(Mobilidade) Descarregar 930,41 KB 07.07.2010 Simpósio Europeu

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Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
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Phenotype
( Normal
but bad genes
Phenotype
( Normal
and good genes
A
PASS
FAIL
C
Diagnostic
Test
True Positive
Diagnosis
(
8GGIF8:?@E>FE<
D<8EJK?8KK?<G?<EFKPG<:CFJ<CP
True Negative
Diagnosis
Phenotype
( Diseased
and bad genes
B
PASS
FAIL
D
False Positive
Diagnosis
Do Not Breed
(Discarded Genes)
(
GI<;@:K@E> K?< ><EFKPG< ?@>? ?<I@K89@C@KP
J8P
False Negative
Diagnosis
(
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(
F= ?<I@K89@C@KP I<GI<J<EK<; 9P K?< JPD9FC
?
Phenotype
( Diseased
but good genes
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GH5H9@9J9@C:8=G95G9=BH<9C::GDF=B;89F=J98:FCAH<5H;9B9DCC@89GD=H9H<969GH9::CFHG5H
G9@97H=CB9;6F998=B;9L79@@9BHHC9L79@@9BH.<9:F9EI9B7MC:8=G95G97CA=B;:FCAH<9;9B9DCC@
K=@@89D9B8CBH<9G9BG=H=J=HMC:H<9H9GHHC89H97H658;9B9G.<=GG9BG=H=J=HM=G8=F97H@MF9@5H98HCH<9
<9F=H56=@=HMC:H<9D<9BCHMD9IG98:CFG7F99B=B;H<9F9:CF9H<9<=;<9FH<9<9F=H56=@=HMC:H<9D<9BCHMD9
5B8H<9ACF97@CG9@M=H=G5GGC7=5H98K=H<H<98=G95G9C:=BH9F9GHH<969HH9FH<9H9GH5B8H<9ACF9
F5D=8H<9;9B9H=77<5B;9
33
#&$2/" !@<KI<JKI@:K<;;F>J?8;8DL:?CFN;8K8=IFDI<C8K@M<J
FE<:8E:8C:LC8K<
=I<HL<E:P8E;J<M<I@KPF=I8;@F>I8G?@:?@G,K?8E
JF:8CC<; T6F998=B; J5@I9GU =FI <8:? @E;@M@;L8C ;F>
G8@I<; 8; C@9=<; C@KK<ID8K<J ::FI;@E>CP @K @J
CK?FL>? K?@J D<K?F; =8:@C@K8K<J DFI< 8::LI8K<
I<:FDD<E;<; KF B<<G
%!GIFE< ;F>J C<8E
J<C<:K@FE ;<:@J@FEJ
@K @J EFK N@;<CP <DGCFP<;
K?<I<9P ;<C8P@E> FI D@K@>8K@E> K?< <OGI<JJ@FE F= 8
9<:8LJ< F= K?< E<<; =FI <OK<EJ@M< I<:FI; B<<G@E>
><E<K@: ;@J<8J< %FN<MI<<
JL:?8JI8;@F>I8G?@:,FIJL9A<:K@M<?@GJ:FI<K?8K
@E=FID8K@FE 1?< 9I<<;E@Q<
@J JF JKIFE>CP @E=CL<E:<; 9P <EM@IFED<EK8C =8:KFIJ
?FN<MJ<C<:K@FE;<:@J@FEJK?8EALJKI<JFIK@E>KFK?<
@E=CL<E:<I8@J<JK?<M8I@8E:<:FDGFE<EK
3"
@EK?<
@E;@M@;L8C;F>]JG?<EFKPG<JL:?8J@KJ?@GJ:FI<
I<C8K@FEJ?@G 89FM<
8E; K?<I<=FI< CFN<IJ K?<
1?<:FDDFEGI8:K@:<F=J<C<:K@E>9I<<;<IJ9PLJ@E>
<JK@D8K<F=?<I@K89@C@KPF=K?<G?<EFKPG<JJ?FNE
FECP K?< @E;@M@;L8C 8E@D8C]J G?<EFKPG< D8B<J
@E#&$2/"
K?<C<8E<II<JKI@:K<;=<;;F>J?8;CFN< F= K?< D8>E@KL;< F= ?<I@K89@C@KP F=
<OGI<JJ@FE F= I8;@F>I8G?@: , ;<JG@K< K?< :CFJ<
LKDFJK@DGFIK8E:<4?P@J?<I@K89@C@KPJF@DGFIK8EK
><E<K@:J@D@C8I@KPKFK?<@IG8@I<;C@KK<ID8K<JK?8KN<I<
@EK?@JI<>8I;<:8LJ<
=FI8HL8EK@K8K@M<KI8@K
K?<
=<; 8; C@9@KLD &E FK?<E<K@: :?8E>< @E K?< E<OK
JLGGI<JJ K?< G?<EFKPG< K?<I<9P D8JB@E> K?<
><E<I8K@FE
X$
=IFDD8K@E>8;F>8E;89@K:?@J
><EFKPG<=FI %!8E;:FE=LJ@E>J<C<:K@FE;<:@J@FEJ
<HL8C KF K?< GIF;L:K F= K?< ?<I@K89@C@KP
?
K@D<J
98J<; FE K?8K G?<EFKPG< 1?< 9<JK J:I<<E@E>
K?<J<C<:K@FEGI<JJLI<K?8K@J8GGC@<;/")1&,+0%&-
G?<EFKPG< @J FE< LE8==<:K<; 9P <EM@IFED<EK8C
9<CFN 0<C<:K@FE GI<JJLI< @J ;<=@E<; 8J K?<
=8:KFIJ
;<M@8K@FEF=K?<G8I<EK8CD<8E
<>?@GC8O@KP
=IFD
K?<GFGLC8K@FED<8E
"%$')#$')!)4FIC;N@;<
K?< GI<;FD@E8EK DF;< F= :?FFJ@E>
9I<<;@E> JKF:B @J KF D8B< J<C<:K@FEJ 98J<; FE K?<
X$? OM>-8I<EKJ M>-FGLC8K@FE
4?<I<
T=B8=J=8I5@ 5B=A5@UG <=D D<9BCHMD9U
JF:8CC<; D8JJ
X$ K?< <OG<:K<; :?8E>< @E 8M<I8>< C@KK<E<I8K@FE
EFK K?< DFJK <==<:K@M< D<8EJ KF J<C<:K 9I<<;@E>
? ?<I@K89@C@KPF=G?<EFKPG<
<>!&FIJL9A<:K@M<?@G
:8E;@;8K<J *FI< I8G@; ><E<K@: :?8E>< :8E 9<
J:FI<
8::FDGC@J?<;@=K?<T<=DD<9BCHMD9GC:F9@5H=J9GU 8I<
M>-8I<EKJ 8M<I8><?@GG?<EFKPG<F=K?<G8I<EKJ
@E:FIGFI8K<; @EKF K?< J<C<:K@FE ;<:@J@FEJ P
M>-FGLC8K@FE 8M<I8><?@GG?<EFKPG<F=K?<GFGLC8K@FE
=IFDN?@:?G8I<EKJN<I<;<I@M<;
1?<I<=FI<
K?<?@>?<IK?<?<I@K89@C@KPF=8JG<:@=@:KI8@K
8E; K?< >I<8K<E<K@: :?8E>< G<E<I8K@FE F= 9I<<;@E> "JK@D8K<J F= ?<I@K89@C@KP
15
89FM< D8B< =<8J@9C< J<C<:K@FE 98J<; FE K?<
Control Fed
@E;@M@;L8C G?<EFKPG< 1?<J< :FE:<GKJ 8GGC@<; KF
10
-<EE%&-;8K88I<@CCLJKI8K<;@EK?<8:KL8CD8K@E>F=
Benefit of Limited Feeding
KNFK@>?K?@GG<;$<ID8EJ?<G?<I;;F>J#&$2/"
5
&EK?@J<O8DGC<
<OKI<D<J<C<:K@FEGI<JJLI<?8J9<<E
Restricted Fed
8GGC@<; 9<:8LJ< K?< J@I< 8E; ;8D 8I< ;I8NE =IFD
0
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Age (Years)
K?<K@>?K<JK=@=K?G<I:<EK@C<F=K?<9I<<;,E<:8EJ<<
K?8K K?< D<8E ?@G C8O@KP F= K?< C@KK<I ;<I@M<; =IFD
K?<J< KNF G8I<EKJ @J #IFD #,/*2) @K @J
GFJJ@9C<KF:8C:LC8K<K?<TF95@=N98<9F=H56=@=HMU F=8EP
0.<9,<4<3(;0=,79,=(3,5*,6-9(+06.9(7/0* 05*65;963-,++6.:(5+9,:;90*;,+
-,+30;;,94(;,:
CAD5F98K=H<7CBHFC@
:98@=HH9FA5H9GF9GHF=7H98:998=B;K5G5GGC7=5H98K=H<F98I798K9=;<H5B8
6C8M7CB8=H=CBG7CF9C:H<98C;G:CF@=:9.<=G9BJ=FCBA9BH5@:57HCFG9FJ98HCGIDDF9GG9LDF9GG=CBC:
F58=C;F5D<=7<=D)=BH<9F9GHF=7H98:98;FCID(CH95HHKCM95FGC:5;9CB@MCB9C:F9GHF=7H98:98
8C;GG<CK98F58=C;F5D<=79J=89B79C:<=D)7CAD5F98HCG=LC:7CBHFC@
:98@=HH9FA5H9G.<9
DFCH97H=J99::97HC:@95B6C8M7CB8=H=CB7CBH=BI98:CFH<9@=:9C:H<9G98C;G,9DFC8I798K=H<
D9FA=GG=CB
34
D<KI@:
=FI<O8DGC<
!&1?<$0!GFGLC8K@FE8M<I8><
!& @J 8E; K?< G8I<EK8C 8M<I8>< !& @J K?<I<=FI<K?<J<C<:K@FEGI<JJLI<8GGC@<;N8J!&
LE@KJ>8@E
K?<8M<I8><!&=FIK?<E@E<GLGG@<JN8J
"$!)- # ((I.;6;26=F@=9.@6.'29.A6<;@56=<3%52;<AF=2A<2;<AF=2
1?<I<=FI< K?< I<8C@Q<; ?<I@K89@C@KP =IFD K?@J
J@E>C<D8K@E>:8E9<=FLE;9PI<8II8E>@E>K<IDJ@E
/")1&,+0%&-
1212 German Shepherd Dogs
0.39
x
? X$M>-8I<EKJ M>-FGLC8K@FE
-CL>>@E>@E;8K8=IFDK?<D8K@E>@E#@>LI<
Avg Parents
x
Avg Pop.
Avg Litter
? P1:
LII<EKCP K?<I< 8I< EF GL9C@J?<; <JK@D8K<J F=
0.27
?<I@K89@C@KP =FI JL9A<:K@M< ,# ?@G J:FI<J =FI K?<
Male
Female
DFJK GFGLC8I 9I<<;J F= ;F>J I<KIFJG<:K@M<
F1:
8E8CPJ@J =IFD K?< ,# J?FN<; ?<I@K89@C@KP @E C<JJ
:FDDFE ;F> 9I<<;J KF 8M<I8>< -?<EFKPG<J
N@K? ?<I@K89@C@KP F= K?@J D8>E@KL;< NFLC; 9<
:FEJ@;<I<; KF 9< CFNCP ?<I@K89C< D<8E@E> K?8K
0.0
0.1
><E<K@::?8E><N@CC9<JCFNFECPG<I:<EKF=K?<
8GGC@<;J<C<:K@FEGI<JJLI<N@CC9<G8JJ<;FE@E<8:?
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Distraction Index
=FI$<ID8EJ?<G?<I;;F>J
0.<9,(3*<3(;0656-D#,(30A,+,90;()030;@E-964(:05.3,4(;05.
.<=G=@@IGHF5H=CBG<CKGH<9F9@5H=J9F9@5H=CBG<=DGC:D5GG=J9<=D@5L=HMC:H<9!9FA5BG<9D<9F88C;
6F9985H@5F;9#H<98C;5B86=H7<*5B8H<9@=HH9F (CH9H<5HH<9A95B@=HH9F#
ACJ985DDFCL=A5H9@MD9F79BHC:H<98=GH5B79:FCAH<9A95BC:H<9!-DCDI@5H=CBHCK5F8H<9
A95BC:H<9D5F9BHG*@I;;=B;H<9G95J9F5;9G=B<=D@5L=HM=BHC,9@5H=CBG<=DM=9@8G5F95@=G98
<9F=H56=@=HMC:5DDFCL=A5H9@M#H=GBCH56@9H<5H5@@B=B9DIDD=9GG<CK98<=D@5L=HM69@CKH<9
5J9F5;9:CFH<96F9985B8H<5H<=D@5L=HM=BG=LC:H<9B=B9DIDD=9G:9@@69@CK5#C:=B8=75H=B;
@=HH@9HCBCGIG79DH=6=@=HMHC$-99H9LH:CF:I@@89G7F=DH=CB
1?< D8>E@KL;< F= J<C<:K@FE GI<JJLI< 8GGC@<; @J K?<
BEFNC<;><F=I<C<M8EKG?<EFKPG<J@EK?<:FEK<OKF=
FK?I<< 1?< 0<<@E> "P<
&E: ?8J
4@K? JL::<JJ=LC 8GGC@:8K@FE F= J<C<:K@FE GI<JJLI<
D8@EK8@E<;8:CFJ<;:FCFEPF=;F>J@EK<E;<;=FILJ<
F==JGI@E>N@K?@E><E<I8K@FEN@CC9<>@EKFCFFBJ@D@C8I
8J;F>>L@;<J=FIK?<9C@E;)<@>?KFE
<K8C@EMFB<;
<> DFI< ;F>J N@CC 9< EFID8C
D<8E@E> K?8K K?<
I@>FIFLJ D8K?<D8K@:8C D<K?F;J K?8K @E:FIGFI8K<;
G?<EFKPG@:8E;><EFKPG@:M8I@8E:<N@CC><KJD8CCI<<JKIL:KLI<
8E;=FLE;K?<?<I@K89@C@KP
%FN<M M8I@8K@FE @E K?< ?@G
F=!&KF9<=FI$<ID8EJ?<G?<I;;F>J8E;
G?<EFKPG< =FI <O8DGC<
@E JL9A<:K@M< J:FI<
K?<I<
=FI )89I8;FI I<KI@<M<IJ *FI< I<:<EK 8E8CPJ<J
D8P :FD< 8 GF@EK
8 JK<8;P JK8K<
8K N?@:? C@KKC<
LEGL9C@J?<; GLK K?< <JK@D8K< F= ?<I@K89@C@KP F= !&
8;;@K@FE8C @E:I<D<EK8C J<C<:K@FE GI<JJLI< :8E 9<
FM<I1?<:FII<JGFE;@E>?<I@K89@C@KP<JK@D8K<J=FI
8GGC@<;9PLJ@E>K?<JL9A<:K@M<J:FI<8J8J<C<:K@FE
JL9A<:K@M<?@GJ:FI<;<K<ID@E<;9P89F8I;:<IK@=@<;
:I@K<I@FE 1?8K @J
@= K?< 8GGC@:8K@FE F= D8O@DLD
M<K<I@E8IP I8;@FCF>@JK N<I< CFN 9I<<;@E> T9L79@@9BHU KF
$<ID8E J?<G?<I; ;F>J 8E; =FI )89I8;FI
T9L79@@9BHU #&$2/"8IIFN
JK@CCGIF;L:<J8==<:K<;
I<KI@<M<IJ1?@JCFN?<I@K89@C@KPF=JL9A<:K@M<?@GJ:FI<
GIF><EP
EFDFI<><E<K@:GIF>I<JJ:8E9<<OG<:K<;
@E$<ID8EJ?<G?<I;;F>J@JJLGGFIK<;9P8I<:<EK
J?FIKF=@E:FIGFI8K@E><JK@D8K<;9I<<;@E>M8CL<J@E
JKL;P=IFD#@EC8E;9P)<GG8E<E9H5@ GGCP@E><JK
D8B@E>J<C<:K@FE;<:@J@FEJ
D<EK@FE<;89FM<
FI9P
)@E<8I 2E9@8J<; -I<;@:K@FE )2- GIF:<;LI<J KF
9I@E>@E>E<N><E<J @EKF K?< 9I<<; =FI <O8DGC< 9P
8E8CPQ<
$<ID8EJ?<G?<I;;F>J=IFD
FLK:IFJJ@E>0L:??8J9<<EK?<<OG<I@<E:<F=1?<
KF K?<J< @EM<JK@>8KFIJ =FLE; K?8K LJ@E>
0<<@E>"P<
&E:8=K<IP<8IJF=J<C<:K@FE8>8@EJK?@G
JL9A<:K@M<?@GJ:FI<8J8J<C<:K@FE:I@K<I@FEFM<IK?@J
;PJGC8J@8 LJ@E> 8 JL9A<:K@M< J:FI@E> J:?<D< J@D@C8I
P<8I K@D< @EK<IM8C =8@C<; KF GIF;L:< ><E<K@:
KF
9LKDFI<JKI@:KK?8E
K?8KF=K?<,#
@DGIFM<D<EK
%<I@K89@C@KPF=8>@M<EG?<EFKPG@:KI8@K@J8GIFG<IKPF=
%<I@K89@C@KP 8E8CPJ<J LJ@E> K?<J< E<NEFJK@: G?<EFKPG< DLJK 9<
?@GJ:I<<E@E>D<K?F;J8GGC@<;KF8CC9I<<;JF=;F>J
:8C:LC8K<; =FI <8:? 9I<<; 8E; <8:? GFGLC8K@FE F=
/<JLCKJK?LJ=8I8I<GIFD@J@E>K?8KK?<?<I@K89@C@KPF=
;F>J E <O8DGC< F= 8 :8C:LC8K@FE F= I<8C@Q<;
K?<-<EE%&-!&N@CC9<:FEJ@;<I89CP?@>?<IK?8EK?<
?<I@K89@C@KPN8J@CCLJKI8K<;@E#&$2/"
?<I@K89@C@KPF=JL9A<:K@M<?@GJ:FI@E>=FI8CC9I<<;JF=
1?< DFJK M8C@; <JK@D8K<J F= ?<I@K89@C@KP F= !& FI
;F>J1?<J<=@E;@E>J?8M<>I<8K:C@E@:8CJ@>E@=@:8E:<
JL9A<:K@M< ?@G J:FI< 8I< ;<I@M<; 9P @E:FIGFI8K@E>
FN@E>KFK?<89LE;8EK<M@;<E:<C@EB@E>?@GC8O@KP8J
><E<I8K@FEF=9I<<;@E>J<</")1&,+0%&-1?<J<
=@>LI<J8I<:FIIF9FI8K<;9PN<CC<O<:LK<;JKL;@<J
F= JL9A<:K@M< ?@G J:FI< ,#KPG< J:FI@E>
N?@:?
P@<C;<;J@D@C8I<JK@D8K<JF=?<I@K89@C@KPF= 8E;
35
D<8JLI<;9P!&N@K?,F=K?<?@G#&$2/"
1F
K?< 8LK?FI]J BEFNC<;>< K?<I< 8I< EF GL9C@J?<;
1.0
<JK@D8K<J F= K?< ?<I@K89@C@KP F= FK?EFJK@: ?@G
0.9
G?<EFKPG<J 8E; EF J@D@C8I :CFJ< :FII<C8K@FEJ N@K?
0.8
J:FI<
K?<!/J:FI<
8E;K?<J:FI<JF=#CL:B@>EFJK@:K<JKJ8J:8E;@;8K<?@GJ:I<<E@E>
D<K?F;J=FIJ<C<:K@E>9I<<;@E>JKF:B
Probability of DJD
;<><E<I8K@M< AF@EK ;@J<8J< !'!
@E:CL;@E> K?< !)0
German Shepherd Dog
N = 677
Golden Retriever
N = 1249
Labrador Retriever
N = 1859
Rottweiler
N = 438
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
*(#(!)$#%'((*')$
" #)##
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
I<<;<IJ :8EEFK @E=CL<E:< K?< D8>E@KL;< F= K?<
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
Distraction Index
?<I@K89@C@KP F= K?< G?<EFKPG<
9LK K?E@KL;<F=8GGC@<;J<C<:K@FEGI<JJLI<
@<K?<
;@==<I<E:<9<KN<<EK?<D<8EF=K?<G8I<EKJ8E;K?<
D<8EF=K?<GFGLC8K@FE8KC8I><J<</")1&,+0%& 1?<I<=FI<
KF K?< <OK<EK K?8K 9I<<;<IJ J<C<:K
0.<9,9,,+:7,*0-0*796)()030;@)(:,+65-69+6.:B465;/:6-(.,(CH9H<9
*FC656=@=HMC:F58=C;F5D<=79J=89B79C:89;9B9F5H=J9>C=BH8=G95G9$5G5:IB7H=CBC:8=GHF57H=CB
=B89L#:CF8C;GRACBH<GC@8C:7CAACB6F998G(CH9H<9GD5H=5@G<=:HHCH<9@9:H:CFH<9
!9FA5B-<9D<9F8C;6F998=B8=75H=B;5B=B7F95G98DFC656=@=HMC:$:CF5BM;=J9B#7CAD5F98HC
H<9H<F99CH<9F6F998G,9DFC8I798K=H<D9FA=GG=CB:FCA-A=H<'5M<9K9H5@$0'
9I<<;@E> :8E;@;8K<J
K?<E<I8K@FE
#FIK?<DFJKI8G@;><E<K@::?8E><
K?<9I<<;<I:8E
;<:@;<KFD8K<FECPK?<K@>?K<JK?@GG<;;F>JN@K?@E
Median or Tighter
Borzoi
K?< 9I<<; K?FJ< N@K? K?< CFN<JK !& 8E; K?<E
:FEK@EL< KF @E9I<<; =FI K@>?K ?@GJ 1?@J 8GGIF8:?
Breed X
Parents
NFLC;D8O@D@Q<K?<;@==<I<E:<9<KN<<EK?<G8I<EK
First Generation
8M<I8>< 8E; GFGLC8K@FE 8M<I8>< @< K?< J<C<:K@FE
GI<JJLI< K?< J<:FE; K<ID FE K?< I@>?K J@;< F=
Future Generation
/")1&,+0%&- NFLC; 9< C8I>< 1?<I< NFLC;
K?<I<=FI< 9< 8 >I<8K< @E <8:?
><E<I8K@FE 8JJLD@E> :FEJK8EK ?<I@K89@C@KP 1?@J
0.0
0.1 0.2
0.3
0.4 0.5 0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Distraction Index
8GGIF8:?
?FN<M8
9I<<;@E> GIF>I8D FE FECP 8 =<N ;F>J
8E;
@E9I<<;@E>FEK?<J<;F>J
NFLC;I<;L:<K?<FM<I8CC
><E<K@: ;@M<IJ@KP @E K?< ><E< GFFC 8E; :FLC;
:FEKI@9LK<KFK?<CFJJF=JFD<;<J@I89C<KI8@KJFIK?<
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;9B9H=77<5B;9HCC77IFF99828=GD@5MG5F5B;95B88=GHF=6IH=CBC:<=D@5L=HMBCHIB@=?9H<9;C@89B
F9HF=9J9F6F998:CF9L5AD@9!9B9H=77<5B;9HCK5F8H=;<H9F<=DG75B699LD97H98=B957<GI6G9EI9BH
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1?< -<EE%&- ;8K898J< I8EBJ <8:? ;F> I<C8K@M< KF
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36
C<8ICP K?< DFI< J<C<:K@FE GI<JJLI<
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Breed Specific Laxity Profiles
<M<EKL8CCP K?< 8M<I8>< F= K?< GFGLC8K@FE N@CC J?@=K
N@K? <8:? ><E<I8K@FE KFN8I; K@>?KCP K@>?K<E@E> K?< D@E@DLD JK8E;8I; =FI
9I<<;@E>P=FCCFN@E>K?<J<K@D<K<JK<;GI@E:@GC<J
LCK@D8K<CP=<N<I;F>JN@CC9<8KI@JB=FI;<M<CFG@E>
n = 58
R. Ridgeback
n = 137
Germ. Shep.
n = 2872
Dalmation
!'! 2E;<IJK8E;89CP
DFI< I8G@; ><E<K@: :?8E><
:FLC; 9< 8:?@<M<; 9P @DGFJ@E> >I<8K <JK@D8K<J F= 9I<<;@E> M8CL<
=IFD@E:FIGFI8K@FEF=K?<G<;@>I<<1?<J<JKI8K<>@<J
n = 66
Lab. Ret.
n = 4319
Rottw.
n = 1021
Gold. Ret.
n = 3501
Am. Bulldog
n = 328
8I< I<:FDD<E;<; =FI K?< 8>>I<JJ@M< 9I<<;KF8:?@<M<K?<DFJKI8G@;?@G@DGIFM<D<EK
P. W. Corg
n = 142
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?FN<M?CP ?<I@K89C<
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Aug. 1998
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Distraction Index
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G9@97H=J96F998=B;=GHCACJ9H<9@5L=HMDFC:=@9GC:H<9@CCG9F"
DFCB96F998GGI7<5G;C@89B
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Consultant Radiologist
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2
4
6
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18
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