 11, greatest depth of the medial distal
end and 7, breadth of distal articular surface are the most reliable measures used
to sex the humerus (Todd 1983 and 1987).
Radius-Ulna
Sex of the radius-ulna (Appendix E – Figures E.2 and E.3) based on 127
specimens is estimated to be 42 female and/or sub-adults, 21 male and 64 not
sexed because of damage to the elements. The radius-ulna was sexed using
measurements 9, greatest depth of proximal end crossed with 4, greatest breadth
of proximal articular surface and 11, greatest depth of distal end crossed with, 7
greatest breadth of distal end. These measurements are the most reliable
according to Todd (1987).
Metacarpal
The metacarpal and metatarsal were sexed by crossing measurement 5,
greatest breadth of the distal end by the remaining measurements: greatest
length (M1), greatest breadth of the proximal end (M2), smallest breadth of the
diaphysis (M3), and smallest depth of the diaphysis (M4). According to Bedord
(1974) greatest breadth of the distal end is good for assessing sex of the
metapodials, because of that, all of the remaining measurements were crossed
79
with this measure. Of the 107 metacarpals (Appendix E – Figures E.4-E.7) there
are 36 females and/or sub-adults, 23 males, and 48 not sexed.
Femur
The most useful measurements for the femora are greatest length from the
head (M3) and greatest depth of the distal epiphysis (M18) according to Todd
(1983), unfortunately, the femur is damage enough that those measurements
were not possible, specifically greatest length from the head. The proximal ends
of the femora were highly damaged by non-human scavengers causing greatest
length to be, in most instances, impossible. Therefore, it was imperative to assess
frequency distributions of measurements with the most recorded data and then
cross those with other measurements of similar amounts of data. For this
assessment, least depth of diaphysis (M17), least breadth of diaphysis (M10), and
greatest depth of head (M8) had the highest frequency distributions of recorded
data therefore they were crossed against each other to gain sex information
(Appendix E – Figures E.8-E.10). In total, of the 112 femurs there were 26
female/sub-adult femora, 14 males, and 72 not sexed.
Tibia
The most reliable measurements to assess sex on the tibia according to
Todd (1987) are depth of the proximal end (M15) and greatest breadth of the
proximal end (M4). However, similar to the femur, these measurements were
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rare due to the non-human scavenger damage on the proximal ends. Therefore,
frequency distributions of the remaining measurements were used to determine
which would be useful for gaining sex of the tibia. The measurements with the
highest frequencies of data are: greatest length (M1), medial length (M2), least
breadth of the diaphysis (M6), and greatest breadth of the distal end (M7). These
were crossed against each other using bivariate scatter plots. The total number of
female/sub-adult and males is 14 each with 101 not sexed out of 129 tibias
(Appendix E – Figures E.11-E.15). This is widely due to the furrowing
destruction on the proximal end of the tibia, which was caused by non-human
scavenging.
Metatarsal
Similar to the metacarpal, the metatarsal is sexed by crossing
measurement 5, greatest breadth of the distal end by the remaining
measurements: greatest length (M1), greatest breadth of the proximal end (M2),
smallest breadth of the diaphysis (M3), and smallest depth of the diaphysis (M4).
For the metatarsal (Appendix E – Figures E.16-E.19) there are 32 female/subadults and 22 males, with 70 not sexed out of 124 elements. Many of the
problems with sexing the metapodials are due to the breakage of the bones.
Carnivore scavenging is limited on both the metacarpal and metatarsal; however,
many were broken completely in half, therefore making greatest length difficult
81
to measure. Other measurements were difficult as well due to breakages on the
medial and lateral surfaces of both the proximal and distal ends.
Astragalus
For the astragalus, Morlan (1991) suggests measurements use of the distal
width (M3) and medial length (M5) as accurate for determining sex (Appendix E
– Figure E.20). Crossing these measurements using a scatter-plot identifies the
sex distribution out of 120 elements: 58 female/sub-adults, 44 males, and 18 not
sexed.
Calcaneus
The calcaneus was sexed using measurements from Morlan (1991), the
same as the astragalus. For the calcaneus the measurements most useful for
determining sex include: distal width (M4), distal depth (M5), length of talus
(astragalus) facet (M6), and length of tarsal c + 4 facet (M7). M5 and M4 are
crosses as well as M6 and M7. After analysis of the 114 calcanei, sex was
determined to be 71 female/sub-adults, 8 males, and 35 not sexed (Appendix E –
Figures E.21-E.22). The difficulty in sexing the male individuals in the calcaneus
is likely due to the lack of reliable measurements and methods to assess
difference in size. Therefore, the assessment of sex on the calcanei could be
doubtful in both male and female cases, given that sex is difficult to attain.
82
Future empirical testing may illustrate a better means of determining sex for the
calcaneus.
Number of Individual Specimens
A sample from the Kaplan-Hoover bison bonebed collection was
measured for this thesis project. The total number of individual specimens
(NISP) was 1204 from the cumulated skeletal elements of humerus, radius-ulna,
metacarpal, femur, tibia, metatarsal, astragalus, calcaneus, third phalanx.
Specific skeletal element NISP frequencies include: humerus 93, radius-ulna 127,
metacarpal 107, femur 112, tibia 129, metatarsal 124, astragalus 120, calcaneus
114, and third phalanx 278.
Minimum Number of Individuals
In order to accurately assess the MNI (minimum number of individuals)
for the collection, cross tabulation was used in SPSS to illustrate the distribution
of sex and side. Where side (SD) is coded as left (L), right (R), and (N) is not
sided. Where female is designated by (F), male is (M), and (N) is not sexed.
Forelimb
Based on the cross tabulation for the humerus (Table 4.1), the MNI is 47,
indicated by the total number of right humeri. Based on the side by sex cross
tabulation (Table 4.2), the radius-ulna has a MNI of 67, illustrated by the total
83
number of left side elements present. The MNI of the metacarpal (Table 4.3) is
based on the right side elements at 55 individuals.
Humerus SD * SEX Crosstabulation
Count
SEX
M
F
L
SD
20
Total
4
12
0
0
10
10
20
13
14
47
17
36
93
N
R
40
Total
N
36
Table 4.1: Cross tabulation of side and sex for MNI analysis of the humerus.
Radius-Ulna SD * SEX Crosstabulation
Count
SEX
M
F
SD
N
Total
L
22
10
35
67
N
0
0
2
2
R
20
11
27
58
42
21
64
127
Total
Table 4.2: Cross tabulation of side and sex for MNI analysis of the radius-ulna.
Metacarpal SD * SEX Crosstabulation
Count
SEX_FINAL
F
M
N
SD
Total
Total
L
16
12
22
50
N
0
0
2
2
R
20
11
24
55
36
23
48
107
Table 4.3: Cross tabulation of side and sex for MNI analysis of the metacarpal.
84
Hind Limb
Cross tabulation of the femur (Table 4.4) assigns the MNI at 49, based on
the right side elements as well. For the femora the largest total, 72 would be
used as the MNI if it were not ambiguous. It is difficult to sex many of the
elements because of the destruction; therefore 72 as an MNI are eliminated
because these measures could be assigned a sex if there was less destruction.
Cross tabulation for the tibia (Table 4.5) indicates that the MNI is 64, based on the
right side elements. For the metatarsal (Table 4.6) cross tabulation, the MNI is 66
based on the left side elements, again in this element there are a total of 70 not
sexed elements, however, these elements are likely not sexed because of
disparities in sexing techniques on the metapodials.
Femur SD * SEX Crosstabulation
Count
SEX
M
F
SD
Total
N
Total
L
10
6
28
44
N
0
0
19
19
R
16
8
25
49
26
14
72
112
Table 4.4: Cross tabulation of side and sex for MNI analysis of the femur.
85
Tibia SD * SEX Crosstabulation
Count
SEX_FINAL
F
M
N
SD
Total
L
8
6
44
58
N
0
0
7
7
R
6
8
50
64
14
14
101
129
Total
Table 4.5: Cross tabulation of side and sex for MNI analysis of the tibia.
Metatarsal SD * SEX Crosstabulation
Count
SEX_FINAL
F
M
N
SD
Total
Total
L
14
11
41
66
N
0
0
7
7
R
18
11
22
51
32
22
70
124
Table 4.6: Cross tabulation of side and sex for MNI analysis of the metatarsal.
Astragalus, Calcaneus, and Third Phalanx
Finally, the remaining elements to assess MNI for are the astragalus (Table
4.7) and calcaneus (Table 4.8). MNI was not determined for the third phalanx
because of the lack of methods to assign sex, and besides lateral or medial side, it
is difficult to assign right or left side. Cross tabulations for the astragalus and the
calcaneus assign MNI as 64, based on the left and 56, based on the right elements
respectively.
86
Astragulus SD * SEX Crosstabulation
Count
SEX_FINAL
F
SD
M
N
Total
L
32
R
26
21
9
56
58
44
18
120
Total
23
9
64
Table 4.7: Cross tabulation of side and sex for MNI analysis of the astragalus.
Calcaneus SD * SEX Crosstabulation
Count
SEX_FINAL
F
M
N
SD
Total
Total
L
33
4
18
55
N
0
0
3
3
R
38
4
14
56
71
8
35
114
Table 4.8: Cross tabulation of side and sex for MNI analysis of the calcaneus.
Differential Destruction Analysis
This section discusses the results for zooarchaeological analysis to
understand the portion remains of the collection. To fully appreciate the nonhuman scavenger ravaging it is important to understand how much of a
collection is present or absent based on proximal, shaft, distal, and complete
portions of the skeletal elements. Further analysis of those portions and
landmarks in relation to bone mineral densities on the humerus, radius-ulna,
87
femur, and tibia using correlation coefficients will increase the comprehension of
the final section on carnivore modification.
Minimum Number of Elements by Coded Location
Minimum number of elements (MNE) was given additional codes to
assess the overall destruction of the collection. Accordingly, MNE was divided
up into four separate skeletal locations: proximal (pr), distal (ds), shaft (sh), and
complete (co). Multiple portion codes fell in to each of these particular location
codes. Proximal skeletal elements were any with the following codes: proximal
(PR), proximal plus less than half the shaft (PRS), proximal plus more than half
the shaft (PSH), proximal epiphysis (PRE), proximal diaphysis (DPR), diaphysis
plus fused proximal epiphysis (DFP), olecranon portion of the ulna (OLC),
trochlear notch of the ulna (ANC), and head (HE) (after Todd 1983, 1987). For
distal skeletal elements the following codes applied: distal (DS), distal plus less
than half the shaft (DSS), distal plus more than half the shaft (DSH), distal
epiphysis (DSE), distal diaphysis (DDS), and diaphysis plus fused distal
epiphysis (DFD). To use these measurements as comparison with the landmarks
the only skeletal elements that MNE was assessed for are the humerus, radiusulna, femur, and tibia. For skeletal elements with a portion of shaft the following
codes were relevant: shaft (SH), diaphysis (DF), and blade of the ulna (BL).
Finally, specific codes that were not useful for the MNE coding system there for
88
they were assigned a value of not applicable (N), those include: flake (FK),
impacted flake (IMK), condyle (CDL), epiphysis (EP), and unspecified (US). In
addition to the coding system developed, the MNE results will be compared to
mineral densities (Table 4.9) from Kreutzer (1992) and Lyman (1994) for Bison
bison skeletal remains.
Bison Mineral Densities (adapted from
Kreutzer 1992 and Lyman 1994)
Element
Scan
Site
Portion
Density
Value
Humerus
HU1
PR
.24
Humerus
HU2
PR
.25
Humerus
HU3
SH
.45
Humerus
HU4
DS
.48
Humerus
HU5
DS
.38
Ulna
UL1
PR
.34
Ulna
UL2
PR
.69
Radius-ulna
RA1
PR
.48
Radius-ulna
RA2
PR
.56
Radius-ulna
RA3
SH
.62
Radius-ulna
RA4
DS
.42
Radius-ulna
RA5
DS
.35
Femur
FE1
PR
.56
Femur
FE2
PR
.73
Femur
FE3
PR
.66
Femur
FE4
SH
.70
Femur
FE5
DS
.39
Femur
FE6
DS
.48
Tibia
TI1
PR
.45
Tibia
TI2
PR
.53
Tibia
TI3
SH
.87
Tibia
TI4
DS
.74
Tibia
TI5
DS
.56
Table 4.9: Bone mineral densities for bison, adapted from Kreutzer (1992) and Lyman (1994).
89
Humerus
Humerus MNE portions (Table 4.10) indicate that there is approximately
68% of the distal end remaining. When this is compared to the mineral densities
for two sites on the proximal end of the humerus by (Kreutzer 1992, Lyman
1994), the density values for HU1 and HU2 are 0.24 and 0.25 respectively.
Compared to the distal end whose mineral density values are 0.48 (HU4) and
0.38 (HU5), it may be questioned whether mineral densities in the humerus
account for the higher frequency of MNEds results, suggesting more distal ends
remaining.
Humerus MNE Portions
Frequency Percent
Portion
CO
DS
N
PR
SH
Total
11
11.8
64
68.8
1
1.1
10
10.8
7
7.5
93
100.0
Table 4.10: MNE portions for the humerus.
Radius-Ulna
Radius-ulna MNE portions (Table 4.11) are mixed and vary from the
humerus results. The mineral densities for the proximal sites UL1, UL2, RA1,
and RA2 are 0.34, 0.69, 0.48, and 0.56 (Kreutzer 1992; Lyman 1994). Ulna damage
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is typically to the very proximal portion of the olecranon process, which has the
density value of 0.34, and the density for the proximal end of the radius
compares with the MNEpr frequencies at approximately 32%. Approximately
41% of the elements were complete, which is reasonable given that the density
values for the rest of the radius-ulna are 0.62 (RA3), 0.42 (RA4), and 0.35 (RA5).
Radius-Ulna MNE Portions
Frequency Percent
CO
DS
Portion PR
SH
Total
53
41.7
30
23.6
41
32.3
3
2.4
127
100.0
Table 4.11: MNE portions for the radius-ulna.
Femur
Femora MNE portions (Table 4.12) indicates that more of the proximal
end of the element is remaining, at approximately 43%, while the distal end,
shafts, and completes are all fairly equal. When these results are compared to the
mineral density values from Kreutzer (1992) and Lyman (1994), the results begin
to make sense. The proximal scan sites for mineral densities FE1, FE2, and FE3
are all higher densities at 0.56, 0.73, and 0.66 respectively (Kreutzer 1992; Lyman
1994). For the shaft and distal end the remaining scan sites FE4, FE5, and FE6
show the following densities: 0.70, 0.39, and 0.48, all of which are denser than the
91
proximal end of the humerus, suggesting difficulty in breaking through the
elements (Kreutzer 1992; Lyman 1994).
Femur MNE Portions
Frequency Percent
CO
DS
N
Portion
PR
SH
Total
19
17.0
25
22.3
1
.9
49
43.8
18
16.1
112
100.0
Table 4.12: MNE portions of the femur.
Tibia
MNE portions of the tibia (Table 4.13) are similar to that of the humerus;
however, the mineral densities are very different. Approximately 41% of the
distal tibias are present in the collection and 36% of the 129 total tibias are
complete. Compared to the mineral densities for the proximal end of 0.45 (TI1)
and 0.53 (TI2) there is question as to why there are similar results to the humerus
MNEds, but a drastically higher density measure by almost 50% higher density
(Kreutzer 1992; Lyman 1994). For the shaft and distal ends the densities are as
follows: 0.87 (TI3), 0.74 (TI4), and 0.56 (TI5), all of which are very dense
explaining the lower frequencies of MNEsh and MNEpr (Kreutzer 1992; Lyman
1994).
92
Tibia MNE Portions
Frequency Percent
CO
DS
N
Portion
PR
SH
Total
47
36.4
54
41.9
1
.8
12
9.3
15
11.6
129
100.0
Table 4.13: MNE portions of the tibia.
Minimum Number of Individuals by Skeletal Landmarks
Humerus
For the humerus there were six landmarks (Table 4.14) recorded: deltoid
tuberosity (LM1), tubercle for attachment of medial collateral ligament (LM2),
major tuberosity (LM3), proximal olecranon fossa (LM4), posterolateral nutrient
foramen (LM5), and teres major tubercle (LM6) (Hill 1994). In order to
understand how these measurements could be used as comparative with MNE
portion codes it is important to assign them portion locations for where they
reside on the element. LM1, LM3, and LM6 are all proximally located therefore
they are receiving the code PR. LM2 and LM4 are both distally located, therefore
coded DS and LM5 is the only shaft location, SH. Landmarks were coded as
either being present (P), absent (A), or half-present (H). These data are useful for
understand overall remains of particular portions, but to what extent that will be
93
useful for overall data analysis is difficult to ascertain given that there are more
proximal portion landmark codes than distal and shaft. When frequencies of the
landmarks are considered, there are significantly more distal ends remains as
well as shafts, which does corroborate with the MNEds, 10.8% and MNEpr,
68.8%.
Humerus Landmark Frequencies
HalfPresent
Absent
Landmark
Portion Present
LM1
PR
30
24
39
LM2
DS
68
0
25
LM3
PR
2
1
90
LM4
DS
67
3
23
LM5
SH
65
0
28
LM6
PR
70
2
21
Table 4.14: Frequency table of landmarks on the humerus.
Radius-Ulna
The radius-ulna has two landmarks (Table 4.15) recorded: posterolateral
nutrient foramen (LM1) and radial tuberosity (LM2) (Hill 1994). For these
landmarks, LM1 is in the shaft (SH) location and LM2 is on the proximal end. A
comparison of these data with the MNEpr results of 32.3%, indicating a slight
similarity.
94
Radius-Ulna Landmark Frequencies
Present
HalfPresent
Absent
Landmark
Portion
LM1
SH
56
32
39
LM2
PR
62
32
33
Table 4.15: Frequency table of landmarks on the radius-ulna.
Femur
Four landmarks were recorded for the femur (Table 4.16): anterior
nutrient foramen (LM1), supracondyloid fossa (LM2), major trochanter (LM3),
and minor trochanter (LM4) (Hill 1994). LM1 is a shaft (SH) portion location,
while LM2 is a distal portion location. The last two landmarks 3 and 4 are
proximal portion locations. In view of the fact that there is an overrepresentation of the proximal end, this could bias results. However, when
looking at table #, it is evident that more proximal portions and shafts are absent
when compared to the distal portions, which when compared to the MNEds,
which is 22.3% and MNEpr or the femur is 43.8%, corroborating that there are
indeed more distal portions than proximal.
Femur Landmark Frequencies
Half_
Present
Absent
Landmark
Portion Present
LM1
SH
36
0
76
LM2
DS
58
3
51
LM3
PR
4
1
107
LM4
PR
42
4
66
Table 4.16: Frequency table of landmarks on the femur.
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Tibia
Three landmarks (Table 4.17) were recorded for the tibia: anterior crest
(LM1), posterolateral nutrient foramen (LM2), and anterior nutrient foramen
(LM3) (Hill 1994). LM1 is a proximal portion location, while landmarks 2 and 3
are shaft portion locations. Similarly to the radius-ulna these data on landmarks
for the tibia will be useless for understanding destruction since there is not a
representation of distal portion locations. Finally, when comparing the MNE
indices to the landmarks for the humerus, radius-ulna, femur, and tibia, it is
apparent that collecting information for the MNE is more encompassing than the
landmarks used. Because of the lack of obvious distinctions as with the MNE
portion codes, there are limited reasons, besides as a back up to the already well
established and defined coding system used, to collect landmark codes for this
particular type of project.
Tibia Landmark Frequencies
HalfPresent
Absent
Landmark
Portion Present
LM1
PR
37
39
53
LM2
SH
81
0
48
LM3
SH
21
0
108
Table 4.17: Frequency table of landmarks on the tibia.
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Minimum Animal Units and %MAU
Minimum number of animal units equals the MNE of one specific element
divided by the number of times that element occurs in one individual
skeleton/animal (Lyman 1994). For the Kaplan-Hoover collection the MAU
values are located in table 4.18. However to assess any significance between the
MNE portions, MAU, and %MAU it will be necessary to take MNE portions for
the humerus, radius-ulna, femur, and tibia and derive their MAU and %MAU
results (Table 4.19) to use for a comparison with bone mineral densities to assess
the destruction to the assemblage. MNEpr, MNEds, and MNEsh will be used
and any elements with MNEco data will be coded as one MNEpr, MNEds, and
MNEsh. This will allow for a more complete view of the overall destruction and
can then be crossed with mineral densities.
Kaplan-Hoover MAU and %MAU
MNE
# IN
SKELETON
MAU
%
MAU
93
2
46.5
72.093
Radius-ulna
127
2
63.5
98.450
Metacarpal
107
2
53.5
82.946
Femur
112
2
56.0
86.822
Tibia
129
2
64.5
100.000
Metatarsal
124
2
62.0
96.124
Astragalus
120
2
60.0
93.023
Calcaneus
114
2
57.0
88.372
Third Phalanx
278
8
34.8
53.876
Element
Humerus
Table 4.18: Minimum animal units and % MAU values for Kaplan-Hoover collection.
97
Analysis of the %MAU for the entire collection measured for this thesis
illustrates that the most abundant skeletal element in the collection is the tibia
(Table 4.19). When MNE portions are considered in the %MAU assessment, the
most abundant element is the distal tibia (Table 4.19, MNEds). When this is
compared to the mineral density of the distal tibia, 0.65, it appears to be a
reasonable assessment. However, when looking at the mineral density of the
tibial shaft at 0.85, it is apparent that more is going on than just non-human
scavenging. To help discover if %MAU and bone mineral densities are related, a
Spearman Correlation analysis is undertaken below.
Skeletal Element Portions MAU and %MAU
MNE
Portion
Totals
Element
MNE
Portion
# in
Skeleton
MAU
%
MAU
Mineral
Densities
Humerus
MNEpr
21
2
10.5
20.588
.245
Humerus
MNEsh
18
2
9.0
17.647
.450
Humerus
MNEds
75
2
37.5
73.529
.430
Radius-ulna
MNEpr
99
2
49.5
97.059
.518
Radius-ulna
MNEsh
56
2
28.0
54.902
.620
Radius-ulna
MNEds
78
2
39.0
76.471
.385
Femur
MNEpr
67
2
33.5
65.686
.650
Femur
MNEsh
37
2
18.5
36.275
.700
Femur
MNEds
45
2
22.5
44.118
.435
Tibia
MNEpr
58
2
29.0
56.863
.490
Tibia
MNEsh
62
2
31.0
60.784
.870
Tibia
MNEds
102
2
51.0
100.000
.650
Table 4.19: %MAU based on MNE portion codes for Kaplan-Hoover collection.
98
According to Lyman (1994), a researcher can plot %MAU against bone
mineral density values to attain a correlation coefficient to assess whether the
two variables are correlated. For Kaplan-Hoover there is not a strong correlation
between the two variables (Figure 4.1) and the Spearman Correlation test is 0.161
(Table 4.20), which is not significant at the alpha 0.05 level. Therefore,
suggesting that there are no specific selection biases during the non-human
scavenging based on bone mineral densities. Further, indicating that there were
likely other taphonomic factors such as fluvial transport and sedimentation that
also influenced the movement and destruction of the bonebed.
Figure 4.1: Scatter plot of %MAU and bone mineral densities for the humerus, radius-ulna,
femur, and tibia.
99
Spearman Correlations
%MAU
%MAU
Correlation
Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Spearman's
rho
Mineral Density
1.000
Mineral
Density
.161
.617
12
12
Correlation
Coefficient
.161
1.000
Sig. (2-tailed)
.617
N
12
12
Table 4.20: Spearman correlation of %MAU and bone mineral density crosses.
Carnivore Modification Analysis
This section presents the results of carnivore modification analysis,
specifically, the descriptive statistics of types of carnivore modification and
utilization as well as results pertaining to overall destruction and intensity of
destruction.
General Descriptive Statistics
Entire Collection
The skeletal elements from the Kaplan-Hoover collection are highly
destroyed. For the entire collection approximately 42.5% (n=1204) of elements
measured for this thesis exhibit carnivore modification (Figure 4.2). When
applying sex to this understanding, female/sub-adult specimens were modified
by non-human scavengers 2:1, with 115 (n=482 sexed) being female and 62 male.
In general, there are more complete elements in the collection; however, that
100
number is skewed by the NISP of complete astragali, calcanei, and third phalanx.
The most prominent types of carnivore modification include: furrowing,
punctures, and pitting; however, in most elements there are too many marks
overlapping to fully understand which are present and which could have been
had they not been covered up by others. For utilization, the entire collection fell
mainly into heavy or light utilization; approximately 13% are heavily utilized
and 17% light.
Figure 4.2: Presence or absence of modification on the entire collection used for this project.
Modification and Intensity: Specific Skeletal Elements
Humerus
There is a lot to present on the specific destruction of each skeletal
element. For the humerus, 93.55% of the elements have some carnivore
101
modification. The three most prominent types of carnivore modification on the
humerus were crenellations, pitting, and furrowing. The amount of carnivore
utilization (Figure 4.3) is mostly heavy with 65.59%.
Figure 4.3: Percentage of carnivore utilization for the humerus.
In order to understand the damage to the humerus, chi-square goodnessof-fit tests were performed on a number of the variables. First of all sex of the
elements are crossed against carnivore utilization (Table 4.21). For sex and
carnivore utilization, chi-square test for independence is 30.242, with df = 12. The
asymptotic significance value is 0.003 which is significant at the alpha 0.05 level.
Therefore, the sex of the skeletal element is not independent of carnivore
utilization. Second, analysis of whether sex and presence or absence of
modification is significant was analyzed using the chi-square goodness-of-fit test
102
as well (Table 4.22). Accordingly, the chi-square test for independence is 0.130,
with df = 2. The asymptotic significance value is 0.937 which is not significant at
the alpha 0.05 levels. Therefore, the sex of the skeletal element is independent of
the presence of absence of modification. This makes sense taking into
consideration almost all of the humeri are modified.
Sex and Carnivore Utilization Chi-Square
Analysis
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
N of Valid Cases
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
df
30.242
12
.003
93
Table 4.21: Chi-square analysis of sex and carnivore utilization for the humerus.
Sex and Modification Chi-Square Analysis
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
N of Valid Cases
.130
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
df
2
.937
93
Table 4.22: Chi-square analysis of sex and modification for the humerus.
Carnivore utilization is an important variable to consider in relation to
side and portion as well. For carnivore utilization and side, the chi-square
goodness-of-fit test for independence is used (Table 4.23). For this test, the chisquare test for independence is 59.246, with df = 12. The asymptotic significance
value is 0.000, which is significant at the alpha 0.01 level. For carnivore
utilization and portion (Table 4.24), the chi-square test for independence is
103
103.015, with df = 24. The asymptotic significance value is 0.000, which is
significant at the alpha 0.01 level.
Carnivore Utilization and Side Chi-Square
Analysis
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
df
59.246
N of Valid Cases
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
12
.000
93
Table 4.23: Chi-square analysis of carnivore utilization and side for the humerus.
CU * SD Crosstabulation
Count
SD
L
CU
Total
N
R
Total
H
26
0
35
61
I
1
10
5
16
L
3
0
3
6
LM
2
0
0
2
M
1
0
0
1
MH
1
0
1
2
N
2
0
3
5
36
10
47
93
Table 4.24: Carnivore utilization and side cross-tabulation for the humerus.
Both of these tests indicate that carnivore utilization is not independent of
side or portion, suggesting that specific sides may have more utilization that
others and specific portions have certain specific amounts of carnivore
utilization. In fact, when a simple cross-tabulation of carnivore utilization with
side and portion is accomplished it is apparent that there are relationships (Table
4.25). Of specific interest is heavy utilization with side and portion. In table 4.24,
104
there are 35 right and 26 left side humeri that are heavily modified, while in table
4.26 there are 53 distal elements that had heavy utilization, meaning that the
entire proximal portion of the humerus was removed by non-human scavenging.
Carnivore Utilization and Portion
Chi-Square Analysis
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
df
103.015
N of Valid Cases
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
24
.000
93
Table 4.25: Chi-square analysis of carnivore utilization and portion for the humerus.
CU * POR Crosstabulation
Count
POR
CO
CU
DS
N
PR
SH
Total
H
3
53
0
0
5
61
I
0
4
1
9
2
16
L
3
2
0
1
0
6
LM
2
0
0
0
0
2
M
1
0
0
0
0
1
MH
2
0
0
0
0
2
N
0
5
0
0
0
5
11
64
1
10
7
93
Total
Table 4.26: Carnivore utilization and portion cross-tabulation for the humerus.
Radius-Ulna
Given that the radius-ulna are fairly dense elements with bone density
values at scan sites ranging from 0.34-0.69 (Table 4.9), this element exhibits less
destruction than the humerus. Accordingly, approximately 48.82% exhibit
105
carnivore modification. The most prominent type of carnivore modification is
furrowing, which accounts for over 50% of the type of modification on the
radius-ulna. In terms of carnivore utilization, 33.07% of the elements illustrate
light modification and over 50% have no modification at all (Figure 4.4).
Figure 4.4: Percentage of carnivore utilization for the radius-ulna.
Similar to the humerus, chi-square goodness-of-fit tests were performed
for sex against carnivore utilization, sex against presence or absence of
modification, and carnivore utilization against side. For these three tests, the chisquare goodness-of-fit tests are insignificant. For each test the asymptotic
significance was greater than the alpha 0.05 level, suggesting that these variables
are independent of each other. This could be due to the density of the elements,
since non-human scavenging would have been difficult. However, when
106
carnivore utilization is crossed with portion (Table 4.27), the chi-square test for
independence is 41.972, with df = 12. The asymptotic significance value is 0.000
which is significant at the 0.01 level. This test suggests that while there is no
relationship between sex and carnivore utilization or modification and between
carnivore utilization and side, there is a relationship and thus, no independence
between carnivore utilization and portion. When a cross-tabulation of carnivore
utilization and portion is displayed it is apparent (Table 4.28), that there are
slightly more complete elements with light modification than distal and proximal
elements. However this is a disparity in the data because most of the portion
coded elements fall into “no” carnivore utilization, which is where the real
correlation is.
Chi-Square Analysis
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
N of Valid Cases
41.972
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
df
12
.000
127
Table 4.27: Chi-square analysis of carnivore utilization and portion for the radius-ulna.
107
Count
POR
CO
CU
DS
PR
SH
Total
H
1
1
2
2
6
L
22
8
12
0
42
LM
3
0
6
0
9
M
0
1
4
0
5
N
27
20
17
1
65
53
30
41
3
127
Total
Table 4.28: Cross-tabulation of carnivore utilization and portion for the radius-ulna.
Femur
Similar to the humerus, the femur is highly destroyed by non-human
scavengers. Approximately, 93.75% of the femora have evidence of carnivore
modification. The most prevalent types of carnivore modification are furrowing
and punctures, with the rest of the types occurring between 1-15% of the time.
Carnivore utilization (Figure 4.5) is broken up disproportionately with
approximately 41% of the elements being heavily utilized, light to moderate
utilization occurring on 23.2% of the elements, and light and moderate occurring
on 11.6% equally.
108
Figure 4.5: Percentage of carnivore utilization for the femur.
For the femur, sex, modification, side, carnivore utilization, and portion
variables were used in chi-square goodness-of-fit analysis to understand any
relationships. First carnivore utilization and sex were analyzed (Table 4.29), the
chi-square test for independence is 32.323, with df = 10. The asymptotic
significance value is 0.000 which is significant at the 0.01 level. This suggests that
carnivore utilization and sex for the femur are not independent of each other.
However, when sex and modification are analyzed (Table 4.30) using the chisquare test for independence, the value is 4.148 with df = 2 and the asymptotic
significance is 0.126, which is not significant at the 0.05 level. These results
suggest, as they did for the humerus and the radius-ulna, that there is no
relationship between sex and modification.
109
Analysis
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
N of Valid Cases
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
df
32.323
10
.000
112
Table 4.29: Chi-square analysis of sex and carnivore utilization for the femur.
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
N of Valid Cases
4.148
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
df
2
.126
112
Table 4.30: Chi-square analysis of sex and modification for the femur.
As in the humerus and radius-ulna, carnivore utilization and side are
analyzed using the chi-square goodness-of-fit test. For the femur, the chi-square
test for independence value is 39.442, with df = 10 (Table 4.31). The asymptotic
significance value is 0.000 which is significant at the 0.01 level. This chi-square
analysis indicates that carnivore utilization and side are not independent of each
other. When a cross-tabulation (Table 4.32) of the two variables is presented
there is an obvious trend towards heavy utilization on both the left and right
sides of the elements.
110
Analysis
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
39.442
N of Valid Cases
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
df
10
.000
112
Table 4.31: Chi-square analysis of carnivore utilization and side for the femur.
CU * SD Crosstabulation
Count
SD
L
CU
Total
N
R
Total
H
22
0
24
46
L
4
2
7
13
LM
4
13
9
26
M
8
1
4
13
MH
3
0
4
7
N
3
3
1
7
44
19
49
112
Table 4.32: Carnivore utilization and side cross-tabulation for the femur.
Portion is important to consider when discussing carnivore utilization,
since the scavengers are the agents that affected the amounts of elements
remaining. When carnivore utilization and portion are used in a chi-square
goodness-of-fit analysis the independence value is 59.279, with df = 20 (Table
4.33). The asymptotic significance value is 0.000 which is significant at the 0.01
level. These results indicate that carnivore utilization is not independent of
portion, similar to the humerus and radius-ulna. When a cross-tabulation of the
111
two variables is presented there are more proximal ends and shafts with heavy
utilization (Table 4.34).
Chi-Square Analysis
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
df
59.279
N of Valid Cases
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
20
.000
112
Table 4.33: Chi-square analysis of carnivore utilization and portion for the femur.
Count
POR
CO
CU
DS
N
PR
SH
Total
H
1
10
0
18
17
46
L
6
0
0
7
0
13
LM
6
6
0
13
1
26
M
4
3
0
6
0
13
MH
2
3
0
2
0
7
N
0
3
1
3
0
7
19
25
1
49
18
112
Total
Table 4.34: Carnivore utilization and portion cross-tabulation for the femur.
Tibia
The tibia falls somewhere between the humerus or femur and radius-ulna
in terms of amount of modification and destruction. First of all 71.32% of the
tibias exhibit some form of modification. Most prominent carnivore modification
types include: furrowing, chipping back, and pitting. Approximately, 34.88% of
112
the elements were heavily utilized, with 24.81% lightly and 28.68% not utilized at
all (Figure 4.6).
Figure 4.6: Percentage of carnivore utilization for the tibia.
In the same way as the previous skeletal elements, destruction of the tibia
is analyzed using the chi-square goodness-of-fit test. The first variables to be
analyzed are carnivore utilization and sex (Table 4.35). The chi-square test for
independence value is 50.426, with a df = 6. The asymptotic significance value is
0.000 which is significant at the alpha 0.01 level. Illustrating again, that carnivore
utilization and sex on the tibia is not independent of each other, as was the case
in the humerus and femur. A chi-square test for independence of sex and
modification (Table 4.36) has a value of 3.623, with df = 2. The asymptotic
significance value is 0.163 which is not significant at the alpha 0.05 level. These
113
results indicate that as with the humerus, radius-ulna, and femur, sex and
modification are independent of each other.
Analysis
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
N of Valid Cases
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
df
50.426
6
.000
129
Table 4.35: Chi-square analysis of sex and carnivore utilization for the tibia.
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
N of Valid Cases
3.623
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
df
2
.163
129
Table 4.36: Chi-square analysis of sex and modification for the tibia.
Carnivore utilization is used to illustrate other comparisons, such as its
relationship to side and portion. For carnivore utilization and side, the chisquare goodness-of-fit test for independence is used (Table 4.37). For this test,
the chi-square test for independence is 7.019, with df = 6. The asymptotic
significance value is 0.319, which is not significant at the alpha 0.05 level. This
indicates that carnivore utilization is independent from side for the tibia. This
could be related to the fact that there are far more elements that are not sexed
than are sexed. If those results were changed, the results for this would change
and could change to reflect the results identified by the carnivore utilization and
114
side analysis for the humerus and femur. For carnivore utilization and portion
(Table 4.38), the chi-square test for independence is 91.354, with df = 12. The
asymptotic significance value is 0.000, which is significant at the alpha 0.01 level.
This test indicates that carnivore utilization is related to portion and is not
independent of each other.
Analysis
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
N of Valid Cases
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
df
7.019
6
.319
129
Table 4.37: Chi-square analysis of carnivore utilization and side for the tibia.
Chi-Square Analysis
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
N of Valid Cases
91.354
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
df
12
.000
129
Table 4.38: Chi-square analysis of carnivore utilization and portion for the tibia.
Metapodials
Carnivore modification and utilization of the metapodials is difficult
because of the structural density (Table 4.39) of these elements. For the
metacarpal 12.15% of the elements exhibit some modification. Approximately
87.85% of those metacarpals have no utilization what-so-ever. The only types of
115
carnivore modification that are present on the metacarpal are furrowing,
punctures, pitting, and tooth scoring, all having less than 5 elements exhibiting
the type of mark. On the metatarsal, the results are almost identical. 12.10% of
the elements exhibit some modification, with 87.90% having no utilization.
Chipping back, furrowing, punctures, pitting, and tooth scoring are all present
on the metatarsal; however, they are present in very low numbers, less than 5.
Bone Mineral Densities (adapted from Kreutzer
1992 and Lyman 1994)
Element
Scan
Site
Density
Portion Value
Metacarpal
MC1
PR
.59
Metacarpal
MC2
PR
.63
Metacarpal
MC3
SH
.69
Metacarpal
MC4
DS
.60
Metacarpal
MC5
DS
.46
Metacarpal
MC6
DS
.53
Metatarsal
MR1
PR
.52
Metatarsal
MR2
PR
.59
Metatarsal
MR3
SH
.67
Metatarsal
MR4
DS
.51
Metatarsal
MR5
DS
.40
Metatarsal
MR6
DS
.48
Table 4.39: Bone mineral densities from bison, adapted from Kreutzer (1992) and (Lyman) 1994.
Astragalus, Calcaneus, and Third Phalanx
The remaining elements used for this thesis project are the astragalus,
calcaneus, and the third phalanx. The overall carnivore modification for these
elements is low because of their structural densities and sizes (Table 4.40).
116
Wolves and bears have been known to completely swallow a phalanx therefore,
it may be difficult to assess whether they were chewed on or swallowed whole,
except for to look for pitting from stomach acids (Binford 1981). On the KaplanHoover collection, there is no evidence in the elements used for this thesis that
these elements were swallowed whole. However, there are a number of scat pile
skeletal remains that have been used in another project that suggest some piles
were differentially digested and approximately 13 could have been from coyotes
and 21 could have been from wolves at Kaplan-Hoover (Gensler, et al. 2002).
Bone Mineral Densities (adpated from
Kreutzer 1992 and Lyman 1994)
Element
Scan
Site
Density
Value
Astragalus
AS1
.72
Astragalus
AS2
.62
Astragalus
AS3
.60
Calcaneus
CA1
.46
Calcaneus
CA2
.80
Calcaneus
CA3
.49
Calcaneus
CA4
.66
Third Phalanx
P31
.32
Table 4.40: Bone mineral densities for bison, adapted from Kreutzer (1992) and Lyman (1994).
For the astragalus, 20% of the elements exhibit some evidence of
modification. Therefore, 80% of the astragali have no modification and
approximately 15% have light utilization. The most common type of carnivore
modification on the elements is furrowing and punctures. The structural
117
densities of the astragalus (Table 4.40) would make it difficult to break through
the material however; since the size of the element is much smaller than the other
elements used for this project, possibly pulling or dragging of hind limbs are
reasons for punctures to show up on the astragalus.
The calcaneus is a very irregular shaped skeletal element therefore
modification is slightly less present than on the astragalus with 18.4% of the
calcanei exhibiting modification. Of the 18.4%, approximately 13.2% of those
elements have light utilization. The most prominent type of modification found
on the calcaneus is punctures, again, possibly related to the pulling of the hind
limbs by non-human scavengers.
Finally, the last element to discuss is the third phalanx. This element has
far more modification than the previous two elements with 32.5% of the elements
exhibiting modification. Approximately, 22% of the third phalanx has light
modification with punctures being the most prominent type of modification.
Again, this may be related to a pulling and dragging event with the bonebed in
which the non-human scavengers could have been pulling on the hind limbs to
move carcasses away from piles of bison to consume or in the case of some
behaviors exhibited by bears, possibly pulling carcasses away for concealed
feeding.
118
CHAPTER 5
Conclusions and
Future Directions
The Kaplan-Hoover bison bonebed is an amazing example of human and
non-human interactions on the Great Plains during the Holocene. Predatory
ecology of both humans and other mammals is important on a variety of levels to
understand where human conditioning of other predators began and how those
interactions instituted the relationships that are present today. First, it is
important when coming to an end, to discuss where the research began, in order
to accomplish this, the questions that started the research will be evaluated given
the results for data collection and analysis.
Question: What are the herd characteristics at Kaplan-Hoover?
The Kaplan-Hoover assemblage is a nursery herd, dominated by female
and sub-adult bison with few males. Due to the fragmentary nature of the
assemblage, only 512 of the 1204 specimens (NISP) was able to be used in sex
analysis and of those 512, only 482 could be identified to a specific sex. Of the
482, approximately 319 are female or sub-adults and 163 are male. From the first
publication on Kaplan-Hoover (Todd, et al. 2001), it was documented that the kill
occurred in September to October, therefore late summer to possibly early or
119
middle fall. This estimate was discovered from the mandibles of the collection,
with approximate age at death of 0.4-0.5 years (Todd, et al. 2001). The minimum
number of individuals (MNI) for the collection is based on the cross tabulation of
sex and side for each element. Based on that analysis there are approximately 67
individuals represented by the skeletal material, this figure is based on the
number of left radius-ulna skeletal elements present.
Questions: What types of modification and intensity of utilization is present on
the Kaplan-Hoover Collection? Further, where is it located on the appendicular
skeleton and which specific elements exhibited more destruction than others?
It is apparent after the results chapter that the most modified skeletal
elements in the collection are the humerus and femur with 93.55% and 93.75% of
the elements exhibiting carnivore modification. Following the humerus and
femur, 73.32% of the tibia exhibit carnivore modification. In terms of utilization,
the heaviest utilized is the humerus with 65.69% of these elements having almost
the entire proximal end being removed and in few instances having both the
proximal and the distal end completely removed (Figure 3.15). Other heavily
utilized elements include the femur with 41.07% and the tibia with 34.88% heavy
destruction of either the entire proximal or distal ends being removed.
To decipher any correlations between data sets, chi-square goodness-of-fit
analyses were done. For the humerus there were a number of positive tests for
significance. Sex and carnivore utilization, carnivore utilization and side, and
120
portion were all significant. Of particular interest is carnivore utilization and
portion, these results indicate that they are not independent of each other,
illustrating that the heavily utilized elements are coded as distal portions,
meaning the entire proximal end is removed. This will become more important
as soon as bone mineral densities are included in the analysis. The same results
were true of the femur, where all three tests were significant. For the femur,
when carnivore utilization and portion were analyzed, there was significance
and 49 of the elements had portion codes of proximal and 25 had portion codes
of distal, indicating that the elements were destroyed at both ends.
The bone mineral densities of the humerus and femur are important to
consider when discussing these results (Table 4.9). The proximal portion of the
humerus is the least dense with values of 0.24 and 0.25. The femur values (Table
4.9) for the proximal end are 0.56 and 0.73, while the distal end values are 0.48
and 0.39. It is obvious why there is heavy destruction of the proximal end of the
humerus, however given the distal end of the femur density values, why is there
almost no destruction on the distal end of the humerus where there are mineral
density values of 0.38 and 0.48? In comparison, it could be assumed from the
femur density values that there is less destruction on the proximal ends, in view
of the high density values. In fact there is more destruction on the distal end
than on the proximal end. This could be explained by the shape of the distal end
121
of both elements, possibly the shape is too difficult to get a good grip on or put
enough force on to cause major destruction by a non-human scavenger. In
addition, these results could be related to the tightness of the ligaments between
the humerus and radius-ulna or the femur and tibia. Future research could help
alleviate these questions about the differences between the two skeletal elements.
The remaining elements not discussed previously, radius-ulna,
metapodials, astragalus, calcaneus, and third phalanx are fairly dense therefore a
lot of force would be required to break into the bone. Further discussion of the
attritional behaviors of scavengers will help in the evaluation of these elements,
specifically the incidence of punctures on these elements.
Correlations: Skeletal Analysis and Ethological Information
The last question presented at the beginning of this thesis is important for
a number of reasons. The previously discussed questions and results are a good
basis for understanding paleoecological relationships in the Holocene between
humans and non-human predators. It is now imperative to determine to what
degree the results from those questions interact and how much can they provide
in terms of interplays between the multiple species, to do this, use of ethological
literature is of vital significance.
122
Question: What relationships between prehistoric human hunters and nonhuman scavengers can be observed from the material remains at KaplanHoover?
It seems almost obvious that canids were players in the taphonomy at
Kaplan-Hoover. The existence of a domesticated dog in the bonebed indicates
that, however, the modification types and degree of utilization influence that
decision as well as the understanding of canid scavenging behaviors. Given that
the kill occurred in the late summer to early fall, wolves may have been
interested in scavenging these remains, bearing in mind denning season for
wolves is in the late winter and pups are born in the early spring when most
birth-pulse ungulate species like bison are born, wolves may be more active for
scavenging to provide for pregnant females (Packard 2003 ). In view of the fact
that they do scavenge if the opportunity exists (Mech 1970; Selva, et al. 2005),
wolves in the area of the kill would have likely passed by or would have smelled
the carcasses. In addition, coyotes likely visited the site for foraging, specifically
if any followed wolves that were feeding on the site given that coyotes have been
documented in Manitoba to visit every wolf kill and have been recorded waiting
approximately 100 m away from wolves feeding before moving in (Paquet 1992).
Another important point to mention is the fact that coyotes are known to
defecate on their kills to protect it from other predators (Wade and Bowns 1985).
As discussed earlier, at Kaplan-Hoover a number of scat bone piles were
123
discovered and recorded (Gensler, et al. 2002). These piles were differentially
digested and approximately 13 could have been from coyotes and 21 could have
been from wolves based on size of element fragments indicating that both
wolves and coyotes likely utilized the site for feeding (Gensler, et al. 2002).
Wolves cause great destruction to the proximal ends of long bones,
specifically the humerus because of its grease content and low density and the
femora and tibia (Haynes 1980a). Correlating to that observation, over 93% of
the Kaplan-Hoover humeri exhibit carnivore modification and over 65% of the
elements exhibit heavy utilization, where almost the entire proximal ends are
removed. Scavenging behaviors of canids suggest that they may have been
pulling and grappling with the limbs of the carcasses in order to remove some
meat from the area where the other wolves or coyotes were feeding (Mech 1970;
Peterson and Ciucci 2003). In addition to pulling carcass parts away for feeding,
wolves and coyotes have been known to cache remains for later feeding, thus
dragging parts and likely inflicting puncture marks (Mech 1970; Paquet 1992;
Peterson and Ciucci 2003). In order to do this, it is assumed that the animals
would grip the end of a limb or the side of a limb to drag it away, therefore,
leaving punctures and possibly pitting marks on the skeletal elements. There are
many instances of punctures documented at Kaplan-Hoover (Figure 3.5), the
skeletal elements with the most punctures included: third phalanx, femur,
124
astragalus, and calcaneus. Of these elements the third phalanx and the femur
have the most incidences of puncturing. For the third phalanx this may be
associated with the fact that the scavengers could have been dragging elements
and for the femur this could also have been possible. At Kaplan-Hoover the
butchering patterns suggest that the limb bones were not highly utilized by
humans, with exception of some marrow extraction on the femora (Todd, et al.
2001). This could be essential to why there are larger frequencies of punctures
present on the femora. After removal of marrow occurred on these elements the
surrounding meat would have been opened up and available for scavengers to
have access without having to tear through hides and sinew. Further research on
whether scavengers would begin feeding in already opened areas of a carcass
could prove useful in comprehending this pattern. As discussed in chapter 2,
wolves are the only species capable of opening up a bison carcass (Selva, et al.
2005) therefore; opened carcasses may have been more attractive to coyotes and
other smaller carnivores and scavengers.
Scavenging behaviors of bears are very different from the canids. First of
all when canids feed on a carcass they drag and scatter the remains in a wider
range than bears (Wade and Bowns 1985). In the event that bears did not feed at
the site of the bison kill, many of the elements that show the most damage by
bears may not be available for analysis. Bearing in mind that these scavengers
125
could have made little damage to the site if they arrived first and took pieces
away, canid scavengers may have covered up, through their gnawing any
definitive marks made by bears.
Both brown and black bears tend to drag carrion pieces to concealed areas
in forest edges for feeding (Wade and Bowns 1985). Similar to coyotes, black
bears are known to defecate on carrion to protect it from other predators;
therefore, scat bone may be a useful indicator for illustrating the possible species
present at bison kills (Wade and Bowns 1985).
Bears have bunodont molar dentition (Figure 2.8), because of this, the
marks they will leave on skeletal elements while scavenging will be different
than marks left by canids (Schwartz, et al. 2003). Canids, having the sharp high
cusped carnassial cheek teeth leave sharp marks (Figure 2.6). Documented bear
marks (Figure 5.1) from Dr. Gary Haynes’s collection at the University of Nevada
Reno compared with almost identical marks at Kaplan-Hoover (Figure 5.2)
illustrate that it is probable that bears were using the bison pile for sustenance.
Unfortunately, any overlaps in distinct types of modification would make it
impossible to distinguish whether specific marks are from high cusp molars or
from bunodont molars (Haynes 1980a). In addition, it may be incredibly difficult
to identify specific scavengers utilizing a carcass because of the nature of
126
modification and number of predators that use carrion throughout the year for
sustenance (Haynes 1980a and 1982).
Figure 5.1: Bear modification Bos taurus tibia from Dr. Haynes collection.
127
Figure 5.2: Probable bear modification on Bison bison from Kaplan-Hoover.
Implications for Conservation Research
First when discussing conservation it is applicable to appreciate how
animals become conditioned by human behaviors. Inherently there are multiple
important behavioral patterns associated with canids and ursids. When thinking
on the subject of wolf behaviors it is essential to include information on their
knowledge of prey species behaviors. For example, bison utilize specific winter
ranges consistently and rarely modify those ranges; therefore, wolves have
become adept at overexploiting those niches by staying close to these ranges in
the winter months, in turn relying on a dependable prey resource with little
energy expenditure (Haynes 1982). If wolves are capable of remembering the
128
ranges of bison in the winter it is completely plausible that they could have
remembered the hunting patterns of human populations during the Holocene.
Coyotes, as previously stated, follow wolves to feeding sites and tend to rely on
wolves for carrion of larger prey animals (Paquet 1992). Further, both brown
and black bears have been conditioned to rely on humans for garbage as a
continuous source of nutrients throughout the year and during some time relied
heavily on ranchers for cattle carcass piles as well (Craighead, et al. 1995). With
that said, it is evident that humans have influence in the sustainability of wolves,
coyotes, and bears from the early to middle to late Holocene and still do today.
Therefore, the relationship between humans hunting and killing large numbers
of bison and the ability of non-human scavengers to sustain themselves is of
great consequence. Taking into consideration conservation decisions in national
parks, natural areas, and towns or cities it is imperative to reflect on the impacts
that humans have had on these scavengers while humans have been on the
planet and in North America.
The relationship between archaeology and the natural sciences has been
recognized for a long period of time (Wintemberg 1919). As far back as 1919, W.
J. Wintemberg discussed the applicability of archaeology to paleontology and the
understanding of what species were present in which regions. Further,
Wintemberg (1919), lists 4 important reasons why zoologists and archaeologists
129
should work together: (1) discovery of which animals are now extinct, (2)
differentiation between animals that became extinct before and after the arrival
of Europeans in North America, (3) location of animal populations in the past
and now in the present, and finally (4) whether animals that are found in
archaeological sites still remain in the same region today. Recently, Lyman and
Cannon (2004) edited “Zooarchaeology and Conservation Biology” a collection
of articles discussing the importance of zooarchaeological analysis toward
conservation issues in North America. Of particular importance for this thesis is
the eradication and reintroduction debate pertaining to wolves, coyotes, and
bears. Wintemberg (1919) discusses the usefulness of archaeology to know
where animal populations once occupied and how those populations have
shifted within regions through history. If archaeologists are able to identify that
these non-human scavengers have been on the landscape for tens of thousands of
years, policy makers could understand the demise to other species in regions
with the eradication or reintroduction of large predators. It has been noted the
significant role wolves play in assisting in the sustainability of rodents and other
smaller predators through their kills and skeletal remains that provide nutrients.
While conservationists do consider the impacts their decisions make on
landscapes, wouldn’t they be more informed and therefore highly respected if
130
they took into consideration the past and the knowledge that archaeologists can
provide to their cause?
In that effort to educate those management decisions it is also important
to consider the position that archaeologists are currently in to make information
available and push coalescence between the fields of archaeology, ecology,
biology, zoology, natural resource managers, and finally government policy
makers. Finally, understanding that from the beginning of time there has never
been a pristine environment and taking into consideration that humans have
been a major player in the environment and conditioning of species, Lyman and
Cannon (2004) are trying to bridge the gap between archaeology and natural
sciences.
Future Directions
This thesis project, presents data collection methods, data analysis, and
results that are important not only because of the illustration of how taphonomy
and ethological studies used in conjunction can improve the understanding
archaeological faunal assemblages other than Kaplan-Hoover, but also because
they create an optimal starting point for further research using interdisciplinary
methods.
Many more questions were exposed from this research. First of all
actualistic studies in North America have been done on a number of species,
131
mostly, wolves, coyotes, and bears (Binford 1981; Burgett 1990; Haynes 1981). In
Africa far more species have been studied using actualistic research, hyenas, wild
dogs, and a number of the large felids (Blumenschine 1986a, b; Blumenschine, et
al. 1996; Egeland, et al. 2004; Marean and Spencer 1991). However, in North
America specifically, more research is needed on the smaller mammals such as
rodents, mustelids, foxes, felids, and birds. The incorporation of ethological
methods by archaeologists would be of great importance as well. As the
literature review suggests, little research by ethologists is dedicated to
understanding how non-human scavengers destroy carcasses, where they feed
first, and how they destroy, use, and move the skeletal remains.
Domestication of canids is of interest at this point as well (Morey 1986,
1992, 1994; Walker and Frison 1982). The process of domestication is a complex
process and requires dedication. As the process of domestication begins a
number of events must occur (Morey 1994). At what point in the domestication
process does conditioning of the animal build reliance for survival from the
domesticator? Many of the examples in the ethological literature, specifically the
behavior of bears towards humans suggests that the conditioning of bears to
believe that humans can and will provide food likely began when humans first
reached this continent, let alone, the world. Suggesting that it is possible that
instead of deciding to domesticate possibly human hunters discovered that if
132
they left food sources available for scavenging, then the wolves would begin to
follow them (Morey 1994). Morey (1994) suggests that it may not have been a
conscience decision by humans to domesticate animals, that instead, humans
may have noticed a need and if the animals were already in some events
following them for sustenance they may have stumbled on the idea. Morey
(1994) indicates that it is difficult to focus on humans as the only factor involved
in domestication and any discussion of the wolves side of the interaction should
be included in the understanding of the relationships necessary to create
dependence. This is especially important when taking into consideration the
demise of many canid species that were not domesticated, specifically the
eradication of wolves and the desire to eradicate coyotes. Furthermore, research
of domestication practices and the consequences of not completely domesticating
an animal are relevant to understanding of why bears have been conditioned by
humans and how that conditioning influences the conservation of the species
today.
Of equal importance is the management of non-human scavengers and
predators on the landscape. As discussed in this thesis the disparities between
the public, policy managers, and scientists is so broad that little or not intelligent
management decisions are being made. An interdisciplinary approach to
management through the use archaeology, biology, zoology, ethology, and
133
wildlife research, just to name a few is imperative to any progress on
conservation issues in the Great Plains and North America in general. Lyman
and Cannon (2004) illustrate the usefulness of understanding faunal assemblages
and human behaviors and interactions with their environments to the
understanding of where humans have been in the past and what can be done
about the future.
134
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APPENDIX A
FAUNMAP Data
Site Name
Site
Number
Badger House
1453
ST
COUNTY
LAT
CO
Montezuma
370700
LONG
FMAGE
FMSP
1083000
LHOL
BI bi
Buick Campsite
5EL1
CO
Elbert
392200
1035200
LHOL
BI bi
Cedar Point
5EL8
CO
Elbert
392200
1035200
LHOL
BI bi
Dutch Creek
5JF463
CO
Jefferson
393000
1050700
LHOL
BI bi
Fort Davey Crockett
5MF605
CO
Moffett
404500
1084500
HIHO
BI bi
Hall-Woodland Cave
5JF9
CO
Jefferson
394500
1050700
LHOL
BI bi
Merino
5LG122
CO
Logran
402200
1031500
LHOL
BI bi
FMSP1
Mesa Verde
866
CO
Montezuma
370700
1083000
LHOL
BI bi
CA fa
Mesa Verde
875
CO
Montezuma
370700
1083000
LHOL
BI bi
CA fa
CO
Pueblo
383000
1044500
LHOL
BI bi
CA la
Recon John Shelter
Roberts Buffalo Jump
5LR100
CO
Larimer
403700
1051500
HIHO
BI bi
CA fa
Texas Creek Overlook
5RB2435
CO
Rio Blanco
393700
1075200
HIST
BI bi
CA
CO
Montezuma
370700
1083000
LHOL
BI bi
CA
Wetherill Mesa
1644
24CA287
24CA287
MT
Cascade
473000
1111500
HOLO
BI bi
CAN
Bootlegger Trail
24TL1237
MT
Toole
481500
1111500
LHOL
BI bi
CA fa
County Line
24MO197
MT
Missoula
465200
1134500
LHOL
BI bi
24GF250
24GF250
MT
Garfield
473000
1064500
LHOL
BI bi
Antonsen
24GA660
MT
Gallatin
453925
1110950
HIHO
BI bi
Antonsen
24GA660
MT
Gallatin
453925
1110950
LHOL
BI bi
MT
Prarie
464500
1051500
HIHO
BI bi
Ash Coulee
FMSP2
FMSP3
CAN
UR am
CA la
UR ar
FMSP4
CAN
CA
UR am
148
Big Lip
24CB75
MT
Carbon
450000
1081500
LHOL
BI bi
Birdtail Butte
24BL1152
MT
Blaine
480700
1090000
LHOL
BI bi
Drake
24YL51
MT
Yellowstone
454500
1083700
LHOL
BI bi
Drake
24YL51
MT
Yellowstone
454500
1083700
HIHO
BI bi
Ellison's Rock
24RB1020
MT
Rosebud
455200
1063700
HIST
BI bi
Ellison's Rock
24RB1020
MT
Rosebud
455200
1063700
LHOL
BI bi
False Cougar Cave
24CB84
MT
Carbon
450700
1081500
LMHO
BI bi
CA la
CAN
Hagen
24DW2
MT
Dawson
470000
1043700
HOLO
BI bi
CA la
CA lu
Hoffer
24CH669
MT
Choteau
474500
1095200
HIHO
BI bi
CA lu
Hoffer
24CH669
MT
Choteau
474500
1095200
LHOL
BI bi
CA lu
Holmes Terrace
24FR52
MT
Fergus
473700
1093700
HIHO
BI bi
CA
Kobold
24BH406
MT
Big Horn
451500
1070000
LHOL
BI bi
CA
Mangus
24CB221
MT
Carbon
451500
1075200
LHOL
BI bi
CA fa
Montana Ice Cave
KU-MT-41
MT
Fergus
464500
1090000
HOLO
BI bi
CA la
CA lu
UR ar
MT
Granite
463700
1130700
HOLO
BI bi
CA fa
CA la
UR ar
Morse Creek #1
Pictograph Cave
24YL1
MT
Yellowstone
453700
1082200
LMHO
BI bi
CA lu
Pictograph Cave
24YL1
MT
Yellowstone
453700
1082200
LHOL
BI bi
CA lu
Pictograph Cave
24YL1
MT
Yellowstone
453700
1082200
HIHO
BI bi
CA la
Red Rock Springs
24BE1230
MT
445200
1124500
LHOL
BI bi
CAN
Risley Bison Kill
24LC1003
MT
472200
1122200
HIHO
BI bi
Blacktail Cave
24CL151
MT
Beaverhead
Lewis and
Clark
Lewis and
Clark
470500
1121700
MHOL
BI bi
Shield Trap
24CB91
MT
Carbon
450700
1081500
MHOL
BI bi
Sorenson
24CB202
MT
Carbon
451500
1075200
LHOL
BI bi
48AB301
48AB301
WY
Albany
421500
1060000
HIST
BI bi
UR
CA lu
CA
149
48CA1391
48CA1391
WY
Campbell
440000
1051500
LHOL
BI bi
CA
48CA1729
48CA1729
WY
Campbell
433700
1051500
MHOL
BI bi
48CA1751
48CA1751
WY
Campbell
433700
1051500
HOLO
BI bi
48CA2227
48CA2227
WY
Campbell
433700
1051500
HOLO
BI bi
48CA403
48CA403
WY
Campbell
433700
1051500
LHOL
BI bi
48CR4897
48CR4897
WY
Carbon
420000
1064500
LMHO
BI bi
48LN74
48LN74
WY
Lincoln
414500
1100000
HOLO
BI bi
48SH312
48SH312
WY
Sheridan
444500
1060700
LHOL
BI bi
48SW998
48SW998
WY
Sweetwater
420700
1073000
LMHO
BI bi
48TE1090
48TE1090
WY
Teton
435200
1103700
HIHO
BI bi
48TE1102
48TE1102
WY
Teton
435200
1103700
LHOL
BI bi
48TE111
48TE111
WY
Teton
435200
1103700
HIST
BI bi
48TE114
48TE114
WY
Teton
435200
1103700
LHOL
BI bi
48UT199
48UT199
WY
Uinta
413000
1103700
MHOL
BI bi
Austin Wash
48UT390
WY
Uinta
412200
1101500
LHOL
BI bi
Beehive
48BH346
WY
Big Horn
441500
1073000
LMHO
BI bi
Bessie Bottom
48UT1186
WY
Uinta
410100
1105200
LHOL
BI bi
CAN
Bottleneck Cave
48BH206
WY
Big Horn
445200
1082400
LHOL
BI bi
CA la
Bottleneck Cave
48BH206
WY
Big Horn
445200
1082400
EHOL
BI bi
Bottleneck Cave
48BH206
WY
Big Horn
445200
1082400
HIHO
BI bi
Buffalo Creek
48SH311
WY
Sheridan
444500
1061500
LHOL
BI bi
Bugas-Holding
48PA563
WY
Park
443700
1092200
HIHO
BI bi
Cache Hill
Castle Garden Access
Road
48CR61
WY
Carbon
441500
1053000
HIST
BI bi
48FR1398
WY
Fremont
425200
1073000
LHOL
BI bi
Daughtery Cave
48WA302
WY
Washakie
440700
1071700
HIHO
BI bi
UR ar
CAN
CA
CA
UR ar
CA
150
Dead Indian Creek
48PA551
WY
Park
443700
1092200
MHOL
BI bi
CA
Deer Creek
48BH18
WY
Big Horn
445200
1080000
LHOL
BI bi
CA lu
WY
Big Horn
445200
1080700
EHOL
BI bi
CA lu
Eagle Shelter
Espy-Cornwell
48CR4001
WY
Carbon
413000
1072200
LHOL
BI bi
Gull Island
48TE1067
WY
Teton
435200
1103700
LHOL
BI bi
Horse Creek
48LA549
WY
Laramie
412200
1050000
MHOL
BI bi
John Gale
48CR303
WY
Carbon
414500
1070700
HIHO
BI bi
Lamar
WY
Park
445200
1101500
HIHO
BI bi
Lamar
WY
Park
445200
1101500
LHOL
BI bi
CA la
UR am
CAN
Maxon Ranch
48SW2590
WY
Sweetwater
410700
1090700
LHOL
BI bi
McCleary
48NA1152
WY
Natrona
425200
1064500
HIST
BI bi
McKean
48CK7
WY
Crook
441500
1044500
LMHO
BI bi
CAN
Piney Creek
48JO312
WY
Johnson
443100
1064700
HIHO
BI bi
CA
River Bend
Rock Ranch Trading
Post
48NA202
WY
Natrona
424500
1062200
HIST
BI bi
CA
48GO123
WY
Goshen
420000
1041500
HIST
BI bi
CA
Scoggin
48CR304
WY
Carbon
414500
1063000
MHOL
BI bi
Skull Point
48LN317
WY
Lincoln
413700
1103000
HIHO
BI bi
Spring Creek Cave
48WA1
WY
Washakie
435200
1073000
LHOL
BI bi
CA
Vore
48CK302
WY
Crook
443000
1040700
HIST
BI bi
CA fa
CA la
Wardell Buffalo Trap
48SU301
WY
Sublette
423000
1100000
LHOL
BI bi
CA
CA la
UR am
CA lu
UR ar
151
APPENDIX B
Coding System
Skeletal Element
ELE
Segment Codes
SEG
Humerus
HM
Complete
CO
Radius/Ulna
RDU
Posteromedial
PM
Radius
RD
Proximal
PR
Ulna
UL
Anteromedial
AM
Femur
FM
Distal
DS
Tibia
TA
Anterolateral
AL
Astragalus
AS
Lateral
LT
Metapodial
MP
Posterolateral
PL
Metacarpal
MC
Medial
ME
Metatarsal
MT
Cranial
CR
Calcaneous
CL
Caudal
CD
Third phalanx
PHT
Interior
IN
Dorsal
DR
Portion Codes
POR
Exterior
EX
Complete
CO
Ventral
VN
Proximal diaphysis
DPR
Edge
EG
Proximal
PR
Left
L
Diaphysis + fused distal epiphysis
DFD
Right
R
Proximal + < half the shaft
PRS
End
END
Diaphysis + fused proximal epiphysis
DFP
Condyle
CDL
Proximal + > half the shaft
PSH
Unidentified fragment
FR
Shaft
SH
Distal
DS
Side Codes
SD
Flake (< half circum of SH)
FK
Left
L
Distal + < half shaft
DSS
Right
R
Impact flake
IMK
Axial
A
Distal + > half shaft
DSH
Not sided
N
Condyle
CDL
Proximal epiphysis
PRE
PFUS and DFUS
Distal epiphysis
DSE
Unfused
0
Unidentified epiphysis
EP
partially fused
1
Diaphysis
DF
fused, but line visible
2
152
Distal diaphysis
DDS
fully fused
3
Head
HE
broken, can't tell
4
Trochlear notch
ANC
not applicable, no epiphyseal
5
Olecranon portion
OLC
Olecranon tuber
PRE
Breakage type
BR
Carnivore Utilization
CU
No breakage
N
Light
L
Dry break
D
Light/moderate
LM
Intermediate break
I
Moderate
M
Carnivore modification
C
Moderate/heavy
MH
Green
G
Heavy
H
Rodeal gnawing
R
None
N
Crushed
S
Indeterminate
I
Sex
SEX
F
Female/Subadult
Multiple breaks
M
Excavator breakage
E
Modification
MOD
M
Male
Rodent gnawing
R
N
Not Known
Carny mod present
P
I
Indeterminate
Carny mod absent
A
Landmarks
LM
Carnivore modification
C
Present
P
Puncture
PC
Absent
A
Furrow
FW
Half
H
Tooth scoring
TS
Chipping back
CB
Salivary polishing
SP
Crenellation
CT
Scooping out
SO
Pitting
PT
- adapted from Todd (1983 and 1987)
153
APPENDIX C
Landmark and Measurement Descriptions and Codes
Landmark Code Hill
Landmark Code Burke
HM
HM
Description
DT
LM1
deltoid tuberosity
MEH
LM2
tubercle for attachment of medial collateral ligament
MT
LM3
major tuberosity
OLC
LM4
proximal olecranon fossa
PLF
LM5
posterolateral nutrient foramen
TM
LM6
teres major tubercle
RD
RD
PLF
LM1
RT
LM2
radial tuberosity
FM
FM
ANF
LM1
anterior nutrient foramen
SF
LM2
supracondyloid fossa
MTO
LM3
major trochanter
MO
LM4
minor trochanter
TA
TA
ACR
LM1
anterior crest
PLF
LM2
ANF
LM3
anterior nutrient foramen
*Adapted from Hill 1994 Master's Thesis pp. 169-170
Measurement Code Todd
Measurement Code Burke
HM
HM
Description
HM1
M1
greatest lateral length/osteometric board
HM2
M2
greatest length from the head/osteometric board
154
HM3
M3
greatest medial length/osteometric board
HM4
M4
greatest proximal breadth/osteometric board
HM5
M5
least breadth of diaphysis/sliding calipers
HM6
M6
greatest breadth of distal end/osteometric board
HM7
M7
breadth of the distal articular surface/sliding calipers
HM8
M8
least breadth of olecranon fossa/sliding calipers
HM9
M9
greatest depth of proximal end/osteometric board
HM10
M10
least depth of diaphysis/sliding calipers
HM11
M11
greatest depth of distal end/sliding calipers
HM12
M12
greatest sagittal depth of head/spreading calipers
HM13
M13
greatest breadth of articular surface of the head/spreading calipers
HM14
M14
least depth of distal end/sliding calipers
HM15
M15
depth of olecranon fossa/sliding calipers
HM16
M16
least circumference of diaphysis/measuring tape
HM17
M17
greatest length of fragmentary humerus/osteometric board
RD
RD
RD1
M1
physiological length/spreading calipers
RD2
M2
greatest length/osteometric board
RD3
M3
greatest breadth of proximal end/osteometric board
RD4
M4
greatest breadth of proximal articular surface/sliding calipers
RD5
M5
RD6
M6
RD7
M7
RD8
M8
greatest breadth of distal articular surface/sliding calipers
RD9
M9
greatest depth of proximal end/sliding calipers
RD10
M10
greatest depth of proximal end lateral margin/sliding calipers
RD11
M11
greatest depth of distal end/osteometric board
RD12
M12
greatest breadth of articular surface for radial carpal/sliding calipers
RD13
M13
greatest length of diaphysis (only if unfused)/osteometric board
RD14
M14
greatest breadth of distal diaphysis (only if unfused)/osteometric board
155
RD15
M15
greatest depth of distal diaphysis (only if unfused)/osteometric board
RD16
M16
greatest length of fragmentary radius/osteometric board
RDU1
M17
greatest length of radius-ulna/osteometric board
UL
UL
UL1
M1
greatest length of ulna/osteometric board
UL2
M2
greatest height of "cavitas sigmoides majors"/osteometric board
UL3
M3
greatest length of olecranon/osteometric board
UL4
M4
greatest breadth of olecranon tuberosity/osteometric board
UL5
M5
greatest breadth of coronoid process of ulna/sliding calipers
UL6
M6
greatest depth of olecranon tuberosity/osteometric board
UL7
M7
least depth of olecranon/sliding calipers
UL8
M8
least depth at anconeal process/sliding calipers
UL9
M9
depth of "cavitas sigmoides majors"/sliding calipers
UL10
M10
greatest depth of olecranon/osteometric board
FM
FM
FM1
M1
greatest length of femur/osteometric board
FM2
M2
length of major trochanter to lateral condyle/osteometric board
FM3
M3
greatest length from the head/osteometric board
FM4
M4
length of diaphysis (only if unfused)/osteometric board
FM5
M5
greatest length of medial condyle/sliding calipers
FM6
M6
greatest length of lateral condyle/sliding calipers
FM7
M7
FM8
M8
greatest depth of head/sliding calipers
FM9
M9
greatest breadth of proximal diaphysis (only if unfused)/osteometric board
FM10
M10
FM11
M11
FM12
M12
FM13
M13
greatest breadth of trochlea/sliding calipers
FM14
M14
least breadth of trochlea/sliding calipers
FM15
M15
least breadth of intercondyloid fossa/sliding calipers
156
FM16
M16
greatest depth of proximal epiphysis/osteometric board
FM17
M17
FM18
M18
greatest depth of distal epiphysis/osteometric board
FM19
M19
greatest depth of medial trochlea/sliding calipers
FM20
M20
greatest length of fragmentary femur/osteometric board
TA
TA
TA1
M1
greatest length/osteometric board
TA2
M2
medial length/osteometric board
TA3
M3
greatest length of diaphysis/osteometric board
TA4
M4
TA5
M5
greatest breadth of proximal diaphysis (only if unfused)/osteometric board
TA6
M6
TA7
M7
TA8
M8
TA9
M9
TA10
M10
greatest depth of distal end/osteometric board
TA11
M11
least distance between intercondylar tubercles/sliding calipers
TA12
M12
greatest breadth of extensor sulcus/sliding calipers
TA13
M13
depth of extensor sulcus/sliding calipers
TA14
M14
breadth of distal articular surface/sliding calipers
TA15
M15
depth of proximal end/osteometric board
TA16
M16
greatest length of framentary tibia/osteometric board
*Adapted from Todd 1987 Taphonomy of the Horner II Bone Bed pp. 121-124
Measurement Code Morlan
Description
AS
AS
DM
M1
medial depth/sliding calipers
Wp
M2
proximal width/sliding calipers
Wd
M3
distal width/sliding calipers
Ll
M4
lateral length/sliding calipers
157
Lm
M5
medial length/sliding calipers
Dl
M6
lateral depth/sliding calipers
*Adapted from Morlan 1991 Bison Carpal and Tarsal Measurements: Bulls versus Cows and Calves pp.223
Measurement Code Hill
Description
CL
CL
CL1
M1
greatest length medial view/osteometric board
CL2
M2
greatest proximal width/sliding calipers
CL3
M3
greatest proximal depth/sliding calipers
CL4
M4
distal width/sliding calipers
CL5
M5
distal depth/sliding calipers
CL6
M6
length of talus facet/sliding calipers
CL7
M7
length of tarsal c+4 facet/sliding calipers
*Adapted from Morlan 1991 Bison Carpal and Tarsal Measurements: Bulls versus Cows and Calves pp. 223
Measurement Code Driesch
MP
MP
Gl
M1
greatest length/sliding calipers (Bedord No.1)
Bp
M2
greatest breadth proximal end/sliding calipers (Bedord No.2)
SD
M3
smallest breadth diaphysis/sliding calipers (Bedord No.10)
DD
M4
smallest depth diaphysis/sliding calipers (Bedord No.9)
Bd
M5
greatest breadth distal end/sliding calipers (Bedord No.4)
PHT
PHT
DLS
M1
diagonal length of sole/sliding calipers
Ld
M2
length of dorsal surface/sliding calipers
MBS
M3
*Adapted from von den Driesch 1976 pp. 92-93 and 101 and
Bedord 1974
Description
middle breadth of sole/sliding calipers
158
APPENDIX D
Kaplan-Hoover Data
Box #
BN #
SEX
ELE
POR
SEG
SD
PFUS
BR1
BR2
MOD
C1
C2
C3
CU
LM1
LM2
LM3
LM4
LM5
LM6
MT01
E27-16-17
F
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
DFUS
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT01
E27-16-20
N
MT
DFP
CO
L
NA
0
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT01
E27-6-43
N
MT
DFP
CO
R
NA
0
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT01
E28-25-42
F
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT05
E28-25-52
N
MT
DSS
DS
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT06
E28-25-76
N
MT
PSH
CO
L
NA
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F27-12-205
F
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT01
F27-12-221
N
MT
DFP
CO
L
NA
0
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F27-12-323
M
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT01
F27-13-384
F
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT03
F27-13-425
N
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT02
F27-13-466
N
MT
DFP
CO
L
NA
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT03
F27-14-101
N
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F27-17-280
F
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT03
F27-17-345
F
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F27-17-476
F
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT03
F27-17-489
N
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT02
F27-17-543
N
MT
DFP
CO
L
NA
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT01
F27-17-571
M
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F27-17-578
F
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F27-17-640
M
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT05
F27-17-679
M
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT01
F27-17-723
N
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT03
F27-17-758
N
MT
PRS
CO
L
NA
4
G
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT06
F27-17-950
N
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
2
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
159
MT03
F27-18-104
M
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F27-18-105
N
MT
DFP
DS
N
NA
0
C
N
P
FW
PC
PT
H
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F27-18-243
N
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT01
F27-18-343
F
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT02
F27-18-438
N
MT
DSH
CO
L
NA
4
C
N
P
CB
PT
TS
H
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F27-18-573
F
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT05
F27-18-781
N
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F27-18-844
N
MT
PRS
PR
L
NA
4
G
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT03
F27-19-363
M
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F27-19-366
M
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT03
F27-22-289
F
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT02
F27-22-340
N
MT
DFP
DS
N
NA
0
G
C
P
PC
FW
N
H
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT02
F27-23-188
M
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT01
F27-23-221
F
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT02
F27-23-230
F
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT06
F27-23-236
M
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT03
F27-23-238
N
MT
PR
CO
L
NA
4
G
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT05
F27-23-244
N
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT02
F27-23-263
F
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F27-23-263
F
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT03
F27-23-336
N
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
2
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT05
F27-23-387
N
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT05
F27-23-393
N
MT
PSH
CO
L
NA
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT06
F27-23-428
N
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
C
D
P
PC
FW
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT05
F27-23-483
N
MT
PRS
PR
R
NA
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT06
F27-23-534
N
MT
PSH
CO
L
NA
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT05
F27-23-675
N
MT
PSH
ME
R
NA
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F27-23-730
F
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT05
F27-23-907
N
MT
DDS
CO
N
NA
0
C
D
P
PC
FW
N
H
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT03
F27-23-936
N
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
160
MT03
F27-23-943
N
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT06
F27-23-956
F
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT06
F27-23-967
N
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
2
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT06
F27-24-254
N
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
2
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F27-24-255
M
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT01
F27-24-314
F
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F27-24-357
N
MT
PRS
PR
R
NA
4
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT05
F27-24-363
M
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT06
F27-24-481
N
MT
PRS
CO
R
NA
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT05
F27-24-597
N
MT
DSH
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT02
F27-24-600
M
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT02
F27-24-610
N
MT
DSH
CO
N
NA
4
C
D
P
CB
PT
TS
H
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT02
F27-24-684
N
MT
DSH
CO
L
NA
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT05
F27-25-102
N
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT05
F27-25-99
N
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT01
F27-9-160
F
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT03
F27-9-193
M
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT05
F28-12-215
N
MT
DS
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT05
F28-12-252
N
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT02
F28-12-303
F
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT03
F28-12-3083
M
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT02
F28-12-96
N
MT
DFP
CO
L
NA
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F28-13-392
N
MT
DFP
AM
L
NA
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT01
F28-13-436
N
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT01
F28-2-288
F
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT06
F28-2-408
N
MT
DSH
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT03
F28-24-519
M
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT03
F28-3-114
N
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT03
F28-3-156
N
MT
DSH
CO
R
NA
3
G
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT06
F28-3-163
N
MT
PSH
CO
R
NA
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
161
MT02
F28-3-171
N
MT
DFP
CO
L
NA
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F28-3-290
N
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT05
F28-3-325
M
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT02
F28-3-341
N
MT
DSH
CO
L
NA
4
C
N
P
CB
PT
TS
H
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F28-3-345
F
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT02
F28-3-430
M
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT03
F28-3-460
M
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT05
F28-3-492
N
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT01
F28-3-97
F
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT05
F28-4-1543
N
MT
DSH
CO
L
NA
2
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT06
F28-4-1631
N
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT02
F28-4-227
M
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F28-4-394
M
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT02
F28-4-399
F
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT05
F28-4-525
N
MT
PSH
CO
L
NA
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F28-4-55
F
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT05
F28-4-562
N
MT
DSS
CO
R
NA
3
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT02
F28-4-574
F
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT06
F28-4-584
N
MT
PRS
AM
L
NA
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT06
F28-5-106
N
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F28-5-21
N
MT
FK
AM
N
NA
4
G
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F28-5-25
N
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT06
F28-5-84
N
MT
PSH
CO
R
NA
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT01
F28-5-89
M
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT06
F28-7-13
F
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F28-7-32
M
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT06
F28-7-353
N
MT
CO
CO
N
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT03
F28-7-495
F
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT01
F28-7-514
N
MT
DFP
CO
R
NA
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT06
F28-7-99
N
MT
PSH
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
162
MT02
F28-8-200
F
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT01
F28-8-205
F
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT02
F28-8-222
F
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT03
F28-8-227
N
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT06
F28-8-43
N
MT
PRS
CO
R
NA
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT03
F28-9-141
N
MT
PRS
CO
R
NA
4
G
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT06
F28-9-224
N
MT
CO
CO
L
NA
2
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT04
F28-9-460
N
MT
FK
PM
N
NA
4
G
D
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MT02
F28-9-469
F
MT
CO
CO
R
NA
3
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
F28-4-273
M
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
F27-18-44
F
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
2
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
F27-23-200
F
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
2
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
E27-15-182
F
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
F28-3-172
F
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
F27-12-298
M
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
F27-17-694
F
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
E27-15-178
F
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
F27-13-115
N
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
2
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
F27-18-667
N
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
F28-9-415
F
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
F27-24-423
M
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
F28-4-533
F
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
F28-12-180
N
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
F27-18-555
F
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
F28-3-154
F
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
F27-18-295
F
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
E27-15-129
F
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
F27-22-253
M
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
F28-12-66
M
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
F27-17-835
F
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
163
MC01
F27-12-321
F
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC01
F28-8-872
F
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC02
F28-4-226
F
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC02
F27-23-433
N
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC02
F28-3-540
M
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC02
F28-8-684
M
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC02
F27-25-118
F
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC02
F27-24-330
M
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC02
F28-8-375
F
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC02
F27-23-197
F
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC02
F27-24-601
M
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC02
F27-17-404
F
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC02
F27-25-37
F
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC02
F27-17-362
F
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC02
F27-17-433
M
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
C
N
P
PT
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC02
F28-5-87
F
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC02
F28-8-547
F
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC02
F27-23-262
F
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC02
F27-14-114
F
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC02
E27-15-189
F
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC02
F28-9-269
F
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC02
F28-9-357
F
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC02
F27-18-140
F
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F28-4-470
M
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F27-23-151
M
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F27-9-119
M
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F28-5-23
M
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
E27-5-10
M
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F27-23-280
M
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F28-8-614
M
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
164
MC03
F27-17-964
M
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F27-24-245
M
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F27-18-127
M
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F28-2-298
N
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F28-8-379
M
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F27-24-276
M
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
2
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F27-17-541
F
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F28-7-177
F
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F28-12-316
M
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F28-8-521
F
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F28-8-464
N
MC
DFP
CO
L
NA
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F27-24-570
N
MC
DFP
CO
R
NA
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F27-18-742
N
MC
DFP
CO
R
NA
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F27-17-329
N
MC
DFP
CO
R
NA
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
E27-5-67
N
MC
DFP
CO
L
NA
0
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F27-17-817
N
MC
DFP
CO
L
NA
0
C
N
P
FW
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F28-13-276
N
MC
DFP
CO
L
NA
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
F28-7-453
N
MC
DFP
CO
R
NA
0
C
D
P
PC
TS
FW
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC03
E27-15-123
N
MC
DFP
CO
L
NA
0
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F28-8-844
N
MC
DFP
CO
R
NA
0
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F28-8-174
N
MC
DFP
CO
R
NA
0
C
D
P
PC
TS
FW
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F27-13-358
N
MC
DFP
DS
R
NA
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F28-13-252
N
MC
PSH
CO
R
NA
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F27-19-380
N
MC
PSH
CO
R
NA
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F28-13-285
N
MC
DFP
CO
R
NA
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F27-24-315
N
MC
PSH
CO
L
NA
4
C
D
P
TS
FW
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F27-18-597
N
MC
PSH
CO
R
NA
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F28-9-233
N
MC
PSH
AL
R
NA
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F27-24-701
N
MC
PSH
CO
R
NA
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F28-4-1665
N
MC
PSH
CO
R
NA
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
165
MC04
F28-3-438
N
MC
PSH
CO
L
NA
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F27-17-886
N
MC
PRS
CO
L
NA
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F28-5-36
N
MC
PSH
CO
L
NA
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F28-3-563
N
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
C
D
P
PC
FW
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F28-9-393
N
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F27-24-430
N
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F27-23-549
N
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
C
D
P
PC
TS
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F27-19-332
F
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F27-13-433
N
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F28-4-1593
N
MC
DSH
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F27-23-479
N
MC
DSS
CO
L
NA
3
G
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F27-9-225
N
MC
DSS
CO
R
NA
3
G
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F28-9-1001
N
MC
DSS
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F27-24-563
N
MC
DSS
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F28-4-832
N
MC
DSS
CO
N
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F28-3-515
N
MC
DSS
CO
N
NA
2
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F27-24-811
N
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F27-24-281
N
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F27-17-1505
N
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
2
C
D
P
TS
PC
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
E27-5-44
F
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
0
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC04
F27-18-792
N
MC
DFP
CO
L
NA
0
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC05
F28-13-289
F
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC05
F27-23-282
N
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
0
C
D
P
PC
FW
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC05
F27-17-1501
N
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MC05
E28-15-58
N
MC
CO
CO
R
NA
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
MC05
F27-17-328
N
MC
CO
CO
L
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-12-241
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-24-271
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-24-376
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-118
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
166
PHT01
F28-9-125
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
E28-25-9
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-17-1502
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-24-342
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-18-412
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
N
P
TS
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-347
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-12-324
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-17-815
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-17-480
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-517
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-782
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
G
D
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-6-120
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-741
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
G
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-25-69
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-8-920
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-24-426
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-17-867
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-552
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-432
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-17-725
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
G
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-553
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-18-428
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
PC
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-13-265
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-1591
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
D
P
PC
FW
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-593
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-9-327
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-5-60
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-17-852
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-8-958
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-648
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
167
PHT01
F27-24-291
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-13-260
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-662
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
E27-15-130
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-385
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-2-373
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-1559
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-8-760
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-566
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-25-109
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-17-669
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-745
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
E28-15-45
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-17-383
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-623
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-18-408
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
PT
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-490
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-25-108
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-24-263
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
PT
N
M
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-8-438
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
TS
N
M
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-527
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F25-7-24
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-413
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-25-43
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-2-396
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-7-459
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-17-507
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-1611
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-85
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-5-198
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
168
PHT01
F27-23-706
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-1663
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
PC
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-18-366
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-7-510
N
PHT
CO
LT
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-9-339
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-2-276
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-9-480
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-22-378
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-740
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-8-934
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
E27-5-39
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-9-243
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-22-257
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-18-402
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-247
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-416
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-24--220
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-8-77
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
E27-6-18
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-84
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-9-479
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-15-151
N
PHT
CO
LT
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-444
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-324
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-13-319
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-25-112
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
E27-6-33
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-24-353
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-12-189
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-22-399
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
169
PHT01
F28-9-254
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-24-384
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-306
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-27-959
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-654
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-14-149
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-8-373
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-17-727
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-2-308
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-700
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-289
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-762
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
D
P
PC
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
E28-16-58
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-8-163
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
PC
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-183
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-13-439
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-25-129
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-193
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-24-372
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-6-59
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-22-312
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-591
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-494
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-722
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-18-821
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-940
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-22-310
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-18-421
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-18-626
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-939
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
TS
FW
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
170
PHT01
F28-8-433
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-182
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-107
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-317
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-24-374
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-380
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-243
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-7-40
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-5-13
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
PC
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-9-392
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-24-218
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-17-528
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
D
P
PC
FW
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-8-385
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-18-365
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-645
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-19-328
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-8-377
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-13-273
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-7-116
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-8-108
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-24-383
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-714
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-453
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-7-505
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-24-704
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-13-486
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-12-479
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-197
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-17-977
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-349
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
171
PHT01
E28-25-90
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-738
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
FW
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-24-410
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
E28-15-3
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
E27-15-186
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-8-87
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F29-3-282
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
E28-25-121
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-6-116
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-949
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
FW
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-17-593
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-7-107
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
PC
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
E28-16-92
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-813
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-18-322
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
PC
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-22-285
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-315
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
PC
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-25-135
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-8-919
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-5-157
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-9-513
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-13-460
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-883
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-406
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-22-270
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-8-880
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-18-48
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-723
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
FW
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-683
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-755
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
172
PHT01
F28-4-1653
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-14-185
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-18-397
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-760
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-9-714
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-360
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-24-348
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-9-179
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-8-724
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-738
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
FW
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-18-725
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-18-807
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-764
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-760
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-260
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-724
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-17-733
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-13-266
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-9-472
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-17-842
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-17-954
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-18-623
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-338
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-24-457
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-9-338
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
E28-16-68
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-307
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-17-648
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-9-402
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
E27-15-158
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
173
PHT01
F27-24-731
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-426
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-18-560
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
PC
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-625
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
E28-6-13
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-559
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-508
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-17-627
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-647
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
E27-5-38
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-655
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-506
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-398
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-22-285
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-332
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-12-427
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-12-470
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-4-538
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-335
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-23-331
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-249
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
E27-15-55
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F27-17-777
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-507
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-3-577
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT01
F28-5-29
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-7-462
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-2-340
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F27-17-597
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F27-23-173
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
174
PHT02
F28-4-466
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F27-24-433
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-7-25
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-3-107
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-9-267
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F27-23-526
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-3-291
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-8-369
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-9-390
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F27-13-377
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-2-385
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F27-22-255
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F27-25-113
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F27-22-383
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F27-17-883
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
D
P
PC
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-3-605
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-7-606
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F27-19-288
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-3-219
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-4-228
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-3-181
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-4-431
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-12-164
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-12-216
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F27-23-179
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-7-75
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-8-83
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F27-23-194
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-8-61
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F27-24-402
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
175
PHT02
F27-17-439
N
PHT
CO
CO
ME
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
FW
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F27-9-177
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-9-367
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
PHT02
F28-3-244
N
PHT
CO
CO
LT
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
FW
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
E27-5-31
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
E27-5-49
N
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
C
D
P
PC
FW
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
E27-6-45
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
E27-6-56
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
FW
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-12-278
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-13-129
N
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-17-1011
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-17-525
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-17-638
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-17-643
N
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
C
D
P
PC
FW
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-17-820
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-17-880
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-18-215
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-18-368
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-18-576
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-18-832
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-18-845
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-19-377
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-19-378
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-19-515
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-22-285
N
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-23-170
N
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
PC
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-23-313
N
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-23-368
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-23-514
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-23-585
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
176
AS01
F27-23-728
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-23-935
N
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-24-253
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-24-344
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-24-485
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-24-507
N
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
C
D
P
PC
FW
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-24-865
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F27-73-411
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-12-156
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-12-212
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-13-220
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-13-228
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-13-319
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-18-303
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-23-958
N
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-3-225
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-3-230
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-3-256
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-3-316
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-3-329
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-3-420
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-3-462
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-3-463
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-3-530
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-3-556
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-3-580
N
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-4-000
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-4-335
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-4-434
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-4-435
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
177
AS01
F28-4-529
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-4-550
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-4-586
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-4-605
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-4-88
M
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-5-18
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-5-32
N
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-5-69
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-7-380
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-7-398
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-7-399
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-7-97
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-8-107
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-8-194
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-8-405
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-8-737
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-9-222
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
F28-9-410
F
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
G27-20-01
N
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS01
G27-23-2
M
AS
CO
CO
L
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
E27-15-46
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
E27-6-25
N
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F27-13-388
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F27-13-447
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
PT
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F27-17-484
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F27-17-594
N
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F27-18-287
M
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F27-18-363
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F27-19-267
M
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F27-22-325
N
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
178
AS02
F27-22-328
N
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F27-22-339
M
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F27-23-308
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F27-23-463
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F27-23-505
M
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
C
N
P
TS
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F27-24-637
M
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F27-26-286
M
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F28-12-278
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F28-3-461
M
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F28-4-219
M
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F28-4-382
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F28-4-89
M
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F28-5-155
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F28-5-19
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F28-7-43
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F28-8-1007
N
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F28-8-300
M
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS02
F28-8-771
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS03
F27-12-334
M
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS03
F27-14-106
M
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS03
F27-17-494
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS03
F27-18-417
M
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS03
F27-23-462
M
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS03
F27-23-558
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS03
F27-24-251
M
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS03
F27-24-321
M
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS03
F28-12-346
M
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS03
F28-3-293
N
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS03
F28-3-321
M
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
G
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS03
F28-3-537
M
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
179
AS03
F28-4-580
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS03
F28-8-47
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS03
M
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
AS03
F28-8-723
NO
NUMBER
F
AS
CO
CO
R
NA
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
TA01
F28-4-433
F
TA
CO
CO
L
3
3
C
D
P
FW
TS
N
L
P
P
P
NA
NA
NA
TA01
F28-12-208
M
TA
CO
CO
L
3
3
C
N
P
FW
TS
PC
L
P
P
P
NA
NA
NA
TA01
F27-24-206
F
TA
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA01
F27-12-220
F
TA
CO
CO
L
3
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA01
F27-18-262
F
TA
CO
CO
L
3
3
C
N
P
FW
PC
N
L
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA01
F28-12-211
F
TA
CO
CO
L
3
3
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA01
F28-8-106
M
TA
CO
CO
R
3
3
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA01
F28-2-347
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
4
3
C
D
P
CB
FW
SP
H
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA01
F27-18-124
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
4
3
C
N
P
CB
PT
FW
H
H
P
P
NA
NA
NA
TA01
F28-3-223
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
4
3
C
N
P
CB
PT
TS
H
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA01
F28-2-302
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
4
3
C
N
P
CB
PT
N
H
H
P
P
NA
NA
NA
TA01
F27-18-119
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
4
3
C
N
P
CB
FW
PT
H
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA01
F27-24-324
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
4
3
C
N
P
CB
PT
SP
H
H
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA01
F28-9-407
F
TA
CO
CO
L
3
3
C
N
P
FW
PC
N
L
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA01
E27-15-55
F
TA
CO
CO
R
3
3
C
N
P
FW
PC
N
L
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA01
F27-18-245
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
4
3
C
N
P
CB
FW
PT
H
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA02
F28-4-812
F
TA
CO
CO
R
3
3
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA02
F28-3-150
F
TA
CO
CO
L
3
3
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA02
F27-24-244
M
TA
CO
CO
L
3
3
C
N
P
FW
PC
N
LM
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA02
F28-13-422
M
TA
CO
CO
L
3
3
C
D
P
FW
PC
N
L
P
P
P
NA
NA
NA
TA02
F28-4-177
F
TA
CO
CO
R
3
3
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
P
A
P
NA
NA
NA
TA02
F27-24-308
F
TA
CO
CO
R
3
3
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA02
F28-4-570
M
TA
CO
CO
R
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA02
E27-5-34
M
TA
CO
CO
L
2
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA02
F28-7-69
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
4
3
C
N
P
CB
PT
FW
H
H
P
P
NA
NA
NA
TA02
F27-24-247
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
4
3
C
N
P
CB
PT
SP
H
H
P
P
NA
NA
NA
180
TA02
F27-14-104
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
4
3
C
D
P
PT
CB
N
H
H
P
P
NA
NA
NA
TA02
F27-23-322
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
4
3
C
D
P
CB
PT
SP
H
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA02
F27-24-207
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
4
3
C
N
P
CB
PT
SP
H
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA02
F27-23-235
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
P
NA
NA
NA
TA03
F28-8-522
M
TA
CO
CO
R
3
3
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA03
F27-24-205
M
TA
CO
CO
R
3
3
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA03
F28-2-264
F
TA
CO
CO
R
3
3
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
P
P
P
NA
NA
NA
TA03
F27-24-230
N
TA
CO
CO
L
3
3
C
D
P
FW
PC
N
LM
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA03
F27-23-965
N
TA
CO
CO
L
3
3
C
D
P
FW
PC
N
LM
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA03
F28-4-250
M
TA
CO
CO
L
2
3
C
N
P
FW
N
N
LM
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA03
F28-8-84
M
TA
CO
CO
R
3
3
C
N
P
PC
FW
N
LM
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA03
F28-3-136
M
TA
CO
CO
R
3
3
C
N
P
FW
N
N
LM
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA03
F28-12-450
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
4
3
C
N
P
PT
FW
CB
H
A
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA03
F28-8-733
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
4
3
C
D
P
PT
CB
N
H
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA03
F27-18-301
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
4
3
C
D
P
PT
CB
SP
H
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA03
F28-4-549
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
4
3
C
D
P
PT
CB
N
H
H
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA03
F28-3-218
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
4
3
C
D
P
CB
PT
N
H
H
P
P
NA
NA
NA
TA03
F28-2-355
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
4
3
C
D
P
CB
PT
SP
H
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA03
F27-23-513
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
4
3
C
D
P
CB
PT
N
H
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA04
F28-9-442
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
4
3
C
D
P
CB
PT
TS
H
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA04
F28-4-204
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
4
3
C
D
P
CB
PT
SP
H
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA04
F28-3-135
F
TA
CO
CO
R
3
3
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA04
F28-4-179
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
4
3
C
N
P
CB
PT
N
H
P
P
P
NA
NA
NA
TA04
F28-4-578
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
4
3
C
D
P
PT
CB
SP
H
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA04
F28-4-606
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
4
3
C
D
P
PT
CB
SP
H
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA04
F28-8-199
M
TA
CO
CO
L
3
3
C
N
P
FW
PC
N
LM
P
P
P
NA
NA
NA
TA04
F28-3-87
N
TA
CO
CO
R
3
3
C
D
P
FW
N
N
LM
A
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA04
F27-24-389
N
TA
CO
CO
R
3
3
C
D
P
FW
PC
N
LM
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA04
F27-23-437
F
TA
CO
CO
L
3
3
C
D
P
FW
N
N
LM
P
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA04
F27-24-215
N
TA
CO
CO
L
3
3
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
181
TA04
F28-4-379
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
4
3
C
D
P
CB
PT
SP
H
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA04
F27-17-577
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
4
2
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA04
E28-5-11
N
TA
DSS
CO
R
4
3
G
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
P
NA
NA
NA
TA04
F28-3-96
N
TA
PRS
CO
R
3
4
C
G
P
FW
N
N
LM
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA05
F27-17-473
M
TA
CO
CO
R
3
3
C
D
P
FW
PC
N
LM
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA05
F28-3-322
N
TA
CO
CO
L
2
3
C
D
P
FW
N
N
LM
A
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA05
F28-4-233
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
4
3
C
D
P
PT
CT
N
H
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA05
E27-15-171
N
TA
CO
CO
R
3
3
C
D
P
FW
N
N
LM
A
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA05
F27-19-340
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
4
3
C
D
P
CT
PT
N
H
A
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA05
F27-17-655
N
TA
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA05
F27-18-280
M
TA
CO
CO
R
2
3
C
D
P
FW
PC
N
L
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA05
F28-3-174
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA05
F27-23-353
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
H
P
P
NA
NA
NA
TA05
F27-23-159
N
TA
CO
CO
R
2
3
C
D
P
FW
PC
N
LM
H
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA05
F27-23-112
N
TA
PSH
CO
R
3
4
C
G
P
FW
N
N
L
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA05
F27-22-284
N
TA
PRS
CO
R
4
3
C
G
P
CB
PT
N
H
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F27-23-447
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F27-24-632
N
TA
SH
PL
N
4
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F27-17-496
N
TA
CO
CO
R
2
3
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F27-24-311
N
TA
CO
CO
R
2
3
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
H
P
P
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F28-8-192
N
TA
DFD
CO
R
0
3
C
N
P
FW
PC
N
L
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
E27-16-18
N
TA
DF
CO
R
0
0
C
G
P
CB
PT
N
H
A
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F28-12-435
N
TA
DF
CO
R
0
0
C
D
P
FW
N
N
H
H
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F28-12-345
N
TA
DF
CO
R
0
0
C
N
P
CB
SP
N
H
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F28-13-352
N
TA
DF
CO
L
0
0
C
N
P
CB
PT
SP
H
H
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F28-7-507
N
TA
DF
CO
R
0
0
C
G
P
PT
N
N
H
A
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F27-13-494
N
TA
DF
CO
L
0
0
C
D
P
PT
CB
N
H
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F27-13-392
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F27-24-574
N
TA
PRE
CO
R
0
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F27-23-150
N
TA
CO
CO
R
2
3
D
G
A
N
N
N
N
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
182
TA06
F28-7-368
N
TA
PSH
CO
R
3
4
C
D
P
PC
FW
N
L
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F28-7-199
N
TA
PSH
CO
L
3
4
C
D
P
PC
FW
N
L
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F27-23-278
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F28-3-459
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
P
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F28-8-883
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F28-4-671
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
4
3
C
D
P
PT
CB
N
H
A
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F27-12-164
N
TA
DF
CO
R
0
0
C
N
P
CB
N
N
H
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F27-13-123
N
TA
DF
DS
N
0
0
D
G
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F27-23-416
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
4
0
G
D
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F28-3-505
N
TA
PSH
CO
L
3
4
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F27-24-589
N
TA
DSE
CO
L
4
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F27-18-214
N
TA
DSE
CO
L
4
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F28-12-348
N
TA
DSE
CO
R
4
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F28-5-125
N
TA
DSE
LT
R
4
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
E28-16-29
N
TA
DSE
CO
L
4
0
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F27-19-376
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F28-4-773
N
TA
DF
CO
L
0
0
C
D
P
CB
N
N
L
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F27-23-229
N
TA
DF
CO
R
4
4
C
G
P
CB
PT
N
H
A
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
E28-25-54
N
TA
DSS
CO
L
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
P
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F27-18-120
N
TA
FK
AM
R
4
4
G
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F28-8-193
N
TA
PRE
CO
R
0
4
C
N
P
FW
N
N
L
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F27-18-631
N
TA
SH
CO
N
4
4
C
G
P
CB
PT
N
H
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA06
F28-25-108
N
TA
SH
CO
N
4
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA07
F28-12-247
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
4
3
C
D
P
PT
CB
N
H
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA07
F28-4-587
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA07
F27-18-246
N
TA
CO
CO
R
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA07
E28-25-112
N
TA
PRS
CO
L
3
4
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
P
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA07
F27-13-445
N
TA
PRS
CO
R
3
4
C
D
P
PC
FW
N
L
P
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA07
F27-13-462
N
TA
PRE
CO
L
0
4
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA07
F28-8-44
N
TA
DSS
CO
L
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
183
TA07
F27-24-700
N
TA
SH
CO
N
4
4
C
D
P
FW
N
N
H
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA07
F28-9-220
N
TA
CO
CO
L
3
3
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
A
A
P
NA
NA
NA
TA07
F27-22-327
N
TA
CO
CO
N
4
3
C
D
P
PT
CB
SP
H
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA07
F28-4-826
N
TA
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA07
E28-16-8
N
TA
CO
CO
N
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA07
F28-13-199
N
TA
CO
CO
L
2
3
C
D
P
FW
N
N
L
A
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA07
F27-24-845
N
TA
CO
CO
R
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA07
F27-23-319
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
4
3
C
D
P
CB
PT
FW
H
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
TA07
F27-23-562
N
TA
DSH
CO
L
4
2
C
D
P
CB
PT
TS
H
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA07
F28-7-365
N
TA
DSS
CO
L
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
P
NA
NA
NA
TA07
F28-7-612
N
TA
PSH
CO
L
3
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA07
F28-3-378
N
TA
DSH
CO
R
4
3
C
D
P
CB
PT
N
H
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
TA07
F28-13-533
N
TA
DF
CO
R
4
0
C
D
P
CB
PT
SP
H
A
P
A
NA
NA
NA
RDU01
NONUM
F
RD
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU01
F28-9-237
F
RD
CO
CO
R
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU01
F28-8-967
N
RD
DSE
ME
R
4
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU01
F28-8-472
F
RD
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU01
F28-8-214
M
RDU
CO
CO
R
3
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU01
F28-3-386
F
RD
CO
CO
R
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU01
F28-3-128
F
RD
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU01
F28-2-311
F
RD
PSH
CO
R
3
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU01
F28-2-304
M
RD
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU01
F28-12-342
N
RD
PSH
CO
R
3
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU01
F27-9-147
F
RD
DFP
CO
R
3
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU01
F27-24-882
N
RD
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
G
P
FW
N
N
L
A
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU01
F27-24-833
N
RD
DSS
DS
L
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU01
F27-24-699
N
RD
DSE
CO
R
4
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU01
F27-23-866
N
RD
PRS
CO
R
3
4
D
G
P
FW
N
N
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU01
F27-23-812
F
RD
PRS
CO
L
3
4
D
G
P
PC
N
N
L
A
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU01
F27-23-260
F
RD
CO
CO
R
3
3
D
G
P
PT
SP
CB
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
184
RDU01
F27-23-196
F
RD
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU01
F27-23-1000
N
RD
PSH
CO
L
3
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU01
F27-18-126
M
RD
CO
CO
L
3
2
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU01
F27-17-831
N
RD
DSE
CO
L
4
0
G
N
P
FW
N
N
L
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU01
E27-16-51
F
RD
DFP
CO
R
3
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
G27-24-3
N
RD
DSS
DS
R
4
2
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
F28-8-887
F
RD
CO
CO
R
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
F28-8-512
F
RD
PSH
CO
R
3
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
F28-6-123
F
RDU
CO
CO
R
3
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
F28-4-747
N
RD
CO
CO
R
3
2
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
F28-4-561
F
RD
CO
CO
R
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
F28-4-232
F
RD
DFP
CO
L
3
0
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
F28-3-369
N
RD
CO
CO
L
3
2
D
G
P
TS
FW
PC
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
F28-3-242
F
RD
CO
CO
R
3
3
D
G
P
FW
N
N
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
F28-3-186
N
RD
CO
CO
R
3
2
D
G
P
FW
TS
CT
H
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
F28-13-295
F
RD
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
F28-12-355
F
RD
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
F27-9-152
N
RD
DF
CO
L
0
0
D
G
P
FW
PC
N
H
P
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
F27-23-579
N
RD
DSE
CO
R
4
3
G
N
P
PC
TS
N
L
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
F27-23-329
M
RD
PSH
CO
R
3
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
F27-23-217
N
RD
PSH
CO
R
2
4
D
G
P
FW
PC
CB
H
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
F27-22-273
N
RD
CO
CO
R
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
F27-19-319
F
RD
CO
CO
L
3
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
F27-19-263
N
RD
PRS
CO
L
3
4
D
G
P
FW
PT
SP
H
A
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
F27-18-971
N
RD
DSS
CO
R
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
F27-17-949
N
RD
PRS
CO
R
3
4
D
G
P
FW
TS
N
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
F27-13-175
N
RD
PSH
CO
L
3
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU02
E27-15-79
F
RD
DFP
CO
R
3
0
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU03
NONUM2
M
RD
PRS
CO
L
3
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU03
F28-9-209
F
RD
CO
CO
R
3
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
185
RDU03
F28-8-333
M
RD
CO
CO
R
3
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU03
F28-4-230
M
RD
DSE
CO
L
4
0
D
G
P
FW
N
N
L
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU03
F28-13-320
N
RD
DSE
CO
R
4
0
D
G
P
FW
TS
N
M
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU03
F28-13-165
M
RD
DFP
CO
R
3
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU03
F28-13-105
M
RD
DSE
CO
R
4
0
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU03
F28-12-300
N
RD
CO
ME
L
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU03
F28-12-163
N
RD
DSS
DS
R
4
3
D
G
P
TS
FW
N
L
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU03
F27-24-473
N
RD
DSS
CO
R
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU03
F27-23-762
F
RD
DSE
CO
L
4
0
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU03
F27-23-419
F
RD
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU03
F27-17-879
N
RD
DDS
CO
L
4
0
G
D
P
FW
N
N
H
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU03
F27-17-685
F
RD
CO
CO
L
3
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU03
F27-17-469
M
RD
DSE
CO
R
4
0
D
G
P
FW
N
N
L
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU03
F27-13-449
N
RD
DS
AM
L
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU03
F27-13-412
N
RD
DSE
CO
L
4
0
D
G
P
FW
N
N
L
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU03
E27-6-16
N
RD
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
G
P
FW
PC
N
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU03
E27-15-98
F
RD
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
G
P
FW
PC
N
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU04
F28-9-416
F
RDU
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
G
P
FW
N
N
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU04
F28-9-344
M
RDU
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
G
P
FW
N
N
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU04
F28-9-253
F
RDU
CO
CO
R
3
3
D
G
P
PT
CB
SP
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU04
F28-7-486
F
RDU
CO
CO
R
3
3
D
G
P
FW
N
N
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU04
F28-4-575
M
RDU
PSH
CO
L
3
4
D
G
P
FW
N
N
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU04
F28-4-573
F
RDU
CO
CO
R
3
3
D
G
P
FW
CB
N
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU04
F28-2-349
F
RDU
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
G
P
FW
N
N
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU04
F28-12-451
N
RDU
CO
CO
R
3
3
G
D
P
FW
PT
N
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU04
F28-12-227
M
RDU
CO
CO
R
4
4
G
D
P
FW
TS
N
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU04
F27-24-203
M
RDU
CO
CO
R
3
2
G
N
P
FW
PC
N
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU04
F27-19-368
M
RDU
DSS
CO
L
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU04
F27-17-427
M
RDU
CO
CO
L
3
3
G
D
P
FW
N
N
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU05
G28-3-22
N
RD
DSE
CO
L
4
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
186
RDU05
F28-9-179
N
RD
SH
CO
N
4
4
D
G
P
PT
CB
N
H
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU05
F28-8-739
M
RDU
CO
CO
L
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU05
F28-8-661
N
RDU
DSS
CO
L
4
2
D
G
P
CB
SP
N
L
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU05
F28-4-858
F
RDU
PSH
CO
L
3
4
D
G
P
PC
N
N
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU05
F28-4-572
F
RDU
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
G
P
FW
PT
TS
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU05
F28-3-669
F
RD
PSH
CO
L
3
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU05
F27-25-47
M
RDU
CO
CO
R
3
3
D
G
P
FW
N
N
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU05
F27-24-544
N
RD
PRS
ME
R
3
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU05
F27-24-329
M
RDU
CO
CO
R
3
3
D
G
P
FW
PT
SP
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU05
F27-24-312
N
RD
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU05
F27-24-273
F
RD
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU05
F27-23-860
N
RD
DSE
DS
L
4
0
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU05
F27-23-680
F
RD
DSS
DS
R
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU05
F27-23-367
N
RDU
DSS
CO
L
4
3
D
G
P
FW
TS
SP
L
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU05
F27-23-358
N
RDU
DSS
DS
L
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU05
F27-17-1513
N
RDU
PRS
LT
R
3
4
D
G
A
N
N
N
N
P
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU05
F27-12-319
F
RDU
CO
CO
L
3
0
D
G
P
FW
SP
TS
L
P
P
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU05
E28-16-11
N
RD
PRS
LT
L
3
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
NONUM3
N
UL
OLC
CO
L
3
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F28-9-237
F
UL
ANC
CO
R
4
4
D
G
P
CB
FW
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F28-9-209
F
UL
CO
CO
R
4
4
G
N
P
PT
FW
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F28-8-333
M
UL
CO
CD
R
3
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F28-7-372
N
UL
OLC
CO
R
4
4
D
G
P
PT
FW
SP
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F28-4-301
N
UL
OLC
CO
R
0
4
G
D
P
PC
FW
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F28-4-1617
N
UL
OLC
CO
L
3
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F28-4-148
N
UL
OLC
CO
R
0
4
D
G
P
FW
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F28-3-669
F
UL
OLC
CO
L
4
4
G
D
P
PT
FW
CB
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F28-3-416
N
UL
OLC
CO
L
0
4
D
G
P
FW
PC
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F28-3-387
N
UL
OLC
DS
R
4
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F28-3-376
N
UL
ANC
CO
L
4
4
G
D
P
PC
FW
N
M
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
187
RDU06
F28-3-258
N
UL
OLC
CR
L
4
4
G
N
P
PC
PT
CB
M
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F28-3-237
N
UL
CO
CO
L
4
3
D
G
P
FW
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F28-3-129
N
UL
OLC
CO
L
4
4
G
D
P
FW
CB
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F28-12-300
N
UL
CO
DS
L
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F27-9-208
N
UL
CO
CO
L
4
3
G
N
P
FW
PC
PT
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F27-9-165
N
UL
CO
CO
L
0
4
G
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F27-24-312
N
UL
ANC
CO
L
4
4
D
G
P
PT
CB
FW
M
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F27-24-275
N
UL
BL
FR
N
4
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F27-24-275
N
UL
OLC
CO
L
4
4
G
D
P
FW
PC
PT
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F27-24-273
F
UL
OLC
CR
R
4
4
D
G
P
CB
PT
FW
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F27-24-240
N
UL
OLC
CO
R
4
4
D
G
P
PT
CB
FW
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F27-23-449
N
UL
OLC
CO
R
0
4
D
G
P
PC
FW
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F27-23-196
F
UL
ANC
CO
L
4
4
G
D
P
PT
CB
N
M
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F27-22-375
N
UL
OLC
DS
L
4
4
D
G
P
FW
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F27-18-267
N
UL
OLC
CO
R
3
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F27-18-126
M
UL
CO
CO
L
4
4
D
G
P
FW
PT
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F27-17-780
N
UL
OLC
CR
R
4
4
D
G
P
CB
PT
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F27-17-585
N
UL
OLC
CO
L
3
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
F27-12-175
N
UL
CO
DS
L
4
4
G
D
P
FW
CB
SP
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
RDU06
E27-5-37
N
UL
OLC
CO
R
0
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
FM01
F27-17-799
F
FM
SH
CO
R
4
4
G
D
P
PT
CB
SP
H
A
P
A
A
NA
NA
FM01
F28-7-548
N
FM
DPR
CO
R
0
4
G
D
P
FW
PC
N
LM
P
A
A
P
NA
NA
FM01
F27-14-180
N
FM
DSH
CR
L
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM01
F28-5-58
F
FM
PSH
CO
R
3
4
G
N
P
CB
SP
PT
H
P
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM01
F27-24-569
M
FM
PSH
CO
R
3
4
G
D
P
PC
CB
FW
H
P
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM01
F28-3-57
N
FM
DSS
CO
R
4
3
G
N
P
TS
FW
PC
M
A
P
A
A
NA
NA
FM01
F28-7-580
F
FM
CO
CO
L
2
3
G
D
P
PC
FW
TS
M
A
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM01
F27-25-38
N
FM
PRS
PR
R
4
4
G
N
P
SP
FW
CB
H
A
A
A
P
NA
NA
FM01
F27-25-34
N
FM
DSS
DS
R
4
4
G
N
P
FW
SP
CB
H
A
P
A
A
NA
NA
FM01
F28-7-545
N
FM
PRS
PR
L
2
4
G
D
P
PC
FW
N
L
A
A
A
P
NA
NA
188
FM01
F27-24-602
F
FM
DF
CO
L
0
4
G
N
P
CB
PC
PT
H
P
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM01
F28-8-983
N
FM
DSE
ME
L
4
0
G
N
P
PC
FW
N
H
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM02
F28-4-1578
N
FM
SH
CO
R
0
4
G
D
P
PT
CB
SP
H
P
P
A
A
NA
NA
FM02
F27-25-144
N
FM
CDL
ME
R
4
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM02
F27-25-195
N
FM
PRE
CO
N
0
4
G
D
P
PC
FW
N
L
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM02
F28-13-476
N
FM
CO
CO
R
3
3
G
D
P
PC
N
N
L
P
H
A
A
NA
NA
FM02
F27-22-125
F
FM
CO
CO
R
3
3
G
D
P
FW
PC
CB
MH
P
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM02
F27-24-739
F
FM
PSH
CO
R
3
4
G
D
P
PC
CB
FW
H
P
A
A
P
NA
NA
FM02
F28-3-143
F
FM
PSH
CO
R
3
4
G
D
P
CB
PC
FW
H
P
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM02
F27-14-61
F
FM
CO
CO
R
0
0
G
N
P
CB
SP
FW
H
P
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM02
F28-3-746
F
FM
SH
CO
R
4
4
G
D
P
CB
SP
N
H
A
P
A
A
NA
NA
FM02
F27-24-696
N
FM
SH
CO
R
4
4
G
N
P
CB
SP
FW
H
P
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM02
F28-3-689
N
FM
SH
CO
R
4
4
G
D
P
CB
SP
PT
H
P
H
A
A
NA
NA
FM03
F28-8-142
N
FM
PRE
CO
N
0
4
G
N
P
FW
N
N
L
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM03
F27-25-39
F
FM
CO
CO
L
3
3
G
N
P
PC
CB
PT
MH
P
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM03
F27-17-526
N
FM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
G
D
P
FW
PC
N
M
A
P
A
A
NA
NA
FM03
F28-8-721
N
FM
CO
CO
L
3
3
G
D
P
PC
TS
FW
M
A
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM03
E27-15-62
M
FM
SH
CO
R
4
4
G
N
P
CT
SP
PT
H
P
P
A
A
NA
NA
FM03
F28-7-31
F
FM
SH
CO
L
4
4
G
D
P
CB
PT
SP
H
A
P
A
A
NA
NA
FM03
F28-8-351
N
FM
PRE
CO
N
0
4
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM03
E27-15-16
F
FM
SH
CO
R
4
4
D
G
P
CB
PC
SP
H
P
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM03
F28-13-211
N
FM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
CB
SP
PC
H
A
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM03
F28-8-329
M
FM
SH
CO
R
4
4
D
G
P
CT
SP
N
H
A
P
A
A
NA
NA
FM03
F28-3-533
M
FM
DPR
CO
L
0
4
D
G
P
PC
PT
CB
H
A
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM03
F28-12-311
F
FM
SH
CO
R
4
4
G
N
P
CB
SP
PT
H
A
P
A
H
NA
NA
FM03
F27-23-245
F
FM
PSH
CO
R
2
4
G
N
P
FW
CB
N
H
A
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM04
F28-2-313
N
FM
DPR
CO
R
0
4
G
D
P
FW
PC
N
MH
A
A
A
P
NA
NA
FM04
E28-16-84
N
FM
DS
ME
L
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM04
F28-5-15
F
FM
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
G
P
PT
FW
PC
M
P
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM04
F27-23-160
M
FM
PSH
CO
L
0
4
D
G
P
TS
CB
FW
H
P
P
A
P
NA
NA
189
FM04
F27-24-278
M
FM
CO
CO
R
3
3
D
G
P
FW
N
N
L
P
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM04
F28-12-199
F
FM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
G
P
TS
FW
PC
H
A
P
A
A
NA
NA
FM04
F28-4-421
F
FM
SH
CO
R
4
4
G
D
P
CT
SO
N
H
A
P
A
A
NA
NA
FM04
F28-3-76
N
FM
PSH
CO
L
3
4
G
D
P
PT
FW
SP
H
A
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM04
F28-12-248
M
FM
SH
CO
L
4
4
G
D
P
CB
SP
TS
H
A
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM04
E27-15-116
F
FM
CO
CO
R
3
3
G
N
P
FW
PC
N
LM
A
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM04
E27-15-58
N
FM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
G
D
P
PC
N
N
LM
A
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM04
F28-8-440
N
FM
SH
CO
L
4
4
G
N
P
CB
SP
PT
H
P
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM04
F28-3-162
F
FM
SH
CO
R
4
4
G
D
P
CB
PT
SP
H
P
P
A
A
NA
NA
FM05
F28-8-941
N
FM
PRS
CO
R
3
4
G
D
P
PC
N
N
L
P
A
P
A
NA
NA
FM05
F28-8-317
N
FM
CO
CO
L
2
2
G
D
P
FW
PC
TS
L
P
P
P
A
NA
NA
FM05
F28-3-226
M
FM
PSH
CO
R
2
4
G
D
P
PC
FW
CB
H
P
A
P
A
NA
NA
FM05
F28-12-185
F
FM
PSH
CO
R
3
4
G
D
P
FW
PC
N
MH
P
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM05
F28-4-692
M
FM
CO
CO
R
3
3
G
D
P
FW
PC
PT
LM
P
P
A
A
NA
NA
FM05
F27-17-458
F
FM
DSH
CO
R
2
3
G
D
P
PC
FW
TS
H
P
P
A
H
NA
NA
FM05
F28-2-375
N
FM
PSH
CO
R
3
3
G
D
P
PC
FW
TS
H
A
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM05
F28-7-344
N
FM
PSH
CO
L
2
4
G
D
P
PC
FW
N
MH
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM05
F27-17-985
N
FM
DDS
CO
L
0
3
G
D
P
PC
FW
TS
H
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F27-24-530
N
FM
PRE
HE
R
2
4
G
D
P
PC
FW
N
L
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F27-23-427
N
FM
SH
CO
L
4
4
G
D
P
CT
TS
N
H
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F27-23-149
N
FM
DSS
CO
L
4
3
G
D
P
FW
PC
N
MH
A
P
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F28-3-397
N
FM
DSS
CO
L
4
3
G
D
P
FW
PC
SP
H
A
P
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F27-17-646
F
FM
CO
CO
R
3
3
G
D
P
FW
PC
N
L
P
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM06
F27-14-176
N
FM
SH
CO
L
4
4
G
N
P
CB
PT
TS
H
A
P
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F28-3-415
M
FM
PSH
CO
L
3
4
G
D
P
CT
FW
PC
H
A
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM06
F27-13-209
F
FM
CO
CO
L
3
3
G
D
P
PC
FW
N
LM
P
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM06
F28-2-391
N
FM
PRE
ME
N
0
4
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F28-13-462
N
FM
PRE
ME
N
0
4
G
N
P
FW
N
N
LM
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F28-4-589
N
FM
PRE
ME
N
0
4
G
N
P
FW
PC
N
LM
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F28-4-639
N
FM
PR
ME
N
3
4
G
N
P
FW
PC
N
LM
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
190
FM06
F27-24-537
N
FM
PR
ME
N
3
4
G
D
P
FW
PC
N
LM
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F27-18-440
N
FM
PR
ME
R
3
4
G
D
P
FW
PC
N
LM
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F27-18-387
N
FM
PRE
ME
N
0
4
G
N
P
FW
N
N
LM
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F27-25-36
N
FM
DS
ME
N
4
3
G
N
P
FW
N
N
LM
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F28-12-426
N
FM
DS
ME
N
4
3
G
N
P
FW
PC
N
LM
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F28-3-549
N
FM
DS
ME
L
4
3
G
D
P
FW
PC
N
LM
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F28-8-816
N
FM
DS
ME
R
4
3
G
N
P
FW
PC
N
LM
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F27-14-177
N
FM
DS
LT
L
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F27-22-276
N
FM
PRE
LT
N
0
4
G
N
P
FW
N
N
LM
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F27-22-331
N
FM
PR
ME
N
3
4
G
N
P
FW
PC
TS
LM
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F28-12-324
N
FM
CO
CO
L
0
0
G
D
P
PC
FW
N
M
A
P
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F27-23-565
N
FM
PR
ME
N
4
4
G
N
P
FW
PC
N
LM
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F27-23-361
N
FM
PR
ME
N
2
4
G
D
P
FW
PC
N
LM
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
F28-3-737
N
FM
SH
CD
N
4
4
G
D
P
CB
SP
N
LM
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM06
E27-6-11
N
FM
DSS
CO
L
4
3
G
D
P
FW
N
N
M
A
P
A
A
NA
NA
FM07
F28-8-624
N
FM
CO
CO
R
3
3
G
D
P
FW
N
N
LM
A
H
A
A
NA
NA
FM07
F28-3-286
M
FM
PSH
CO
L
3
4
G
N
P
FW
CT
PC
H
A
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM07
F28-7-470
N
FM
CO
CO
R
2
4
G
D
P
FW
N
N
LM
P
P
A
H
NA
NA
FM07
F28-4-245
N
FM
PSH
CO
L
2
4
D
G
P
FW
CB
SP
H
A
P
A
A
NA
NA
FM07
F28-3-246
F
FM
PSH
CO
L
3
4
D
G
P
PC
FW
SP
H
A
P
A
A
NA
NA
FM07
F28-12-460
N
FM
CO
CO
R
3
4
G
D
P
FW
TS
PC
L
P
P
H
P
NA
NA
FM07
F28-4-377
N
FM
CO
CO
L
3
3
G
D
P
TS
FW
N
LM
P
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM07
F28-8-383
M
FM
PSH
CO
L
3
4
G
D
P
CB
PC
FW
H
A
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM07
F28-9-406
N
FM
PR
ME
R
3
4
G
N
P
FW
PC
N
LM
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM07
F28-3-78
N
FM
PRE
ME
N
0
4
G
N
P
PC
FW
N
LM
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM07
F28-9-405
N
FM
PRE
ME
N
0
4
G
N
P
PC
FW
N
M
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM08
F28-9-305
N
FM
PRE
ME
L
0
4
G
N
P
FW
N
N
L
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM08
F28-9-304
F
FM
DPR
CO
L
0
4
D
G
P
CT
FW
PT
H
P
P
A
A
NA
NA
FM08
F27-17-563
N
FM
PRS
CO
L
2
4
D
G
P
PC
FW
N
M
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM08
F27-23-849
N
FM
DSE
LT
L
4
0
D
G
P
PC
FW
TS
H
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
191
FM08
F27-23-168
N
FM
PSH
CO
L
3
4
D
G
P
PC
FW
N
M
A
A
A
P
NA
NA
FM08
E28-25-100
N
FM
DS
DS
L
4
3
D
G
P
TS
FW
PC
H
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM08
F27-23-192
M
FM
CO
CO
R
3
3
D
G
P
FW
PC
N
L
A
P
P
P
NA
NA
FM08
F27-23-155
N
FM
PRS
CO
R
3
4
D
G
P
FW
N
N
M
A
A
A
P
NA
NA
FM08
F27-23-352
N
FM
PSH
CO
R
3
4
D
G
P
FW
N
N
M
A
A
A
P
NA
NA
FM08
F28-2-258
N
FM
PRS
CO
R
3
4
D
G
P
FW
N
N
M
A
A
A
P
NA
NA
FM08
F28-4-452
N
FM
PRS
CO
L
0
4
D
G
P
FW
N
N
L
P
A
A
P
NA
NA
FM08
F27-23-342
F
FM
PSH
CO
L
3
4
D
G
P
PC
FW
PT
H
P
P
A
P
NA
NA
FM08
F27-22-124
N
FM
PRE
ME
N
0
4
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM08
F27-18-394
N
FM
DSE
CO
L
4
0
G
N
P
TS
FW
PC
LM
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
FM08
F27-18-439
N
FM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
FW
PC
SP
MH
P
A
A
H
NA
NA
FM08
F28-3-330
M
FM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
G
D
P
PC
FW
CT
H
A
P
A
A
NA
NA
HM01
F28-4-248
F
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
PT
CT
PC
H
H
P
A
P
P
P
HM01
F28-7-424
N
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
PT
CB
N
H
P
P
A
P
A
P
HM01
F28-12-298
F
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
P
P
A
P
P
P
HM01
F28-3-77
M
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
G
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
P
A
P
P
P
HM01
F27-18-103
M
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
G
N
P
CT
PT
N
H
P
P
A
P
P
P
HM01
F27-22-300
F
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
SP
N
N
I
H
P
A
P
A
P
HM01
F27-24-242
M
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
G
N
P
PT
CT
N
H
P
P
A
P
P
P
HM01
F27-24-241
F
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
PT
CT
N
H
P
P
A
P
P
P
HM01
F27-13-339
N
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
CB
TS
FW
H
H
P
A
P
P
P
HM01
F28-7-109
F
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
SP
PT
N
H
A
P
A
P
P
P
HM01
F27-24-272
F
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
G
N
P
CT
TS
PT
H
P
P
A
P
P
P
HM01
F27-24-274
F
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
G
N
P
CT
PT
PC
H
H
P
A
P
P
P
HM02
F28-9-276
F
HM
DSS
CO
R
4
3
G
N
P
CT
PT
N
H
A
P
A
P
P
P
HM02
F27-18-591
F
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
G
P
CB
PT
SP
H
H
A
A
P
P
P
HM02
F27-22-268
N
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
CT
N
N
H
A
P
A
P
P
P
HM02
F28-8-504
F
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
CB
SP
PT
H
P
P
A
P
P
P
HM02
F28-9-454
N
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
2
D
G
P
TS
PT
CT
H
A
P
A
P
P
P
HM02
F28-8-330
M
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
CB
SP
PT
H
H
P
A
P
P
P
192
HM02
F28-8-474
M
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
PT
FW
CB
H
A
P
A
P
P
P
HM02
F28-12-270
F
HM
CO
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
TS
PC
FW
H
P
P
A
P
P
P
HM02
F27-17-330
N
HM
PRE
CO
N
0
4
G
N
P
TS
FW
PC
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
HM02
F28-4-641
N
HM
PRE
CO
N
0
4
G
N
P
PC
TS
FW
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
HM02
F27-24-387
M
HM
CO
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
FW
PC
TS
H
A
P
A
P
P
P
HM02
F27-18-344
F
HM
CO
CO
R
3
3
D
N
P
FW
PC
TS
L
P
P
P
P
P
P
HM03
F27-22-185
F
HM
CO
CO
L
4
3
D
G
P
PT
TS
FW
H
H
P
A
P
P
P
HM03
F28-2-168
F
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
G
N
P
PT
CT
N
H
H
P
A
P
P
P
HM03
F27-24-173
F
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
G
N
P
PT
CB
SP
H
H
P
A
P
P
P
HM03
F28-12-170
N
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
G
P
CB
PT
N
H
A
A
A
P
P
P
HM03
F28-8-291
N
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
G
N
P
PT
CT
N
H
H
P
A
P
P
P
HM03
F27-9-207
N
HM
PRE
CO
N
0
3
G
N
P
PC
FW
TS
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
HM03
F27-25-8
F
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
G
N
P
CT
PT
FW
H
P
P
A
P
P
P
HM03
F28-3-765
F
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
G
P
CB
SP
PT
H
P
P
A
P
A
P
HM03
F28-13-423
N
HM
PRE
CO
N
0
3
G
N
P
PC
FW
N
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
HM03
F28-4-743
F
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
G
P
PT
SP
N
H
A
P
A
P
P
P
HM04
F28-4-428
N
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
G
N
P
CT
PT
N
H
H
P
A
P
P
P
HM04
F27-24-334
M
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
G
N
P
SO
CT
PT
H
H
P
A
P
P
P
HM04
F27-23-226
F
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
G
N
P
PC
CT
PT
H
H
P
A
P
P
P
HM04
F28-13-210
F
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
CB
PT
FW
H
P
P
A
P
P
P
HM04
F27-18-125
N
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
G
P
CT
PT
N
H
H
P
A
P
P
P
HM04
F27-25-154
M
HM
CO
CO
R
2
3
D
G
P
FW
PC
TS
MH
P
P
A
P
P
P
HM04
F28-12-332
N
HM
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
G
P
CT
PC
FW
LM
P
P
A
P
P
P
HM04
F27-25-149
N
HM
DSS
CO
L
4
3
D
G
P
TS
FW
N
I
A
A
A
P
A
A
HM04
F27-23-908
N
HM
DF
CO
R
4
4
D
G
P
CB
TS
N
H
A
A
A
A
P
H
HM05
F28-3-388
F
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
SO
CT
PT
H
P
P
A
P
P
P
HM05
F28-12-203
M
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
G
P
CB
PT
FW
H
P
P
A
P
A
P
HM05
F28-9-120
F
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
G
N
P
CB
TS
FW
H
P
P
A
P
A
P
HM05
F28-5-37
F
HM
DSS
CO
L
4
3
G
N
P
SO
CT
PT
H
H
P
A
P
P
P
HM05
F28-12-299
F
HM
CO
CO
L
2
3
D
G
P
FW
TS
PC
L
P
P
A
P
P
P
193
HM05
F28-8-408
F
HM
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
G
P
TS
FW
PC
MH
P
P
A
P
P
P
HM05
F27-24-870
M
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
CT
PT
N
H
P
P
A
P
A
P
HM05
F28-2-339
F
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
G
P
SO
CT
N
H
H
P
A
P
P
P
HM05
F28-9-420
F
HM
CO
CO
L
3
3
D
G
P
FW
CB
N
M
P
P
A
P
P
P
HM05
F27-12-279
N
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
1
D
N
P
CT
PT
TS
H
H
P
A
P
P
A
HM05
F28-13-432
F
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
G
A
N
N
N
N
A
P
A
P
P
P
HM05
F27-13-314
N
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
G
N
P
CT
PT
N
H
H
P
A
P
P
P
HM06
F28-3-213
M
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
G
N
P
CT
PT
N
H
H
P
A
P
P
P
HM06
F28-2-345
F
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
G
P
CT
PT
TS
H
P
P
A
P
P
P
HM06
F28-9-215
F
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
CB
SP
PT
H
H
P
A
P
P
P
HM06
F27-23-181
M
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
G
N
P
CB
FW
PT
H
P
P
A
P
P
P
HM06
F27-18-314
M
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
G
N
P
CT
PT
N
H
P
P
A
P
P
P
HM06
F28-3-212
F
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
G
P
CT
PT
N
H
H
P
A
P
P
P
HM06
F28-8-247
M
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
CT
PT
FW
H
P
P
A
P
P
P
HM06
F28-9-170
F
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
G
P
CT
PT
FW
H
A
P
A
P
P
P
HM06
F28-7-564
F
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
CT
PT
N
H
P
P
A
P
P
A
HM06
F28-9-417
F
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
G
N
P
SO
CT
PT
H
A
P
A
P
P
P
HM06
F27-24-711
F
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
G
P
CT
PT
FW
H
H
P
A
P
P
P
HM06
F27-12-301
M
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
G
P
CT
PT
N
H
H
P
A
P
P
P
HM06
F28-4-571
F
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
G
P
CT
N
N
H
P
P
A
P
P
P
HM06
F28-13-316
N
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
CT
PT
N
H
A
P
A
P
A
P
HM06
F27-19-277
M
HM
CO
CO
L
3
3
G
N
P
FW
TS
CB
LM
P
P
A
P
P
P
HM06
F27-13-224
M
HM
CO
CO
R
3
3
G
N
P
FW
TS
N
L
P
P
P
P
P
P
HM06
F27-23-448
N
HM
SH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
CT
FW
PT
H
H
A
A
A
A
P
HM06
F28-7-14
N
HM
PRS
PR
R
3
4
D
G
P
TS
CB
FW
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
HM06
F27-17-774
N
HM
PRE
CO
N
0
4
G
N
P
TS
FW
N
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
HM06
F28-9-320
N
HM
PRE
CO
N
0
4
G
N
P
TS
FW
PC
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
HM06
F28-13-275
N
HM
PRE
CO
N
4
4
G
N
P
FW
TS
N
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
HM06
F27-25-54
N
HM
SH
CO
R
4
4
G
N
P
CT
PT
N
H
A
A
A
A
P
A
HM06
F27-23-227
N
HM
SH
CO
R
4
4
G
N
P
CT
N
N
H
A
A
A
A
P
A
194
HM06
F27-13-453
N
HM
PSH
CD
L
3
3
D
G
P
FW
N
N
L
A
A
H
A
P
P
HM06
F28-8-995
F
HM
DSS
CO
R
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
P
A
P
A
A
HM06
F27-23-837
F
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
SO
CT
N
H
A
P
A
H
A
P
HM06
F28-13-378
F
HM
DSH
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
TS
PC
N
L
A
P
A
H
A
A
HM06
F27-23-567
F
HM
DSS
CO
L
4
3
D
G
P
TS
N
N
L
A
P
A
H
P
A
HM06
F27-13-386
N
HM
DSH
CO
L
4
3
D
G
P
CB
PT
N
H
A
P
A
A
A
P
HM06
F27-23-547
N
HM
SH
MD
L
4
3
D
G
P
CB
PT
SP
H
A
A
A
A
A
P
HM06
F27-24-543
N
HM
DSE
CO
R
4
3
G
N
P
TS
FW
PT
H
A
A
A
A
A
A
HM06
F27-24-828
N
HM
SH
FR
N
4
4
D
G
A
N
N
N
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
HM06
F28-8-932
N
HM
DPR
CD
R
4
4
D
G
P
PT
SP
N
I
A
A
A
A
A
H
HM06
F27-23-969
N
HM
DSE
CO
R
4
3
D
G
P
TS
FW
N
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
HM06
F27-17-898
N
HM
FR
END
R
3
3
D
G
P
TS
FW
N
I
A
A
A
A
A
P
HM06
F28-4-643
N
HM
DSH
AL
L
4
3
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
A
A
A
A
P
A
HM06
F27-25-151
N
HM
DF
CD
N
3
3
D
G
P
PT
FW
N
I
P
A
A
A
P
P
HM06
F24-4-1609
N
HM
DSE
CO
N
4
3
D
G
P
CB
PT
TS
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
CL01
F27-25-30
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F27-9-136
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F28-2-268
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F28-4-268
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F28-3-70
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F27-23-187
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F27-23-493
N
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F27-24-225
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F28-3-121
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
C
N
P
TS
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F28-2-316
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F27-24-256
M
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F28-12-333
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F27-23-481
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F28-3-231
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F27-23-223
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
195
CL01
F28-3-244
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F28-5-17
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F28-12-273
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F27-24-408
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F28-13-301
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F28-3-312
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F28-3-396
M
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F27-18-577
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F27-23-318
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F27-24-214
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F28-5-156
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
E28-15-49
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F28-9-230
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F28-4-432
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F28-4-530
N
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F27-23-375
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F27-25-116
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F27-23-239
M
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F28-4-249
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F27-13-382
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F28-8-85
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F28-4-447
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F28-2-402
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F27-24-628
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F27-23-1001
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F27-23-189
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
C
N
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL01
F27-23-537
N
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F27-24-174
M
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
C
N
P
TS
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F28-9-257
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F28-4-223
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
196
CL02
F27-24-243
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F28-7-406
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
E27-15-60
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F27-17-929
M
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F27-23-572
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F28-7-499
N
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F27-18-434
F
CL
CO
CO
R
2
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F27-13-267
M
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F27-23-185
F
CL
CO
CO
L
0
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
G27-20-5
N
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F27-23-987
F
CL
CO
CO
R
0
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F27-17-282
N
CL
CO
CO
L
4
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F27-18-435
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F28-3-362
N
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F28-13-226
F
CL
CO
CO
L
0
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
E28-16-171
N
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F27-24-529
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
C
D
P
SP
FW
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F27-14-110
F
CL
CO
CO
R
0
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F27-23-504
M
CL
CO
CO
R
0
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F27-23-582
N
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F28-5-28
M
CL
CO
CO
L
2
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
G27-20-7
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F28-3-319
N
CL
CO
CO
L
0
NA
C
D
P
FW
TS
PC
M
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F28-18-302
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F28-73-45
F
CL
CO
CO
R
4
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F28-8-2001
F
CL
CO
CO
L
0
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F28-2-395
F
CL
CO
CO
R
0
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F27-18-848
F
CL
CO
CO
L
0
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F27-17-620
F
CL
CO
CR
L
4
NA
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F27-23-581
N
CL
CO
CR
L
4
NA
C
N
P
SP
FW
PT
H
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
197
CL02
F27-24-279
F
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
N
CL
CO
CO
R
0
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL02
F28-13-539
NO
NUMBER
N
CL
CO
CO
N
3
NA
C
D
P
FW
SP
N
H
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL03
F28-4-87
N
CL
CO
CO
R
2
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL03
F27-24-820
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL03
F27-18-285
N
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL03
F28-3-775
N
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL03
F27-23-420
N
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL03
F27-23-993
N
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL03
F27-12-300
F
CL
CO
CO
R
2
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL03
F27-23-220
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL03
F28-4-579
F
CL
CO
CO
R
2
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL03
F27-24-626
N
CL
CO
CO
L
2
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL03
F27-23-500
F
CL
CO
CO
R
2
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL03
F27-24-866
N
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
C
D
P
TS
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL03
F27-23-388
N
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL03
F28-12-161
N
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL03
F27-23-316
N
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL03
F27-24-260
N
CL
CO
CO
L
4
NA
C
D
P
FW
N
N
M
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL03
F27-23-637
F
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL03
F28-3-357
N
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL03
F27-23-641
N
CL
CO
CO
N
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL03
E28-25-75
N
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL04
F27-11-536
N
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL04
F28-4-604
N
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
C
D
P
PC
N
N
L
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL04
F28-7-613
N
CL
CO
CO
R
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL04
F28-3-369
N
CL
CO
CO
N
3
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL04
F27-24-86
F
CL
CO
CO
L
0
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL04
F27-13-137
N
CL
CO
CO
L
3
NA
C
N
P
FW
N
N
LM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL04
F27-17-475
F
CL
CO
CO
R
2
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
198
CL04
F28-8-64
I
CL
CO
CO
R
0
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL04
E28-5-18
N
CL
CO
CO
R
0
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL04
F27-14-139
F
CL
CO
CO
R
0
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL04
F28-2-212
F
CL
CO
CO
L
0
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL04
F27-19-291
F
CL
CO
CO
R
0
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL04
F28-4-707
N
CL
CO
CO
R
0
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL04
F28-3-180
F
CL
CO
CO
L
0
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL04
E28-15-32
F
CL
CO
CO
R
0
NA
N
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CL04
F27-25-87
F
CL
CO
CO
L
0
NA
D
N
A
N
N
N
N
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
199
APPENDIX E
Analysis of Sex for Specific
Skeletal Elements
Humerus
Figure E.1: Sex analysis scatter plot for the humerus using measurements 11 and 7.
200
Radius-Ulna
Figure E.2: Sex analysis scatter plot for the radius-ulna using measurements 9 and 4.
Figure E.3: Sex analysis scatter plot for the radius-ulna using measurements 11 and 7.
201
Metacarpal
Figure E.4: Sex analysis scatter plot for the metacarpal using measurements 1 and 5.
202
203
Femur
Figure E.8: Sex analysis scatter plot for the femur using measurements 17 and 10.
204
Tibia
Figure E.11: Sex analysis scatter plot for the tibia using measurements 1 and 2.
205
Figure E.13: Sex analysis for the tibia using measurements 2 and 6.
206
Figure E.14: Sex analysis scatter plot for tibia using measurements 1 and 7.
207
Metatarsal
Figure E.16: Sex analysis scatter plot for the metatarsal using measurements 1 and 5.
208
209
Astragalus
Figure E.20: Sex analysis scatter plot for the astragalus using measurements 3 and 5.
210
Calcaneus
Figure E.21: Sex analysis scatter plot for the calcaneus using measurements 5 and 4.
Figure E.22: Sex analysis scatter plot for the calcaneus using measurements 6 and 7.
211

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