Surface Drainage Works

Surface Drainage Works
Protection of
Culverts and Low-level Crossings
In tro d u ctio n
1
Structures built from double twist hexagonal wire mesh gabions and
Reno mattresses are a valid and effective technical solution in the
design and maintenance of culverts and low-level river crossings.
(See tables for specifications).
2
In inlet works it is necessary to guide the flows into the culvert, thus
avoiding dangerous uncontained flows.
Furthermore, in restoration work one should be aware of erosion of
river beds and banks, which may undermine the structure.
In the case of deeply cut watercourses it is advisable to create structures
capable of both containment and support.
3
When the river bed is not well defined it is good practice to extend the
wing walls of the culverts to protect the flanks.
At low-level river crossings, where the water flows directly over the
roadway, protection is needed both upstream and downstream to
prevent erosion which would immediately affect the roadway itself and
render it unusable.
4
Structures made from gabions and Reno mattresses poses many technical
and economic advantages over other possible systems, such as rip rap,
cement or concrete.
PROPERTIES OF WIRE
Diameter
Tolerance
Zinc Coating
mm
mm
g/m2
2.2
±0.08
245
2.5
2.7
±0.08 ±0.08
260
275
3.0
±0.1
275
3.4
±0.1
275
3.9
±0.1
290
4.4
±0.1
290
PROPERTIES OF MESH
Mesh
Type
60
80
b
b
(mm)
Tolerance
(%)
Nominal External Wire Diameter (mm)
Mesh
PVC
Galv.
2.2
3.2
2.7
3.7
60
-2 +5
80
-2 +5
MESH TOLERANCE
The tolerance on the opening of mesh “b” being the distance between
the axis of two consecutive twists according to SANS 1580:2001,
EN 10223-3, EN 10218-2, ASTM A975.
Tolerances and dimensions of the double twist mesh and PVC coated wire are covered by the
local and international specifications which may differ from country to country.
LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL SPECIFICATIONS
South Africa
SANS 675:1993
European
EN 10223-3
Zinc Coating
SANS 675:1993
EN 10244-2
PVC Coating
SANS 1580:2001
Mesh Specifications
SANS 1580:2001
EN 10245-2
EN 10223-3
EN 10218-2
Wire Specifications
American
ASTM A975
ASTM A975
ASTM A641
ASTM A975
These advantages include:
• simplicity and ease of installation even on sites with difficult access;
• ease of finding suitable fill materials locally;
• ease of construction even in arid locations;
• unskilled labour can be used;
• flexibility;
• reduction of the thickness of filter layers;
• ease of maintenance.
The following types will be discussed:
- Circular culverts.
- Polycentric and pipe arch culverts.
- Reinforced concrete box culverts.
- Low-level river crossings (sometimes termed Irish crossings,
fords or causeways).
ASTM A975
5
A
Without restriction of the section.
With restriction of the section.
A
Culvert.
Water course section.
1
2
2
Bueiro.
Seção do curso d’ádua.
a
b
c
d, e
Absence of lateral scour.
Lateral scour.
Scour at the end of wing walls.
Correct solution.
a
b
c
d,e
Ausência de atrito lateral.
Atrito lateral.
Atrito ao final das alas.
Solução correta.
A
B
1
B
A
B
From:
Handbook of steel drainage
and highway products.
(American Iron and Steel Drainage)
2
1
Sem restrição da seção.
Com restrição da seção.
Sans rétrécissement de section.
Avec rétrécissement de section.
2
Buse.
Section courante.
a
b
c
d, e
Absence d’érosion latérale.
Erosions latérales.
Erosions à l’extrémité des murs d’aile.
Solution optimale.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
a
Circular culvert.
Polycentric and pipe arch culvert.
Reinforced concrete box culvert.
Low-level river crossing.
Influence of wing walls at the outlet section.
1
2
I nt r odu ç ã o
In tro d u ctio n
Estruturas construídas com gabiões e colchões Reno em malha
hexagonal de dupla torção, são uma solução técnica válida e
efetiva para projetos e manutenção de bueiros e passagens
molhadas. (Ver tabela normas)
Les structures en gabions et matelas Reno fabriquée de grillage à maille
hexagonale double torsion, représentent une solution correcte et efficace
pour le calcul et l’entretien des buses et des traversées inondables. (Voir
table pour les specifications).
Em algumas obras é necessário direcionar a água para o bueiro
e v i t a n d o d a n o s g e ra d o s p o r f l u x o s n ã o c o n t r o l a d o s.
Dans les ouvrages d’embouchure, il faut canaliser de façon sûre dans des
buses les débits d’eau qui arrivent, afin d’éviter de dangereux
contournements des ouvrages.
Além disso, em obras de restauração deve-se estar atento às
erosões do leito do rio e margens, que podem solapar a estrutura.
No caso de obras que alterem drasticamente o curso d'água é
aconselhável o uso de estruturas que desenvolvam várias funções,
tais como: contenção, controle de erosão, revestimento, etc.
Par ailleurs, dans les restitutions, il faut se méfier de l’érosion sur le fond
du lit et sur les berges qui, en régressant, risquent de constituer un danger
pour les structures.
Quando o leito do rio não é bem definido costuma-se prolongar
as alas dos bueiros para proteger as margens.
Dans le cas des cours d’eau particulièrement encaissés, on conseille des
structures capables d’offrir aussi bien une action de retenue et de
soutènement.
Para uma passagem molhada, na qual a água flui diretamente
sobre a rodovia, se faz necessário proteções a montante e a
jusante para prevenir eventuais erosões que afetariam a própria
estrada, inutilizando-a.
Lorsque le lit d’un cours d’eau n’est pas déterminé de façon certaine, il
faut prolonger latéralement la protection le long du pied du remblai,
jusqu’aux conduits souterrains, pour éviter un écoulement incontrôlé le
long du remblai.
Estruturas feitas com gabiões e colchões Reno possuem muitas
vantagens técnicas e econômicas se comparadas a outros sistemas
construtivos, tais como rip-rap, ou concreto.
Dans les traversées inondables, enfin, où l’eau passe directement sur la
chaussée, il est nécessaire d’avoir des protections en amont et en aval du
plan de la route, pour empêcher l’érosion qui s’attaquerait immédiatement
à l’assise de la route même et la rendrait impraticable.
Estas vantagens incluem:
• simplicidade de instalação e construção, até mesmo em locais
de difícil acesso;
• possibilidade da utilização de materiais locais para enchimento;
• não exige mão de obra qualificada;
• flexibilidade;
• redução da espessura das camadas de filtração;
• fácil manutenção.
Les ouvrages en gabions et matelas Reno démontrent une série d’avantages
techniques et économiques par rapport à d’autres systèmes d’enrochement,
perré maçonné ou ouvrages en béton préfabriqué.
Os tipos seguintes serão discutidos:
- Bueiro circulares.
- Bueiros policêntricos.
- B u e i r o s r e t a n g u l a r e s e m c o n c r e t o a r m a d o.
- Passagens molhadas.
Ces avantages sont:
• facilité de trouver sur site un matériau de remplissage adéquat;
• facilité de réalisation, même dans les environnements arides;
• utilisation de main d’oeuvre non spécialisée;
• flexibilité;
• réduction de l’épaisseur des couches filtrantes;
• possibilité d’effectuer un entretien simple.
On examinera les types d’ouvrages suivants:
- Buses circulaires;
- Buses à plusieurs centres;
- Buses emboitées en béton armé;
- Traversées inondables.
B
b
c
d
e
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
3
Circ ula r Culve rts
Circular culverts with
D < 1.0m
Buses circulaires avec
D < 1.0m
Bueiros circulares com
D < 1.0m
Variable
4
1.0m
3
1.0m
Longitudinal section
0.5m
1.0m
D
0.23-0.3m
1.0m
2.0m
1
1.0m
2
1.0m
2.0m
1.0m
L
L > 2.5-3 D
4.0m
5
4
Inlet
3
2.0m
Outlet
4.0m
1.0m
2.0m
4.0m
2.0m
6
Culverts in braided river beds
Bueiros em confluência de
leitos de rio
Buses circulaires pour
lits peu profonds
Outlet
1.
0m
0.5m
1.0m
0m
2.
6.
0m
0.23-0.3m
7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
4
Pipeline.
Base layer.
Gabion and mattress protection.
Gabion key.
AG Geotextile.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Oleoduto.
Camada de base.
Proteção em gabião e colchão.
Gabião chave.
AG Geotêxtil.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Buse.
Couche de base.
Protection en gabion et matelas.
Gabion d’ancrage.
AG Géotextile.
Bu e i r o s Cir cular es
Buses Circulair e s
Bueiros circulares com
D >1.0m
Circular culverts with
D >1.0m
Buses circulaires avec
D > 1.0m
Longitudinal section
Variable
3
4
A
B
Variable
3.0m
D
1.0m
0.23-0.3m
1.0m
A
B
1
3.0m
2
1.0m
5
L
L > 2.5-3 D
1.0m
3
Section A-A
1.0m
Variable
2.0m
1.0m
1.0m
2.0m
Variable
Section B-B
1.0m
1.0m
5
0.23-0.3m
Variable
2.0m
8
1.0m
Variable
Circular culverts with drop
structures at the outlet section
2.0m
Bueiros circulares com saída
em degraus.
Variable
3
Buses circulaires avec des
escaliers à la restitution
6
Longitudinal section
Variable
4
1.0m
D
1.0m
1.0m
0.23-0.3m
1
1.0m
2
3.0m
5
1.0m
3.0m
2.0m
3.0m
3.0-5.0m
9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Pipeline.
Base layer.
Gabion key.
Gabion protection.
AG Geotextile.
Concrete capping.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Oleoduto.
Camada de base.
Gabião chave.
Proteção em gabião.
AG Geotêxtil.
Revestimento em concreto.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Buse.
Couche de base.
Gabion d’ancrage.
Défense en gabions.
AG Géotextile.
Couverture en béton.
5
6
10
11
12
13
14
15
10. Whale Rock, W. Cape, South Africa.
11. Sabi River Sun, Mpumalanga, South Africa.
12. Pretoria, South Africa.
13. Brazil.
14. Whale Rock, W. Cape, South Africa.
15. USA.
11
16
17
1
2
4
3
5
4.0m
18
2.0m
10.0m
2.0m
14.0m
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Gabion structure.
Woven mesh/geogrid reinforcement.
AG Geotextile.
Compacted earth back-filling.
Crushed stone.
19
16. Lesotho.
17. Aliano, Matera, Italy.
18. Culvert through mechanically stabilised earth.
19 & 20. South Australia.
1. Estrutura em gabiões.
2. Reforço em malha hexagonal
ou geogrelha tecida.
3. AG Geotêxtil.
4. Reaterro com solo compactado.
5. Pedra britada.
1. Structure en gabions.
2. Géotextile tissé/
géogrille de renfort.
3. AG Géotextile.
4. Remblai compacté.
5. Pierraille.
20
7
Polycentric and Pipe
Arch Culverts
Single polycentric culvert with head retaining wall
Longitudinal section
Variable
3
Variable
6
A
0.23-0.3m
D
4
8
1
2
A
8
3.0m
1.0m
2.0m
2.0m
L
L > 2.5-3 D
6.0m
21
4
Single polycentric culvert with drop structure
Longitudinal section
Variable
6
3
7
9
0.23-0.3m
Variable
A
1.0m
0.23-0.3m
D
4
8
1.0m
1
2
A
2.0m
6.0m
22
0.5m
8
3.0m
2.0m
2.0m
2.0m
4.0m
4.0m
Multiple polycentric culvert with sloping head wall
Longitudinal section
Variable
A
4
Variable
6
D
1.0-1.5m
A
8
a
1
2
6.0m
5
23
0.23-0.3m
1.0m
b
8
2.0m
8
2.0m
4.0m
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Pipeline.
Base layer.
Head wall.
Reno mattress lining.
River bed key-in (a, b solutions).
Upstream gabion key-in at banks.
Key-in of drop structure.
AG Geotextile.
Concrete capping.
2.0m
L
L > 2.5-3 D
Bue i ro Policênt r ico
com e Tubo em Arco
Buses à P lusie u r s
Centre s
Bueiro policêntrico com encabeçamento
de muros de contenção
Buse à plusieurs centres avec des murs de soutènement
Section A-A
1
D
1.5-2
0.23-0.3m
2.0m
Variable
2.0m
Bueiro policêntrico com estrutura em degraus.
Buse à plusieurs centres avec des ouvrages en gradins
Section A-A
8
3
D
0.23-0.3m
7
m
6.0
1
1.5-2
0.5m
9
Variable
3.0m
m
3.0
6.0m
Bueiro policêntrico múltiplo com
encabeçamento em taludes revestidos.
Buse à plusieurs centres multiple avec revêtement de talus
Section A-A
6
D
1
1.0m
1.5-2
0.23-0.3m
8
Variable
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Oleoduto.
Camada de base.
Muro de encabeçamento.
Canalização em colchão Reno.
Leito de rio chave (a,b soluçãos).
Margens a montante em gabião chave.
Chave em estrutura em degraus.
AG Geotêxtil.
Revestimento em concreto.
2.0m
Variable
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Buse.
Couche de base.
Mur de soutènement.
Revêtement en matelas Reno.
Ancrage du lit du cours d’eau (solution a, b).
Ancrage des gabions en amont sur les berges.
Ancrage avec des ouvrages en gradins.
9
AG Géotextile.
Couverture en béton.
24
25
24 & 25. La Lucia, KZN, South Africa.
26. Luanshya, Zambia.
27. Canada.
10 28. Swaziland.
26
27
28
11
Reinforced Concrete
Box Culve rts
Single box culverts in
braided river beds
Bueiro retangular em
confluência de leito de rio.
3
Buses emboitées simples
pour lits peu profonds
Variable
1.5-2
1
Longitudinal section
Variable
4
0.23-0.3m
0.23-0.3m
D
5
1
2
1.0m
1.0m
3.0m
5
L
L > 2.5-3 D
Inlet
3
Outlet
4
D
m
4.0
5
ble
ia
Var
5
2.0
3.0
2.0
m
m
3.0
m
L
m
4.0
m
2.0
m
29
Box culverts with drop structures
at the outlet section
Bueiro retangular com
saída em degraus.
Buses emboitées avec
des ouvrages en gradins
Section B-B
4
1
A
1.0m
1.0m
1.0m
0.5m
3
Longitudinal section
Variable
1.5-2
1
B
8
2.0m
A
4.0m
5
2.0m
4
0.23-0.3m
D
5
4.0m
1.0m
1
2
2.0m
B
0.23-0.3m
1.0m
3.0m
30
12
3
1.0m
6.0m
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Box culvert in reinforced concrete.
Reinforced concrete cut-off.
Reno mattress lining.
Gabion protection.
AG Geotextile.
Gabion key-in at bank.
Reno mattress or gabion apron (0.23-0.3m).
Concrete capping.
5
Bue i ro Ret angula r em
Conc re to A r m ado.
Buses Emboitées
en Béton Armé
Outlet section in mobile river beds
Saída de bueiro com leito não revestido
Restitution pour des lits non définis
7
m
1.0
D
m
2.0
m
4.0
le
riab
Va
m
2.0
L
.0m
4
Outlet transition to the natural trapezoidal stream section
Transição de saída para a seção trapezoidal natural
Restitution avec raccordement à la section trapezoïdale courante
7
6
e
abl
i
Var
D
L
2.0
m
m
1.0
ble
6
ia
Var
Outlet transition to the natural stream
Transição de saída para o fluxo natural
Restitution avec raccordement à la section courante
7
6
D
L
2.0
m
m
1.0
m
6
4.0
ble
ia
Var
m
4.0
31
1.
2
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Bueiro retangular em concreto armado.
Barreira em concreto armado.
Canalização em colchão Reno.
Proteção em gabião.
AG Geotêxtil.
Gabião chave na margem.
Apron em colchão Reno ou gabião (0.23-0.3m).
Revestimento em concreto.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Emboîtement en béton armé.
Talon en béton armé.
Revêtement en matelas Reno.
Protection en gabions.
AG Geotextile.
Ancrage des gabions sur la berge.
Renforcement en matelas Reno ou gabions (0.23-0.3m).
Couverture en béton.
13
32
33
34
32. W. Cape, South Africa.
33. W. Cape, South Africa.
34. Dedza, Malawi.
14
18
35
36
37
35. Mississippi, USA.
36. Minnesota, USA.
37. Outeniqua Pass, W. Cape, South Africa.
15
Low-Leve l River
Crossings
Typical scheme
Esquema típico
Plan
Schéma type
5
A
3.0-4.0m
3
6.0-8.0m
Variable
Road
3
A
5
5
Section A-A
0.23 - 0.3m
1
5
3
Alternative solution with
a gabion curb
6.0 - 8.0m
Solução alternativa com
gabião freio
5
6
1
Alternative avec des
rangées en gabions
5
6
8
4
2
0.23 - 0.3m
8
Variable
3.0 - 4.0m
38
3
4
2
0.23 - 0.3m
0.23 - 0.3m
1.0m
3.0 - 4.0m
1.0m
Variable
6.0 - 8.0m
39
Reno mattress or gabion
foundation for yielding soils
5
1
16
0.15 - 0.5m
3.0 - 4.0m
1. Road paving.
2. Sub-base.
3. Concrete cut-off.
4. Drainage hardcore.
5. Mattress protection.
6. Gabion curb.
6
2
5
7
0.23 - 0.3m
40
Matelas Reno en fondation ou
gabions pour des terrains meubles
Colchão Reno ou fundação em
gabião para solos deformáveis
1.0m
7. Impermeable membrane.
8. AG Geotextile.
9. Concrete capping.
10. Pipeline.
11. Dry granular material.
12. Gabion retaining structure.
0.23 - 0.3m
8
Variable
1.0m
6.0 - 8.0m
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Estrada pavimentada.
Base granular.
Barreira em concreto.
Núcleo drenante.
Proteção em colchão.
Gabião freio.
Irish
C ros si ngs
Bue iros
circ ula res
Crossing with a drop structure
Passagem molhada com
estrutura em degraus.
5
Tra versée s
Inondab l e s
Traversée avec ressauts
1
9
8
2
0.23 - 0.3m
5
0.23 - 0.3m
1.0m
3.0 - 4.0m
Variable
1.0m
6.0 - 8.0m
41
Culvert crossing with small
discharges (causeway)
Passagem molhada com descargas
pequenas (calçada).
Traversée avec buse pour
des faibles débits
Longitudinal section
10
12
Max level
B
0.23-0.3m
% Variable
B
8
Variable
Section B-B
1
12
11
1.0m
5
1.0m
0.23 - 0.3m
10
3.0 - 4.0m
2.0m
0.23 - 0.3m
8
Variable
2.0m
4.0 - 6.0m
42
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Membrana impermeável.
AG Geotêxtil.
Revestimento em concreto.
Oleoduto.
Material granular seco.
Estrutura de contenção em gabião.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Dallage.
Couche de transition.
Talon en béton armé.
Structure filtrante.
Protection en matelas.
Rangées en gabion.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Géomembrane imperméable.
AG Geotextile.
Couverture en béton.
Buse.
Matériau graveleux.
Structure de rétention en gabions.
17
43
44
45
43 & 44. Richmond, KZN, South Africa.
45. Italy.
18
46
47
48
49
46. Paarl, W. Cape, South Africa.
47. Chapananga, Malawi
48 & 49. Papua, New Guinea.
19
ANY REPRODUCTION, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, FILM AND MICROFILM, IS FORBIDDEN. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED WORLDWIDE.
Quality System Guarantees
production, certified internal management and
technical assistance in compliance with ISO 9001:2000
MACCAFERRI SA (PTY) LTD
HEAD OFFICE - DURBAN, SOUTH AFRICA:
P O Box 15777, Westmead, 3608
Tel: +27-31-700 8456 Fax: +27-31-700 8469
E-mail: [email protected]
JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA:
P O Box 133, Kya Sands, 2163
Tel: +27-11-704 0160
Fax: +27-11-704 0159
E-mail: [email protected]
MALAWI:
P O Box 40494, Kanengo, Lilongwe 4, Malawi
Cell: +265-8-842 503
Tel/Fax: +265-1-756 109
E-mail: [email protected]
CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA:
P O Box 22150, Fish Hoek, 7974
Tel: +27-21-702 1416
Fax: +27-21-702 2977
E-mail: [email protected]
MADAGASCAR:
BP 168, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
Tel: +261-20-22-231 02
Fax: +261-20-22-553 90
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.maccaferri.co.za
ZAF / CULVERTS : Eng - Rev. 01, Feb 2007 Maccaferri SA (Pty) Ltd, Durban, South Africa - Designed by: Wendy Potgieter - Printer: Pro-Print (Pty) Ltd.