Brazil-China-Guatemala-Indonesia Learning Exchange on

Transcrição

Brazil-China-Guatemala-Indonesia Learning Exchange on
Forest Landscape Restoration in Brazil
Final Report (September 17th – 25th, 2015)
Figure 1: Participants at Neblinas Park, September 20th (Instituto Ecofuturo/Suzano, 2015)
Landscape Restoration Exchange – Brazil
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Table of Contents
1.
Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... 5
2.
Background ............................................................................................................................................. 7
2.1. The Atlantic Forest Biome ............................................................................................................. 8
2.2. Atlantic Forest Restoration Pact ................................................................................................ 10
2.3. Brazil Forest Code and the private properties .......................................................................... 10
3.
Exchange Objectives............................................................................................................................ 12
4.
Participants List .................................................................................................................................... 13
5.
Itinerary and Agenda ........................................................................................................................... 16
6.
Seminars ................................................................................................................................................ 24
7.
Restoration: knowledge sharing and learning ................................................................................. 27
7.1. Lessons learned ............................................................................................................................ 28
7.2. Restoration exchange importance ............................................................................................. 29
7.3. Proposed next steps...................................................................................................................... 29
8.
Participating Organizations and Projects ......................................................................................... 30
9.
Reference Materials ............................................................................................................................. 47
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Participants at Neblinas Park, September 20th ................................................................ 1
Figure 2: Participants at the Bioflora restoration site at Itu Municipality, September 22nd .......... 14
Figure 3: The Indonesian delegation at Neblinas Park September, 20th ....................................... 14
Figure 4: The Guatemalan delegation with a member of the coordination team (center) at the
Extrema Project September 22nd................................................................................. 15
Figure 5: The Chinese delegation and a member of the organization team (center) at Extrema
Municipality September, 23rd ........................................................................................... 15
Figure 6: South America map, highlighting Brazil and in light green the states that were included
in the itinerary, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Espírito Santo ......................... 16
Figure 7: Map with a portion of Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and São Paulo States presenting the
itinerary in red and the sites visited ....................................................................................17
Figure 8: Field visit to ITPA restoration project area in Guandu Watershed in Miguel Pereira, state
of Rio de Janeiro ................................................................................................................ 18
Figure 9: Neblinas Park, Mogi das Cruzes. Seminar (left) and Atlantic Forest visit (center and right)
September 20th. ............................................................................................................... 19
Figure 10: Participants at the Bioflora restoration site at Itu Municipality, September 22nd ........ 20
Figure 11: Water Producer Project visit and presentation in Extrema Municipality.
September
23rd............................................................................................................................ 21
Figure 12: Location of tour in Espirito State .................................................................................. 22
Figure 13: Fibria restoration project site. Aracruz, State of Espirito Santo, September 24th ........ 23
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Figure 14: Atlantic Forest restoration overview seminar Rio de Janeiro, September 18th ............ 24
Figure 15: An expert from China at the Agroforestry seminar at Neblina Park.............................. 25
Figure 16: International Seminar, Bridging Cities and Watershed for Water Security and Green
Economy, in Sao Paulo, September, 21st .................................................................. 26
Figure 17: Neblina Park on September 20th; Bioflora project on September 22nd ....................... 48
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1. Abstract
As global support for forest restoration grows and countries increasingly commit to largescale initiatives such as Aichi, Bonn Challenge and the 20x20 initiative, the need for global
collaboration on forest restoration is more important than ever.
The social, economic and environmental benefits of forest restoration – such as improving
water supply, protecting biodiversity, increasing carbon sequestration and generating income – are
commonalities across the globe. Therefore, when it comes to implementing forest restoration,
even projects on opposite sides of the world face similar challenges and successes in the areas of
project implementation, community engagement and adapting ecological science. Sharing this
plethora of knowledge and experience improves restoration initiatives and collaboratively works
towards global goals and commitments for restoration.
From September 17th – 25th 2015, the Brazilian Ministry for the Environment, Imazon, the
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and World Resources Institute (WRI
Brasil) formed a partnership to connect practitioners from different countries.
Over nine days, forest restoration experts from Brazil, China, Indonesia and Guatemala
traveled through four key Brazilian states - Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Espírito
Santo – to exchange experiences, form connections and learn how forest restoration can support a
green economy and healthy society. The trip enabled participants to meet their peers and share
knowledge that will become a central part of the know-how and practice base for the experts to
draw upon when working to fulfill their national restoration targets and ambitions.
A total of 24 experts from government, Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and research
institutions participated in the learning exchange – with seven participants each from China and
Indonesia and five each from Guatemala and Brazil.
The agenda included field visits to a variety of restoration projects and initiatives, as well as
participation in seminars and events; allowing participants to learn about the work of several
institutions in Brazil and internationally.
The exchange commenced with a welcome reception in Rio de Janeiro by the National
Economic and Social Development Bank (BNDES) and the National Biodiversity Fund (FUNBIO).
The following day, the group visited a landscape restoration project in the rural area of Miguel
Pereira-RJ in the Guandu watershed, the primary water supply of the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan
area.
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Participants then moved on to São Paulo State where they visited a natural reserve and hiked
in a beautiful forest remnant of the Atlantic Forest. On day four, the delegation participated in the
International Water and City event held in partnership with the São Paulo State Environmental
Secretariat (SMA-SP), in São Paulo city.
Back on the road, the group visited a successful restoration project in a private area in Itu-SP
and a nursery facility in Piracicaba-SP that produces native species seedlings. This was followed by
a visit to a payment for ecosystem service (PES) project in Extrema (MG).
The exchange tour concluded in the state of Espirito Santo where the group learned about a
state level PES restoration program and visited a restoration research project that demonstrated
the economic viability of native species reforestation.
The projects that were visited on the tour covered a variety of themes relevant to the four
countries and were selected for their success in on-ground results, stakeholder engagement and
critical expertise.
In order to improve the sharing and exchange of knowledge among the participants, a total
of three seminars were held during the learning exchange, covering several restoration projects in
Brazil, the role of agroforestry systems to improve income of small-landholders, and the role of
natural infrastructure in improving water supply to major cities. Additionally, a set of guiding
questions and cross-cutting topics were chosen to guide participants and support knowledgesharing.
By the end of the exchange, participants had met more than 100 experts from 14 institutions
that are actively engaged in restoration efforts. Several opportunities for future collaboration were
identified – particularly in the areas of watershed restoration, infrastructure development,
agroforestry systems, reforestation for economic use and soil microbiology.
The 2015 exchange in Brazil is the second in a series of forest restoration exchanges; the first
being in China in 2014, in which many project leaders also participated. Both experiences have
proven that south-south collaboration is critical in scaling up forest restoration and achieving the
ambitious goals set by international and national reforestation commitments.
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Brazil Restoration Exchange Organization Committee
Aurelio Padovezi
WRI Brasil
Mariana Oliveira
WRI Brasil
Miguel Calmon
IUCN
Rachel Biderman
WRI Brasil
Sâmia Nunes
IMAZON
2. Background
As global support for forest landscape restoration grows and countries increasingly commit
to large-scale initiatives such as Aichi, Bonn Challenge and the 20x20 initiative, the need for global
collaboration on forest restoration is more important than ever.
The Bonn Challengei - a multilateral international effort to restore 150 million hectares of
degraded and deforested lands by 2020 - offers a unique opportunity to establish global
collaboration between governments, academic institutions, NGOs, and corporate sectors.
Policymakers, restoration practitioners and researchers have already expressed great
interest in developing partnerships and exchanges, such as the one described here, focusing on
large-scale ecological restoration programs that are so urgently needed in many parts of the world.
The goal of this learning exchange was to allow Brazil, China, Indonesia and Guatemala to
exchange knowledge and learn about aspects of forest landscape restoration that could not only
assist the individual countries in their efforts to achieve large-scale restoration and reforestation,
but also boost global efforts in scaling up effective and sustainable restoration programs.
Additionally, the exchange also bolsters and supports the global community in striving towards the
Bonn Challenge.
Since Brazil, Russia, India, and China formally established the BRICSii economic grouping of
emerging economies in 2009, Brazil and China have been exchanging expertise and mutually
training specialists in several sectors. The two countries, however, have yet to engage in
meaningful collaboration regarding their environmental agendas. Both have a significant global
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environmental impact and could benefit greatly from sharing successful, and less-successful,
ecological restoration policies and practices.
Another key country that is not part of BRICS but has been making progress towards
reduction of deforestation and forest restoration is Indonesia. In 2000, Brazil and Indonesia
accounted for more than a third of the world’s tropical tree cover (Weisse and Petersen, 2015). At
the same time, however, they are also leaders in deforestation. As such, promoting learning and
exchange opportunities for forest landscape restoration is very fruitful and strategic.
Brazil and Guatemala are part of a large effort to promote restoration in Latin America.
Together with other Latin American countries, they have made land restoration pledges to the
Boon Challenge and are part of the Initiative 20X20. Both Brazil and Guatemala are working to
identify restoration priorities and implement strategies such as IUCN and WRI’s Restoration
Opportunity Assessment Methodology (ROAM).
Brazil, China, Indonesia and Guatemala all have experience in implementing restoration
efforts and developing payment for ecosystem services (PES) programs; as well as creating
policies, increasing scientific evidence, and supporting technical capacities. Thus, exchanging this
knowledge amongst the four countries will promote action and mutually reinforce initiatives to
restore multiple ecological processes, re-establish biological and hydrological fluxes, reconnect
fragmented habitats, and improve cultural services related to landscapes.
Restoring forests to alleviate the water crises that both Brazil and China are facing is just one
example of where countries can work together to develop effective strategies to ensure
environmental, social and economic security.
Another example is the commitment of Brazil and Indonesia to reduce deforestation and
produce sustainable commodities. Both countries are receiving funding support from Norway to
reduce deforestation and identify areas for forest restoration at the national and sub-national level.
2.1. The Atlantic Forest Biome
The Atlantic Rainforest biome was chosen as the location for the exchange for its diverse and
unique mix of vegetation and forest types.
The Atlantic Forest (also known as Mata Atlantica) stretches along Brazil's Atlantic coast,
from the northern state of Rio Grande do Norte south to Rio Grande do Sul. It extends inland to
eastern Paraguay and the province of Misiones in northeastern Argentina, and narrowly along the
coast into Uruguay.
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The high biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest is a function of the extreme environmental
variation in this biome. One of the most important factors in this variation is the 38º latitudinal span
of the hotspot. These forests extend as far as 500-600 kilometers inland and range as high as 2,000
meters above sea level.
The second major source of variation is elevation; with forests extending from sea level up to
1,800 meters at corresponding gradients of biodiversity and inland forests differing considerably
from coastal ones. Altitude determines at least three vegetation types in the Atlantic Forest: the
lowland forest of the coastal plain, montane forests, and the high-altitude grassland or campo
rupestre. (Conservation International, Hotspots).
Intense deforestation stemming from 400 years of ongoing land use, however, has led to
critical degradation of the Atlantic Forest. The remaining patches of forest are highly fragmented,
with low connectivity decreasing the viability of the biodiversity.
A robust analytical assessment of the Atlantic Forest cover (Ribeiro, et al, 2009) conducted in 2009
concluded that:

Only 12% of the Atlantic Forest cover remains with only 11, 7% being the historical
distribution (16,377,472 ha).

This highly fragmented landscape is composed by second-growth forests in early to
medium stages of succession.
Furthermore, observation from the authors found that distinguishing between old growth and
secondary forest is particularly difficult for the entire Atlantic Forest region because information
about forest age is very scarce and available only at local scales. More than half the remaining forest
cover occurs in Serra do Mar region where there are three remnants. The largest has 1.109.546 ha
and the three together consist of over 2 million hectares, representing 13% of remaining forest.
Nearly 80% of the remaining fragments are distributed in forest patches smaller that 50ha – (123,5
acres) and account for 20.2% of the total forest remnants. (Ribeiro, et al, 2009).
This data reinforces the urgent need to protect what is remaining. Additionally, forest
remnants must reestablish their connectivity and restoration actions must be taken in key priority
areas.
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2.2. Atlantic Forest Restoration Pact
Each restoration project visited during the exchange was led by a member the Atlantic
Rainforest Restoration Pact, a network of over 260 institutions representing a wide group of
stakeholders from different sectors.
Due to past degradation and considerable fragmentation of the remaining Atlantic Forest, it
is no longer possible to preserve the forest's natural cycles, genetic flux and environmental services
without proper policies, programs and projects at scale aiming at the restoration of relevant areas
within the biome.
The Pact aims to create the necessary conditions to restore 15 million hectares of the forest
by the year 2050, according to annual plans approved by its Steering Committee. The mission is to
orchestrate public and private institutions, governments, companies and landowners to integrate
their efforts and resources towards the preservation of the biological diversity, the generation of
employment and income within the restoration production chain. It also aims at the sustaining and
appraisal of PES and the alignment of agricultural activities with the legal requirements in the 17
states covered by this biome.
The governance structure of the Pact is composed of a Coordination Council, an Executive
Secretary and Working Groups. The Council is responsible for establishing guidelines, principles
and policies, and overseeing the Pact´s plans implementation.
The Executive Secretary is responsible for coordinating and providing technical and logistical
support to the Pact’s activities. The working groups are responsible for supporting the council and
secretary by providing technical products and knowledge; and also by participating in the decision
making process.
2.3. Brazil Forest Code and the private properties
The political and legal context in which this exchange trip took place is through the
implementation of the forest code, a law that was recently amended to include new restoration
requirements.
In Brazil, the conservation of forest on private lands is regulated by the Brazilian Forest Law
(Law N° 12.651, 25 March 2012). This law divides rural properties into two areas: land for production
and land dedicated to conservation and the sustainable management of natural resources. The
latter is divided into two further categories:
(i)
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Permanent preservation areas (APP, in Portuguese) to protect particularly sensitive
areas such as riparian vegetation, springs, steep slopes (>45°) and hilltops, where only
low impact activities, such as ecotourism, are allowed.
(ii)
Legal Reserves (LR) to promote the sustainable use of natural resources and the
conservation of biodiversity. Economic activities, such as forest management for
selective logging, are permitted in LRs under license but deforestation is not allowed.
(Nunes, in press).
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3. Exchange Objectives
The partners in the exchange worked together to define the following objectives:
a) Understand the concept and context of forest restoration at the landscape scale, with special
emphasis on how restoration of forests is conceived, financed, evaluated, and practiced in the
four countries.
b) Share experiences and expertize on current forest restoration initiatives and restorationrelated policies at landscape, sub-national, bioregional, and national scales.
c) Identify synergies and drivers for forest and landscape restoration.
d) Develop and improve existing policies for valuation, financing and governance of restoration
programs, particularly at large scales.
e) Encourage countries to develop and implement large-scale restoration initiatives within their
own borders or as part of trans-national programs.
f) Share the lessons learned from the exchange with the global community to help scale up
restoration activities and improve their ecological and socio-economic effectiveness and
integration in larger planning and land management programs.
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4. Participants List
PARTICIPANTS
TITLE AND ORGANIZATION
CHINA
KEQIN XIAO
GAO SHUCHAO
Deputy Division Director, International Forestry Cooperation
Center, SFA
Division Director, Department of Planning and Finance
Management
JING LIU
Programe Officer, IUCN
LI HAO
Project Director, Beijing Forestry University
LINGLING SHI
Research Assistant, ICRAF
JIAYI XU
Special Assistant to China Country Director, WRI China
CHANGLING GUAN
Division Director, General Station of State Farms and Nurseries,
SFA
INDONESIA
MUCHAMAD SAPARIS SOEDRJANTO
MUHAMAD ZAINAL ARIFIN
RUKMA DAYADI
DYAH WINARSIH
Head of Bone Bolango Watershed Management Agency,
Gorontalo Province
Head of Memberamo Watershed Management Agency, Papua
Province
Head of Krueng Aceh Watershed Management Agency, Aceh
Province
GIS/Remote Sensing Staff, Village Forest Division, Social Forestry
Directorate
GERHARD ELI SABASTIAN
Agroforestry System Specialist, ICRAF
NOVITA LIANGGA KUMALA
Research Analyst, WRI Indonesia
NIRARTA TJOKORDA SAMADHI
Director, WRI Indonesia
GUATEMALA
ARIEL SALAZAR OBDULIO PORRAS
Zaragoza Mayor, Chimaltenango, Guatemala
VALERIANO PICHIYA CULAJAY
San Juan Comalapa Mayor, Chimaltenango, Guatemala
MARCO TULIO NÚÑEZ
Santa Apolonia Mayor, Chimaltenango, Guatemala
CARLOS SOSAL DEL CID
Regional Officer, Mesoamerica Unit, IUCN
BRAZIL
AURELIO PADOVEZI
Forest and Water Program Manager, WRI Brazil
RACHEL BIDERMAN
Director, WRI Brasil
SÂMIA NUNES
Analyst, Imazon
MARIANA OLIVEIRA
Forest Research Analyst, WRI Brazil
MIGUEL CALMON
Senior Manager, Landscape Restoration Knowledge, Tools and
Capacity. IUCN
ANITA DIEDERICHSEN
Consultant
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Figure 2: Participants at the Bioflora restoration site at Itu Municipality, September 22nd (WRI Brasil, 2015)
Figure 3: The Indonesian delegation at Neblinas Park September, 20th (Aurélio Padovezi, 2015)
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Figure 4: the Guatemalan delegation with a member of the coordination team (center) at the Extrema
Project September 22nd (IUCN, 2015)
Figure 5: The Chinese delegation and a member of the organization team (center) at Extrema Municipality
September, 23rd (WRI/IUCN, 2015)
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5. Itinerary and Agenda
The itinerary focused on the Atlantic Forest Biome where a large concentration of forest
restoration projects are underway. The agenda was designed to consider a variety of projects and
local partners, several of whom attended the 2014 Restoration Exchange Program in China.
Together with the organizing partners, the Brazilian delegates that visited China in 2014 were
crucial to the construction and the execution of the agenda.
Figure 6: South America map, highlighting Brazil and in light green the states that were
included in the itinerary, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Espírito Santo
(Gustavo Gatti/Conserve Brasil, 2015)
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Figure 7: Map with a portion of Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and São Paulo States presenting the itinerary in red and the sites visited
(Gustavo Gatti/Conserve Brasil, 2015)
September, 17th Thursday
Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State.
Morning and
afternoon
Arrival in Brazil Rio de Janeiro Airport (GIG).
Check in at Hotel Windsor Plaza.
Welcome and rest.
16:30
Private transport departure. Meeting point: hotel lobby
17:00
BNDES presentation and participant’s presentation.
18:30 - 20:00
20:00
Welcome cocktail at BNDES. Courtesy of BNDES and FUNBIO.
Return to hotel with Rio sightseeing.
September, 18th Friday
Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State.
7:30 - 8:30
Breakfast.
8:30 - 12:00
Welcome Session and Seminar: Restoration and Atlantic Forest.
12:00 - 13:00
Lunch at hotel restaurant and check out.
13:00 - 15:30
Leave the hotel. Visit to the Tijuca Park and to the statue of the Christ, the Redeemer.
15:30 - 18:30
Travel by private bus to the city of Miguel Pereira.
18:30
19:30 - 21:00
Check in at Hotel Itamaracá.
Dinner
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September, 19th Saturday
Miguel Pereira, Rio de Janeiro State.
6:00 - 6:30
Check out hotel and leave the hotel by private bus to the ITPA Office.
Breakfast with ITPA team, courtesy of ITPA.
7:00 - 12:00
ITPA Presentation - Maurício Ruiz and Felipe Paranhos.
TNC Presentation – Hendrik Mansur.
ITPA - Restoration Field Visit.
12:00
Start to travel by private bus from Miguel Pereira to Mogi das Cruzes.
12:45 - 14:00
Lunch on the way. Local restaurant, buffet style.
14:00 - 19:00
Continue to travel from Miguel Pereira to Mogi das Cruzes.
19:00
Check in at Hotel Mercure.
20:00 - 21:30
Dinner at hotel restaurant.
Anita Diederichsen/Conserve Brasil 2015
Aurélio Padovezi 2015
Rachel Biderman 2015
Figure 8: Field visit to ITPA restoration project area in Guandu Watershed in Miguel Pereira, state of Rio de Janeiro,
September, 19th.
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September, 20th Sunday
Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo State.
Visit to the Parque das Neblinas (Neblina Park), courtesy of Suzano.
6:30 - 7:00
Check out and departure.
8:00 - 9:00
Arrival at the Parque das Neblinas and welcome with a rural breakfast.
9:00 - 10:00
Presentation: “Conservation and Restoration Project”. Ecofuturo Institute and Suzano.
Presenters: Paulo Groke e Alexandre Diciero.
10:00 - 11:00
Presentation - Atlantic Forest Restoration technics. Vera Lex.
11:00 - 12:30
Agroforestry Seminar. (See seminar section).
12:30 - 14:00
Lunch. Prepared by the local community.
14:00 - 16:00
Restored Atlantic Forest hiking. Level: easy.
16:00 - 17:00
17:00
Happy Hour.
Departure from Mogi das Cruzes to São Paulo.
19:00
Arrival in São Paulo and hotel check in.
Arrival of Guatemalan delegation and part of the Chinese delegation.
20:00 - 21:30
Dinner out. Italian Restaurant.
Instituto Ecofuturo/Suzano 2015
Instituto Ecofuturo/Suzano 2015
Figure 9: Neblinas Park, Mogi das Cruzes. Seminar (left) and Atlantic Forest visit (center and right)
September 20th.
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September, 21st Monday
São Paulo, São Paulo State.
7:00 - 8:00
Breakfast and departure. (No check out need).
International Seminar: “BRIDGING CITIES AND WATERSHEDS FOR WATER SECURITY
AND GREEN ECONOMICS”.
8:30 – 18:00
Organizers: Forest Trends, WRI Brazil, IUCN & São Paulo State Environment Secretariat
(SMA).
18:00 - 19:30
19:30
Cocktail. At the same location of the seminar.
Leave for dinner.
20:00 - 21:00
Dinner at the hotel.
September, 22nd Tuesday
São Paulo, São Paulo State.
6:00 - 7:00
Breakfast and check out.
7:00 - 9:00
Travel from São Paulo to Itu with private bus.
9:00 - 10:00
Arrival at project site and Bioflora Project Presentation.
10:00 - 12:00
Bioflora restoration field visit.
12:00 - 13:00
Lunch
13:00 - 14:30
Travel from Itu to Piracicaba.
14:00 - 16:00
Field visit to Bioflora’s Nursery. It includes hands on activities.
16:00 – 16:30
Coffee break, courtesy of Bioflora.
16:30 - 19:00
Travel with private bus from Piracicaba to Extrema.
19:00
Arrival in Extrema and check in at the hotel.
20:00 - 22:00
Dinner with traditional guitar music presentation, courtesy of Extrema Municipality.
Figure 10: Participants at the Bioflora restoration site at Itu Municipality, September 22nd
(Anita Diederichsen/Conserve Brasil 2015)
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September, 23rd Wednesday
Extrema, Minas Gerais State.
7:30 - 8:30
8:30 - 9:30
Extrema’s Water Producer Project Presentation - Paulo Henrique Pereira.
09:30 - 11:30
Field visit to Extrema’s Water Producer Project.
11:30 - 13:00
Lunch at Parque do Salto, courtesy of Extrema Municipality.
13:00 - 15:30
Travel from Extrema to São Paulo Airports. (Group B will departure latter).
Group A 15:30
Group A - Arrival at São Paulo Congonhas Airport. CGH.
Group B 19:00
Group B - Arrival at São Paulo International Airport- GRU
18:40 - 20:20
Arrival in Vitória and travel do Coqueiral.
All transportation in Espírito Santo State is a courtesy of Fibria.
20:20
Check in at the Hotel and dinner at the hotel upon arrival.
Mariana Oliveira/WRI Brasil 2015
Figure 11: Water Producer Project visit and presentation in Extrema Municipality, September 23rd.
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Figure 12: Location of tour in Espirito State (Gustavo Gatti/Conserve Brasil, 2015)
September, 24th Thursday
Coqueiral Beach, Aracruz, Espírito Santo State.
6:30 - 7:30
7:30 - 8:00
Travel to Fibria project site.
8:00 - 10:00
Field visit to Fibria project sites.
10:00 - 12:00
Arrival at Fibria Plant and project presentations.
12:00 - 13:00
Lunch, courtesy of Fibria.
13:30
Departure to Vitória.
15:00
Arrival in Vitória and check in.
17:00 -18:00
19:30 – 21:00
Working groups.
Dinner, courtesy of The Nature Conservancy.
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Figure 13: Fibria restoration project site. Aracruz, State of Espirito Santo, September 24th. (Mariana Oliveira/WRI Brasil 2015)
September, 25th Friday
Vitória, Espírito Santo State.
7:00 - 8:00
Breakfast, check out and departure.
8:30 - 12:00
Presentation: “Reflorestar” Espirito Santo State Program – Marcos Sossai.
Atlantic Forest Restoration Pact – Aurélio Padovezi.
Coffee Break, courtesy of The Nature Conservancy.
Restoration Exchange Program Closing meeting: evaluation and next steps definition.
12:45 - 14:00
Lunch
14:15
Departure to airport.
End of the Restoration Exchange Program in Brazil.
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6. Seminars
Seminars were organized as part of the learning segment of the exchange. The details of each of the
seminars are presented below.
Friday, September 18th: Atlantic Forest and Restoration Overview.
8:30
Welcome: Rachel Biderman (WRI Brazil) and Miguel Calmon (IUCN).
8:50
Itinerary presentation: Anita Diederichsen.
9:10
Degradation and deforestation mapping in Amazon and opportunities for
forest restoration - Sâmia Nunes (Imazon).
9:30
Atlantic Forest’s degradation and restoration history - Pedro Brancalion,
(University of Sao Paulo).
10:10
Perspectives and challenges of forest restoration in Brazil - Carlos Alberto
Scaramuzza (Ministry for the Environment).
10:50
Restoration challenges and perspectives - Karen Holl (University of
California).
11:30 – 12:00
Questions and discussions.
Figure 14: Atlantic Forest and restoration overview seminar. Rio de Janeiro, September 18th
(Rachel Biderman/WRI Brasil, 2015)
Sunday, September 20th. Agroforestry
11:00
“Small Agroforestry in Indonesia – products and services for a greener future”.
Mr. Gerhard E. Sabastian from ICRAF-Indonesia
11:30
"Agroforestry in China". Ms. Lingling SHI from ICRAF China.
12:00 –
12:30
Questions and discussions.
,
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Figure 15: An expert from China at the Agroforestry seminar at Neblina Park
(Instituto Ecofuturo/Suzano, 2015)
Monday, September, 21st International Seminar, Bridging Cities and Watershed for Water
Security and Green Economy.
Organization: SMA, Forest Trends, WRI, IUCN –Auditório SMA/CETESB
8:30 - 9:00
9:00 - 9:45
9:45 - 11:00
11:00 - 11:15
11:15 - 12:45
12:45 - 14:15
14:15 - 15:45
Welcome, registration, and coffee
Patrícia Iglecias / São Paulo State Secretary for the Environment: Green
infrastructure to fight the São Paulo water crisis
Opening
Remarks
Todd Gartner / WRI: International Context on water, cities, and natural
infrastructure
Moderator: Fernado Veiga / TNC
Session 1:
Marta Echavarria/Ecodecision, Ecuador: Current state of investment in green
Green
infrastructure by water utilities in Latin America
Economy &
Gena Gammie / Forest Trends: Cost effectiveness and the design of green
Urban Water
infrastructure investment projects
Security
Ademar Romeiro / UNICAMP: Forest restoration and green economy
Coffee break
Moderator: Miguel Calmon / IUCN
Todd Gratner / WRI. From Gray to Green: Investing in natural infrastructure
Session 2:
to address water, food and energy challenges
Ensuring
Positive
Genevieve Bennett / Forest Trends: Case studies on investment in green
Returns on
infrastructure for cities with an emphasis on cost-effectiveness and
Investment
managing risk
David Canassa/ Reserva Votorantin: "Legado das Águas" nature reserve
Lunch Break
Moderator: Aurelio Padovezi / WRI Brasil
Session 3:
Bert De Bievre / Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sustenible de la Ecoregion
Designing and
Andina - Condesan: Hydrological monitoring and green infrastructure
Monitoring
Infrastructure Silvio Ferraz / ESALQ/USP: How forests could help water conservation?
Samuel Barreto / TNC: Water Movement for Sao Paulo - MapSP
15:45 - 16:00
16:00 - 17:30
17:30 - 18:00
18:00
26
for Urban
Rovena Negreiros / EMPLASA: Investments in green infrastructure in
Water Security Macrometropole Paulista Action Plan
Coffee break
Moderator: Monica Porto / Deputy Secretary – Sao Paulo State Water
Secretariat - SSRH/SP
Session 4:
Devanir Garcia / Brazilian Water Agency - Water Producer Program
Institutional
José Carlos Velarde / Gerente de Regulación Tarifaria / Superintendencia
and
Nacional de Servicios de Saneamiento de Peru - SUNASS: Tariffs for green
Governance
infrastructure for urban water supply
Mechanisms
Jing Liu/IUCN China e Li Hao/Beijing Forestry Society: China's Experience on
for Bridging
addressing water security: The megacities and watersheds program
Cities and
M. Saparis Soedarjanto / Bone Bolango Watershed Management Agency:
Watersheds
Managing Forested watershed for food & water security, a landscape
approach.
Closing Remarks
SMA, WRI, IUCN, Forest Trends
Cocktail
Figure 16: International Seminar, Bridging Cities and Watershed for Water Security and Green Economy, in Sao Paulo,
September, 21st (Aurelio Padovezi/WRI Brasil, 2015)
27
7. Restoration: knowledge sharing and learning
Each project included in the agenda was selected for the specific and relevant issues
associated with forest restoration. Below are a set of guiding questions presented to the group
during the exchange and used to promote technical discussion, engagement of the participants
and learning exchange opportunities.
Additionally, restoration techniques and institutional and governance arrangements were
part of all the visits and used as cross cutting themes.
September, 19th Saturday , ITPA Project
 Guiding question: What are the advantages and challenges of having a GIS database for
restoration project implementation?
 Guiding question: What issues need to be considered when fire is a threat to your
restoration work?
Technics
- Landscape restoration and remnants connectivity.
- Labor needed to plant and to restore in sloppy areas.
Arrangements
- Database with information about landowners that wants to restore areas in their
property.
- Payment for environmental services.
September, 20th Sunday - Parque das Neblinas
 Guiding question: How to restore areas in high biodiversity ecosystems?
 Guiding question: How to incorporate agroforestry systems as a restoration tool?
Technics
-
Restoration in abandoned areas in with Eucalyptus.
-
Atlantic Forest matrix, the landscape context and its influence in the restoration success.
Arrangement
-
Private sector engagement in the restoration.
September, 22nd Tuesday –Bioflora
Field Project and nursery visit.
 Guiding question: What is required to implement a large-scale seedling production?
28
 Guiding question: What are the key steps of the restoration supply chain?
Technics
-
Restoration technics. Planning, implementation, maintenance.
Arrangement
- Restoration as business and the role of the private sector.
September, 23rd Wednesday - Water Producer Program
 Guiding question: What are the requirements and the components of a payment for
environmental service scheme?
 Guiding question: How restoration can become a strategic component of water security?
Technics
-
Planting technics.
Arrangement
-
Long term public program with history of a wide set of partnerships.
September, 24th Thursday Fibria – Use of native species for Economic use and Monitoring
 Guiding question: What is the importance of monitoring? What and when to monitor?
 Guiding question: How to create a market with restoration products? What to consider?
Technics
-
Planting technics.
Arrangements
-
Partnership private sector, CSOs and University.
During the last day, a special session was dedicated to consolidate the key points of the
guiding questions discussed during the exchange. This gave participants the opportunity to share
their learning and experiences. Below are some of the key points discussed in the session.
7.1. Lessons learned
The key points discussed by the participates covered topics related to planning, steps to
consider during restoration implementation, stakeholder engagement, policy, restoration
techniques and restoration benefits.
Participants concluded that to reduce the forest impact, it is necessary to reduce
consumption. Key lessons and points are as follows:

29
Before starting a restoration project, it is important to define the goals and adopt an an
adaptive management approach.

The landscape should be considered the basis for planning.

Institutional arrangements are key for restoration and projects must respect natures
resilience – i.e. give the forest time to do its job.

Scientific work and research are necessary to promote restoration and one must
consider a range of landscapes (e.g. urban).

Governmental policy must be able to at least protect small fragments of land.

In addition to promoting ecosystem health, restoration has an important impact on food
security and economic stability – thus should be considered in terms of economic and
business development. Moreover, restoration can be used to improve gender equality.
7.2. Restoration exchange importance
Participants agreed that restoration exchanges are highly beneficial in allowing participants
to learn from peers, gain experience and further expertise. Exchanges are a way to gain the latest
information on restoration and see how projects are implemented in the host country. They
provide vision, inspiration and perspective, allowing participants to identify new solutions and
apply this learning in their home country. The exchange also allows participants to feel part of a
global team working on restoration and provides a support network when implementing new
projects.
7.3. Proposed next steps
The final segment of the learning session was dedicated to new ideas for the promotion and
integration of restoration between the countries. The ideas are presented by topics:
Planning and monitoring

Share monitoring experiences: The Atlantic Forest Restoration Pact developed a
monitoring protocol that could be tested in other countries.

Application of ROAM (Restoration Opportunities Assessment Methodology) at the
national and sub-national level.
Soil restoration

30
Include the role of soil in forest restoration research programs: ICRAF China has
significant experience in this area that could be shared with the other countries through
a formal or informal collaboration.
Food security and income generation

Use of Agroforestry systems to increase income generation in small landholders: ICRAF
Indonesia has experience in this area.

Investigate how to increase food production and income through restoration (e.g.
restoration of forests and soils to increase the production of mushrooms as
implemented in China).
Private Sector Engagement

Collaboration between the private sector in Brazil, Indonesia and China. Several major
companies in Brazil (i.e., Fibria, Danone, Vale, etc.) have a strong international presence.
Ecosystem Service

Replication of the Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) program of Extrema
municipality in Guatemala and China.

Collaborate on watershed restoration and conservation (natural infrastructure) to
improve the production of ecosystem services. All four countries can learn from each
other in this area.
Networking and global strategy

Participants were encouraged to join the Global Partnership of Forest and Landscape
Restoration (http://www.forestlandscaperestoration.org/)

Increase commitment to the Bonn Challenge and 20 x 20 initiative.
Next Exchange Program

It was agreed that the next learning exchange will be held in Indonesia in 2016. The
Indonesian colleagues will prepare and submit a proposal to the organizing committee.
8. Participating Organizations and Projects
The following section provides further description of all institutions visited during the
exchange.
31
BNDES
The Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES) is the main financing agent for development in
Brazil. Since its foundation in 1952, BNDES has played a fundamental role in stimulating the
expansion of industry and infrastructure in the country. The Bank’s strategy aims to stimulate
innovation, local and regional development, as well as socio-environmental development. In
2014, R$187.8 billion was disbursed in 1,130,202 operations to 277,085 clients.
In the coming decades, Brazil must implement recovery programs for biomes as required
by Act Nº. 12,651/2012, which stems from the Forest Code to protect native vegetation. BNDES
already finances the restoration sector in reimbursable operations, through its BNDES Forestry
Line, the Climate Fund and the Low-Carbon Agricultural Program, as well as in non-reimbursable
operations through the BNDES Atlantic Forest Initiative and BNDES Ecological Restoration.
BNDES manages the Amazon Fund, the largest REDD+ global initiative. The Amazon Fund
is one of the main pillars supporting sustainable development: in 2014, R$417 million were
committed to new projects, creating a portfolio of R$1 billion dedicated to preserving the
Amazon Biome, with emphasis on environmental monitoring initiatives and regularizing small
rural properties.
32
FUNBIO
The Brazilian Biodiversity Fund (Funbio1) serves as a bridge between programs and sources
of funding, identifying new opportunities to achieve the best possible results for biodiversity
conservation. It also channels these resources into activities in the field by publishing calls for
projects, passing through funds to other institutions, procuring goods and services and providing
logistical support. The organization is heavily involved in the push to scale up restoration in Brazil
and the organization participated in the opening program of the exchange in Rio.
Funbio is a registered non-profit civil association. It started operating in 1996 as an
innovative financial mechanism for the development of strategies that contribute to the
implementation of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity in Brazil.
As of 2014, Funbio had contributed half a billion dollars2 over its 18 years of operations.
Throughout this period the organization has supported 207 projects from 158 different
organizations and 291 protected areas in Brazil.
In 2014, after three years of rigorous evaluations and investments, Funbio was accredited
as the first national agency of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) in Latin America, joining a
select group of GEF agencies around the world, which include the World Bank and the InterAmerican Development Bank.
1
Mission: To provided strategic resources for biodiversity conservation. Vision: To be the benchmark in enabling
strategic resources and solutions for the conservation of biodiversity. Funbio is based in Rio de Janeiro. For
further information, please visit: funbio.org.br.
This is the sum of all the contracts Funbio has signed since it started operating, converting them to dollars
based on the rate from the last day of the month in which they were signed. The values of the contracts signed in
dollars have been maintained.
2
33
FOREST RESTORATION PROGRAM
PROGRAMA DE RESTAURAÇÃO FLORESTAL
Project Coordinators:
Coordenadores do Projeto:
Executive Secretary: Mauricio Ruiz
Restoration Coordinator: Diogo Peralta
Secretário Executivo: Mauricio Ruiz
Coordenador de Restauração: Diogo Peralta
Institution:
Instituição:
ITPA – Terra Institute for Environment
Preservation
ITPA - Instituto Terra de Preservação Ambiental
Location:
Local:
Miguel Pereira, Rio de Janeiro State
Miguel Pereira - RJ
Website:
www.itpa.org.br
Project Description:
Descrição do Projeto:
The program aims to promote biodiversity
connectivity corridors between remnants of two of
the major Atlantic Forest sites in Brazil and the
recovery of the water production capacity in the
Guandu watershed, responsible for providing
water to 80% of the population of Rio de Janeiro’s
metropolitan area.
Trata-se de um programa que visa à formação de
um Corredor de Biodiversidade entre os dois
maiores contínuos de Mata Atlântica do país e a
recuperação da capacidade de produção de água
dos ecossistemas na Bacia Hidrográfica do
Guandu, responsável pelo abastecimento de 80%
da população que vive na região metropolitana do
Rio de Janeiro.
Restoration:
Restauração:
The program’s objective is to restore 18 thousand
hectares, one thousand of which have already
been accomplished. The trip covered learning
experiences about: bioregional planning actions;
partnerships with rural landowners; payment for
ecosystem services; forest restoration in areas of
difficult access; use of stock for carrying plants and
for plough; use of different forest restoration
techniques and forest fire management.
A meta do Programa é de restaurar cerca de 18 mil
hectares e já foram concluídos 1 mil hectares. Será
possível observar ações de planejamento
biorregional, parceria com proprietários rurais,
pagamento por serviços ambientais, restauração
florestal em áreas de difícil acesso, uso de animais
para transporte e arado, uso de diferentes técnicas
de restauração florestal e controle de incêndios
florestais.
34
NEBLINAS PARK
PARQUE DAS NEBLINAS
Project Coordinators and Members:
Coordenadores e Membros do Projeto:
Paulo Groke – Ecofuturo Institute
Michele Martins - Ecofuturo Institute
David de Almeida Santos - Ecofuturo Institute
Alexandre Di Ciero – Suzano Paper & Pulp
Estevão do Prado Braga - Suzano Paper & Pulp
Paulo Groke – Instituto Ecofuturo
Michele Martins - Instituto Ecofuturo
David de Almeida Santos - Instituto Ecofuturo
Alexandre Di Ciero – Suzano Papel e Celulose
Estevão do Prado Braga - Suzano Papel e Celulose
Institutions:
Instituições:
Ecofuturo Institute
Suzano Paper & Pulp
Instituto Ecofuturo
Suzano Papel e Celulose
Location:
Local:
Mogi das Cruzes and Bertioga – São Paulo State
Mogi das Cruzes e Bertioga - SP
Websites:
www.ecofuturo.org.br, www.suzano.com.br
The Neblinas Park is located between two
municipalities in the state of São Paulo: Mogi das
Cruzes and Bertioga. The park is a private reserve
managed by the Ecofuturo Institute, a corporate
NGO founded and maintained by Suzano Paper &
Pulp. Protecting 6.1 thousand hectares, the park’s
main goals are to: establish an operation model
that will allow the restoration of 4.5 thousand
hectares of Atlantic Forest in a former forest
plantation; development of scientific research; low
environmental impact forest management; socioenvironmental education; ecotourism; and
engagement of the communities in its
surroundings in its activities. It also aims at
replicating its model in other protected areas.
O Parque das Neblinas, localizado nos municípios
de Mogi das Cruzes e Bertioga, estado de São
Paulo, é uma reserva privada, gerida pelo Instituto
Ecofuturo, ONG instituída e mantida pela Suzano
Papel e Celulose. Com 6.100 hectares, o Parque
tem como principais objetivos estabelecer, em
uma antiga fazenda de produção florestal, modelo
de operação que permita a restauração da Mata
Atlântica em cerca de 4.500 hectares, o
desenvolvimento de pesquisas científicas, o
manejo florestal de baixo impacto ambiental, a
educação socioambiental, o ecoturismo e a
participação da comunidade do entorno. Visa
também o estabelecimento de modelos
replicáveis, permitindo que as metodologias
desenvolvidas possam ser adotadas por outros
proprietários rurais ou em outras unidades de
conservação.
In 2004, the Neblinas Park was officially
inaugurated. In 2008, a portion of the area (518
hectares) has received the formal official
recognition as a Natural Heritage Private Preserve
(RPPN acronym in Portuguese).
Desde 1999 a área vem sendo especialmente
administrada. Em 2004 o Parque foi oficialmente
inaugurado. Em 2008, parte da área (518 hectares)
35
foi reconhecida como Reserva Particular do
Patrimônio Natural (RPPN).
Restoration:
Restauração:
One of the main goals of Neblinas Park project is
the restoration of Atlantic Forest in areas of
special interest for the conservation of this biome.
This restoration is taking place in abandoned
Eucalyptus plantation areas.
Um dos objetivos principais do projeto Parque das
Neblinas é a restauração da Mata Atlântica em
zona de interesse estratégico para a conservação
deste bioma. Essa restauração vem ocorrendo em
áreas ocupadas por antigos plantios de espécies
do gênero Eucalyptus.
Natural/spontaneous mechanisms of restoration
have been prioritized, due to the proximity with
original forest remnants, the rich soil seed bank,
the appropriate moisture levels and the existence
of a diversified seed disperser fauna.
Suzano Paper & Pulp has also adopted a
restoration model for both Atlantic Forest and
Cerrado throughout its forestry properties. It
includes a set of models, ranging from letting
natural ecosystem regeneration take place to
enrichment plantation of autochthone species.
Em função da proximidade com remanescentes da
floresta original, rico banco de sementes, umidade
propícia e existência de rica fauna disseminadora,
optou-se por priorizar a restauração da Mata
Atlântica por mecanismos naturais.
A Suzano Papel e Celulose também vem adotando
em suas fazendas de produção florestal um
modelo de restauração da Mata Atlântica e
Cerrado que pressupõe um conjunto de tomada de
decisões que vai desde a regeneração natural até o
plantio de nativas no sistema de adensamento.
WATER CONSERVER PROJECT
CONSERVADOR DAS ÁGUAS
Project Coordinator:
Coordenador do Projeto:
Paulo Henrique Pereira - Environment Secretary
Paulo Henrique Pereira - Secretário Municipal de
Meio Ambiente
Institution:
Instituição:
Extrema Municipality, Minas Gerais State
Location:
Prefeitura do Município de Extrema - MG
Local:
Extrema, Minas Gerais
The major initiative of Extrema municipality is the
“Water Conservation Project”, which has been in
implementation since 2005 and has won several
awards, including: the “2012 Dubai International
Award for Best Practices to Improve the Living
A maior iniciativa do Município de Extrema
relacionado à preservação ambiental é o “Projeto
Conservador das Águas”, que existe oficialmente
desde 2005 e já ganhou vários prêmios, incluindo o
“Prêmio Internacional Dubai 2012 para Boas
36
Conditions”, promoted the United Nations
Programme for Human Settlements (Habitat /UN).
In May 2012, the project was Greenvana
GreenBest Award winner in the category
“Government Initiatives”, chosen by the Academy
GreenBest. The initiative also received the Best
Practices in Local Cash Management 2011/2012;
10 and 12 Furnas Blue Gold Award; 2011 Good
Example, the Dom Cabral Foundation; in 2014, it
was the winner of the Von Martius Sustainability
Award; among others.
Práticas para a Melhoria das Condições de Vida”,
promovido pelo Programa UN Habitat das Nações
Unidas. Em Maio de 2012, o Conservador das
Águas foi o vencedor do prêmio GreenBest, na
categoria “Iniciativas Governamentais”. A
iniciativa também recebeu os prêmios Boas
Práticas em Gestão de Recursos Locais 2011/2012;
prêmio Ouro Azul de Furnas, versões 2010 e 2012;
prêmio Bom Exemplo, 2011, da Fundação Dom
Cabral; em 2014, recebeu o prêmio Von Martius de
Sustentabilidade; entre outros.
The project conducts a planimetrical survey for
each property and creates a GIS database
indicating the current situation and the goals
proposed for the site. The Municipal Secretariat of
the Environment is then responsible for preparing
these projects, defining which actions should be
implemented and the goals to be achieved. The
Municipal Council on Environmental Development
(CODEMA) then considers and acts on the
technical projects for rural properties. In return for
joining the project, the landowner receives 100
UFEX (Fiscal Unit Extrema) per hectare, or
approximately R$221 per year.
O projeto é basicamente a condução de
levantamentos planimétricos para cada
propriedade, além do desenvolvimento de uma
base dados em SIG, que indica a situação presente
e quais os objetivos propostos para cada local. A
Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente é
responsável pela preparação desses projetos e
define quais ações devem ser implementadas e
quais os objetivos a serem alcançados,
dependendo das características de cada
propriedade. O Conselho Municipal de
Desenvolvimento Ambiental (CODEMA)
considerará e atuará nos projetos técnicos para as
propriedades rurais. Em retribuição por aderir ao
projeto, o proprietário receberá 100 UFEX
(Unidades Fiscais de Extrema) por hectare, o que
equivale a R$ 221 a cada ano.
The project’s goals are to increase the forest cover
in the sub-basins and to implement ecological
micro corridors; to reduce levels of rural diffuse
pollution resulting from sedimentation and
eutrophication processes, and lack of
environmental sanitation; to spread the concept of
integrated vegetation-soil-water management in
the Jaguari river basin; to ensure socio-economic
and environmental sustainability of management
practices implemented through financial
incentives to landowners. Landowners from the
Jaguari sub-basin with areas of less than two acres
may join the project.
Os objetivos desse projeto são: aumentar a
cobertura florestal nas sub-bacias e implementar
micro corredores ecológicos; reduzir os níveis de
poluição rural difusa resultante dos processos de
sedimentação e eutrofização e falta de
saneamento ambiental; divulgar o conceito de
manejo integrado entre vegetação, solo e água na
bacia do rio Jaguari; assegurar a sustentabilidade
socioeconômica e ambiental de gestão e das
práticas implementadas por meio de incentivos
financeiros aos proprietários de terras. Podem
participar do projeto proprietários de terra que
tenham suas áreas inseridas na sub-bacia
trabalhada pelo projeto cuja área não ultrapasse
dois acres.
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE PROGRAM
OF CAPOAVA, INGAZINHO AND JEQUITIBÁ
PROPERTIES
37
PROGRAMA DE ADEQUAÇÃO AMBIENTAL E
RESTAURAÇÃO ECOLÓGICA DAS FAZENDAS
CAPOAVA, JEQUITIBÁ E INGAZINHO
Ricardo Rodrigues, André Nave, Fernando Lamonato, Fabiano Farah, Guilherme Madalosso, Eduardo
Marangão, Guilherme Faganello
Institutions:
Instituições:
Bioflora – Restoration Technology;
Bioflora – Tecnologia da Restauração;
Ecology and Forest Restoration Laboratory (LERF /
ESALQ / São Paulo State University)
Laboratório de Ecologia e Restauração Florestal
(LERF/ESALQ/USP)
Location:
Local:
Itu, São Paulo State
Itu – SP
The Environmental Compliance Program of
Capoava, Ingazinho and Jequitibá properties aim
to conserve biodiversity, protect the edaphic and
water resources and highlight the importance of
the natural heritage. The project has developed a
methodology for restoration of vegetation in
Permanent Preservation Areas (APP), Legal
Reserve (RL) and also in Agricultural Area (AA). It
aims to promote the conservation of ecosystems
and structuring of self-sustaining forests with high
diversity of native species, including native tree
species of economic potential, aiming at timber
production in the Legal Reserve and Agricultural
Areas. The Laboratory of Ecology and Forest
Restoration (LERF / ESALQ / USP), in conjunction
with the Tropical Forestry Laboratory (LASTROP /
ESALQ / USP) and the Bioflora company Restoration Technology, proposed the
implementation of this restoration method,
especially for areas of low agricultural potential, as
steep slopes and rocky areas that have been
degraded in the past, previously occupied by
pastures. Currently, approximately 350 thousand
seedlings were planted in total, in the three farms.
O Programa de Adequação Ambiental das
propriedades Capoava, Ingazinho e Jequitibá tem
como objetivos a conservação da biodiversidade,
proteção dos recursos edáficos e hídricos e
evidenciar a importância do patrimônio natural. O
projeto também apresenta uma proposta
metodológica de restauração da vegetação em
Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs), de
Reserva Legal (RL) e também em Área Agrícola
(AA), visando a conservação dos ecossistemas e
estruturação de florestas autossustentáveis com a
implantação de alta diversidade de espécies
nativas, inclusive utilizando espécies arbóreas
nativas de potencial econômico, visando o
aproveitamento por meio da produção de madeira
na Reserva Legal e Áreas Agrícolas. O Laboratório
de Ecologia e Restauração Florestal
(LERF/ESALQ/USP), em conjunto com o
Laboratório de Silvicultura Tropical
(LASTROP/ESALQ/USP) e a empresa Bioflora Tecnologia da Restauração, propuseram a
implantação desse método de restauração para
todas as áreas das Fazendas, principalmente para
as áreas de baixa aptidão agrícola, como áreas de
declividade acentuado e de afloramento rochoso
que já foram degradadas no passado e que
The project focuses on the characterization of
forest remnants and marking tree motherboards
38
for seedling production with high floristic diversity
and genetic representation of the different
successional planting and groups. It has also been
developing four educational trails, covering about
55 species and numbering the routes.
estavam anteriormente ocupadas com pastagens.
Atualmente, foram plantadas aproximadamente
350.000 mudas no total, considerando as três
Fazendas.
Restoration:
Restauração:
- Ecological Restoration of Permanent
Preservation Areas, Legal Reserve and Agricultural
Areas;
- Restauração ecológica de Áreas de Preservação
Permanente, Reserva Legal e Áreas Agrícolas;
- Conservation, management and restoration of
the remaining forest formations and areas of
permanent preservation, aimed at environmental
compliance;
- Commercial exploitation of native species
through sustainable management in the areas of
Legal Reserve and Agricultural Areas occupied by
grazing;
- Identification and georeferencing motherboards
of native species for future seed collection actions
and seedling production;
- Technical maintenance and monitoring of the
restored areas and forest remnants occurring on
properties entered in this project.
No escopo do projeto também são contempladas
a caracterização dos remanescentes
florestais, a marcação de árvores-matrizes, que
permitirão a produção de mudas com alta
diversidade florística e genética, representando os
diferentes grupos sucessionais e de plantio, e
também a elaboração de quatro trilhas educativas
envolvendo as áreas, abrangendo cerca de 55
espécies identificadas e numeradas nos percursos.
- Conservação, manejo e restauração das
formações florestais remanescentes e das áreas de
preservação permanente, visando a adequação
ambiental e legal das propriedades;
- Exploração comercial de espécies nativas por
meio de manejo sustentável em áreas de Reserva
Legal e das Áreas Agrícolas ocupadas com
pastagem;
- Identificação e georreferenciamento de Matrizes
de espécies florestais nativas para futuras ações de
coleta de sementes e produção de mudas;
- Acompanhamento técnico para a manutenção e
monitoramento das áreas restauradas e dos
remanescentes florestais ocorrentes nas
propriedades inseridas nesse projeto.
39
BIOFLORA TREES NURSERY
VIVEIRO DE MUDAS BIOFLORA
André Nave, Ricardo Rodrigues, Guilherme Faganello.
Institution:
Instituição:
Bioflora – Restoration Technology
Bioflora – Tecnologia da Restauração
Location:
Local:
Piracicaba, São Paulo State
Piracicaba - SP
Website:
http://www.viveirobioflora.com.br/
Bioflora was founded in 1998 with the purpose of
assisting in the development of forest restoration
in the country. It provides products and services
with the highest standard of quality and has
continually evolved since its foundation by
applying the latest scientific findings and
recommendations techniques for transforming
degraded environments into self-sustaining
forests rich in regional native species.
Located in Piracicaba (São Paulo State), the
nursery is a national resource for the production of
seeds and seedlings of native forest species.
Annually it produces approximately 3 tons of seeds
and 4 million seedlings of more than 200 species.
Bioflora meets all high quality standards required
for successful forest restoration activities and
continually invests in training its employees, who
include biologists, agronomists , agricultural and
environmental technicians, consultants, and PHD
professionals from the Laboratory of Ecology and
Forest Restoration ESALQ / São Paulo State
University, responsible for Research and
Development sector of the company.
Fundado em 1998 com o propósito de prestar
assistência no desenvolvimento da restauração
florestal no país e prover produtos e serviços de
alto padrão de qualidade aos atores dessa
atividade, a Bioflora evoluiu continuamente desde
sua fundação com a aplicação das descobertas
científicas mais recentes e técnicas recomendadas
na arte de transformar ambientes degradados em
florestas autossuficientes e ricas em espécies
nativas da região.
Localizada em Piracicaba (SP), nosso viveiro é
atualmente uma referência nacional na produção
de sementes e mudas de espécies florestais
nativas, produzindo anualmente cerca de 3
toneladas de sementes e 4 milhões de mudas para
mais de 200 espécies.
A Bioflora atende hoje aos mais altos padrões de
qualidade para atividades de restauração florestal
bem sucedidas. Para isso, além de ter uma
estrutura forte e organizada, a Bioflora investe
continuamente em treinamento de seus
empregados. Sua equipe inclui biólogos,
agrônomos, técnicos agrícolas e ambientais, e
também consultores doutores do Laboratório de
Ecologia e Restauração Florestal da ESALQ / USP,
responsáveis pelo Setor de Desenvolvimento e
Pesquisa da empresa.
40
CULTIVATION OF NATIVE TREES FOR
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
CULTIVO DE ÁRVORES NATIVAS PARA
FINALIDADES ECONÔMICAS
Juliano Ferreira Dias – Fibria, Tathiane Santi Sarcinelli – Fibria, Ricardo Rodrigues – ESALQ / USP, Pedro
Brancalion – ESALQ / USP.
Institutions:
Instituições:
The experiment is an initiative of the Atlantic
Forest Restoration Pact, the Ecology and Forest
Restoration Laboratory and the Tropical Forestry
Laboratory (University of São Paulo), and it has
the support of Fibria Cellulose S.A.
Location:
Este experimento é uma iniciativa do Pacto para a
Restauração da Mata Atlântica, do Laboratório de
Ecologia e Restauração Florestal e do Laboratório
de Silvicultura Tropical da Universidade de São
Paulo, e tem o apoio da Fibria Celulose S.A.
Local:
Aracruz, Espírito Santo
Aracruz - ES
Websites:
www.fibria.com.br
http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/southamerica/brazil/explore/atlantic-forest-restorationpact.xml
This project occupies an area of 11.3 hectares
owned by Fibria, in Aracruz, Espírito Santo state,
where 40 native species from Atlantic Forest and
eucalyptus were planted in June 2011.
O projeto ocupa uma área de 11,3 hectares de
propriedade da Fibria, em Aracruz, Espírito Santo,
onde 40 espécies nativas da Mata Atlântica e
Eucalyptus foram plantadas em Junho de 2011.
The native species are arranged in groups of initial,
medium and final harvest cycle, in order to provide
a steady supply of wood production.
As espécies nativas foram organizadas em grupos
de ciclo de colheita inicial, médio e final, visando a
um fluxo estável de produção de madeira.
Eight models are currently being tested, with five
repetitions each, 240 plants per plot and spacing
of 3x3 meters.
Oito modelos estão sendo testados, com cinco
repetições cada, 240 plantas por parcela e
espaçamento de 3 x 3 metros.
This field trial aims to develop and test models of
native species in plantation, including the use of
eucalyptus as a pioneer specie to ensure
environmental compliance and economic return in
Legal Reserves and in areas with low agricultural
potential in northern Espírito Santo and southern
Bahia.
Esse ensaio de campo visa ao desenvolvimento e
teste de modelos de plantio de espécies nativas,
incluindo o uso de Eucalyptus como uma espécie
pioneira, para assegurar conformidade ambiental
e retorno econômico em Reservas Legais e em
áreas com baixo potencial agrícola no Norte do
Espírito Santo e Sul da Bahia.
41
Models
Modelos
1
Native trees for timber
Árvores nativas para madeira
2
Native trees for timber interspersed with
Eucalyptus for timber – single lines
Árvores nativas para madeira intercaladas
com Eulalyptus para madeira – linhas
simples
3
Eucalyptus for pulp – single lines
com Eulalyptus para polpa – linhas simples
4
Eucalyptus for timber – double lines
com Eulalyptus para madeira – linhas
duplas
5
Eucalyptus for pulp – double lines
com Eulalyptus para polpa – linhas duplas
6
Eucalyptus for timber production
Eucalyptus para produção de madeira
7
Eucalyptus for cellulose pulp
Eucalyptus para polpa de celulose
8
Native trees for biodiversity restoration
without economic exploitation
Árvores nativas para a restauração da
biodiversidade sem explotação econômica
Restoration:
Fibria aims to restore 40 thousand hectares by
2025. Its Restoration Program started in 2010 and
has already achieved around 17,000 hectares in the
states of Bahia, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso do
Sul, Minas Gerais and São Paulo, employing
methodologies such as planting of native species,
assisted natural regeneration and control of
invasive species.
In July 2014, the project began to implement a
methodology that combines eucalyptus and native
species in Legal Reserves, with the approval of a
management plan by the state environmental
agency. So far, almost 200 hectares of this model
have been executed. Two rotations are planned
and the eucalyptus wood will be used for pulp
production, thereby reducing the cost of
restoration. At the end of the second cycle,
eucalyptus’s buds are controlled and restoration
will be undertaken in the previous eucalyptus lines.
The next project, predicted to start this year,
intends to deploy the model in four properties of
forestry partners.
Additional information:
Restauração:
A Fibria tem um objetivo de longo prazo de
restaurar 40 mil hectares até 2025. Seu Programa
de Restauração iniciou em 2010 e já implementou
cerca de 17 mil hectares nos estados da Bahia,
Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais e
São Paulo, empregando métodos como o plantio
de espécies nativas, regeneração natural assistida
e controle de espécies invasoras.
Em julho de 2014, nós iniciamos a colocar em
prática o método que combina Eucalyptus e
espécies nativas em Reservas Legais, com a
aprovação de um plano de manejo florestal pela
agência ambiental do estado. Até o momento,
quase 200 hectares com esse modelo foram
implementados. Duas rotações estão planejadas e
a madeira de Eucalyptus será usada para a
produção de polpa, portanto reduzindo o custo de
restauração. Ao final do segundo ciclo, as gemas
de Eucalyptus serão controladas e promoveremos
a restauração nestas linhas de Eucalyptus.
Nosso próximo projeto, com início programado
para 2015, buscará implementar o modelo em
quatro propriedades e parceiros de silvicultura.
Informações adicionais:
Ecological functions and harvest cycle of species
employed in the project/field trial:
1 - Initial Wood: species of this group have the
main ecological function of quickly occupying and
covering the area. The wood is mainly used for
crates and coal. The harvesting cycle is 10 years.
Eucalyptus is considered in the group of initial
wood species.
2 - Medium Wood: include species that are
intermediate in the natural forest succession.
They have a good economic value because of
their use in woodworking. The harvest cycle is 20
years.
3 – Late / End Wood: include species that are
typical of the final stages of natural forest
succession. They have a high economic value, and
noble use in carpentry and joinery. The harvest
cycle is 30 to 40 years.
4 – Supplementary / Complementary Wood: these
species are planted interspersed with latewood
trees in the same rows, aiming at providing shade
and avoiding the forking or branching of wood
species with higher economic value. After nearly
20 years, the complementary species die naturally
or are removed by thinning, thus boosting the
growth of latewood individuals.
In its Legal Reserves, Fibria does not expect to
explore native species planted with eucalyptus.
The native species used in this model are the same
as those employed in the company’s Restoration
Program.
42
Funções ecológicas e ciclos de colheita de espécies
do projeto/ensaio de campo:
1 – Madeiras iniciais: espécies deste grupo têm a
principal função ecológica de rapidamente ocupar
e cobrir a área. A madeira é usada principalmente
para embalagens/containers e carvão. O ciclo de
colheita é de 10 anos. O Eucalyptus é considerado
como parte do grupo de espécies de madeiras
iniciais.
2 – Madeiras médias: inclui espécies que são
intermediárias na sucessão florestal natural. Elas
possuem bom valor econômico em função dos
seus usos em marcenaria. O ciclo de colheita é de
20 anos.
3 – Madeiras finais ou tardias: inclui espécies que
são típicas dos estádios finais de sucessão florestal
natural. Possuem alto valor econômico e usos mais
nobres na carpintaria e marcenaria. O ciclo de
colheita é de 30 a 40 anos.
4 – Madeiras suplementares / complementares:
essas espécies são plantadas intercaladas nas
mesmas linhas com as árvores de madeiras finais,
visando à formação de sombra e evitando a
ramificação ou formação de galhada das espécies
madeiráveis com maior valor econômico. Após
aproximadamente 20 anos, as espécies
complementares morrem naturalmente ou são
removidas por desbastes, potencializando o
crescimento dos indivíduos tardios.
Nas suas Reservas Legais, a Fibria não espera
explorar espécies nativas que foram plantadas
com Eucalyptus. As espécies nativas usadas nesse
modelo são as mesmas que aquelas usadas no
Programa de Restauração da empresa.
43
ECOLOGICAL MONITORING OF AREAS UNDER
RESTORATION PROCESS
MONITORAMENTO ECOLÓGICO DE ÁREAS EM
PROCESSO DE RESTAURAÇÃO
Juliano Dias – Fibria, Rubens Benini – TNC, Tathiane Sarcinelli – Fibria, Vanessa Girão – TNC
Institutions:
Instituições:
The Nature Conservancy (TNC), FIBRIA Celulose S.A.
Location:
Local:
Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais and Bahia states
ES, MG e BA
Website:
http://www.tnc.org.br/, http://www.fibria.com.br/
Fibria Cellulose is a Brazilian company that
produces bleached pulp from renewable
eucalyptus plantations. The company is promoting
the restoration of 40,000 hectares by 2025 in the
states of Bahia, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso do
Sul, Minas Gerais and São Paulo, Brazil. To date,
approximately 12,500 hectares of its land were
covered by forest restoration interventions.
In 2014, The Nature Conservancy (TNC) signed a
technical cooperation agreement with Fibria to
conduct ecological monitoring of the company’s
restoration areas.
In this project, 4.3 thousand hectares scattered in
2,256 former forestry parcels and 1,093 plots have
been monitored by using the standardized
monitoring protocol developed by TNC, Fibria and
the Pact for the Restoration of the Atlantic Forest.
TNC is developing an Android app for data
collection, in accordance with the monitoring
protocol, in order to get rid of the printed
worksheets, reducing costs and improving the
data collection and analyses. The app will be
linked to a platform (Plant a Billion Trees, TNC’s
system for managing the whole process, including
data analyses and adaptive management
Fibria Celulose é uma empresa brasileira que
produz polpa celulósica branqueada a partir de
plantações renováveis de Eucalyptus. A empresa
tem como um de seus objetivos de
sustentabilidade de longo prazo promover a
restauração de 40 mil hectares nos estados da
Bahia, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas
Gerais e São Paulo, até 2025. Até o momento,
cerca de 12,5 mil hectares tiveram algum tipo de
intervenção para a restauração da floresta.
Em 2014, a The Nature Conservancy (TNC) assinou
com a Fibria um acordo de cooperação técnica
para conduzir o monitoramento ecológico das
áreas de restauração da empresa.
Neste projeto foram monitorados 4.363,08
hectares distribuídos em 2.256 talhões e 1093
parcelas por meio da aplicação do protocolo de
monitoramento único desenvolvido por TNC,
FIBRIA e Pacto pela Restauração da Mata
Atlântica.
Associado à coleta de dados em campo, a TNC
está desenvolvendo um aplicativo para Android,
coletor de dados, já baseado no protocolo de
monitoramento, para substituir as planilhas de
44
recommendations outputs, in an automatic
routine.
papel, reduzindo custos e facilitando a coleta e
análise dos dados.
Além disso, o coletor estará integrado a um
sistema (Sistema Plant a Billion Trees da TNC),
onde está sendo também desenvolvido um
módulo monitoramento, no qual será gerenciado
todo o processo, inclusive com análise dos dados e
recomendações de manejo adaptativo de forma
automática.
ESPÍRITO SANTO’S PROGRAM FOR THE
INCREASING OF THE FOREST COVER REFLORESTAR PROGRAM
PROGRAMA CAPIXABA DE AMPLIAÇÃO DA
COBERTURA FLORESTAL –
PROGRAMA REFLORESTAR
Manager: Marcos Franklin Sossai.
Team: Anazélia Magda Tedesco, José Aquino
Machamo Junior, Lucelio Lovatti, Claudia Mello,
Raphael Jorge Costa, Samuel Coura, Juliana
Coura, Sandro Rodrigo Aniceto Souza
Gerente: Marcos Franklin Sossai.
Equipe: Anazélia Magda Tedesco, José Aquino
Machamo Junior, Lucelio Lovatti, Claudia Mello,
Raphael Jorge Costa, Samuel Coura, Juliana Coura,
Sandro Rodrigo Aniceto Souza
Institutions:
Instituições:
General Coordination: Espírito Santo’s
Secretariat for the Environment and Water
Resources (SEMA) and State Agency for the
Environment and Water Resources (IEMA).
Coordenação Geral: Secretaria Estadual de Meio
Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos – SEAMA e Instituto
Estadual de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos –
IEMA.
In partnership with: Incaper, IDAF, AGERH, TNC,
WRI, IUCN, IBIO
Participação: Incaper, IDAF, AGERH, TNC, WRI,
IUCN, IBIO
Location:
Local:
Coordination office: Cariacica, Espírito Santo
Coordenação: Cariacica – ES.
Project area: Espírito Santo State
Atuação: todo o estado.
Website:
www.reflorestar.es.gov.br
This project aims to promote the hydrological
cycle restoration by means of conservation and
forest recovery, generating opportunities and
income for the rural landowner, by adopting the
‘friendly’ use of the soil, in Espírito Santo State.
The project’s main adherence incentive is the
Payment for Ecosystem Services, that may be
granted to the landowner in recognition for the
conservation of the natural vegetation, the
restoration actions, or for the acquisition of
supplies needed for the adoption of new ‘friendly’
land use. The landowners receive technical
support from specialized consultant companies,
who write the technical projects.
The planting and the maintenance are carried out
by the landowners as part of their commitment to
the project. Taking part in this project happens on
a voluntary basis. The participation starts by
submitting an application through a platform
developed exclusively for the Reflorestar project.
The necessary funds for the implementation of the
project usually come from the royalties from oil
and natural gas exploitation, from which 2.5% are
deposited every month in the State Fund for
Water Forest Resources. The funds also come
from donations or from other funding sources.
In addition to the incentives to the forest recovery,
the program also carries out monitoring and law
enforcement in restoration areas that represent
more than 150 thousand hectares in the territory
of Espírito Santo.
45
Tem como objetivo promover a restauração do
ciclo hidrológico por meio da Conservação e
Recuperação Florestal, com geração de
oportunidades e renda para o produtor rural,
através da adoção de práticas de uso amigável dos
solos do estado do Espírito Santo. Possui como
principal ferramenta de estimulo o Pagamento por
Serviços Ambientais – PSA, que pode ser
fornecido ao produtor rural em reconhecimento à
conservação da vegetação nativa existente e/ou
em recuperação e/ou para aquisição dos insumos
necessários ao plantio de novas práticas de uso do
solo. O atendimento ao produtor rural é feito por
meio de empresas de consultoria especializadas
em assistência técnica, que elaboram os projetos
técnicos.
As ações de plantio e manutenção são feitas pelo
produtor rural como contrapartida. A participação
no programa é voluntária e se inicia a partir de
cadastro no sistema desenvolvido exclusivamente
para atender ao Reflorestar.
Os recursos para execução do programa são
proveniente, em sua maioria, de royalties do
petróleo e do gás natural, que são aportados
(2,5%) mensalmente no Fundo Estadual de
Recursos Hídricos e Florestais. Outras fontes como
doações, financiamentos também mantem o
programa.
Além das ações de estímulo à recuperação
florestal, o programa atua ainda com
monitoramento e fiscalização de áreas em
processo de regeneração, que somam atualmente
mais de 150 mil hectares em todo o Estado.
Restoration:
Restauração:
Besides promoting restoration of native forest, the
program may also support plantation initiatives
aiming at environmental and economic gains,
which may include agroforestry, cattle and
forestry consortia, and forest plantations. The
grants may be as high as R$ 8,6 thousand a year.
The program is implemented throughout the state
of Espírito Santo State. One of its goals is to
provide support to a minimum of 1 thousand
landowners per year. The payment is done to the
landowners by means of a donation, and the terms
are established in a formal contract. The amount
of money is calculated taking in account each
technical project, which is also part of the
Além da recuperação da mata nativa, pode apoiar
plantio com práticas que conciliem proteção e
conservação com geração de renda, como sistema
agroflorestais, silvipastoris e florestas para
manejo, com investimentos que podem chegar a
cerca de R$ 8.600,00/ano. Atua em todo o
território do Estado e tem como meta atender
pelo menos 1000 produtores por ano. Os recursos
são repassados ao produtor rural na forma de
doação, por meio de contratos. Os valores são
calculados com base em projeto técnico que
compõe o contrato. De acordo com o contrato, a
utilização incorreta dos recursos fornecidos faz
contract. If a misuse of the funds is observed, the
landowner must return the money to the
government.
The monitoring procedures are carried out once a
year in the restoration areas. Payment for
environmental services to the landowners are
made in installments, only upon completion of
tasks and assessment of goals achieved.
46
com que os mesmos necessitem ser devolvidos ao
estado.
Ações de monitoramento são realizadas
anualmente nas áreas em recuperação, para
verificar andamento dos plantios e para viabilizar
pagamento de parcelas do PSA.
47
9. Reference Materials
Aronson, J. 2011. Sustainability science demands that we define our terms across diverse
disciplines, Landscape Ecol (2011) 26:457–460. DOI 10.1007/s10980-011-9586-2.
Aronson, J.; Alexander, S. 2013. Steering Towards Sustainability Requires More Ecological
Restoration. Natureza & Conservação 11(2):127-137
Calmon, M.; Brancalion, P.H.S.; Paese, A.; Aronson, J.; Castro, P.; Silva, S.C. da; Rodrigues;
R.R. 2011. Emerging Threats and Opportunities for Large-Scale Ecological Restoration in the
Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Restoration Ecology Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 154-158.
Dean, W. 1997. With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.
University of California Press.
Nunes, S. S., Barlow, J., Gardner, T. A., Siqueira, J. V., Sales, M. R. and Souza, C. M. 2015. A
22-year assessment of deforestation and restoration in riparian forests in the eastern Brazilian
Amazon.
Environmental
Conservation,
42
(03),
pp.193–203.
[Online].
Available
at:
doi:10.1017/S0376892914000356.
Nunes, S.; Gardner, T. A.; Barlow, J.; Martins, H.; Salomão, R.; Monteiro, D.; Souza Jr., C.
Compensating for past deforestation: assessing the legal forest surplus and deficit of the state of
Pará, eastern Amazonia. Land Use Policy. In press.
Ribeiro, M.C.; Metzger, J.P.; Martensen, A.C.; Ponzoni, F.J.; Hirota, M.M. 2009. The Brazilian
Atlantic Forest: How much is left, and how is the remaining forest distributed? Implications for
conservation. Biological Conservation 142, pp.1141–1153.
Weisse, M. & Petersen, 2015. Blog Global Forest Watch. September 3rd, 2015.
World Bank Institute. 2010 Rehabilitating a Degraded Watershed: A Case Study from China’s
Loess Plateau.
Yihe Lu, Bojie Fu, Xiaoming Feng, Yuan Zeng, Yu Liu, Ruiying Chang, Ge Sun, Bingfang Wu.
2012. A Policy-Driven Large Scale Ecological Restoration: Quantifying Ecosystem Services
Changes in the Loess Plateau of China. PLoS ONE 7(2): e31782. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031782.
48
Figure 17: Neblina Park on September 20th (top right - Mariana Oliveira/WRI Brasil, 2015); Bioflora project on September 22nd
(top left - Instituto Ecofuturo Suzano and below - Mariana Oliveira/WRI Brasil, 2015)
i
http://www.forestlandscaperestoration.org/topic/bonn-challenge
BRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India,
China and South Africa. {http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS}.
ii

Brazil-China-Guatemala-Indonesia Learning Exchange on

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