anotacia winamdebare wigni warmoadgens saxelmZRvanelos
Transcrição
anotacia winamdebare wigni warmoadgens saxelmZRvanelos
anotacia winamdebare wigni warmoadgens saxelmZRvanelos adamianuri resursebis marTvis Sesaxeb. wignSi ganxilulia adamianuri resursebis marTvis arsi, mniSvneloba da ZiriTadi funqciebi, xazgasmulia adamianuri resursebis dagegmvisa da marTvis ZiriTadi principebi, procedurebi, analizisa da auditis mimarTulebebi; saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia umaRlesi swavlebis studentebisaTvis. adamiani da organizacia adamiani da organizacia adamianis, pirovnebis gansakuTrebuli rolis miuxedavad, kacobriobis progresSi, gansakuTrebiT bolo saukunis warmoudgenel da masStabur miRwevebSi gadamwveti roli ekuTvnis ara calkeul pirovnebebs Tu individebebs, aramed erTi mizniT gaerTianebul adamianTa jgufebs. TviT sveticxoveli mxolod arsakiZes ar auSenebia, xeopsis piramidas 100 aTasi kaci aSenebda. organizaciis farTo da mravalmxrivi gagebisa da ganxorcielebis gareSe verc aleqsandre makedoneli miaRwevda raimes, verc napoleoni, verc daviT aRmaSenebeli da verc Tamar mefe. es Teza, rasakvirvelia, ar exeba iseT geniosebs kulturis sferodan, rogorebic galaktioni, miqelanjelo, beThoveni da msgavsi moRvaweni iyvnen. Tumca isinic gansazRvrul organizaciul garemoSi cxovrobdnen da saqmianobdnen. swored organizaciebia Hharvardisa da kembrijis universitetebi, “simensi” da “jeneral motorsi”, “pentagoni” da “TeTri saxli, “la skala~, braziliis fexburTis nakrebi, saqarTvelos parlamenti, saxelmwifo kancelaria, nebismieri saministro, uwyeba Tu sabavSvo baRi. organizacia Zveli laTinuri sityvaa da raimes mowesrigebas niSnavs. aucilebelia erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvaoT organizaciis ori gageba, kerZod: • organizacia aris erTi miznisa da amocanebis misaRwevad gaerTianebul adamianTa an maTi jgufebis erToblioba, romelic saqmianobas axorcielebs Sromis danawilebisa da kooperirebis, uflebamosilebaTa gadanawilebisa da marTvis ierarqiuli struqturis mowyobis principebis safuZvelze; • organizacia aris raimes sistematizeba, iseTi moqmedebebisa da procesebis erToblioba, romlebic uzrunvelyofen mTelis met-naklebad diferencirebul da avtonomiur nawilebs (komponentebs, elementebs) Soris urTierTobaTa da urTierTqmedebaTa Sidamowesrigebasa da srulyofas. am or ganmartebas Soris mniSvnelovan ganxvavebasTan erTad, aranakleb mniSvnelovani da obieqturi urTierTkavSiri arsebobs. Tu sakiTxs menejmentis (marTvis) ZiriTadi funqciebisa da principebis gaTvaliswinebiT mivudgebiT, meore ganmarteba marTvis erT-erT mniSvnelovan funqcias – organizacias warmoadgens, anu rogor unda vimuSaoT, rogor vakeToT, rogor unda avawyoT saqme, rom mizans mivaRwioT; rac Seexeba pirvel ganmartebas _ erTi mizniT gaerTianebul adamianTa erTobas _ aq ukve marTvis obieqtTan gvaqvs saqme. organizaciis elementebi organizaciis misia sabaziso faseulobebi da strategiuli miznebia, anu imis garkvevaa, Tu ratom Seiqmna organizacia, risken iswafvis, saiT midis da ras unda miaRwios momavalSi. rogorc wesi, organizaciis strategiuli miznebi nawevrdeba strategiul amocanebad, konkretul miznebad da amocanebad, maTi miRwevis programebad da samuSao (operaciul) gegmebad; 3 organizaciis misia, mizani da amocanebi sxadasxva saxisa da specializebis (Sinaarsis) funqciebad SeiZleba daiyos da dajgufdes, rac organizaciis struqturis gansazRvris mniSvnelovani wina piroba xdeba. organizaciis struqtura misi arqiteqtonika, sxvadasxva niSniT gamoyofili specialzebuli funqciebis Semsrulebeli, magram erTmaneTTan (rogorc mTelTan), dakavSirebuli koordinirebuli nawilebia. tradiciulad, organizaciuli struqtura, upirveles yovlisa, im princips gulisxmobs da efuZneba, romelic organizaciis SigniT Sromis danawilebas edeba safuZvlad. organizaciuli struqtura gansazRvravs personalis mier Sesasrulebel funqciaTa Soris Tanafardobas, urTierTdaqvemdebarebas, axdens urTierTobaTa koordinirebas, amyarebs garkveul Sidawesrigs; amis miRweva xdeba Sromis mTliani procesis danawilebiT, specializebuli struqturuli qvedanayofebis SeqmniT, TanamdebobaTa ierarqiiT da a. S. arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis organizaciuli struqturebi, romelTagan yvelas aqvs Tavisi met-naklebi pozitiuri da negatiuri mxareebi. amaTgan yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT Semdegze. funqciuri. es organizaciuli struqturis sakmaod farTod gavrcelebuli formaa. am dros organizaciis struqtura iqmneba qvedanayofebs Soris uflebamosilebaTa da Sesabamis funqciaTa gadanawilebis safuZvelze, anu struqturuli qvedanayofebi organizaciis saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis (funqciebis) mixedviT iqmneba, magaliTad, personalis, finansebis, marketingis, auditisa da kontrolis, sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis qvedanayofebi da sxv. funqciuri organizaciuli struqturis mTavari upiratesobaa Semdegi: specialistTa maRali kompetenturoba, procesebis Rrma analizi, xaziT menejerTa funqciebis erTi nawilisagan ganTavisufleba da sxva; rac Seexeba problemebs, isini ukavSirdeba SedarebiT viwro (mindobil funqciaTa farglebSi) specializebas, organizaciaSi situaciis Secvlisas moqnilobisa da inovaciurobis dabal dones. xazobrivi. mas xSirad uwodeben piramidul, biurokratiul organizaciul struqturasac; esaa ierarqiulad mkacrad organizebuli sturqtura, romelic pasuxismgeblobis zonebis gamoyofasa da erTmmarTvelobas efuZneba. rac metia manZili anu Tanamdebobrivi safexuri xelmZRvanelsa da rigiT Semsrulebels Soris, miT ufro maRalia organizaciis ierarqiulobis done. xazobrivi struqturis mTavari upiratesobaa Semdegi: gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis operatiuloba, urTierTobaTa da kontrolis mkafio sistema, xelmZRvanelTa miTiTebebis Sesrulebisas komunikacia, gansakuTrebiT qvemodan zemoT, SezRudulia momuSaveTa damoukidebloba, isini xSirad inertulebi arian, kontrolis sfero (anu daqvemdebarebulTa raodenoba) SezRudulia da sxva. adaptaciuri. esaa moqnili organizaciuli struqtura, romelic advilad adaptirdeba, advilad egueba cvalebad garemosa da situaciebs, inarCunebs xazobrivi da funqciuri struqturebis efeqtur mxareebs, axdens maT integrirebas; am dros struqturebi iqmneba programebis, amocanebis, prioritetebis, proeqtebis mixedviT, ufro efeqtianad xdeba adamianuri resursebis gamoyeneba, mtkice kavSiri myardeba sxadasxva specialists Soris da sxva. aris organizaciuli struqturis sxva nairsaxeobebic. 4 personalis menejmenti “personalis“ cnebis arsi, personalis marTvis subieqtebi da obietqebi personalis menejmenti aris urTierTdakavSirebuli organizebuli ekonomikuri da socialuri RonisZiebebis sistema organizaciis doneze normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis, samuSao Zalis potencialis ganviTarebisa da efeqtianad gamoyenebis pirobebis SeqmnisaTvis. personalis menejmenti arsebobs uwyveti procesis formiT, romelic mimarTulia muSakebis motivaciis miznobriv cvlilebaze maTgan maqsimaluri ukugebis misaRebad, maSasadame, sawarmos muSaobaSi warmatebuli Sedegebis misaRwevad. Tanamedrove pirobebSi personalTan muSaobis ZiriTadi mizania iseTi pirovnebis formireba, romelsac aqvs didi pasuxismgebloba, koleqtivizmis grZnoba, maRali kvalifikacia, ganviTarebuli aqvs sawarmos mepatronis grZnoba. personalis menejmenti organizaciis specialuri funqcionaluri samsaxurebis da Sesabamisi sawarmoo qvedanayofebis sazogadoebrivi xelmZRvanelebis mravalmxrivi saqminobaa. personalis menejmentSi funqcionaluri midgomiT igulisxmeba yvela is amocana da gadawyvetileba, romlebic dakavSirebulia kadrebis sferoSi muSaobasTan. MmagaliTad, kadrebis SerCeva, maTi gamoyeneba, kvalifikaciis amaRleba, Sromis anazRaureba, samuSaodan daTxova. organizaciuli midgoma. es cneba moicavs yvela pirsa da instruments, romelic pasuxismgebelia kadrebTan muSaobaSi, magaliTad, xelmZRvaneli pirebi, kadrebis ganyofileba, sawarmoo ganyofileba, profkavSirebi. organizaciis personali aris im fizikur pirTa erTianoba, romlebic organizaciasTan, rogorc iuridiul pirTan, imyofebian iseT urTierTobaSi, romelic regulirdeba daqiravebis xelSekrulebiT. aseT urTierTobaSi SeiZleba iyvnen ara marto daqiravebuli muSakebi, aramed agreTve fizikuri pirebi (mesakuTreebi an organizaciis Tanamflobelebi), Tu isini Semosavlis nawilTan erTad iReben Sesabamis anazRaurebas imisaTvis, rom piradi SromiT monawileoben organizaciis saqmianobaSi. yvelaze zogadi saxiT “sawarmos personalis“ cneba moicavs mocemuli sawarmos (organizaciis) daqiravebuli muSakebis erTobliobas, romlebic asruleben sruliad gansazRvrul amocanebs: pirebi, romlebic dasaqmebuli arian individualuri SromiT, agreTve is pirebi, romlebic e.w. saojaxo meurneobaSi arian dakavebuli, Tumca daregistrirebuli arian iuridiuli piris saxiT, magram mainc ar iTvlebian daqiravebul momuSave personalad, imdenad, ramdenadac isini Sromis anazRaurebas iReben im Semosavlidan, romelic rCeba maT gankargulebaSi savaldebulo gadasaxadebis gastumrebis Semdeg. organizaciis personali socialuri sistemis saxiT formirdeba, saxes icvlis da viTardeba organizaciis mflobelis miznebis Sesabamisad. amasTan, miznebi ganisazRvreba mesakuTris interesebiT da igi sawarmos marTvis strategiisa da politikis SemuSavebis safuZvelia. saqarTveloSi yvela muSaki dayofilia Semdegi saklasifikacio niSnebis mixedviT: 5 sawarmoo procesSi Sesrulebuli funqciebis mixedviT personali iyofa eqvs kategoriad: -muSebi (ZiriTadi da damxmare); -inJiner-teqnikuri muSakebi; -mosamsaxureebi; -mcire mosamsaxure personali; -mowafeebi; -dacva; faqtobrivi saqmianobis xasiaTis mixedviT: muSakis ama Tu im kategoriisaTvis mokuTvnebis safuZvelia ara misi ganaTleba, aramed dakavebuli Tanamdeboba; saqmianobis klasifikacias safuZvlad udevs profesionaluri da dargobrivi niSnebis Sexameba; muSebis teqnologiur procesSi monawileobis miRebis mixedviT: produqciis warmoebis TvalsazrisiT muSebi iyofa or jgufad: ZiriTadad da damxmared, xolo inJiner-teqnikuri muSakebi –xelmZRvanelebad, specialistebad da teqnikur Semsruleblebad. muSaobis vadis mixedviT: mudmivi, sezonuri da droebiTi muSakebi. materialuri warmoebis sferos yvela muSaki iyofa or jgufad: a) personali, romelic dasaqmebulia ZiriTad saqmianobaSi (mrewvelobaSi es muSakebi Seadgenen samrewvelo-sawarmoo personals); b) personali, romelic dasaqmebulia araZiriTad saqmianobaSi, anu danarCeni personali; am kategorias ganekuTvneba arasamrewvelo organizaciebis personali, romelic sawarmos struqturaSi Sedis. Tanamedrove korporaciis struqtura amgvaria: -organizaciis TanamSromlebi; -mmarTvelebi (menejerebi); -aqcionerebi; -direqtorTa sabWo, romelsac sruli pasuxismgebloba ekisreba firmis saqmianobaze, agreTve firmis strategiis gansazRvrisas mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze; -firmis funqcionirebaSi dainteresebuli jgufebi an mxareebi. SeiZleba gamovyoT mmarTvelobiTi personalis arsebiTi kategoriebi samamulo organizaciebisaTvis; -sawarmoTa, dawesebulebebis, organizaciebis xelmZRvanelebi da maTi moadgileebi; -sawarmoTa, dawesebulebebis da organizaciebis struqturuli qvedanayofebis xelmZRvanelebi, mTavari specialistebi; -specialistebi, romlebic axorcieleben ekonomikur funqciebs; -warmoebis sainJinro-teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis specialistebi; -mosamsaxureTa Tanamdebobebi (dasaqmebis sferoebi: aRricxva, kontroli, sabuTebis gaformeba, sameurneo momsaxureba). SromiTi potencialis formireba iwyeba personalis ricxovnobisa da koleqtivis profesionalur-kvalifikaciuri struqturis dagegmvis etapze. formirebis warmateba damokidebulia rogorc dagegmvis xarisxze, aseve organizaciis ganlagebis regionul Taviseburebebze. 6 organizaciis personalis raodenobisa da struqturis marTvis procesi aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo dromde TviT cneba “koleqtivis marTva” Cvens mmarTvelobiT praqtikaSi ar arsebobda. marTalia, TiToeuli firmis marTvis sistemas hqonda kadrebisa da koleqtivis socialuri ganviTarebis marTvis funqcionaluri qvesistema, magram, kadrebis marTvis TvalsazrisiT, samuSaos umetes nawils qvedanayofebis xazobrivi xelmZRvanelebi asrulebdnen. sabazro meurneobaze gadasvlisas TandaTan vcildebiT ierarqiul marTvas, administraciuli zemoqmedebis mkacr sistemas; amasTan dakavSirebiT aucilebeli xdeba prioritetebisadmi principulad axali midgomebi. organizaciis SigniT mTavaria momuSaveebi (muSakebi), xolo mis gareT – produqciis momxmareblebi. samewarmeo saqmianobis funqcionirebis prioritetebis Secvla gulisxmobs pasuxismgeblobis Secvlas ara mxolod sawarmos aqcionerebis, aramed sazogadoebis winaSec, rac iwvevs warmoebis funqcionirebis principebis Secvlasac da aisaxeba personalis muSaobazec. qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi naTlad Cans is ZiriTadi niSnebi da principebi, romlebic ganasxvavebs organizaciebis (firmebis) saqmianobas tradiciuli da Tanamedrove principebidan gamomdinare. tradiciuli principebi Tanamedrove principebi 1 2 individualuri eTika, qonebrivi socialuri eTikis ganviTareba ufleba, damoukidebeli adgilobriv sazogadoebaze gadawyvetilebebi dayrdnobiT, koleqtiuri monawileoba da pasuxismgebloba, piradi sargebloba da TiToeulis socialur-kulturuli zemoqmedeba warmateba –sazogadoebrivi pirad keTildReobaze keTildReobis gazrdis winapiroba efeqtianobis danawilebisa gziT amaRleba Sromis SeTanxmebuli sazogadoebrivi da specializaciis moqmedebebis aucilebloba organizacia, rogorc sameurneo erTeuli specialobebis procesis zRvris SegrZneba adamianTa dakmayofilebis poziciidan mogebis maqsimizacia, rogorc erTaderTi mizani organizacia, rogorc socialurekonomikuri sistema universaluri Zalisxmeva xelsayreli da efeqturi ekonomikuri maCveneblebis Mmogeba mTavar mizans warmoadgens, magram izrdeba socialuri miznebis gacnobiereba, mravalmiznobrivi dakmayofileba 7 misaRwevad organizaciis rogorc daxuruli sistemis organizeba; reaqcia mxolod bazarsa da konkurenciul bazarze mTavrobis saqmianobisadmi midgoma mTavrobis poziciidan adamiani cdilobs bunebis gamoyenebas da masze gabatonebas ekonomikuri resursebis gamoyenebis mZlavri kavSiri ekonomikur zrdasTan mecnierebisa da teqnikis ganusazRvreli gamoyeneba, mecnierebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb Tvalsazrisis SemuSaveba, Caurevlobisa da determinizmis poziciebidan gamimdinare Zalisxmeva sargeblianobis, efeqtianobisa da monawileebis dakmayofilebis misaRwevad Oorganizaciis rogorc Ria sistemis organizeba, romelic urTierTqmedebs garemosTan. reaqcia mraval dainteresebul jgufsa da socialur jgufze mTavrobis rolis gageba sazogadoebis miznebTan SesabamisobaSi bunebasTan harmoniaSi cxovreba da masze daqvemdebareba zrdis sazRvrebis Segneba da moqmedebebi ekologiuri mTlianobis SenarCunebisaTvis mecnierebisa da teqnikis zRvris SegrZneba, teqnikis gamoyenebaze kontrolis aucileblobis aRiareba. organizaciebisagan sazogadoebrivi molodinis monacemebi materialuri sazogadoeba moelis faseulobebisa da momsaxurebis organizaciebisagan yuradRebis gamaxvilebas cxovrebis donis warmoebisaken gaumjobesebasTan dakavSirebul problemebze Kkorporaciis miRwevebis gazomva organizaciis Sefaseba mogebisa da socialuri Sedegebis maCveneblebis mixedviT Sidasafirmo marTvis umniSvnelovanes Taviseburebad gadaiqca mTel personalze erTiani da kompleqsuri zemoqmedeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT yalibdeba sakadro muSaobis sistema. calkeuli adamianebis interesebis Sexameba organizaciis interesebTan da mis strategiul miznebTan menejmentis metad mniSvnelovan da urTules amocanad gvesaxeba, romlis warmatebiT gadawyvetaze damokidebulia firmis funqcionirebis efeqtianoba. dawesebulebis organizaciul struqturaSi socialur sistemas Seesabameba zogierTi administraciuli qvedanayofi (jgufi, ganyofileba, departamenti). mniSvnelovania ara daniSvna da masStabebi, aramed TviT faqti msgavsi specializebuli jgugis gamoyofis Sesaxeb adamianuri resursebisa da maTi marTvis Sesaswavlad. ramdenadac organizacia aris socialur-teqnikuri 8 sistema, amdenad SeuZlebelia mxolod erTi elementis muSaobiT mTlianad organizaciaSi kargi Sedegebis miRweva. organizaciaSi arsebuli resursebis (rogorc fizikuris, aseve adamianuris) efeqturi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia uzrunvelyofil iqnes Semdegi RonisZiebebiT: -organizaciuli struqturis srulyofiT, maT Soris marTvis doneebisa da marTvis saSualo donis ricxovnobis SemcirebiT. -gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesis decentralizaciiT SesaZlo dabal donemde. -funqciaTa nawilis gadacemiT SuamavlebisaTvis, mimwodeblebisaTvis, konsultantebisaTvis; -TiToeul samuSao adgilze Sromis Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis gazrdiT; -Sromis procesebis avtomatizaciiT Sromis nayofierebis gazrdiT rogorc warmoebaSi, aseve arasamewarmeo sferoSi; -umaRlesi administraciis raodenobisa da organizaciul struqturebSi dasaqmebuli personalis mniSvnelovani SemcirebiT; -momzadebisa da gadamzadebis programebis investirebiT, TanamSromlebis ostatobisa da rotaciis srulyofiT da sxv. personalis marTvis sistemis ZiriTadi amocanebis ricxvs akuTvneben: -firmisadmi daxmarebas misi miznebis miRwevaSi; -firmis kvalifikaciuri da dainteresebuli muSaxeliT uzrunvelyofas; -personalis ostatobisa da unaris efeqtianad gamoyenebas; -personalis motivaciuri sistemebis srulyofas; -yvela kategoriis muSakebis SromiTi dakmayofilebis donis amaRlebas; -personalis motivaciuri sistemebis srulyofas; -personalis kvalifikaciis amaRlebisa da profesiuli ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebasa da maRal doneze organizebas; -keTilsasurveli moraluri klimatis SenarCunebas; -personalis Sidasaorganizacio moZraobis marTvas muSakebisa da administraciis ormxrivi sargeblianobiT, agreTve sazogadoebis sargeblianobis gaTvaliswinebiT; -karieris dagegmvas samsaxurebrivi winsvliT; -personalis SemoqmedebiT aqtivobaze gavlenas, firmisadmi inovaciuri gegmebis realizaciaSi daxmarebas; -personalis saqmianobis Sefasebis meTodebis srulyofas, mmarTvelobiTi aparatis da sawarmoo personalis atestacias, personalis marTvis yvela TanamSromelTan kavSirs; -cxovrebis maRali donis uzrunvelyofas, rac sasurvels xdis mocemul firmaSi muSaobas. personalis marTvis kvlevisas mTavaria naTeli warmodgena gvqondes “organizaciis personalis” kategoriis sirTuleze. organizaciis saqmianobaSi monawileobas iReben gareSe da Siga ZiriTadi monawileebi, romelTa mTavari interesebi SeiZleba aRweril iqnes Semdegnairad: kapitalis mesakuTreebi warmoadgenen organizaciis mesakuTreebs, romlebsac warmodgenili aqvT TavianTi kapitali (magaliTad, sacalo movaWreebi, aqcionerebi, korporantebi da a.S.) isini dainteresebulni arian, erTi mxriv, organizaciaSi dabandebuli kapitalis SenarCunebiTa da gazrdiT, meore mxriv – angariSebidan mimdinare moxsniT (dividendebis ganawilebiT). Oorive miswarafebis winapirobas organizaciuli mogeba warmoadgens, romelic 9 mocemulia Semosavlebsa da xarjebs Soris sxvaobis saxiT, mesakuTreebi dainteresebulebi arian maRali SemosavlebiT da dabali xarjebiT. mogebis gamoyenebaze arsebobs gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi (Senaxvisa an dividendebad ganawilebis). amis garda, mesakuTreebs ufleba aqvT monawileoba miiRon ganzraxulebaTa formirebasa da maT ganxorcielebaSi. isini amas damoukideblad axorcieleben (mesakuTreTa sawarmos saxiT), an kidev TavianTi uflebis delegirebas daqiravebul menejerebze axdenen. organizaciis menejerebs, rogorc damoukidebel jgufs mniSvneloba aqvT mxolod menejerul organizaciaSi. isini principSi dainteresebulni arian wilobrivi monawileebis interesebis dakmayofilebaSi, romlebic arsebiTad maT cvlian, Tumca msxvil organizaciebSi arsebobs menejerebis _ daqiravebuli muSebis warmomadgenlebis Tanamdebobebi makontrolebel sabWoSi. Aam sawarmoo interesebTan erTad menejerebi SeiZleba sakuTar intersebsac misdevdnen (damoukidebloba, xelisufleba, aRiareba, kariera). personali (TanamSromlebi) mudmivad dainteresebulia Tavisi samuSao adgilis saimedoobiT, SesaZlo maqsimaluri xelfasiTa da socialuri garantiebiT, muSaobis kargi pirobebiT da TanxmobiT, agreTve TavianTi organizaciis maRali prestiJiT. xSirad vlindeba agreTve sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da piradi profesionaluri aRiarebis motivebi. TanamSromlebis interesebs agreTve profkavSirebi da organizaciaSi daqiravebuli muSebis warmomadgenelTa organoebi icaven. kreditorebi (kapitalis garedan dambandeblebi) kerZo bankebi arian, romlebic kreditebs iZlevian. isini daintersebuli arian SemoTavazebuli kapitalis maqsimalurad maRal SefasebaSi (procentebSi), momsaxurebis droul anazRaurebaSi (kerZod, procentisa da kreditis dafarvaSi) da gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevisagan saTanado garantiebSi. msxvili kreditebis gacemisas isini agreTve dainteresebuli arian informaciasa da firmis menejerebze gavlenaSi. aucilebeli masalebis mimwodeblebi zrunaven firmasTan xangrZlivi da xelsayreli kavSirebis dasamyareblad. isini cdiloben miaRwion maqsimalur Semosavlebs, maT mier ganxorcielebul miwodebaze SeTanxmebis xelsayrel pirobebs, TavianTi mxridan minimalur danaxarjebs. klientebs (muSaobis Sedegebis momxmareblebs) surT miiRon maTTvis saWiro da aucilebeli maRali xarisxis nawarmi dabali fasebiT da xelsayrel pirobebSi. isini saqonlis farTo asortimentisa da kargi momsaxurebisaken iswrafvian. saxelmwifo, upirveles yovlisa, zrunavs sabazro meurneobis funqcionirebaze organizaciebTan erTad, maT konkurentunarianobaze saerTaSoriso bazarze, radgan es garemoeba xels uwyobs da ganapirobebs sazogadoebrivi produqtis zrdas, uzrunvelyofs keTildReobas, mosaxleobis momaragebas saqonliTa da samuSao adgilebiT, xels uwyobs sagareo savaWro urTierTobaTa wonasworobas, magram amasTan organizaciebi ganixileba agreTve, rogorc saxelmwifo xarjebis dafinansebis wyaro. isic gaTvaliswinebulia, rom saxelmwifo mudmivad zrunavs fasebis stabilurobasa (inflaciasTan brZola) da socialur mSvidobaze (magaliTad, muSaTa moZraobis ararseboba). sazogadoeba Sedgeba heterogenuli jgufebisagan (magaliTad, sainformacio saSualebebi, partiebi, eklesiebi, kavSirebi da gaerTianebebi, samoqalaqo 10 iniciativebi da sxva). maTi interesi organizaciebTan dakavSirebiT gamoixateba imaSi, rom maT xeli unda Seuwyon jgufur miznebs, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, xeli ar SeuSalon maT. Aamis Sesaxeb drouli informaciis misaRebad, maT unda icodnen yvelaferi korporaciis realuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. sazogadoebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs janmrTelobisa da ekosferos SenarCunebas, amitom resursebis gamoyeneba, yvelaferi is, rac zemoqmedebs garemoze, ganixileba kritikulad, rogorc janmrTelobisaTvis mavne warmoebis produqtebi da saSualebebi. personalis marTva efuZneba Semdeg amosaval debulebebs: 1) personalis dagegmvisa da organizaciis (firmis) ganviTarebis strategiis mWidrod dakavSirebis aucileblobas; 2) personalTan muSaobis danaxarjebis raodenobriv Sefasebas da maT gavlenas warmoebis ekonomikur maCveneblebze; 3) kompensaciebis aucilebeli paketis gansazRvras Sromis bazarze efeqtianad muSaobisaTvis; personalis xelmZRvaneloba, rogorc marTvis funqcia, mowodebulia gaaerTianos, moaxdinos koordinireba yvela danarCeni funqciisa. Ees ki miiRweva personalTan muSaobis principebis realizaciiT, maTi urTierTqmedebiT. personalTan muSaobis principebi Pprincipis dasaxelba a) personalTan muSaobis principebi efeqtianoba principis Sinaarsi saerTo gulisxmobs personalis marTvis sistemis yvelaze efeqtian da ekonomikur organizacias, marTvis sistemaze gaweuli danaxarjebis xvedriTi wilis Semcirebas produqciis erTeulze saerTo xarjebTan mimarTebaSi, warmoebis efeqtianobis amaRlebas. personalis marTvis sistemis srulyofis RonisZiebis gatarebis Semdeg Tu adgili eqneba marTvisTvis saWiro xarjebis gazrdas, maSin isini unda daifaros sawarmoTa saqmianobis efeqtianobiT Pprincipis Sinaarsi principis dasaxeleba b) personalTan organizaciis principebi rotacia muSaobis calkeuli muSakebis droebiTma gamosvlam ar unda Sewyvitos romelime funqciis ganxorcielebis procesi. amisTvis 11 saWiroa personalis marTvis TiToeul muSaks SeeZlos Tanamdebobrivad ufro maRla mdgom muSakTa funqciebis imitireba, dabla mdgomi TanamSromlisa da Tavisi Ddonis erTi-ori muSakis funqciis Sesruleba mmarTvelobiTi orientaciis personalis marTvis funqciis optimaluri Tanamdeboba orientaciis gaswrebis aucileblobas karnaxobs ganviTarebis winswreba im funqciebTan SedarebiT, romlebic mimarTulni arian warmoebis funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofaze. koncentracia specializacia Pparaleluroba Aadaptireba (moqniloba) ganixileba ori mimarTulebiT: rogorc calkeuli qvedanayofebis muSakebis Zalisxmevis koncentracia an personalis marTvis mTeli sistemis Zalisxmeva ZiriTadi amocanebis gadasawyvetad an rogorc msgavsi funqciebis personalis marTvis sistemis erT qvedanayofSi koncentracia, rac aRmofxvris dublirebas. Ppersonalis marTvis sistemaSi Sromis danawileba (gamoiyofa Sroma xelmZRvanelebis, specialistebisa da mosamsaxureebis) xorcieldeba calkeuli qvedanayofebis formirebiT, romlebic specializirebuli iqnebian erTgvarovani funqciebis Sesrulebaze. gulisxmobs calkeuli mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis erTdroul Sesrulebas, rac amaRlebs personalis marTvis operatiulobas. niSnavs personalis marTvis sistemis misadagebas marTvis obieqtis Secvlili miznebisadmi da misi muSaobis pirobebisadmi 12 memkvidreobiToba uwyvetoba principis dasaxeleba gulisxmobs saerTo meTodologiur safuZvels personalis marTvis sistemis srulyofis samuSaoebis Casatareblad gansxvavebul safexurebze da sxvadasxva specialistebis mier. personalis marTvis sistemis muSakebis an qvedanayofebis saqmianobaSi Sesvenebebis gamoricxva, sabuTebis dalagebisaTvis saWiro drois Semcireba, marTvis teqnikur saSualebaTa mocdenis drois Semcireba da a. S. principis Sinaarsi 13 riTmuloba drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi Tanabari moculobis samuSaoTa Sesruleba da personalis marTvis funqciebis ganmeorebis regulireba teqnologiuri erTianoba gasagebi (xelmisawvdomi) terminologia, yvela qvedanayofisa da xelmZRvanelis saqmianoba agebuli unda iyos erTian konstruqciebze (etapebze, fasebze, funqciebze), komfortuloba mmarTvelobaSi kolegialuroba personalis marTvis sistema unda uzrunvelyofdes maqsimalur moxerxebulobas dasabuTebaTa SemoqmedebiTi procesebisaTvis, gamomuSavebisaTvis, adamianis mier gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da realizaciisaTvis. Mmag. damuSavebis gansxvavebuloba, sabuTebis specialuri gaformeba arsebiTi informaciis gamoyofiT (gamocalkevebiT); maTi garegnuli saxe; zedmeti muSaobis (saqmianobis) gamoricxva sabuTebis Sevsebis dros da a.S. profesionali menejerebi erTmaneTTan mWidro kontaqtiTa da kavSir-urTierTobiT muSaoben, erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli arian TanamSromlobisa da kargi urTierTdamokidebulebis survilebiT, riTac qmnian mmarTvelobiT Stats. 14 personalis marTvis principebia: -TiToeuli muSakisaTvis Tavis saqmianobaze pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba; -TiToeulma muSakma unda icodes, Tu piradad vis eqvemdebareba da visgan iRebs miTiTebebs. personalis marTvaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT sami urTierdakavSirebuli midgoma, romelic gamomdinareobs ekonomikuri da saorganizacio Teorebidan. pirveli midgoma dakavSirebulia adamianuri kapitalis formirebasTan. meore midgoma gulisxmobs personalis marTvaSi im faqtorebis gamoyenebas, romlebic axdenen damqiraveblis motivirebas, raTa gare Sromis bazarze moiZios Sesabamisi profilis mqone optimaluri samuSao Zalebi. mesame midgoma dafuZnebulia organizaciisadmi erTgulebis koncefciaze, romelic iwvevs organizaciis (firmis) qcevis modelis Seqmnas personalis marTvis struqtura sakadro Sromis jgufuri marTva, politikis anazRaureba da urTierTdamokidebuleba SemuSaveba da stimulireba koleqtivSi da ganxorcieleba profkavSirebTan damokidebuleba personalis Sromis SerCevisa da anazRaurebis ganawilebis formebi principebi daqiravebisa da Sromis daTxovnis nayofierebis pirobebi amaRlebis gzebi swavleba da Sromis kvalifikaciis anazRaurebis amaRleba wamaxalisebeli sistemebi personalis saqmianobis Sefaseba ___________ personalis marTvis mimarTulebebs, esenia: marTvis socialurfsiqologiuri aspeqtebi dabal doneze muSakebis muSakebis marTvaSi Sromis CarTva (mozidva) motivacia da SemoqmedebiTi iniciativa samuSao brigadebi da Ffirmis maTi funqciebi organizaciuli Kkultura urTierdamokidebuleba koleqtivSi damokidebuleba profkavSirebTan struqtura 15 moicavs personalis marTvis gavlena firmis saqmianobaze da mis organizaciaze ___________ saqmianobis sxvadasxva resursebis dagegmva: momxmareblis adamianuri resursebiT uzrunvelyofa da amisaTvis aucilebeli danaxarjebis gegmis SemuSaveba; personalis SerCeva: yvela Tanamdebobis mixedviT potenciuri kandidatebis rezervis Seqmna; kadrebis gadarCeva: kandidatebis Sefaseba samuSao adgilebze da rezervidan saukeTesoTa SerCeva; xelfasisa da kompensaciebis gansazRvra: xelfasisa da SeRavaTebis struqturis SemuSaveba personalis mozidvis, daqiravebisa da SenarCunebis mizniT; proforientacia da adaptireba: dasaqmebuli muSakebis Seyvana organizaciasa (firmaasa) da mis qvedanayofebSi, muSakebisaTvis ganmarteba da swavleba imisa, Tu ras moelis maTgan organizacia (firma) da rogori Sroma iRebs damsaxurebul Sefasebas; swavleba: personalis swavlebis programebis SemuSaveba, maT mier samuSaos efeqtianad Sesrulebisa da samsaxurebrivi winsvlis mizniT; SromiTi saqmianobis Sefaseba: SromiTi saqmianobis Sefasebis meTodikis SemuSaveba da misi dayvana momuSaveebamde; dawinaureba, daqveiTeba, gadayvana, daTxovna: muSakebis Tanamdebobrivi gadaadgilebis meTodikis SemuSaveba meti an naklebi pasuxismgeblobis SemcvelobiT, muSakebis profesiuli gamocdilebis ganviTareba maTi sxva Tanamdebobebze gadaadgilebis gziT an sxva ubanze gadayvaniT, agreTve daqiravebis xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis proceduris ganxorcielebiT; xelmZRvaneli kadrebis momzadeba, samsaxurebrivi dawinaurebis marTva. Pprogramebis SemuSaveba, romlebic mimarTulia xelmZRvaneli kadrebis unaris ganviTarebisa da Sromis efeqtianobis amaRlebisaken; SromiTi urTierTobebi: koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis dadebasTan dakavSirebuli molaparakebebis warmoeba; dasaqmeba: dasaqmebis Tanabrad uzrunvelyofis programebis SemuSveba. personalis marTvis programebis SemuSaveba iTvaliswinebs: -miznobrivi orientaciisa da saerTo miznebis urTierTkavSiris arsebobas. -SromiTi resusrebis marTvis sferoSi strategiis erToblivad SemuSavebas da dasaqmebis stabilizacias xelmZRvanelobis profkavSirebisa da muSakebis mier. organizaciuli kultura organizacia rTuli meqanizmia, romlis sasicocxlo potencialis safuZvelsac organizaciuli kultura warmoadgens: is, ris gamo adamianebi gaxdnen organizaciis wevrebi; is, Tu rogor aigeba maT Soris urTierToba; organizaciis cxovrebisa da saqmianobis myar normebsa da principebs rogor iziareben isini, ra aris, maTi azriT, kargi da ra _ cudi, da kidev bevri sxva ram iseTi, romelic faseulobebsa da normebs miekuTvneba. organizaciuli kulturis matarebelia adamianebi, magram ukve Camoyalibebuli organizaciuli kulturis mqone organizaciebSi organizaciuli kultura TiTqos gancalkevebulia adamianebisagan da xdeba organizaciis atributi, misi nawili, romelic aqtiur zemoqmedebas axdens 16 organizaciis wevrebze, maTi qcevis modificirebas im normebisa da faseulobebis Sesabamisad, romlebic mis safuZvels Seadgenen. imdenad, ramdenadac kultura umniSvelovanes rols TamaSobs organizaciis cxovrebaSi mas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda eqceodes xelmZRvanelobis mxridan. menejementi ara marto Seesabameba organizaciul kulturas da masze Zlieraa damokidebuli, aramed mas SeuZlia moaxdinos gavlena organizaciuli kulturis formirebasa da ganviTarebaze. amisaTvis menejerebs unda SeeZloT organizaciuli kulturis gaanalizeba da gavlenis moxdena mis formirebasa da sasurveli mimarTulebiT Secvlaze. Tanamedrove literaturaSi sakmaod mravladaa organizaciuli kulturis Sinaarsis cnebis gansazRvra. rogorc mraval sxva organizaciul mmarTvelobiT disciplinas, aseve organizaciuli kulturis koncefciasac ar gaaCnia erTaderTi swori da utyuari ganmarteba. TiToeuli avtori cdilobs es cneba Taviseburad ganmartos. Aamitom amJamad ukve gvaqvs rogorc Zalian viwro, aseve farTo gansazRvra imisa, Tu ras warmoadgens organizaciuli kultura. avtorebis umeteseoba Tanxmdeba imaSi, rom organizaciuli kultura mniSvnelovani varaudebisa da ganzraxvebis rTuli organizaciaa (romlebic xSirad formulirebas ar eqvemdebareba da mtkicebis gareSe miiReba jgufis wevrebis an organizaciis mier). xSirad korporaciuli kultura ganmartebulia rogorc organizaciis wevrebis mier gaTavisebuli filosofia da marTvis ideologia, varaudebi, ganzraxvebi, moraluri faseulobani da normebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs urTierTobebsa da urTierTqmedebebs rogorc organizaciis SigniT, aseve mis farglebs gareT. organizaciuli kultura organizaciaSi vlindeba adamianebs Soris urTierTobebSi. Aamitom sxvadasxva adamianebi an organizaciis sxvadasxva nawilebi cdiloben, rom organizaciis kultura msgavsi terminiT aRweron. miuxedavad organizaciuli kulturis sxvadasxva ganmartebebisa da maTi Sinaarsis aSkara gansxvavebisa, maTSi saerTo momentebic aris. Bbevr ganmartebaSi avtorebi eyrdnobian sabazro varaudebis nimuSebs, romlebsac organizaciis wevrebi icaven TavianT qcevebsa da qmedebebSi. es varaudebi xSirad dakavSirebulia individis mier gare garemos (jgufis, organizaciis, sazogadoebis, msoflios) xedvasTan da misi cvlilebebis maregulireblebTan (buneba, sivrce, dro, samuSao urTierToba da a. S.). xSirad Zneldeba am xedvis formulireba organizaciebTan mimarTebaSi. Rirebulebebi (anu RirebulebiTi orientaciebi), romlebsac SeiZleba icavdes individi, warmoadgens meore saerTo kategorias, romelic avtorebis mier CarTulia organizaciuli kulturis ganmartebaSi. Rirebulebebi orientirs aZlevs individs imis gasarkvevad, Tu rogori qceva SeiZleba CaiTvalos misaRebad an dauSveblad (miuReblad). Aase, zogierT organizaciaSi miCneulia, rom klienti yovelTvis marTalia, amitom dauSvebelia klientis dadanaSauleba organizaciis wevrebis warumatebel muSaobaSi. sxvagan SesaZlebelia yvelaferi sapirispirod iyos. magram rogorc erT, ise meore SemTxvevaSi miRebuli faseuloba exmareba individs imis gagebaSi, Tu rogor unda imoqmedos man konkrentul situaciaSi. da bolos, organizaciuli kulturis Sinaarsis cnebis mesame saerTo atributad miCneulia simbolika, romlis meSveobiTac RirebulebiTi orientaciebi “gadaecemaT” organizaciis wevrebs. Mmraval firmas 17 specialuri, yvelasaTvis gankuTvnili dokumenti aqvs, romelSic isini detalurad aRweren TavianT RirebulebiT orientaciebs. magram am ukanasknelis Sinaarsi da mniSvneloba sruliad gadaecema muSakebs istoriis, legendebisa da miTebis meSveobiT. maT uyvebian Sinaarss, gadascemen, ganumartaven. Sedegad isini individze ufro did gavlenas axdenen, vidre is Rirebulebebi, romlebic Cawerilia organizaciis sareklamo bukletSi. organizaciuli kultura – esaa umniSvnelovanesi varaudebis, ganzraxvebis nakrebi, miRebuli organizaciis wevrebis mier da asaxuli organizaciis mier gacxadebul RirebulebebSi, romlebic adamianebs aZleven maTi qcevisa da moqmedebebis orientirebs. Ees RirebulebiTi orientaciebi gadaecema individebs sulieri da materialuri Sida organizaciuli urTierTobebis simboluri saSualebebiT. mas, vinc cdilobs Rrmad Seicnos organizaciuli kultura, Sexeba aqvs mis meore, zedapirul donesTan. am doneze Seswavlas eqvemdebareba Rirebulebebi, romlebsac iziareben organizaciis wevrebi, imis Sesabamisad, es Rirebulebebi ramdenad aisaxeba simboloebsa da enaSi. Rirebulebebis miReba Segnebul xasiaTs atarebs da damokidebulia adamianebis survilebze. Mmkvlevrebi xSirad izRudebian am doniT, radganac Semdeg doneze TiTqmis dauZleveli sirTuleebi wamoiWreba. mesame, siRrmisuli done moicavs sabazro varaudebsa da ganzraxvebs, romlebic Znelad gasarkvevia da maTSi garkveva TviT organizaciis wevrebsac ki uWirT specialurad am sakiTxebze gonebis daZabvisa da yuradRebis gamaxvilebis gareSe. es faruli da sarwmunod miRebuli varudebi da ganzraxulobani warmarTaven adamianebis qcevas da moqmedebas, exmarebian maT aiTvison da aRiqvan is atributebi, romlebic axasiaTebs organizaciul kulturas. imis Sesabamisad, Tu miTiTebuli doneebidan romeli Seiswavleba, miRebulia organizaciuli kulturebis dayofa subieqturad da obieqturad. subieqturi organizaciuli kultura iqmneba muSakebis mier varaudebisa da ganzraxulebaTa nimuSebis gaziarebis, rwmenisa da molodinisagan, agreTve misi Rirebulebebis organizaciuli garemocvis jgufuri aRqmisagan (miRebisagan), im normebisa da rgolebis miRebisagan, romlebic pirovnebis gareT arseboben. amaSi CairTveba simbolikis rigi elementebi, gansakuTrebiT misi sulieri nawili: organizaciis gmiri, miTebi organizaciisa da misi lideris istoriaze, organizaciuli tabu, ritualebi, urTierTobaTa enisa da lozungebis miReba-aRqma. subieqturi organizaciuli kultura praqtikuli kulturis formirebis anu xelmZRvanelobis stilis SemuSavebis, xelmRvanelebis mier problemaTa gadawyvetis stilis gamomuSavebis, mTlianad maTi qcevis wesebis Camoyalibebis safuZvelia. Ees qmnis gansxvavebas msgavs organizaciul kulturaTa Soris, magaliTad, or kompanias SeuZlia ganacxados klientebis xarisxianad momsaxurebis Sesaxeb. saboloo Sedegi bevrad iqneba damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor iqneba ganxorcielebuli am procesis xelmZRvaneloba. obieqtur organizaciul kulturas Cveulebriv ukavSireben fizikur garemocavas, romelic organizaciaSia Seqmnili: TviT Senoba da misi dizaini, misi ganlagebis adgili, mowyobiloba da aveji, sivrcis feri da moculoba, moxerxebuloba, misaRebi oTaxebi, manqanebis gasaCereblebi da 18 sxv. es yvelaferi ama Tu im xarisxiT asaxavs im faseulobebs, romlebsac misdevs mocemuli organizacia. miuxedavad imisa, rom organizaciuli kulturis orive aspeqti mniSvnelovania, mainc subieqturi aspeqti adamianebsa da organizaciebs Soris. rogorc saerTos, ise gansxvavebaTa Ziebis met saSulebas qmnis. uamravi midgoma arsebobs im gansxvavebuli atributebis gamosayofad, romlebic ama Tu im kulturis daxasiaTebas da identifikacias axdenen, rogorc makro, ise mikrodoneze. Kkonkretuli organizaciuli kultura SegviZlia ganvixiloT aTi maxasiaTeblis safuZvelze: -muSakis mier sakuTari Tavisa da organizaciaSi Tavisi adgilis gacnobiereba – erTni kulturas aRiqvamen rogorc muSakis mier Tavisi Sinagani ganwyobis dafarvas, meoreni mxars uWeren da waaxaliseben maT garegan gamovlenas; calkeul SemTxvevebSi damoukidebloba da Semoqmedeba vlindeba TanamSromlobis saxiT, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi –individualizmis saxiT; -urTierTobis komunikaciuri sistema da metyveleba – zepiri, weriTi, araverbaluri komunikaciis, “satelefono uflebis” da komunikaciis gaxsnilobis gamoyeneba gansxvavebulia jgufebs Soris, jgufidan jgufamde, organizaciidan organizaciamde; Jargoni, abreviatura, Jestikulaciebi saxes icvlis, sxvadasxva organizaciebis dargobrivi, funqcionaluri da teritoriuli kuTvnilebis mixedviT; -garegnuli ieri, tansacmeli da Tavis wardgena samsaxurSi _ uniformaTa da spectansacmlis, saqmiani stilis, kosmetikis , varcxnilobis gansxvavebuloba da mravalsaxeoba adasturebs mravali mikrokulturis arsebobas; -ras da rogor miirTmeven adamianebi, Wamis Cveulebebi da tradiciebi _ muSakebis kvebis organizacia, maT Soris sawarmoSi kvebisTvis gankuTvnili adgilebis arseboba an ararseboba; adamianebi daatareben TavianT sakvebs Tu Sedian kafeebSi dawesebulebebis SigniT an mis gareT; dotacia kvebaze; kvebis perioduloba da xangrZlivoba; sxvadasxva donis muSakebi ikvebebian erTad Tu cal-calke da a. S.; -drois Secnoba, SegrZneba, misdami damokidebuleba da gamoyeneba _ muSakebis sizustis xarisxi da droisadmi damokidebuleba; drois ganrigis dacva; drois monoqronikuli an poliqronikuli gamoyeneba; -adamianebs Soris urTierToba da urTierTdamokidebuleba _ asakisa da sqesis mixedviT, statusisa da xelisuflebis mixedviT, gonierebisa da inteleqtis, gamocdilebisa da codnis, rangis da protokolis, religiisa da moqlaqeobis mixedviT da a. S.; -faseulobebi _ rogorc orientirTa nakrebi imaze, Tu ra aris kargi da ra aris cudi da normebi _ rogorc winadadebaTa da molodinTa nakrebi qcevis gansazRvruli tipis mixedviT –adamianebi ras afaseben TavianT organizaciul cxovrebaSi (Tavis mdgomareobas, titulebs Tu TviT samuSaos da a. S) da rogor xdeba am faseulobaTa SenarCuneba; -rwmena raRacis mimarT da raRacis mimarT damokidebuleba an ganwyoba raRacis mimarT _ rwmena xelmZRvanelobis, warmatebebis, sakuTari Zalebis, urTierTdaxmarebis, eTikuri qcevis, samarTlianobis mimarT da a.S.; kolegebisadmi damokidebuleba, borotebis, Zladobisa da agresiisadmi damokidebuleba da sxv.; religiis gavlena da morali; 19 -muSakebis ganviTarebis procesi da swavleba _ samuSaos moufiqrebeli an Segnebuli Sesruleba; orientiri inteleqtze Tu Zalaze; muSakebis informirebis procedurebi; msjelobebsa da moqmedebebSi logikis primatis aRiareba an uaryofa; abstraqcia da konceptualizacia azrovnebasa da swavlaSi; mizezebis ganmartebisadmi midgoma; -SromiTi eTika da motivireba – samuSaos mimarT damokidebuleba da pasuxismgebloba samuSaos Sesrulebaze; samuSaos danawileba da SenacvlebaCanacvleba; samuSao adgilis sisufTave; samuSaos xarisxi; Cveulebebi samuSos mixedviT; samuSaos Sefaseba da waxaliseba; damokidebuleba “adamiani-manqana”; individualuri an jgufuri muSaoba; samsaxurebrivi dawinaureba. organizaciuli kulturis zemoaRniSnuli maxasiaTeblebi erTad aRebuli asaxaven da Sinaars aZleven organizaciuli kulturis koncefcias. Oorganizaciis wevrebi, iziareben ra rwmenasa da molodinis grZnobas, qmnian TavianT fizikur garemocvas, SeimuSaveben urTierTobis enas, avlenen yvelasaTvis gasageb grZnobebsa da emociebs. Yyovelive es exmareba maT organizaciuli kulturis gagebasa da interpretirebaSi, anu Tavisi mniSvneloba mianiWon movlenebsa da moqmedebebs, gaazrebuli gaxadon TavianTi samuSao garemocva. adamianebisa da jgufebis qceva organizaciis SigniT mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli normebTan, romlebic gamomdinareobs am rwmenis, molodinisa da moqmedebebisagan. organizaciuli kulturis Sinaarsi gavlenas axdens qcevis mimarTulebebze da ganisazRvreba varaudebisa da ganzraxvebis ara martivi dajamebiT, aramed imiT, Tu rogor arian isini dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan da rogor qmnian qcevis gansazRvrul nimuSebs. Aama Tu im kulturis ganmasxvavebeli da damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebaa formirebadi sabaziso varaudebisa da ganzraxvebis garkveuli wesrigi,, rac miuTiTebs imaze, Tu rogori politika da romeli principebi unda Warbobdes winadadebaTa sxvadasxva nakrebs Soris konfliqtis wamoWris SemTxvevaSi. Aase, or organizacias Tanabrad SeuZlia ganacxados muSaobaSi kooperaciisa da Sida konkurenciis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, rogorc erT-erT mniSvnelovan Rirebulebaze. Mmagram, amasTan, erT organizaciaSi kooperacia ufro metad iqneba damokidebuli gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesze, xolo Sida konkurencia – karieris dagegmvaze. Mmeore organizaciaSi aqcenti SeiZleba gakeTdes Sebrunebuli wesiTa da mimarTulebebiT. Aam ori organizaciis kulturaTa Sinaarsi sakmaod gansxavavebuli iqneba, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi varaudebisa da ganzraxulebaTa nakrebi arsebiTad TiTqos erTnairia. zemoT moyvanili kidev erTxel TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs, rom organizaciul kulturaze, rogorc monoliTur fenomenze, laparaki ar gviwevs. Ees mxolod organizaciis erTi kulturaa. Aamis miuxedavad, aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom erT organizaciaSi SesaZlebelia iyos bevri “lokaluri” kultura. maSasadame, arsebobs erTi, mTel organizaciaSi umeteswilad gavrcelebuli da upiratesad miCneuli kultura da misi nawilebis (donis, qvedanayofis, profesionaluri, regionaluri, erovnuli, asakobrivi, sqesobrivi da sxva jgufebis) kultura. Yyvela es gansxvavebuli subkultura SesaZlebelia Tanaarsebobdes erTi saerTo kulturis qveS. organizaciaSi erTi an ramdenime subkultura Tavisi bunebiT SesaZlebelia imyofebodes imave ganzomilebaSi, romelSic aris organizaciaSi dominirebuli kultura, an kidev Seqmnas am organizaciaSi 20 erTgvari meore ganzomileba. pirvel organizaciaSi es iqneba Taviseburi anklavi, romelSic dominirebuli kulturis Rirebulebebisadmi erTguleba, Tavdadeba vlindeba ufro metad, vidre organizaciis sxva nawilSi. Cveulebriv, es xdeba organizaciis centraluri aparatis subkulturis an marTvis organoebis sistemaSi. meore SemTxvevaSi organizaciaSi dominirebuli kulturis ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi am organizaciis romelime jgufis wevris mier miiReba sxva kulturebTan erTad calke nakrebis saxiT. sazogadoebis msgavsad, organizaciaSic SeiZleba arsebobdes mesame tipis subkulturebic, romlebic sakmaod mtkiced uaryofen imas, risi miRwevac organizacias surs mTlianobaSi. organizaciaSi kontrkulturebi maSin iqmneba xolme, rodesac individebi da jgufebi iseT pirobebSi imyofebian, rom SeuZlebelia maTTvis sasurveli an normaluri mdgomareobis uzrunvelyofa. garkveuli azriT, organizaciuli kontrkulturebi warmoadgenen stresis an krizisis periodSi mowodebas daxmarebisaken, anu rodesac mxardaWeris arsebuli sistema iSleba da adamianebi cdiloben organizaciaSi TavianTi cxovrebis kontrolis raime doniT aRdgenas. zogierTi “kontkulturis” jgufi SesaZlebelia sakmaod gavleniani gaxdes msxvilmasStabiani transformaciuli procesebis msvlelobaSi, romlebic dakavSirebulia bunebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebTan, agreTve organizaciis konstruqciisa da xasiaTis cvlilebebTan. aseTi jgufebis TvalsaCino magaliTia Tavis droze yovlisSemZle SromiTi koleqtivis sabWoebi, romlebic amJamad, privatizaciis procesis mimdinareobisas, warmoiqmna sawarmoTa aqciebis sakontrolo paketis mflobelTa jgufebis da sabiujeto organizaciebis samewarmeo qvedanayofebis saxiT. rogorc kargadaa cnobili, garemomcveli sfero mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens organizaciaze, rac, bunebrivia, mis kulturazec aisaxeba. amasTan, rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs, or organizacias, romlebic erT garemosa da garemocvaSi funqcionireben, SesaZlebelia Zlier gansxvavebuli kultura hqondeT. Ees imitom xdeba, rom organizaciis wevrebi TavianTi erToblivi gamocdilebiT sxvadasxvanairad wyveten or umniSvnelovanes problemas. Ppirveli _ esaa gare adaptacia: ra unda gakeTdes organizaciis mier da rogor unda gakeTdes. meore _ esaa Siga integracia: rogor wyveten organizaciis muSakebi TavianT yoveldRiur, organizaciaSi muSaobasa da cxovrebasTan dakavSirebul problemebs. gare adaptaciis da gadarCenis procesi ukavSirdeba organizaciis mier bazarze Tavisi niSis Ziebasa da povnas da mis morgebas mudmivad cvalebad garemosTan. Ees aris organizaciis mier Tavisi miznebis miRwevisa da misi urTierTqmedebis procesi gare samyaros warmomadgenlebTan. Cveulebriv organizacia viTardeba axali wevrebis mozidvis xarjze, romlebic sxva kulturis mqone organizaciebidan modian. Oorganizaciis axal wevrebs, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, organizaciaSi sxva kulturis “virusi” SeaqvT. Semdgom ki kulturebidan romeli damkvidrdeba da gadarCeba, bevradaa damokidebuli maT siZliereze, ramdenadac es siZliere gavlenas axdens ama Tu im qcevis intensivobaze. organizaciis kulturis siZliere sami parametriT ganisazRvreba: -kulturis “sisqe”; -organizaciis wevrebis mier kulturis gaziarebis xarisxi; -kulturis prioritetebis sicxade (garkveuloba). 21 organizaciis kulturis “sisqe” ganisazRvreba im mniSvnelovani varaudebis (ganzraxvaTa) raodenobiT, romlebsac TanamSromlebi iziareben. Kkultura rwmenisa da Rirebulebebis mravali doniT Zlier gavlenas axdens TanamSromelTa qcevebze. zogierT kulturaSi aRiarebuli da gaziarebuli sxvadasxva rwmena da Rirebulebebi mkveTrad ranJirebulia, amasTan, is, rom maT sxvadasxvagvari Rirebuleba aqvT, sulac ar amcirebs TiToeuli maTganis rols. zogierT sxva kulturaSi SedarebiTi prioritetebi da aRiarebul Rirebulebebs Soris kavSirebi mTlianad naTeli ar aris. pirvel SemTxvevaSi miiRweva didi efeqti adamianebis qcevaze gavlenis TvalsazrisiT, ramdenadac maTSi iwyebs formirebas rwmena imisa, Tu romeli Rirebuleba unda Warbobdes interesTa konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi Sromis motivireba da karieris marTva 1. motivirebis arsi da adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebi imisaTvis, rom organizaciam warmatebiT miaRwios Tavis miznebs, sakmarisi araa organizaciuli, teqnikuri, resursuli sakiTxebis gadawyveta da kvalificiuri personalis mozidva; yovelive amasTan erTad aucilebelia Sromis procesis iseTi organizeba, rom yovelma momuSavem Zalisxmeva da daintereseba gamoavlinos dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad. istoria, mecnieruli gamokvlevebi, praqtikuli cxovreba da gamocdileba calsaxad adasturebs, rom adamianma mxolod maSin SeiZleba miaRwios Tavis miznebs da maqsimalurad gamoavlinos Tavisi unar-SesaZleblobebi, roca is saTanadodaa motivirebuli, roca mas saamisod realuri stimuli aqvs. rasakvirvelia, arasworia imis mtkiceba, rom momuSaveTa SromiTi qceva, disciplina da Sromis Sedegebi mxolod maTi motivirebiT ganisazRvreba, magram es odnavadac ar amcirebs adamianTa motivirebis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas. ratom amjobineben xolme adamianebi erT samuSaos meores? ratom reagireben isini sxvadasxvagvarad erTsa da imave stimulze? ratomaa, rom erT SemTxvevaSi Tavdauzogavad, maqsimaluri mobilizebiTa da mondomebiT muSaoben, sxva SemTxvevebSi ki _ zereled da uinteresod? rasakvirvelia, aq mTavaria imis garkveva, Tu ra da ratom iwvevs adamianTa motivirebas da ra unda gakeTdes, rom isini daintersebulni iyvnen, maqsimaluri ZalisxmeviTa da Sedegianad imuSaon. tradiciulad da dResac, arcTu cota xelmZRvaneli fiqrobs, rom adamianTa warmatebuli saqmianobis mTavari da xSirad erTaderTi stimuli materialuri daintereseba, xelfasia. am faqtoris Zalze didi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, gansakuTrebiT dRevandel qarTul sinamdvileSi, iSviaTi rodia SemTxvevebi, roca adamiani didi monodomebiTa da TavdaviwyebiTac muSaobs, Tumca mas ar akmayofilebs xelfasis done; aris iseTi samuSoebic, romlebsac arcerTi adamiani xels ar mohkidebs, rac unda maRali iyos anazRaureba; ase rom, fuli yovelTvis da yvelafers ar wyvets da adamianis motivirebac marto mas ar ukavSirdeba. 22 motivireba adamianis im moTxovnilebebTan dakavSirebuli Sinagani mdgomareobaa, romlebic stimuls aZleven mis moqmedebebs da dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad warmarTaven. adamianis qcevis motivirebis gamartivebuli modeli moTxovnilebebi; motivebi, moqmedebebi, romlebic moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebiskenaa mimarTuli; mizani; moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis Sedegi xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom motivireba uSualod da ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli adamianis moTxovnilebebTan. moTxovnileba aris adamianis mier aRqmuli ukmarisoba imisa, rac mis gareTaa da rac aucilebelia misi normaluri cxovrebisaTvis. rodesac iwyeben muSaobas, adamianebi cdiloben daikmayofilon sxvadasxva moTxovnileba, romelic SeiZleba xSirad saTanadod gacnobierebulic ki ar hqondeT. Tanamedrove literaturaSi arsebobs adamianis moTxovnilebaTa sakmaod bevri, erTmaneTisagn metnaklebad gansxvavebuli klasifikacia, amaTgan erT-erTi yvelaze popularulia maslous mier warmodgenili klasifikacia. adamianTa moTxovnilebebis ierarqia maslous mixedviT pirveladi moTxovnilebebi 1. fiziologiuri 2. usafrTxoebis meoradi moTxovnilebebi 3. aRiareba-pativiscemis 4. socialuri Y 5. TviTgamoxatvis (TviTrealizebis) fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebia: sakvebi, wyali, haeri, tansacmeli, bina da a. S. , anu is moTxovnilebebi, romlebic adamianis, rogorc biologiuri organizmis arsebobas uzrunvelyofen. usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebebia: saimedo samuSao adgili, Semosavlis mudmivi wyaros arseboba, fizikuri da fsiqikuri usafrTxoeba, samedicino daxmareba, sapensio uzrunvelyofa, mSvidoba, xvalindeli dRis imedi da sxv. socialuri moTxovnilebebia: socialuri kontaqtebi, kolegebTan araformaluri urTierTobebi, organizaciis Cveulebriv wevrad gaxdoma, organizaciuli kulturis gaTaviseba da sxv. aRiareba-pativiscemis moTxovnilebebia: momuSaves pativs scemen xelmZRvanelebi, kolegebi, aRiareben mis warmatebul saqmianobas, mondomebasa da profesionalizms, maRalia misi da misi Tanamdebobis prestiJi da avtoriteti saqminobis sxvadasxva sferoSi, maRalia misi statusi (kabineti, aRWurva, momsaxureba da a.S.), mas aqvs Zlaufleba, axdens sakuTari miRwevebis Sefasebas da sxv. 23 TviTgamoxatvis moTxovnilebebia: sakuTari unar-SesaZleblobebis srulyofilad gamovlena da realizeba, SemoqmedebiTi ganviTareba, pirovnuli zrda. rasakvirvelia, moTxovnilebaTa warmodgenili ierarqiidan pirveli ori, e.w. vitaluri, anu sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis, pirveladi moTxovnilebebia; Tu isini araa dakmayofilebuli, Znelia (Tu SeuZlebeli ara) adamians sxva, ufro maRali, meoradi – aRiareba-pativiscemasTan, socialur cxovrebasTan Tu TviTgamoxatvasTan dakavSirebuli _ moTxovnilebebi gauCndes; Tumca gamonaklisebi yovelTvis da yvelgan xdeba da dRevandeli saqarTveloc amis saukeTeso magaliTia: vitaluri (fiziologiuri da usafrTxoebis) moTxovnilebaTa arasakmarisi dakmayofilebis pirobebSic ki saqarTvelos sajaro samsaxurSi cotani rodi arian moxeleebi, romlebic patiosnad, SemoqmedebiTad, didi mondomebiTa da maRali pasuxismgeblobiT asruleben TavianT funqciebs da profesiul kmayofilebasac grZnoben. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, bevr adamians axali samuSaos dawyebisa da axal organizaciaSi samomavlo saqmianobis motivebi, rogorc wesi, detalurad, konkretulad da sistemurad Camoyalibebuli ara aqvs. SeiZleba erTi-ori, misTvis mTavari da prioritetuli motivi hqondes gacnobierebuli, xolo danarCenebi arsebobdes intuiciur, qvecnobier doneze, an sruliad ar iyos Camoyalibebuli da saqmianobis Semdgom etapebze gamoCndes. am TvalsazrisiT, metad mniSvnelovania organizaciis personalis marTvis samsaxuris, rogorc meTodur-makoordinirebeli qvedanayofis, ise gansakuTrebiT xaziT menejerTa roli da funqciebi; am ukanasknelebma da, sazogadod, nebismierma menejerma unda icodes da cdilobdes ukeT gaigos, Tu ra konkretuli motivebi, moTxovnilebebi da interesebi amoZravebs maTze uSualod daqvemdebarebulebs, risken iswrafvian, ras elodebian xval da zeg isini, ra moswonT da ra ar moswonT maT TavianT saqmianobaSi, ra Seuwyobs xels maTi muSaobis efeqtianobis mniSvnelovan zrdas da sxv. socialuri moTxovnilebebi • SeecadeT TanamSromlebs misceT iseTi samuSao, romelic maT sxvebTan urTierTobebis saSualebas miscems; • SeqmeniT erTiani gundis suliskveTeba samuSao adgilebze; • moawyveT daqvemdebarebulebTan perioduli TaTbirebi; • Tu organizacias realur zians ar ayeneben, nu SeecdebiT araformaluri jgufebis daSlas; • SeqmeniT saTanado pirobebi organizaciis gareT organizaciis wevrebis socialuri aqtivobisaTvis. aRiareba-pativiscemis moTxovnilebebi • SesTavazeT daqvemdebarebulebs ufro Sinaarsiani samuSao; • uzrunvelyaviT organizaciis miRweul SedegebTan daqvemdebarebulTa dadebiTi ukukavSiri; • saTanadod SeafaseT da waaxaliseT daqvemdebarebulTa mier miRweuli Sedegebi; 24 • aqtiurad CaabiT daqvemdebarebulebi organizaciis (qvedanayofis miznebis formulirebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi); • moaxdineT daqvemdebarebulebebze damatebiT uflebamosilebaTa delegireba; • izruneT daqvemdebarebulTa karieraze, Tanamdebobriv winsvlaze, waxalisebaze. TviTgamoxatvis (TviTrealizebis) moTxovnilebebi • uzrunvelyaviT daqvemdbarebulTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebisa da SesaZleblobebi, rac maT saSualebas TavianTi potenciali; • mieciT daqvemdebarebulebs rTuli da maTgan srul ukugebas moiTxovs; • Yyovelmxriv waaxaliseT da xeli SemoqmedebiTi unarebis ganviTarebas. swavlebis, gadamzadebis, permanentuli ganviTarebis miscems srulad gamoiyenon mniSvnelovani samuSao, rac SeuwyveT daqvemdebarebulTa metad didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rom momuSaveebi siamayes grZnobdnen organizaciis wevrobiT, organizaciis miznebsa da amocanebs aRiqvamdnen rogorc sakuTars, naTlad xedavdnen TavianT adgilsa da rols maT miRwevaSi, erTmaneTs erwymodes saerTo-organizaciuli da pirovnuli interesebi, aRiarebuli da gaTavisuflebuli iqnes organizaciis strategiuli interesebis primati. imis gamo, rom xSirad naTlad araa Camoyalibebuli momuSaveTa motivaciuri struqtura da konkretuli moTxovnilebebi, am Tavis pirvel danarTSi mocemulia testi, romelic am mxriv daxmarebas gauwevs rogorc momuSaveebs, ise maT uSualo xelmZRvanelebsa da personalis marTvis samsaxuris moxeleebs. Sromis motivirebis ZiriTadi principebi momuSaveTa SromiTi qcevis gagebisa da stimulirebis dasabuTebuli, efeqtiani sistemis Sesaqmnelad didi mniSvneloba aqvs im fsiqologiuri kanonzomierebisa da ZiriTadi principebis codnas, romlebic SromiTi motivirebis safuZvels warmoadgenen; aseTi principebia: • SromiTi qcevis polimotivireba; • motivebis ierarqiuli organizeba; • samarTlianobis principi; • mxardaWeris principi. SromiTi qcevis polimotivireba adamianis saqmianobaze ara erTi, aramed bevri motivi axdens gavlenas; amis gageba SeiZleba daexmaros xelmZRvanels, erTi mxriv, kargad moaxdinos Sromis procesis organizeba, raTa daqvemdebarebulebi didi surviliT, mondomebiTa da efeqtianad muSaobdnen, xolo meore mxriv – Tavidan 25 aicilos motivebis konfliqti, roca sxvadasxva motivi adamianisagan gansxvavebul qcevas, moqmedebasa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebas moiTxovs. MmagaliTad, momuSaves SeiZleba didi survili hqondes xelmZRvanelis yvela davaleba da miTiTeba ukomentarod Seasrulos, magram misma zogierTma kolegam SeiZleba aseTi mondomeba gadaWarbebulad, mliqvnelobad CaTvalos da maTTan urTierToba gaufuWdes, anu adgili aqvs interesTa konfliqts. adamianis qcevaze moqmed motivebs Soris erTgvari urTierTkavSiri arsebobs. Aam motivebs Soris SeiZleba damyardes kompensaciuri urTierTobebi; SedarebiT susti motivi SeiZleba kompensirebuli an gawonasworebuli iqnes sxva motivebiT; amis sakmaod gavrcelebuli magaliTia, roca arcTu saintereso samuSao mimzidveli xdeba maRali xelfasis gamo da piriqiT: Sromis arcTu maRali anazRaureba SeiZleba kompensirebul iqnes imiT, rom samuSao sainteresoa, damoukideblobasa da SemoqmedebiT midgomas moiTxovs. kompensaciuri urTierTobebis bevri magaliTia saqarTvelos sajaro samsaxurSi, kerZod, profesionali da patiosani moxeleebis SemTxvevaSi, roca saarsebo minimumze dabali anazRaureba da socialuri daucveloba met-naklebad kompensirdeba profesiuli Rirsebis grZnobis, patriotizmisa da qveynisaTvis samsaxuris prioritetulobis da sxva pozitiuri motivebiT. motivebis ierarqiuli organizeba SromiTi motivirebis ierarqiuli organizebisas SromiT motivebsa da SromiT qcevas Soris iseTi urTierTobebi igulisxmeba, roca SromiT qcevaze aSkara gavlenas axdens iseTi motivebi, romelTa safuZvelic adamianisaTvis mniSvnelovani moTxovnilebebia; Sesabamisad, maT ufro maRali adgili ukaviaT SromiTi motivirebis ierarqiaSi; rasakvirvelia, individebis mixedviT ama Tu im motivis adgili ierarqiaSi da, Sesabamisad, maTi gavlena SromiT qcevaze SeiZleba icvlebodes; ase magaliTad, erTi adamianisaTvis samuSaos mimarT mis damokidebulebas SeiZleba materialuri motivebi gansazRvravdes, meorisTvis – Zalauflebisadmi ltolva, mesamisTvis – kargi kolegebi da socialuri garemo da a. S. ama Tu im motivis mniSvneloba da misi adgili ierarqiaSi SeiZleba situaciis mixedviTac icvlebodes. magaliTad, iSviaTi rodia SemTxvevebi, roca axal organizaciaSi samuSaos dawyebisas wina planze wamoiwevs iseTi motivebi, romlebic axal garemoSi orientirebas, adaptirebas, kolegebTan piradi kontaqtebis damyarebas ukavSirdeba; magram Semdgom, roca momuSave mTlianad adaptirdeba organizaciaSi, Tavis qvedanayofsa da samuSao adgilze, LSeiZleba gaizardos iseTi motivebis mniSvneloba, romlebic Tanamdebobriv da profesiul winsvlas ukavSirdeba. samarTlianobis principi SromiTi motivireba samuSao situaciis sxvadasxva aspeqtTan adamianis urTierTobebs mikerZoebuls xdis; es garkveulwilad gamoixateba momuSaveebsa da organizacias Soris urTierTobaTa samarTlianobis 26 SefasebaSi. Aadamianebi miiswrafvian organizaciasa da sxva adamianebTan samarTlian urTierTobaTa damyarebisken da cdiloben Secvalon is SromiTi urTierTobebi, romelTac isini arasamarTlianad miiCneven; adamianebs surT, rom maTsa da organizacias Soris samarTliani urTierTobebi damyardes; am wonasworobis nebismieri darRveva, rogorc erTi, ise meore mxaris sasargeblod, warmoSobs daZabulobasa da Sesabamis moqmedebebs. aq aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom samarTlianobis gageba subieqturia. es aris momuSavis azri, SegrZneba Tu warmodgena imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ramdenad samarTlianad afaseben mis SromiT wvlils. is, rac momuSavem Tavisi SromiTi wvlilis arasamarTlian Sefasebad SeiZleba CaTvalos, misma xelmZRvanelma SeiZleba savsebiT samarTlianad miiCnios; magaliTad, momuSave SeiZleba ukmayofilo iyos da usamarTlobad miiCnevdes Tavisi Sromis anazRaurebis (xelfasis) raodenobas, maSin, roca misi xelmZRvaneli SeiZleba piriqiT fiqrobdes, rom momuSave am donis anazRaurebasac ar imsaxurebs. iswrafvis ra organizaciasTan samarTliani urTierTobebis dasamyareblad, momuSavem SeiZleba sxvadasxva tipis Sedarebebi gaakeTos, kerZod: • sakuTar Tavs adarebs organizaciis sxva momuSaveebs; • sakuTar Tavs adarebs sxva organizaciis momuSaveebs; • axdens sistemur-struqturul Sedarebebs; ase magaliTad, Tu organizacia acxadebs, rom is axorcielebs xelfasze danamatebs welTa namsaxurobisaTvis, magram mxedvelobaSi ar iRebs saarsebo minimumisa da inflaciis zrdas, maSin arsebuli da mosalodneli xelfasis doneebs Soris gansxvavebam momuSaveSi ukmayofilebisa da usamarTlobis grZnoba SeiZleba gamoiwvios; • aanalizebs organizaciaSi damkvidrebul praqtikas; magaliTad, Tu Tanamdebobrivi dawinaurebisas organizaciaSi xelfass, rogorc wesi, uzrdian xolme, maSin analogiur SemTxvevaSi Tu momuSaves xelfasi gauzardes, samarTlianobad aRiqvams, xolo Tu ara –samarTlianobis principis darRvevad; • iTvaliswinebs sakuTar gamocdilebas; magaliTad, Tu momuSave, tradiciulad, xelfasze sakmaod mniSvnelovan danamatebs iRebda, bunebrivia, is elodeba ase iqneba momavalSic; • aanalizebs da afasebs, Tu ras warmoadgens igi, ra mniSvneloba aqvs mas organizaciisaTvis, Tavisi codna-gamocdilebiT ra konkretuli wvlili Seaqvs mis saqmianobaSi. bunebrivia, samarTlianobis principis dacva bevrad ioldeba, roca organizaciaSi gamoiyeneba momuSaveTa da maT mier samuSaos Sesrulebis Sefasebis obieqturi meTodebi da mTeli es procesebi gamWvirvaled xorciledeba. mxardaWeris principi ama Tu im situaciiT an movleniT gamowveul adamianis qcevas Tu moqmedebas, rogorc wesi, Tavisi Sedegebi mohyveba xolme. Tu es Sedegebi misTvis pozitiuria, msgavs situaciebSi adamiani cdilobs analogiurad moiqces; xolo Tu Sedegebi negatiuria, arasasurvelia, maSin adamiani 27 cdilobs, rom sxvagvarad moiqces da Tavidan aicilos uaryofiTi Sedegebi; magaliTad, momuSave cdilobs droulad da xarisxianad Seasrulos uSualo xelmZRvanelis davalebebi, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi isjeba xolme – Rebulobs sayvedurs, ar aZleven premias da a.S. maSasadame, mxardaWera SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri an negatiuri. pozitiuri mxardaWera aris stimuli, romelic zrdis sasurveli qcevis albaTobas; magaliTad, skolaSi maRali SefasebebisaTvis mowafe iRebs pozitiur mxardaWeras mSoblebisagan sxvadasxva formiT (Seqeba, mofereba, sasurveli nivTis yidva da sxv.); SromiTi urTierTobebis dros momuSavisaTvis mniSvnelovani pozitiuri mxardaWera SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes miRwevebis uzrunvelsayofad da saqmianobis efeqturobis gasazrdelad. Aaqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom is mxardaWera, romelic erTi momuSavisTvis mniSvnelovani faseulobaa, meorisTvis SeiZleba arafers warmoadgendes; ase magaliTad, momuSaveTa erTi nawilisaTvis SeiZleba mTavari iyos samuSaos mniSvneloba da prestiJi, xolo meore nawilisTvis xelfasi iyos ganmsazRvreli. negatiurma mxardaWeram SeiZleba ara mxolod daamuxruWos adamianis arasasurveli moqmedebebi da qcevebi, aramed stimuli misces warmatebis misaRwev moqmedebebs. aRniSnulidan cxadia, rom didi mniSvneloba aqvs xelmZRvanelis mier mxardaWeris swori strategiis arCevas, raTa miaRwios daqvemdebarebulTa motivirebis maRal donesa da maTi Sromis Sesabamis Sedegebs. samwuxarod, bevri xelmZRvaneli daqvemdebarebulTa motivirebis problemas martivad da primitiulad uyurebs, kerZod, fiqroben amgvarad: “mieci maRali xelfasi da adamiani kargad imuSavebs”; aseTi zerele midgomisas, roca xelmZRvanelma saTanadod ar icis, Tu rogor imoqmedos motivirebaze da Sesabamisad – adamianebze, is SeiZleba bevr sirTules waawydes, kerZod: • momuSavis motivireba da aqtivoba SeiZleba Semcirdes, Tu misi Sedegebi saTanadod ar dafasdeba; • momuSaves SeiZleba hqondes dabali motivireba, Tu mas ukve aqvs am organizaciaSi misi TanamdebobisaTvis maqsimaluri anazRaureba da misi Sromis nayofierebisa da xarisxis Semdgomi amaRleba aRar aisaxeba xelfasis gazrdaze; • Aaris SemTxvevebi, roca momuSave Tavisi SromiTi wvlilis Sesabamis anazRaurebas iRebs, magram es mis motivirebaze gavlenas ar axdens, es naklebad izidavs, radgan mas aTjer da asjer ufro meti sxva Semosavali aqvs; • Tu, momuSavis azriT, misi waxaliseba araa sakmarisi, aseTi waxaliseba ver SeZlebs momuSavis efeqtiani qcevis stimulirebas; • Tu momuSaveebi waxalisebas ar miiCneven samarTlianad, maSin samuSaoTi maTi kmayofileba mcirdeba. ramac SeiZleba SromiTi maCveneblebis gauaresebac gamoiwvios; • daqvemdebarebulTa waxalisebisas xelmZRvanelebi yovelTvis ar iReben mxedvelobaSi maT individualur Taviseburebebs, magaliTad, asaks, mis mier organizaciaSi miRweul statuss, pirovnul Tvisebebs, Sromis mTavar, prioritetul motivebs da a. S. 28 adamianebTan urTierTobis xelovneba personalis marTva warmoudgenelia adamianebTan urTierTobis gareSe; yoveli organizacia, upirvelesad, esaa formaluri da araformaluri urTierTobebi marTvis ierarqiuli safexurebis sxvadasxva donis menejerebs, xelmZRvanelebsa da daqvemdebarebulebs, erTsa da imave, agreTve, sxvadasxva struqturul qvedanayofSi momuSaveTa Soris. Sromis procesSi adamianebs Soris urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT albaT xSirad yvelas gaugonia: “im kacTan ver Sexval, Tu Sexval, ar mogismens”, sxvaze ityvian: “kargad migiRebs, magram saqmes ver gaakeTeb, arafers ar dagiTmobso”, an “Zalian ganaTlebuli da kulturuli kacia da rac SeiZleba argumentirebulad unda elaparako”, “yovelTvis yuradRebiT gismens da Tu daarwmune, aucileblad dageTanxmeba”, “ver gaigeb, ra ainteresebs, ras aqcevs yuradRebas” da a. S. yvelaferi es adamianebs Soris urTierTobebis sferoa da masze mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli konkretuli miznebisa da amocanebis Sesruleba, organizaciaSi socialur-fsiqologiuri klimati, TviT organizaciis imiji da misi saqmianobis efeqtianoba. marTvis procesSi kontaqtebis organizaciuli formebi marTvis procesSi kontaqtebis organizaciuli formebidan, upirvelesad, unda aRiniSnos: krebebi, TaTbirebi, saqmiani Sexvedrebi, satelefono saubrebi, daqvemdebarebulTa samuSao adgilebis Semovla; moaqalaqeTa (kolegebis, daqvemdebarebulTa, momsvlelTa) miReba. krebebisa da TaTbirebis Catareba mizani da amocanebi. saxelmwifo, gansakuTrebiT maRali rangis moxeleTa da, saerTod, nebismieri organizaciis xelmZRvanelTa (SedarebiT naklebad _ TanamSromelTa) samuSao drois mniSvnelovani nawili eTmoba TaTbirebsa da Sexvedrebs. xelmZRvanelma yoveldRe unda moamzados, organizeba gaukeTos an daeswros sxvadasxva TaTbirs. es SeiZleba iyos Sexvedrebi misi qvedanayofis personalTan, imave organizaciis sxva sferos TanamSromlebTan, xelisuflebis sami Stos sxvadasxva uwyebis moxeleebTan, calkeul pirebTan an jgufebTan, romlebic kerZo seqtors, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sxvadasxva organizacias warmoadgenen da a. S. am TaTbirebs praqtikulad sxvadasxva mizani aqvT xolme; es SeiZleba iyos informaciis miiReba, gadacema an gacvla, Sesrulebuli samuSaos Sefaseba, saqmianobis xelaxali dagegmva, axali miznebis dasaxva, sakiTxebis SeTanxmeba da sxv. es mravlaricxovani Sexvedrebi saboloo miznad isaxavs saerTo interesebis mqone jgufis wevrebis gansazRvruli qmedebebisa da mosazrebebis Secvlas an SeTanxmebas, vinaidan saerTo interesebis gareSe Sexvedras azri ar eqneboda. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom TaTbirze arian momwvevi da mowveuli pirebi. TiToeul maTgans SeiZleba hqondes sakuTari sawyisi amocanebi, romlebic mTlianad an nawilobriv SesabamisobaSia TaTbiris mowvevis saerTo amocanebTan. Aam miznebis misaRwevad, damswreni 29 Sexvedrebis ganmavlobaSi inaxaven an erTmaneTs uziareben informacias, msjeloben an ar msjeloben sxvaTa mier miwodebul informaciaze; Sexvedris monawileTa Soris gansxvavebuli tipis urTierTobebi myardeba. Sexvedris bolos zogjer obieqturi Sefaseba eZleva gansxvavebul azrebs, xolo zogjer formdeba SeTanxmebebi. yovel TaTbirze arsebobs mravali saSualeba, romelic exmareba momwvevs amocanis ganxorcielebaSi; maT Soris erT-erTi ZiriTadia gacemuli da miRebuli informacia. Mmis raodenobaze, xarisxze, Sinaarsze, kavSirze, formasa da konteqstze mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli Sexvedris sawyisi miznis miRweva. laparakia ara mxolod gacemuli da miRebuli informaciis Sinaarsze, aramed situaciasa da urTierTqmedebebze, romlebic am informaciidan gamomdinareobs. Zalze mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor viTardeba damswreTa Soris es urTierTqmedebebi, raTa dadgenil droSi Sesruldes is sawyisi amocanebi, romlebmac ganapiroba sxvadasxva pirovnebis yofna garkveul drosa da garkveul adgilas. Aaucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom Sexvedra erToblivi aqtia; imTaviTve arsebobs piri, visac aqvs specifikuri mizani (sakuTari an uwyebrivi) da misi SesrulebisaTvis sWirdeba sxvebi, anu gareSe pirTa monawileoba nebismieri formiT. TaTbiris momwvevs aqvs sakuTari mosazrebebi miznebis, Temis an detalebis dasadgenad. mas ufleba aqvs SearCios monawileebi da siidan amoiRos zogierTi maTgani, miiwvios isini gansazRvrul adgilas, gansazRvrul dros da gansazRvruli vadiT. mas SeuZlia winaswar gaacnos an ar gaacnos monawileebs Sexvedris realuri miznebis detalebi an is, rasac momwvevi elis sxvebis daswrebis Sedegad. Mmiwveulebi eswrebian Sexvedras, maT gacnobierebuli aqvT, rom monawileobas miiReben an ubralod daeswrebian urTierTqmedebis am process, radgan Sexvedris aucileblobas swored es urTierTqmedeba gansazRvravs. saWiroa, rom Sexvedraze dasaswrebad SerCeuli pirebi iziarebdnen da eTanxmebodnen Sexvedris adgils, dros da Sexvedris xasiaTs, miT umetes, roca mowveulebi TaTbiris momwvevis uSualo daqvemdebarebaSi ar arian. es sami maxasiaTebeli sami damatebiTi elementia, romelzedac mniSvnelovnadaa damokideebuli TaTbiris momwvevisa da monawileebis miznebis miRwevis SesaZlebloba. rogorc vxedavT, Sexvedrebs SeiZleba hqondes gansxvavebuli amocanebi da sxvadasxva donis sirTuleebi miznis miRwevisas. swored amitom aucilebelia Sexvedrebis dagegmva da marTva, raTa ukeT iqnes miRweuli organizaciis, koleqtiuri Tu pirovnuli miznebi, xolo TaTbirebsa da Sexvedrebze, rac SeiZleba, naklebi dro daixarjos. TaTbirebisa da Sexvedrebis organizebis zogadi principebi koleqtiuri Sroma da adamianebTan TanamSromloba xelmZRvanelTa yoveldRiuri saqmianobis erT-erTi umTavresi damaxasiaTebeli niSania. marTvis sakiTxebis koleqtiurad gadasawyvetad iqmneba saTaTbiro organoebi: samTavrobo komisiebi, kolegia, xelmZRvanelTa TaTbiri, teqnikur-ekonomikuri sabWoebi, komisiebi, specialistTa da eqspertTa samuSao jgufebi da sxv. 30 TaTbirebi marTvis erT-erTi efeqtiani da yvelaze gavrcelebuli organizaciuli meTodia. isini saSualebas gvaZlevs srulyofilad da umokles droSi movaxdinoT dainteresebul muSakTa didi jgufis erTdrouli informireba, gavecnoT maT azrsa da winadadebebs, gavanawiloT davaleba, vimsjeloT umniSvnelovanes problemebze da, rac mTavaria, miviRoT urTierTSeTanxmebuli gadawyvetileba, movaxdinoT davalebebis koordinireba da TanamSromlobis organizeba. TaTbirebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi unda Catardes, roca isini marTlac aucilebelia sakiTxebis koleqtiurad gadasawyvetad da roca vgrZnobT, rom uSualo urTierToba arsebiTad Seamsubuqebs, daaCqarebs, gaaiafebs samuSaos, aamaRlebs miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa xarisxs da TaTbirs SeuZlia umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebze erTian azramde migviyvanos. drois danaxarjebis struqturis analizi mowmobs, rom maRali rangis xelmZRvanelTa samuSao drois didi nawili, daaxloebiT naxevari, krebebze, TaTbirebze, momsvlelTa miRebasa da saubarze ixarjeba. Aamdenad, Zalze mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor tardeba es TaTbirebi da Sexvedrebi da ra Sedegebs vaRwevT. TaTbirebisa da Sexvedrebis Catarebisas aucilebelia daculi iqnes sxvadasxva moTxovna, kerZod: • saTaTbiro organos unda hqondes Tavisi samuSao gegma , regularulad, sasurvelia erTsa da imave dros ikribebodes, xolo misi Semadgenloba met-naklebad stabiluri unda iyos; • Gganxilvis Sedegebze sagrZnob gavlenas axdens ara mxolod TaTbiris monawileTa kompetencia, aramed maTi raodenobac. praqtika adasturebs, rom roca TaTbirSi 20 kacze meti monawileobs, sakiTxebis ganxilva rTuldeba; • Gganxilvis saboloo Sedegze arsebiT gavlenas axdens isic, Tu rogoraa TaTbiri momzadebuli. misi monawileebi gansaxilvel masalebs daaxloebiT erTi kviriT adre unda iRebdnen, raTa saTanadod moemzadon; vinc kargad moemzadeba, is arwmunebs sxvebs Tavisi argumentebiT da Tavisas SedarebiT advilad aRwevs. zogadi frazebiT, erTi da imaves gameorebiTa Tu gauTavebeli TxovniT veravis davarwmunebT, Zala aqvs mxolod mtkice argumentebs, cifrebs, magaliTebs, analizs, ekonomikur gaangariSebas, teqnikur monacemebs da a. S.; • TaTbirisaTvis momzadebuli masalebi gadatvirTuli ar unda iyos specifikuri terminebiT da frazebiT, gasagebad unda iyos dawerili, raTa saqmis arsSi isinic droulad da kargad gaerkvnen, romlebic SedarebiT naklebad icnoben maT. amasTan, es masalebi unda iyos obieqturi, hqondes zusti “misamarTi”, Seicavdes Sesadarebel monacemebs (sxva analogiur organizaciebis monacemebs qveynis SigniT da gareT, wina wlebis dinamikas), ar unda iyos didi moculobis; • Ddidi mniSvneloba aqvs TaTbiris organizebasa da gaZRolas. TaTbiris xelmZRvanelma TaTbiris momzadebaze ufro meti dro unda daxarjos, vidre TviT TaTbirze. sakiTxebi winaswar safuZvlianad unda iyos momzadebuli, dainteresebul mxareebTan SeTanxmebuli, Tavi unda avaridoT improvizebas TaTbiris msvlelobisas. TaTbiris xelmZRvanelma unda SeZlos sakiTxTa ganxilvis swori taqtikisa da 31 teqnologiis arCeva, sxvadasxva azris mqoneTa Soris wamoWrili konfliqtebis gadaWra da a. S.; • TaTbiris xelmZRvanelma ganxilul sakiTxTa yoveli punqtis mixedviT, romlebic samuSao davalebas exeba, unda gansazRvros pasuxismgebeli piri da Sesrulebis vada; • did TaTbirebze, krebebze, konferenciebze sagangebod momzadebul rezolucias, dadgenilebas an gadawyvetilebas iReben. Cveulebrivi TaTbiris Semdeg, roca es saWiroa, oqms adgenen, sadac aRniSnulia TaTbiris Catarebis dro, adgili, monawileTa Semadgenloba, dRis wesrigi, calkeul sakiTxebze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi, ama Tu im piris gansakuTrebuli azri, roca is ar eTanxmeba miRebul gadawyvetilebas. Ooqmi unda iyos lakoniuri, zusti, naTeli. is unda gaegzavnos TaTbiris monawileebs da yvela sxva dainteresebul pirs. • xelmZRvanelisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs mis mier piradad mopovebul informacias. aseTi uSualo informaciis wyaroebs miekuTvneba momsvlelTa miReba, saubari TanamSromlebTan, samuSao adgilebis Semovla, samsaxurebrivi mivlinebebi. momsvlelTa miRebaze bevri xelmZRvaneli samuSao biujetis 15-20 procents da metsac xarjavs, amitom miRebis saqme kargad unda iyos organizebuli; kerZod, umjobesia, gamoiyos miRebis dReebi da saaTebi, momsvlelebs winaswarve unda vacnoboT, Tu vin da rodis miiRebs maT, Zalze xSirad TiTqmis yvelas pirvel xelmZRvanelTan misvla surs, maSin roca bevri sakiTxi uSualod misma daqvemdebarebulebma unda gadawyviton; am mxriv didi mniSvneloba aqvs xelmZRvanelis kompetenciasa da organizebulobas. magaliTad, CexoslovakaiaSi Catarebuli erT-erTi gamokvlevis mixedviT kargad momzadebulma mdivnebma miRebaze mosulTa 23 procents TviTonve miawodes maTTvis saWiro informacia, sxva muSakebTan gaagzavnes aseve 23 procenti, xolo uSualod xelmZRvanelma mosulTa mxolod 54 procenti miiRo. xelmZRvanelebma didi yuradReba unda dauTmon TanamSromlebTan uSualo, pirad kontaqts; isini periodulad unda xvdebodnen maT, midiodnen ganyofilebeSi, samuSao adgilze, piradad unda darwmundnen, Tu rogor sruldeba davalebebi, ganixilon rogorc momuSaveTa winadadebebi SromiT saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT, ise gancxadebebi, saCivrebi da a.S. operaciuli amocanebi da TaTbirebis tipologia saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi Casatarebeli sxvadasxva tipis TaTbirebis organizebisa da marTvis procesebis gasaadvileblad saWiroa arsebobdes maTi klasifikaciis kriteriumebi. rekomendebulia ori tipologiis gamoyeneba: • operaciul (funqciur) amocanebze damyarebuli tipologia; • monawileTa tipze damyarebuli tipologia. operaciul amocanebze damyarebuli saorientacio tipologia ase SeiZleba warmovidginoT: yvela TaTbirs, Temis, monawileebis, droisa da adgilis garda, aqvs operaciuli tipis specifikuri mizani. qvemoT mocemulia operaciuli 32 miznebis tipologia, romlebic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes TaTbirebis miznebis dasadgenad: • gareSe pirTa informireba; • gareSe pirTagan informaciis miReba; • erTi da imave sakiTxze an Temaze arsebuli informaciis Sedareba; • Tvalsazrisis an/da pirovnuli poziciis garkveva; • Ppoziciebis urTierTgacvla; • winaswari poziciis Secvla, romelic erT an ramdenime damswres aqvs TemasTan dakavSirebiT; • momavali moqmedebebis gansazRvra; • Ppoziciebis SeTanxmeba; • Ggadawyvetilebebis erToblivad miReba; • operaciuli qmedebebis koordinireba. am tipologiis ganxilviT cxadi xdeba, rom arsebobs miznebis mravalferovneba. xSirad TaTbirs aqvs erTi an meti operaciuli xasiaTis amocana, romlebic unda iyos obieqturad warmodgenili momwvevis mier. amasTan, aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom Sexvedraze ara mxolod momwvevma unda wamoayenos erTi an meti operaciuli amocana, aramed mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli, rom TiToeul damswres SeiZleba hqondes sakuTari miznebi da amocanebi ZiriTadi miznis misaRwevad. treningebis sistemis organizeba da marTva treningebis mizani, amocanebi, maTi adgili da roli personalis marTvis sistemaSi Tavdapirvelad TviT cneba “treiningis” Sesaxeb. saxelmZRvanelos avtorebi sTxoven mkiTxvels am sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli terminis xmareba araviTar SemTxvevaSi qarTuli enis upativcemulod ar CaTvalon. aq, Cveni azriT, mTavari isaa rom es inglisuri sityva Zalze tevadia da erTdroulad aRzrdas, swavlebas, momzadeba-gadamzadebas, kvalifikaciis amaRlebasa da wvrTnas niSnavs; xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad dReisaTvis mimdinare arnaxuli samecniero da teqnologiuri progresisa, ramac met-naklebad mTeli msoflio moicva da globalizaciis erT-erT mniSvnelovan xelSemwob faqtorad iqca, adamiani iyo, aris da yovelTvis iqneba am progresis wamomwyebi, ganmaxorcielebeli da ganmaviTarebeli mTavari da Seucvleli faqtori; metic, Tanamderove teqnologiur, sawarmoo, politikur, socialur, menejerul da sxva nebismier procesebSi adamianis faqtoris, mis moqmedebaTa saimedoobis roli ganuzomlad gaizarda. mxolod erTi martivi magaliTi: xeliT Sromis dros, magaliTad, roca adamiani CaquCiT aWedebs lursmans, adamianis Secdomis Sedegi yvelaze meti moRunuli lursmani an gaWeWyil-Calurjebuli TiTi SeiZleba iyos; warmoidgineT (da amis araerTi samwuxaro faqtia cnobili), ra SeiZleba gamoiwvios adamianis Secdomam, roca is atomur reaqtors, xalxiT savse TviTmfrinavs an gems, kosmosur xomalds, damRupveli radiaciisa Tu virusebis gavrcelebis SemzRudvel procesebs marTavs da a. S. 33 moxeleTa treningis sistema sxvadasxva konceptualur midgomasa da princips unda efuZnebodes; maTgan xazi unda gaesvas Semdegs: • moxeleTa treningis sistemis yovelma rgolma da am sistemaSi momuSave yovelma pirma samoqmedo kredod unda gaixados sistemis upirvelesi miznis miRweva _ maRali profesiuli donis, pirovnuli da saqmiani Tvisebebis, Tanamedrove mentalitetisa da qcevis wesebis mqone patiosani moxeleebis aRzrda; • moxeleTa treningis sistemis yvela rgoli erTiani sistemis organul nawils unda warmoadgendes; sistemis erTianobas unda mivaRwioT miznebis, strategiis, moxeleTa treningis meTodologiisa da mTeli am procesis marTvis erTianobiT da, rasakvirvelia, Sesabamis funqciaTa gamxorcieleblis oficializebiTa da institucionalizebiT; • moxeleTa treningis mTeli sistemis da misi calkeuli rgolis funqcionireba unda xdebodes programuli dagegmvisa da marTvis modeliT; • mTeli es sistema unda funqcionirebdes sajarod da unda iyos gamWvirvale; • naTlad unda iyos gamokveTili sistemis Semadgeneli yoveli rgolis funqciebi, miznebi da konkretuli amocanebi; ufleba-movaleobebi, pasuxismgeblobebi; • unda moxdes saerTod moxeleTa treningis, maT Soris zogadi (saerTo) da specialuri treningebis formebis, ZiriTadi sferoebisa da maTi ganmaxorcielebeli ZiriTadi saswavlo dawesebulebebis identificireba; • mizanSewonilia operatiulad Casatarebeli specialuri treningebis organizebisas (risi saWiroebac TviT sajaro dawesebulebaTa specifikidan gamomdinare sakmaod xSiria da permanentulad warmoiqmneba) ZiriTadi aqcenti TviT am dawesebulebaTa Sidainteleqtualur potencialze gakeTdes; • moxeleTa treningi ar SeiZleba akeTebdes kampaniur xasiaTs; yoveli konkretuli moxelis SemTxvevaSi treningis aucilebloba dasabuTebuli unda iyos, radgan muSaobis arasaTanado Sedegebi yovelTvis dabali kvalifikaciis brali rodia; • moxeleTa treningis, rogorc mTeli sistemis, ise misi calkeuli rgolis muSaobis efeqtianoba konkretuli kriteriumebis mixedviT unda Sefasdes; aq didia saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis da maTi qvedanayofebis roli, romlebmac unda Seafason, Tu konkretulad ra misca treningma maT nebismier moxeles da konkretulad rogor gamoixata es maTi Sromis SedegebSi; • moxeleTa treningis meTodologiuri srulyofisa da materialurteqnikuri uzrunvelyofisaTvis mniSvnelovania organizaciebisa da dasavleTis qveynebis teqnikuri daxmareba; amasTan, aucilebelia teqnikuri daxmareba am sferoSi saerTo strategiasa da midgomebs Seesabamebodes da aucileblad moxdes am samuSaoTa koordinireba, miT umetes, roca saqme sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciis proeqts exeba; 34 • aucilebeli da Zalze mniSvnelovania treningiTa da misi konkretuli SedegebiT moxeleTa saTanado motivirebis mofiqrebuli sistemis Seqmnac; • aucilebelia yoveli dawesebulebis biujetSi saTanadod aisaxos treningebis organizebisa da Catarebis xarjebi. treningis saWiroebaTa gansazRvris meToduri midgomebi aqsiomaa, rom yoveli organizaciis mier Tavisi miznebisa da amocanebis ganxorcielebaSi, adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebul sxva faqotrebTan erTad, gadamwyvet rols am miznebisa da amocanebis Semsrulebeli adamianebi, maTi kvlaifikacia, profesionalizmi, gamocdileba TamaSobs. imis miuxedavad, rom dasavleTSi (da ara marto dasavleTis qveynebSi) adamianis faqtors Zalze did yuradRebas aqceven, iqaur literaturaSi mainc SexvdebiT aseT azrs: “bevri menejeri ki ambobs, rom adamianebi maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani resursia, magram es sfero mainc ufro naklebad aqvT xolme ganviTarebuli, vidre, magaliTad, finansebis, warmoebis, materialuri resursebis menejmenti”. qarTul sinamdvileSi, am mxriv, jer mxolod pirveli nabijebi idgmeba, isic ekonomikis ganviTarebis, adamianTa dasaqmebis, motivirebis, anazRaurebis, cxovrebis donis Zalze cud fonze. aRniSnulis miuxedavad, kidev erTxel xazgasmiT unda iTqvas Semdegi: adamianuri resursebis Tanamedrove civilizebul moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad ganviTareba, momuSaveTa, upirvelesad ki saxelmwifo moxeleTa profesionalizmi, gamocdileba, pasuxismgebloba, motivireba da, saerTod, saxelmwifo samsaxurisa da personalis marTvis maRali done saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikur da politikur ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani progresis miRwevis erT-erTi prioriteti, upirvelesi winapirobaa. treningebis nebismieri sistemis efeqtiani funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebeli procedurebidan erT-erTi mniSvnelovani treiningis saWiroebaTa gansazRvraa. moxeleTa treningis periodul aucileoblobas sakmaod bevri obieqturi faqtori ganapirobebs, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia: • konkretul sferoSi (mag. safinanso-sabiujeto, sagadasaxado, sabaJo, komunikaciebis, ganaTlebis da sxv.) Teoriul-meTodologiuri codnisa da praqtikuli midgomebis perioduli srulyofa-ganviTarebis aucilebloba; • Tanamedrove dawinaureba; • axali sakanonmdeblo-normatiuli bazis Seqmna, misi srulyofaganviTareba; • mocemuli Tanamdebobebis Sesabamisi funqciebis gafarToeba, profesiuli kvalifikaciis axali moTxovnebis Camoyalibeba; • samuSaoze axalmiRebulTa adaptirebis aucilebloba; • samuSaos moTxovnebTan moxelis profesiuli kvalifikaciis donis Seusabamoba (mag., uSualo menejeris, saatestacio komisiis SefasebiT); • momuSaveTa Sromis efeqtianobis regularuli Sefaseba, maT Soris, atestirebis gziT, roca irkveva, rom Sromis realuri Sedegebi araa damakmayofilebeli da bevri gamouyenebeli rezervia; 35 • Aadamianuri resursebis ganviTarebis aucilebloba – organizaciis mokle- da grZelvadiani miznebisa da konkretuli amocanebis gadawyveta personalis profesiuli kvalifikaciis donis arsebiT srulyofa-ganviTarebas moiTxovs; • organizaciis efeqtiani saqmianobis xelSemSleli problemebis aRmofxvris aucilebloba, raSic adamianis faqtori mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs; • Sromis organizebis, personalis marTvis axali, Tanamedrove procedurebis danergvis aucilebloba da sxv. samuSaoze axalmiRebuli personalisTvis treningis saWiroebaTa gansazRvra SedarebiT advilad xdeba. erTi mxriv, cnobili, Camoyalibebuli da SeTanxmebulia (unda iyos) yoveli samuSaos aRwera, anu ra konkretuli funqciebis Sesrulebas gulisxmobs esa Tu is Tanamdeboba, xolo, meore mxriv, Tu ra profesiuli kvalifikaciis moTxovnebs uyenebs es samuSao mis Semsrulebels; momuSavis samuSaoze misaReb konkursSi unda gairkves, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba momuSavis profesiuli kvalificiis done da Sesabamisi unar-SesaZleblobebi Sesasrulebeli samuSaos moTxovnebs; swored maT Soris gansxvavebaa is sfero, romelSic saWiroa axalmiRebuli momuSavis treiningi-momzadeba, gadamzadeba Tu kvalifikaciis amaRleba treningebis sistemis organizeba nebismier saxelmwifo (da ara mxolod saxelmwifo) uwyebaSi treningebis efeqtiani sistemis organizebisa da marTvisaTvis, dRevandeli realuri viTarebidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia Seiqmnas: • meTodologiuri baza da Sesabamisi strategia; • organizaciuli baza; • aucilebeli resursebis baza; • treningebis sistemis marTvis efeqtiani meqanizmi; • Sesabamisi normatiuli baza. maSasadame, zemoaRniSnuli treningebis sistemis Seqmna, upirveles yovlisa, saTanado strategiisa da Sesabamisi meTodologiuri bazis, anu meTodologiuri winamZRvrebis, safuZvlebis SemuSavebas gulisxmobs. treningebis sistemis Seqmnisa da funqcionirebis strategia, upirveles yovlisa, treningebis sistemis ZiriTadi miznebisa da amocanebis miRwevis procesis saTanado kvalifikaciis, gamocdilebis, ganaTlebis, mentalitetis, qcevis wesebis, pasuxismgeblobis grZnobisa da sxva aucilebel moTxovnaTa Sesabamisi adamianuri resursebiT uzrunvelyofa da adamianuri kapitalis permanentuli srulyofa-ganviTarebaa. treningebis strategia maSin iqneba swori da efeqtiani, Tu is, upirvelesad, konkretul uwyebaSi treningebis sistemis Seqmnisa da funqcionirebis swor meTodologiur principebsa da midgomebs daefuZneba. maTgan aRsaniSnavia Semdegi: • Aaucilebelia SemuSavdes mocemul uwyebasa da mis struqturul qvedanayofebSi moxeleTa treningis saWiroebis (aucileblobis) 36 gansazRvris meTodika da konkretulad ganisazRvros, Tu vis, ratom, ra formiT, ra sakiTxebSi da a. S. sWirdeba treningi; • gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces treningebis sferoebsa da Tematikas, risi safuZvelic dawesebulebis struqturuli qvedanayofebis mier moxeleTa treningis saWiroebis Sesaxeb personalis marTvis samsaxurisTvis, an saswavlo centrisTvis mowodebuli konkretuli informacia unda iyos. arsebuli realuri viTarebidan gamomdinare, treningebi or ZiriTad sferos unda Seexos: saerTo (zogad) da specialur sakiTxebs; Sesabamisad unda moxdes treningebis Tematikis SeTanxmeba da specifikacia. magaliTad, saerTo, zogadi treningi SeiZleba Seexos iseT sferoebs, rogoricaa: saerTo menejmenti, personalis menejmenti, saxelmwifos marTvisa da sajaro samsaxuris sakanonmdeblo-normatiuli baza, adamianebTan urTierTobis xelovneba, administrirebis procedurebis racionalizeba, ucxo enebisa da kompiuterTan muSaobis Seswavla da sxv. • saWiroa realuri amocanebidan, viTarebidan da SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare ganisazRvros moxeleTa treningis prioritetuli formebi, magaliTad, gansazRvrul periodSi romel formebze gakeTdeba aqcenti: centralizebulze, decentralizebulze, Sereulze, rangirebul treningze moxeleTa rangirebis gaTvaliswinebiT da a. S. • saTanado yuradReba unda mieqces samuSaodan mowyvetiT da uSualod samuSao adgilze swavlebis konkretul meTodebs, rogoricaa: leqciebi, seminarebi, specialuri kursebi, saqmiani TamaSebi, gunduri muSaoba, distanciuri swavleba, TviTganviTareba (individualuri swavleba) da sxva. • treningebis organizebulad da efeqtianad Casatareblad aucilebelia yoveli konkretuli treningisTvis Sedges saswavlo programa da SeTanxmdes organizaciis xelmZRvanelobasTan; aq gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos rogorc treningis uSualod Camtareblis (“treneris”), ise konkretuli sferos uSualo xelmZRvanelis, sakonkurso-saatestacio komisiisa da treninggasavlel moxeleTa azri; • aucilebelia realuri viTarebidan da treningis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare SemuSavdes treningis Sedegebis efeqtianobis Sefasebis meTodika; aq saWiroa gaTvaliswinebul iqnes iseTi midgomebi, rogoricaa: treningis efeqtianobis uSualo menejeris mier Sefaseba, Sromis konkretuli Sedegebis Sedareba treningis gavlamde da mis Semdeg, pasuxismgeblobis done, Tanamdebobrivi dawinaureba, sakonkursosaatestacio komisiis Sefaseba, profesiul-kvalifikaciuri winsvlis vizualuri Sefaseba (muSaobs kompiuterTan, flobs enas da a. S.), saatestacio komisiis Sefaseba da sxv.; • rasakvirvelia, treningis yoveli ciklisaTvis unda ganisazRvros misi xangrZlivoba – ramdeni saaTi, kvira an Tve dasWirdeba treningis srulyofil realizebas; amasTan, unda gadawydes da mogvardes mTeli rigi organizaciuli sakiTxebi, romlebic dawvrilebiT qvemoTaa ganxiluli. • treningebis sistemis organizaciuli uzrunvelyofa meTodologiuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetis Semdeg aucilebelia TandaTan identificirebul da gadawyvetil iqnes treningebis Catarebis organizaciuli sakiTxebi, romlebic treningebis sistemis efeqtiani funqcionirebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani winapirobaa. Aam sakiTxebidan aRsaniSnavia Semdegi: 37 • treningebis organizaciuli uzrunvelyofis makoordinirebel funqciebs dawesebulebis marTvis samsaxuri da saswavlo centri unda axorcielebdnen; • saswavlo centrma unda moamzados, organizaciis xelmZRvanelobasTan SeaTanxmos da departamentebisa da sxva damoukidebeli struqturuli qvedanayofebis xelmZRvanelebs daurigos treningebis dagegmvis, organizebisa da marTvis kiTxvari. maT personalis marTvis samsaxurs saTanado formiT unda warudginon Sesabamisi informacia TavianT personificirebul moxeleTa trenigis konkretul saWiroebaTa Sesaxeb; am informaciis safuZvelze unda Sedges, resursebiT da organizaciulad uzrunvelyofil iqnes da SeTanxmdes organizaciaSi moxeleTa treningebis programa da operaciuli gegma • treningebis sistemis organizaciuli uzrunvelyofis etapze saTanado yuradReba unda mieqces treningebis damkveTTa identificirebasac, anu visgan modis iniciativa, vin da ramdenad safuZvlianad gansazRvravs, Tu vis raSi da ra formiT sWirdeba treningi; aseTi damkveTebi SeiZleba iyvnen: organizaciis xelmZRvaneloba, moxelis uSualo xelmZRvaneli, am ukanasknelis ufrosi (magaliTad, departamentis ufrosi), saerTaSoriso organizaciebis proeqtebis ganmaxorcieleblebi da individualuri moxele; • calke aqcenti unda gakeTdes TviTganviTareba-TviTganaTlebaze, roca moxele pirovnulad, xelmZRvanelobasTan formaluri SeTanxmebis gareSe, sakuTari surviliTa da resursebiT imaRlebs kvalifikacias. TviTganviTarebis forma, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda moxeleebSi (upirvelesad kompiuteris, enebis, aseve, specialuri disciplinebis Seswavla), Cveni azriT, sakmaod farTod gavrcelda, maT Soris sazRvargareT treningisa da swavlebis formiTac; am procesebs ara mxolod unda mivesalmoT, aramed nebismierma dawesebulebam saTanadod unda aRricxos, sistematizeba da analizi moaxdinos da garkveuli formebiT xelic Seuwyos am process, Tundac konkursebisa da atestirebis dros, anazRaurebuli an uxelfaso Svebulebebis micemiT da a. S. • calke gansjis, mxardaWerisa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis sagnad unda iqces saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da sazRvargareTis qveynebis mxardaWeriT dasavleTis qveynebSi moxeleTa treningis SesaZleblobaTa analizi, treningebis efeqtiani programebis SemuSaveba, am procesebis koordinireba da saTanado rekomendaciebis momzadeba; • realuri viTarebidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia dawesebulebis xelmZRvanelobam aqcenti gaakeTos, upirvelesad, treningebis ZiriTad instituciur rgolebze, moaxdinos maTi identificireba, meTodurpraqtikul-organizaciul sakiTxebze da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba; aseT rgolebad unda miviCnioT: 1. upirvelesad da umTavresad uSualod dawesebuleba, misi saswavlo centri (Tu aqvs) da dawesebulebis Sidapotenciali rogorc wesi, specialuri da operatiuli treningebis sferoSi. Cveni azriT, es sakiTxi sagangebo Seswavlasa da operatiul moqmedebas moiTxovs; 2. saqarTvelos wamyvani umaRlesi saswavleblebi da saswavlo centrebi maTi unar-SesaZleblobebis, swavlebis Tanamedrove meTodebisa da gamocdilebis zedmiwevniT gacnobis Semdeg-ZiriTadad, saerTo, zogadi treningebis sferoSi. A 38 adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategia da politika A adamianuri resursebis marTva rogorc strategiuli funqcia nebismieri organizaciis personalis marTvisas yvelas da gansakuTrebiT xelmZRavnelebs aucileblad unda axsovdeT, rom es ara mxolod da ara imdenad teqnologiebi, procedurebi, dokumentebi da reglamentia, ramdenadac xelovneba. adamianebis marTva, miT umetes, roca isini moxeleebi arian, SeuZlebelia ganxorcildes standartuli meTodebiT, receptebiT, rom esa Tu is saqme “mxolod ase unda gakeTdes”; Sesabamisad, ar SeiZleba arsebobdes “standartuli adamiani”, swored amitom adamianTa marTva xelovnebaa, romelic ara mxolod maT funqciur valdebulebebsa da uflebamosilebebs, aramed maT grZnobebs, ganwyobas, sulierebas da sxva pirovnul maxasiaTeblebsac ukavSirdeba. Ees Taviseburebebi aucilebelia saTanadod iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli personalis marTvis strategiisa da politikis SemuSavebisa da realizebisas nebismier organizaciaSi. strategia berZnuli sityvaa da pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT jaris gaZRolas niSnavs; Tanamedrove gagebiT esaa marTebul principebsa da swor, Sorsmimaval prognozebze dafuZnebuli marTvis xelovnebis dagegmva; es aris organizaciis misiisa da miznebis ganxorcielebis Sorsgamiznuli koncefcia. rac Seexeba politikas, esec berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa da saxelmwifo marTvis xelovnebas niSnavda; es aris saqmianobis miznebisa da maTi miRwevis saSualebebis, formebisa da Sinaarsis gansazRvra; sxvagvarad, rom vTqvaT, esaa im principebis erToblioba, romlebic unda dacul iqnes marTvis nebismier sferoSi, Cvens SemTxvevaSi-personalis marTvis nebismieri proceduris ganxorcielebisas. N nebismieri organizaciis saqmianoba, Tu is ar ukavSirdeba xangrZliv perspeqtivaze gaTvlil miznebsa da konkretuli strategiis realizebas, qaosuri, SemTxveviTi xasiaTisaa da Sesabamisad –naklebwarmatebuli. sazogadod, strategiuli dagegmvis procesi Semdeg ZiriTad etapebs moicavs. strategiuli dagegmvis procesi 1. organizaciis misiis gansazRvra 2. organizaciis miznebis gansazRvra 3. Sida da gare faqtorebis analizi da Sefaseba 4. strategiis Sefaseba 5. strategiis realizeba 6. strategiis arCeva 7. strategiuli alternativebis analizi rogorc vxedavT, organizaciis strategiis gansazRvra uSualod am organizaciis misiidan da miznebidan gamomdinareobs. Sesabamisad, personalis marTvis strategiac organizaciis misiisa da miznebis miRwevis adamianuri resursebiT uzrunvelyofas ukavSirdeba; es mTeli organizaciis strategiis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da prioritetuli komponentia, radgan adamianuri kapitalis, adamianuri faqtoris gareSe organizaciis verc erTi mizani da amocana ver gadawydeba; Sesabamisad, adamianuri resursebis marTva nebismieri organizaciis strategiuli funqciaa 39 organizaciis misiisa da strategiis adgili adamianuri resursebis marTvaSi organizaciis misia arsebiTad igivea, rac cxovrebis azri adaamianisaTvis; esaa organizaciis kredo, koncentrirebulad gamoxatuli azri misi arsobisa. Oorganizaciis marTebulad formulirebuli misia marTvis sul cota sami amocanis gadawyvetis saSualebas iZleva, kerZod: • misia aiZulebs organizaciis xelmZRvanelobas sistematurad aanalizos saqmianobis statusi da Zlieri mxareebi da organizaciis efeqtian funqcionirebaze izrunos; • organizaciis momuSaveTa mier gaziarebuli da gaTavisebuli misia xels uwyobs maT Tanamoazreobas, integrirebas da nayofieri, intensiuri muSaobisaTvis motivirebas • naTlad Camoyalibebuli da konkretuli saqmianobiT dadasturebuli misia xels uwyobs organizaciis kargi imijis Seqmnas adamianuri resursebis marTvasTan, rogorc strategiul funqciasTan dakavSirebiT, aucilebelia or mniSvnelovan momentze iqnes gamaxvilebuli yuradReba • adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategia maqsimalurad unda iyos orientirebuli momavalze, radgan icvleba da viTardeba organizaciis misia, misi struqtura, politikuri, ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri, socialuri, organizaciuli garemo, icvlebian da viTardebian TviT adamianebic; • adamianuri resursebis marTva, rogorc strategiuli funqcia, ufro metad problemebis warmoSobis profilaqtikaze, winaswar regirebasa da problemebis Tavidan acilebaze unda iyos orientirebuli, vidre ukve warmoSobil problemebze adamianuri resursebis strategiuli marTva adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategia esaa koncefcia, ZiriTadi gza, Tu rogor unda iqnes miRweuli personalis marTvis ZiriTadi miznebi da amocanebi, rasakvirvelia, TviT organizaciis misiis, misi ganviTarebis strategiis, organizaciuli da sakadro potencialisa da sakadro politikis gaTvaliswinebiT. saerTod, strategia unda ganvixiloT rogorc marTviT da organizaciul gadawyvetilebaTa sistema, romelic mimarTulia dawesebulebis (organizaciis) misiis, miznebisa da amocanebis realizebis, ganviTarebis an gardaqmnisaken. nebismieri strategia unda iyos Sinaganad mTliani, sistemuri, organizaciis Taviseburebebsa da garemosTan Tavsebadi, yvelanairi resursebiT dabalansebuli, realisturi, mokle, saSualo da grZelvadiani urTierTSeTanxmebuli miznebiT ganmtkicebuli. SeiZleba gamoiyos strategiis sami mTavari elementi: 1. miznebis sistema, romelSic Sedis organizciis misia, saerTo organizaciuli da specifikuri miznebi; 2. prioritetebi, anu resursebis (adamianuri resursebis) ganawilebisa da gamoyenebis ZiriTadi principebi 40 3. marTviTi moqmedebebis wesebi adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategia uSualod gamomdinareobs organizaciis misiidan, misi miznebidan da strategiidan, radgan swored adamianuri kapitalia organizaciis miznebisa da amocanebis miRwevis upirvelesi berketi. TviT personalis strategiuli marTva, rogorc wesi, marTvis am sistemis yvela komponentsa da mimarTulebas, yvela mniSvnelovan proceduras SeiZleba moicavdes. ase magaliTad, organizaciis strategiuli miznebisa da amocanebis misaRwevad adamianuri resursebis strategiulma marTvam SeiZleba moicvas Semdegi konkretuli mimarTulebebi: • personalis mozidvisa da SerCevis procedurebis modernizeba; • personalis gaaxalgazrdaveba sapensio asaks gadacilebulTa xarjze; • moxeleTa rezervis Seqmnisa da marTvis efeqtiani sistemis SemuSaveba • personalis motivirebisa da Sromis anazRaurebis Tanamedrove sistemis Seqmna • personalis raodenobis Semcireba Sromis Tanamedrove kulturisa da drois menejmentis principebis praqtikuli realizebis Sedegad; • organizaciis axali strategiidan da miznebidan gamomdinare, personalis didi nawilis gadamzadeba da kvalifikaciis amaRleba, treningebis axali, Tanamedrove sistemis Seqmna; axali profesiebis moxeleTa mozidva; • organizaciis xaziT menejerTa mier personalis marTvis dabali donis gamo am sferoSi maTi sagangebo treningi; adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategiis Sesabamisad da misgan gamomdinare, unda SemuSavdes strategiis realizebis strategiuli da miznobrivi programebi da maTgan gamomdinare operaciuli gegmebi. maTSi dakonkretebuli unda iyos strategiis praqtikuli realizebis mimarTulebebi, RonisZiebebi, moqmedebebi, maTi Sesrulebis vadebi, pasuxismgeblebi da saWiro finansuri, adamianuri Tu organizaciulteqnikuri resursebi. Ppersonalis ekonomika dasavleTSi sakmaod gavrcelebulia, e.w. adamianuri kapitalis Teoria. Aam Teoriis mixedviT, momuSaveTa codna da kvalifikacia miCneulia TviT maT kuTvnilebad, romelsac moaqvs Semosavali; am codnisa da Cvevebis miRebaze droisa da xarjebis danaxarjebi miCneulia investiciebad. amJamad adamianur kapitalSi dabandebaTa aRricxvis ori saxis modeli arsebobs; aqtivebis 41 modelebi, roca xdeba adamianur kapitalSi danaxarjebis aRricxva da sargeblianobis modeli, roca xdeba aseTi danaxarjebis efeqtianobis Sefaseba. da sakvirvelia, es orive modeli erTmaneTs unda avsebdes. A adamianur kapitalze organizaciis mier gaweuli xarjebidan upirvelesad unda gamoiyos : • personalis mozidvis, SerCevisa da konkursebis Catarebis xarjebi (am procedurebis nawils sakmaod xSirad da bevr organizaciaSi mowveuli eqspertebi atareben); • axalmiRebulTa adaptirebaze da rogorc axalmiRebulTa, ise ZiriTadi personalis treningebze gaweuli xarjebi; • xelfasi da maTze (xelfasis fondze) sxvadasxva saxis danaricxebi; • premiebi, sxvadasxva saxis waxalisebebi; • socialuri daxmarebebi • momuSaveTa atestirebaze gaweuli xarjebi; • Sromis keTilsasurveli garemo pirobebisa da fsiqologiuri klimatis Seqmnis xarjebi; • Sromis keTilsasurveli garemo pirobebisa da fsiqologiuri klimatis Seqmnis xarjebi; • samuSao adgilis dagegmarebis, Seqmnisa da aRWurvis xarjebi; • samuSao Zalis moZraobisa da denadobiT gamowveuli xarjebi (danakargebi) da sxva. A adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebaSi dabandebuli kapitali erTerTi Zvirad Rirebuli investiciaa, magram, rogorc msoflios mowinave qveynebis gamocdileba adasturebs, es, amavdroulad, yvelaze efeqtiani, momgebiani investiciebia. rasakvirvelia, adamianuri resursebis ganviTrebaSi dabandebuli kapitalis efeqtianoba SedarebiT advilad da konkretulad SeiZleba Sefasdes saqmianobis iseT sferoebSi (upirvelesad warmoebaSi, aseve momsaxurebis sferoSi), sadac Sromis efeqtianoba misi uSualo SedegebiT da konkretuli raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi parametrebiT ganisazRvreba; magaliTad treningamde momuSave dReSi uSvebda 200 nawarms, romelTagan uxarisxo iyo 6 cali, xolo treningebis Semdeg uSvebs 250-s, romelTagan uxarisxo 5-ia; e. i. Sromis nayofiereba 25 prcentiT gazrdila, xolo wundebuli nawarmis wili 3 procentidan 2 procentamde Semcirda; Sromis efeqtianoba sxvanairadac SeiZleba Sefasdes – magaliTad, erTi nawarmis damzadebaze treningamde momuSave 20 wuTs xarjavda, treningis Semdeg -15 wuTs. rasakvirvelia, bevrad rTuli da umravles SemTxvevaSi aseTi konkretuli cifrobrivi maCveneblebiT ver Sefasdeba moxeleTa SromiTi saqmianoba da maTze gaweuli kapitalur dabandebaTa efeqtianoba. mTlianad, organizaciis masStabiT, am SemTxvevaSi, upirvelesad, misma xelmZRavnelebma, aseve personalis menejerebma da Sesabamisma samsaxurma yuradReba unda miaqcion da saTanadod Seafason Semdegi parametrebi da tendenciebi: • organizaciis mier arCeuli strategiisa da politikis marTebuloba da maTi realizebis, dasaxuli miznebisa da amocanebis miRwevis efeqtianobis gazrda; • gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisa da Sesrulebis procesis gaumjobeseba; • marTvisa da administrirebis procedurebis gamartiveba; 42 • Sidauwyebriv da uwyebaTaSoris urTierTobaTa racionalizeba; • Ddokumentbrunvis racionalizeba, droisa da saxsrebis mniSvnelovani ekonomia; • uflebamosilebaTa da pasuxismgeblobebis gamijvna, delegireba, menejerebi (moxeleebi) aRar asruleben daqvemdebarebulTa funqciebs; • muSaobis moculobis gafarToeba da xarisxis gaumjobeseba; • momuSaveTa denadobis maCvenebelTa dinamika da maTi struqturuli analizi; • momuSaveTa denadobis maCvenebelTa dinamika da maTi sruqturuli analizi; • momuSaveTa motivirebisa da stimulirebis analizi da tendenciebi; • drois menejmentis srulyofa , ufro efeqtiani da nayofieri saqmianobis profesiaTa da funqciaTa Sefasebis Sedegad dasaqmebulTa ricxvis Semcireba; • Sromis eTikuri normebis dacva da organizaciuli kulturis ganviTareba; • konfliqturi situaciebis analizi d misi dinamika; • axali ideebis da inovaciebis ganviTreba (mateba, Semcireba) organizaciis miznebis ukeT misaRwevad; uSualod individebze, konkretul moxeleebze organizaciis danaxarjebis efeqtianobis Sefaseba, upirvelesad da umTavresad maTma uSualo menejerebma unda moaxdinon, magaliTad: atestirebis Tu treningebis ciklis gavlis Semdeg rogoria moxelis profesiul-kvalifikaciuri donis Sesabamisoba Tanamdebobriv moTxovnebTan, ra daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas gvaZlevs moxelis mier Sesrulebuli samuSaos Sefaseba, rogor gamosworda atestirebisas dafiqsirebuli moxelis susti adgilebi, ramdenad amaRlda misi pasuxismgebloba, analitikuri azrovneba, iniciativianoba, SemoqmedebiTi midgoma da sxva. roca adamianur kapitalsa da adamianuri resursebis ganviTrebazea saubari, mTeli principulobiT unda iTqvas – am sferoSi kapitaldabandebaTa Tu investiciebis SezRudva, adamianis faqtoris ignorireba, moxeleTa arasaTanado motivireba, maTi saarsebo minimumze dabali xelfasi da socialuri daucveloba bumerangiviT ubrundeba da angrevs saxelmwifos, mis demokratiul ganviTrebas, sazogadebriv rwmenasa da faseulobebs, axdens xelisuflebis diskretirebas, korufciis, kalnurobis, kanonis uzenaesobis ugulebelyofis mniSvnelovani mizezi da stimulatori xdeba. Aadamianis strategiuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis ganmsazRvreli testi strategiis arCeva garkveulwilad yovelTvis riskTanaa dakavSirebuli; qvemoT motanili testi saSulebas gvaZlevs SevafasoT, Tu ramdenad Segvwevs unari SevimuSavoT yovelmxriv kargad mofiqrebuli strategia. aucilebelia obieqturad, gulwrfelad gavceT pasuxi qvemoT motanil kiTxvebs da daviweroT Sesabamisi balebi, kerZod: pasuxze “ki” -1 bali, xolo pasuxze “ara” – 2 bali. 43 kiTxvebi 1. roca sapasuxismgeblo gadawyvetilebas iRebT mxolod sakuTar Tavs eyrdnobiT Tu ara? 2. xSirad emTxveva Tu ara Tqveni pozicia Tqveni xelmZRvanelis mosazrebas? 3. migaCniaT Tu ara Tqven, rom ar arsebobs gamouvali mdgomareoba, situacia? 4. rogor fiqrobT, yovelTvis marTali xarT? 5. swrafad iTvisebT Tu ara axali saxis samuSaoebs? 6. adamianTa Sefasebisas ZiriTadad Tqvens sakuTar azrs eyrdnobiT Tu ara? 7. bevrs fiqrobT Tu ara sanam mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebas miiRebT? 8. miiswrafviT Tu ara bolomde miiyvanoT dawyebuli saqme? 9. migaCniaT Tu ara, rom rac SeiZleba naklebad iaqtiuroT, raTa usiamovnebebi Tavidan aiciloT? 10. Zvirfasi nivTebis SeZenisas ekiTxebiT Tu ara rCevebs sxvebs? 11. iswrafviT Tu ara mogebisken, gamarjvebisken, roca raimes TamaSobT? 12. fiqrobT Tu ara momavalze? 13. cdilobT Tu ara rTuli problemis gadawyvetisas SeafasoT yvela SesaZlo alternativa? 14. xSirad gamoTqvamT Tu ara sajarod saerTo azrisagan gansxvavebul, sawinaaRmdego azrs? 15. specialurad emzadebiT Tu ara gamosvlebisaTvis? 16. darwmunebuli xarT, rom dRemde mniSvnelovani Secdoma ar dagiSviaT? 17. xSirad ocnebobT raime ganuxorcielebelze? 18. Tu fiqrobT xolme, ramdenad damajerebelia kamaTis dros Tqveni argumentebi? 19. SegiZliaT Tu ara daTmoT Tqveni principebi, Tu amas saqmis interesebi moiTxovs? 20. gaqvT Tu ara kargi urTierTobebi xelmZRvanelobasTan? 21. marTebulia xolme Tu ara Tqveni Tavdapirveli azrebi? 22. xdeba Tu ara, rom araoficialur garemoSi Tqven SeiZleba Tavi gamoiCinoT eqstravaganturi qceviT? 23. xom ar xdeba xolme, rom Tqveni arsebiTad marTebuli qceva garegnulad aralogikuri da gaugebari aRmoCndes Tqveni garSemo myofTaTvis? 24. migaCniaT Tu ara, rom Tqven ukve moaswariT cxovrebaSi raime mniSvnelovanis gakeTba? 25. Znelia Tu ara Tqveni darwmuneba, raTa azri SeicvaloT? 26. miiswrafviT Tu ara principuli gadawyvetilebebis wvrilmanebamde gaazrebisaken? 27. mzad xarT Tu ara saqmis interesebidan gamomdinare gariskoT xolme, roca warmatebis Sansebi mcirea? 28. cxovrobT Tu ara mxolod dRevandeli dRiT? 29. bevrs andobT, uziarebT xolme Tqvens saqmeebs Tu ara? 44 30. dgamT Tu ara gadamwyvet nabijebs, roca ar xarT darwmunebuli koleqtivis mxardaWeraSi? 31. migakuTvneben Tu ara garSemo myofni “perpeqtiulTa” kategorias? 32. axal situaciebSi upiratesobas qcevis tradiciuli wesebis dacvas xom ar aniWebT? 33. xSirad agvianebT? 34. iRebT Tu ara axloblebisgan rCevebs mniSvnelovani piradi sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas? 35. SegiZliaT Tu ara situaciis sakmaod zusti prognozireba 1-2 wliT adre? 36. xom ar gqoniaT SemTxvevebi, rom arCevani gagekeTebinaT? 37. SeiZleba Tqven Tavisuflad gendon adamianebi? 38. misdevT Tu ara Tqven TviTanalizs? 39. axdenT Tu ara Tqveni saqmianobis perspeqtiul dagegmvas? 40. xarT Tu ara TavdazRveuli? 41. xarT Tu ara ukompromiso? 42. SegiZliaT Tu ara imegobroT imasTan, vinc Tqvens xasiaTs ar Seesabameba? 43. yovelTvis asrulebT Tu ara Tqvens danapirebs? 44. SegiZliaT Tu ara isaubroT iseT rameebze, risic araferi gagegebaT? 45. yvelaferSi da yovelTvis eTanxmebiT Tu ara xelmRvanelobas? Sefaseba • saerTo Sedegis gasarkvevad, aucilebelia ganisazRvros im pasuxTa procenti pasuxTa saerTo raodenobidan, romlebic 1 baliT Sefasdnen. Ees gviCvenebs, riskisadmi Tqvens saerTo midrekilebas; • SeiZleba Sefasebul iqnes agreTve: 1. Tqveni xasiaTis simtkiis done, razec miuTiTebs qvemoT moyvanili kiTxvebidan 1 baliT Sefasebuli kiTxvebis wili (%) – 1, 2, 7, 9, 10, 27, 30, 34, 40 kiTxvebi; 2. upasuxismgeblobis done, razec miuTiTebs qvemoT mocemuli kiTxvebidan 1 baliT Sefasebuli kiTxvebis wili (%)-1, 2, 7, 9, 10, 27, 30, 34, 40 kiTxvebi 3. strategiuli saqmianobisa da azrovnebisaken midrekileba, razec CamoTvlili kiTxvebidan 1 baliT Sefasebuli kiTxvebis wili (%) miuTiTebs -11, 12, 13, 16, 23, 24, 28, 35, 39 kiTxvebi; 4. gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisas intuiciis grZnoba, razec qvemoT mocemuli kiTxvebidan 1 baliT Sefasebuli kiTxvebis wili (%) miuTiTebs – 6, 10, 15, 16, 18, 21, 23, 26, 38 kiTxvebi; 5. SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobisa da originalur gaawyvetilebaTa miRebis unarebi, razec qvemoT CamoTvlili kiTxvebidan 1 baliT Sefasebuli kiTxvebis wili (%) miuTiTebs -1, 3, 17, 20, 22, 23, 30, 32, 45 kiTxvebi. testis Sedegebis analizi sxva konkretuli mimarTulebebis mixedviTac SeiZleba moxdes; amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom idealuri adamianebi ar arseboben da xuTi zemoT gamoyofili Tvisebis sawinaaRmdegod Tvisebebi, 45 kerZod: sifrTxile, pasuxismgebloba, racionaluroba, konservatiuloba da taqtikuri gadawyvetilebebisaken midrekileba cud Tvisebebs ar warmoadgenen. zemoT aRniSnul TvisebaTa Sefasebisas maTi 35-36 procentiani gamovlena normalurad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. testi “marTvis efeqtianoba” 1. cdilobT Tu ara Tvens saqmianobaSi gamoiyenoT Tqveni profesiuli sferos uaxlesi miRwevebi? 2. miiswrafviT Tu ara sxvebTan TanamSromlobisken? 3. mokled, gasagebad da zrdilobianad elaparakebiT Tu ara daqvemdebarebulebs? 4. xsniT xolme Tu ara mizezebs , romlebmac ama Tu im gadawyvetilebis miReba gaiZules? 5. gendobian Tu ara Tqveni daqvemdebarebulebi? 6. uxmobT Tu ara davalebis yvela Semsrulebels miznebis, vadebis, meTodebis, pasuxismgeblobisa da sxva sakiTxTa ganxilvisas? 7. axalisebT Tu ara daqvemdebarebulebs iniciativas gamoCenisTvis, axali winadadebebisa da SeniSvnebis warmodgenisTvis da a. S. 8. gaxsovT Tu ara yvela im adamianis saxeli, romlebTanac xSiri kontaqtebi gaqvT? 9. aZlevT Tu ara dasaxuli miznebis misaRwev moqmedebaTa Tavisuflebas Semsrulebels da a. S. 10. mxolod maSin exmarebiT daqvemdebarebulebs, roca isini amas gTxoven? 11. yoveli kargad Sesrulebuli samuSaosaTvis gamoxatavT Tu ara madlierebis grZnobas daqvemdebarebulTa mimarT? 12. akontrolebT Tu ara davalebaTa Sesrulebis mimdinareobas? 13. cdilobT Tu ara ipovoT adamianebSi ukeTesi Tvisebebi? 14. iciT Tu ara rogor SeiZleba ufro efeqtianad gamoiyenoT yoveli daqvemdebarebulis SesaZleblobebi? 15. iciT Tu ara Tqveni daqvemdebarebulebis interesi da midrekilebebi? 16. SegiZliaT Tu ara iyoT yuradRebiani msmeneli? 17. uxdiT Tu ara TanamSromels madlobas misi kolegebis TandaswrebiT? 18. eubnebiT Tu ara Tqvens daqvemdebarebulebs kritikul SeniSvnebs? 19. aRniSnavT Tu ara Tqveni samsaxuris karg muSaobas, roca Tqvens xelmZRvanels angariSs an moxsenebiT baraTs udgenT? 20. endobiT Tu ara Tqvens daqvemdebarebulebs? 21. cdilobT Tu ara miawodoT Tvqens TanamSromlebs mTeli informacia, romelsac administraciuli da marTviTi arxebiT iRebT? 22. uxsniT Tu ara Tqvens TanamSromlebs, Tu organizaciis miznebsa da amocanebTan dakavSirebiT ra mniSvneloba aqvs maTi Sromis Sedegebs? 23. itovebT Tu ara TqvenTvis da utovebT Tu ara daqvemdebarebulebs dros samuSaoTa dasagegmad? 46 24. gaqvT Tu ara Tundac sul cota erTi wliT adre dagegmili Tqveni TviTganviTarebis gegma? 25. arsebobs Tu ara dRevandel moTxovnaTa Sesabamisi personalis treningebis gegma? 26. regularulad kiTxulobT Tu ara specialur literaturas? 27. gaqvT Tu ara sakmaod seriozuli biblioTeka Tqveni specialobis sferoSi? 28. zrunavT Tu ara Tqvens janmrTelobasa da Sromis unarianobaze? 29. giyvarT Tu ara rTuli, magram saintereso samuSaoebis Sesruleba? 30. efeqtiania Tu ara Tqveni saubrebi Tqvens daqvemdebarebulebTan maTi muSaobis srulyofis sakiTxebze? 31. iciT Tu ara momuSavis ra Tvisebebs unda mieqces gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mis samuSaoze miRebisas? 32. giWiravT Tu ara distancia daqvemdebarebulebTan? 33. mzad xarT Tu ara yovelTvis ganixloT Tqvens daqvemdebarebulTa problemebi, SekiTxvebi da saCivrebi? 34. pativiscemiTa da yuradRebiT epyrobiT Tu ara Tqvens daqvemdebarebulebs? 35. darwmunebuli xarT Tqvens TavSi? 36. kargad iciT Tveni Zlieri da susti mxareebi? 37. mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisas xSirad iyenebT Tu ara originalur SemoqmedebiT midgomebs? 38. regularulad imaRlebT Tu ara Tqvens kvalifikacias seminarebze, specialur kursebze da a. S.? 39. xarT Tu ara sakmarisad moqnili Tqvens qcevaSi, adamianebTan urTierTobaSi? 40. mzad xarT Tu ara SecvaloT xelmZRvanelobis Tqveni stili, raTa is ufro efeqtiani gaxdes? Sefaseba daiTvaleT ramdenia “ki” da “ara” pasuxebi da SeafaseT Tqveni Tavi: • 40 “ki” umaRlesi, idealuri marTviTi potencialis maCvenebelia, radgan yvela, ormocive kiTxva warmatebuli marTvis kriteriumia. rogorc yvela ideali, esec praqtikulad miuRwevadia (Tu Tqven ar “ieSmakeT” da keTilsindisierad upasuxeT yvela kiTxvas); mniSvnelovania romel kiTxvebze upasuxeT “ara” –es Tqveni susti adgilebia; • roca “ki” pasuxTa jami 33-s aWarbebs, es kargi marTviTi potencialis maCvenebelia. 47 drois marTvis principebi drois marTvisa da racionaluri gamoyenebis arsi da mniSvneloba drois marTva rogorc calke pirovnebis, ise organizaciisaTvis warmatebuli saqmianobisa da dasaxuli miznebis miRwevis erTerTi yvelaze mTavari iaraRia; yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom dro gansakuTrebuli fenomenia- dro Seuqcevadia, mas ver davagrovebT, ver SevinaxavT, ver gavamravlebT, ver SevaCerebT, ver gadavcemT; dro mxolod midis, mas ukan verasodes davabrunebT; swored amitom unda dros gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da faqizi damokidebuleba, yovelmxriv miTiTebuli dagegmva da marTva. Zalze martivi magaliTi – davuSvaT, moxele Tavisi samuSao drois mxolod 10 procents iyenebs aracionalurad da, faqtobrivad kargavs mas, rac realur sinamdvilesTan SedarebiT sakmaod karg mdgomareobadac ki SeiZleba CaiTvalos da ara mxolod qarTul sinamdvileSi; magram samuSao drois es dakarguli 10 procenti kviraSi 4 saaTia, weliwadSi (11 TveSi, anu daaxloebiT 48 kviraSi) ki -192 saaTi, anu 24 sruli samuSao dRe ; SeiZleba sakmao albaTobiT davuSvaT, rom erTi moxele Tu samuSao drois 10 procents kargavs, es weliwadSi erT Tves uaxlovdeba, xolo saqarTvelos sajaro samsaxurSi dasaqmebuli 46 aTasamde momuSavisTvis es danakargi katastroful cifrs – 1. 1 milion kacs aRwevs, rac daaxloebiT igivea, rom TiTqmis 5 aTasi moxele mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi arafers akeTebs. Aaq, rogorc ityvian, komentari zedmetia da naTelia samuSao drois racionaluri, efeqtiani gamoyenebis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba. imisaTvis, rom kargad gaverkveT drois marTvis mniSvnelobisa da misi racionalizebis sakiTxebSi, sasurvelia ganvixiloT cnobili mecnieris , stefan qoveis SemoTavazebuli drois marTvis matrica drois marTvis matrica mniSvnelovania saswrafo moqmedebebi Aarasaswrafo moqmedebebi • krizisuli moqmedebebi • problemebi, romlebic gvwnexaven • saqmeebi, romelTa Sesrulebasac vada gasdis 48 • raRacis Tavidan acileba, gafrTxileba, winaswari zomebis miReba • adamianebTan urTierTobebis ageba • axali amocanebis, unarSesaZleblobebis amocnoba • dagegmva, SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba aramniSvnelovania A moqmedebebi moqmedebebi • viRaceebma Segawyvetines, darekes • zogierTi werili, zogierTi angariSi • zogierTi Sexvedra • zogierTi problema , romelic gvwnexavs, “gvaxrCobs” • zogierTi popularuli, yoveldRiuri moqmedeba (angariSebi) • yoveldRiuri monotonuri samuSao • zogierTi werili • zogierTi satelefono zari • drois gamflangveli moqmedebebi • zogierTi sasiamovno moqmedeba rogorc vxedavT, Cven dros vmarTavT oTxidan erTerTi gziT: vasrulebT an saswrafo da mniSvnelovan, an arasaswrafo da mniSvnelovan, an saswrafo da aramniSvnelovan , anda arasaswrafo da aramniSvnelovan samuSaoebs saswrafo moqmedebebi iseTebia, romlebic saswrafo reagirebas moiTxoven, e.i. axlave; isini moqmedeben Cvenze, mag: adamianTa umravlesobas ar SeuZlia ar aiRos telefonis yurmili; saswrafo, gadaudebeli saqmeebi Cveulebriv, xilulia, Cven winaa, xSirad sasiamovno da advilia maTi Sesruleba, magram aseve xSirad isini aramniSvnelovanni arian; mniSvnelovani ki is saqmeebia, romlebic Sromis Sedegebs, Cvens misias, faseulobebs da priotitetul miznebs ukavSirdeba. pirvel kvadratSi orivea – saswrafo da mniSvnelovani saqmeebic; am kvadratis moqmedebebs xSirad krizisuls an problemurs vuwodebT; metnaklebad yvelani varT xolme pirvel kvadratSi –erT problemas rom gadavwyvetT, meore warmoiSveba da ase “avardna-CavardnaSi” varT; zogs es yoveldRiuri problemebi dabla scemen, maTi Svebaa mimarTon meoTxe kvadratis arasaswrafo aqtivobebs; drois did nawils (daaxloebiT 90 procenti) isini pirvel kvadratSi atareben, danarCens-meoTxeSi da TiTqmis ar uTmoben yuradRebas meore da mesame kvadratebs; aseTi xalxi krizisuli cxovrebiT cxovrobs – stresebiT, iwvis, mudmivad krizisul da problemur viTarebaSia. Aarian sxva momuSaveebi, romlebic did dros xarjaven mesame kvadratis saswrafo, magram aramniSvnelovan aqtivobebze da Tan hgoniaT, rom pirvel 49 kvadratSi arian da saswrafosTan erTad mniSvnelovan saqmeebsac akeTeben; realoba ki isaa, rom am saqmeebis swrafad gadawyveta sxvaTa prioritetebiTa da karnaxiTaa ganpirobebuli; amis Sedegebia: yuradRebis moklevadiani fokusireba, krizisuli situaciebi, miznebisa da amocanebisTvis naklebi mniSvnelobis miniWeba, sakuTari Tavis ukontroloba, zedapiruli da aramyari urTierTobebi. isini, romlebic ZiriTad dros mesame da meoTxe kvadratebis moqmedebebze xarjaven, upasuxismgeblod cxovroben, aramniSvnelovan da arasaswrafo saqmeebiT arian dakavebulni; amis Sedegebia: sruli upasuxismgebloba, sxvebze damokidebuleba, davalebis Seusrulebloba da a. S. efeqtianad, sworad momuSaveni cdiloben mesame da meoTxe kvadratebs gareT darCnen, radgan saswrafoa Tu ara, es saqmeebi araa mniSvnelovani; isini, agreTve, amcireben pirvel kvadratSi yofnis dros, raTa meti dro daxarjon meore kvadratSi. swored meore kvadratia sakuTari Tavis efeqtiani marTvis guli; es exeba saqmeebs, romlebic araa saswrafo, magram mniSvnelovania; aseTebia: urTierTobebis damyareba, davalebebis gansazRvra, perspeqtiuli dagegmva, Semowmeba, momzadeba; es is saqmeebia, romlebic viciT, rom aucileblad unda gavakeToT, magram iSviaTad vakeTebT, radgan ar arian saswrafoni. Eefeqtianad moqmedi momuSaveni problemebze ar arian orientirebulebi, isini orientirebulni arian SesaZleblobebze, maTgan gamodian da Tavidan icileben problemebs; isini profilaqtikurad, problemebis Tavidan acilebis midgomiT fiqroben da moqmedeben; ase rom, unda vimuSaoT meore kvadratSi, radgan pirveli da mesame kvadratebi “Cvenze muSaoben”, gvwnexaven; unda daveTanxmoT meore kvadratis prioritetebs da viswavloT vTqvaT “ara” sxva saqmianobebeze, zogjer da nawilobriv – saswrafo saqmeebzec ki da maSinac, roca sxvebi da garemoebebi Cveni drois xelyofas cdiloben. E xelmRvanelTa muSaobis efeqtianobis erTerTi mTavari maCvenebelia dasaxul amocanaTa gadawyvetisas droSi winswreba. Aaranormaluria, roca guSindel saqmes dRes vakeTebT, normaluria, roca dRes dRevandeli saqme keTdeba, gansakuTrebiT kargia, roca dRes saxvalio saqmes vakeTebT da win viyurebiT. samwuxarod, Zalze bevr organizaciaSi marTvis maRal safexurze mdgari xelmZRvaneli bevr dros xarjavs operatiuli problemebis gadawyvetaze. is, rac karga xniT adre unda gagvekeTebina, imis gamo, rom ar gavakeTeT, operatiuli gadasawyveti gaxda; dRes ki, roca did dros vandomebT am operatiul amocanaTa gadawyvetas da ar vfiqrobT perspeqtiul problemebze, dro rom mova, isinic operatiulad gadasawyveti xdeba. Aase ikvreba Sromis cudi organizaciis gamo naklovanebaTa wre, TandaTan Cvevad iqceva muSaobis mankieri stili. xelmRvanelma, rasakvirvelia, unda icodes daqvemdebarebul safexurebze yvela uwesrigobaTa Sesaxeb, magram misi Careva aucilebelia mxolod maSin, roca darRvevebi da naklovanebebi sistemad iqceva da qvemdgom rgolebs ar ZaluZT maTi aRmofxvra. aseT SemTxvevaSic ki zemdgomma rgolma ar unda Sewyvitos perspeqtiul mimarTulebebze muSaoba. Sromis pirobebis srulyofa 50 samuSao drois racionaluri gamoyenebisa da, saerTod, muSaobis efeqtianobis amaRlebis mniSvnelovani pirobaa organizaciasa da mis struqturul qvedanayofebSi Sromis normaluri pirobebisa da Sromisa da dasvenebis racionaluri ganwesis damkvidreba. Sroma normalur, keTilsasurvel pirobebSi unda mimdinareobdes, xolo samuSao adgilebis organizeba (dagegmareba, aRWurva) maqsimalurad unda iTvalisiwnebdes mecnierebisa da praqtikis Tanamedrove miRwevebs. Sromis normaluri pirobebi da samuSao adgilebis racionaluri organizeba arsebiTad uwyobs xels daRlilobis Semcirebas, drois dazogvas, koncentrirebul da intensiur muSaobas, Sromisunarianobis amaRlebas, sabolood, Sromis efeqtianobis zrdas. samuSao adgilebis organizebisa da Sromis pirobebis srulyofis ZiriTadi amocanebia muSaobis procesSi aucilebeli komfortis Seqmna, samuSao avejisa da samuSao adgilebis racionaluri gabaritebis, konstruqciisa da formis yvela saWiro sagniT uzrunvelyofa, xelebiT misaRwevi optimaluri zonis dacva, samuSao adgilebis dagegmarebisa da maTi parametrebis gansazRvrisas momuSaveTa anTropometruli da fsiqofiziologiuri Taviseburebis gaTvaliswineba, samuSao zonaSi ganlagebuli sagnebis kargi xedva, advili miRwevadoba, Sromis pirobebis ganmsazRvrel faqtorTa optimalur doneze SenarCuneba da sxva. Sromis efeqtianobasa da drois racionalur gamoyenebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens Sromis optimaluri garemo pirobebis (sanitarulhigienuri da socialur-fsiqologiuri pirobebis) uzrunvelyofa. Uupiratesad gonebrivi SromiTi dakavebuli momuSaveebi mTeli informaciis 80-90 procents mxedvelobis saSualebiT iReben; amitom gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs maTi samuSao adgilis racionalur ganaTebas. ganaTebis done, upirvelesad, TviT Sesasrulebeli samuSaos xasiaTzea damokidebuli ; rac zustia mxedvelobis TvalsazrisiT samuSao, ganaTebis miT maRali donea saWiro. sazogadod miRebulia, rom samuSao zedapiris ganaTebis done (saerTo ganaTeba) luminescenciuri naTurebis gamoyenebisas 300 luqsze naklebi ar unda iyos, xolo varvarebis naTurebis gamoyenebisas – 150 luqsze naklebi. zusti samuSaoebis Sesrulebisas saerTo ganaTebasTan erTad, roca sinaTlis wyaro mTel oTaxs anaTebs, adgilobrivi (samuSao adgilis) ganaTebac unda gamoviyenoT. momuSaveTa Sromisunarianobis maRal doneze SesanarCuneblad didi mniSvneloba aqvs haeris normaluri temperaturisa da SefardebiTi tenianobis uzrunvelyofas; maTi reglamentireba specialuri sanitaruli normebiT xdeba. gonebrivi Sromisas, roca met-naklebad seriozul fizikur daZabulobas adgili ara aqvs, haeris normalur temperaturad 18-20 gradusi iTvleba, xolo tenianobad – ara umetes 60 procentisa. zafxulis TveebSi, roca SenobaSic ki temperatura 30 graduss aWarbebs, didi mniSvneloba aqvs saventiliacio da haeris kondicirebis danadgarebis gamoyenebas. samuSao drois racionaluri gamoyeneba da Sromis efeqtianoba metad mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli adamianis Sromisisunarianobaze. Aadamianis muSaobisunarianoba, marTalia, individualuri TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba, magram arsebobs yvelasaTvis saerTo kanonzomierebebi, romlebic nebismier adamians axasiaTebs da mravali saxis fsiqologiuri, Sromis Sedegobrivi Tu sxva maCveneblebiT dasturdeba 51 unda gamoiyos samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi adamianis Sromisunarianobis damaxasiaTebeli sami periodi, kerZod: 1. muSaobis tempSi Sesvlis periodi, romelic samuSaos dawyebis pirveli etapia da daaxloebiT 30-60 wuTs grZeldeba; am dros adamiani da misi fsiqofiziologiuri, SromiTi potencia TandaTanobiT Sedis muSaobis tempSi, radgan xangrZlivi Sesvenebis gamo samuSaos SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli pirobiT-refleqsuri kavSirebis warmoSobas gansazRvruli dro sWirdeba. muSaobis tempSi Sesvlis periodSi TandaTan umjobesdeba adamianis rogorc fiziologiuri (fizikuri), ise fsiqikuri (mag. yuradRebis koncentrireba, azrovnebis siswrafe, gareSe gamaRizianeblebze reagireba) da SromiTi maCveneblebi 2. amis Semdeg iwyeba maRali da myari Sromisunarianobis periodi, roca adamianis fsiqofiziologiuri da SromiTi maCveneblebi TavianT saukeTeso dones aRweven; es periodi daaxloebiT 1.5-2 saaTs grZeldeba; 3. dabali Sromisunarianobis periodi, romelic muSaobis dawyebidan daaxloebiT sami saaTis Semdeg iwyebs gamovlenas, gansakuTrebiT TvalSi sacemi ki samuSao dRis bolos saaTebSi xdeba da daRlilobis procesis dawyebiTaa ganpirobebuli; am dros TandaTan uaresdeba adamianis organizmis qmedunarianobisa Tu mis saqmianobis damaxasiaTebeli maCveneblebi. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom samuSao dRis meore naxevarSi (Sesvenebis Semdeg) adamianis Sromisunarianobis dinamika imave kanonzomierebebiT xasiaTdeba, riTac dRis pirvel naxevarSi, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom dRis meore naxevarSi miRweuli Sromisunarianobis maqsimaluri done CamorCeba dRis pirveli naxevris analogiur maCvenebels, xolo samuSao dRis bolos es maCveneblebi yvelaze uaresia, maT Soris, dRis pirveli naxevris bolos, anu Sesvenebis wina periodis maCveneblebTan SedarebiT. testi : samuSo drois gamoyenebis Sesaxeb upasuxeT qvemoT CamoTvlil kiTxvebs; dadebiTi pasuxi (“k”) SeafaseT 2 baliT, pasuxi “zogjer” – 1 baliT, xolo uaryofiTi pasuxi (“ara”) -0 baliT. 1. winaswar gegmavT Tu ara momavali kviris saqmeebs? 2. sakmarisia Tu ara Tqvendami daqvemdebarebulTa raodenoba dasaxul amocanaTa gadasawyvetad? 3. winaswar gegmavT Tu ara daqvemdebarebulTa Soris samuSaos ganawilebas? 4. ritmulad muSaoben Tu ara Tqveni daqvemdebarebulebi? 5. sakmarisad kompetenturni da momzadebulebi arian Tu ara Tqveni daqvemdebarebulebi? 6. momzadebulia Tu ara Tqveni TanaSemwe rTul problemaTa gadasawyvetad? 7. cdilobT Tu ara, rac SeiZleba SeamciroT Tqven mier Catarebuli TaTbirebis raodenoba? 8. gyavT Tu ara TanaSemwe, romelsac SeuZlia saWiro dros SegcvaloT? 52 9. sakmarisad gaqvT Tu ara efeqtiani muSoabis teqnikuri TaTbirebis raodenoba? 10. ixmarT Tu ara Tqvens mdivans saqmiani Sexvedrebis dasaniSnad? 11. TviT Tqveni mdivani niSnavs Tu ara Tqvens saqmian Sexvedrebs? 12. icis Tu ara mdivanma vin SeiZleba pirdapir da uSualod dagakavSiroT Tqven? 13. winaswar amzadebT Tu ara davalebebs mdivnisTvis, raTa man droulad Seasrulos isini? 14. sargeblobT Tu ara diqtofoniT? 15. sakmaod naTel amocanebs usaxavT Tu ara daqvemdebarebulebs? 16. SeuZliaT Tu ara daqvemdebarebulebs konsultirebis aucileblobisas umtkivneulod, advilad dagikavSirdnen Tqven? 17. punqtualuri xarT Tu ara samsaxurebriv saqmeebSi? 18. iwyebT Tu ara Tvens samuSao dRes gadaudebeli saqmeebis keTebiT? 19. axerxebT Tu ara SeisvenoT xolme muSaobis procesSi, erTgvarad modundeT, ganitvirToT? 20. yovelTvis axerxebT Tu ara operatiulad miiRoT gadawyvetileba? 21. ebrZviT Tu ara daqvemdebarebulTa usaqmurobis faqtebs? 22. obieqturad afasebT Tu ara daqvemdebarebulTa muSaobis efeqtianobas? 23. iciT Tu ara ra kriteriumebiT afaseben daqvemdebarebulebi Tqveni saqmianobis efeqtinobas? 24. afasebT Tu ara ramdenad iyenebT Tqvens samuSao dros? 25. axdenT Tu ara Tqveni samuSao drois perspeqtiul dagegmvas? Sefaseba: 45 balze met – SesaniSnavi Sedegia, Tven Zalze kargad marTavT dros; 26-45 bali – Tqven damakmayofileblad iyenebT Tqvens SesaZleblobebs; 26 balze naklebi – Tqven ki ar marTavT dros, aramed dro gmarTavT Tqven da aucilebelia SecvaloT muSaobis stili. TanamSromelTa uflebebi da disciplina A am TavSi Cven ganvixilavT TanamSromelTa uflebebs, samuSao adgilis Taviseburebebsa da TanamSromelTa disciplinas. xelmZRvanelebi aRniSnaven, rom es Temebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens rogorc TanamSromlebis, ise zedamxedvelebis saqmianobaze. robert j. dini, dasaqmebis iuristi, acxadebs, rom TanamSromelTa uflebebi da samuSao adgilis Taviseburebani “isev darCeba SromiTi samarTlis aqtualur Temebad ocdameerTe saukuneSi”. xelmZRvanelebi amCneven, rom ufleba disciplinisa da TanamSromelTa samsaxuridan daTxovnis Sesaxeb, romelic xelmZRvanelobis tradiciul valdebulebas warmoadgens, ufro rTuli gansaxorcielebeli xdeba, radganac TanamSromelTa uflebebs ufro da ufro meti yuradReba eqceva. 53 ufro metic, TanamSromelTa disciplinireba metad rTuli da usiamovno amocanaa menejerTa da zedamxedvelTa umetesobisTvis; bevri maTgani acxadebs, rom TanamSromlis winaaRmdeg dasjis qmedebis ganxorcieleba yvelaze stresuli valdebulebaa, rasac isini asruleben. TanamSromelTa uflebebisa da disciplinis balansireba ar aris advili, magram es aris kargi menejmentis sayovelTao moTxovna da mniSvnelovani aspeqti. radganac TanamSromelTa uflebebis sakiTxebis zrdam gamoiwvia TanamSromelTa mier Setanil sarCelTa ricxvis zrda, Cven am TavSi aseve ganvixilavT alternatiuli davebis mogvarebas, rogorc saSualebas organizaciuli samarTlis dasaxmareblad. radganac disciplinaruli qmedebebi gamowveulia problemebiT da SesaZloa gauqmdes samTavrobo uwyebebis an sasamarTloebis mier, xelmZRvanelobam unda SeimuSaos dadebiTi RonisZieba aseTi qmedebis saWiroebis Tavidan asacileblad. roca SeuZlebelia disciplinaruli RonisZiebis Tavidan acileba, es qmedeba unda ganxorcieldes kargad SemuSavebuli adamianuri resursebis politikisa da praqtikis Sesabamisad. radganac eTika organizaciuli samarTlis mniSvnelovan elements warmoadgens, es Tavi Seicavs TanamSromelTa urTierTobebSi organizaciuli eTikis ganxilvasac. organizaciuli disciplinis ganxilvis dros individualuri da organizaciuli miznebis misaRwevad rCevis micemas specialuri yuradReba eqceva. Cven aseve ganvixilavT rCeva-darigebis micemis miznebsa da xerxebs am Tavis danarTSi. TanamSromelTa uflebebi da Taviseburebani M mravali antidiskriminaciuli kanoni, xelfasi da saaTobrivi statusi, usafrTxoeba da jandacvis kanonmdeblobiTi aqti uzrunvelyofs TanamSromelTa ZiriTad uflebebs da muSaobis gaumjobesebas. TanamSromelTa uflebebis Sesaxeb dava exeba iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa TanamSromelTa uflebebi usamarTlo disciplinaruli qmedebis winaaRmdeg, genetikuri analizis Catarebis Sesaxeb, maTi piradi saqmeebis xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb, damsaqmeblis dakvirvebebisa da zedamxedvelobis, damsaqmeblis mier dasjis Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb. TanamSromelTa uflebebisadmi yuradRebis miqceva socialur, SromiT da biznesinteresTa evoluciis bunebrivi Sedegia. TanamSromelTa uflebebi SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc samarTliani mopyrobis garantia, rasac TanamSromlebi moelian TavianTi SromiTi statusis dacvis dros. Ees molodini gadaiqceva uflebebad, roca isini mieniWeba TanamSromlebs sasamarTloebis, kanonmdeblobis an damsaqmeblis mier. TanamSromelTa uflebebSi xSirad igulisxmeba damsaqmeblis mier dasaqmebulis konfidencialuri uflebis xelyofa. magaliTad, muSakebma SeiZleba CaTvalon, rom maT aqvT gasaidumloebis saTanado molidini maT pirad satelefono saubrebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic ganxorcielda samsaxuris telefonidan, samsaxurSi sxva damsaqmeblebTan elfostiT miwerili werilebTan dakavSirebiT, an xelmZRvanelobis mier maTi piradi sakuTrebis SemTxveviTi gamokvlevebis Tavidan asacileblad. Tumca Tu damsaqmebeli eubneba TanamSromels, rom maT ar aqvT gasaidumloebis ufleba samsaxurSi, albaT asea. erT-erTi uflebamosili komentatori ambobs, rom “roca damsaqmeblebi garkveviT acxadeben, rom gasaidumloebis molodini ar arsebobs, Znelia daamtkico, rom gonier adamians SeiZleba hqondes aseTi 54 molodini”. amasTanave, gansxvaveba damsaqmeblis gasaidumloebis kanonier uflebasa da gasaidumloebis moralur an pirad uflebas Soris yovelTvis ar aris garkveuli. gaurkvevlobas iwvevs konfidencialurobis dacvis sayovelTao da mudmivi organoebis, kanonebis an sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis simcire. ar arsebobs zogadi federaluri an saxelmwifo kanonebi, romlebic icaven yvela TanamSromlis konfidencialurobas samsaxurSi. TanamSromelTa uflebebi da damsaqmeblis valdebulebebi B TanamSromlis balansirebuli uflebebis Tanaxmad damsaqmeblis movaleobaa uzrunvelyos usafrTxo samuSao garemo TanamSromlebisTvis, maSin roca momxmareblebs uzrunvelyofs usafrTxo, xarisxiani saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT.Nnarkotikebis momxmarebelma TanamSromelma SeiZleba gamoiyenos misi konfidencialuri ufleba da uari Tqvas testis Catarebaze. Mmagram aseTma TanamSromelma, narkotikis miRebis gamo, SeiZleba nakliani produqti daamzados, da damsaqmebeli SeiZleba gaxdes pasuxismgebeli am produqtiT miyenebuli zianisTvis. Ddamsaqmeblebma didi yuradReba unda gamoiCinon TanamSromelTa daqiravebis, treningisa da daniSvnis dros. TanamSromelTa uflebebi da damsaqmeblis valdebulebebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegebodes. damsaqmebelTa mier TanamSromelTa uflebebis daucvelobam SeiZleba gamoiwvios saCivrebi, organizaciis reputaciis Selaxva da TanamSromlis moralis Seryeva.Mmagram TanamSromelTa usafrTxoebisa da keTildReobis, momxmarebelTa interesebis daucvelobam SeiZleba gamoiwvios dava orive mxridan. TanamSromelTa sarCeli uyuradRebo daqiravebis Sesaxeb damsaqmebelTa seriozuli zrunvis sagani gaxda. uyuradRebo daqiraveba kanonSi gulgriloba gansazRvrulia, rogorc didi uyuradRebobis gamoCena, roca es zians ayenebs sxva adamians. Ggulgrili daqiraveba aris samarTlebrivi dogma, romelic damsaqmebels akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas misi TanamSromlebis moqmedebebze maTi muSaobis periodSi. damsaqmeblebisTvis arsebobs zogadi valdebuleba gamoiCinon goniereba da yuradReba, raTa TanamSromlebma ganzrax ar miayenon ziani sxva TanamSromlebs muSaobis periodSi. samwuxarod, roca erTi TanamSromeli Caidens sastik moqmedebas sxva TanamSromlis mimarT an TanamSromeli ganzrax Seuracxyofs sxva TanamSromels elfostis saSualebiT samsaxurSi, damsaqmebels SeiZleba wauyenon sarCeli TanamSromlis uyuradRebod daqiravebis gamo. radganac mravali adamiani Tvlis uyuradRebo daqiravebis sasamarTlo procesebs, rogorc “daWera 22-s” damsaqmeblebisTvis (rogor SeuZliaT damsaqmeblebs winaswar gansazRvron TanamSromelTa momavali moqmedeba), es aiZulebs damsaqmeblebs damatebiTi yuradReba gamoiCinon samuSao Zalis dakompleqtebasa da menejmentSi. Aam Tavis momdevno nawilSi ganvixilavT uflebebs, romlebsac TanamSromlebi moelian damsaqmeblebisgan. samuSao adgilis dacvis uflebebi 55 bunebrivia, rom TanamSromlebi TavianT samuSaos miiCneven kuTvnil uflebad – uflebad, romelic umizezod ar unda gauqmdes. samsaxuris Sovnis SesaZleblobis gareSe Cveni piradi keTildReoba metad SezRuduli iqneba. aseTma msjelobam migviyvana im azramde, rom aucilebelia arsebobdes oTxi kanonieri moTxovna samuSaos usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb: Tavisufali dasaqmebis principi, kontraqtis cneba, konstruqciuli ganTavisufleba da sawarmos daxurvis Setyobineba. kargad unda gavacnobieroT, rom Tumca TanamSromlebs SeiZleba hqondeT mizezi, rom samuSao miiCnion dadgenil uflebad, ar arsebobs samarTlebrivi dacva, romelic uzrunvelyofs TanamSromels mudmivi an xangrZlivi samsaxuriT. Aamerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia ar iZleva garantias, rom samsaxuri Sedodes TanamSromelTa specialur sakuTrebaTa uflebebSi. Aamas garda, samsaxuris cneba, rogorc sakuTrebis ufleba, avaldebulebs xelmZRvanelobas imoqmedos samarTlianad da Tanasworad yvela TanamSromelTan. TanamSromlebs namdvilad aqvT ufleba hqondeT jansaRi dasaqmebis molidini da survili moeqcnen maT, rogorc Rirseul pirovnebebs. Tavisufali dasaqmeba D dasaqmebis urTierTobebi tradiciulad mohyva Tavisufali dasaqmebis saerTo kanonis moZRvrebas. Tavisufali dasaqmebis principi iTvaliswinebs, rom TanamSromels aqvs ufleba gawyvitosDSromiTi kavSiri ukeTesi samsaxuris perspeqtivis SemTxvevaSi an sxva piradi mizezebiT.Aaseve damsaqmebelsac SeuZlia nebismier dros SewyvitosDSromiTi kavSiri Setyobinebis gareSe raime mizezis gamo, an umizezod, an Tundac arasaTanado mizeziT. Aamgvarad, amboben, rom TanamSromlebis muSaoba damokidebulia damsaqmeblis “survilze”. Tavisufali dasaqmebis kavSiri iqmneba, roca TanamSromeli Tanxmdeba imuSaos damsaqmeblisTvis ganusazRvreli vadiT. radganac dasaqmeba ganusazRvreli xangrZlivobisaa, praqtikulad is SeiZleba Sewydes nebismieri mxaris surviliT. Ees Tavisufleba gulisxmobs xelmZRvanelobis uflebas calmxrivad gansazRvros samuSao pirobebi da miiRos piradi gadawyvetilebebi. 1908 wels aSS-Si uzenaesi sasamarTlo xelmZRvanelobda Tavisufali dasaqmebis moZRvrebiT, da es principi isev rCeba ZiriTad wesad, romelic marTavs kerZo seqtoris dasaqmebis urTierTobebs. saxelmwifo seqtoris TanamSromlebs aqvT dasaqmebis uflebebis damatebiTi konstituciuri dacva konstituciaSi Setanili mexuTe da meToTxmete cvlilebebis Tanaxmad. mexuTe cvlileba exeba federalur saxelmwifo mosamsaxureebs, xolo meToTxmete cvlileba – TanamSromlebs, romlebic muSaoben saxelmwifosTvis, qveynisTvis an adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebisTvis. Oorive cvlileba moqmedebs, rom SezRudos meTodebi da mizezebi, romlebic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes TanamSromlis dasjis an ganTavisuflebisTvis saxelmwifo seqtorSi. mexuTe cvlilebis pirobebi (iseve rogorc meToTxmete cvlileba), romlebic krZalavs cxovrebis, Tavisuflebisa da sakuTrebis xelyofas Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi procesis gareSe, uzrunvelyofs mTavar konstituciur dacvas saxelmwifo seqtorSi momuSave moxeleebisTvis. maSin, roca es garantiebi exeba saxelmwifo seqtorSi momuSave TanamSromlebs, am cvlilebebis SromiTi uflebebi gavlenas axdens kerZo seqtoris sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebze. 56 Asamsaxuridan usamarTlod ganTavisufleba A amerikaSi samuSao Zalis statistika, romelic damokidebulia arbitraJis mier ganTavisuflebaze Tavisufali dasaqmebis moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, meryeobs 55 milionidan 65 milion TanamSromlamde. yovel wels daaxloebiT 2 milion muSaks aTavisufleben. TanamSromelTa usamarTlo ganTavisufleba meryeobs 50.000-dan 200.000-mde weliwadSi. Aam bolo wlebis manZilze am TanamSromelTa mniSvnelovanma ricxvma uCivla maT yofil damsaqmeblebs “araswori an usamarTlo ganTavisuflebisTvis”. usamarTlod ganTavisuflebis sarCelis mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini, Tavisufali dasaqmebis cnebidan gamomdinare, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben damsaqmeblis uflebas, calmxrivad gaaTavisuflos TanamSromlebi. Mmravali saxelmwifo sasamarTlo axla aRiarebs Semdeg sam mniSvnelovan gamonakliss Tavisufali dasaqmebis moZRvrebisTvis: 1. sajaro politikis darRveva. Ees gamonaklisi xdeba im SemTxvevebSi, roca TanamSromeli ganTavisuflebulia danaSaulis Cadenis uaryofisTvis; samTavrobo xelisuflebisTvis kriminaluri saqmianobis Sesaxeb SetyobinebisTvis; an SromiTi uflebebis gamoyenebisTvis. (sajaro politikis darRvevis magaliTebisTvis ix. sqema 13.1). 2. KSemoTavazebuli kontraqti. Ees gamonaklisi xdeba, roca TanamSromlebs aTavisufleben samuSaos dacvis Sesaxeb ufrosis dapirebis (gamoxatuli an nagulisxmevi) miuxedavad, an ganTavisuflebis dadgenili pirobebis sawinaaRmdegod. damsaqmeblis zepiri an werilobiTi gancxadebebi SeiZleba Seicavdes kontraqtul valdebulebas, Tu isini dakavSirebulia TanamSromlebTan da TanamSromlebi endobian maT, rogorc samuSao pirobebs. 3. SemoTavazebuli SeTanxmeba (xelSekruleba). Ees gamonaklisi xdeba, roca naklebad sando da samarTliania damsaqmeblis mier SemoTavazebuli garigeba. zianis miyenebiT gamarTlebis gareSeE damsaqmebeli arRvevs SeTanxmebas. ganTavisuflebuli TanamSromlebi ganicdian stress an difamacias. amJamad konfliqti da gaurkvevloba damsaqmebelTa tradiciul uflebebsa (sakuTari survilisamebr Sewyvitos SromiTi kavSiri) da TanamSromelTa uflebas (daicvas Tavi usamarTlod ganTavisuflebisgan) Soris jer kidev ar aris mogvarebuli. sakuTari Tavis dasacavad usamarTlod ganTavisuflebisa da didi jarimisgan, romelic zogjer 1 milion dolars aRemateba, adamianuri resursebis specialistebi gvTavazoben Semdeg winadadebebs, romlebic mocemulia sqemaze 13.2. dabezReba Ddamsaqmeblebma unda gamoiCinon yuradReba, rom ar dasajon an gaanTavisuflon is TanamSromlebi, romlebic samTavrobo uwyebebs atyobineben saerTo darRvevebis Sesaxeb. AdabezReba ara mxolod TanamSromlis daculi uflebaa, aramed es SemTxvevebi iwvevs damsaqmebelTa gaRizianebas, rom araferi vTqvaT im didi jarimebis Sesaxeb, risi gadaxdac uwevT damsaqmeblebs damnaSaved cnobis 57 SemTxvevaSi. erT-erTi dabezRebis SemTxvevis dros farmacevtuli produqtebis kompania federalurma prokurorebma daajarimes 875 milioni dolariT TaRliTobisTvis – farulad SeuTanxmda eqimebs, rom moetyuebinaT mTavroba. samsaxuridan politikas ganTavisuflebis SemTxvevebi, romlebic arRvevs sajaro damsaqmebels ar SeuZlia TanamSromeli gaaTavisuflos: • Ddamsaqmeblis saxeliT sasamarTloSi yalbi Cvenebis micemaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi; • gamoZiebaSi samTavrobo uwyebasTan TanamSromlobisTvis an Cvenebis micemisaTvis; • qcevis profesiulii kodeqsis darRvevaze uaris TqmisTvis; • okupaciuri usafrTxoebisa da jandacvis administraciis darRvevebis gamJRavnebisTvis; • im politikuri kandidatisTvis mxardaWeraze uaris TqmisTvis, romelsac mxars uWers damsaqmebeli; • “dabezRebisTvis”, an damsaqmeblis ukanoni moqmedebis gamJRavnebisTvis; • Tu TanamSromelma momxmarebels Setyobina, rom damsaqmebelma mohpara momxmarebels qoneba; • sasamarTloSi gamocxadebisTvis. rCevebi usamarTlod asacileblad samuSaos Sewyvetaze sasamarTloebis Tavidan • gaaTavisufleT TanamSromeli mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arsebobs safuZvliani mizezi. Ddamsaqmebelma naTlad unda daasabuTos TanamSromlis ganTavisuflebis advilad gasagebi mizezebi. mizezebi unda dasaxeldes obieqturad, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, da isini unda gamomdinareobdes kompaniis wesebidan, politikidan da praqtikidan; • CamoayalibeT da daicaviT Sewyvetis wesebi da pirobebi. SeamowmeT, rom yvela ganTavisufleba pasuxobdes dadgenil pirobebs. Ppirobebi SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes TanamSromlis saxelmZRvanelodan, zedamxedvelobis saxelmZRvanelodan, an Tundac Sigaganawesidan. ganTavisuflebamde TanamSromels mieciT sayveduri an gafrTxileba samuSaos arasaTanadod Sesrulebis gamo, miTiTeba muSaobis gaumjobesebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb da a.S. • daasabuTeT muSaobis yvelanairi problema. dasabuTebuli problemebis simcire TanamSromlis pirad saqmeSi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes rogorc safuZvliani ganTavisuflebis garemoebiTi mtkicebuleba, Tu TanamSromeli “uceb” gaaTavisufles. • MiyaviT mtkice TanamSromlebTan msgavs situaciebSi. dokumentebiT daamtkiceT Yyvelanairi disciplinaruli qmedebis mizezebi, maSinac ki, Tu isini ar iwvevs ganTavisuflebas. ganTavisuflebulma TanamSromlebma SeiZleba pretenzia gamoTqvan, rom gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi diskriminaciulia. Ddetaluri dokumentacia daexmareba 58 damsaqmeblebs ganmarton, Tu ratom ar amarTlebs es “gamonaklisebi” ganTavisuflebas. SemoTavazebuli kontraqti M amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi dadgenilia, rom TanamSromelTa 70% muSaobs samuSao kontraqtis gareSe. Amis miuxedavad, garkveuli pirobebis Tanaxmad, am TanamSromlebs SeiZleba mieniWoT xelSekrulebiTi SromiTi uflebebi. Ees SeiZleba moxdes, roca damsaqmeblis piroba TanamSromels sTavazobs samuSaos dacvis garkveul formas. am SeTavazebuli kontraqtis uflebebi SeiZleba emyarebodes zepir an werilobiT gancxadebebs samuSaos dawyebamde an dasaqmebis Semdeg. xSirad es dapirebebi Sedis TanamSromlis saxelmZRvaneloSi, adamianuri resursebis instruqciebSi, an dasaqmebis gancxadebebSi an isini keTdeba gasaubrebis dros. roca samuSaos dacvis es zusti Tu arazusti dapirebebi keTdeba, sasamarTloebma praqtikulad aukrZales damsaqmebels TanmSromlis ganTavisufleba kontraqtis pirobebis sruli Sesrulebis gareSe. magaliTad, “tousant blu qrossim” da “blu Sild of miCiganim” miiCnia TanamSromlis saxelmZRvanelo, rogorc calmxrivad moqmedi kontraqti. qvemoT mocemulia magaliTebi, Tu rogor SeiZleba SemoTavazebuli kontraqti gaxdes oficialuri, savaldebulo: • uTxariT TanamSromlebs, rom maTi samuSao daculi iqneba iqamde, sanam isini saTanadod Seasruleben da loialuri iqnebian organizaciisadmi. • TanamSromelTa saxelmZRvaneloSi aRniSneT, rom TanamSromlebi ar ganTavisufldebian dacvis an gasaCivrebis uflebis gareSe. • TanamSromeli daarwmuneT, rom datovos sxva organizacia ufro maRali xelfasis dapirebiT, Semdeg ki uaryaviT es dapirebebi mas Semdeg, rac daiqiravebT adamians. sabednierod, damsaqmeblebs SeuZliaT Seamciron maTi problemebi kontraqtis sarCelebis mimarT mizanSewonili menejeruli praqtikebiT, treningiT da adamianuri resursebis politikiT. adamianuri resursebis eqspertebi gvirCeven, rom gamoviyenoT Semdegi RonisZiebebi: 1. supervaizerebisa da menejerebis treningi, rom ar SesTavazon kontraqti axal TanamSromlebTan gasaubrebis dros; 2. dasaqmebis SemoTavazebebs Soris gancxadeba, rom TanamSromels SeuZlia survilisamebr Sewyvitos muSaoba Sesabamisi SetyobinebiT da TanamSromeli SeiZleba ganTavisuflebuli iqnes damsaqmeblis mier nebismier dros samarTliani mizezis gamo. Aes gancxadeba unda iyos Sesabamisi, naTeli da advilad gasagebi; 3. Tavisufali dasaqmebis gancxadebebi dasaqmebis yvela dokumentSi, magaliTad, TanamSromlis saxelmZRvaneloebi, samuSaos gancxadebebi, da dasaqmebis werilebi; 4. werilobiTi mtkicebulebis arseboba, rom TanamSromlebma waikiTxes da gaiges Tavisufali dasaqmebis uaryofa. konstruqciuli ganTavisufleba U ufro da ufro Cveulebrivi movlena xdeba TanamSromlebis samsaxuridan wasvla gancxadebuli diskriminaciuli moqmedebebis gamo da 59 amis Semdeg acxadeben, rom maTi SromiTi uflebebi dairRva konstruqciuli, usamarTlo ganTavisuflebiT. isini “iZulebulni” iyvnen daetovebinaT damsaqmeblis mier ganzrax Seqmnili autaneli samuSao pirobebis gamo. Ddamsaqmebelma imoqmeda TanamSromlis samuSao pirobebze ise mizanSeuwonlad da usamarTlod, rom TanamSromels sxva gza aRar hqonda, rom ar daetovebina samsaxuri. konstruqciuli ganTavisuflebis erT-erT SemTxvevaSi (kompania “iang and sauzvesTern saivings and loun asosieSein”) sasamarTlom aRniSna: saerTo wesia, rom Tu damsaqmebeli ganzrax uqmnis TanamSromels autanel samuSao pirobebs, raTa TanamSromeli iZulebuli gaxdes datovos samsaxuri, maSin damsaqmebeli asrulebs konstruqciul ganTavisuflebas da pasuxs agebs nebismieri arakanonieri qmedebisTvis, TiTqos man formalurad gaaTavisufla gabrazebuli TanamSromeli. sasamarTloebi konstruqciuli ganTavisuflebis moZRvrebis CamoyalibebiT cdiloben damsaqmeblebs Tavidan aacilon raime qmedebis faruli Sesruleba; amaT damsaqmeblebs saSualeba eZlevaT daufaravad Seasrulon is, rasac kanoniT krZalaven. magaliTad, arawesier damsaqmeblebs SeiZleba surdeT Tavidan aicilon arasasurveli TanamSromlebi Segnebuli ZaldatanebiT, arasasurveli, saSineli samuSao pirobebis SeqmniT, ise rom TanamSromlebs urCevniaT samsaxuridan wasvla, vidre saSineli pirobebis atana.Aam moqmedebis Tanaxmad, damsaqmebeli SeiZleba Seecados Seamciros Tavisi pasuximgebloba, xolo TanamSromelma moiTxovos konpensacia mravali dacviTi SromiTi statusis saSualebiT. amJamad aSS-s raionuli sasamarTloebi ar gansazRvraven, TanamSromlebma rogor unda daamtkicon konstruqciuli ganTavisuflebis pretenzia. raionuli sasamarTloebis umetesoba mxars uWers Rirseuli pirovnebis standarts. Aam standartis Tanaxmad, mosarCelem ubralod unda aCvenos, rom samuSao pirobebi autaneli iyo “Rirseuli pirovnebisTvis”, da TanamSromels sxva arCevani aRar hqonda, Tu ara samsaxuridan wasvla. raionuli sasamarTloebis umciresoba iRebs Rirsebuli pirovnebis standarts, magram mosarCeleebma damatebiT unda daamtkicon, rom damsaqmebelma ganizraxa maTi samsaxuridan wasvla. am midgomas uwodeben damsaqmeblis ganzraxvis standarts. damsaqmeblis ganzraxvis testi metad subieqturia da amasTanave ufro Zneli TanamSromlis substanciisTvis. unda iTqvas, rom konstruqciuli ganTavisuflebis moZRvreba ar uzrunvelyofs momsaxure personals dasaqmebis raime axali uflebebiT. konstruqciuli ganTavisuflebis sarCeliT TanamSromeli mxolod icavs kanonebiTa da sasamarTlos wesiT adre miniWebul SromiT usafrTxoebas. HRM 1 Tavisufali dasaqmebis gancxadebebis magaliTebi SromiTi saxelmZRvaneloebi xSirad Seicavs Ria gancxadebebs, rom TanamSromlebi saqmdebian Tavisufali vadiT, es niSnavs rom ar arsebobs xangrZlivobis garantia. aseve zedamxedvelebsa da menejerebs, garda gansazRvruli pirebisa (igulisxmeba adamianuri resursebis direqtori an kompaniis prezidenti), aqvT uflebamosileba dapirdnen samuSaos – maT Soris xelfass, Tanamdebobas da a.S. yvela saxelmZRvanelo unda Seicavdes Tavisi uflebebis uaryofas, rac pirdapir uzrunvelyofs, rom 60 saxelmZRvaneloSi Sesuli yvela saxis SromiTi politika da sargebeli damokidebulia mTlian an nawilbriv cvlilebasa da damsaqmeblis eqskluziur survilze. warmovadgenT Tavisufali gancxadebebis or magaliTs: me vaRiareb, rom Tu damiqiraves, viqnebi Tavisufali TanamSromeli. me vacnobiereb, rom SeiZleba moxdes Cemi ganTavisufleba an dasja raime mizezis an Setyobinebis gareSe damsaqmeblis neba-surviliT. me vici, rom prezidentis garda kompaniis sxva warmomadgenels ara aqvs ufleba Secvalos samuSao pirobebi da aseTi cvlileba SeiZleba moxdes mxolod werilobiT SromiT xelSekrulebaSi. me mesmis, rom Cems muSaobas ar marTavs werilobiTi an zepiri kontraqti da ganixileba, rogorc Tavisufali SeTanxmeba. es niSnavs, rom me Tavisufali var, iseve rogorc kompania, nebismier dros SevwyvitoT SromiTi kavSiri raime mizeziT, Tu adgili ara aqvs federaluri an saxelmwifo kanonis darRvevas. me mesmis, rom Cemi muSaoba ar aris gansazRvruli vadiT da gulisxmobs Tavisufal SeTanxmebas. es niSnavs, rom me nebismier dros SemiZlia Sevwyvito muSaoba raime mizeziT, iseve rogorc kompanias, Tu adgili ara aqvs federaluri an saxelmwifo kanonis darRvevas. gafrTxileba: radganac Tavisufal dasaqmebas marTavs saxelmwifo kanonebi, raTa damsaqmebelma SeinarCunos Tavisi Tavisufali statusi, man unda daicvas samarTlis wesebi. es Seicavs Tavisufali dasaqmebis werilobiT gancxadebebs. Ddasjadi (represiuli, samagieros gadaxdis) ganTavisufleba moqalaqeobrivi uflebebis aqtis VII nawili, diskriminaciis epoqis SromiTi aqti, qmedobauunaro amerikelebis aqti, da sxva SromiTi kanonebi ukrZalaven damsaqmeblebs TanamSromlebisTvis samagieros gadaxdas, roca isini iyeneben TavianT uflebebs am statusis Tanaxmad (ix. meore Tavi). samwuxarod, sasamarTloSi ufro meti sarCeli Semodis, radganac mosamarTleebi da marTlmsajulebi xvdebian, rom damsaqmeblebi uzrunvelyofen arasasurvel samuSao pirobebs TanamSromlebisTvis maSinac ki, roca diskriminaciis sarCelebi aris daumsaxurebeli. TanamSromlebma SeiZleba daijeron, rom samagieros mizRveva xdeba, roca menejerebi maT dabalxelfasian samuSaos aZleven, uars acxadeben xelfasis momatebaze an dawinaurebaze, aZleven ararealur davalebebs, an xdebian mtrulad ganwyobilni maT mimarT an kontaqtSi ar Sedian maTTan mas Semdeg, rac gamoxataven diskriminaciiT ukmayofilebas an iReben saWiro gadawyvetilebas. amis Tavidan asacileblad, uiliam kandeli, SromiTi dacvis warmomadgeneli, mouwodebs damsaqmeblebs ganaxorcielon calkeuli antirepresiuli politika da treningebi Cautaros menejerebs da zedamxedvelebs misaRebi da miuRebeli meTodebis Sesaxeb, raTa maT moagvaron TanamSromelTa ukmayofilebisa da pretenziebis gamomwvevi problemebi. antirepresiuli politikis mTavar komponents warmoadgens TanamSromlebTan pativiscemiT da Rirseulad moqceva. qvemoT mocemulia sxva winadadebebi, Tu rogor SevamciroT samagieros gadaxdis mizniT ganxorcielebuli ganTavisuflebebi: 61 ¾ nu Caiden muSaobis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebas TanamSromlebTan, roca isini warmoadgenen diskriminaciis braldebebs. moeqeciT TanamSromlebs ise, TiTqos araferi momxdara; ¾ iyaviT mtkice da obieqturi TanamSromlebTan urTierTobaSi. SeafaseT TanamSromlebi maTi muSaobis mixedviT da ara piradi TvisebebiT; ¾ Nnu gamoxatavT arakeTilganwyobas TanamSromelTa mimarT, roca isini ayeneben diskriminaciis braldebebs. moeqeciT yovel TanamSromels ise, rogorc gindaT, rom mogeqcnen Tqven – samarTlianad. Setyobineba kompaniis daxurvis Sesaxeb milionobiT samuSao adgili daikarga SeerTebul StatebSi didi firmebis daxurvis Sedegad. sawarmos daxurva tragikul gavlenas axdens TanamSromelTa cxovrebaze da maT kavSirebze. dadgenilia, rom sawarmos daxurvis Sedegad dakarguli yoveli 100 samuSao adgilisTvis adgilobrivi sazogadoeba kargavs 200-300 samuSao adgils. federalurma mTavrobam, zogierTma saxelmwifom, da adgilobrivma iurisdiqciam miiRo kanonmdebloba, romelic zRudavs damsaqmebelTa calmxriv uflebas daxuros an sxvagan gadaitanos maTi aRWurvilobebi. 1989 wels kongresma miiRo “muSakTa gadamzadebisa da Setyobinebi aqti”, romelic moiTxovs 100-ze metTanamSromliani organizaciebisgan acnobos samoci dRiT adre TanamSromlebs daxurvis an warmoebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb, rac gavlenas axdens ormocdaaT an ufro met srul ganakveTze momuSave personalze. Setyobineba unda gaegzavnos koleqtiuri morigebis warmomadgenlebs, TanamSromlebs, Sesabamis saxelmwifo gadaadgilebul uwyebas da umaRles arCeul adgilobriv Tanamdebobis pirs. TanamSromlebs individualurad unda ecnoboT werilobiTi formiT. dasaSvebia ramdenime ganTavisufleba, maT Soris “gauTvaliswinebel garemoebebis gamo”. kanonis Seusabamobis SemTxvevaSi damsaqmebels SeiZleba daekisros pasuxismgebloba, rom damatebiT gadauxados daxmareba, winaswari gadawyvetilebis procenti, da rwmunebulis safasuri. “muSakTa gadamzadebisa da Setyobinebis aqti” ar ukrZalavs damsaqmeblebs samsaxuris daxurvas, warmoebis SeCerebas, an dakargvas; kanoni ubralod cdilobs Seamciros is siZneleebi, rac samuSaos dakargvas mohyveba. konfidencialuri (piradi) uflebebi konfidencialur uflebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos piradi Tavisuflebis sakiTxi, romelic ar aris garantirebuli mTavrobis an biznesis Carevisgan pirad saqmeebSi. konfinedciis ufleba – kanoniTa da samarTlebrivi komentarebiT aRiarebuli ufleba – gulisxmobs “piradi avtonomiis” zogad princips. is farTod adasturebs, rom pirovnebis ufleba unda darCes konfidencialuri. sainteresoa, erT-erTma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom amerikelTa 89 procentze meti ukmayofiloa Tavisi konfidencialobis darRveviT. damsaqmebelis problemebma piradi uflebebis mimarT mwvave debatebi gamoiwvia imaze, Tu adre xelSeuxebeli ZiriTadi uflebebi ramdenad SeiZleba Semcirdes samsaxuris mier. mediis saSualebiT TanamSromlebi axla acnobiereben, rom samsaxurSi piradi uflebebi ufro metad SezRudulia, vidre saxlSi. erT-erTi samsaxuris Tanaxmad “TanamSromlis 62 piraduloba aRiarebulia, rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani im samsaxureobriv sakiTxTagan, romlebic kompaniebis winaSe dgas dResdReisobiT”. damsaqmeblebi icaven TavianT uflebas Caerion TanamSromlis pirad saqmeSi da aRniSnaven, rom maT kanonieri interesi aqvT TanamSromelTa zogierTi piradi saqmis mimarT, kerZod, am saqmeebma (narkonitis gamoyeneba, kriminaluri saqmianoba, an TanamSromlis sakuTreba) uSualod sad SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos TanamSromlis produqtiulobaze, samuSao adgilis usafrTxoebaze da/an moralze. sasamarTlo SemTxvevebi samuSao adgilis konfidencialurobasTan dakavSirebiT praqtikulad cdilobs moawesrigos (damsaqmeblis zedamxedvelobis saWiroebis winaaRmdeg) TanamSromlis kanonieri konfidenciis molodinsa da organizaciis efeqturi muSaobis kontrols Soris kavSiri. naSromis am nawilSi Cven SevexebiT samuSao adgilis konfidencialurobis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs narkotikebis moxmarebasTan, gamokvlevebTan, zedamxedvelobasTan, pirad saqmeebSi CarevasTan, werilebis konfidencialurobasTan, samsaxuris gareT TanamSromlis moqmedebasTan da genetikur analizTan dakavSirebiT. Nnarkotikebis moxmareba da narkologiuri analizi gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi faqtebi: Nnarkotikebis momxmarebeli TanamSromlebi sxva TanamSromlebTan SedarebiT • eqvsjer ufro metad gamoTqvamen kompensaciis pretenziebs; • Teqvsmetjer metad sargebloben samedicino daxmarebebiT; • samjer ufro xSirad acdenen samsaxurs; • orjer met Secdomebs uSveben; • xvdebian im TanamSromelTa 65 %-Si., romlebsac ubeduri SemTxvevebi emarTebaT samsaxurSi. D dadgenilia, rom TanamSromlebis mier narkotikis moxmareba aSS-s damsaqmeblebs 75 milioni dolari ujdebaT yovel wels usafrTxoebis riskebis, qurdobis, Semcirebuli produqtiulobis, ubeduri SemTxvevebisa da xarjebis gamo. amasTanave am sadavo periodSi Tu damsaqmebeli ver uzrunvelyofs usafrTxo da narkotikiT Tavisufal samuSao adgils, aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios pasuxismgeblobis saCivrebi imis gamo, rom momxmareblebi ukmayofilo darCnen TanamSromlis uyuradRebobiT an naklovani produqtiT. sul ufro meti kompaniebi ebrZvian problemas narkotikebisgan Tavisufali samuSao adgilis politikiT, TanamSromlis ganaTlebiT, narkologiuri testiT, TanamSromelTa dasaxmarebeli programebiT. Nnarkologiuri Semowmebis Catareba TanamSromlebSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia “specifiur Tanamdebobebze” saxelmwifo seqtorSi, organizaciebSi, romlebic TanamSromloben federalur mTavrobasTan, da saxelmwifo da kerZo transportirebis dawesebulebebSi. specifikuri Tanamdebobis ganmarteba Camoyalibda sasamarTloebis mier, da gulisxmobs TanamSromlebs, romelTac ukaviaT iseTi Tanamdebobebi, romlebic moiTxovs erovnuli saidumloebis dacvas, aseve imaTac, romlebic muSaoben iseT Tanamdebobaze, sadac mkacrad ikrZaleba saSiSi narkotikebi: policielebi, 63 mexanZreebi, da transportis usafrTxoebis Tanamdebobebze momuSave TanamSromlebi. am TanamSromlebs SeiZleba mosTxovon narkologiuri testis wardgena narkotikis moxmarebis “individualuri eWvis” ararsebobis SemTxevaSic ki.Ffederaluri saaviacio sammarTvelos (FAA) safreni ekipaJis wevrebisTvis, gamcileblebisTvis, sahaero moZraobis makontroleblebisTvis, damxmare personalisTvis, TviTmfrinavis dispetCerebisTvis da saaviacio usafrTxoebisTvis ganxorcielda narkologiuri analizis programa kompania “blueStein v skinerSi”. Aam SemTxvevebSi sasamarTloebi acxadeben, rom TanamSromlis interesi _ SeinarCunos narkotikebisgan Tavisufali samuSao adgili _ gadawonis nebismier pirad interess, rac SeiZleba TanamSromels hqondes. narkotikebisgan Tavisufali samuSao adgilis 1988 wlis aqti federalur doneze moiTxovs, rom organizaciebma 25.000 dolaris an meti Rirebulebis samTavrobo kontraqtebiT gamoaqveynon da miawodon TanamSromlebs politikis oficialuri gancxadeba, romelic krZalavs narkotikebis moxmarebas samsaxurSi, SeimuSaos gacnobis programebi da acnobos federalur uwyebas im TanamSromlebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac Caidines narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli kriminaluri darRveva. Ddamsaqmeblebma unda daicvan kanonis debulebebi narkotikebTan dakavSirebiT. ADA pirdapir aTavisuflebs nebismier TanamSromelsa da samuSaos msurvels, vinc “amJamad CarTulia narkotikebis arakanonier moxmarebaSi”. Nnarkotikebis momxmareblebi ar iTvlebian “qmedobauunaro pirovnebebad”. Tumca kanonis debulebebi exeba gankurnebul narkomanebsac. Kkanoni acxadebs, rom Uuunaro adamianad ar CaiTvleba is piri, romelmac (1) warmatebiT daasrula reabilitaciis programa an sxvamxriv warmatebiT gaiara reabilitacia da aRar aris CarTuli narkotikebis moxmarebaSi; (2) an romelic monawileobas iRebs reabilitaciis programaSi da aRar aris CarTuli narkotikebis moxmarebaSi. ADA aseve icavs TanamSromlebs, romlebic kanonierad moipoveben kanonier narkotikebs. magaliTad, TanamSromeli, romelic kanonierad iRebs tkivilgamayuCebel medikaments da Semdeg eCveva am wamals, akmayofilebs ADA –s ganmartebas qmedobauunaro piris Sesaxeb. Mmenejerebma da zedamxedvelebma unda gaacnobieron, rom kanoni narkologiuri testis Sesaxeb kerZo seqtorSi gansxvavebulia da regulirdeba calkeuli saxelmwifoebis mier. saxelmwifoebi SezRuduli narkologiuri testis Sesaxeb kanonebiT zogadad krZalaven narkotikebze testis Catarebas, garda gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisa. Nnarkologiuri analizis mxardamWeri saxelmwifoebi zogadad uSveben testis Catarebas, im pirobiT, rom zusti testis procedurebi iqneba daculi. saxelmwifo an adgilobrivi kanonebi Tu ar zRudaven an krZalaven narkologiur Semowmebas, kerZo damsaqmeblebs aqvT ufleba mosTxovon TanamSromels waradginos Sardis da sisxlis analizi, Tu arsebobs Sesabamisi eWvi an mizezi. savaraudo mizezi SeiZleba moicavdes dakvirvebis, usafrTxoebis, moqmedebis an saqmianobis problemebs;: gadaWarbebul gacdenebs an sizarmaces; an gazrdil siZneleebs samsaxurSi TanamSromlebTan da zedamxedvelebTan urTierTobaSi. Ddamsaqmeblebi, romelTac surT 64 ganaxorcielon uflebamosileba an narkologiuri Semowmebis programebi, SeiZleba saxelmwifo sasamarTlos ufro mkacri winaaRmdegobebis winaSe dadgnen. organizaciebs Cveulebriv ar SeuZliaT yvela TanamSromlis narkologiuri Semowmebis Catareba; Semowmeba unda iyos fokusirebuli erT individze (narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonebze uaxlesi monacemebis mopovebisTvis saukeTeso gzaa Tqvens qveyanaSi mimarToT adgilobriv biblioTekas an moiTxovoT informacia Sesabamisi saxelmwifo uwyebisgan). 13.3 sqemaze mocemulia narkologiuri SemowmebisTvis cnobili mizezebi. Sardis analizi narkologiuri Semowmebis yvelaze Cveulebrivi formaa, Tumca damsaqmeblebi aseve iyeneben sisxlis analizs da Tmis analizs. Nnarkologiur Semowmebaze zogierTi yvelaze mwvave kritika exeba am Semowmebis meTodebis sandoobas, raTa daadginon, rom pirovneba impyofeba narkotikis zemoqmedebis qveS. saSiSi nivTierebebi SardSi rCeba garkveuli periodiT: kokaini _ daaxloebiT samocdaTormeti saaTiT, marixuana – sami kviris ganmavlobaSi an metxans. Tmis analizi iZleva pasuxs narkotikebis warsuli moxmarebis Sesaxeb. radganac Tma izrdeba daaxloebiT naxevari inCiT TveSi, Sesabamisad mokle nawils SeuZlia mogvces narkotikebis moxmarebis xangrZlivi monacemebi. Tumca, TanamSromlis warsulSi narkotikebis moxmarebam SeiZleba gavlena ar moaxdinos amJamindel samuSaos Sesrulebaze. Aaseve Sardis analizi problematuri xdeba, roca testis aparati ar aris Semowmebuli an saTanadod ar aris gawmendili, aRebuli sinjebi isvreba da warmoiSoba jaWvuri dacvis problemebi. (jaWvuri dacvis dokumentacia gulisxmobs yoveli Sardis sinjis (nimuSis) erTobliobas misi SexebiTa da SenaxviT Segrovebis adgilidan saboloo daniSnulebis adgilamde). am siZneleebma SeiZleba gamoiwvios dadebiTi testis araswori pasuxi, rodesac konkretuli narkotiki arasworad gamovlindeba sinjSi. narkologiuri Semowmebis mizezebi • • • • • • • • dasaqmebamde: yvela ganmcxadeblis an axali TanamSromlis Semowmeba; usafrTxoebis damcavi gansakuTrebuli Tanamdebobebi: safrTxis Tavidan acileba TanamSromlebisgan, romelTa arasworma moqmedebebma SeiZleba daarRvios usafrTxoeba; usafrTxoebis damcavi gansakuTrebuli Tanamdebobebi: TanamSromlebis Semowmeba, romlebic marTaven gansakuTrebulad konfidencialur masalebs ab inaxaven didi raodenobiT Rirebul masalebs, rac krZalavs narkotikebs an cecxlsasroli iaraRis tarebas; safuZvliani eWvi: daasabuTeT eWvi da moZebneT savaraudo mizezi imis dasamtkiceblad, rom TanamSromlebi CarTulni arian narkotikebis moxmarebaSi; ubeduri SemTxvevis Semdeg: SemTxvevis Semdeg dauyovnebliv SeamowmeT, ram gamoiwvia seriozuli ziani an qonebis dazianeba; Tanamdebobaze dabruneba: narkotikebis ararsebobis damtkicebis Semdeg TanamSromeli ubrundeba samuSaos reabilitaciis Sedegad; zedamxedveloba: SeamowmeT, TanamSromelma gaikeTa Tu ara Tavdapirveli narkologiuri testi; SemTxveviTi: narkotikebis moxmarebisgan Tavis Sekaveba gamoucxadebeli narkologiuri Semowmebis saSualebiT. 65 narkologiuri Semowmebis saSualebiT SegiZliaT SeafasoT TanamSromlis Sesabamisoba samsaxurTan. egreT wodebuli movaleobisTvis Sesaferisobis an saqmianobaze dafuZnebuli Semowmeba gansazRvravs, aris Tu ara TanamSromeli sakmarisad momzadebuli muSaobisTvis. erT-erTi “gauaresebis” testi TanamSromlisgan moiTxovs misdios kursors video TamaSis dros (rogorc modelireba). sxva Semowmebis teqnika afasebs TanamSromlis Tvalis moZraobebs. testis Sedegebis Sedareba TanamSromlis Sesaxeb adre Segrovil monacemebTan emsgavseba gonivrul tests savaraudo mizezis garkvevisaTvis. am testis erT-erTi upiratesoba is aris, rom is fokusirebulia samsaxurebriv saqmianobaze da ara arasamsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas gamoxatul qcevaze. is aseve gamoavlens iseT TanamSromlebs, romlebic Seamcires im problemebis gamo, rom narkologiurma Semowmebam ver gamoavlina: gadaRla, stresi da alkoholizmi. saerTo jamSi, narkologiuri Semowmebis dros damsaqmeblebi frTxilad unda iyvnen, rom tyuilad ar daabralon narkotikebis gamoyeneba TanamSromels an aplikants. aq sakiTxi exeba narkologiuri Semowmebis Sedegebis gamovlenas an vinmes narkologiuri problemis “prognozirebas”. ciliswamebis sarCeli Cveulebriv gulisxmobs fulad zarals. narkologiuri Semowmebis pasuxebi miawodeT mxolod maT, vinc unda icodes amis Sesaxeb, magaliTad, zedamxedvelebs an adamianuri resursebis personals, da ara sxva TanamSromlebs an aradainteresebul menejerebs. boingi, 3M, gaerTianebuli aviaxazebi da motorola iyeneben damoukidebeli samedicino ganxilvis TanamSromels, (MRO) raTa uzrunvelyon maTi narkologiuri testebis programebis erTianoba. MRO –s zogierT saxelmwifoSi sTxoven federaluri mTavrobis mier dadgenil testebs. TanamSromlebis gamokvlevebi da zedamxedveloba • Ppawawina eleqtronuli videoTvalis damontaJeba kedlebSi da Werze danaSaulSi eWvmitanil TanamSromelTa dakvirvebisTvis; • Dduponti iyenebs Sori manZilis kamerebs, raTa akontrolos misi gadmotvirTvis platforma; • Mmervinis departamentis sawyobebi uSvebs TanamSromelTaTvis gamWvirvale celofnis parkebs piradi nivTebis satareblad; CanTebs amowmeben samsaxurSi Sesvlis da gamosvlis dros; • 2001 wels amerikuli menejmentis asociaciis mier Catarebulma kvlevam aCvena, rom aSS-is kompaniebis 77 % awarmoebs zedamxedvelobas TanamSromelTa moqmedebis gasakontroleblad. E es da sxva kompaniebi ratom akontroleben da akvirdebian TavianT TanamSromelTa saqmianobas? pasuxi aris TanamSromelTa qurdoba. aSS-s savaWro palatam Seafasa, rom TanamSromelTa qurdoba (saqonlis, maragis an aRWurvilobis moparva; informaciis gayidva, gaflangva; “drois moparva”; kompiuteruli danaSauli da a.S.) aSS-is bizness yovelwliurad ujdeba 40 miliardi dolari. Kkvlevebi aCvenebs, rom muSakTa 33 % qurdavs TavianT damsaqmeblebs. 66 TanamSromelTa danaSaulebasTan brZolaSi dasaxmareblad sasamarTloebma dauSves calkeuli oTaxebis, magidebis, Cemodnebis, iaraRebis, yuTebis da zogadad samuSao adgilebis Cxreka, sadac adekvaturi gamarTleba arsebobs da TanamSromlebma miiRes Sesabamisi Setyobineba winaswar. TanamSromlebs ara aqvT swori warmodgena gasaidumloebis molodinze iseT adgilebSi, sadac moqmedebs samuSao wesebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs Semowmebebs. isini unda daemorCilon damsaqmeblis mier Catarebul Cxrekas; SeiZleba isini Sesabamisad daisajon daumorCileblobisTvis an Cxrekis moTxovnaze uaris TqmisTvis. mniSvnelovania Semdegi: Tu adgili ara aqvs sagangebo an sxva specialur garemoebebs, maSin TanamSromelTa piradi nivTebis an kompaniis aRWurvilobis SemTxveviT Cxrekas Tavi unda avaridoT. SemTxveviTi Cxreka gamoiwvevs TanamSromelTa ganrisxebas da pretenziebs, rom irRveva maTi piradi uflebebi (Tanmxlebi xarjebiT produqtiulobaSi). Mmenejerebi unda iyvnen koreqtulebi TanamSromelTa Cxrekis Catarebisas. arasaTanado Cxrekebs SeiZleba mohyves TanamSromlTa saCivrebi, damsaqmeblis dadanaSaulebiT, rom man daarRvia maTi piradi uflebebi, cili daswama da miayena emociuri stresi. damsaqmeblebs urCeven, rom SeimuSaon adamianuri resursebis politika, romelic Semdeg principebze iqneba dafuZnebuli: 1. Cxrekis politika unda iyos sajaro da unda dasaxeldes Cxrekis savaraudo mizezi; 2. Cxrekis politika unda iyos gonivruli da obieqturi; 3. sadac SesaZlebelia, Cxreka unda Catardes calke, izolirebulad; 4. Ddamsaqmebeli unda Seecados daiTanxmos TanamSromeli Cxrekaze; 5. Cxreka unda Catardes eTikis normebis dacviT, raTa Tavidan aviciloT emociuri stresi; 6. Cxrekaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi unda ganisazRvros jarima. zedamxedvelobis, dakvirvebis gziT TanamSromelTa moqmedebis kontroli damsaqmeblebisTvis Cveulebrivi saqmea. samuSao adgilis dakvirvebas umetes SemTxvevaSi unda hqondes kanonieri, saqmiani mizani, Zalian mcire federaluri samarTlebrivi kontroli icavs TanamSromlebs TvalTvalisgan. Tumca saxelmwifo kanonebi adgenen sakuTar normebs, Tu ramdenad tolerantulebi unda iyvnen TanmSromlebi. Eufrosebis mier eleqtronuli dakvirvebis, TvalTvalis erT-erTi yvelaze miRebuli saSualebaa satelefono zedamxedveloba qurdobis Tavidan asacileblad an imisaTvis, rom darwmundnen momxmarebelTa moTxovnebi sruldeba Tu ara saTanadod. xelmZRvanelobas aqvs ufleba gaakontrolos TanamSromlebi, im pirobiT, rom isini amas akeTeben maTi saqmianobisTvis da TanamSromlebs unda acnobon, rom maTi satelefono zarebi kontroldeba. Tumca federaluri kanoni, eleqtronuli komunikaciebis gasaidumloebis aqti (ECPA) adgens ramdenime ZiriTad SezRudvas am uflebasTan dakavSirebiT. ECPA xelmZRvanelobas uzRudavs zepiri an eleqtronuli komunikaciebis mosmenas. Kkanonis Tanaxmad, Tu TanamSromeli iRebs pirad zars, damsaqmebelma unda dakidos yurmili maSinve, rogorc ki mixvdeba, rom es zari piradulia. rogorc aRniSnavs erT-erTi xelmZRvaneloba, “ufrosma SeiZleba gaakontrolos piradi zari, Tu TanamSromelma icis, rom konkretuli zari ismineba – da igi eTanxmeba 67 amas. TanamSromlebs SeuZliaT uCivlon pirad cxovrebaSi CarevisTvis, magram sasamarTloebi amas akeTeben zaralis asanazRaureblad, TanamSromelma unda daasabuTos, rom konfidencialurobis saTanado molodinebi gadawonis (aWarbebs) organizaciis zedamxedvelobis mizezs. Ppirad saqmeebSi Careva TanamSromlis pirad saqmeSi Senaxul infomacias SeiZleba didi mniSvneloba hqondes (dadebiTi an uaryofiTi) karieris ganviTarebisaTvis. piradi saqmeSi, romelic inaxeba adamianuri resursebis departamentSi, SeiZleba iyos Semdegi dokumentebi: saqmianobis Sefasebebi, xelfasis cnobebi, gamoZiebis oqmebi, sakredito Cekebi, kriminaluri oqmebi, testis Sefasebebi, da monacemebi ojaxis Sesaxeb. unarSezRuduli amerikelebis aqti (ganxilulia meore TavSi) moiTxovs, rom TanamSromlis samedicino istoria inaxebodes sxva piradi informaciisgan gancalkevebiT. Secdomebma, pirad saqmeebSi raimes gamotovebam an arauflebamosili piris mier am saqmeebis xelSi Cagdebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios samsaxurebrivi an piradi problemebi. Kkanonmdebloba federalur doneze (ix. cxrili 13.4) da kanonebi msoflioSi, daaxloebiT saxelmwifoebis 50 %-Si nebas aZleven TanamSromlebs Seamowmon TavianTi piradi saqmeebi. ramdenad xelmisawvdomia es maTTvis, es ukve saxelmwifozea damokidebuli. magaliTad, xelmZRvanelobam SeiZleba aukrZalos TanamSromlebs im informaciis naxva, romelmac SeiZleba daarRvios sxvebis konfidencialuroba. amgvari dokumentebia daxasiaTebebi da kriminaluri gamoZiebis oqmebi. saxelmwifo kanonma SeiZleba SeuzRudos TanamSromels uflebebi im dokumentebis aslebze, romlebsac man moawera xeli. aseTebia saqmianobis Sefasebebi an samuSaos aplikaciebi. saxelmwifoebi, romlebic TanamSromlebs aniWeben uflebas naxon TavianTi piradi saqmeebi, zogadad uzrunvelyofen: • Uuflebas icodes, arsebobs Tu ara misi piradi saqme; • Uuflebas Seamowmos Tavisi piradi saqme; • Uuflebas Seasworos araswori monacemebi saqmeSi. kanonebi konfidencalurobis uflebis Sesaxeb kanoni eleqtronuli komunikaciebis konfidencialurobis aqti (1986) moqmedeba rZalavs farul mosmenas, Caweras an eleqtronuli da zepiri kavSirebis gamJRavnebas nebismieri eleqtronuli, meqanikuri an sxva saSualebiT. Ffaruli mosmena SeiZleba ganxorcieldes, roca ufrosi akontrolebs satelefono zars, damsaqmebels aZlevs kontrolis nebas 68 kanonieri saqmianobis miznebisTvis. konfidencialurobis aqti (1974) mimarTavs federalur uwyebebsa da organizaciebs da awvdis saqonelsa da servisebs federalur mTavrobas; calkeul pirebs aZlevs uflebas Seamowmon cnobebi samsaxuris gadawyvetilebebTan dakavSirebiT; nebas aZlevs TanamSromlebs gadaxedon TavianT pirad saqmeebs sizustisaTvis. D damsaqmebleblebi, romlebic ganzrax arRveven aqts, eqvemdebarebian samoqalaqo sarCels. saojaxo ganaTlebis uflebebi da konfidenciis aqti – buklis cvlileba (1974) ukrZalavs saganmanaTleblo instituciebs miawodon studentebs informacia winaswari Tanxmobis gareSe. studentebs aqvT ufleba Seamowmon TavianTi saswavlo Canawerebi. samarTliani sandoobis angariSis aqti (1970) nebas aZlevs samuSaos msurvelebsa da TanamSromlebs icodnen, maT saxelze inaxeba Tu ara sando saqmeebi da rogoria maTi Sinaarsi. TanamSromlebs aqvT ufleba icodnen xelmZRvanelobis mier Sedgenili sagamoZiebo momxmareblis angariSis arsebobisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb. F faqtobrivad Tu saxelmwifo kanoni nebas aZlevs TanamSromlebs Seamowmon TavianTi saqmeebi, administracias SeuZlia moiTxovos, rom nebismieri piri adamianuri resursebidan an supervaizeri daeswros imis dasamowmeblad, rom aranairi informacia ar aris Secvlili an damatebuli. specialuri kanonmdeblobis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki damsaqmebelTa umetesoba TanamSromlebs aZlevs maTi piradi saqmeebis xelmisawvdomobis SesaZleblobas. profesionalebi gvirCeven, rom organizaciebma unda SeimuSaon politika TanamSromelTa saqmeebis Sesaxeb, romelic Seicavs 13.5 sqemaSi mocemul punqtebs, rogorc minimums. damsaqmeblebma damatebiT unda izrunon, rom daicvan TanamSromelTa piradi uflebebi, roca piradi monacemebi inaxeba eleqtronulad. usafrTxoebis dacva uzenaesia. Unda dagindes, daculia Tu ara kompiuteris parolebi; mowesrigebulia Tu ara monacemTa sistemaSi SeRweva; A Tavis adgilzea dacvis sistema Tu ara; ician Tu ara TanamSromlebma konfinecialurobis valdebulebebi; Aarsebobs Tu ara Sida auditis procedurebi Seyvanil monacemTa sizustis uzrunvelsayofad; Ees icavs TanamSromelTa konfidecialuri informaciis nakads, rom is xelSi ar Cauvardes arakompetentur pirebs. Eeleqtronuli fosta, interneti da xmovani fostis konfidencialuroba 69 E eleqtronuli fostis, internetisa da xmovani fostis gamoyenebis mravali saSualeba arsebobs; isini uzrunvelyofen Setyobinebebis momentalur gagzavnas, exmarebian samuSao jgufs, gvTavazoben globaluri informaciis mopovebas, xels uwyoben drois efeqturad gamoyenebas da fleqsiur muSaobas. samwuxarod, teqnologia TanamSromlebs amave dros saSualebas aZlevs imoqmedon arakeTilsindisierad, arasaTanadod da kompetenciis gareSe, rac xelmZRvanelobas uqmnian eTikur, samarTlebriv da produqtiulobis problemebs. teqnologiis arakanonieri gamoyeneba Sedegad iwvevs imas, rom damsaqmeblebi akontroleben TanamSromelTa moqmedebebs, igeben mniSvnelovan konfidencialur sakiTxebs rogorc TanamSromlebis, aseve menejerebis Sesaxeb. Aadamianuri resursebis menejmentis mier Catarebul kvlevaSi gamokiTxulTa 74 procentma ganacxada, rom isini akontroleben TavianTi TanamSromlebis internetis moxmarebasa da eleqtronuli fostis Setyobinebebs. piradi saqmeebi: politikis miTiTebebi • uzrunvelyaviT Sesabamisoba moqmed saxelmwifo kanonebTan; • zustad gansazRvreT, ra informacia unda inaxebodes TanamSromelTa saqmeSi; • SeimuSaveT piradi informaciis sxvadasxva kategoriebi samarTlebriv moTxovnebsa da organizaciis principebze dayrdnobiT; • gansazRvreT sad, rodis, rogor da ra pirobebSi SeuZliaT TanamSromlebs gadaxedon TavianT saqmeebs an gadaiRon maTi aslebi; • gansazRvreT kompaniis romel TanamSromlebs SeuZliaT piradi saqmeebis naxva; • akrZaleT iseTi informaciis Segroveba, romelic SeiZleba CaiTvalos diskriminaciad an gaxdes konfidencialurobis darRvevis safuZveli; • SeamowmeT samuSao oqmebi regularulad, raTa amoiRoT araswori, moZvelebuli an arazusti informacia. K konfidencialurobis gamokvlevam aCvena, rom aSS-is 14 milioni mosasaxure mudmivi kontrolis qveS imyofeba. ratom akontroleben ufrosebi TanamSromlebs? Mmizezi mravalnairia: TanamSromleTa saziano an saSiSi saqcielis Tavidan asacileblad, kompaniis drois efeqturad gamoyenebis uzrunvelsayofad, TanamSromleTa Woraobis Tavidan asacileblad, TanamSromelTa usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad internetSi pornografiuli vebgverdebis naxvisa da serfingis aRmosafxvrelad, rom TanamSromlebi ar iyvnen dakavebulebi piradi saqmeebiT samuSao drois periodSi. TanamSromelTa kontroli aseve xorcieldeba imisaTvis, rom piradi informacia ar gaxdes xelmisawvdomi cnobismoyvareTaTvis an “xakerebisTvis”, visac SeuZlia es infomacia borotad gamoiyenos. xelmZRvanelobas sruli Tavisufleba aqvs akontrolos sakuTari aRWurviloba. sasamarTlo wesebi, romlebic marTavs eleqtronul fostasa da internetTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, xelmZRvanelobas zogadad aniWebs uflebas gaakontrolos saqmesTan dakavSirebuli miznebisaTvis Seqmnili, 70 miRebuli an gagzavnili masalebi. TanamSromlebma, romlebic anadgureben TavianT Setyobinebebsa da werilebs, SeiZleba arasworad ivaraudon, rom isini waiSala. Tumca TanamSromlebma SeiZleba CaTvalon, rom maTi piradi uflebebi vrceldeba el.fostaze, internetze an xmovan fostaze. Uufro metic, isini SeiZleba daisajon kidec an gaaTavisuflon samsaxuridan elfostis an internetis arasaTanado gamoyenebisTvis. adamianuri resursebis eqspertebi da samarTlebrivi organoebi mxars uWeren xelmZRvanelobas SeimuSaos zusti politika da principebi, romlebic TanamSromlebs gaacnobs, Tu rogor unda gamoiyenon elfosta, interneti an xmovani fosta, amave dros acnobebs, rodis da ra pirobebSi moxdeba maTi gakontroleba. (ix. sqema 13.6.), TanamSromlebma unda moaweron xeli formas (iseve, rogorc SromiTi politikis sxva dokumentebs) imis dasturad, rom maT waikiTxes da eTanxmebian mas. TanamSromelTa saqcieli samsaxuris gareT ganixileT Semdegi SemTxveva. orSabaTs diliT “eibisi” korporaciis mepatrone kiTxulobs gazeTSi, rom kompaniis TanamSromeli eWvmitanilia qurdobasa da adgilobrivi maRaziis mepatronis TavdasxmaSi. TanamSromeli gaaTavisufles sasamarTlo procesis dros. TanamSromlis zedamxedvelTan darekilma satelefono zarma gamoavlina, rom TanamSromeli kvlav ganagrZobs muSaobas. rogor unda moiqces mepatrone? elfosta, interneti, xmovani fosta; politikis principebi elfostis, internetis, xmovani fostis politika cdilobs Seamciros TanamSromlis konfidencialurobis molodini imis fonze, rom damsaqmebels aqvs mizezebi TanamSromleTa saqcielis legitimurad gakontrolebisaTvis. elfostis, internetis, xmovani fostis sayovelTao politika moicavs Semdeg sakiTxebs: • uzrunvelyaviT Sesabamisoba sakuTar federalur da saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobasTan; • gansazRvreT pirobebi, rodesac SeiZleba sistemis gamoyeneba piradi saqmisTvis. • gansazRvreT is konfidecialuri informacia, romelic ar unda gaigzavnos qselSi. • daadgineT pirobebi, rodis unda ganxorcieldes monitoringi, vis mier, ra sixSiriT da rogor unda SeatyobinoT TanamSromlebs; • daadgineT, rom elfostisa da xmovani fostis informacia gaegzavnos mxolod im momxmarebels, visac sWirdeba es samuSao miznebisTvis; • Mmkacrad akrZaleT elfostis an xmovani fostis gamoyeneba sxvebis Sesawuxeblad an anonimuri Setyobinebebis gagzavna; • auxseniT TanamSromlebs, rom maT ara aqvT konfidencialurobis ufleba nebismier masalasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic gaigzavna an miRebul iqna elfostiT an xmovani fostiT; • gansazRvreT, politikis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi romeli TanamSromlebi eqvemdebarebian dasjis sxvadasxva formas, maT Soris _ ganTavisuflebas. 71 samarTlebrivi samsaxurebi zogadad miiCneven, rom TanamSromelTa saqcieli samsaxuris gareT ar eqvemdebareba dasjas ufrosis mier. Kkanonis Tanaxmad, cudi saqcielis Cadena samsaxuris Semdeg, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba ar iyos kanonieri safuZveli TanamSromlis dasjisTvis. Oorganizaciebma, romelTac surT TanamSromelTa dasja samsaxuris gareT Cadenili moqmedebisTvis, unda daadginon zusti kavSiri Cadenil cud saqcielsa da im uaryofiT gavlenas Soris, romelic man moaxdina sxva TanamSromlebze an organizaciaze. Ees SeiZleba dadgindes, magaliTad, im SemTxvevebSi, roca samsaxuris gareT kriminaluri moqmedeba (rogoricaa bavSvis gaupatiureba) warmoSobs gamanadgurebel Sedegs, axdens uaryofiT gavlenas samsaxurze. Mmeore magaliTi SeiZleba iyos, roca TanamSromlis sajaro samsaxuri (rogoricaa policiis an saxanZro departamentis personali) warmoSobs warmosaxviT problemas organizaciisTvis. Tumca, zogadad rac ar unda mcire danaSauli Caidinos TanamSromelma samsaxuris gareT, mainc eqvemdebareba dasjas ufrosis mier. samsaxurebrivi romanebi gansakuTrebul problemas uqmnis organizaciebs. xelmZRvanelobas eqmneba problema, Tu TanamSromlis, zedamxedvelis an sxva Tanamdebobis piris romani gadadis cud formebSi, rasac mivyavarT samsaxurSi seqsualuri Zaladobis faqtebamde an braldebebamde. samsaxurebrivi romanebi agreTve favoritizmis braldebebs iwveven im TanamSromlis winaaRmdeg, romelic CarTulia zedamxedvelisa da masze dabali Tanamdebobis mqone TanamSromlis romanSi. samsaxurebrivma romanebma SeiZleba warmoSvan moraluri problemebic, roca sxva TanamSromlebi grZnoben, rom usamarTlod eqcevian; aseTi situaciebi iwveven eWvianobas, gaRizianebas da cud grZnobebs. zedamxedvelis romanebs SeiZleba organizaciisaTvis mZime Sedegebi mohyves Ggenetikuri analizi G genetikuri kvlevebis winsvla axla ukve SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs ganvsazRvroT adamianis daavadebebaTa genetika. genetikuri monacemebi SesaZleblobas iZleva individualuri prevenciuli strategiisTvis, agreTve adreuli gamovlenisa da mkurnalobisTvis. samwuxarod, genetikuri testisgan miRebuli monacemebi aseve SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes damsaqmeblebis mier, raTa diferenciacia moaxdinos an Seuracxyofa miayenos im pirovnebebs, romlebmac samuSaosTvis mimarTes an im pirovnebebs, romlebic ukve muSaoben. magaliTad, genetikur analizs SeuZlia gamoavlinos iseT daavadebaTa riski, rogoricaa kibo, gulis daavadeba an diabeti. radganac TanamSromlis daavadebebi da avadmyofoba warmoSobs samsaxuris xarjebs, damsaqmebelma SeiZleba Tavidan aicilos iseTi pirebis daqiraveba an SenarCuneba, romlebic, maTi varaudiT, SesaZloa gaxdnen avad. amiT Tavidan icileben damatebiTi kadrebis Seqmnas, trenings da samedicino xarjebs. gasakviri ar aris, rom roca xelmZRvaneloba iyenebs genetikur testebs, rogorc TanamSromlisTvis samuSaoze uaris Tqmis saSualebas, analizebi warmoSobs mniSvnelovan moralur da eTikur problemebs, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT konfidencialobis sakiTxebze. Tumca, ufrosebma unda daimaxsovron, rom ar arsebobs mecnieruli mtkicebuleba moulodnel 72 genetikur faqtorebsa da adamianis SesaZleblobas Soris kavSiris, urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb. ramdenime federaluri an saxelmwifo kanoni an sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi marTavs damsaqmeblis mier genetikuri informaciis gamoyenebas. Tumca Ggenetikuri testi arRvevs moqalaqeobrivi uflebebis aqtis VII Tavis da qmedobauunaro amerikelebis aqtis antidiskriminaciis mandatebs. 2000 wels EEOC –m uCivla “berlingTon norsen santa fe” korporacias TanamSromlebze genetikuri testebis saidumlod CatarebisTvis, romlebmac Seitanes karpalis (mtevnis) tunelis sindromis Taobaze TanamSromlis kompensaciis sarCeli. berlingTon norseni dapirda EEOC –s, rom aRar Caatarebda genetikur testebs da samagieros ar gadauxdida im TanamSromlebs, vinc uari ganacxades testis Catarebaze. SesaZloa momavali kanonebi – federaluri an saxelmwifo – akrZalavs genetikur diskriminacias samsaxursa da janmrTelobis dazRvevaSi. Ddisciplinaruli strategiebi da principebi menejerTa uflebebi, dasajon da gaaTavisuflon TanamSromlebi, metad SezRudulia. Mmenejerebma yvela doneze kargad unda gaacnobieron dasjis meTodika. TanamSromlis winaaRmdeg gatarebuli disciplinaruli moqmedeba unda iyos ganpirobebuli samarTliani mizezebiT, da unda arsebobdes efeqturi politika da meTodebi misi gamoyenebis marTvisTvis. aseTi strategiebi da procedurebi exmareba maT, vinc pasuxismgebelia disciplinaruli moqmedebis ganxorcielebaze da uzrunvelyofs TanamSromlebisadmi samarTlian da konstruqciul mopyrobas. Aaseve mniSvnelovania, rom es miTiTebebi exmareba disciplinaruli moqmedebis prevencias. disciplinaruli strategiebi da meTodebi unda vrceldebodes mraval mniSvnelovan sferoze. 13.7. sqemaze warmodgenilia koreqciuli modeli, romelic gviCvenebs sferoebs, romlebSic unda damkvidrdes debulebebi. Mmodeli aseve gviCvenebs logikur Tanamimdevrobas, romlis mixedviTac unda ganxorcieldes koreqciuli etapebi saWiro gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad. adamianuri resursebis departamentis mTavar pasuxismgeblobas warmoadgens SeimuSaos disciplinaruli strategiebi, meTodebi da xelmZRvanelobisgan miiRos misi dadastureba. adamianuri resursebis departamenti aseve pasuxismgebelia uzrunvelyos, rom koreqciuli politikis, iseve rogorc TanamSromlebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli disciplinaruli RonisZiebis Sesabamisoba SromiT xelSekrulebasTan (arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) da moqmed kanonebTan. Tumca, disciplinaruli problemebis gamosworebaze an mis Tavidan acilebaze pirveladi pasuxismgebloba ekisreba TanamSromlis supervaizers. Eam pirovnebas yvelaze kargad SeuZlia daakvirdes aradamakmayofilebel saqciels an samuSaos Sesrulebas da ganixilos es sakiTxi TanamSromelTan. Gganxilva xSirad saWiroa problemebis gamosasworeblad da amis Sedegad disciplinaruli RonisZieba aRar xdeba saWiro. miuxedavad amisa, roca disciplinaruli RonisZieba aucilebelia, zedamxedveli unda Seecados problemis mogvarebas. Pproblemis gamomwvevi mizezebi iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc Tavad problema da nebismieri mcdeloba misi ganmeorebis Tavidan 73 asacileblad maT safuZvlian Seswavlas moiTxovs. xSirad zedamxedvelebisTvis Znelia obieqturi damokidebuleba SeinarCunon TanamSromelTa darRvevebis mimarT. Mmagram Tu zedamxedvelebs SeuZliaT problemis mogvarebis gamoyeneba, isini mivlen diagnozamde, romelic ufro axlosaa simarTlesTan, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini iuristis Carevas gamoiyenebdnen disciplinaruli modeli organizaciis disciplinaruli politika, strategiebi - dasjis gansazRvra – organizaciis wesebis darRveva – TanamSromlis darRvevis gamokvleva – koreqciuli saubari – progresuri koreqcia – Sesabamisi procesi – sasamarTlos saqme – ganTavisufleba Uumoqmedobis Sedegebi sqema 13.8 menejerebis mier gansazRvrul Cveulebriv disciplinarul problemebs gviCvenebs. Ddisciplinaruli RonisZiebis Seusrulebloba am sferoebSi mxolod problemis gamZafrebas emsaxureba, rac faqtobrivad unda mogvardes. Uumoqmedoba gulisxmobs, rom TanamSromlis moqmedeba damakmayofilebelia. Tu disciplinaruli RonisZieba faqtobrivad Sesrulda, Seferxeba ufro gaaZnelebs moqmedebis gamarTlebas gasaCivrebis SemTxvevaSi. aseTi gasaCivrebis dacvis dros, xelmZRvanelobas SeekiTxebian, Tu ratom aCerebdnen saxelfaso uwyisSi iseT TanamSromels, romelic ar asrulebda movaleobebs an iqceoda aradamakmayofileblad. Aan ufro mZime SekiTxva SeiZleba iyos: “ratom iRebda es TanamSromeli damakmayofilebel samuSao Sefasebebs (an SesaZloa premiebsac ki)?” praqtikaSi aseT winaaRmdegobebs SeuZliaT daexmaron TanamSromlebs warmatebiT uaryon menejeris koreqciuli moqmedebebi. samwuxarod, zogierTi zedamxedveli cdilobs gaamarTlos Tavisi koreqciuli moqmedebebi mxolod mas Semdeg, rac man gadawyvita gaaTavisuflos konkretuli TanamSromeli. qvemoT mocemulia supervaizerebis mier dasaxelebuli zogadi mizezebi, Tu ratom ver wauyenes disciplinaruli jarima: 1. zedamxedvelma ver daamtkica adreuli moqmedebebi, ase rom ar arsebobs Canaweri Sesabamisi koreqciuli moqmedebis gansazRvrisTvis; 2. supervaizerebs sjerodaT, rom isini miiRebdnen mcire mxardaWeras an saerTod ar miiRebdnen mxardaWeras ufrosi xelmZRvanelebisgan disciplinaruli RonisZiebisTvis; 3. zedamxedveli ar iyo darwmunebuli faqtebSi, romlebic moiTxovda disciplinarul RonisZiebas; 4. radganac zedamxedvelma warsulSi ver dasaja Kkonkretuli darRvevisTvis TanamSromeli, zedamxedvelma axlac uari Tqva disciplinarul moqmedebaze, raTa gamoCeniliyo mtkice pirovnebad; 5. zedamxedvels surda gamoCeniliyo, rogorc kargi pirovneba. zogadi disciplinaruli problemebi daswrebis problemebi 74 ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ arasapatio gacdena; mudmivi gacdenebi; arasapatio/gadaWarbebuli dagvianebebi; nebarTvis gareSe wasvla. arakeTilsindisiereba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi ¾ qurdoba; ¾ samuSao gancxadebis gayalbeba; ¾ organizaciis qonebisadmi ganzrax zianis miyeneba; ¾ sxva TanamSromlisTvis drois dakargvineba; ¾ samuSao Canawerebis gayalbeba. samuSaos SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi ¾ dakisrebuli movaleobebis Seusrulebloba; ¾ arastandartuli produqtebisa da servisebis warmoeba; ¾ dadgenili produqciis moTxovnebis Seusrulebloba. samsaxurSi moqcevis problemebi ¾ intoqsikacia samsaxurSi; ¾ daumorCilebloba; ¾ xmauris gamowveva; ¾ sigaretis moweva akrZalul adgilebSi; ¾ Cxubi; ¾ azartuli TamaSebi; ¾ usafrTxoebis danadgarebis arasworad gamoyeneba; ¾ dazianebis Sesaxeb ar Setyobineba; ¾ uyuradReboba; ¾ samsaxurSi Zili; ¾ bilwi sityvebis gamoyeneba an muqariT saubari zedamxedvelebTan; ¾ narkotikebisa da alkoholis miReba; ¾ cecxlsasroli an sxva iaraRis floba; ¾ seqsualuri Zaladoba. organizaciis wesebis SemuSaveba organizaciis wesebis SemoReba warmoadgens efeqturi disciplinaruli sistemis Camoyalibebas. Ees wesebi marTavs TanamSromelTa qcevis tips. iseT organizaciebs, rogoricaa “gerber produqti”, “val-marti”, “stiilqazi” da “piTni bousi”, aqvT dawerili principebi, romlebic ganmartavs, Tu rogori saqcieli moeTxovebaT TanamSromlebs. vinaidan TanamSromelTa moqmedebis standartebi dadgenilia organizaciis wesebiTa da debulebebiT, Semdegi miTiTebebi dagexmarebaT am sferoSi problemebis SemcirebaSi: 1. wesebi farTod unda iyos gavrcelebuli da yvela TanamSromeli unda gaecnos mas. Aar unda gvegonos, rom TanamSromlebma ician yvela wesi; 2. wesebs periodulad unda gadavxedoT, SesaZloa yovel wels, gansakuTrebiT im wesebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania saqmianobis warmatebisTvis; 75 3. wesebis mizezebi yovelTvis unda ganvumartoT TanamSromlebs; organizaciis wesebs ufro metad aRiareben, roca TanamSromlebs kargad esmiT maTi mniSvneloba; 4. wesebi yovelTvis unda iyos warmodgenili werilobiTi formiT. gaurkvevloba unda aviciloT Tavidan, radganac aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios wesebis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi sxvadasxva zedamxedvelis mier; 5. normebi unda iyos gonivruli da iTvaliswinebdes organizaciis usafrTxo da efeqtur moqmedebas. normebi ar unda SemuSavdes piradi survilebis mixedviT; 6. Tu xelmZRvaneloba sustia wesis dacvaSi, maSin xelaxla unda gamocxaddes es wesi (misi daRvevis Sedegebis mixedviT), sanam disciplinaruli RonisZieba gatardeba; 7. TanamSromlebma xeli unda moaweron dokuments imis dasamowmeblad, rom maT waikiTxes da gaecnen organizaciis wesebs. TanamSromelTa winaaRmdeg gatarebuli disciplinaruli RonisZieba ar unda CaiTvalos sasjelad. Ddisciplinaruli RonisZiebis gatarebisas SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sasjeli, rogorc sasurveli Sedegis miRebis saSualeba, Tumca dasja ar unda iyos disciplinaruli RonisZiebis mizani. disciplinis, wesrigis mizani unda iyos SemdgomSi TanamSromelTa saqcielis gamosworeba. wesrigis damyareba sxva gziT, rogoricaa dasja an TanamSromlebis mxileba, mxolod problemebs Seuqmnis xelmZRvanelobas. roca zedamxedvelebi aradamakmayofilebeli saqcielis mizezebs eZeben, maT unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom SeiZleba TanamSromlebma ar icodnen muSaobis garkveuli normebi. Nnebismieri disciplinaruli RonisZiebis dawyebamde aucilebelia zedamxedvelebma gaarkvion miscen Tu ara TanamSromlebs saWiro orientacia wesebsa da pirobebSi gasarkvevad. sinamdvileSi, organizaciis wesebisa da pirobebis saTanado kavSiri imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom SromiTi mosamarTleebi asaxeleben komunikaciis wesebis ugulebelyofas, rogorc mTavar mizezs disciplinaruli RonisZiebis SecvlisTvis. “cxeli Rumelis” damokidebuleba wesebis dacvaSi Mmiuxedavad disciplinaruli RonisZiebis mizezisa, is mainc unda gatardes maqsimalurad swrafad .mas Semdeg, rac moxdeba darRveva da Catardeba sruli gamokvleva. Aadamianuri resursebis specialistebi xSirad iyeneben “cxeli Rumelis” wess, raTa axsnan dasjis swori gamoyeneba. cxeli Rumeli gvaZlevs gafrTxilebas, rom ar unda SevexoT mas. is, vinc ar iTvaliswinebs am gafrTxilebas da exeba mas, darwmunebulia, rom daiwveba. Ddasja aris wesis darRvevis dauyovnebeli da pirdapiri Sedegi, rom aRarasodes Seexo cxel Rumels. Aamis msgavsad, samuSao wesi unda vrceldebodes yvela TanamSromelze da mtkiced, miukerZoeblad da obieqturad unda iqnes daculi. TanamSromlebma unda icodnen wesis darRvevis mosalodneli Sedegebi, ase rom mas aqvs prevenciuli mniSvneloba. 76 sasjelis gansazRvra am teqstis avtorebis mier Catarebuli menejmentis seminarebSi, roca menejerebs ekiTxebian ganmarton sityva “disciplina”, maTi pasuxia, rom disciplina niSnavs dasjas. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom pasuxi sworia, is warmoadgens mxolod misi sami mniSvnelobidan erT-erTs. Cveulebriv sityvas “disciplina” aqvs Semdegi mniSvnelobebi: 1. Ddasja; 2. wesrigi organizaciaSi; 3. treningi, romelic ayalibebs da aZlierebs sasurvel moqmedebas an asworebs arasasurvel moqmedebas da aviTarebs TviTkontrols. zogierTi menejerisTvis es sityva asocirdeba ZaldatanebasTan. isini termins ukavSireben im TanamSromelTa dasjas, romlebic arRveven wesebs an normebs. sxva menejerebi disciplinas Tvlian, rogorc saqmeTa zogad mdgomareobas – mowesrigebul garemoebas, sadac TanamSromlebi moqmedeben miRebuli saqcielis standartebis Sesabamisad. Aamgvarad gansazRvruli es sityva SeiZleba CaiTvalos dadebiTad, roca TanamSromlebi survilisamebr iyeneben TviTkontrols da icaven organizaciis wesebs. Mmesame ganmarteba gulisxmobs xelmZRvanelobis iaraRs, romelic TanamSromelTa arasasurveli saqcielis gamosasworeblad gamoiyeneba disciplinas mimarTaven rogorc konstruqciul saSualebas, romliTac uzrunvelyofen TanamSromlebis saqmianobis Sesabamisobas aRiarebul standartebTan. Mmravali organizacia, rogoricaa “godiar aerosfeisi” da arizonas saxelmwifo universiteti, gansazRvaravs am termins Tavisi politikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi, rogorc trenings, romelic “asworebs, ayalibebs an srulyofs codnas, urTierTobebs, damokidebulebebs, qcevas, an marTvas maT”. disciplina ganixileba, rogorc saSualeba TanamSromelTa susti muSaobis gamosasworeblad, da ara rogorc ubralod dasja darRvevisTvis. rogorc es organizaciebi aRniSnaven, disciplina unda CaiTvalos, rogorc TanamSromelTa treningis meTodi maTi samsaxurebrivi urTierTobebis an muSaobis procesis gasaumjobeseblad. Aaseve sainteresoa aRvniSnoT, rom sityva “disciplina” warmoSobilia sityva “disciple”-isagan, rac niSnavs “mxardamWers” an “moswavles”. mkvlevarTa Zalian mcire nawilis azriT, amis gavlenaa is, rom kargi disciplina dafuZnebulia karg zedamxedvelobiT xelmZRvanelobaze. D disciplinaruli problemis Semowmeba iSviaTia iseTi menejeri, romelic intuiciurad grZnobs, Tu rogor unda gamoikvlios TanamSromlis araswori moqmedeba. Zalian xSirad gamokvlevebi tardeba SemTxveviTi gziT; uares SemTxvevaSi, isini uTvalTvaleben, akvirdebian erT an met Semowmebis obieqts. TanamSromleze 77 dakvirvebebis Catarebis dros mniSvnelovania viyoT obieqturebi da Tavi avaridoT varaudebs da cilis wamebas, rac xSirad Tan sdevs aseT SemTxvevebs. sqema 13.9 warmogvidgens Svid kiTxvas, rom ganvixiloT gamoZiebis dros TanamSromlis darRveva. TiToeul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema sando informaciis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi, uzrunvelyofs srul da samarTlian Semowmebas, piradi ciliswamebis gareSe. TanamSromlis araswori moqmedebis dokumentebiT damtkiceba “es metad rTulia”. “me dros arc ki vkargav amaSi”. “me ufro mniSvnelovani saqmeebi maqvs gasakeTebeli”, _ amgvar sababebs xSirad iyeneben menejerebi, romlebmac ver daamtkices dokumentebiT TanamSromlis araswori moqmedebis SemTxvevebi. araadekvaturi dokumentaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizezia is, rom menejerebs warmodgena ara aqvT, ras unda moicavdes kargi dokumentacia. samwuxarod, radganac menejerebs ar SeuZliaT TanamSromlis araswori moqmedebis zustad dafiqsireba, aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios Semdgomi disciplinaruli RonisZiebis gauqmeba. zusti da srulyofili samuSao Canawerebis mopoveba efeqturi disciplinaruli sistemis mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgens. srulyofili dokumentaciisTvis is unda moicavdes Semdeg rva punqts: 1. SemTxvevis (SemTxvevebis) TariRi, dro da adgili; 2. TanamSromlis uaryofiTi moqmedeba an saqcieli – problema; 3. Aam moqmedebis an saqcielis Sedegebi TanamSromlis mier samuSaos Sesrulebaze da/an TanamSromlis samuSao jgufis saqmianobaze; 4. winaswari ganxilvebi TanamSromelTan problemis Sesaxeb; 5. Ggasatarebeli disciplinaruli RonisZieba da mosalodneli specialuri gaumjobeseba; 6. Sedegebi, Tu gaumjobeseba ar iqna miRebuli da Sesabamisi TariRi; 7. TanamSromlis reaqcia zedamxedvelis mcdelobaze Secvalos misi saqcieli; 8. SemTxvevis mowmeTa saxelebi (Tu SesaZlebelia). D dokumentaciis momzadebis dros mniSvnelovania menejerma Caiweros, daafiqsiros SemTxveva darRvevis moxdenisTanave, roca jer kidev kargad axsovs faqti da uzrunvelyos, rom Canaweri iyos zusti da srulyofili. Ddokumentacia ar unda iyos vrceli, magram is unda Seicavdes zemoT naxseneb rva sakiTxs. daimaxsovreT: menejeris mier gakeTebuli Canawerebi TanamSromlis araswori moqmedebis Sesaxeb warmoadgens saqmis dokumentebs, da isini unda iyos misaRebi, rogorc mtkicebuleba arbitraJis dakiTxvebSi, administraciul procesebze da sasamarTloebSi. rogorc erT-erTma menejerma seminarze aRniSna disciplinis Sesaxeb, “roca gamosasworebel RonisZiebas vatarebT TanamSromlis winaaRmdeg, srulyofili da obieqturi disciplinaruli Canaweris mopovebas imdenad didi roli eniWeba, rom misi mniSvnelobis Sefaseba ubralod SeuZlebelia”. disciplinaruli Semowmebebis, gamokvlevebis ganxilva 1. ras warmoadgens darRveva gansakuTrebul pirobebSi? 78 • darwmunebulia Tu ara xelmZRvaneloba, rom kargad acnobierebs TanamSromlis mimarT wayenebul sasjels; • TanamSromeli namdvilad gaaTavisufles daumorCileblobisTvis, Tu ubralod uari Tqva xelmZRvanelobis moTxovnaze; 2. icoda Tu ara TanamSromelma, rom igi arasworad iqceoda • romeli wesi an debuleba dairRva; • saidan unda scodnoda TanamSromels am wesis arsebobis Sesaxeb; • gafrTxilebuli iyo Tu ara TanamSromeli mosalodneli Sedegis Sesaxeb; 3. damnaSavea Tu ara TanamSromeli • faqtebis ra wyaroebi arsebobs; • Aarsebobs Tu ara danaSaulis pirdapiri mtkicebuleba Tu mxolod arapirdapiri mtkicebuleba arsebobs; • daelaparaka Tu ara vinme TanamSromels da gaigo Tu ara misi pozicia SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT; 4.Aarsebobs Tu ara Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebi • sxvadasxva zedamxedvelebma urTierTsawinaaRmdego brZanebebi misces Tu ara; • hqonda Tu ara vinmes am TanamSromlis “gagdebis” raime mizezi; • Hhqonda Tu ara adgili raime provokacias menejeris an sxva TanamSromlis mxridan TanamSromlis mimarT; 5. • • • wess yvela Tanabrad icavda Tu ara; Ymtkiced icavda yvela menejeri am wess Tu ara Aaqamde ra sasjels iRebda damrRvevi piri; Aam darRvevaSi sxva TanamSromlebic iyvnen CarTulni Tu ara; 6. dakavSirebulia Tu ara darRveva samuSaosTan • arsebobs Tu ara mtkicebuleba, rom darRvevam ziani miayena organizacias; • xelmZRvaneloba moralur daskvnebs akeTebs Tu saqmianobis daskvnebs; 7. rogoria TanamSromlis muSaobis warsuli monacemebi • ramdeni welia, rac TanamSromeli organizaciaSi muSaobs; • ramdeni weli an Tvea, rac TanamSromels ukavia amJamindeli Tanamdeboba; • rogoria TanamSromlis piradi saqme saerTod, gansakuTrebiT misi disciplinaruli monacemebi. sagamoZiebo saubari disciplinaruli RonisZiebis gatarebamde unda moxdes gasaubreba, raTa gavigoT, TanamSromlebi garkveulni arian Tu ara srulad am darRvevaSi. Ees gasaubreba saWiroa, radganac SeiZleba zedamxedvelis 79 varaudebi TanamSromlis saqcielis Sesaxeb ar aRmoCndes zusti. Ees gasaubreba gaarkvevs, am darRvevam rogor imoqmeda saqmianobasa da samuSaos qceviT standartebze. is ar unda Caerios pirad saqmeSi da ar unda Seexos iseT sakiTxebs, romlebic ar aris dakavSirebuli samsaxurTan. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, TanamSromels unda mieces sruli SesaZlebloba Tavis mxriv axsnas sakiTxi, ise rom gamovlindes is naklovanebebi, romlebzedac pasuxismgebelia organizacia. Kkompania “NLRB v Weingarten”–is SemTxvevaSi, uzenaesi sasamarTlo daexmara SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnul sabWos, romelic icavs TanamSromlis uflebas organizaciaSi sagamoZiebo gasaubrebis dros. sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom profkavSiris warmomadgenlis daswreba kargi iqneboda TanamSromlebsa da xelmZRvanelobas Soris uflebamosilebis dabalansebisTvis, vinaidan kavSiris warmomadgenels SeeZlo daxmareboda TanamSromels, romelic iyo “metismetad SeSinebuli an zustad ver yveboda incidents, an ver asaxelebda Semamsubuqebel faqtorebs”. “veingarTenis” SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom miiRo Semdegi gadawyvetileba: TanamSromels mizezi hqonda daeSva, rom sagamoZiebo dakiTxvas SeiZleba mohyoloda iseTi RonisZieba, rac riskis qveS daayenebda misi samuSaos dacvas. Amis gamo mas mieca warmomadgenlis yolis ufleba. mniSvnelovania aseve aRvniSnoT, rom TanamSromlis warmomadgenlis yolis ufleba organizaciaSi ar vrceldeba xelmZRvanelobasTan mimdinare yvela gasaubrebaze. A“veingarTenis” SemTxveva warmogvidgens kargad gansazRvrul SezRudvebs TanamSromlis warmomadgenlis yolis uflebebze. am uflebebis SemzRudveli wesebi Semdegia: 1. warmomadgenlis yolis uflebebi vrceldeba mxolod sagamoZiebo dakiTxvebze, da ara samuSao pirobebis rigiT ganxilvebze; 2. Uuflebebi warmoiSoba mxolod incidentebis SemTxvevaSi, roca TanamSromeli saWiroebs warmomadgenlis yolas da TanamSromels sjera, rom dakiTxvas SeiZleba mohyves dasja; 3. xelmZRvaneloba ar aris valdebuli molaparakeba awarmoos TanamSromlis warmomadgenelTan. Tu TanamSromlebi da administracia am wesebs asruleben, menejerebs ar sWirdebaT sagamoZiebo dakiTxvebis warmoeba. “veingarTenis” gadawyvetileba TanamSromels ar aZlevs sagamoZiebo dakiTxvis garantias; is mxolod aniWebs warmomadgenlis yolis uflebas saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi. Kkanoni TanamSromlebs ar aZlevs nebas gaauqmon sagamoZiebo gasaubreba, Tu saWiro gaxda warmomadgenlis yola, da maSin xelmZRvaneloba gaagrZelebs gamoZiebas sxva saTanado saSualebebiT. menejerebs urCeven, rom konsultacia aiRon samarTlebriv sferoSi raime RonisZiebis gatarebamde. Ddisciplinaruli RonisZiebis mimarTulebebi, damokidebulebebi Tu mTlianad gamoZiebam aCvena, rom TanamSromelma daarRvia organizaciis wesi, maSin unda gatardes disciplinaruli RonisZieba. disciplinaruli RonisZiebis ori mimarTuleba arsebobs: progresuli dasja da pozitiuri dasja. Pprogresuli dasja 80 saerTod dasjas progresuli Tvisebebi aqvs. ganmartebis mixedviT, “progresuli disciplina” gulisxmobs gamosasworebeli RonisZiebebis gamoyenebas mzardi xarisxebiT. progresuli disciplina gankuTvnilia, rom gamoasworos TanamSromlis araswori moqmedeba bunebrivad. teqnika miznad isaxavs problemis mogvarebas adreul etapze, mxolod sakmarisi gamosasworebeli RonisZiebis gamoyenebiT, raTa aRmovfxvraT da ~vumkurnaloT~ am darRvevebs. Tumca disciplinaruli moqmedebis Sedegi da simkacre damokidebulia darRvevis tipze da Semamsubuqebel garemoebebze. radganac yoveli situacia Taviseburad gansakuTrebulia, mravali faqtori unda iqnes miRebuli mxedvelobaSi disciplinaruli moqmedebis xarisxis gansazRvris dros. zogierTi faqtori mocemulia 13.9 sqemaze. tipuri progresuli dasjis meTodi moicavs oTx safexurs. zepir gafrTxilebas (an rCevas), rom aradamakmayofilebeli saqcieli an moqmedeba SemdgomSi ar iqneba dausjelad datovebuli, mas SeiZleba mohyves werilobiTi gafrTxileba, suspensia gadasaxadis gareSe da ganTavisufleba. “Banner Health System” –is mier gamoyenebuli progresiuli dasja naCvenebia HRM 2-Si. ganTavisuflebis “mTavari dasja” gamoiyeneba rogorc saboloo damokidebuleba. organizaciebi Cveulebriv iyeneben disciplinaruli moqmedebebis sust formebs SedarebiT martivi SromiTi problemebisTvis. menejerebma unda daimaxsovron, rom sami mniSvnelovani ram xdeba progresuli disciplinis saTanadod gamoyenebis dros: 1. TanamSromlebma yovelTvis ician, ra moeliT darRvevis SemTxvevaSi; 2. TanamSromlebma ician, ra gaumjobesebaa maTgan mosalodneli; 3. TanamSromlebi acnobiereben, ra moxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gaumjobeseba ar iqneba miRweuli. P pozitiuri dasja miuxedavad imisa, rom progresuli disciplina yvelaze popularuli damokidebulebaa TanamSromelTa saqcielis gamosasworeblad, am bolo dros zogierTma menejerma kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena misi logika. maT aRniSnes, rom mas aqvs garkveuli naklovanebebi, maT Soris misi SemaSinebeli da sawinaaRmdego xasiaTi, romelic xels uSlis sasurveli miznis miRwevas. am mizezebis gamo, organizaciebi, rogoricaa “tampa eleqtrik kompani”, ouSen sprei”, texasis gonebrivi Seferxebebis ganyofileba, “penzoili” da “bei earia refid tranziti” iyeneben egreTwodebul “dadebiT” damokidebulebas, anu aradasjad disciplinas. pozitiuri disciplina dafuZnebulia principze, rom TanamSromlebma unda ikisron valdebuleba TavianT pirad qcevaze, agreTve samuSaos Sesrulebaze. pozitiuri disciplina moiTxovs TanamSromlobiT garemos, sadac TanamSromlebi da maTi zedamxedvelebi CarTulni arian erTobliv ganxilvasa da problemaTa gadawyvetaSi, raTa moagvaron TanamSromelTa upasuxismgeblobis incidentebi. Ees damokidebuleba koncentrirebulia araswori moqmedebis adreul gamosworebaze, da TanamSromelma unda aiRos sruli pasuxismgebloba problemis mogvarebaze. yvela gadawyvetileba da damtkiceba erToblivad miiRweva. Aadamianuri resursebis menejerebi xSirad pozitiur dasjas aRweren, rogorc “aradasjad disciplinas, romelic muqarebsa da sasjels cvlis mxardaWeriT”. maSin roca pozitiuri dasja emsgavseba progresul dasjas, misi mniSvneloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom amgvari dasjisas TanamSromels 81 sayvedurs ki ar ucxadeben, aramed Seaxseneben ama Tu im wess da amas iyeneben, rogorc saSualebas saqmianobis gaumjobesebisaTvis. warmoadgens TanamSromels Seaxsenos, rogorc saSualeba saqmianobis gasaumjobeseblad, vidre sayveduri gamoucxados.Ees teqnika xorcieldeba sam safexurad. Ppirvel etaps warmoadgens Sexvedra TanamSromelsa da zedamxedvels Soris. Sexvedris mizania ganxilvis saSualebiT, TanamSromelTan zepiri SeTanxmebiT, moZebnon problemidan gamosavali, raTa gaaumjobeson misi muSaoba. zedamxedveli Tavs ikavebs sayvedurebisgan an Semdgomi disciplinaruli RonisZiebiT damuqrebisgan. zedamxedvelebs SeuZliaT Caiweron es Sexvedra, magram es werilobiTi Canaweri ar Seinaxeba TanamSromlis pirad saqmeSi, Tu msgavsi saqcieli ar ganmeorda. Tu pirvel nabijs ar mohyva gaumjobeseba, supervaizeri atarebs meore TaTbirs TanamSromelTan, raTa gaarkvios pirvel TaTbirze miRebulma SeTanxmebam ratom ar gaamarTla. Aam etapze werilobiTi Sexseneba eZleva TanamSromels. am dokumentSi mocemulia problemis axali an ganmeorebiTi mogvareba, imis damowmebiT, rom gaumjobeseba warmoadgens TanamSromlis valdebulebasa da muSaobis gagrZelebis pirobas. Tu ori TaTbiri ar gamoiRebs sasurvel Sedegebs, mesame nabiji unda ganxorcieldes – TanamSromels unda miscen erTdRiani anazRaurebadi Svebuleba, raTa miiRos gadawyvetileba. Eam anazRaurebadi Svebulebis mizania, rom TanamSromelma gadawyvitos, unda Tu ara muSaobis gagrZeleba organizaciaSi. Oorganizacia uxdis safasurs am SvebulebisTvis, imis gamosaxatavad, rom surs TanamSromlis SenarCuna. es anazRaureba amave dros aRmofxvris uaryofiT Sedegebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia TanamSromlis erTi dRis gacdenasTan. TanamSromlebi, romelTac Svebuleba eZlevaT gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, iZulebulni arian meore dRes dabrundnen gadawyvetilebiT: aiRon sruli pasuxismgebloba muSaobis gasaumjobeseblad an datovon organizacia. Tu valdebulebas ar aiRebs Tavis Tavze, TanamSromeli ganTavisufldeba im mizeziT, rom igi organizacias upasuxismgeblod ekideba. Bbaneris jandacvis sistemis koreqciuli moqmedebis procesi roca saWiro xdeba koreqciuli moqmedeba, menejerebma problemis gamosasworeblad unda ganaxorcielon yvelaze dabali donis moqmedeba, maSinac ki, Tu es moiTxovs adre gamoyenebuli RonisZiebis ganmeorebas. Bbaners sjera, rom progresuli koreqciuli moqmedebis procesi TanamSromlisa da baneris interess warmoadgens. progresuli koreqciuli moqmedeba ar aris gansazRvruli dasjisTvis, aramed imisaTvis, rom TanamSromlebma, gamoxaton gaumjobesebis saWiroeba. yvela faqti, maT Soris muSaobis xangrZlivoba, saqmianoba da daswreba gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba. TanamSromlisTvis araoficialuri rCeva SeiZleba sakmarisi aRmoCndes saqmianobis an daswrebis problemebis gamosasworeblad da unda iqnes gamoyenebuli koreqciuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebamde. Ees saSualebas iZleva TanamSromelTan erTad ganvixiloT problema, xelmisawvdomi resursebi da problemis mogvarebis gzebi. • Ppirveli safexuri: zepiri gafrTxileba. TanamSromelTan erTad ganixileT problema, aRniSneT, ra aris saWiro problemis gamosasworeblad. garkveviT uTxariT TanamSromels, rom es aris zepiri gafrTxileba, da werilobiTi gafrTxileba miecema, Tu saqmianobas an 82 daswrebas ar gaaumjobesebs. es moqmedeba zedamxedvelma unda daasabuTos da Seinaxos saqmeSi momavali daxasiaTebisTvis. aseTi gafrTxilebis Canaweri ar inaxeba TanamSromlis oficialur pirad saqmeSi. • Mmeore safexuri: werilobiTi gafrTxileba: Tu zepiri gafrTxilebis gamocxadebis Semdeg ar aRiniSna sakmarisi gaumjobeseba saqmianobasa da daswrebaSi, maSin amas werilobiTi gafrTxileba mohyveba. Pproblema da Sesabamisi faqtebi unda iqnes aRwerili koreqciuli moqmedebis formaSi. TanamSromels unda uTxran, rom Tu saqmianoba an daswreba ar gaumjobesdeba, ganxorcieldeba Semdgomi koreqciuli RonisZieba saboloo werilobiTi gafrTxilebis formaSi an suspensiaSi. Aam gafrTxilebis Canaweri Senaxuli unda iyos TanamSromlis pirad saqmeSi. • Mmesame safexuri: saboloo werilobiTi gafrTxileba da suspensia: Tu ar aRiniSneba damakmayofilebeli gaumjobeseba werilobiTi gafrTxilebis Semdeg, zedamxedvelma unda gaagrZelos procesi saboloo werilobiTi gafrTxilebiT an samsaxuridan droebiTi daTxovniT. droebiTi daTxovna SeiZleba moxdes erTi an sami dRiT progresuli moqmedebis procesSi anazRaurebis gareSe. TanamSromlebs unda urCion, rom suspensia bolo safexuria ganTavisuflebamde da es dro unda gamoiyenos, rom gadawyvitos, SeuZlia Tu ara Tavisi saqmianobis an daswrebis problemis gamosworeba. TanamSromels unda auxsnan, rom saboloo werilobiTi gafrTxileba bolo safexuria ganTavisuflebamde. suspensiebi da saboloo werilobiTi gafrTxilebebi unda damtkicdes Sesabamisi informaciiT da wina koreqciuli moqmedebis safexurebis TariRebi unda dafiqsirdes koreqciuli moqmedebis formaSi. • meoTxe safexuri: ganTavisufleba. ganTavisuflebis saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebamde supervaizerma TanamSromelTan erTad unda ganixilos sakiTxi/SemTxveva, ramac gamoiwvia misi ganTavisuflebis gadawyvetileba. Tu TanamSromeli iZleva informacias, romelic saWiroebs gamokvlevas, zedamxedvelma unda gamoyos garkveuli dro amis Sesasruleblad. Tu ar arsebobs axali informacia, maSin adamianuri resursebis departamentTan unda ganxorcieldes konsultacia TanamSromlis ganTavisuflebamde. ganTavisuflebis Setyobinebis forma unda Seivsos TanamSromlis ganTavisuflebis dros. gancxadeba unda adasturebdes zepiri, werilobiTi da saboloo werilobiTi gafrTxilebisa da droebiTi daTxovnis dadgenilebis TariRebs. iq aseve unda iyos aRniSnuli is konkretuli SemTxvevebi, romlebmac ganapiroba es gadawyvetileba da sxva nebismieri moqmedeba, romelic gatarda an is pirobebi, romlebic SesTavazes TanamSromels problemis gamosasworeblad. Ddauyovnebeli moqmedeba xandaxan darRveva iseTi seriozulia, rom saWiroa dauyovnebeli koreqciuli RonisZiebis gatareba ganTavisuflebamde an TviT ganTavisufleba. Tu saWiro gaxda TanamSromlis samsaxuridan gaSveba, 83 dauyovnebliv SeaCereT misi muSaoba gamosakvlevad, rac ar unda gagrZeldes ramdenime dReze met xans. Aar arsebobs “samuSao adgilzeve” TanamSromlis ganTavisuflebis mizezi. gamoZiebam SeiZleba gamoavlinos, rom disciplinaruli moqmedeba ar iyo Sesaferisi. aseT SemTxvevebSi TanamSromels aunazRaurdeba Tanamdebobidan droebiTi gadayenebis periodis (dReebis) safasuri. pozitiuri disciplinis procesi pirveli TaTbiri (zepiri Sexseneba) • ganixileT saqmianobis standartebi an TanamSromlis qceviTi molodini; • moipoveT TanamSromlis valdebuleba daakmayofilos standartebi (miTiTeba zedamxedvelis saqmeSi). meore TaTbiri (werilobiTi Sexseneba) • gansazRvreT, ratom unda mogvardes problema; • warudgineT TanamSromels problemis werilobiTi gadawyvetileba; • moipoveT TanamSromlis valdebuleba daakmayofilos standartebi (miTiTeba TanamSromlis saqmeSi). aRiareba da ganmtkiceba gadawyvetilebis misaRebi Svebuleba/gadawyvetilebis dRe • mieciT erTi anazRaurebadi Svebulebis dRe; • moipoveT TanamSromlis valdebuleba daakmayofilos standartebi an datovos samsaxuri (miTiTeba TanamSromlis saqmeSi). ganTavisufleba TanamSromlebis ganTavisufleba roca TanamSromlebi ver icaven organizaciis wesebsa da normebs, saboloo disciplinarul RonisZiebas umetes SemTxvevebSi warmoadgens ganTavisufleba. radganac ganTavisuflebas aseTi seriozuli Sedegebi mohyveba TanamSromlisTvis (da SesaZloa organizaciisTvisac), is unda ganxorcieldes mxolod SemTxvevis kargad gaazrebuli da auCqarebeli 84 ganxilvis Semdeg. Tu TanamSromeli gamoagdes, mas SeuZlia Seitanos sarCeli arasamarTlianad ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb, rom samsaxuridan daTxovna moxda arasamarTlianad an arasakmarisi mizeziT, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom xelmZRvaneloba arasamarTlianad eqceoda. Tu TanamSromlis ganTavisufleba gamowveuli iyo saTanado mizeziT, ras niSnavs TanamSromlisadmi samarTliani mopyroba?Eam kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema advili ar aris, magram standartebi namdvilad arsebobs, romlebic aregulireben samarTlian ganTavisuflebas SromiTi samarTlis sferoSi SemuSavebuli wesebis farglebSi. es wesebi Seicavs mTel rig principebs, romlebsac iyeneben mosamarTleebi ganTavisuflebasTan dakavSirebul saqmeebSi, raTa gansazRvron, hqonda Tu ara xelmZRvanelobas safuZvliani mizezi TanamSromlis ganTavisuflebisTvis. Ees principebi Cveulebriv Camoyalibebulia kiTxvebis formiT, romelic mocemulia 13.11 sqemaze. magaliTad, TanamSromlis ganTavisuflebamde menejerma winaswar gaafrTxila Tu ara SesaZlo disciplinaruli RonisZiebis Sesaxeb? nebismieri Svidi kiTxvis pasuxis gaucemloba niSnavs, rom is ar iyo safuZvliani da administraciis gadawyvetileba ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb iyo TviTneburi, dausabuTebeli, axirebuli an diskriminaciuli. am principebis mniSvneloba aris is, rom maT mimarTaven aramarto arbitrebi ganTavisuflebis SemTxvevebSi, aramed mosamarTleebic arasamarTlianad ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb sarCelebis ganxilvisas, da EEOC diskriminaciuli darRvevebis SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa seqsualuri Zaladoba. mniSvnelovania, rom menejerebi yvela doneze acnobierebdnen am safuZvlian principebs da maT swor gamoyenebas. ganTavisuflebis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. safuZvliani principebi organizaciam winaswar gaafrTxila Tu ara TanamSromeli misi moqmedebis SesaZlo disciplinarul Sedegebze; menejmentis moTxovnebi TanamSromlis mimarT mizanSewonili iyo organizaciis saqmianobis mowesrigebul, efeqtur da usafrTxo muSaobasTan dakavSirebiT Tu ara; xelmZRvaneloba TanamSromlis ganTavisuflebamde saTanadod Seecada Tu ara daedasturebina, rom TanamSromlis muSaoba aradamakmayofilebeli iyo; samarTlianad da obieqturad Catarda organizaciis gamoZieba Tu ara; gamoavlina Tu ara gamoZiebam danaSaulis sakmarisi mtkicebuleba; eqceoda Tu ara xelmZRvaneloba TanamSromels iseTive wesebiT, brZanebebiTa da sasjeliT, rogoriTac sxva TanamSromlebs msgavs situaciebSi; Seesabameboda Tu ara ganTavisufleba TanamSromlis araswor saqciels (igulisxmeba damtkicebuli darRvevis seriozuloba, TanamSromlis muSaobis Canaweri da raime Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebi). TanamSromlisTvis Setyobineba 85 ganTavisuflebis mizezebi unda ganvixiloT TanamSromelTan erTad. yvelanairad unda vecadoT SevamsubuqoT ganTavisflebis Sedegad warmoSobili travma. TanamSromels unda ecnobos keTilsindisierad, taqtianad am moqmedebis zusti mizezebi. aseTi gulwrfeloba daexmareba mas gaigos problema da ganewyos konstruqciulad mis mimarT. SeiZleba, menejers surdes, momavali ganTavisuflebis sakiTxi ganixilos Sexvedraze Tavis kolegebTan erTad. Ees praqtika uzrunvelyofs, rom menejerisTvis cnobili yvela mniSvnelovani konfidencialuri sakiTxi daculi iyos. roca menejerebi fiqroben, rom Sexvedris Catareba aris ganTavisuflebis sakiTxis ganxilvis erTaderTi swori gza, Semdegi principebi dagexmarebaT ganxilvis ufro efeqturad warmarTvaSi: 1. midiT adgilze pirveli, ori-sami wuTiT adre, da logikurad CamoayalibeT ganTavisuflebis yvela mizezi; 2. iyaviT pirdapiri da mtkice, Tumca taqtiani, da darCiT mtkice Tqvens gadawyvetilebaSi; 3. ganxilva unda moxdes calke, unda iyos saqmiani da, amasTan, lakoniuri; 4. ar aurioT kargi da cudi erTmaneTSi. problemis Serbileba TanamSromlisTvis gaurkvevel Setyobinebas ganapirobebs; 5. Tavi SeikaveT braldebebisgan TanamSromlis winaaRmdeg da nu CarTavT diskusiaSi pirad grZnobebs; 6. nu daasaxelebT raime pirovnul gansxvavebebs Tqvensa da TanamSromels Soris; 7. miawodeT nebismieri informacia raime anazRaurebis gamoyofasa da daxmarebasTan dakavSirebiT; 8. auxseniT, rogor unda marTos muSaoba momaval damsaqmeblebTan. ganTavisuflebis gansaxilveli Sexvedrebi unda Catardes neitralur adgilas, rogoricaa sakonferencio oTaxi, rom TanamSromelma ar igrZnos misadmi usamarTlod moqceva. ganTavisuflebis ganxilvis dros xelmZRvanelobam arasodes ar unda moaxdinos TanamSromelze provokacia, TanamSromels ar unda misces saSualeba mtrulad ganewyos administraciis mimarT. Tu agitaciis an Setevis raime niSnebi gamovlindeba, Sexvedra dauyovnebliv unda Sewydes da ecnobos dacvas an adamianuri resursebis departaments. erT-erTi samsaxuri aRniSnavs: “samuSao adgilis fataluri darRvevis umetesi SemTxvevebi xdeba TanamSromlis ganTavisuflebis an sxvagvarad dasjis Semdeg. Uudavoa, rom Tu pirovnebas ukve aqvs Zaladobis Cadenisadmi fsiqologiuri midrekileba, disciplinaruli Sexvedra SeiZleba sakmaod daZabuli iyos. ufro metic, damsaqmebelma unda uzrunvelyos, rom Sexvedra Catardes aseTi Sedegis SesaZleblobis minimalizaciiT. sabolood, TanamSromelTa ganTavisufleba ar unda iyos Seuracxmyofeli. menejerebma ar unda gamoxaton, rom ganTavisuflebuli TanamSromlebi arakeTilsindisierni an arasando pirovnebebi iyvnen.Uufro metic, menejerebma arasodes ar unda ganixilon ganTavisufleba, cudad ar unda moixsenion ganTavisuflebuli TanamSromlebi sxva TanamSromlebTan, momxmareblebTan an sxva pirebTan. Mmenejerebi am sakiTxSi metad sityvaZunwebi unda iyvnen. ganTavisuflebuli TanamSromlebi ufro da ufro 86 metad uCivian sasamarTloSi imis dasamtkiceblad, maTi ganTavisufleba ganpirobebuli iyo Tu ara saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli mizezebiT. Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi procedura xelmZRvanelobas tradiciulad aqvs ufleba mimarTos TanamSromlebs da gaataros koreqciuli RonisZieba saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca isini amtkiceben, rom TanamSromlebma daarRvies organizaciis wesebi, mraval adamians mainc sjera, rom TanamSromlebi ar unda daisajon Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi proceduris dacvis gareSe. Aadamianuri resursebis menejerebi Cveulebriv gansazRvraven “Sesabamis samarTlebriv proceduras”, rogorc TanamSromlis uflebas mousminon mas - TanamSromlis uflebas daafiqsiros Tavisi pozicia SemTxvevasTan, organizaciis wesebis dadasturebul darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT. Sesabamisi procesi emsaxureba imas, rom xdeba TanamSromlis araswori moqmedebis sruli da saTanado gamoZieba. Cveulebriv Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi procedura miewodebaT TanamSromlebs damsaqmeblis saapelacio procedurebis saSualebiT. Tumca aqtiuri ufrosebi damatebiT iyeneben Semdeg principebs an uflebebs Sesabamisi procesis TavianTi interpretaciiT: 1. ufleba icode samsaxuris molodinebi da am molodinebis Seusruleblobis Sedegebi; 2. ufleba wesebis darRvevisTvis xelmZRvanelobis mosalodneli mkacri moqmedebis Sesaxeb; 3. ufleba samarTliani dasjis Sesaxeb, romelic dafuZnebulia faqtebze, ufleba am faqtebis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayenebis Sesaxeb, da dacvis ufleba; 4. ufleba disciplinaruli moqmedebis gasaCivrebis Taobaze; 5. ufleba progresuli dasjis Sesaxeb. alternatiuli davebis mogvarebis meTodebi faqtobrivad yvela SromiT xelSekrulebaSi saCivris (davebis) pirobebi gansazRvrulia. NaraprofkavSirულ organizaciebSi alternatiuli davebis mogvarebis (ADR) principebi axlaxans SemuSavda. damsaqmeblis interesს warmoSobs survili, daakmayofilos TanamSromelTa molodini, rom maT samarTlianad moepyron samsaxurSi, amgvari ;mopyrobis garantias damsaqmeblebi aZleven diskriminaciis pretenziebis an arasworad ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb saCivrebis minimalizaciis imediT. ADR principebma mowoneba daimsaxures aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlosga “Gilmer v Interstate/Jonson Lane Corp.” Kkompaniis SemTxvevis ganxilvisas. sasamarTlom daicva kerZo xelSekruleba, romelic moiTxovda asakobrivi diskriminaciis pretenziebis arbitraJs. arbitraJis uflebamosilebis gamoyenebam SromiTi davebis mosagvareblad miiRo damatebiTi mxardaWera 2001 wlis martSi, roca aSS-is uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom damsaqmeblebs SeuZliaT TanamSromlebs mosTxovon samsaxurTan dakavSirebuli davebi warudginon arbitrs. Ees mTavari gadawyvetileba xelmZRvanelobas saSualebas aZlevs arbitraJis programebi daadginos, rogorc TanamSromlisTvis erTaderTi saSualeba SromiTi pretenziebis mosagvareblad, sasamarTlo moqmedebis 87 Secvla _ rogorc arCevani. 1991 wlis samoqalaqo uflebaTa aqtis 118-e nawilic mxars uWers ADR principebs, maT Soris arbitraJis gamoyenebas. zogierTi organizacia icavs am principebs, rogorc TanamSromlebisTvis zeviT mimarTuli komunikaciis saSualebas da rogorc samuSao Zalis xasiaTis Sefasebis saSualebas. sxvebi ki am sistemebs miiCneven mcire problemebis mogvarebis saSualebad manam, sanam isini mTavar sakiTxebad gadaiqceva, amgvarad, isini xels uwyoben TanamSromlis moralis gaumjobesebasa da produqtiulobis gazrdas. gasaCivrebis procedurebi, romlebic am TavSi ganixileba etapobrivi ganxilvis sistemas warmoadgens. kolegebTan ganxilvis sistemas, momsmeni moxelis gamoyenebas, Ria politikas, saxalxo damcveliT sargeblobas, Suamavlobasa da arbitraJs. Eetapobrivi ganxilvis sistema Eetapobrivi ganxilvis sistema, romelic Seqmnilia menejmentis maRali doniT TanamSromelTa saCivrebis gansaxilvelad, dafuZnebulia winaswar Camoyalibebul mTel rig etapebze (Cveulebriv _ oTxze). Ees meTodebi profkavSiris saCivrebis sistemis safuZvelze SemuSavda, romelsac me-14 TavSi ganvixilavT. magaliTad, am meTodebis mixedviT, TanamSromlis saCivari unda gaformdes, rogorc werilobiTi gancxadeba. menejerebma sruli reagireba unda moaxdinon ama Tu im ukmayofilebaze gansazRvrul periodSi, SesaZloa, sami an xuTi samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi. TanamSromelma zogjer Tavi unda aaridos Tavis uSualo zedamxedvelTan Sexvedras, Tu TanamSromeli moelis represiebs am pirovnebisgan. gasaCivrebis sistemebisgan gansxvavebiT, profkavSiris organizaciebSi gasaCivrebis procedurebze neitraluri mesame mxare (arbitri) ar gamodis, rogorc bolo instanciis mosamarTle. etapobrivi ganxilvis umetes sistemebSi prezidenti, ufrosi aRmasrulebeli moxele, viceprezidenti, an adamianuri resursebis ufrosi moqmedebs, rogorc saboloo uflebamosilebis mqone piri, da am pirovnebis gadawyvetileba ar eqvemdebareba gasaCivrebas. zogierTi organizacia TanamSromlebs exmareba maTi saCivrebis (saqmeebis) momzadebaSi. magaliTad, TanamSromels, romelsac surs, miiRos rCeva an konsultacia, SeuZlia misi miReba kompetenturi pirisgan adamianuri resursebis departamentSi manam, sanam am sakiTxs ganixilavs xelmZRvanelobasTan. samwuxarod, ganxilvis sistemebma SeiZleba ver miiRon sasurveli Sedegebi. TanamSromlebma SeiZleba daijeron, rom xelmZRvaneloba agvianebs reagirebas saCivrebze da rom administraciis reagireba xSirad ar agvarebs problemas. ufro metic, TanamSromlebma SeiZleba miiCnion, rom miuxedavad represiebis amkrZalavi strategiisa, zedamxedvelebi mainc mimarTaven maT, rogorc TavianT uflebebs, rogorc es aRniSnulia ganxilvis sistemebSi. Eam problemebs ar mivyavarT im daskvnamde, rom yvela ganxilvis sistema uSedegoa da araefeqturi, magram xelmZRvanelobam gamafrTxilebeli zomebi unda miiRos, rom sistemebma gaamarTlos da mogvces sasurveli Sedegebi. 88 konvenciuli etapobrivi ganxilvis saapelacio principi TanamSromeli – zedamxedveli – departamentis resursebis departamenti – ufrosi xelmZRvaneloba ufrosi – adamianuri PTanasworuflebiani ganxilvis sistemebi P Tanasworuflebiani ganxilvis sistema, e. w. saCivarTa komiteti Sedgeba TanamSromelTa warmomadgenlebisa da xelmZRvanelobis mier daniSnuli pirebisagan, romlebic Tanabari raodenobiTaa warmodgenili. TanamSromlebi warmomadgenlebs Cveulebriv faruli kenWisyriT gansazRvruli vadiT irCeven, xelmZRvanelobis warmomadgenlebic iniSnebian monacvleobis safuZvelze. Tanasworuflebiani ganxilvis sistema moqmedebs, rogorc marTlmsajuleba, radganac misi wevrebi mtkicebulebas afaseben, argumentebs ganixilaven da ganxilvis Semdeg damoukideblad xmas saboloo gadawyvetilebas aZleven. Oorganizaciebi, rogoricaa “Turner Brothers Trucking”, “Northrop-Grumman”, “Polaroid”, “Citicorp”, PTanasworuflebiani ganxilvis sistemis erT-erT prioritetad miiCneven samarTlianobis grZnobas, rasac is iwvevs TanamSromlebSi. Tanasworuflebiani ganxilvis sistema SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, rogorc erTaderTi meTodi TanamSromelTa ukmayofilebis aRmosafxvrelad, an SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes etapobrivi ganxilvis sistemasTan erTad. magaliTad, Tu TanamSromeli ar aris kmayofili xelmZRvanelobis moqmedebiT pirvel da meore etapze (etapobrivi ganxilvis sistemis gamoyenebisas), mas SeuZlia warudginos saCivari Tanasworuflebiani ganxilvis komitets saboloo gadawyvetilebis misaRebad. “Ria karis” politika “Ria karis” politika Zveli saSualebaa TanamSromlis ukmayofilebis aRmosafxvrelad. Ffaqtobrivad, menejerTa umetesoba, miuxedavad imisa, maTma organizaciam formalurad miiRo Tu ara “Ria karis” politika, aRiarebs, iyenebs mas. tradiciuli “Ria karis” politika gansazRvravs xelmZRvanelobis sxvadasxva doneebs uSualo zedamxedvelis zemoT, visac SeiZleba gabrazebuli TanamSromeli daukavSirdes; doneebi SeiZleba gavrceldes maRal Tanamdebobebze, rogoricaa viceprezidenti, prezidenti, an ufrosi aRmasrulebeli. Bbunebrivia, adamiani, romelic moqmedebs, rogorc “bolo instanciis sasamarTlo”, aris adamianuri resursebis direqtori an kadrebis ufrosi moxele. problemebi “Ria karis” politikiT kargad gvardeba. aris sirTuleebic: menejerebs ar surT patiosnad mousminon TanamSromelTa saCivrebs da piriqiT: TanamSromlebs ar surT mimarTon menejerebs TavianTi ukmayofilebebiT. erTxel TanamSromelma uTxra am teqstis avtors: “Cems menejers aqvs “Ria karis” politika, magram kari Riaa mxolod erTi inCiT”. marTlac es TanamSromeli xvdeba, rom mas Zalian mcire Sansi aqvs raime gaawyos Tavis menejerTan. am sistemas Tan axlavs sxva problemebic. “Ria karis” politika ver uzrunvelyofs mtkice gadawyvetilebis miRebas, vinaidan is, rac samarTliania erTi menjerisTvis, SeiZleba miuRebeli aRmoCndes meorisTvis. maRali donis menejerebi mxars uWeren supervaizerebs 89 imis gamo, rom uflebamosilebis Sesustebis eSiniaT. rogorc samarTlianobis sistema, “Ria karis” politikac naklebi ndobiT sargeblobs TanamSromlebSi. Tumca “Ria karis” politika xSirad warmatebulia, mas mxars uWers yvela donis xelmZRvaneloba. am sistemiT menejeri cdilobs SeinarCunos samarTlianisa da obieqturis reputacia. saxalxo damcvelis sistema “Rockwell”, “Jonson&Jonson”, “Herman Miller”, “Morley Builders”, “Volvo” is kompaniebia, romlebic saxalxo damcvelis eqspertizas iyenebe. saxalxo damcveli aris konkretuli pirovneba, romlisganac TanamSromlebi rCevebs moelian TavianTi problemebis mosagvareblad. saxalxo damcveli usmens TanamSromlebis ukmayofilebas da cdilobs moagvaros is TanamSromelsa da zedamxedvels Soris SuamavlobiT. Ees pirovneba TanamSromlobs orive mxaresTan SeTanxmebis misaRwevad da problemis gadasawyvetad xSirad kritikuli damokidebulebis gamoyeneba uwevs. radganac saxalxo damcvels ara aqvs uflebamosileba sabolood gadawyvitos problema, kompromisebi ufro metadaa SesaZlebeli, Tanac yvela piri kmayofili unda darCes SedegiT. warmatebuli muSaobisTvis saxalxo damcvels unda SeeZlos konfidencialur garemoSi muSaoba, riTac safrTxe ar eqmneba im menejerebis an TanaSemweebis usafrTxoebas, vinc CarTulni arian saCivarSi. saxalxo damcvels ara aqvs ufleba uaryos TanamSromlis zedamxedvelis mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba, man unda gaasaCivros gadawyvetileba, Tu mas sjera, rom TanamSromels usamarTlod moeqcnen. TanamSromlebisTvis samarTlianobis miRwevaSi daxmarebis garda saxalxo damcvelebs SeuZliaT TviTon Seamowmon xelmZRvaneloba. Suamdgomloba arbitraJTan erTad Suamavloba ufro da ufro popularuli xdeba TanamSromelTa problemebis mosagvareblad. Suamdgomloba iyenebs sammxriv neitralitets (egreTwodebuli mediatori), raTa daexmaros muSakebsa da xelmZRvanelobas orive mxarisTvis misaRebi SeTanxmebis miRwevaSi. Suamdgomloba gulisxmobs kompromisze wasvlas, SeTanxmebas. mediatori Caatarebs Sexvedras TanamSromelTan da xelmZRvanelobasTan, moismens TiToeuli mxaris pozicias, Seagrovebs faqtebs, da Semdeg ganxilvis, winadadebebisa da gadamwyveti argumentebis saSualebiT miaRwevs SeTanxmebas, romelic daakmayofilebs orive mxaris moTxovnebs. Mmediatori Tavidan moqmedebs, rogorc faqtebis Semgrovebeli da mxareTa Soris kavSiris damamyarebeli. arbitrisgan gansxvavebiT, mediatorebs ara aqvT ufleba an uflebamosileba aiZulon romelime mxare SeTanxmebasTan dakavSirebiT. maT unda gamoiyenon TavianTi komunikaciis unari da darwmunebis ufleba, raTa mxareebs maTi problemebis mogvarebaSi daexmaron. Suamdgomloba fleqsiuri procesia, romelmac SeiZleba daakmayofilos mxareTa moTxovnebi. agreTve is gamoiyeneba TanamSromelTa mTeli rigi problemebis gadasawyvetad, maT Soris diskriminaciis pretenziebis an tradiciuli SromiTi davebis mosagvareblad. TanamSromlebs moswonT es procesi misi araoficialurobis gamo. erT-erTi xelmZRvanelobis Tanaxmad, “Suamdgomloba SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc 90 miukerZoebeli mesame mxaris kerZo ganxilva”. Suamdgomlobis saSualebiT Secvlili gadawyvetilebebi ukve misaRebia orive mxaris mier, amrigad, is exmareba mxareebs sasurveli SromiTi urTierTobis damyarebaSi. arbitraJi kerZo damsaqmeblebma SeiZleba moiTxovon, rom TanamSromlebma warudginon TavianTi SromiTi davebi mogvarebisTvis arbitraJs (arbitraJi dawvrilebiT ganxilulia me-14 TavSi). arbitraJs mimarTaven ZiriTadad diskriminaciis sarCelebis mosagvareblad asakis, sqesis, seqsualuri Zaladobis da rasis sferoebSi. sxva SromiTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa promouSenebi, kompensacia, dasja an kompaniis strategiis gamoyeneba, SeiZleba arbitraJs gadaeces, Tu es dasaSvebia damsaqmeblis arbitraJis programiT. xelmZRvaneloba asaxelebs arbitraJis gamoyenebis upiratesobebs: danazogebs davebis xarjebSi, drois dakargvis Tavidan acilebasa da arasasurvel sajaroobas. arbitraJis SeTanxmebebi awesrigeben, rom TanamSromlebma gaasaCivron Tavisi diskriminaciis pretenziebi, xelmZRvanelobasY ar SeuZlia aukrZalos TanamSromlebs diskriminaciis braldebebis wamoyeneba EEOC-s saSualebiT da gamoiyenos sxva kanonmdeblobiTi uflebebi samTavrobo uwyebebTan. EEOCSi, “Waffle House Inc.” Kkompaniis SemTxvevaSi, aSS-is uzenaesma sasamarTlom mxari dauWira im Tvalsazriss, rom TanamSromlebs SeuZliaT diskriminaciis sarCelebis wayeneba EEOC-s saSualebiT da mas xels aweren TanamSromlebi. arbitraJma SeiZleba TanamSromlebs xeli SeuSalos, rom ar uCivlon administracias sasamarTloSi, magram maT ufleba ara aqvT TanamSromlebs aukrZalon diskriminaciis braldebebis wayeneba EEOC-s saSualebiT. Mmenejeruli eTika TanamSromelTan urTierTobebSi am wignSi Cven yuradRebas vamaxvilebT adamianuri resursebis menejmentis samarTlebriv moTxovnebze. kanonebi, uwyebis gadawyvetilebebi da sasamarTlos dadgenilebebi gavlenas axdens SromiTi procesis yvela aspeqtze: dakompleqtebaze, SerCevaze, saqmianobis Sefasebaze, usafrTxoebasa da janmrTelobaze, SromiT urTierTobebsa da Semowmebaze. Mmenejerebma samTavrobo normebi unda daicvan, raTa xeli Seuwyon davebisagan Tavisufali garemos Seqmnas. Tumca, imis garda, rac kanoniTaa moTxovnili, gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve organizaciis eTikis sakiTxi da menejerebis eTikuri qcevis problemebi. eTika SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc miRebuli qcevisa da moraluri gansjis standartebis erToblioba. eTika uzrunvelyofs kulturuli, organizaciuli da socialuri principebis dacvas, rac exmareba pirovnebas saTanado da arasaTanado qcevas Soris arCevanis gakeTebaSi (gadawyvetalebis miRebaSi). Uufro metic, eTika, adaminauri resursebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis msgavsad, vrceldeba SromiTi urTierTobebis yvela aspeqtze. magaliTad, menejerebma SeiZleba mxari dauWiron organizaciis amocanas daiqiraos maRali klasis warmomadgenlebi, magram es TanamSromlebi rogor gakontroldebian da rogor moeqcevian maT - es ukve menejeruli eTikis sakiTxia. 91 kanonebTan da TanamSromelTa qcevasTan urTierToba menejeris saqmianobis or sruliad gansxvavebul aspeqts warmoadgens. eTikuri problemebi yovelTvis arsebobs TanamSromlebSi. sainteresoa, am bolo drois gamokvlevam – “eTikuri sakiTxebi TanamSromlisa da ufrosis urTierTobebSi”, romelic daafinansa finansuri samsaxuris profesionalTa sazogadoebam _ aCvena, rom damsaqmebelTa 97%-ma da TanamSromelTa 84%-ma ganacxada, rom TanamSromlebisaTvis micemuli yalbi dapirebebi eTikis yvelaze seriozuri darRvevaa ufrosebis mxridan. muSaobis periodSi narkotikebis an alkoholis moxmareba da el.fostis borotad gamoyeneba sxva TanamSromlis mimarT dasaxelda samsaxurebrivi eTikis darRvevis yvelaze xSir SemTxvevebad. Cven gvjera, rom menejeruli eTika TanamSromelTa urTierTobebSi moiTxovs patiosnebas TanamSromelsa da menejers Soris yvelanair saqmeSi, agreTve ormxriv pativiscemas samuSao valdebulebebis Sesrulebis dros. Mmraval organizacias aqvs Tavisi eTikis kodeqsi, romelic awesrigebs TanamSromlebsa da sazogadoebas Soris urTierTobebs. Ees kodeqsi yuradRebas amaxvilebs eTikur Rirebulebebze da organizaciebsa da calkeul menejerebs safuZvels uqmnis Seafason TavianTi gegmebi da moqmedebebi. adamianuri resursebis departamentebs didi roli ekisrebaT organizaciis Rirebulebebsa da standartebs Soris kavSiris uzrunvelyofaSi, eTikis kodeqsTan Sesabamisobis SemowmebaSi, agreTve organizaciaSi standartebis ganmtkicebaSi. amJamad organizaciebs aqvT eTikis komitetebi da hyavT eTikis damcveli pirebi, raTa TanamSromlebisTvis uzrunvelyon treningi eTikaSi. am treningis ZiriTadi mizania TanamSromlebma Tavidan aacilon araeTikuri qceva da saziano moqmedebebi; moipovon strategiuli upiratesoba, , sxva TanamSromlebs moeqcnen samarTlianad da obieqturad da aRiqvan isini organizaciis Rirseul wevrebad. Mmokle mimoxilva Aamocana 1. TanamSromlebs SeuZliaT gamoTqvan pretenzia, rom maT aqvT kanonieri ufleba moiTxovon samsaxurSi maTdami samarTliani da obieqturi damokidebuleba. TanamSromelTa uflebebis sakiTxebi sxva problemebTan erTad gulisxmobs narkologiur Semowmebas an TanamSromlis piradi saubrebis kontrols. amasTan, xelmZRvaneloba valdebulia uzrunvelyos usafrTxoeba da daicvas TanamSromlis samuSao adgili saziano SemTxvevebisgan. roca TanamSromelTa uflebebTan erTad ar igulisxmeba xelmZRvanelobis Sesabamisi valdebulebebi, SeiZleba warmoiSvas winaaRmdegoba. Aamocana 2. TanamSromelsac da ufrossac aqvs garkveuli uflebebi da molodini SromiT urTierTobebSi. Tavisufali dasaqmebis moZRvreba exeba TanamSromlisa da ufrosis uflebebs Sewyviton SromiTi urTierToba, maSin roca nagulisxmevi kontraqtis cneba warmoadgens gamonakliss Tavisufali dasaqmebis dogmaSi. am cnebis Tanaxmad, ufrosis zepirma an werilobiTma gancxadebebma SeiZleba Camoayalibos kontraqtuli valdebuleba, ramac 92 SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos TanamSromlis avtomatur ganTavisuflebas. konstruqciuli ganTavisufleba xdeba, roca TanamSromeli Tavisi nebiT wyvets muSaobas, magram Semdeg amtkicebs, rom igi iZulebuli gaxda wasuliyo samsaxuridan autaneli samuSao pirobebis gamo, romelic Seuqmna damsaqmebelma. TanamSromlebs SeuZliaT pretenzia ganacxadon, rom maT samagieros uxdian, roca ufrosebi sjian maT TavianTi uflebebis gamoyenebisTvis kanonis Tanaxmad an zianis miyenebisTvis sasamarTlo kompensaciebis miRebisas. amocana 3. TanamSromlebi moelian garkveul konfidencialurobis uflebebs maT pirad saqmeebSi arasaTanado Carevisgan Tavis dasacavad. Ees uflebebi iseT sakiTxebsac moicavs, rogoricaa narkotikebis gamoyeneba da narkologiuri Semowmeba; gamokvlevebi da zedamxedveloba; arasamsaxurebrivi piradi uflebebi; elfostis, internetisa da xmovani fostis gasaidumloeba Dda genetikuri analizi. amocana 4. adamianuri resursebis departamentma sxva menejerebTan erTad unda SeimuSaos disciplinaruli strategia da politika. es xels Seuwyobs politikis aRiarebasa da mis gamoyenebas. dasjis saWiroebis Sesamcireblad organizaciis normebi da principebi farTod unda iyos cnobili, unda gaformdes werilobiT da ganemartos TanamSromlebs. wesebi unda exebodes organizaciis usafrTxo da efeqtur muSaobas. roca menejerebi akontroleben wesebis moqmedebas, maT unda gamoiyenon isini, sanam dasjian TanamSromels. amocana 5. termins “disciplina” sami mniSvneloba aqvs: dasja, wesrigi da treningi TanamSromelTa qcevis Sesaxeb. roca viyenebT mas TanamSromelTan mimarTebaSi, disciplina unda emsaxurebodes TanamSromlis arasasurveli qcevis gamosworebas, da TanamSromels unda gauCinos TviTkontrolis survili. Ddisciplinis mesame mniSvneloba SeiZleba miRweul iqnes mxolod maSin, roca menejerebi TanamSromlis araswori saqcielis srul da miukerZoebel gamoZiebas atareben. TanamSromlis araswori saqcielis gamoZieba darRvevis Sesabamisi dokumentebiT damtkicebiT iwyeba. roca menejerebi TanamSromlis problemebs ikvleven, maT zustad unda hqondeT Seswavlili darRveva: icoda Tu ara TanamSromelma darRveuli wesis Sesaxeb, arsebobs Tu ara Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebi, ramac SeiZleba gaamarTlos TanamSromlis saqcieli. roca TanamSromeli unda daisajos, wesi unda gadaixedos, amasTan ganxilul unda iqnes TanamSromlis ganvlili muSaobis monacemebi. amocana 6. disciplinisadmi ori midgoma arsebobs: progresuli disciplina da pozitiuri disciplina. progresuli disciplina moicavs etapebis jgufebs, rac damyarebulia koreqciuli moqmedebis xarisxis gazrdaze. gamoyenebuli koreqciuli moqmedeba unda Seesabamebodes TanamSromlis darRvevis kategorias, tips. Sexsenebebze dafuZnebuli pozitiuri disciplina aris TanamSromlobiTi disciplinis mimarTuleba, romlis drosac TanamSromlebi iReben pasuxismgeblobas qcevis gaumjobesebisTvis. mizani imaSi mdgomareobs, rom aRmoifxvras TanamSromlis aradamakmayofilebeli saqmianoba, sanam ukmayofiloba seriozul problemad gadaiqceva. amocana 7. alternatiuli davis gadawyvetis principebis saSualebiT TanamSromlebi Sesabamisi procesis uflebebs iyeneben. ADRs-s yvelaze zogadi formebia etapobrivi ganxilvis sistema, Tanabari ganxilvis sistema, saxalxo damcvelis sistema, Suamdgomloba da arbitraJi. 93 amocana 8. adamianuri resursebis menejmentSi eTika vrceldeba TanamSromelTa marTvis samarTlebriv moTxovnebze. menejerebi eTikur normebs icaven, roca TanamSromlebs eqcevian obieqturad da samarTlianad. Sesabamisad, TanamSromlis piradi da samsaxurebrivi uflebebi daculia. ZiriTadi terminebi alternatiuli davis gadawyveta (ADR) konstruqciuli ganTavisufleba disciplina Sesabamisi procesi TanamSromlis uflebebi Tavisufali dasaqmebis principi eTika “cxeli Rumelis” wesi Suamdgomloba mediatori gulgriloba saxalxo damcveli “Ria karis” politika Tanaswori ganxilvis sistema pozitiuri anu aradasjadi disciplina progresuli disciplina etapobrivi ganxilvis sistema gansaxilveli sakiTxebi 1. gansazRvreT sami sfero, sadac TanamSromlis uflebebi da ufrosis movaleobebi ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs. rogor SeiZleba warmoiSvas es konfliqti? 2. gansazRvreT Tavisufali dasaqmebis principebi. ra aris sasamarTlos sami ZiriTadi gamonaklisi am dogmidan? 3. ra kanonmdeblobiTi da sasamarTlo SezRudvebi arsebobs damsaqmeblis narkologiur SemowmebasTan dakavSirebiT kerZo da saxelmwifo seqtorSi? 4. Tu Tqven mogTxoves disciplinis Sesaxeb politikis SemuSaveba, ra sakiTxebs gaaerTianebT am politikaSi? 5. ra unda iyos sagamoZiebo gasaubrebis mizani da rogor damokidebulebas unda mivmarToT misi Catarebis dros? 6. ganixileT, Tu ratom aris mniSvnelovani dokumentacia disciplinaruli procesisTvis. ra Sedis swor dokumentaciaSi? 7. aRwereT progresuli da pozitiuri disciplina da aRniSneT gansxvaveba am or mimarTulebas Soris; 8. rogor fiqrobT, ras unda moicavdes efeqturi alternatiuli davis mogvarebis sistema? ra Sedegebs eliT aseTi sistemisgan? Tu Tqven gTxoves daareguliroT ganTavisuflebis SemTxveva, ra faqtebs ganixilavT gadawyvetilebis misaRebad: mxars dauWerT Tu uaryofT damsaqmeblis moqmedebas? 94 9. marto an gundSi muSaobis dros gansazRvreT eTikuri problemebi, romlebic warmoiSoba muSaobis procesSi da exeba Semdeg sakiTxebs: sxvadsxva sferoSi adamianuri resursebis SerCevas, saqmianobis Sefasebas, usafrTxoebasa da jandacvas, pirad uflebebs da kompensacias. TanamSromelTa uflebebis gansazRvra A adamianuri resursebis mudmivad cvalebad sferoSi savaldebuloa, rom orive mxare – adamianuri resursebis menejerebic da supervaizerebic _ kargad erkveodnen cvlilebebSi, rac gavlenas axdens organizaciaze da TanamSromelTa marTvis procesze. radganac TanamSromlebi moiTxoven ufro met samuSaos da SromiT uflebebs narkologiur SemowmebasTan, zedamxedvelobasTan, usamarTlo daTxovnasTan, samsaxuris gareT moqmedebasTan da genetikur analizTan dakavSirebiT, xelmZRvanelobam unda icodes axali kanonebi, sasamarTlo dadgenilebebi da sxva organizaciebis strategia, rac gavlenas axdens TiToeul sferoze. Ees codna daexmareba menejerebs reagireba moaxdinon TanamSromelTa problemebze aqtiurad da dadebiTad. TanamSromlebis uflebebis daucvelobam SeiZleba migviyvanos sasamarTlo procesebamde, rasac mohyveba TanamSromelTa ndobis Sesusteba da moraluri mdgomareobis daqveiTeba. daniSnuleba individualurad an gundSi muSaobis dros TanamSromelTa uflebebis gasacnobad TiToeuli TemisTvis gansazRvreT da ganixileT TanamSromlebisa da xelmZRvanelobis piradi problemebi. am daniSnulebis Sesrulebis dros Tqven SeiZleba gsurdeT gadaxedoT adamianTa resursebis Jurnalebis statiebs, rogoricaa “SromiTi kanonis Jurnali”, “HR Jurnali”, “samuSao Zala”, an “TanamSromelTa urTierTobebis samarTlis Jurnali”. upasuxeT ToToeuli Temis Semdeg sakiTxebs: • Tavisufali dasaqmeba da araswori ganTavisuflebis saCivrebi; • narkotikebis gamoyeneba da narkologiuri Semowmeba; • gamokvlevebi da monitoringi; • TanamSromlis qceva samsaxuris gareT; • genetikuri analizi; • elfosta, interneti; 1. romeli sakiTxi gainteresebT? 2. ratom aris es sakiTxi aqtualuri TanamSromlebisa da menejerebisTvis? 3. ra uflebebs moiTxoven TanamSromlebi? 4. romeli kanonebi an sasamarTlo saqmeebi axdens gavlenas am uflebaze? 5. zogadad rogor pasuxobs xelmZRvaneloba TanamSromlis am uflebas? Kkonkretuli SemTxvevis ganxilva 1 ganTavisufleba samsaxuris gareT garkveuli moqmedebis gamo 95 winamdebare SemTxveva gviCvenebs TanamSromlis pirad pretenzias da xelmZRvanelobis uflebas kompaniis reputaciis SesanarCuneblad. 2002 wlis 6 maiss, orSabaTs, ganTavisuflebamde jon hilardi muSaobda gayidvebis ufros warmomadgenlad kompaniaSi “saukeTeso saswavlo masalebi” (Advanced Educational Materials) (AEM), iyo maRalxarisxiani saswavlo wignebisa da umcrosda ufrosklasebisaTvis saswavlo nivTebis mimwodebeli. Mmisi Tormetwliani muSaobis periodSi jonis aRiarebdnen, rogorc gamorCeul TanamSromels mWidro samuSao urTierTobebiT skolebTan, romlebTanac TanamSromlobda. Mmisi gayidvebis monacemebi saukeTeso iyo. jonis ganTavisufleba ganapiroba, rogorc AEM-m ganacxada, TanamSromlebis moqmedebis kodeqsis seriozulma darRvevam. 2002 wlis 4 maiss, SabaTs, jonisa da misi menejeris, jin elisonis, SemTxveviTi Sexvedris dros, menejerma SeamCnia, rom joni gamovida zrdasrulTa videokasetebis maRaziidan da raRac eWira xelSi. rogorc menejeri aRwers, pornografiuli Jurnalebi da pornofilmis kaseta iyo. Semdeg orSabaTs jinma ganixila es SemTxveva AEM-is adamianuri resursebis warmomadgenelTan da gayidvebis viceprezidentTan. Yyvela daeTanxma, rom jonis qceva kompaniis TanamSromelTa qcevis kodeqsis seriozul darRvevas warmoadgenda, rac SemdegSi mdgomareobs: “TanamSromlis samsaxuris gareT qceva aranairad ar unda aisaxos cudad kompaniaze, mis TanamSromlebze, an saswavlo masalebis gayidvebze.” AEM tradiciulad aiZulebda gayidvebis warmoadgenlebs maRali moraluri standartebis dacvas, radgan kompania masalebs awvdida sajaro skolis administratorebsa da pedagogebs. Mmisi ganTavisuflebis Sexvedraze jonim mkacrad uaryo, gaaprotesta Tavisi gagdeba. igi amtkicebda, rom rac man gaakeTa samsaxurisgan Tavisufal dros, es kompaniis saqme ar iyo da misi moqmedeba cudad ar aisaxa AEM-ze an misi produqtebis gayidvebze. garda amisa, man ganacxada: “Sesyidvebi xorcieldeboda, rogorc anegdotebi dauqorwinebelTa wveulebaze.” wyaro: es SemTxveva warmoadgens realuri ganTavisuflebis samsaxuris gareT Cadenili cudi qcevisTvis. yvela saxeli fiqtiuria. faqts kiTxvebi: 1. mocemuli SemTxvevis faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda gaeTavisuflebinaT joni Tu ara? pasuxi axseniT. 2. AEM-is gayidvebis warmomadgenlebs moeTxovebaT Tu ara piradi qcevis ufro maRali standartebis dacva, vidre sxva tipis organizaciebis gayidvebis warmomadgenlebs? pasuxi axseniT. 3. xelmZRvanelobas unda ganexila Tu ara jonis ganvlili muSaobis monacemebi ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebamde? pasuxi axseniT. Kkonkretuli SemTxvevis ganxilva 2 “Tqven ver gamagdebT! Mme gavikeTe analizi” “Cven ar gvqonda sxva arCevani”, _ auxsna supervaizerma, tim valtonma. “jerim icoda Cveni narkotikuli politikis Sesaxeb da man TviTon airCia, 96 rom daerRvia is”. N”narkotikebis Sesaxeb politika yvela TanamSromlisTvis cnobili iyo”, _ ganacxada valtonma. “narkotikebis moxmarebaSi eWvmitanilma TanamSromlebma unda waradginon narkologiuri Semowmebis analizi maSin, roca ufrosi moiTxovs amas. Tu TanamSromlebs SeuZliaT gaikeTon analizi, roca maT undaT, maSin Cven verasodes gamoviWerT narkomanebs.” Kkompania ADR-is SemTxvevaSi, TanamSromelma jeri baTlerma upasuxa: ”isini ver gamagdeben! Mme uari vTqvi analizis gakeTebaze, radganac saavadmyofoSi viweqi.Aamas garda, cudad gavxdi distrofiis gamo, rac gamoiwvia gadaWarbebulma sicxem shop floor. –Si. meore dRes gavikeTe analizi.” valtonma upasuxa: “rogorc CvenTvis cnobilia, jerim uari Tqva analizis gakeTebaze da es sakmarisia CvenTvis. aranairi damatebiTi gamoZieba ar aris saWiro. zogierTi wamali organizmidan gamodis sakmaod swrafad. Cven dauyovneblad gvWirdeba analizi”. es problema warmoiSva, roca orma TanamSromelma SeamCnia, rom TanamSromelTa oTaxSi jeri baTlers TeTri fxvnili eWira cxvirTan. isini daeWvdnen saSiSi nivTierebis moxmarebaSi da es SemTxveva valtons moaxsenes. ori dRis Semdeg baTlers mosTxoves waredgina narkologiuri Semowmebis analizi, maSin roca igi distrofiis gamo iwva adgilobriv saavadmyofoSi. Mman Tqva, rom Zalian cudad iyo da uari ganacxada analizze. man eqims auxsna, rom ar SeeZlo analizis gakeTeba avadmyofobis gamo. momdevno dRes baTlerma gaikeTa analizi da miiRo dadebiTi pasuxi, Tumca kompaniam uari ganacxada xelaxla ganexila misi ganTavisuflebis gadawyvetileba. dakiTxvaze jeri baTlerma aseve ganacxada, rom kompaniam igi imitom gaagdo, rom kompensacia ar gadaexadaT. wyaro: adaptirebulia “Bulletin to Management”–Si SemTxvevidan (25 Tebervali, 1999). yvela saxeli fiqtiuria. gamoqveynebuli kiTxvebi: Tqven rom gangexilaT es SemTxveva, rogor gadawyvetilebas miiRebdiT? axseniT srulyofilad. 2. sxva ra informacia iqneboda saWiro am sakiTxis gadaWrisas? 3. qmnis Tu ara kompania eTikur problemebs, roca is TanamSromlebi jeri baTleris winaaRmdeg mowmeebad gamohyavs? axseniT srulyofilad. 1. danarTi menejeri mrCevlis rolSi ra Tqma unda, TanamSromlebisTvis rCeva-darigebis micema menejeris saqmianobis metad mniSvnelovani nawilia. disciplinaruli ganxilvisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic xSirad SezRudulia specifikuri informaciis mopovebasa da micemaSi, rCevis micema warmoadgens process, romelic gulisxmobs dinamiur urTierTobas or mxares Soris, roca adamians SeuZlia Tavisuflad ganixilos moTxovnilebebi, grZnobebi da problemebi daxmarebis aRmoCenis mizniT. rogorc 13.a sqemazea naCvenebi, konsultacia Seicavs mraval cvlilebas rogorc damxmares, ise dasaxmareblis mxareze. kavSiri, 97 urTierToba dasaxmareblis problemebis mogvarebis mTavari saSualebaa, damxmaris rCeva-darigebis gamoyenebiT. rCevis micemiT SegviZlia davexmaroT TanamSromlebs piradi problemebis mogvarebaSi, rogoricaa: susti janmrTeloba, narkotikebis an alkoholis moxmareba, ojaxuri problemebi an finansuri problemebi; rCeva aseve SeiZleba gamoviyenoT samsaxurebrivi problemebis mosagvareblad. saCivrebis Sesamcireblad yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa davexmaroT TanamSromlebs, raTa iyvnen gaxsnilebi. rCeva-darigebis micemis urTierTobis ganviTareba damxmare - kavSiri moTxovnebi, grZnobebi, problemebi, Sexedulebebi, miswrafebebi, gancdebi - dasaxmarebeli moTxovnebi, grZnobebi, problemebi, Sexedulebebi, miswrafebebi, gancdebi urTierTobis ZiriTadi arsi rCevis micema xdeba or mxares Soris dros. ZiriTadi kavSiri aris situacia, garemo. organizaciebSi xelmZRvaneloba xSirad iyenebs urTierTobas or mxares Soris. magaliTad, TanamSromels ar SeuZlia ar daafasos zedamxedvelis daxmareba samuSaosTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi, radganac am dros damxmare ki ar ubrZanebs, aramed rCevas aZlevs dasaxmarebels. konfidencialuroba kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria rCevis micemis procesSi. zogadad miRebulia, rom rac xdeba rCevis micemisas, saidumlod unda darCes am or mxares Soris. Tumca arsebobs situacia, roca saWiro xdeba garkveuli informaciis gamxela, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba seriozuli ziani miadges sxvebs. kidev erTi faqtori, ramac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos urTierTobaze, aris menejeris Carevis xarisxi daxmarebis gasawevad. rCevis micemis xerxebi yvela Cvengans aqvs ganxilvis, Sefasebis, mowonebis an dawunebis bunebrivi, Tandayolili unari. zogjer Cven am ganxilvebSi verTvebiT daufiqreblad, Cveni winaswari varaudebis safuZvelze, da amiT vamcirebT Cvens SesaZleblobas efeqturad movaxdinoT komunikacia. naadrevi gadawyvetilebebis Tavidan acilebis erT-erTi gzaa rCevis micemis xerxi, romelsac hqvia “aqtiuri mosmena”. aqtiuri mosmena niSnavs kargad gagebas, Tu ras gulisxmobs meore pirovneba, roca igi gvixsnis Tavis Sexedulebas. naTqvami unda movisminoT srulyofilad, Sewyvetis, kiTxvebis dasmis an axali Temebis wamoWris gareSe. zedamxedvelma Tvali unda miadevnos da yuradRebiT unda moisminos, rasac muSaki ambobs an cdilobs, rom Tqvas. radganac yvela SemTxvevaSi aqtiuri mosmena mniSvnelovania, is metad aucilebelia, roca: 98 1. Cven ar gvesmis, ras grZnobs meore adamiani da Cven unda mivxvdeT mis azrs; 2. Cven gvjera, rom rasac ambobs, is ise mniSvnelovani ar aris, rogorc is, rac ar uTqvams; 3. meore adamiani iseTi dabneulia, rom SeuZlebelia naTeli informaciis miReba. A aqtiur mosmenisas menejers SeuZlia aseve gamoiyenos xerxi, romelsac “grZnobebis gamoxatvas” uwodeben. Ees saSualeba gulisxmobs TanamSromlis gacxadebuli an dafaruli grZnobebis gamoxatvas. misi mizania yuradReba gaamaxvilos ufro metad grZnobebze, vidre Sinaarsze, raTa bundovnad gamoxatuli grZnobebi kargad iqnes gacnobierebuli da daexmaros adamians Tavisi grZnobebis Sesaxeb saubarSi. am meTodiT sargeblobisas Semdegi gamoTqmebi gamoiyeneba: “Tqven brazobT imis gamo, Tu rogor geqcevaT ufrosi”, ”Tqven grZnobT, rom met dafasebas imsaxurebT kompaniis mxridan”. grZnobebis gamoxatvis teqnika gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa rCevis micemis adreul etapze TanamSromlis grZnobebis gamosavlenad. es standarturi principia arasadireqtivo rCevis micemaSi. TanamSromelTa dasaxmareblad kidev erT saSualebas warmoadgens kiTxvebis dasma, rac adamians exmareba Tavisi problemis gagebaSi. zogadad es unda iyos Ria kiTxvebi, romlebsac ar gaecema pasuxi “diax” an “ara”. magaliTad: “momiyeviT kidev Tqveni gancdebis Sesaxeb baton jonsTan”. Ees unda iyos iseTi kiTxvebi, romlebic ufro uzrunvelyofs TanamSromlis TviTgamorkvevas, vidre zedamxedvelisTvis informaciis miRebas. Ria kiTxvebi saSualebas aZlevs TanamSromels Tavisuflad isaubros, rac misTvisvea kargi. rCevis micemis principebi TanamSromlis dasaxmareblad, romelsac raime problema aqvs, rCevis micemis mravalgvari principi gamoiyeneba. yvela es midgoma gulisxmobs aqtiur mosmenas. zogjer informaciis ubralo miwodebam an rCevam SeiZleba moagvaros problema, romelic Tavdapirvelad metad rTuli Canda. Tumca ufro xSirad problema advilad ar gvardeba winaaRmdegobebis, konfliqtebis an gegmebis CaSlis gamo, rasac Tan sdevs Zlieri gancdebi, rogoricaa SiSi, dabneuloba an SuRli. menejerma unda Seiswavlos, rodis romeli midgoma aris Sesaferisi. Ffleqsiuroba rCevis micemis procesis ZiriTadi komponentia. pirdapiri rCeva-darigeba D direqtiuli rCeva-darigebis dros menejeri cdilobs pirdapir an arapirdapir akontrolos Temebi, ris Sesaxebac saubroben TanamSromlebi, aRwers TanamSromlis winaSe mdgar arCevans da aZlevs rCevas, ra unda gaakeTos. mravali SemTxveva arsebobs, roca saWiroa informaciis an samsaxurebrivi rCevis miwodeba im sferoebSi, romelSic zedamxedveli erkveva da gamocdilia. Tumca Tu unda gakeTdes arCevani da winaaRmdegoba iCens Tavs, direqtiuli midgomis gamoyeneba unda aviciloT Tavidan. 99 Aarapirdapiri rCeva-darigeba aradireqtiuli (arapirdapiri) rCeva-darigebis dros TanamSromels aqvs maqsimaluri Tavisufleba gansazRvros saubris mimdinareoba. Sefasebis gareSe mosmenis, rogorc komunikaciis, mniSvneloba metad didia. is aris mTavari teqnika, romelic gamoiyeneba arapirdapiri rCeva-darigebis dros. ZiriTadad unda mousmino da gaugo TanamSromels, kritikisa da Sefasebis gareSe, rogorc igi aRwers problemas. menejeri Tavisi damokidebulebiTa da reaqciiT amxnevebs TanamSromels, rac man Tqva an ar Tqva, rac emociebiT gamoxata sircxvilis an aRelvebis gareSe. Tavisufali gamoxatva ganusazRvreli damokidebulebis dros amcirebs daZabulobas da imedgacruebas. TanamSromels, romelsac SeeZlo Seekavebina emociebi, Cveulebriv ukeTesi SesaZlebloba hqonda ufro obieqturad ganexila problema da moegvarebina is. liberaluri atmosfero TanamSromels saSualebas aZlevs gaigos problema Tavisi sirTuleebiT da gansazRvros perspeqtiva, raTa miaRwios sasurvel gadawyvetilebas. monawileobiTi rCeva-darigeba gansazRvruli da ganusazRvreli midgomebi aSkarad ukiduresobebis kavSirs warmoadgens. radganac konkretuli profesionali mrCeveli SeiZleba am kavSiris erT boloSi iyos an meoreSi, menejerTa umetesoba sxvadasxva damokidebulebas irCevs saubris mimdinareobis mixedviT. bevri irCevs saSualo damokidebulebas, roca orive mxare erTad afasebs dagegmvis procesSi, Tu konkretuli problema rogor unda ganixilos da gadawydes. es mimarTuleba, romelic SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rogorc monawileobiTi midgoma, gansakuTrebiT Sesaferisia SromiT organizaciebSi gamosayeneblad. Mmravali problema, romelsac menejerebi da supervaizerebi awydebian, moiTxovs ara marto TanamSromlebis gancdebis gagebas, aramed imasac, rom TanamSromlebi gaerkvnen da mxari unda dauWiron xelmZRvanelobis molodinebs, raTa isini iyvnen produqtiulebi, pasuxismgeblobis mqoneebi da pativi scen erTmaneTs. meore mxriv, problemis mqone adamianTa umetesobas urCevnia aqtiurad iyos Cabmuli gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, Tu isini xvdebian, rom SesaZlebelia moqmedebis dadebiTad ganviTareba. mraval samsaxurebriv situaciaSi, rodesac rCeva-darigebas iyeneben, monawileobiTi damokidebuleba rekomendebulia calkeul adamianebTan muSaobis dros garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi. Tumca sxvadasxva dros, calkeuli saubrebis procesSi sasurvelia gamoviyenoT orive – gansazRvruli da ganusazRvreli. roca rCeva-darigeba ar amarTlebs rCeva-darigeba ganixileba, rogorc xerxi, romelic exmareba komunikacias da xels uwyobs problemebis mogvarebas, rac gavlenas axdens TanamSromelTa da organizaciis keTildReobaze. miuxedavad amisa, unda vaRiaroT, rom menejerebis rCeva-darigebebi yovelTvis ar aris warmatebuli am miznis miRwevaSi. Tumca garkveuli progresi xSirad miiRweva rCevadarigebis micemis gziT, rodesac aseTi tipis moqmedeba Sesaferisia. 100 zogierT SemTxvevaSi, roca rCeva-darigebas ar mohyveba Sedegi, aucilebelia sxva zomebis miReba, rogoricaa dasja an ganTavisufleba. vinaidan menejers an supervaizers SeiZleba ar SeeZlos an dro ar hqondes TanamSromelTa ufro meti piradi problemebis mosagvareblad, unda iqnes SemuSavebuli sistema, Tu rogor unda daexmaron mrCevlebi TanamSromlebs. zogjer problema iseT sferos miekuTvneba, romelzedac zedamxedvels naklebi gavlena aqvs an saerTod ar SeuZlia gavlenis moxdena. aseTia, magaliTad, saojaxo urTierTobebi. am SemTxvevaSi sasurveli iqneba zedamxedvelma urCios, rom TanamSromelma mimarTos kompetentur, profesional mrCevels. Cveulebriv adamianuri resursebis departamenti valdebulia gagzavnos TanamSromlebi specialistebTan, romlebic kompetenturni da licenzirebulni arian aseTi momsaxurebis gansaxorcieleblad. SromiTi urTierTobebis mamoZravebeli Zalebi axseneT sityva “profkavSiri” da adamianTa umetesobas Seeqmneba garkveuli Sexeduleba – dadebiTi an uaryofiTi _ aSS-is SromiTi organizaciebis Sesaxeb. zogSi es sityva iwvevs profkavSirsa da administracias Soris mouwesrigebeli SromiTi urTierTobebis asociacias, rogoricaa: Seuracxyofebi, gaficvebi, piketireba, boikoti. sxvebisTvis ki es sityva warmoadgens industriul demokratias, samarTlianobas, SesaZleblobas, Tanaswor warmomadgenlobas. bevri profkavSirs aRiqvams, rogorc menejerebsa da TanamSromlebs Soris Seqmnil mtrul urTierTobas. sxvadasxva damokidebulebis miuxedavad, 1800-is Sua wlebidan gaerTianebebi mniSvnelovan Zalas warmoadgenda, romelic ayalibebda organizaciul praqtikas, kanonmdeblobas da politikur azrs SeerTebul StatebSi. dRes profkavSirebi isev aqtualuria organizaciis produqtiulobaze, aSS-is kompetenciaze, SromiTi kanonis ganviTarebasa da adamianuri resursebis strategiebsa da praqtikebze maTi gavlenis gamo. biznesorganizaciebis msgavsad, kavSirebsac cvlilebebi SeaqvT saqmianobasa da eTikaSi. ufro metic, wlebis ganmavlobaSi wevrobis Sewyvetis Semdeg kavSirebi isev aqtiurad asaqmeben arawarmomadgenlobiT TanamSromlebs. magaliTad, “gaerTianebuli avtomuSakebi” aqtiurad asaqmeben TanamSromlebs _ avtonawilebis momwodeblebs avtosawarmoebSi, romlebic funqcionirebs samxreT StatebSi. 2002 wels TanamSromleTa momsaxurebis saerTaSoriso kavSirma daasaqma cxra aTasi TanamSromeli “kaTolikuri jandacvis – dasavleTis” kuTvnil oc saavadmyofoSi. AFL-CIO -m da erovnulma kavSirebma miznad daisaxes dasaqmeba, rogorc mTavari prioriteti ocdameerTe saukuneSi. PprofkavSirebis xangrZlivi istoriis miuxedavad, SromiTi urTierTobebis sirTuleebi ar aris cnobili mravali adamianisTvis. Ees Tavi aRwers SromiTi urTierTobebis regulirebas mTavrobis mier, SromiTi 101 urTierTobebis process, SromiT organizaciebSi TanamSromelTa gaerTianebis mizezebs da aseve ganixilavs SromiTi kavSirebis struqturasa da xelmZRvanelobas. mniSvnelovania, rom Sromis samarTlis Tanaxmad, roca damtkicebulia, rom profkavSirma molaparakeba unda awarmoos wevrebTan, man unda warmoadginos isini yvela ganyofilebaSi Tanabrad, mniSvneloba ara aqvs, romeli TanamSromeli rodis SeuerTda an ganTavisuflda wevrobidan. am Tavis ukanasknel nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT kontraqtis regulirebis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs, kerZod, TanamSromelTa saCivrebis mogvarebasa da arbitraJs. es Tavi aseve exeba SromiTi organizaciebis Tanamedrove problemebs. PprofkavSirebsa da sxva organizaciebs SeuZliaT mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdinon menejerTa SesaZleblobebze, warmarTon da akontrolon adamianuri resursebis menejmentis sxvadasxva funqciebi. magaliTad, profkavSiris xelmZRvanelobis debulebebma SromiT xelSekrulebaSi SeiZleba gansazRvros, Tu vin SeirCeva samuSao dawinaurebisTvis an treningis programebisTvis. anazRaurebis sakiTxi SeiZleba ganisazRvros profkavSiris molaparakebebiT, an kavSirebma SeiZleba wamoayenon SezRudvebi xelmZRvanelobis mier TanamSromelTa Sefasebis meTodebTan dakavSirebiT. mniSvnelovania, rom menejerebma kargad ician, rogor muSaoben kavSirebi orive SemTxvevaSi – profkavSirebis arsebobisas anda araprofkavSirul garemoSi. SromiTi urTierTobebis maregulirebeli kompetenturi organosTvis mTlianad cnobilia es sakiTxi. daimaxsovreT, SromiTi kanonmdeblobis ugulebelyofa ar warmoadgens dacvas, roca menejerebi da zedamxedvelebi arRveven SromiT kanons. sanam ganagrZobdeT kiTxvas, SeamowmeT Tqveni codna SromiTi urTierTobebis kanonis Sesaxeb da upasuxeT kiTxvebs, romlebic mocemulia HRM 1-Si. HRM 1 SeamowmeT Tqveni codna SromiTi urTierTobebis Sesaxeb 1. avtoSemkeTebelma samuSaosTvis mimarTa avtomobilebiT movaWre kompanias. Mmas uari uTxres misi kavSiris wevrobis gamo. iyo Tu ara damsaqmeblis moqmedeba samarTliani? Ddiax ----ara ----2. dasaqmebis periodSi zedamxedvelebma hkiTxes calkeul TanamSromlebs kavSirze maTi Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb. dasaSvebia Tu ara aseTi kiTxvis dasma? Ddiax ----ara ----3. roca kavSiris wevrebma daiwyes profkavSiris niSnebis tareba samsaxurSi, xelmZRvanelobam brZaneba gasca moexsnaT isini. hqonda Tu ara xelmZRvanelobas amis ufleba? Ddiax ----ara ----4. dasaqmebis periodSi ufrosi daTanxmda (socialuri Jestis gasakeTeblad), rom TanamSromlebs uzrunvelyofda gamagrilebeli sasmelebiT dResaswaulebze. moqmedebda Tu ara Ddamsaqmebeli kanonis farglebSi? Ddiax ----ara ----5. kompaniam gaanawila sxva kavSiris wevrebi im adgilSi, sadac ganmcxadeblebi iyvnen kavSiris mxardamWerebi. iyo Tu ara ganawileba samarTliani? 102 Ddiax ----ara ----6. kavSiris organizebis dros “Servo Pipe”-is mesakuTre dahpirda Tavis TanamSromlebs xelfasis gazrdas, Tu isini xmas miscemdnen konkretul gaerTianebas. mesakuTres SeeZlo Tu ara mesakuTres kanonierad am dapirebis micema TanamSromlebisTvis? Ddiax ----ara ----7. TanamSromlebs aqvT ufleba wamoayenon ukanono SromiTi praqtikis braldebebi TavianTi kavSiris winaaRmdeg. Ddiax ----ara ----8. kavSiris survili, gaasaCivros wevris ukmayofileba, romelic xelmZRvanelobam gamoavlina, sruliad usafuZvloa. Uunda gaasaCivros xelmZRvanelobam es saCivari Tu ara? Ddiax ----ara ----9. jon grins, meqanikoss, muSaobis cudi monacemebi aqvs. xelmZRvanelobas surs gaaTavisuflos igi; Tumca grini kavSiris mmarTvelia da kompaniis mimarT kritikuladaa ganwyobili. aqvs Tu ara xelmZRvanelobas am TanamSromlis kanonierad ganTavisuflebis ufleba? D diax ----ara ----10. organizaciis kampaniis dros ofismenejerma gamoxata Zlieri antiprofkavSiruli Sexedulebebi da profkavSiris moxeleebs uwoda “banditebi”, “didi simyrale” da “radikalebis jgufi”. im TanamSromlebs, romlebic SeuerTdnen kavSirs, man uTxra, rom maT “TavianTi Tavi unda akontrolon”. iyo Tu ara samarTliani menejeris komentari? diax ----ara ----pasuxebi mocemulia Tavis boloSi. SromiTi urTierTobebis regulireba mTavrobis mier aSS-is SromiTi kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebas Tavisi safuZveli aqvs amerikis socialur, ekonomikur da politikur garemoSi. zogadad Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom SromiTi moZraobis zrda Seesabameba SromiTi kanonmdeblobis damtkicebas, msvlelobas da muSakTa SesaZleblobas, wamoayenon TavianTi ekonomikuri moTxovnebi menejmentTan dakavSirebiT. 19201930-ian wlebSi miRebuli SromiTi kanonebi mxars uWerda SromiTi organizaciebis stabilurobasa da ganviTarebas. radganac profkavSirebi ufro da ufro Zlierdeba federaluri kanonebis Tanaxmad, SemuSavda kanonmdebloba, raTa moegvarebina kavSiris darRvevebi da daecva kavSiris wevrebis uflebebi profkavSiris araeTikuri saqmianobisagan. dResdReobiT SromiTi urTierTobebis maregulirebeli kanonebi qmnian garemos, sadac kavSirebsac da damsaqmeblebsac SeuZliaT Sesabamisi uflebebisa da pasuxismgeblobebis gansazRvra. SromiTi urTierTobebis Sesaxeb codna dagvexmareba gavarkvioT, Tu rogoria kavSirisa da menejmentis urTierTobebi SeerTebul StatebSi. pirveli federaluri kanoni, romelic exeboda SromiT urTierTobebs, iyo 1926 wlis rkinigzis SromiTi aqti. sxva mTavari kanonebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen SromiT urTierTobebze kerZo seqtorSi, aris noris-la guardias aqti, vagneris aqti, taft-harTlis aqti, da landrum-grifinis aqti. 103 rkinigzis SromiTi aqti (RLA) rkinigzis SromiTi aqtis (RLA) ZiriTadi mizania Tavidan aicilos rkinigzasa da mis kavSirebs Soris warmoSobili davebiT gamowveuli momsaxurebis Sewyveta. amis misaRwevad RLA Seicavs or ZiriTad princips profkavSirisa da menejmentis davebis mosagvareblad. pirveli, erovnuli Suamavlobis sabWo agvarebs molaparakebebis gamouval mdgomareobas Suamavlobis da/an arbitraJis saSualebiT. sabWos aseve evaleba Caataros faruli kenWisyra, raTa gansazRvros, surT Tu ara TanamSromlebs gaerTianeba. meore, erovnuli rkinigzis mmarTveli sabWo muSaobs, raTa gadaWras saCivrebi da arbitraJis davebi, romlebic warmoiSoba xelSekrulebis moqmedebis periodSi. noris-la guardias aqti noris-la guardias aqti an 1932 wlis antiakrZalviTi aqti mkacrad uzRudavs damsaqmeblebs iseTi brZanebis gacemis SesaZleblobas, romelic ukrZalavs profkavSirs CaerTos mSvidobian piketirebaSi, boikotSi, gaficvaSi an am tipis sxva RonisZiebebSi. aqamde federaluri sasamarTlos brZanebebi efeqtur iaraRs warmoadgenda profkavSiris winaaRmdeg, radganac isini kavSirebs aiZulebdnen an SeewyvitaT aseTi qmedebebi an gadaexadaT jarima sasamarTlos upativcemlobis gamo. akrZalvebi SeiZleba mieniWos jer kidev SromiTi davebis dros. sanam akrZalva gaicema, damsaqmeblebma unda aCvenon, rom akrZalvis sisuste ufro did zians miayenebs damsaqmeblebs, vidre profkavSirs. RLA-s msgavsad, es aqtic xels uwyobs koleqtiur molaparakebebs da uzrunvelyofs SromiTi organizaciebis arsebobas, Camoyalibebas da efeqtur muSaobas. vagneris aqti 1935 wlis vagneris aqti (an SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnuli aqti) aqamde yvelaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda kavSirisa da menejmentis urTierTobebze. aman federaluri mTavrobis dacviTi Zalaufleba daayena TanamSromelTa Zalisxmevis miRma, raTa koleqtiurad organizacia gauwion da molaparakebebi awarmoon TavianTi arCeuli warmomadgenlebis saSualebiT. vagneris aqtma Seqmna erovnuli SromiTi urTierTobebis sabWo (NLRB) SeerTebul StatebSi SromiTi urTierTobebis dasaregulireblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom es aqti Seicvala taft-harTlis aqtiT, misi ZiriTadi debulebebis umetesoba, romlebic icavs muSakis molaparakebebis uflebebs, ucvleli darCa. kanonis me-7 nawili icavs Semdeg uflebebs: TanamSromlebs eqnebaT TviTorganizebis, Camoyalibebis, gaerTianebis an SromiTi organizaciebis daxmarebis ufleba, maT aseve eqnebaT ufleba koleqtiurad awarmoon molaparakebebi TavianTi arCeuli warmomadgenlebis saSualebiT da CaerTon SeTanxmebiT RonisZiebebSi koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis an sxva ormxrivi daxmarebis an dacvis miznisTvis. maT aseve eqnebaT ufleba Tavi Seikavon nebismieri aseTi qmedebisgan. TanamSromlebs ar eZlevaT iseTi ufleba, romelzedac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos SeTanxmebam, romelic moiTxovs wevrobas SromiT organizaciaSi, rogorc muSaobis pirobas. 104 TanamSromlebisTvis me-7 nawilis uflebebis uzrunvelsayofad, kongresma kanongareSed gamoacxada damsaqmebelTa specialuri praqtikebi, romlebic uaryofda TanamSromelTa kanonis upiratesobas. aqtis me-8 nawilSi mocemulia xuTi ukanono SromiTi praqtika (ULPs), romlebic qvemoTaa warmodgenili: 1. me-7 nawiliT miniWebuli uflebebis gamoyenebaSi Careva, maTi SezRudva, an TanamSromelTa iZuleba; 2. batonoba an Careva nebismieri SromiTi organizaciis CamoyalibebaSi an marTvaSi, misi finansuri an sxvagvari mxardaWera; 3. diskriminireba daqiravebasTan an muSaobasTan, muSaobis pirobebTan an vadasTan dakavSirebiT, ise rom xeli Seuwyos an SeuSalos SromiT organizaciaSi wevrobas; 4. ganTavisufleba an sxvagvari diskriminacia TanamSromlebis winaaRmdeg imis gamo, rom isini ayeneben braldebebs an aZleven Cvenebas am aqtis Tanaxmad; 5. TanamSromelTa saTanadod arCeul warmomadgenlebTan erTad koleqtiuri molaparakebebis warmoebis uaryofa. damsaqmeblebi yovel wels mraval ULP-s sCadian Segnebulad an gaucnobiereblad. magaliTad, 2000 fiskalur wels, 29.188 usamarTlo SromiTi SemTxveva (maqinacia) iqna wardgenili NLRB-s winaSe. damsaqmebelTa damtkicebuli darRvevebi gamovlinda 22.295 SemTxvevaSi. damsaqmeblebis winaaRmdeg braldebebis umravlesoba exeba usamarTlo ganTavisuflebas an sxva diskriminacias TanamSromlebis mimarT. aseve aucilebelia, rom yvela donis menejerebma miiRon codna TanamSromelTa uflebebisa da ukanono SromiTi qmedebebis Sesaxeb. roca xelmZRvaneloba arRvevs TanamSromelTa uflebebs, NLRB-s SeuZlia “miiRos saTanado zomebi, ganaxorcielos qmedebebi, maT Soris _ SromiTi uflebebis aRdgena anazRaurebiT an mis gareSe, agreTve gamoiyenos aqtis strategiebi da gaaerTianos SerCeuli TanamSromlebi”. 2000 wels NLRB-m damsaqmeblebs TanamSromlebisTvis gadaaxdevina 107.1 milioni dolari aqtis darRvevebis gamo. SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnuli sabWo uwyeba, romelic pasuxismgebelia vagneris aqtis marTvasa da dacvaze, aris SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnuli sabWo. is emsaxureba saxelmwifo interess, rom Seamciros profkavSirsa da menejments Soris uTanxmoebiT gamowveuli warmoebis an momsaxurebis Sewyvetis faqtebi. am miznis misaRwevad NLRB-s ori ZiriTadi valdebuleba ekisreba: (1) faruli kenWisyris Catareba imis gamosavlenad, surs Tu ara TanamSromels iyos kavSiris warmomadgeneli da (2) Tavidan aicilos an aRmofxvras ukanono SromiTi qmedebebi. NLRB ar moqmedebs sakuTari iniciativiT romelime funqciaSi. is ganixilavs mxolod im ukanono SromiTi qmedebebis braldebebsa da saCivrebs, romlebic SeiZleba Semotanil iqnes mis romelime raionul samsaxurSi an sxva patara ganyofilebaSi. taft-harTlis aqti 105 radganac kavSirebis molaparakebebis uflebamosileba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda vagneris aqtis Semdeg, kavSirebze garkveuli SezRudvebi aucilebeli gaxda. 1947 wlis taft-harTlis aqtma (igi cnobilia agreTve, rogorc profkavSirisa da menejmentis aqti) gansazRvra kavSiris ukanono qmedebebi (maqinaciebi). Ees qmedebebia: 1. TanamSromelTa SezRudva an iZuleba TavianTi uflebebis gamoyenebaSi; 2. damsaqmeblebis SezRudva an iZuleba mxareebis SerCevaSi, raTa molaparakebebi awarmoon maT sasargeblod; 3. damsaqmebelTa darwmuneba, moaxdinon diskriminacia maTi romelime TanamSromlis winaaRmdeg; 4. damsaqmebelTan erTad koleqtiur SeTanxmebaze uaris Tqma; 5. boikotebsa da iurisdiqciul davebSi monawileoba; 6. mcdeloba damsaqmeblisgan moipovon aRiareba, roca sxva kavSiri ukve warmoadgens damtkicebul warmomadgenlobas; 7. gadaWarbebuli sawevro gadasaxadebisa da Senatanebis braldeba; 8. “frTovani” praqtikebi, romlebic moiTxovs xelfasis gadaxdas Seusrulebeli momsaxurebisTvis. mokled rom vTqvaT, tafti-harTlis aqtis miRebiT kongresma moawesriga kavSirisa da administraciis uflebebi da movaleobebi koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis asparezze; da kanonsac aRar akritikebdnen, rogorc kavSirebis mxardamWerebi. federaluri Suamdgomloba da momrigebeli samsaxuri meore msoflio omis Semdeg gaficvebis gaxSirebis gamo tafti-harTlis aqtma Seqmna federaluri Suamdgomloba da Semrigebluri samsaxuri (FMCS) davebis mosagvareblad. am damoukidebeli uwyebis funqciaa daexmaros samuSao Zalasa da xelmZRvanelobas miaRwion koleqtiur SeTanxmebebs Suamavlobis an Semrigebluri procesebis saSualebiT. es funqciebi iyenebs neitralur mxares, romelic exmareba SeTanxmebis miRwevaSi. NLRB-sgan gansxvavebiT, FMCS-s ara aqvs samarTaldamcavi uflebebi da arc SeuZlia vinmes devnis ganxorcieleba. mxareebma gamouvali mdgomareobis Sesaxeb molaparakebebis dros unda airCion momsaxureba. Tu FMCS-s mimarTaven davis mosagvareblad, procesSi misma Carevam SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesos TanamSromelTa da menejmentis urTierTobebi maSin, roca is uzrunvelyofs meqanizms koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis SemoTavazebebis gacvlisTvis. komisar ron kolotas Tanaxmad, uwyeba FMCS, Phoenix, Arizona, yovel wels Suamavlobs 6-7 aTas davas. am bolo wlebSi FMCS mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs problemebis mogvarebaSi kavSirgabmulobis, sportis, ganaTlebisa da trasportirebis mrewvelobis sferoSi. landrum-grifinis aqti 1959 wels kongresma miiRo landrum-grifinis aqti (igi cnobilia agreTve, rogorc muSaTa da xelmZRvanelobis angariSisa da gamoxatvis aqti), raTa daecva kavSiris wevrTa uflebebi da xeli SeeSala damsaqmeblebisa da kavSiris moxeleebis reketirebisa da sxva unamuso qmedebebisTvis. landrum-grifinis aqtis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani 106 debuleba aris profkavSiris wevrebis uflebebis kanonproeqti, romelic moiTxovs, rom kavSiris yovel wevrs unda mieniWos ufleba (1) daasaxelos kandidatebi kavSiris samsaxurisTvis, (2) xma misces kavSiris arCevnebsa da referendumebSi, (3) daeswros kavSiris Sexvedrebs da (4) monawileoba miiRos kavSiris SexvedrebSi da mxari dauWiros kavSiris saqmianobas. kavSiris wevrebs aseve eniWebaT ufleba Seamowmon kavSiris angariSebi da Canawerebi, raTa daazuston kavSiris angariSebis informacia da wamoayenon saCivari kavSiris moxelis winaaRmdeg saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi kavSiris Tanxebis dasacavad. ufro metic, aqtis Tanaxmad kavSirebs moeTxovebaT yovel wels warudginon finansuri angariSi Sromis mdivans, da damsaqmeblebma unda uCvenon yvela xarji, romelic gaweul iqna maTi SeTanxmebebis uflebebis gamoyenebaSi. SromiTi urTierTobebis procesi TanamSromlebs SeuZliaT isargeblon Sesabamisi mcire uflebamosilebiT xelmZRvanelobasTan urTierTobis dros. ra Tqma unda, Tu maT sjeraT, rom maT samarTlianad ar eqcevian, maSin erovnuli SromiTi urTierTobebis aqtis me-7 nawili aniWebs maT kanonier uflebas koleqtiurad SeaTanxmon da moagvaron sakiTxi xelmZRvanelobasTan. roca TanamSromlebi mimarTaven am RonisZiebas, iwyeba SromiTi urTierTobebis procesi. SromiTi urTierTobebis procesi Sedgeba oTxi movlenis logikuri Tanamimdevrobisgan: (1) muSakebs surT koleqtiuri warmomadgenloba; (2) kavSiri iwyebs organizebis kampanias; (3) koleqtiuri molaparakebebi midis kontraqtamde da (4) ganixileba kontraqti. kanonebi da administraciuli gadawyvetilebebi gavlenas axdenen yovel calkeul movlenaze specialuri privilegiebis miniWebiT an gansazRvruli SezRudvebis dawesebiT muSakebze, menejerebsa da kavSiris moxeleebze. SromiTi urTierTobebis procesi xelmZRvaneloba da misi warmoadgenlebi miznebi da amocanebi adamianuri resursebis yoveldRiuri saqmianoba (1) muSakebs surT koleqtiuri warmomadgenloba (2) kavSiri iwyebs organizebis kampanias (3) koleqtiuri molaparakebebi 107 midis kontraqtamde (4) ganixileba kontraqti SromiTi klasi da misi warmomadgenlebi kanonebi da debulebebi ratom erTiandebian TanamSromlebi kvlevebis umetesoba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom erTiandebian TanamSromlebi, eyrdnoba cisfersayeloiani muSakebis gamokvlevebs kerZo seqtorSi. es gamokvlevebi zogadad gviCvenebs, rom TanamSromlebi erTiandebian ekonomikuri moTxovnis, menejeruli qmedebiT saerTo ukmayofilebis gamo, da/an es gaerTianeba aris saSualeba socialuri da iuridiuli moTxovnebis Sesasruleblad. mokled rom vTqvaT, TanamSromlebi gaerTianebaSi xedaven SesaZleblobas, rom miaRwion Sedegebs, romlis miRwevac calke ar SeuZliaT. unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierTi TanamSromeli uerTdeba kavSirs samsaxuris SromiTi xelSekrulebis debulebebis gamo. im StatebSi, sadac es dasaSvebia, “profkavSiris samsaxuri” aris SromiTi xelSekrulebis debuleba, romelic moiTxovs TanamSromlebisgan profkavSirTan SeerTebas, rogorc muSaobis pirobas. maSinac ki, roca iZulebiT xdeba gaerTianeba, mravali TanamSromeli eTanxmeba gaerTianebis cnebas da isini kavSiris wevrebi xdebian. ekonomikuri moTxovnebi K SeZlebs Tu ara profkavSiri gaxdes molaparakebebis saSualeba TanamSromlebis jgufisTvis, damokidebulia TanamSromelTa ukmayofilebis xarisxze, muSaobis pirobebze. is aseve damokidebuli iqneba imaze, TanamSromlebi aRiareben Tu ara, rom profkavSiris daxmareba efeqturi iqneba am pirobebis gaumjobesebaSi. ukmayofileba xelfasTan, samuSao pirobebTan dakavSirebiT warmoSobs yvelaze mwvave mizezs kavSirSi gaerTianebisTvis. am sakiTxs mudmivad adastureben gamokvlevebi, romlebic gviCveneben, rom kavSiris wevrebsac da arawevrebsac aqvT profkavSiris saqmianobis udidesi molodini koleqtiuri molaparakebebis (“arsebobis saSualebis”) sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. es warmoadgens xelfasebisa da daxmarebebis tradiciul sakiTxebs, razedac dafuZnebulia profkavSirebi. uTanxmoeba xelmZRvanelobasTan TanamSromlebi SeiZleba gaerTiandnen, roca isini acnobiereben, rom menejeruli qmedebebi dawinaurebasTan, gadasvlebTan, davalebebTan an sxva samsaxurebriv strategiebTan dakavSirebiT usamarTlod an mikerZoebulad xorcieldeba. TanamSromlebi menejerebis mier gamoxatul favoritizms asaxeleben, rogorc kavSirebSi gaerTianebis mTavar mizezs. es 108 gansakuTrebiT gamarTlebulia, roca favoritizmi exeba adamianuri resursebis disciplinis, dawinaurebisa da xelfasebis gazrdis sferoebs. Cven aRvniSneT, rom dRes TanamSromlebi ukeTesad arian informirebulni, vidre warsulSi da isini xSirad gamoTqvamen survils, rom ufro metad CaerTon samsaxurebrivi gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi. me-3 Tavi ganixilavs TanamSromelTa uflebamosilebis cnebas da aSuqebs TanamSromelTa CarTvis sxvadasxvagvar xerxebs. roca damsaqmeblebi ver aZleven TanamSromlebs SesaZleblobas monawileoba miiRon gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen maT keTildReobaze, aman SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos profkavSirSi gaerTianebas. Rrmad swamT, rom erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc menejerebi iwyeben TanamSromelTa CarTvis programebs da mxars uWeren TavanT TanamSromlebs, aris is, rom Tavidan aicilon koleqtiuri qmedeba TanamSromlebis mier. magaliTad, xelmZRvaneloba iyenebs naxevargamtarebis, \finansur da avtoindustriebSi TanamSromlobiT programebSi TanamSromlebis CarTvas, rogorc gaerTianebis xelisSemSleli saSualebas. nisanis sawarmoSi avtomuSakebis gaerTianebis organizebis erT-erTi mcdelobis dros kavSirma waago arCevnebi, radgan TanamSromlebi kmayofilni iyvnen, rom monawileoba miiRes gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, risi saSualebac nisanis xelmZRvanelobis monawileobiTma stilma misca maT. socialuri da saerTo problemebi TanamSromlebi, romelTa moTxovnebi aRiarebisa da socialuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb ar kmayofildeba, SeiZleba SeuerTdnen profkavSirebs TavianTi moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad. kavSiris saSualebiT maT aqvT SesaZlebloba mxarSi amoudgenen sxva TanamSromlebs, romelTac aqvT msgavsi survilebi, interesebi, problemebi da saCivrebi. PprofkavSirSi gaerTianeba aseve SesaZleblobas aZlevs maT gamoavlinon marTvis (liderobis) niWi. daskvniT analizSi, Tu ramdenad acnobiereben TanamSromlebi, rom kavSirSi gaerTianebis upiratesoba gadawonis wevrobis xarjebs, es aris gadamwyveti faqtori. Kkampaniebis organizeba roca TanamSromels surs gaerTianeba, formaluri organizebis kampania SeiZleba daiwyos kavSiris organizatorma an TanamSromlebma, romlebic damoukideblad moqmedeben. cnobili Sexedulebis sapirispirod, organizebis kampaniebis umravlesobas iwyeben TanamSromlebi da ara kavSiris organizatorebi. did erovnul kavSirebs, rogoricaa “United Auto Workers”, “United Brotherhood of Carpenters”, “United Steelworkers, “Teamsters”, aqvT formaluri organizebis ganyofilebebi, romelTa mizania gansazRvron organizebis SesaZleblobebi da daiwyon organizebis kampaniebi. Oorganizebis etapebi teri moserma, “Teamster Local 104”-is yofilma prezidentma, erTxel ganacxada, rom organizebis tipur kampanias mohyveba progresuli etapebis mTeli seriebi, ramac SeiZleba migviyvanos TanamSromlis 109 warmomadgenlobamde. organizebis procesi, rogorc moseri Cveulebriv moicavs Semdeg etapebs: 1. TanamSromlisa da profkavSiris dakavSireba-kontaqti; 2. organizaciis pirveli Sexvedra; 3. organizaciis Sida komitetis Camoyalibeba; 4. saarCevno moTxovna da xmis micemis momzadeba; 5. molaparakebebi kontraqtis Sesaxeb. aRwers, etapi 1. Ppirveli nabiji iwyeba, roca TanamSromlebi da kavSiris oficialuri pirebi ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs, raTa gaarkvion gaerTianebis SesaZlebloba. Aam ganxilvebis periodSi TanamSromlebi gamoikvleven SromiTi warmomadgenlobis upiratesobebs da kavSiris oficialuri pirebi daiwyeben informaciis mogrovebas TanamSromelTa moTxovnebis, problemebisa da saCivrebis Sesaxeb. SromiTi organizatorebi aseve moiZieben specialur informacias damsaqmeblis finansuri mdgomareobis, zedamxedvelobis stilis, organizaciuli strategiisa da praqtikis Sesaxeb. TanamSromelTa mxardaWeris mosapoveblad SromiTma organizatorebma unda Seqmnan SemTxveva damsaqmeblis winaaRmdeg da kavSiris sasargeblod. etapi 2. radganac Oorganizebis kampania agrovebs mamoZravebel Zalas, organizatori dagegmavs kavSiris pirvel Sexvedras ufro meti mxardamWerebis mosazidad. organizatori gamoiyenebs pirveli etapis dros Segrovil informacias, raTa daakmayofilos TanamSromelTa moTxovnebi da auxsnas, Tu rogor SeZlebs kavSiri am miznebis ganxorcielebas. organizaciuli Sexvedris kidev or damatebiT mizans warmoadgens: (1) im TanamSromlebis gansazRvra, romlebic daexmarebian organizators kampaniis warmarTvaSi da (2) kavSiris damyareba yvela TanamSromelTan. etapi 3. Oorganizebis procesSi mesame mniSvnelovan etaps warmoadgens Sida organizebis komitetis Camoyalibeba. komiteti Sedgeba im TanamSromlebisgan, romelTac surT uxelmZRvanelon kampanias. komitetis funqciaa daainteresos sxva TanamSromlebi profkavSirSi gaerTianebiT da misi kampaniis mxardaWeriT. Kkomitetis mTavar amocanas warmoadgens, rom TanamSromlebma xeli moaweron uflebamosilebis baraTs (gancxadebas) (ix. HRM 2), romliTac isini survils gamoxataven iyvnen SromiTi kavSiris warmomadgenlebi koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis procesSi damsaqmebelTan erTad. xelmowerili uflebamosilebis baraTebis ricxvi gviCvenebs SromiTi kavSiris potenciur Zalas. TanamSromelTa sul mcire 30 procentma xeli unda moaweros uflebamosilebis baraTs, sanam SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnuli sabWo warmomadgenlobiT arCevnebs Caatarebs. etapi 4. Tu TanamSromelTa sakmarisi raodenoba mxars dauWers kavSirs, organizatori Seecdeba mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli arCevnebis Catarebas. warmomadgenlobiTi Txovna waredgineba NLRB-s, rom Catardes arCevnebi faruli kenWisyriT, raTa gamovavlinoT, TanamSromlebs namdvilad surT Tu ara gaerTianeba. arCevnebamde farTo sajaro kampania mimarTuli iqneba TanamSromlebis mimarT, rom maTi mxardaWera da xmebi moipovos arCevnebisTvis. Ees aris daZabuli emociebis periodi TanamSromlebisTvis, SromiTi organizaciisa da damsaqmeblisTvis. etapi 5. kavSiris organizeba mTavrdeba, roca kavSiri gaimarjvebs arCevnebSi. NLRB “daamtkicebs” kavSirs, rogorc TanamSromelTa kanonier momrigebel 110 warmomadgenels. Dda axla daiwyeba kontraqtze molaparakebebi; es molaparakebebi warmoadgens kidev erT brZolas kavSirsa da damsaqmebels Soris. Mmolaparakebebis periodSi TiToeuli mxare Seecdeba muSaobis pirobebi miusadagos Tavis Tanamdebobas. Sida organizebis komitetis wevrebi da kavSiris organizatori Seecdebian miaRwion TanamSromelTa pirvel SeTanxmebas. daaxloebiT oTxi kavSiris kampaniidan erT kavSirs ar SeuZlia uzrunvelyos pirveli SeTanxmeba warmomadgenlobiTi arCevnebis mogebis Semdeg. Tu kavSiri ver miaRwevs SeTanaxmebas arCevnebis mogebis Semdeg erTi wlis manZilze, maSin taft-harTlis aqti nebas aZlevs TanamSromlebs xma ar miscen NLRB-s “daudasturebeli” arCevnebis saSualebiT. Oorganizebis aqtiuri taqtika maSin, roca organizebis xuTi etapi warmoadgens kavSiris dakompleqtebis tradiciul meTods, SromiTi moZraoba gaxda ufro aqtiuri da SemoqmedebiTi Tavisi organizebis taqtikaSi. kavSirebi Sokirebulni iyvnen am “revoluciuri” organizebis strategiis SemuSavebiT da cdilobdnen, rom aenazRaurebinaT wevrebi Semcirebis mere da winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT damsaqmeblis antikavSiruli kampaniisTvis (orive sakiTxi ganixileba mogvianebiT). “gacocxlebuli” SromiTi moZraobis dRis wesrigis misaRwevad, kavSirebi iyeneben organizaciis Semdeg saSualebebs (sxvadasxva xarisxiT): 1. politikuri Careva. kavSirebi ufro SerCeviT uWers mxars saxelmwifo moxeleebs, romlebic kavSiris Tanxebs aZleven kandidatebs, romlebic specialurad hpirdebian mxardaWeras SromiTi kanonmdeblobisTvis. sawinaaRmdegod, kavSirebi apireben “uxeSad mopyrobas” policielebis mimarT, romlebic ebrZvian antikavSiris mimarTulebebs. erT-erTi kavSiris moxelis Tanaxmad, organizebuli Sroma moiTxovs “quCis sicxis” warmoSobas politikuri brZolebis dros. “damarileba”. kavSiris organizatorebi dasaqmebisTvis 2. kavSiris mimarTaven im kompanias, romelic miznad isaxavs organizebas, Cveulebriv, araprofkavSiruli struqturis firmas. daqiravebis Semdeg es organizatorebi aqtiurad muSaoben sxva TanamSromlebis gaerTianebisTvis. 1995 wels aSS-is uzenaesma sasamarTlom, “NLRB V Town and Country Electric” kompaniis SemTxvevaSi, ganacxada, rom damsaqmeblebs ar SeuZliaT diskriminaciis ganxorcieleba daqiravebasTan an dasaqmebis sxva pirobebTan dakavSirebiT. menejerebis realuri rqa, damarilebis kampaniebi warmatebuli iyo Cveni eris regionebis zrdaSi. 3. Oorganizatoris treningi. Cveulebriv, organizebas samuSaoa drois naxevari sWirdeba. dRes AFL-CIO-s organizebis instituti aqtiurad amzadebs profesionali organizatorebis axal Taobas. amJamad maT mizans 1.000 axali organizatoris gadamzadeba warmoadgens. agreTve AFL-CIO-m mosTxova adgilobriv kavSirebs adgilobrivi samsaxuris wevrebis sruli mobilizeba moexdinaT, dakompleqtebaze adgilobrivi Tanxebis 30 procenti daixarja. 111 4. saerTo kampaniebi. kavSirebma SeiZleba gadmoibiron politikuri an sazogadoebrivi jgufebi samizne kompaniis produqtebis boikotisTvis. sxva taqtika moicavs sagazeTo gamocemebs, romlebic akritikeben kompaniis konkretul gadawyvetilebebs; braldebebs uyeneben administraciul uwyebebs, rogoricaa “OSHA”, Sromis departamenti da NLRB, da aiZuleben organizaciis finansur institucias SeaCeron sesxebi an moiTxovon gadasaxadebi. Aam bolo strategiis dros, Sromis kavSirebma TxovniT mimarTes fasiani qaRaldebisa da birJis komisias, raTa gamoekvlia, ratom ver awvdian kompaniebi mniSvnelovan finansur informacias aqcionerebs. 2002 wels wyalsadenis SemkeTeblebis gaerTianebulma asociaciam waradgina mewiles gadawyvetileba volt disneis kompaniaSi Tavisi da sami sxva kavSiris saxeliT, romlebic floben disneis aqciebs – 93 milion dolars. maT mouwodes kompanias winadadebiT Seewyvita sakonsultacio samuSaos micema misi auditorisTvis _ “fraisvoTahauskooperisTvis”. 5. sainformacio teqnologia. Eelfosta da interneti ufro da ufro swrafad xdebian kavSiris efeqturi saSualebebi. internetiT TanamSromlebs xeli miuwvdebaT calkeuli kavSirebis vebgverdebTan, kavSiris wevrobis msurvelTa gancxadebebTan da a. S. “informaciuli kavSirebi” cdiloben kompiuteris teqnologia gamoiyenon organizebis saqmianobis yvela aspeqtSi. HRM 2 gaerTianebuli kvebisa da komerciuli muSakebi saerTaSoriso kavSiris uflebamosilebis baraTi gaerTianebuli kvebisa da komerciuli muSakebis saerTaSoriso kavSiri uflebamosileba warmomadgenlobisTvis me uflebamosilebas vaniWeb gaerTianebuli kvebisa da komerciuli muSakebis saerTaSoriso kavSirs _ AFL-CIO-CLC, an mis adgilobriv kavSirs (kavSirebs) iyos Cemi warmomadgeneli koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebisTvis. 112 __________________________________________________________________ (dabeWdili saxeli) (TariRi) ____________________________________ _____________________ (xelmowera) (saxlis telefonis nomeri) __________________________________________________________________ (misamarTi) (qalaqi) (qveyana) (safosto kodi) _________________________________________________________________ (damsaqmeblis saxelwodeba) (misamarTi) ______________________ ______________________ _____________ (daqiravebis TariRi) (Sesasrulebeli samuSaos saxeoba) (ganyofileba) ______________ (saaTebi) _______________ (dasvenebis dReebi) dRis cvla ----- Ramis cvla ---- sruli ganakveTi----- naxevari ganakveTi --miiRebT monawileobas organizebis komitetSi? Ddiax ------- ara ------- damsaqmeblis strategiebi gaerTianebis winaaRmdeg damsaqmeblebi iyeneben ori mimarTulebis kampanias gaerTianebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. Ppirvel mimarTulebis SemTxvevaSi, roca SesaZlebeli iqneba, damsaqmeblebi aqcents gaakeTeben TanamSromelsa da xelmZRvanelobas Soris sasurvel urTierTobaze, rac maT hqondaT warsulSi kavSiris gareSe. xelmZRvanelobam SeiZleba gamoyos is upiratesobebi xelfasebSi, daxmarebaSi an samuSao pirobebSi, rac maT aqvT im organizaciebTan SedarebiT, romlebic ukve gaerTianebulia profkavSirSi. xelmZRvanelobam SeiZleba Seaxsenos TanamSromels: “Tqven gaqvT ufleba gaerTiandeT kavSirSi, Tumca Tqven aseve gaqvT ufleba ar SeuerTdeT da pirdapir iTanamSromloT organizaciasTan garedan Carevis gareSe.” kampaniis meore mimarTulebis gamoyenebisas damsaqmeblebi xazs usvamen gaerTianebis nebismier arasasurvel aspeqts, maT Soris gaficvebs, kavSiris sawevro Senatanebis gadaxdasa da specialur Sefasebebs, wevrebis kanonieri uflebebis darRvevis sajarod gamocxadebas, kampaniis procesSi kavSiris mier gakeTebul nebismier cru dapirebas. xelmZRvanelobam aseve SeiZleba gamoiyenos mTavrobis statistika, raTa aCvenos, rom kavSirebi sCadian mraval SromiT maqinacias. magaliTad, 7.052 ukanono SromiTi SemTxveva daabrales kavSirebs 2000 wels; umetesobam (5.052) daadastura ukanono SezRudva da TanamSromelTa iZuleba. Ddamsaqmeblebma SeiZleba wamoiwyon kanonieri qmedeba, rom profkavSiris wevrebi da/an maTi liderebi CaerTon nebismier ukanono SromiT maqinaciaSi organizebis procesSi. Taft-harTlis aqtiT daSvebuli SezRudvebis farglebSi xelmZRvanelobas SeuZlia gamoxatos Tavisi Sexedulebebi kavSiris warmomadgenlis uaryofiTi mxareebis Sesaxeb. Tumca kavSiris kampaniisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis dros menejerebi ar unda daemuqron TanamSromlebs samsaxuris dakargviT an sxva samsaxurebrivi SeRavaTebis SemcirebiT an dakargviT, imis gamo, rom isini mxars uWeren gaerTianebas. xelmZRvanelobas 113 ar SeuZlia SesTavazos TanamSromels axali, gaumjobesebuli pirobebi an maRali xelfasebi, raTa mxari dauWiron “araprofkavSirs”. HRM 3-Si warmodgenilia zogierTi RonisZieba, romelic menejerebi an zedamxedvelebi ar unda Caerion. HRM 3 D damsaqmeblis “akrZalvebi” profkavSiris organizebis kampaniis periodSi kavSiris organizeba emociurad datvirTulia movlenebiT. ufro metic, Sromis kanoni, NLRB-s gadawyvetilebebi da sasamarTlos dadgenilebebi did gavlenas axdens xelmZRvanelobisa da kavSiris warmomadgenlebis qcevasa da moqmedebebze. organizebis kampaniis msvlelobis dros menejerebma da zedamxedvelebma Tavidan unda aicilon Semdegi moqmedebebi: • kavSiris Sexvedrebze daswreba, jaSuSoba TanamSromlisa da kavSiris Sekrebebze, an TanamSromlis dakiTxva kavSiris Sexvedris Sinaarsis gasagebad; • kiTxvebis dasma TanamSromlebisaTvis profkavSirisadmi maTi damokidebulebebis Sesaxeb, kerZod, vis miscemen isini xmas kavSiris arCevnebSi; • TanamSromlebisadmi damuqreba an maTi ganTavisufleba kavSirisaTvis mxardaWeris an pozitiuri Sexedulebebis gamo; • TanamSromelTa samuSao pirobebis Secvla imis gamo, rom isini aqtiurad muSaoben kavSirebisTvis an ubralod mxars uWeren maT ideebs; • TanamSromelTa saxelebis, misamarTebis da telefonis nomrebis miwodeba kavSiris warmomadgenlebisTvis; • DsamuSao pirobebis gaumjobesebis dapireba TanamSromlebisTvis (xelfasis gazrda, privilegiebis micema da a.S.), Tu isini xmas miscemen profkavSiris winaaRmdeg; • kavSiris uflebamosilebis baraTebis miReba an kavSiris mimarTvebis ganxilva, radganac TanamSromelTa saxelebi mocemulia am dokumentebSi rogor erTiandebian TanamSromlebi profkavSirebSi TanamSromlebi warmoadgenen koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis jgufs, rac unda gaformdes SromiTi xelSekrulebiT. NLRB gansazRvravs SeTanxmebebis jgufs, rogorc ori an meti iseTi TanamSromlisgan Semdgar jgufs, romelTac aqvT saerTo interesebi da pirobebi da SeiZleba koleqtiuri SeTanxmebiT gaerTiandnen saerTi miznebis misaRwevad. Tu TanamSromeli da profkavSiri ver Tanxmdebian, Tu vin unda Sevides SeTanxmebebis jgufSi, Sesabamisi koleqtiuri ganxilvis jgufs gansazRvravs NLRB saerTo interesebis safuZvelze (rogoricaa xelfasi, samuSao movaleobebi an treningi). magaliTad, saavadmyofoebSi NLRB-m Camoayaliba garkveuli jgufebi eqTnebisTvis, meqanikosebisTvis, eqimebisTvis, SemkeTeblebisTvis, 114 ofisis teqnikuri personalisTvis, yvela sxva araprofesionalisa da dacvis TanamSromlebisTvis. NLRB-s warmomadgenlobiTi arCevnebi Tu TanamSromelTa 30 procenti Caewereba koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis jgufSi, profkavSiri TxovniT mimarTavs NLRB-s arCevnebisTvis. mimarTvis iniciativa _ Caataros warmomadgenlobiTi arCevnebi _ Cveulebriv profkavSirs ekuTvnis, garkveuli garemoebebis Tanaxmad, Tumca damsaqmeblebsac aqvT ufleba mimarTon mas (ix. HRM 4). arCevnebamde NLRB gamarTavs winasaarCevno ganxilvas (saqmis mosmenas) damsaqmeblebTan da profkavSirTan, kavSirebTan erTad TanamSromlebis warmosadgenad. Aam Sexvedraze ramdenime mniSvnelovani sakiTxi ganixileba, maT Soris uflebamosilebis baraTebis dadastureba, NLRB-s iurisdiqciis damtkiceba arCevnebis Casatareblad, koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis jgufis Camoyalibeba, arCevnebis TariRi, xmis micemis forma biuletenebze. Bbiuletenze mocemulia im profkavSirebis saxelebi, romlebic cdiloben aRiarebis mopovebas; biuleteni aseve gvaZlevs saSualebas avirCioT “araprofkavSiri”. arCevnebis Catarebis Semdeg gamarjvebuli mxare gamovlindeba realuri xmebis raodenobaze dayrdnobiT, da ara koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis jgufis wevrebis raodenobis mixedviT. magaliTad, ganvixiloT koleqtiuri molaparakebebis jgufi XYZ korporaciaSi, romelic 100 TanamSromlisgan Sedgeba, magram mxolod 27 TanamSromelma misca xma arCevnebSi. kavSiri, romelmac 14 dadebiTi xma miiRo 27 xmidan (umravlesoba), gamocxaddeba gamarjvebulad, da profkavSiri damtkicdeba yvela (100) TanamSromlisTvis. kanonis mixedviT kavSirs mieniWeba eqskluziuri warmomadgenloba molaparakebebis jgufis yvela TanamSromlisTvis. prof-kavSirs daamtkicebs NLRB, rogorc molaparakebiTi saSualeba, sul mcire erTi wlis vadiT, an SromiTi xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vadiT. kavSiris damtkicebis Semdeg damsaqmebeli valdebulia daiwyos molaparakebebi SromiTi xelSekrulebisTvis. SromiT urTierTobebSi mniSvnelovan statistikas warmoadgens arCevnebSi kavSirebis mogeba-wagebis Canaweri. 1950 wels NLRB-s mier Catarebul arCevnebSi profkavSiris gamarjvebis maCvenebeli iyo 74.5 procenti. es procentuloba mniSvnelovnad daeca 60.2 procentamde 1965 wels da 48.2 procentamde 1995 wels. procentulobis maCvenebeli kavSiris gamarjvebisTvis dastabilurda 48 procentamde 1995 wlis Semdeg. SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom profkavSirebma dakarges TanamSromelTa efeqturad gaerTianebis SesaZlebloba. gaerTianebis gavlena menejerebze TanamSromelTa gaerTianebam SeiZleba garkveuli gavlena iqonios menejerebze. SesaZloa yvelaze mniSvnelovania misi gavlena xelmZRvanelobis mier ganxorcielebul prerogativebze TanamSromlebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. ufro metic, gaerTianeba zRudavs xelmZRvanelobis Tavisuflebas adamianuri resursebis politikis calmxrivad CamoyalibebisTvis da SeuZlia problemebi Seuqmnas zedamxedvelTa uflebamosilebas. 115 xelmZRvanelobis prerogativebis problemebi Cveulebriv profkavSiri cdilobs ufro metad miiRos monawileoba xelmZRvanelobis gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi, rac gavlenas axdens maT wevrebze. es gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba moicavdes iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa samuSaos, produqtiulobis standartebisa da samuSaos Sinaarsis gacnoba. damsaqmeblebi sakmaod bunebrivad asaxeleben mraval amgvar gadawyvetilebas, rogorc maTi eqskluziuri xelmZRvanelobis prerogativas – gadawyvetilebebs, razec xelmZRvaneloba eqskluziuri uflebebis pretenzias acxadebs. Tumca es prerogativebi problemebs qmnis da iwvevs kavSiris winaaRmdegobas. maT SeiZleba ikamaTon molaparakebis magidasTan Seuracxmyofeli formiT da gaficvebis muqariT. zedamxedvelobis uflebamosilebis dakargva profkavSirisa da administraciis bolo konferenciaze profkavSiris moxelem gaakeTa komentari: “kontraqtis pirobebi: xelfasi, sargebeli, samuSaos dacva da samuSao saaTebi Zalze mniSvnelovania Cveni wevrebisTvis”. menejerebisa da zedamxedvelebisTvis mTavaria kavSiris gavlena samuSao doneze (qarxnis an ofisis SesaZlebloba), sadac SromiTi xelSekrulebis pirobebi xorcieldeba yoveldRiurad. magaliTad, am pirobebma SeiZleba gansazRvros, romeli moqmedeba unda ganxorcieldes TanamSromlebTan mimarTebaSi da maT disciplinirebaSi. TanamSromelTa dasjis dros zedamxedvelebi unda iyvnen darwmunebulni, rom maT SeuZliaT daasaxelon “safuZvliani mizezi” (ix. Tavi 13) TavianTi qmedebebisTvis, radganac am qmedebebs SeiZleba problemebi mohyves kavSirisa da zedamxedvelis mxridan, da zedamxedveli SeiZleba saCivris gamo gamoZaxebuli iyos dakiTxvaze, rogorc mopasuxe. Tu problemas mivyvebiT, zedamxedvelis qmedobaunarianoba Semdgomi disciplinaruli problemebis aRmosafxvrelad SeiZleba Sesustdebuli iqnes. specialuri kontraqtis enam SeiZleba aseve Seamciros zedamxedvelis SesaZlebloba marTos iseTi sferoebi, rogoricaa dagegmva, treningi, gadasvlebi, saqmianobis Sefaseba, dawinaureba da a.S. HRM 4 NLRB-s saarCevno posteri Setyobineba TanamSromlebisTvis SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnuli sabWo werilobiTi Txovna Semosulia federaluri uwyebisgan arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT, rom ganisazRvros, surT Tu ara konkretul TanamSromlebs warmoadgendnen kavSirs. saqme ganixileba da aranairi ganmarteba ar aris gakeTebuli am droisTvis SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnuli sabWos mier. arCevnebis Catarebamde gamoikvreba Setyobinebebi xmis micemis sruli monacemebis Sesaxeb. 116 sasurvelia Tqvenma damsaqmebelma gamoacxados es Setyobineba, ise rom SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnulma sabWom SeZlos gacnoboT Tqven ZiriTadi uflebebis Sesaxeb SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnuli aqtis Sesabamisad. Tqven gaqvT ufleba federaluri kanonis Tanaxmad: • TviTorganizebis; • CamoayaliboT, SeuerTdeT an daexmaroT SromiT organizaciebs; • koleqtiurad awarmooT SeTanxmebebi Tqveni arCeuli warmomadgenlebis saSualebiT; • erTad imuSaoT koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis an sxva ormxrivi daxmarebisa da dacvisaTvis; • uari TqvaT nebismier an yvela saqmeze, Tu saxelmwifoSi, sadac aseTi SeTanaxmebebi dasaSvebia, profkavSiri da damsaqmebeli ar deben kanonieri kavSiris dacvis xelSekrulebas, romelic moiTxovs TanamSromlebisgan gadaixadon periodulad sawevro gadasaxadi da sainiciativo gadasaxadebi. Tu TanamSromeli ar aris profkavSiris wevri da acnobebs profkavSirs, rom is winaaRmdegia gamoiyenon misi gadasaxadebi arawarmomadgenlobiTi miznebisTvis, SeiZleba misgan moiTxovon, rom gadaixados mxolod kavSiris xarjebis nawili, gankuTvnili warmomadgenlobiTi saqmianobisaTvis (rogoricaa koleqtiuri molaparakebebi, kontraqtis marTva da darRvevebis mowesrigeba). SesaZlebelia, zogierTma Tqvenganma monawileoba miiRos TanamSromlebis warmomadgenlobiT arCevnebSi arCevnebis Taobaze Setanili gancxadebis safuZvelze, aranairi ganmarteba ar aris gakeTebuli im drois Sesaxeb, rodesac imarTeba arCevnebi; SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnul sabWos surs yvela kanonieri amomrCeveli gaecnos Tavis uflebebs kanonis Tanaxmad. sabWo iyenebs normebs, rac uzrunvelyofs samarTlian arCevnebs da Tavisufali arCevanis gakeTebas. Tu prof-kavSirebis an damsaqmeblebis Suamavlebi erevian Tqvens uflebebSi Tavisufali arCevnebis dros, arCevnebi SeiZleba gadaidos sabWos mier. sabWo uzrunvelyofs agreTve sxvadasxva saWiro daxmarebas, rogoricaa TavianTi uflebebiT sargeblobis gamo ganTavisuflebuli TanamSromlebis samsaxurSi aRdgena, maTi Sromis anazRaureba im mxaris mier, romelic pasuxismgebelia maT ganTavisuflebaze. SeniSvna: qvemoT mocemulia im qmedebebis magaliTebi, romlebic TanamSromelTa uflebebs arRveven da SeiZleba arCevnebis gadadeba gamoiwvion: • Ddamsaqmeblis an kavSiris mier samsaxuris dakargviT damuqreba; • TanamSromelTa mxardaWeris mopovebis mizniT, dawinaurebis, xelfasis gazrdis an sxva daxmarebebis dapireba im mxaris mier, romelsac SeuZlia aseTi dapirebebis Sesruleba; • damsaqmeblis mier TanamSromlebis gaTavisufleba imis mixedviT, xels uwyoben Tu uSlian kavSirs saqmianobaSi; • kampaniis gamosvlebis warmarTva TanamSromelTa Sekrebili jgufebisTvis arCevnebamde 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi; • rasis an religiuri Sexedulebebis gamo damsaqmeblis an kavSiris mier saCivrebis gamowveva; 117 • fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebiT an ZaladobiT damuqreba TanamSromlebis mimarT kavSiris an damsaqmeblis mier, xmebis mopovebis mizniT. gTxovT darwmundeT, rom Tu arCevnebi tardeba, yvelanairi Zalisxmeva iqneba gamoyenebuli Tqveni uflebebis dasacavad, gaakeToT Tavisufali arCevani kanonis Sesabamisad. ar iqneba daSvebuli araswori saqcieli. Yyvela mxarem unda iTanamSromlos am uwyebasTan samarTliani arCevnebis ZiriTadi principebis SesanarCuneblad, rogorc kanoni moiTxovs. Eerovnuli SromiTi urTierTobebis sabWo, rogorc SeerTebuli Statebis samTavrobo uwyeba, ar adasturebs raime arCevans arCevnebSi. Eerovnuli SromiTi urTierTobebis sabWo SeerTebuli Statebis samTavrobo uwyeba es aris oficialuri samTavrobo gadakeTebuli an Secvlili. Setyobineba da ar unda iqnes SromiTi profkavSirebis struqtura, funqciebi da xelmZRvaneloba P profkavSirebs, romlebic warmoadgenen xelobis muSakebs (durgals an kalatozs), uwodeben xelobis profkavSirs. masSi Sedis rkinaze momuSave muSakebis saerTaSoriso asociacia, durglebis gaerTianebuli amxanagoba da wyalsadenebisa da milsadenebis SemkeTeblebis gaerTianebuli asociacia. kavSirebi, romlebic warmoadgenen industriaSi momuSave (xelobis da naxevrad xelobis) muSakebs, cnobilia, rogorc industriuli kavSirebi.Ffostis muSakebis amerikuli kavSiri aris industriuli kavSiri, iseve rogorc gaerTianebuli avtomuSakebi; gaerTianebuli foladis muSakebi; saxelmwifos, qveynis da municipalitetis TanamSromlebis amerikis federacia; da samsaxurisa da profesionali TanamSromlebis saerTaSoriso kavSiri. sanam es gansxvaveba isev arsebobs, teqnologiurma cvlilebebma, kavSiris gaerTianebebma da kavSirebs Soris konkurenciam xeli Seuwyo am profkavSirebis Semcirebas. amJamad xelobis da araxelobis muSakebi, TeTrsayeloianebi da cisfersayeloianebi, da profesiuli jgufebi warmoadgenen orive saxis kavSirebs. PprofkavSirebis garda, aseve arsebobs TanamSromelTa asociaciebi, romlebic warmoadgenen profesionali da TeTrsayeloiani muSakebis sxvadasxva jgufebs. magaliTad, TanamSromelTa asociaciebia: erovnuli ganaTlebis asociacia, miCiganis saxelmwifo TanamSromelTa asociacia, amerikel eqimTa asociacia, da aviaxazebis pilotTa asociacia. kavSirebTan SedarebiT am asociaciebs SeuZliaT imuSaon, rogorc kavSirebma yvelanairi miznisTvis da gaxdnen iseTive aqtiurebi wevrebis warmodgenaSi, rogoric kavSirebi arian. tipis miuxedavad, SromiTi organizaciebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian TavianTi marTvis meTodebiTa da miznebiT. ufro metic, maT aqvT sakuTari stuqturebi. magaliTad, SromiTi organizaciebis aRweris dros mkvlevarTa umetesoba maT yofs sam jgufad: (1) industriuli organizaciebis kongresisa da Sromis amerikuli federacia (AFL-CIO), (2) erovnuli kavSirebi, (3) adgilobrivi kavSirebi, romlebic ekuTvnian mTavar erovnul kavSirebs. 118 TiToeuls aqvs arsebobis strategia da meTodebi. sakuTari mizani, iseve rogorc muSaobis industriuli organizaciebis kongresisa da Sromis amerikuli federaciis (AFL-CIO) struqtura da funqciebi 1955 wels Sromis amerikuli federacia, romelic Sedgeba ostatebis profkavSirebisgan, da industriuli organizaciebis kongresi, romelic Sedgeba ZiriTadad industriuli kavSirebisgan, gaerTiandnen da amis Sedegad Camoyalibda AFL-CIO. AFL-CIO samocdaeqvsi avtonomiuri erovnuli da saerTaSoriso kavSiris federaciaa. radganac am avtonomiuri kavSirebis interesebi da organizebis meTodebi AFL-CIO-Si yovelTvis ar emTxveva erTmaneTs, AFL-CIO-Si upiratesoba eniWeba debulebas, romelic uzrunvelyofs wevri kavSirebis dacvas sxva kavSirebis “Tavdasxmisagan” federaciis farglebSi. Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb am debulebis darRvevam SeiZleba gamoiwvios federaciidan garicxva. sinamdvileSi, AFL-CIO aris “Sromis saxli”, romelic mowodebulia warmoadginos gaerTianebuli fronti organizebuli Sromis sasargeblod. is avrcelebs Tavisi Svilobili kavSirebis liderebis mier SemuSavebul politikas, exmareba organizaciebs saqmianobis koordinaciaSi Svilobil kavSirebs Soris, atarebs gamokvlevebs da uzrunvelyofs sxva saxis daxmarebebs sxvadasxva ganyofilebis saSualebiT. kavSirebis umetesoba ekuTvnis am federacias. AFL-CIO-s daaxloebiT 13 milioni wevri hyavs, anu daaxloebiT yvela kavSiris wevrebis 80 procenti. Svilobili kavSirebi ixdian erT sulze sawevro Senatanebs (amJamad 50 centi erT wevrze TveSi) federaciis saqmianobis mxardasaWerad. kerZod, AFL-CIO exmareba Tavis wevrebs Semdeg sakiTxebSi: 1. Sromis interesebis Temebis ganxilva sakanonmdeblo organoebSi; 2. Svilobil kavSirebs Soris kavSiris organizebis samuSaoebis koordinacia; 3. gaerTianebis problemebisa da upiratesobebis gacnoba sazogadoebisTvis; 4. davebis mogvareba sxvadasxva kavSirebs Soris. am servisebis SemoTavazebis garda, AFL-CIO inarCunebs interess saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi da Sidaekonomikur sakiTxebSi, sagareo politikis sakiTxebSi, erovnul da regionalur politikaSi. magaliTad, AFL-CIO-m am bolo dros gamoyo 35 milioni dolari politikuri saqmianobisTvis, raSic Sedis politikuri organizatorebisa da politikosebis treningi Sromis sakiTxebSi. Eerovnuli kavSirebis struqtura da funqciebi SromiTi moZraobis centraluri Zalaufleba aris erovnul da saerTaSoriso kavSirebSi. Ees organizaciebi aweseben mniSvnelovan principebs kavSiris wevrebis marTvisTvis, agreTve koleqtiuri molaparakebebis miznebis CamoyalibebisTvis xelmZRvanelobasTan erTad erovnuli kavSirebi atareben yrilobebs, rom miiRon dadgenilebebi, 119 Seasworon konstituciebi da irCeven moxeleebs. erovnuli kavSiris prezidenti pasuxismgebelia mTlianad kavSirebis marTvaze da is did gavlenas axdens (Tu ar akontrolebs) kavSiris strategiasa da mimarTulebaze. Eerovnuli kavSiri Tavisi konstituciis saSualebiT ayalibebs normebsa da pirobebs, romelTa mixedviTac imarTeba adgilobrivi kavSirebi. Eerovnuli kavSirebis umetesobas aqvs debulebebi, romlebic awesrigebs sawevro Senatanebs, gawevrianebis gadasaxadebsa da adgilobrivi organizaciebis Sida administracias. Eerovnulma profkavSirebma SeiZleba moiTxovon, rom damsaqmeblebis SromiT xelSekrulebebSi Sediodes konkretuli standartis debulebebi. magaliTad, standartuli kontraqtis pirobebi usafrTxoebis, darRvevis procedurebis, TanamSromelTa da xelmZRvanelobis uflebebis Sesaxeb. am kontrolis sanacvlod isini uweven profesiul da finansur daxmarebas organizebisa da gaficvebis dros da exmarebian administraciasa da SromiTi SeTanxmebebis molaparakebebSi, agreTve administraciaSi. Eerovnuli kavSiris mier uzrunvelyofili sxva momsaxurebebia: (1) kavSiris liderebis treningi, (2) kanonieri daxmareba, (3) politikuri saqmianobis xelmZRvaneloba, (4) saganmanaTleblo da socialuri urTierTobebis programebi, (5) kavSiris wevrebis disciplinireba. Aadgilobrivi profkavSirebis struqtura da funqciebi A adgilobrivi profkavSirebis moxeleebi Cveulebriv pasuxismgebelni arian adgilobriv SromiT SeTanxmebebze da wevrebis darRvevebis gamoZiebasa da procesze. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, isini uzrunvelyofen, rom adgilobrivi kavSiris wevrebs ar moeqcnen TavianTi damsaqmeblebi adamianuri resursebis dadgenili politikis sawinaaRmdegod. adgilobrivi profkavSirebis moxeleebSi Sedis prezidenti, viceprezidenti, mdivani-xazinadari da sxvadasxva komitetis Tavmjdomareebi. kavSiris sididis mixedviT, erT an met mosamsaxures kavSiri uxdis anazRaurebas sruli ganakveTis safuZvelze. darCenili moxeleebi wevrebia, romelTac aqvT regularuli samsaxuri da emsaxurebian kavSirs anazRaurebis gareSe, SesaZloa maTTvis simboluri saCuqrebisa da xarjebis, SeRavaTebis gamoyofa. erovnuli kavSiris xelfasiani moxeleebi – egreT wodebuli amerikis kavSirgabmulobis muSakebis CWA warmomadgenlebi – daexmarebian adgilobriv kavSirs iseTi funqciebis ganxorcielebaSi, rogoricaa organizeba, SromiTi xelSekrulebebis mogvareba, wevrebis darRvevebis arbitraJi da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi. Madgilobriv kavSirSi metad mniSvnelovan Tanamdebobas warmoadgens kavSiris warmomadgeneli. igi kavSiris wevrebis interesebs icavs maT uSualo zedamxedvelebTan da xelmZRvanelobis sxva wevrebTan urTierTobaSi. warmomadgenlebs Cveulebriv kavSiris wevrebi irCeven ganyofilebis farglebSi, isini TanamSromlebs anazRaurebis gareSe emsaxurebian. radganac warmomadgenlebi srul ganakveTze muSaoben organizaciaSi, samuSao saaTebis Semdeg isini xSirad didi dros wevrebis problemebis ganxilvasa da mogvarebas uTmoben. roca warmomadgeneli monawileobs Sexvedrebze organizaciis samuSao drois periodSi, maSin dakarguli samuSao drois anazRaurebas ixdis adgilobrivi profkavSiri. 120 PprofkavSiris warmomadgeneli SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rogorc “Suamavali adamiani”, romelic momwyvdeulia sawinaaRmdego interesebsa da jgufebs Soris. Aar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom warmomadgenlebi yovelTvis daicaven wevrebs da angariSs ar gauweven menejerul amocanebs. profkavSiris warmomadgenlebi xSirad windaxeduli pirovnebebi arian, romlebic muSaoben TanamSromlebisa da organizaciis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisTvis. aseve zedamxedvelebi da menejerebi yvela doneze amyareben samuSao urTierTobebs warmomadgenelTan da kavSiris yvela moxelesTan. am urTierTobas SeiZleba didi mniSvneloba hqondes kavSirisa da xelmZRvanelobis efeqturi TanamSromlobisaTvis. TanamSromelTa moralisaTvis. PprofkavSiris xelmZRvanelobis mimarTulebebi da damokidebulebebi P profkavSiris liderebis rolis zusti SefasebisTvis adamianma unda gaiazros maTi warsuli, ambiciebi da aRiaros maTi samsaxuris politikuri arsi. Mmravali erovnuli profkavSiris liderebs SeeZloT SeemuSavebinaT politikuri saSualebebi, riTac isini daamarcxebdnen opozicias da samudamod SeinarCunebdnen samsaxurs. ATumca adgilobrivi kavSiris liderebisTvis muSaobis vada naklebad daculia. adgilobriv profkavSirSi, federaluri kanonis Tanaxmad, moxeleebis xelaxali arCeva xdeba sul mcire yovel sam weliwadSi. Tu isini darCebian samsaxurSi, maT unda SeZlon wevrebis umravlesobis darwmuneba, rom isini wevrebs efeqturad emsaxurebian. MTumca simarTlea, rom profkavSiris liderebi maRal Tanamdebobebs TavianT organizaciebSi ikaveben, Cveulebrivi wevrebi xSirad Zalian did gavlenas am liderebis mxridan ganicdian, kerZod, SromiTi xelSekrulebis molaparakebebTan da marTvasTan dakavSirebiT. menejerebma unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom profkavSiris Tanamdebobis pirebi arCevnebis gziT modian Tanamdebobebze, nebismieri politikuri Tanamdebobis piris msgavsad, da unda upasuxon TavianTi amomrCevlebis interesebs. profkavSiris lideri, romelic kavSiris wevrebis moTxovnebs ugulebelyofs, safrTxis qveS ayenebs Tavis xelaxal arCevas an mis, rogorc SeTanxmebebis Suamavlis, mxardaWeras. warmatebuli liderobisTvis saWiroa Sromis moxeleebma didi yuradReba miaqcion saerTo miznebs da Sromis mimarTulebebs. biznesgaerTianeba aris zogadi safirmo niSani amerikis Sromis organizaciebis Semdegi miznebisTvis: gazrdili xelfasi, samuSaos dacva da gaumjobesebuli samuSao pirobebi. Uufro metic, kavSiris liderebma ician agreTve, rom profkavSirebma unda gadaWran wevrebis socialuri, ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi. magaliTad, gaerTianebuli avtomuSakebi zemoqmedebas axdenen kongresze dacviTi kanonmdeblobis misaRebad, romelic gavlenas axdens avtoindustriaze. Statis, qveynisa da municipalitetis TanamSromelTa amerikuli federacia, nemsebis warmoebis kavSiri, industriuli da safeiqro TanamSromlebis da saaviacio asociacia aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars qalTa sakiTxebs saxelmwifo da erovnul doneze. SromiTi urTierTobebi saxelmwifo seqtorSi K koleqtiuri molaparakebebi federaluri, saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis TanamSromlebs Soris warmoadgenda ganviTarebis sferos profkavSiris moZraobisTvis adre, 1960 wlis Semdeg. dRes Svidi milioni 121 saxelmwifo mosamsaxurea gaerTianebuli profkavSirebSi an TanamSromelTa asociaciebSi. isini Seadgenen mTavrobis moxeleTa daaxloebiT 40 procents. profkavSiris wevrTa raodenobis bolo monacemebi aCveneben, rom udidesi SromiTi organizaciebi warmoadgenen TanamSromlebs saxelmwifo seqtorSi – erovnuli saganmanaTleblo asociacia (2.7 milioni wevri), maswavlebelTa amerikuli federacia (900.000 wevri) da saxelmwifo, qveynis da municipalitetis TanamSromlebi (1.3 milioni wevri). radganac maswavleblebis, policielebis, mexanZreebis da saxelmwifo moxeleebis profkavSirebisa da asociaciebis masStabebi gaizarda da gazarda politikuri Zalauflebac, isini iTxoven imave uflebebs SeTanxmebisTvis da imave pirobebs, rac kerZo seqtoris TanamSromlebs aqvT. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtoris koleqtiur molaparakebebs mravali saerTo Tviseba aqvs, mainc bevri faqtori ganasxvavebs am or seqtors erTmaneTisgan. P pirveli, aq ar aris erovnuli kanonebi, romlebic marTavs saxelmwifo seqtoris SromiT urTierTobebs, erovnuli SromiTi urTierTobebis aqtis msgavsad kerZo seqtorSi. saxelmwifo seqtoris koleqtiuri molaparakebebi mimdinareobs TiToeuli Statis calkeuli iurisdiqciis farglebSi, da arsebobs gansxvaveba sxvadasxva Statis kanonebs Soris. magaliTad, zogierT Stats: arizonas, utas da misisips ara aqvs koleqtiuri molaparakebebis kanonebi; sxva Statebs: floridas, havais da niu iorks sayovelTao kanonebi aqvs, romlebic aniWeben koleqtiuri molaparakebebis uflebebs yvela saxelmwifo moxeles. am or ukiduresobas Soris aris saxelmwifo kanonebi, romlebic aniWeben koleqtiuri molaparakebebis uflebebs mxolod TanamSromelTa specialur jgufebs, rogoricaa maswavleblebi da formiani servisebi (policia da saxanZro). Ffederaluri TanamSromlebisTvis koleqtiur molaparakebebs awesrigebs aRmasrulebeli brZanebebi (aSS-is prezidentis mier gamocemuli debulebebi) da 1978 wlis samoqalaqo servisis reformis aqti. Mmeore, saxelmwifo iurisdiqciebi xSirad aweseben xelfass, TanamSromelTa sargebels da organizaciul wesebs, ris mixedviTac muSaoben maTi TanamSromlebi. sajaro samoqalaqo servisis sistemebi arsebobs, raTa ganixilon TanamSromelTa saCivrebi an darRvevebi. kanoniT gansazRvruli xelfasiTa da samuSao pirobebiT profkavSirebs ar aZleven SesaZleblobas moagvaron koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis yoveldRiuri sakiTxebi. KprofkavSirebi miiCneven amas, rogorc TavianTi mizezebis “dacvis~ SesaZleblobis dakargvas. Dda bolos, gaficva saxelmwifo seqtorSi mkacrad akrZalulia. radganac is momsaxureba, romelsac uzrunvelyofen mTavrobis moxeleebi, xSirad iTvleba mniSvnelovnad sazogadoebis keTildReobisTvis, sazogadoebrivi politika aseTi gaficvebis winaaRmdegia. A amrigad, Statebis umetesobis sakanonmdeblo organoebi TanamSromlebs ar aniWeben gaficvis uflebas. im StatebSi, sadac gaficva dasaSvebia, ufleba SezRudulia TanamSromelTa garkveuli jgufebisTvis – Cveulebriv, uformo (araformiani) TanamSromlebisTvis, romelTa gaficvas SeuZlia safrTxe Seuqmnas sazogadoebis janmrTelobas, usafrTxoebas an keTildReobas. saxelmwifo moxeleTa profkavSirebi kamaToben, rom radgan isini uars amboben gaficvis imave uflebaze, romelzec kerZo seqtoris TanamSromlebi, maTi Zalaufleba koleqtiuri molaparakebebis dros metad Sesustebulia. 122 profkavSiris moxeleebi xSirad aRweren saxelmwifo moxeleebTan molaparakebas, rogorc “Sexvdi da moiTxove”-s process. Mmolaparakebebis uflebamosilebaSi samarTlianobis, miukerZoeblobis uzrunvelsayofad sxvadasxva arbitraJis meTodebi gamoiyeneba, riTac xdeba koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis gamouvali mdgomareobis mogvareba saxelmwifo seqtorSi. erT-erTia savaldebulo arbitraJi TanamSromlebisTvis: policiis TanamSromlebi, mexanZreebi da sxvebi, am sferoSi gaficvebi ar SeiZleba daSvebuli iyos. Kkidev erT meTods warmoadgens bolo SeTavazebis arbitraJi, romlis mixedviTac arbitrma unda aarCios modave mxareeebis mier warmodgenili erT-erTi saboloo SemoTavazeba. Aam meTodiT arbitri im mxarisken ixreba, romlis saboloo SeTanxmebis winadadeba yvelaze axlosaa sakiTxis gonivrul mogvarebasTan. SeTanxmebis, molaparakebebis procesi xSirad adamianebi, romlebic ar arian garkveulni kontraqtis molaparakebebSi, am process miiCneven emociur konfliqtad mSromel klassa da xelmZRvanelobas Soris, rac xorcieldeba xangrZlivi sesiebiT, muStis dartymebiT kvamliT savse oTaxebSi. sinamdvileSi SromiTi xelSekrulebis molaparakebas didi dro sWirdeba momzadebisTvis, maT Soris _ diplomatiuri manevrireba da SeTanxmebis strategiis SemuSaveba. ufro metic, molaparakeba mxolod koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis procesis erT nawils warmoadgens. koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebi aseve gulisxmobs ekonomikuri zewolis gamoyenebas gaficvebisa da boikotis formiT profkavSiris mier. Llokautebi, sawarmos daxurva da gaficulebis gadaadgileba msgavsi zemoqmedebaa, romelsac iyenebs damsaqmebeli. agreTve erT-erTma an orive mxarem SeiZleba moiTxovos mxardaWera sazogadoebisgan an sasamarTloebisgan, rogorc mowinaaRmdege mxaris zewolis saSualeba. molaparakebebisTvis momzadeba molaparakebebisTvis mzadeba niSnavs monacemebis Segrovebas SeTanxmebis winadadebebisTvis da koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis gundis Camoyalibebas. es saSualebas iZleva koleqtiuri molaparakebebi Catardes mowesrigebulad, realur da pozitiur safuZvelze sasurveli miznis misaRwevad. Mmolaparakebebis dros xSirad adgenen molaparakebebis wignaks, masSi mocemulia SeniSvnebi, romlebic gansazRvravs, kontarqtis romel punqtze SeiZleba moTxovnam gavlena moaxdinos. molaparakebebis wignakSi aseve mocemulia kontarqtis pirobebis zogadi istoria da maTi mniSvneloba xelmZRvanelobisTvis. SromiTi xelSekruleba ar aris pirveli, razedac mxareebi Tanxmdebian, aramed molaparakebebisTvis momzadeba idealur SemTxvevaSi unda daiwyos Zalian male arsebuli xelSekrulebis xelmoweridan. es praqtika saSualebas aZlevs molaparakebis monawileebs ganixilon wina molaparakebebis dros daSvebuli Secdomebi. Mmolaparakebebis monacemTa Segroveba darRvevebTan, disciplinarul qmedebebTan, dawinaurebasTan, warmoebis droebiT SeCerebasTan, damatebiT samuSao saaTebTan, arbitraJis wina dadgenilebebTan da xelfasebTan dakavSirebuli Sida monacemebi exmareba damsaqmebels SeTanxmebis Camoyalibebasa da mxardaWeraSi. zedamxedvelebma da menejerebma, romlebic valdebulni arian moagvaron SromiTi SeTanxmeba, 123 SeiZleba metad mniSvnelovani ideebi da winadadebebi mogvawodon cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT, rac saWiroa xelSekrulebis momzadebisTvis. maTi kontaqti profkavSiris wevrebTan da warmomadgenlebTan uzrunvelyofs cvlilebebis pirvelad informacias, rac molaparakebisas kavSiris wamomadgenlebma unda SemogvTavazon. Kkontraqtis Sesaxeb molaparakebebis dros profkavSiris SemTanxmeblebi saubroben “konkurenciuli xelfasis miRebaze”. es termini exeba msgavsi kontraqtis debulebebis arsebobas – kerZod, xelfasisa da sargeblis Sesaxeb – sxvadasxva kompaniebs Soris, raTa Tavidan aviciloT sasurveli SromiTi Rirebulebis upiratesoba meoreze. molaparakebebis modeli saSualebas aZlevs kavSirebs aCvenenon TavianT wevrebs, rom isini iReben anazRaurebas sxv TanamSromlebis msgavsad, romlebic asruleben msgavs samuSaos, da damsaqmebelebi darwmunebulni arian, rom maTi Sromis Rirebuleba konkurencias uwevs maT konkurentebs. sxva miRweuli SromiTi SeTanxmebebi, kerZod adgilobriv da regionalur doneze, did rols TamaSobs SromiTi xelSekrulebis pirobebis dadgenaSi. koleqtiuri molaparakebebis procesi 1. momzadeba molaparakebebisTvis _________________________________ • monacemTa Segroveba; • SeTanxmebis pirobebis dadgena. 2. strategiebis SemuSaveba ________________________________ • xelmZRvanelobis winadadebebisa da dasaSvebi SezRudvebis ganxilva; • oponentebis miznebis ganxilva; • gaficvis gegmis SemuSaveba. 3. molaparakebebis Catareba ___________________________ • gulwrfeli SeTanxmeba; • winadadebebis analizi; • SeTavazebebis gadawyveta; • SeTanxmebebis formatSi darCena. 4. xelSekrulebis gaformeba ____________________________ • kontraqtis enis dadgena; • xelSekrulebis damtkiceba. gaficvebi – kanonieri moTxovnebi – lokautebi – gaficvis gadaadgilebebi – boikoti Mmolaparakebebis gundebi Cveulebriv TiToeul mxares eyoleba oTxi an eqvsi warmomadgeneli molaparakebis magidasTan. xelmZRvanelobis mTavari momlaparakebeli 124 (mediatori) iqneba viceprezidenti an SromiTi urTierTobebis menejeri; profkavSiris mTavari momlaparakebeli iqneba adgilobrivi kavSiris prezidenti an erovnuli kavSiris warmomadgeneli. sxvebi, romlebic Seadgenen menejmentis gunds, iqnebian warmomadgenlebi sabuRaltro an finansuri operciebis, dasaqmebis, samarTlebrivi an satreningo ganyofilebebis. adgilobrivi kavSiris prezidents mxars dauWers mTavari Suamavali, sxva adgilobrivi kavSiris prezidentebi da erovnuli kavSiris warmomadgenlebi. SeTanxmebis gundis pirveli Sexvedra gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radganac is ayalibebs garemos, romelSic warimarTeba molaparakebebi. gulwrfelma damokidebulebam, zogjer mcire iumoris Semotanamac, SeiZleba ganmuxtos daZabuloba da xeli Seuwyos molaparakebebis Tavisuflad dawyebas. damokidebulebis amgvari struqtura momzadda mxareebs Soris damokidebulebebis Sesacvlelad, xSirad erTi mxaris dasarwmuneblad, rom daakmayofilos meore mxaris moTxovnebi. SeTanxmebebis strategiisa da taqtikis SemuSaveba damsaqmeblis Suamavlebma unda SeimuSaon werilobiTi gegma, romelic Seicavs maTi SeTanxmebis strategias. gegma unda iTvaliswinebdes winadadebebs, romlebsac albaT profkavSiri waradgens, sxva damsaqmeblebTan dadebul yvelaze bolo xelSekrulebebze dayrdnobiT, da unda Seicavdes moTxovnebs, romlebic daukmayofilebeli darCa wina molaparakebebis Semdeg. gegma agreTve unda iTvaliswinebdes kavSiris miznebs, agreTve imas, ramdenad apirebs is daTmobebze wasvlas, Tu mimarTavs gaficvebis qmedebebs am miznebis misaRwevad. Mdamsaqmeblis SeTanxmebis strategiam sul mcire unda moagvaros es sakiTxebi: ¾ profkavSiris winadadebebi da xelmZRvanelobis reaqcia maTze; ¾ xelmZRvanelobis moTxovnebis, daTmobebis SezRudvebis, da gansazRvruli kavSiris reaqciebis nusxa; ¾ monacemTa bazis SemuSaveba xelmZRvanelobis SeTanxmebebis winadadebebis mxardasaWerad da kavSiris moTxovnebis sawinaaRmdegod; ¾ moqmedma gegmam unda moaxdinos gavlena YTanamSromlebze. strategiis garkveuli elementebi saerToa damsaqmeblisTvisac da profkavSirisTvisac. zogadad TiToeuli mxaris mier wamoyenebuli Tavdapirveli moTxovnebi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre isini, romlebic faqtobrivad SeiZleba miRweul iqnes. es keTdeba daTmobebis uzrunvelsayofad. ufro metic, TiToeuli mxare yovelTvis gaurbis daTmos maqsimumi, mas SeuZlia iseT daTmobaze wavides, romelic SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes SeTanxmebis gamouvali mdgomareobidan gamosasvlelad. SromiTi xelSekrulebis molaparakebas SeiZleba hqondes pokeris TamaSis zogierTi Tviseba: TiToeuli mxare cdilobs gansazRvros Tavisi oponentis pozicia, maSin roca Tavisas ar amJRavnebs. TiToeuli mxare, bunebrivia, cdilobs Tavidan aicilos Sesabamisi mniSvnelobis gamxela, rac mohyveba SeTavazebas, ise rom is ar iqneba iZulebuli gadaixados ufro meti Tanxa, vidre saWiroa SeTavazebis misaRebad. es isevea, rogorc manqanis yidvis dros, roca myidveli da gamyidveli mraval strategias iyeneben saukeTeso SesaZlo Sedegis mosapoveblad. 125 SromiTi xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb molaparakeba roca molaparakebebi iwyeba, damsaqmebeli valdebulia gulwrfelad moelaparakos kavSiris warmomadgenels samuSao pirobebis Taobaze. gulwrfeloba moiTxovs, rom damsaqmeblis Suamavlebi Sexvdnen profkavSiris kolegebs saWiro adgilas am pirobebis gansaxilvelad. is agreTve moiTxovs, rom TiToeuli mxaris mier warmodgenili winadadebebi iyos realuri. Mmeore mxaris SemoTavazebebis ganxilvis dros TiToeuli mxare valdebulia wamoayenos Sesabamisi sawinaaRmdego winadadebebi. sabolood, orive mxarem unda moaweros xeli werilobiT dokuments, romelic Seicavs molaparakebebis saSualebiT miRweul SeTanxmebas. SromiTi urTierTobebis erovnuli sabWo (NLRB) gansazRvravs movaleobas SeaTanxmos yvela sakiTxi xelfasis, samuSao saaTebis an sxva pirobebis Sesaxeb. am Temebs uwodeben SeTanxmebis savaldebulo sakiTxebs. orive mxare _ damsaqmebelic da profkavSiric _ unda SeTanxmdes gulaxdilad am sakiTxebze. Tumca kanoni ar sTxovs arc erT mxares daeTanxmos winadadebas an wavides daTmobebze am sakiTxebze molaparakebis dros. sxva sakiTxebis (egreT wodebuli arCeviTi sakiTxebis) Sesaxeb ki, romlebic kanonieria, magram ar ukavSirdeba anazRaurebas, samuSao saaTebs, an sxva pirobebs, mxareebs Tavisuflad SeuZliaT SeTanxmdnen, magram arc erTma mxarem ar unda aiZulos meore daiTanxmos am sakiTxebze. arCeviTi sakiTxebi SeiZleba moicavdes profkavSiris moTxovnas daadasturos zedamxedvelobiTi dawinaurebebi an konsultacia organizaciis produqtis an servisis fasis dadgenis Sesaxeb. SeTanxmebis arakanonieri sakiTxebi moicavs iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa daxuruli sawarmos an savaldebulo sawevro gadasaxadebis daqviTvebi. Tu moTxovna gakeTda arakanonier punqtTan dakavSirebiT, NLRB gamoavlens darRvevas taft-harTlis aqtis (5) (8) a nawilis mixedviT. sadac Sromis klasis da xelmZRvanelobis Suamavlebs ar SeuZliaT daeTanxmon, SeTanxmebis winadadeba savaldebulo sakiTxia Tu arCeviTi, NLRB gadawyvets davas. Yyoveli SeTanxmebis gadasaWreli sakiTxisTvis problema, razedac SeTanxmeba miRweul iqna, unda iyos damsaqmeblisa da kavSiris mier miRebul farglebSi. xSirad xsenebuli SeTanxmebis modelSi, ros stagneri da jalmar rozeni am or struqturas Soris arsebul sferos uwodeben SeTanxmebis, ganxilvis zonas. zogierTi SeTanxmebis situaciaSi, erT-erTi amgvari zona mocemulia 14.3 sqemaze, erTi mxaris sasurveli gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gascdes meore mxaris sazRvrebs. ase rom, gamosavali SeTanxmebis zonis gareTaa. Tu is mxare uars ganacxadebs Secvalos Tavisi moTxovnebi, rom moaqcios isini SeTanxmebis zonaSi, an Tu mowinaaRmdege mxare uars ganacxadebs gaafarToos Tavisi SezRudva meore mxaris moTxovnaTa Sesarigeblad, moveqceviT SeTanxmebis CixSi. magaliTad, TanamSromlebisTvis xelfasis gazrdaze mimdinareobs SeTanxmeba, da Tu profkavSiris yvelaze dabali limiti aris 4-procentiani zrda da xelmZRvanelobis maqsimaluri limiti ki – 6 procenti, misaRebi sfero – SeTanxmebis zona – xelmisawvdomia orive mxarisTvis. Tu xelmZRvanelobis maqsimaluri limiti aris mxolod 3 procenti, SeTanxmebis zona ar aris xelmisawvdomi arc erTi mxarisTvis da Seiqmneba gamouvali mdgomareoba. sqema 14.3, romelic eyrdnoba stagnerisa da rozenis original models, gviCvenebs, rom roca molaparakeba mimdinareobs, ramdenime mniSvnelovani cvlileba gavlenas 126 axdens Suamavlebze da maT molaparakebis zonis farglebSi. SesaZleblobaze SeTanxmebas miaRwion interesebze dafuZnebuli molaparakeba administraciasa da profkavSirebs Soris aSS-is SromiTi urTierTobebi konkurentunarianobiT xasiaTdeba. Suamavlebi iwyeben sawinaaRmdego SeTanxmebebiT. gansazRvruli poziciebiT da Seferxebis, darwmunebis, xelobis an Zalauflebis saSualebiT mxareebi muSaoben calkeuli SeTanxmebis moTxovnebis mogvarebisaTvis. tradiciuli SeTanxmebiT da ormxrivi daTmobis meTodiT, Sedegebi SeiZleba srulad akmayofilebdes erT an orive mxares. faqtobrivad, roca erTi mxare xvdeba, rom mas “usamarTlod” moeqcnen, mwvave gancdebi SeiZleba sul gahyves SeTanxmebis moqmedebis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc erT-erTma Sromis Suamavalma aRniSna, “sawinaaRmdego SeTanxmeba didad ver amyarebs grZelvadian pozitiur urTierTobas, kavSirs, romelic Ria urTierTobebsa da ndobas emyareba. Tavisi xasiaTis mixedviT is iwvevs eWvsa da kompromacias.” am negatiuri grZnobebis dasaZlevad profkavSirebisa da administraciis praqtikosebma SeiZleba gamoiyenon arawinaaRmdegobrivi damokidebuleba molaparakebebis mimarT. interesze dafuZnebuli SeTanxmeba eyrdnoba ormxrivi interesebis gansazRvrasa da dadgenas, da ara konkretuli moTxovnebis mogvarebas. rogorc gansazRvrulia federaluri Suamavlobisa da momrigebiTi samsaxuris mier, interesze dafuZnebuli SeTanxmeba aris “problemis gadaWris procesi, romelic xorcieldeba principuli gziT; es uzrunvelyofs efeqtur gadawyvetilebebs SeTanxmebiTi urTierTobis gaumjobesebis periodSi”. SeTanxmebis strategiis mTavari mizania aRmoaCinos SeTanxmebis ormxrivi interesebi, ormxrivi miznisa da gamosavalis gansazRvris surviliT. interesze dafuZnebuli SeTanxmeba aris patara novela SeTanxmebis procesSi. gansazRvrulia agreTve SeTanxmebis saSualebebi, romlebic SeiZleba gamoviyenoT warmatebuli da warumatebeli molaparakebebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, procesis dasaCqareblad. winadadebebisa da sapirispiro winadadebebis gamoyenebaze metad, rogorc SeTanxmebis miRwevis saSualebas, monawileebi iyeneben jgufur gadawyvetilebas, konsensuss, aqtiur mosmenas, Semowmebis processa da matricul Camoyalibebas, raTa xeli Seuwyon sakiTxebis mogvarebas. interesze dafuZnebuli SeTanxmebis mizania samomavlod daamyaros kavSiri ndobaze, urTierTgagebasa da ormxriv pativiscemaze. xelmZRvaneloba da profkavSiris uflebamosileba koleqtiuri molaparakebebis dros molaparakebebis dros Tu arc erTi mxare ar Tmobs Tavis Tavdapirvel pozicias SeTanxmebis miRwevis mizniT,, maSin Suamavlebi vardebian gamouval mdgomareobaSi. am etapze molaparakebebi metad daiZabeba, roca TiToeuli mxare gamoiyenebs Tavis SeTanxmebis uflebas miaRwios sasurvel Sedegebs. Mmxaris SeTanxmebis ufleba gulisxmobs mis ekonomikur, politikur da socialur gavlenas, raTa daikmayofilos Tavisi moTxovnebi meore mxaris xarjze. 127 SeTanxmebis zona da molaparakebebis gavlena faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen sazogadoebis azri; Suamavlebis Tvisebebi; ekonomikuri gavlena; SeTanxmebis istoria mxareebs Soris; kanonebi da administraciuli gadawyvetilebebi; sxva molaparakebebis Sedegebi; profkavSiris sasurveli Sedegi; profkavSiris sasurveli Sedegebis mosalodneli jaWvi; profkavSiris dabali limiti; administraciis maRali limiti; administraciis sasurveli Sedegebis mosalodneli jaWvi; administraciis sasurveli Sedegi. profkavSirebis SeTanxmebis uflebamosileba profkavSirebis uflebamosileba SeiZleba gamoiyenon damsaqmeblis winaaRmdeg gaficvis, piketirebis an boikotis mowyobiT. gaficvis saSualebiT TanamSromelTa jgufebi uars amboben muSaobis gagrZelebaze. profkavSirebi, Cveulebriv, gaficvas ucxadeben xelmZRvanelobas, rom molaparakebebiT daTmobaze wavidnen, rac gamoricxavs gaficvis saWiroebas. profkavSirebis wevrebis gaficva ar gulisxmobs, rom maT realurad surT an moelian gaficvis gagrZelebas, aramed maTi mizania ndobis mopoveba maTi ufrosebis mdgomareobis gansamtkiceblad molaparakebebis magidasTan. PprofkavSirisTvis metad mniSvnelovania, Tu ramdenad SeZlebs damsaqmebeli muSaobis gagrZelebas zedamxedvelebiT da im TanamSromlebis, personalis saSualebiT, romlebic daqiravebulni iyvnen gaficuli TanamSromlebis Sesanacvlebad. organizaciebSi, romlebsac maRali donis teqnologiebi da avtomatika gaaCnia da hyavs SedarebiT mcire TanamSromlebi, albaT agrZeleben muSaobas zedamxedvelebTan da menejerebTan erTad. maRalavtomatur satelefono kompaniebSi momsaxurebis umetesi nawili SeiZleba SenarCunebuli iyos zedamxedvelebis mier gaficvis dros. erT-erTma xelmZRvanelobam ganacxada: “teqnologiuri cvlilebebis gamo gaficvebi bevr industriaSi aRar axdens mniSvnelovan gavlenas damsaqmeblis saqmianobaze.” Aase rom, muSaobis gagrZelebis rac ufro meti SesaZlebloba aqvs damsaqmebels, miT ufro naklebi Sansi aqvs profkavSirs daikmayofilos moTxovnebi gaficvis saSualebiT. roca kavSiri gaficvas awyobs, is axdens samsaxuris Sesasvlelis piketirebas, raTa uTanxmoebis reklamireba moaxdinos da sxvebic ar SeuSvas SenobaSi, radganac profkavSirebi xSirad uars amboben sxva profkavSirebis piketirebis darRvevaze; piketirebam SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos satvirTo manqanebsa da vagonebs saqonlis gadazidvebSi. 128 magaliTad, satvirTo manqanis mZRolma SeiZleba uari ganacxados, rom miawodos saqoneli im kompaniebs, romelTa TanamSromlebic gaficulni arian kvebisa da komerciul muSakTa gaerTianebul kavSirTan erTad. PprofkavSiris kidev erT ekonomikur iaraRs boikoti warmoadgens, romelic kategoriulad uaryofs damsaqmeblis mfarvelobas. magaliTad, xelsawyoebis mwarmoeblis winaaRmdeg gaficulma TanamSromlebma SeiZleba gadaketon gza im sacalo maRaziis win, sadac iyideba gaficulTa ufrosis mier warmoebuli xelsawyoebi. profkavSirebma aseve SeiZleba gamoiyenon plakatebi, radio da presa gancxadebebisaTvis, raTa xeli SeuSalon mwarmoeblis produqciis an servisis Sesyidvas. Aadministraciis molaparakebebis uflebamosileba roca molaparakeba CixSi eqceva, damsaqmeblis SeTanxmebis perspeqtiva damokidebulia saqmianobis gagrZelebaze, gaficvisa da operaciebis mTlianad SeCerebis miuxedavad. TanamSromlebs SeuZliaT gaificnon organizaciis winaaRmdeg, Tumca damqiraveblebs kanonieri ufleba aqvT daiqiraon an Caanacvlon rezervis TanamSromlebi. am uflebiT damqiraveblebi moipoveben SeTanxmebis saSualebas, rac prof-kavSiris gaficvis uflebas utoldeba. erTma damkvirvebelma aRniSna: “momuSaveTa Canacvlebis strategia menejers aZlevs SesaZleblobas SeebrZolos profkavSirs ise, rogorc aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi kavSirebi ebrZodnen damsaqmeblebs.” NLRB-s dadgenilebebis Tanaxmad, Casanacvlebeli TanamSromlebi unda daiqiraon, xolo gaficul TanamSromlebs aqvT erTi wliT samsaxurSi aRdgenis ufleba da Tu isini gamoTqvamen samsaxurSi dabrunebis survils, maT es gadawyvetileba Riad unda daafiqsiron. kidev erT, farTod gavrcelebul molaparakebebis strategias warmoadgens is, rom damqiraveblebma SeiZleba gaagrZelon muSaoba menejerebisa da zedamxedvelebis daxmarebiT, raTa daakompleqton gaficulTa samuSao adgilebi. magaliTad, 2000 wels, agvistoSi daaxloebiT sami aTasamde menejerma datova samsaxuri, rom emuSavaT operatorebad, teqnikur specialistebad da momxmarebelTa servisis warmomadgenleblad amerikis kavSirgabmulobisa da verizonis TanamSromelTa gaficvis periodSi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, teqnologiuri progresis zrda saSualebas aZlevda damsaqmeblebs gaficvis ganmavlobaSi emuSavaT. eqstremalur situaciebSi damqiravebels SeuZlia lokauti gamoucxados Tavis TanamSromlebs. lokauti aris strategia, romlis saSualebiTac damqiravebeli uars eubneba TanamSromlebs muSaobis SesaZleblobaze samuSao operaciebis daxurvis gziT. garda amisa, lokauti SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes xelmZRvanelobis mier, rom SeebrZolon profkavSirebs da sakuTrebisadmi zianis miyenebas, an darRvevas organizaciaSi SromiT davasTan dakavSirebiT. damqiraveblebi SeiZleba iZulebulni gaxdnen, rom mimarTon lokauts, miuxedavad imisa, rom regularuli TanamSromlebisTvis muSaobaze uaris gamocxadebam SeiZleba ziani miayenos organizaciis imijs da problemebi Seuqmnas damqiraveblebs. molaparakebebis problemebis gadaWra 129 profkavSirebi da damsaqmeblebi yvela saxis industriaSi _ sportSi, transportSi, mrewvelobaSi, kavSirgabmulobasaA da jandacvaSi _ iyeneben Suamavlobasa da arbitraJs molaparakebebisas gamouvali mdgomareobis mosagvareblad. rogorc me-13 TavSia ganxiluli, Suamavloba aris nebayoflobiTi procesi, romelic damokidebulia komunikaciaze da mediatorebis SesaZleblobebze daexmaron mxareebs maTi uTanxmoebis mogvarebaSi. federaluri mTavroba SromiT davebSi erTveba FMCS -is servisebis saSualebiT. mediatorisagan gansxvavebiT, arbitri Tavis Tavze iRebs gadawyvetilebis mimRebas da gansazRvravs, Tu rogor SeiZleba mogvardes urTierToba or mxares Soris. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, arbitri saboloo dadgenilebas wers, romelsac mxareebi unda daemorCilon. SuamavlobasTan SedarebiT, arbitraJi ise xSirad ar gamoiyeneba kerZo seqtoris davebis gadasawyvetad. saxelmwifo seqtorSi, sadac gaficva mkacrad akrZalulia, procentuli arbitraJis gamoyeneba problemis gadaWris zogad meTods warmoadgens. zogadad, erTi an orive mxare iZulebuli xdeba uflebamosileba mianiWon mesame mxares moagvaros maT Soris dava. amitomac, mediatori uTanxmoebis mosagvareblad gamoiyeneba da is exmareba mxareebs SeTanxmebis miRwevaSi. Aarbitrs iwveven, raTa gadaWras davebi, romlebic warmoiSveba xelSekrulebasTan dakavSirebiT. amas arbitraJis ufleba ewodeba. sabednierod, profkavSirsa da administracias Soris molaparakebebis didi umravlesoba mSvidobianad mTavrdeba. roca molaparakebebi damTavrebulia, SromiTi SeTanxmeba xdeba formaluri dokumenti, romelSic aRniSnulia vadebi, pirobebi, da wesebi, romelTa Sesrulebazec SeTanxmdnen TanamSromlebi da menejerebi. HRM5 aCvenebs SromiTi SeTanxmebis zogierT mniSvnelivan punqts da aseve warmoadgens axali da progresuli kontraqtis zogierTY magaliTs. nebismieri SromiTi xelSekrulebis ori yvelaze mniSvnelovani punqti menejeris uflebebsa da profkavSiris dacvis formebs exeba. xelmZRvanelobis uflebebi menejeris uflebebi unda Seesabamebodes samuSao pirobebs, ris meSveobiTac menejments SeuZlia eqskluziuri kontroli moipovos. gamonaklisis garda, SromiTi xelSekruleba unda Seicavdes menejeris uflebebis muxls. es muxli amtkicebs rom, “menejeris uflebamosileba yvela sakiTxSi mTavaria, Tu TviTon ar daTmobs raime uflebas koleqtiur SeTanxmebaSi, an im sferoebSi, sadac misi uflebamosileba kanoniT izRudeba.” xelmZRvanelobis uflebebi SeiZleba Seicavdes uflebas gansazRvros produqtis warmoeba, warmoebis adgilmdebareoba an momsaxurebis SesaZlebloba, an SearCios warmoebis aRWurviloba da procedurebi. qvemoT mocemulia erT-erTi muxlis magaliTi, romelic gansazRvravs menejeris uflebebs SromiT xelSekrulebaSi. SeTanxmebulia, rom kompania flobs yvela uflebas, privilegiebs da uflebamosilebas, romelic win uZRoda am SeTanxmebis Sesrulebas da am SeTanxmebaSi araferi ar SeiZleba aRiniSnos iseTi, ramac SeiZleba kompania SezRudos raime gziT menejmentis regularuli da Cveulebrivi funqciis 130 ganxorcielebaSi da biznesis muSaobaSi, Tumca is SeiZleba iyos uaryofili an Secvlili am xelSekrulebis debulebiT. HRM 5 SromiTi xelSekrulebis punqtebi tipuri muxlebi • anazRaureba • Svebuleba • dasvenebis dReebi • samuSao grafiki • xelmZRvanelobis uflebebi • profkavSiris dacva • gadayvanebi • disciplina • saCivris ganxilvis meTodebi • gaficvis ararseboba /lokautis muxlis ararseboba • damatebiTi samuSao saaTebi • usafrTxoebis meTodebi • samuSao gamocdileba • pensiebi da SeRavaTebi • autsorsingi progresuli muxlebi • TanamSromlebis ufleba oqmebze xelis miwvdomis Sesaxeb • SezRudvebi saqmianobis Sefasebis gamoyenebaze • ufrosTa pativiscema • fleqsiuri samedicino xarjebi • teqnologiuri aRWurvilobis dacva incidentebisagan • SezRudvebi eleqtronul monitoringze • narkologiuri analizis marTvis meTodebi • orenovani stipendiebi • Sida partniorobis SeRavaTebi profkavSirebis dacvis garantia rogorc am Tavis dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, profkavSirebma Tanabrad unda warmoadginon molaparakebebis jgufis yvela wevri, miuxedavad imisa, gaerTianebulni arian Tu ara isini profkavSirebSi. am valdebulebis sanacvlod, profkavSirebis xelmZRvanelebma unda scadon, rom SeTanxmdnen savaldebulo wevrobis zogierT formaze. profkavSirebis xelmZRvanelebi amtkiceben, rom savaldebulo wevroba xels uSlis zogierT momuSaves, rom miiRos gaerTianebisgan sargebeli ise, rom ar gadaixados Tavisi wili gadasaxadi. profkavSirebis SeTanxmebis standartuli debuleba aris xelfasidan profkavSiruli sawevros daqviTva, romelic akisrebs 131 damsaqmebels pasuxismgeblobas, rom ar damalos profkavSirebis wevrebis sawevro Senatani. SromiT kontraqtSi profkavSirebis dacvis sxva saSualebebs warmoadgens sxvadasxva formis xelSekrulebebi. es gansxvavebuli xarisxis xelSekrulebebi moiTxovs, rom TanamSromlebi SeuerTdnen profkavSirebs. magaliTad, profkavSirebis ,,sawarmo“ iTvaliswinebs, rom Tu romelime momuSave ar aris profkavSiris wevri, aucileblad unda gawevriandes ocdaaTi dRis ganmavlobaSi an daiTxoven samsaxuridan. meore mxriv, uwyeba iTvaliswinebs nebayoflobiT wevrobas, Tumca SeTanxmebis yvela wevrma unda gadaixados profkavSirebis sawevro gadasaxadi. koleqtiur molaparakebebSi ramdenime sakiTxi ufro metad sakamaToa, vidre TviT am xelSekrulebasTan dakavSirebuli molaparakeba. profkavSirebis dacvis yvelaze popularuli punqti, profkavSirTa “samsaxuri” arakanonieria 22 StatSi, sadac moqmedebs kanonebi Sromis uflebis Sesaxeb. es kanoni krZalavs profkavSiris wevrobis nebismier formas. Taft-harTlis aqtis me-14 nawili (b) nebas rTavs calkeul Statebs, miiRon kanonmdebloba, romelic krZalavs profkavSirebis savaldebulo wevrobas, rogorc muSaobis pirobas. SromiTi xelSekrulebis regulireba rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, SromiTi SeTanxmebis molaparakebebi SromiTi urTierTobebis yvelaze cnobili da mniSvnelovani aspeqtia. gaficvis vadebi, preskonferenciebi da momuSaveTa piketireba xels uwyobs am imijis Seqmnas; profkavSiruli organizaciebis menejerebma ician, rom SromiTi urTierTobebis warmarTva ZiriTadad gamomdinareobs xelSekrulebis yoveldRiuri Sesrulebidan. radganac xelSekrulebas ar SeeZlo winaswar ganemarta davebis yvelanairi SesaZlo forma. agreTve, rogorc ki xelSekrulebas xeli moewereba, TiToeuli mxare ganmartavs TavisTvis xelsayrel punqtebs. es gansxvavebebi tradiciulad gvardeba saCivris ganxilvis meTodebiT. SeTanxmebuli saCivrebis ganxilvis procesi Ukmayofilebis gadaxedvis procesi saSualebas aZlevs profkavSirs warmoadginos Tavisi wevrebis (da ara mxolod wevrebis) interesebi saCivris ganxilvis procesSi. zogi administracia Tvlis, rom is aris molaparakebiTi SeTanxmebis centri (guli) an usafrTxoebis saSualeba, romelic ganapirobebs fleqsiurobas koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis mTliani sistemisTvis. saCivris ganxilvis procesis dros orive mxarisTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens Tu ramdenad efeqturad daakmayofilebs sistema profkavSirisa da administraciis moTxovnebs. Kkargad Camoyalibebuli werilobiTi saCivris ganxilvis meTodi saSualebas mogvcems ukmayofileba gadaxedil iqnes swrafad da naklebi biurokratizmiT, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia. aseve man unda Seuwyos xeli TanamSromlobas da ara konfliqts damsaqmebelsa da profkavSirs Soris. saCivris ganxilvis meTodis moqmedeba unikaluria TiToeuli koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis urTierTobisTvis, Tumca arsebobs saerTo elementebi sistemebs Soris. magaliTad, saCivris gadaxedvis meTodebi Cveulebriv gansazRvraven, Tu rogor unda daiwyos saCivris ganxilva, 132 procesis Semadgeneli etapebis ricxvsa da dros, da TiToeuli mxaris warmomadgenlebs, romlebic CarTulni arian yoveli etapis dakiTxvebSi (ix. sqema 14.4.). roca saCivari ver gvardeba romelime etapze, SeTanxmebebis umetesoba unda waredginos mesame mxares (Cveulebriv, arbitrs), romlis gadawyvetilebac sabolooa. zogierTi SromiTi SeTanxmeba uzrunvelyofs Suamavlobas, rogorc TanamSromelTa saCivrebis mogvarebis saSualebas. Suamavloba iTvleba oficialur etapad ukmayofilebis ganxilvis procesSi. saCivrebis ganxilvis xuTetapiani procesi arbitraJi etapi 5 30 samuSao dRe - adgilobrivi profkavSiris prezidenti etapi 4 15 samuSao dRe ufrosi momrigebeli etapi 3 10 samuSao dRe - profkavSiris momrigebeli etapi 2 5 samuSao dRe Seuracxyofili etapi 1 industriuli urTierTobebi ganyofilebis menejeri uSualo zedamxedveli uSualo zedamxedveli kontraqtis darRveva SeTanxmebuli saCivrebis ganxilvis procesis ganxorcieleba imisaTvis, rom formalurad ganxilul iqnes TanamSromlis saCivari, is unda waredginos zepiri da/an werilobiTi formiT TanamSromlis uSualo zedamxedvels (ix. HRM 2). radganac saCivrebi xSirad gaurkvevlobisa da cudi zedamxedvelobis Sedegia, mravali maTgani SeiZleba mogvardes adgilzeve. SesaZlebelia Tu ara saCivris pirvelive etapze mogvareba, es damokidebulia zedamxedvelis SesaZleblobaze da survilze ganixilos problema TanamSromelTan da momrigebelTan. adamianuri resursebis specialistebi aRiareben da kvlevebic adastureben, rom saCivrebis mogvareba ufro warmatebulia, roca zedamxedvelebi oficialurad gadian trenings saCivrebis mogvarebaSi. es treningi unda uzrunvelyofdes SromiTi SeTanxmebis pirobebis gacnobasa da rCeviTi unarebis ganviTarebas, raTa xeli SevuwyoT problemis mogvarebas. imisaTvis, rom saCivari warmatebiT mogvardes, administraciisa da profkavSiris warmomadgenlebma damatebiT unda SeZlon problemis ganxilva racionalurad da obieqturad. saCivari ar unda miviCnioT iseT qmedebad, 133 razec SeiZleba gavimarjvoT an raSic SeiZleba davmarcxdeT. piriqiT: orive mxarem unda ganixilos mdgomareoba, rogorc adamianuri urTierTobebis problemis mogvarebis mcdeloba. zogierT SemTxvevaSi damakmayofilebeli gadawyvetileba SeiZleba ver iqnes miRweuli pirvelive etapze TanamSromelsa da zedamxedvels Soris azrTa kanonieri sxvadasxvaobis gamo an imis gamo, rom zedamxedvels ara aqvs uflebamosileba miiRos raime zomebi ukmayofilo TanamSromlis dasakmayofileblad. piradi konfliqtebi, cru Sexedulebebi, emociebi, sijiute an sxva faqtorebi SeiZleba aseve iyos barieri am etapze damakmayofilebeli Sedegis miRwevisaTvis. saCivrebis arbitraJi arbitraJis funqcias warmoadgens uzrunvelyos saCivris ganxilvis Sedegad gamosavlis moZebna, rac profkavSirma da damsaqmebelma ver SeZles. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, arbitraJs axorcielebs neitraluri mesame mxare (arbitri an miukerZoebeli samediatoro sasamarTlo). Aam mesame mxaris gadawyvetileba karnaxobs, Tu rogor unda mogvardes es ukmayofileba. orive mxare valdebulia daemorCilos am gadawyvetilebas. samediatoro sasamarTloTi problemis gadawyveta imis gadasawyvetad, gamoiyenon Tu ara arbitraJi gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros, TiToeulma mxarem unda Seafasos xarjebi, amasTan gaiTvaliswinos saqmis mniSvneloba da sasurveli Sedegis miRebis perspeqtiva. is unda iyos logikuri, arc erTma mxarem ar unda warudginos arbitraJs umniSvnelo saqme, Tu sasurveli Sedegis miRebis mcire SesaZlebloba arsebobs. Tumca logika yovelTvis ar aris gadamwyveti. magaliTad, profkavSiri xSirad warudgens xolme umniSvnelo saqmes arbitraJs, raTa aCvenos wevrebs, rom kavSirs surs yvela Rone ixmaros maTi interesebis dasacavad. profkavSiris moxeleebi aseve ar eridebian arbitraJSi Seitanon im wevrebis saCivrebi, romlebic arian cnobili pirebi an aqvT politikuri Zalaufleba kavSirSi, maSinac ki, roca maTi saqme ar aris metad seriozuli. ufro metic, samarTliani warmomadgenlobis moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, kavSirebs aqvT kanonieri movaleoba daxmareba gauwion wevrebs, romlebsac saCivrebi SeaqvT. radganac wevrebs SeuZliaT saCivris Setana TavianTi kavSirebis winaaRmdeg, rom maTi saCivrebi adekvaturad ar ganixileba, profkavSiris mravali moxele iZulebulia uari Tqvas araseriozuli saCivrebis arbitraJSi Setanaze. Mmeore mxriv, xelmZRvanelobam SeiZleba dauSvas susti saqmis Setana arbitraJSi, raTa anaxos profkavSiris TanamSromlebs, rom administracia “ar SeiZleba SeSinebuli iyos”. Mmenejerebma SedarebiT dabal doneze SeiZleba gariskon ufrosi xelmZRvanelobis usiamovneba imis gancxadebiT, rom konkretuli adamianuri resursebis politikam ar gaamarTla an ar aris saTanado. sijiutem da ormxrivma antagonizmma SeiZleba aseve gamoiwvios mravali saCivris Setana arbitraJSi, radganac arc erT mxares ar surs daTmobebze wasvla SeTanxmebis misaRwevad, maSinac ki, roca is aRiarebs, rom is ar aris marTali. HRM 6 134 saCivris forma saCivris oqmi transporti, adgilobrivi gadazidva da gayidva, sawyobebis mcvelebi da maSvelebi, samTo mrewvelobis da kinos produqcia, arizonas Stati, adgilobrivi kavSiri # 104 wevris saxeli--------------------------------------------------------------- TariRi ---------------------wevris misamarTi-------------------------------------- saxlis telefonis nomeri-----------qalaqi -------------------------------------- Stati------------------------- safosto kodi-----------kompaniis dasaxeleba, vis winaaRmdegac SegaqvT saCivari----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------detalurad axseniT saCivari------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tu saCivari exeba ganTavisuflebas, miuTiTeT kompaniis mizezi--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------es Seicavs srul uflebamosilebas, rom transportisa da adgilobrivi gadazidvis driverebi lokal 104 an maT mier daniSnuli nebismieri TanamSromeli an Suamavali, rogorc rwmunebuli, aris Cemi warmomadgeneli am saCivris procesSi da vaniWeb uflebamosilebas imoqmedos Tavisi survilisamebr, rogorc miiCnevs CemTvis saWirod da miiRos Tanxa Cemi saxeliT. Ees saCivari SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes saCivris ganxilvis meTodiT, (a) me viTxov Setyobinebas dakiTxvis drois, TariRisa da adgilis Sesaxeb; (b) me ar viTxov Setyobinebas dakiTxvis drois, TariRisa da adgilis Sesaxeb. me veTanxmebi, rom Tu daveswrebi dakiTxvas Cemi saxeliT, me gavakeTeb amas Cemi xarjebiT da profkavSiri ar iqneba valdebuli amaze. wevris xelmowera------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------kavSiris moqmedebis oqmi--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------saqme moagvara:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Suamavali arbitraJis dakiTxva Cveni gamocdilebis Tanaxmad, TanamSromlebi, romlebmac ar ician arbitraJis Sesaxeb, xSirad procesi eCvenebaT gaurkveveli da daZabuli. 135 arbitraJis dakiTxvebi hgavs sasamarTlos dakiTxvas, mxolod sasamarTlo procesis mravali formalobis gareSe. procesi iwyeba mowmeTa ficis dadebiT da wardgenili SeTanxmebis gacnobiT. wardgenili SeTanxmeba warmoadgens mosagvarebeli problemis gancxadebas. amgvari gancxadeba SeiZleba ase JRerdes: ”aleqs heideis samdRiani droebiTi daTxovna iyo safuZvliani Tu ara, ra aris Sesabamisi gamosavali?” Semdeg mxareebi gaakeTeben Ria gancxadebebs, rasac faqtebisa da mtkicebulebis wardgena mohyveba da mowmeTa zepiri Cvenebebi. dakiTxva moicavs ToToeuli mxaris mokle gancxadebebs, rac warmoadgens argumentebs maTi poziciis mxardasaWerad. davis ganxilvis procesSi, arbitri valdebulia uzrunvelyos samarTliani dakiTxva TiToeuli mxarisTvis. dakiTxvis dros SesaZlebelia yvelanairi faqtebis Cveneba, rac saqmisTvisaa misaRebi. dakiTxvis mTavari mizania daexmaros arbitrs saWiro faqtebis mopovebaSi adamianuri urTierTobebis problemis mosagvareblad. arbitrs aqvs ufleba dakiTxos mowme an moiTxovos damatebiTi faqtebi romelime mxarisgan. dakiTxvis Catarebisa da daskvnebis gamotanis Semdeg (SeiZleba mxareebma airCion maTi wardgena), arbitrs Cveulebriv aqvs ocdaaTi dRe, raTa ganixilos mtkicebuleba da gamoitanos gadawyvetileba. SromiTi kontraqtebis umravlesobaSi arbitraJis xarjebs mxareebi Tanabrad inawileben. arbitraJis gadawyvetileba arbitraJis ganaCeni moicavs ara mxolod arbitris gadawyvetilebas, aramed agreTve uzrunvelyofs mis gonivrul axsna-ganmartebas da ZiriTad mizezs. gadawyvetilebis miRma msjeloba daexmareba arbitrs xelmZRvanelobaSi SromiTi SeTanxmebis interpretaciasTan da administraciis mxridan warmoSobili momavali davebis mogvarebasTan dakavSirebiT. TiToeuli mxaris poziciebis dafiqsirebis dros msjeloba amcirebs imedgacruebas da icavs im pirovnebaTa TviT-pativiscemas, romlebic warmoadgenen warumatebel mxares. Mmravali sarCelis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic exeba TanamSromelTa saqmianobas an samsaxurSi qcevas, arbitrma unda gansazRvros, uWers Tu ara mtkicebuleba mxars damsaqmebels dazaralebulis winaaRmdeg. mtkicebulebam unda aCvenos, misces Tu ara TanamSromels Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi procesis ufleba, romelic warmoadgens TanamSromlis kanonier uflebas acnobon aradamakmayofilebeli saqmianobis Sesaxeb da miscen SesaZlebloba upasuxos am braldebebs. SromiTi SeTanxmebebis umravlesobis Tanaxmad, damsaqmebels unda hqondes gatarebuli RonisZiebis safuZvliani mizezi da es qmedeba unda dadasturdes warmodgeneli mtkicebulebiT. roca xelmZRvaneloba ver uWers mxars mZime mtkicebulebas (an xelmZRvanelobis qmedebebi CaiTvleba usamarTlod), maSin arbitris kompetenciaSi Sedis sasjelis Semsubuqeba. magaliTad, arbits SeuZlia ganTavisfleba Secvalos droebiTi daTxovniT anazRaurebis gareSe gansazRvruli periodis ganmavlobaSi. arbitraJis mniSvnelobis gamo, profkavSirisa da araprofkavSirul organizaciebSi procesi, ris safuZvelzec arbitrebs gamoaqvT gadawyvetileba, agreTve faqtebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen am gadawyvetilebebze, menejerebisTvis mudmiv interess warmoadgens. 136 Cveulebriv arbitrebi iyeneben oTx faqtors saqmeebis gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros: 1. SromiTi SeTanxmebis formulireba (an samuSao politika araprofkavSirul organizaciebSi); 2. SeTanxmebis wardgena arbitrisTvis; 3. dakiTxvis dros SemoTavazebuli mtkicebuleba da Cveneba; 4. arbitraJis kriteriumebi da standartebi (saerTo kanonis msgavsi standartebi), ris winaaRmdegac ganixileba saqmeebi. xangrZlivi gacdenebis gamo ganTavisuflebuli TanamSromlis saqmis ganxilvisas, magaliTad, arbitri ganixilavs am faqtorebs calke da/an mTlianad. arbitrebi ZiriTadad SezRudulni arian miiRon gadawyvetileba SromiTi SeTanxmebis formulirebis safuZvelze, an samuSao politikis, da dakiTxvaze warmodgenili faqtebis, Cvenebebisa da mtkicebulebis safuZvelze. Ppraqtikulad, arbitraJis gadawyvetilebis miReba ar aris zusti mecniereba. sinamdvileSi arbitrebis gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba ufro metad subieqturi iyos. arbitrebi ganmartaven kontraqtis enas sxvadasxvanairad (magaliTad, ras niSnavs “safuZvliani ganTavisufleba”), isini adgenen mniSvnelobis sxvadasxva xarisxebs mtkicebulebisTvis, isini sxvanairad ganixilaven mowmeTa samarTlianobas, da aZleven arbitraJis standartebs ufro met an nakleb mniSvnelobas, roca mimarTaven faqtebs. TiToeuli es gavlena emsaxureba subieqturobis damkvidrebas gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. SromiTi organizaciebis Tanamedrove problemebi SromiTi urTierTobebis ganxilvas davasrulebT profkavSirebis winaSe wamoyenebuli sami mniSvnelovani sakiTxis gaSuqebiT: ucxouri konkurencia da teqnologiuri winsvlebi, profkavSirebis wevrebis Semcireba, da damsaqmebelTa koncentracia araprofkavSiruli statusis SenarCuneba. ucxouri konkurencia da teqnologiuri cvlileba foladis, samomxmareblo eleqtronikis, avtomobilebis, tansacmlis, safeiqro nawarmisa da fexsacmelebis importireba sazRvargareTis qveynebidan iwvevs samuSao adgilebis dakargvas SeerTebul StatebSi im muSakebisTvis, romlebic am produqtebs awarmoeben. ufro metic, amerikuli korporaciebis ucxouri filialebi, rogoricaa naiki, vesTinghauzi da qseroqsi, daadanaSaules profkavSirebma amerikeli muSakebisTvis samuSaoebis warTmevaSi. amis Sedegad profkavSirebi moiTxoven ufro met samTavrobo dacvas importis winaaRmdeg. aseTma dacvam waaqeza kongresis debatebi erTi mxriv, imaT Soris, vinc amtkicebs, rom dacviTi savaWro barierebi qmnian ufro maRal fasebs amerikeli momxmareblebisTvis da, meore mxriv, imaT Soris, vinc cdilobs daicvas amerikis samsaxurebi dabalfasiani ucxouri mwarmoeblebisgan. aSS-is kavSirebi zogadad winaaRmdegni arian savaWro SeTanxmebisa, romelic daexmareba dabalxelfasian damsaqmeblebs sxva qveynebSi. ucxouri konkurenciis muqara problemas warmoadgens SromiTi procesisaTvis, rac swrafma teqnologiurma winsvlebma gamoiwvia. kompiuteruli teqnikis ganviTarebam da maRalavtomaturma samuSao 137 sistemebma Seamcira garkveuli Tanamdebobebis TanamSromlebze moTxovna. wevrebis Semcireba avto, foladis, rezinis warmiebisa da transportirebis prof-kavSirebSi am faqtze miuTiTebs. teqnologiurma winsvlebma agreTve Seamcira gaficvebis efeqturoba, radganac maRalavtomatizebul organizaciebs, samuSaos Seferxebis dros, SeuZliaT saqmianobis damakmayofilebeli donis SenarCuneba minimaluri kadrebiT. profkavSiris wevrebis Semcireba mTavari problema, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba organizebul profkavSirs, aris kavSirebis wevrebis Semcireba. Pproblemis mniSvnelobas asaxavs statistika, romelic gviCvenebs, rogor Semcirda kavSiris wevrTa raodenoba da rogor daeca mTliani samoqalaqo samuSao Zalis procentuloba. 1970 wels profkavSiris wevrTa raodenoba Seadgenda daaxloebiT 21 milions, rac iyo samoqalaqo samuSao Zalis 25 procenti. 1990 wels es cifrebi daeca 16.7 milion wevramde, rac iyo samoqalaqo samuSao Zalis 16 procentze odnav meti. 2001 wels wevrTa raodenoba Seadgenda 16.3 milions _ samoqalaqo samuSao Zalis 13.5 procents. kerZo seqtorSi kavSiris wevrTa raodenoba Seadgenda daaxloebiT yvela dasaqmebulis 10 procents, an daaxloebiT 9 milion muSaks. profkavSiris samsaxurebis dakargva nawilobriv asaxavs aSS-is warmoebis samsaxurebs, radgan kavSirebi wevrebs ver iReben TeTrsayeloianebisgan, sadac samuSao Zala ufro swrafad izrdeba. ras akeTeben SromiTi organizaciebi wevrTa Semcirebis SesaCereblad? erT-erTi profkavSiris moxelis TqmiT, am kiTxvis pasuxia “energiuli organizeba”. pirvel rigSi profkavSirebi gamiznulia muSakebze, romlebic maT didi xania aRar axsovT. esenia dabalxelfasiani muSakebi aSS-is ekonomikis bolo doneze, magaliTad, mcvelebi, mosamsaxureebi, da momsaxure muSakebi; kvebis momsaxurebis TanamSromlebi da klarkebi. Uufro metic: profkavSirebi miiCneven imigrantebs _ momuSave mosaxleobis yvelaze swrafad mzard nawils _ kavSiris zrdis Zlevamosil perspeqtivad. Hhaitianis mZRolebi da azia-amerikis momsaxurebis muSakebi gamiznulni arian prof-kavSiris warmomadgenlobisTvis. jon svinma, AFL-CIO-is prezidentma, fraza “amerikas sWirdeba aRorZineba” miiRo, rogorc AFL-CIOis devizi weliwadSi 20-milioniani organizebisTvis. damatebiT profkavSirebi aZliereben TavianT Zalisxmevas marTon TeTrsayeloiani muSakebi. Bbolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi damsaqmeblebma individualuri gaxades TeTrsayeloianebis jgufebis muSaoba da gamoyves isini xelmZRvanelobisgan. saCivrebis mogvarebaSi siZneleebma, agreTve samuSaos usafrTxoebis simcirem warmoebis SeCerebis dros ubiZga TeTrsayeloianebs gaerTianebisken. kavSirebi aseve kapitalizacias axdens jandacvis da usafrTxoebis axal sakiTxebze TeTrsayeloianebis samsaxurebSi, rogoricaa muSaobis Sedegebi videoekranebis terminalebze an muSaoba potenciurad saSiS nivTierebebTan. TeTrsayeloiani TanamSromlebis dakompleqtebaSi aqtiurad monawileoben Semdegi kavSirebi: momsaxurebis TanamSromlebis saerTaSoriso kavSirebi; mZRolebis saerTaSoriso amxanagoba; 9-dan 5-mde qalTa erovnuli asociacia; profesional TanamSromelTa saerTaSoriso asociacia; muSakTa dazRvevis saerTaSoriso kavSiri; gaerTianebuli avtomuSakebi da amerikis gaerTianebuli mefoladeebi. 138 damsaqmeblis fokusireba araprofkavSiruli statusis SenarCunebaze K kirk adamsma, AFL-CIO-is organizebis direqtorma, aRniSna, rom “damsaqmeblis SezRudva organizebis sakiTxebSi TandaTan izrdeba”. da marTlac, mniSvnelovani faqti aSS-is SromiT urTierTobebSi 1990-ian wlebSi da ocdameerTe saukuneSi aris profkavSiris gauqmebis programebis gavlena. Yyvela saxis organizaciebSi menejerebi gamoxataven survils SeinarCunon profkavSirisgan Tavisufali garemo. am miznis misaRwevad damsaqmeblebi uzrunvelyofen xelfass da servisebs, raTa TanamSromlebisTvis gaerTianeba araefeqturi gaxadon. SemoTavazebulia agreTve monawileobiTi administraciis stili, mogebis ganawilebis programebi da alternatiuli davebis mogvarebis meTodebi (ix. Tavi 13), raTa SeewinaaRmdegon didi xnis Camoyalibebuli profkavSiris miznebs gaumjobesebuli anazRaurebisa da samuSao pirobebis misaRwevad. HRM7-Si mocemulia adamianuri resursebis specialistebis mier gansazRvruli ZiriTadi strategiebi, rogorc gaerTianebis Tavidan acilebis saSualeba. mniSvnelovania vaRiaroT, rom es strategiebi, rogorc TanamSromelTa gaerTianebis mTavari mizezi, pasuxoben am Tavis dasawyisSi ganxilul pirobebs. radgan am pirobebs uSualod administracia aregulirebs, isini ise SeiZleba Secvalon, rom xeli SeuSalon gaerTianebas an saerTod Tavidan aicilon is. HRM 7 strategiebi imisTvis, rom davrCeT profkavSirisgan Tavisufali • • • • • • SesTavazeT konkurentunariani anazRaureba da SeRavaTebi Sromis bazris Sedarebebsa da xelfasebis gamokvlevebze dayrdnobiT; gadaamzadeT zedamxedvelebi progresuli adamianuri urTierTobebis unarebSi; sxva unarebTan erTad unda ganixilebodes TanamSromlis motivacia, samsaxuris dizaini da Sromis kanoni; SeimuSaveT oficialuri meTodebi TanamSromelTa saCivrebisa da ukmayofilebis mosagvareblad; es SeiZleba gulisxmobdes ganxilvis komitetebs, saCivrebis etapobrivi ganxilvis sistemebs an “Ria karis” politikas; CarTeT TanamSromlebi samsaxurebrivi gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen saqmianobaze, produqtis an servisis xarisxsa da raodenobaze, yuradReba miaqcieT TanamSromelTa zrdasa da ganviTarebis saWiroebas; daakvirdiT, rom samuSao Zala izrdebodes ufro asakovani TanamSromlebiT, ufro metad _ qalbatonebiT, ganaTlebulebiT, momTmenebiT da naklebad momTxovnebiT; SeimuSaveT adamianuri resursebis politika, romelic asaxavs samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis zomebs, rogoricaa disciplina, dawinaureba, treningi da ganTavisufleba. M mokle mimoxilva 1. 1926 wlis molaparakebebis rkinigzis uflebebs SromiTi aqti uzrunvelyofs koleqtiuri TanamSromlebisTvis, romlebic muSaoben 139 rkinigzasa da aviaxazebis industriaSi. oris-la guardias aqti (1932) warmoadgens SezRudvebs sasamarTlo akrZalvebis Sesaxeb profkavSirisa da administraciis davebSi. kerZo TanamSromlebis umetesobas eniWeba warmomadgenlobiTi uflebebi vagneris aqtis (1935) saSualebiT, romelic daexmara profkavSiris organizebisa da molaparakebebis RonisZiebebis dacvasa da xelis Sewyobas. Taft-harTlis aqtis nawyveti (1947) da landrumgrifinis aqti (1959) gamiznulia, raTa Camoyalibdes konkretuli kontroli kavSirebis Sida saqmianobasa da damsaqmeblebTan urTierTobaze. 2. Ggamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom muSakebi erTiandebian sxvadasxva ekonomikuri, fsiqologiuri da socialuri mizezebis gamo. zogierT TanamSromels SeuZlia SeuerTdes kavSirebs, radgan maT amis gakeTebas sTxoven, Tumca umetesoba ukve ekuTvnis profkavSirebs, radganac isini darwmunebulni arian, rom profkavSirebi maT daexmareba xelfasebis gazrdasa da sxva samuSao pirobebis gaumjobesebaSi. TanamSromelTa gaerTianeba umetesad gamowveulia menejeruli praqtikebiTa da meTodebiT ukmayofilebis gamo. 3. FprofkavSiris formaluri organizebis kampania gamoiyeneba TanamSromelTa mxardaWeris mosapoveblad kavSirisTvis. radgan TanamSromlebi gamoxateven survils gaerTiandnen uflebamosilebis baraTebze xelis moweriT, profkavSiri mimarTvas NLRB-s faruli kenWisyriT arCevnebisTvis. Tu amomrCevelTa 51 procenti mxars dauWers kavSirs, NLRB daamtkicebs profkavSirs, rogorc yvela TanamSromlis momrigebel warmomadgenels molaparakebebis ganyofilebaSi. 4. SromiTi xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb molaparakebebi detaluri ganxilvis process warmoadgens. TiToeuli mxare winadadebebis nusxas amzadebs; mxareebs surT miaRwion TavianT mizans da aseve damatebiT cdiloben gansazRvron meore mxaris sasurveli SemoTavazebebi. molaparakebebis gundebma unda SearCion da ganixilon yvela SemoTavazeba, raTa gansazRvron maTi mniSvneloba da gavlena organizaciaze. Oorive mxare – damsaqmebelic da profkavSiris Suamavlebic _ zustad iyenebs molaparakebebis modelebs industriis, zogadad cxovrebis donis tendenciebis, geografiuli anazRaurebis gansxvavebebSi. Mmenejerebi miznad isaxaven, rom SeinarCunon kontroli operaciebze da minimumamde daiyvanon xarjebi. profkavSiris Suamavlebi TavianT moTxovnebs ayeneben gaumjobesebuli pirobebis, xelfasebisa da samuSao saaTebis Taobaze. SeTanxmeba miiRweva, roca orive mxare SeTanxmdeba Tavdapirvel poziciebsa da saboloo pirobebze mxareTa molaparakebebis zonis SezRudvebis farglebSi. tradiciulad koleqtiuri molaparakebebi profkavSirsa da administacias Soris urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa. amJamad gaizarda interesi molaparakebebze, romlebic dafuZnebulia ormxriv Sedegebze da mxareTa Soris gaRrmavebul pativiscemaze. rasac FMCS uwodebs interesze dafuZnebul molaparakebebs aris arawinaaRmdegobrivi molaparakebebis erTerTi forma. 5. koleqtiuri molaparakebis procesi gulisxmobs ara marto realur molaparakebas, aramed agreTve Zalauflebis taqtikas, romelic gamoiyeneba mosagvarebeli moTxovnebis mxardasaWerad. roca molaparakeba CixSi Sedis, igi gadaiqceva uflebamosilebis brZolad, romlis drosac romelime mxare ZaldatanebiT cdilobs daTmobebis miRwevas, rac gamoiyvans maT gamouvali mdgomareobidan. PprofkavSiris Zalaufleba koleqtiur SeTanxmebebSi 140 gamomdinareobs misi SesaZleblobidan gamoucxados gaficva, boikoti an piketireba damsaqmebels. xelmZRvanelobis uflebamosileba molaparakebebis periodSi gamomdinareobs misi SesaZleblobidan lokauti gamoucxados TanamSromlebs an gaficvis dros imuSaos xelmZRvanelisa da rezervis TanamSromlebis gamoyenebiT. 6. roca problemebi warmoiSoba profkavSirebsa da xelmZRvanelobas Soris, isini Cveulebriv saCivrebis ganxilvis MmeTodebis saSualebiT regulirdeba. saCivrebis ganxilvis SemuSaveba mxareebis moTxovnebsa da survilebs gamoxatavs. tipuri meTodi Sedgeba sami, oTxi an xuTi etapisgan. yovel safexurs gansazRvruli vadebi aqvs. SedarebiT ufrosi menejerebi da profkavSiris moxeleebi erTvebian davebSi saCivrebis ganxilvis MmeTodebis SedarebiT maRal etapebze. am meTodis bolo safexuri SeiZleba iyos arbitraJi. arbitrebs saboloo gadawyvetileba gamoaqvT, rac ver mogvarda dawyebiT etapebze. wardgenili SeTanxmeba warmoadgens sakiTxis gancxadebas, romelic unda mogvardes arbitraJis saSualebiT. es ubralod aris problema, romlis mogvarebac surT mxareebs. arbitrma pasuxi unda gasces sakiTxs arbitraJis oTx faqtorze dayrdnobiT, raTa daexmaros profkavSirisa da administraciis sxvadasxva tipis davebis mogvarebas. Es faqtorebia: SromiTi xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi (an Sromis politika), wardgenili werilobiTi SeTanxmeba, dakiTxvaze mopovebuli Cveneba da mtkicebuleba da drodadro SemuSavebuli sxvadasxva saarbitro standartebi, arbitraJi ar aris zusti mecniereba, radganac arbitrebi sxvadasxvagvar mniSvnelobas aniWeben davebis mosagvarebel mtkicebulebasa da kriteriumebs. 7. profkavSiris liderebis winaSe mdgar problemebs dRes warmoadgens teqnologiuri winsvlebiT gamowveuli wevrebis Semcireba da gazrdili Sida da globaluri konkurencia. Sromis organizaciebi aRweven nakleb warmatebas organizaciebSi, roca damsaqmeblebi adgenen adamianuri resursebis progresul politikas xelfasis, TanamSromelTa sargeblobisa da organizaciuli politikis sferoebSi, rac aZlierebs samuSao usafrTxoebas da TanamSromelTa pativiscemas. wevrTa Semcirebis SesaCereblad profkavSirebi aqtiurni gaxdnen dabali Tanamdebobis TanamSromlebis, imigrantebisa da TeTrsayeloiani TanamSromlebis organizebaSi. ZiriTadi terminebi arbitri uflebamosilebis baraTi molaparakebebis ufleba molaparakebebis jgufi molaparakebebis zona biznesis gaerTianeba koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis procesi xelobis profkavSirebi TanamSromelTa asociaciebi eqskluziuri warmomadgenloba samarTliani warmomadgenlobis moZRvreba 141 saCivrebis ganxilvis meTodi industriuli profkavSirebi interesze dafuZnebuli molaparakebebi SromiTi urTierTobebis procesi uflebaTa arbitraJi ukanono SromiTi maqinaciebi (ULPs) profkavSiris ganyofileba profkavSiris Suamavali gansaxilveli kiTxvebi 1. taft-harTlis aqtis debulebebis Tanaxmad, romeli ukanono SromiTi praqtika exeba orives – profkavSirsa da damsaqmebels? 2. erTmaneTs SeadareT profkavSirisa da damsaqmeblis mier wardgeneli, kavSirTan dakavSirebuli argumentebi 3. aRwereT etapebi tradiciul organizebaSi. romel “aratradiciul” organizebis taqtikas iyeneben kavSirebi TavianTi wevrebis gasazrdelad? 4. ra mniSvneloba eniWeba SeTanxmebis zonas molaparakebebis warmoebaSi? ra axdens gavlenas molaparakebebis Sedegebze? 5. saerTaSoriso monacemTa samsaxursa da mis profkavSirs Soris molaparakebebi CixSi moeqca. Mmogvarebis uflebamosilebis ra formas flobs ToToeuli mxare Tavisi moTxovnebis gasaZliereblad? Mra aris mogvarebis uflebamosilebis TiToeuli formis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi damsaqmeblisa da profkavSirisTvis? 6. nensi bafetma gadawyvita waeyenebina saCivari Tavisi kavSiris SuamavlTan. saCivris Tanaxmad, mas umcrosi TanamSromeli “aiZulebda”, rom daewinaurebina ufros teqnikosad. a. axseniT safexurebi, romelsac misi saCivari gaivlis profkavSirisa da administraciis saCivris ganxilvis oficialur procesSi; b. unda warudginon misi saCivari arbitraJs, axseniT arbitraJis dakiTxvis procesi da gansazRvreT misi pretenziis mosagvareblad arbitris mier gamoyenebuli kriteriumebi. 7. a. ra RonisZiebebs mimarTaven kavSirebi Tanamedrove problemebis aRmosafxvrelad? b. ratom gaxda Cveni sazogadoebis ama Tu im konkretuli nawilis damokidebulebebi organizebuli profkavSiris mimarT naklebad keTilganwyobili, vidre es warsulSi iyo? PprofkavSiris organizebis kampania P profkavSiris organizebis kampaniebi aris daZabuli da emociuri periodebi profkavSiris moxeleebisTvis, TanamSromlebisa da menejerebisTvis. TanamSromlebi SeiZleba emociurad daiZabon da, eqstremalur situaciebSi, SeiZleba maT Soris megobrobac gawydes. menejerebisTvis profkavSiris organizebis dasawyisi metad rTulia. Zalze mniSvnelovania TanamSromelTa problemebis marTva ise, rom orive mxaris warmatebas miaRwio. es savarjiSo dagexmarebaT SeiswavloT profkavSiris organizebis tipuri kampania. 142 davaleba kavSiris organizebis dros profkavSiri da administracia amuSaveben gegmas, raTa warudginon TavianTi pozicia TanamSromlebs. TiToeuli mxaris mizania Seagrovos informacia, romelic SeiZleba saqmis warmarTvisTvis profkavSiris sasargeblod an sawinaaRmdegod gamoiyenos. TiToeuli mxare cdilobs Tavidan aicilos ukanono SromiTi qmedebebi. kavSirisa da administraciis warmomadgenlebis gundebSi muSaobis dros upasuxeT Semdeg kiTxvebs da moemzadeT warmoadginoT Tqveni daskvnebi ganxilvis dros. kiTxvebi: 1. ra meTodebi SeiZleba gamoiyenos profkavSirma TanamSromlebTan urTierTobisTvis? 2. ra informacia SeiZleba moipovos xelmZRvanelobis Sesaxeb profkavSirma TanamSromlis mxardasaWerad? 3. ra informaciis Segroveba SeiZleba surdes administracias profkavSiris Sesaxeb? 4. ra meTodebi SeiZleba gamoiyenon profkavSirma da administraciam TanamSromlebisTvis “TavianTi zRaprebis mosayolad”? 5. romeli ukanono qmedebebisgan unda daicvan Tavi profkavSirma da administraciam? Kkonkretuli SemTxvevis ganxilva 1 PprofkavSiris kampania apolos korporaciaSi: ULP da organizebis taqtikebi B bob tomasi gaaTavisufles apolos korporaciaSi sawarmos SemkeTebel meqanikosad cxrametwliani muSaobis Semdeg. am drois ganmavlobaSi is iRebda saSualo, zogjer saSualoze dabal yovelwliuri saqmianobis Sefasebebs. tomass icnobdnen, rogorc ukmayofilo da Semawuxebel TanamSromels, is Zalian akritikebda xelmZRvanelobas. Mmis ganTavisuflebamde wina xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi misi daswrebis monacemebi Zalian cudi iyo. Mmiuxedavad amisa, apolos korporacias arasodes gamouyenebia daswrebis politika da arasodes dausjia tomasi cudi daswrebis gamo. Ffaqtobrivad, bolo dromde apolos administracia metad tolerantuli iyo TanamSromelTan urTierTobebSi. Aapolos korporacia awarmoebs kavSirgabmulobis industriis nawilebs. industria Seferxda 1998 wlidan intensiuri konkurenciuli zemoqmedebiT. Aam problemis gadasaWrelad, jin lipskim, adamianuri resursebis direqtorma, Caatara mravali Sexvedra menejerebTan da gaacno maT TanamSromlebTan maTi sazedamxedvelo urTierTobis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb. maT moaxsenes, rom zustad unda daicvan adamianuri resursebis politika da daiwyon disciplinaruli moqmedebebis ganxorcieleba TanamSromlebis winaaRmdeg, romelTa saqmianobac ar Seesabameba kompaniis politikas. es cvlilebebi didad ar moewonaT TanamSromlebs, gansakuTrebiT ki bob tomass. rodesac administraciis axali midgomis Sesaxeb gaigo, tomasi gabrazda da ganacxada: “isini amas ver gaarTmeven Tavs. Mme wigni davwere amis Sesaxeb”. magram farulad tomass sjeroda, rom misi warsuli qceva mis sawinaaRmdegod SeiZleboda gamomdgariyo da daiwyo zrunva samuSaos dasacavad. 143 samsaxuris Semdeg, saRamos tomasi daukavSirda meqanikosTa amxanagobis profkavSiris organizators da sTxova kavSirs kampania daewyo apoloSi. erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi TanamSromlebma eqspress acnobes profkavSiris Sexvedris Sesaxeb. roca lipskim gaigo am kampaniisa da tomasis xelmZRvanelobis Sesaxeb, man gadawyvita gaeTavisuflebina igi. tomasis ganTavisuflebis brZaneba ityobineba: “ganTavisuflebul iqna cudi muSaobisa da aradamakmayofilebeli daswrebis gamo.” tomasi gamoiZaxes lipskis ofisSi da acnobes ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. ofisis datovebis Semdeg igi daukavSirda profkavSiris organizators da isini gaemarTnen NLRB-is raionul samsaxurSi, raTa waeyenebinaT ukanono SromiTi praqtikis braldeba tomasis saxeliT. ULP daamtkica, rom is gaagdes profkavSirisa da organizebis kampaniisadmi mxardaWerisTvis. jin lipskis saerTod naklebi gamocdileba hqonda kavSirebis sakiTxebSi da ar hqonda specialuri gamocdileba kavSiris organizebis kampaniebTan urTierTobaSi. lipskis samwuxarod, meqanikosTa amxanagobam _ lokal 1463-m daiwyo kampania apolos winaaRmdeg 1 ivniss. sanamPprofkavSiris dawyebiTi moqmedebebi ixveweboda (ecnobebinaT mfrinavebisTvis organizaciuli Sexvedris Sesaxeb), 10 ivnisisTvis aSkara gaxda, rom TanamSromelTa mxardaWera kavSirisadmi gaizarda da profkavSiris kampaniac metad intensiuri gaxda. Llipskis winaSe aRar idga sakiTxi ase: “ rame unda moimoqmedos “apolom”?”, aramed ase: “ra unda gaakeTos “apolom”?” lipskisTvis naTeli gaxda, rom profkavSiri valdebuli iyo sruliad axali Zalixmeva gamoeyenebina kompaniis TanamSromelTa gasaerTianeblad. zedamxedvelebma mas moaxsenes, rom kavSiris mxardamWerebi iRebdnen uflebamosilebis baraTebs, raTa TxovniT miemarTaT NLRB-sTvis dasamtkicebeli arCevnebis Taobaze. kiTxvebi: 1. ra kanondarRveva (arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) Caidina apolos korporaciam? 2. ra argumentebi gamoiyenes jin lipskim da bob tomasma TavianTi saqmeebis mxardasaWerad? 3. CamoTvaleT, ra ar unda gaakeTon menejerebma, roca isini sCadian ukanono SromiT qmedebebs. Kkonkretuli SemTxvevis ganxilva 2 arbitraJi, jeisi stranksis SemTxveva arbitraJis dakiTxvaze orive mxarem mtkiced unda daicvas Tavisi pozicia. “poeniqs semikonduqtoris” mTavari menejeri irwmuneboda, rom mosarCle, nensi houngi axlaxans gaaTavisufles TanamSromelTan kamaTisa da dartymis gamo, rac warmoadgens kompaniis politikisa da TanamSromlis saxelmZRvanelos pirdapir darRvevas. stanksi amtkicebda, rom muSaobis dros, rva wlis ganmavlobaSi is kargi TanamSromeli iyo. wardgenili SeTanxmeba, romelic marTavda am saqmes, ase JRerda: “damqiraveblis poziciis Tanaxmad, arsebobda safuZvliani mizezi batoni jeisi stanksis ganTavisuflebisTvis; mas Sesaferisi jarima daekisra Cadenili samarTaldarRvevis gamo.” damsaqmebelma CvenebaSi axsena Sromis xelSekruleba, romelic gansazRvravda ganTavisuflebis mizezs: 144 safuZvliani mizezi ganapirobebs disciplinarul RonisZiebas, es mizezebia: arakeTilsindisiereba, araefeqturoba, araprofesionaluri moqceva, gacdenebi, oqmebis gayalbeba, kompaniis politikis darRveva, qonebis xelyofa, ganadgureba an alkoholis an narkotikebis floba an misi zemoqmedebis qveS yofna. stanksi muSaobda sistemis teqnikosad 1994 wlis 20 noembridan mis ganTavisuflebamde, 2002 wlis 25 oqtombramde. huangis Cvenebis Tanxmad, P”poeniqs semikonduqtor” kompania ecada SeenarCunebina pozitiuri da centraluri samuSao garemo TanamSromlebSi. brZola samsaxurisTvis mkacrad iyo akrZaluli. stanksis saqmianobis Sefasebam aCvena, rom is iyo saSualo donis TanamSromeli, Tumca mas miRebuli hqonda ramdenime disciplinaruli gafrTxileba cudi daswrebis gamo da daimsaxura erTi samdRiani droebiTi daTxovna “sistemis kontrolis SecdomisTvis”. stankss zogadad pativs scemdnen Tavisi TanamSromlebi da ramdenime maTganma arbitraJis dakiTxvaze mis sasargeblod misca Cveneba. stanksis samsaxuridan daTxovnas kavSiri hqonda mas da meore teqnikoss, gari lindekins Soris momxdar CxubTan. am incindentis TviTmxilvelebis Tanaxmad, orive – stanksi da lindekini metad gabrazdnen warmoebis aRWurvilobis saTuTi nawilis Semowmebis swor meTodze kamaTisas. rogorc erT-erTma mowmem ganacxada, es gacxarebuli kamaTi gagrZelda daaxloebiT sami wuTi da damTavrda maSin, roca stanksim Zlierad daartya xeli lindekins mxarze. lindekini Zlier ganarisxa stanksis saqcielma da saswrafod Seatyobina xelmZRvanelobas. mas Semdeg, rac dakiTxes stanksi da lindekini da am incindentis TviTmxilvelebi: haungi da samanta lovri, TanamSromelTa uSualo zedamxedvelma da granT grinma, departamentis menejerma gadawyvites stanksis samsxaxuridan daTxovna araprofesiuli saqcielisa da kompaniis politikis darRvevisTvis. kiTxvebi: 1. romel arguments mianiWeben ufro did mniSvnelobas: imas, romelic eyrdnoba kompaniis politikas, TanamSromlis saxelmZRvanolos da Sromis xelSekrulebas Tu Semamsubuqebel faqtorebs, romlebic damnaSavem da mowmeebma miawodes? 2. rogor SeiZleba ganisazRvros araprofesiuli qceva? axseniT. 3. Tqven rom iyoT arbitri, rogor moagvarebdiT am saqmes? srulad axseniT gadawyvetilebis mizezebi. 1. 2. 3. 4. HRM 1-s pasuxebi: ara. aplikantebi iTvlebian TanamSromlebad da Sesabamisad maT kanoni icavs. ara. TanamSromelTa individualuri dakiTxva maTi profkavSiris wevrobis an saqmianobis Sesaxeb ukanonoa. ara. specialuri situaciebis garda (magaliTad, usafrTxoebisTvis xelis Sewyoba), TanamSromlebs ufleba aqvT ataron profkavSiris niSnebi. diax. 145 5. diax. aplikantebis an TanamSromlebis Savi sia Sromis kanonis sawinaaRmdegoa. 6. ara. organizebis kampaniis periodSi damsaqmebels ar SeuZlia dahpirdes xelfasis gaumjobeseba, rogorc saSualeba profkavSiris dasamarcxeblad. 7. diax. damsaqmeblebic da kavSirebic eqvemdebarebian ukanono Sromis braldebebs. 8. diax. roca saCivris arbitraJis punqti arsebobs Sromis xelSekrulebaSi, xelmZRvanelobam unda gadasces arbitraJs saqmeebi. 9. diax. TanamSromlebi SeiZleba daisajon an ganTavisufldnen araswori samsaxurebrivi moqmedebis gamo, magram ara maTi Sexedulebebis an profkavSiris wevrobis gamo. 10. diax. antikavSiruli SeniSvnebi ar aris ukanono, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom isini ar aris iZulebiTi. sarCevi pirveli Tavi adamiani da organizacia meore Tavi personalis menejmenti mesame Tavi 146 organizaciuli kultura meoTxe Tavi Sromis motivireba da karieris marTva mexuTe Tavi adamianebTan urTierTobis xelovneba meeqvse Tavi treningebis sistemis analizi da marTva meSvide Tavi adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategia da politika merve Tavi drois marTvis principebi mecxre Tavi TanamSromelTa uflebebi da disciplina 147
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