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NORTH-WESTERN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY
International scientific research journal of zoology and animal ecology
of the Herpetological Club - Oradea
Univeristy of Oradea, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology
Univeristatii str. No.1, Oradea – 410087, Romania
Publisher: University of Oradea Publishing House
Contact e-mail: [email protected]
NORTH – WESTERN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY
(International journal of zoology and animal ecology)
ACCEPTED PAPER
- Online until proofing -
Authors: Hans THOMASSEN; Samuel Campos GOMIDES; Emanuel Teixeira da
SILVA; Hugo B.A. PINTO; Felipe S. F. LEITE; Paulo C.A. GARCIA
Title: New state record and updated geographic distribution for the little known
Psilophthalmus paeminosus (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae)
Journal: North-Western Journal of Zoology
Article number: e162504
Status: awaiting English spelling editing
awaiting proofing
How to cite:
Thomassen H., Gomides S.C., Silva E.T.d., Pinto H.B.A., Leite F.S.F., Garcia P.C.A.
(2016): New state record and updated geographic distribution for the little known
Psilophthalmus paeminosus (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae). North-Western Journal
of Zoology (2016): e162504
Date published: <2016-03-30>
Citation as online first paper: North-western Journal of Zoology 2015: e162504
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New state record and updated geographic distribution for the little known
Psilophthalmus paeminosus (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae)
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Hans THOMASSEN1,*, Samuel Campos GOMIDES1, Emanuel Teixeira da SILVA1, Hugo B.
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A. PINTO2, Felipe S. F. LEITE3, Paulo C. A. GARCIA1
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1. Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos
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6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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2. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e
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Conservação de Répteis e Anfíbios-RAN, 74605090, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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3. Universidade Federal de Viçosa, campus Florestal, Florestal, Rodovia LMG 818, km 06,
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35690-000, MG, Brazil.
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* Corresponding author, Hans Thomassen, Email: [email protected]
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Running title: Geographic distribution of Psilophthalmus paeminosus
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Abstract: The monotypic gymnophthalmid genus Psilophthalmus is endemic to the Caatinga
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biome in the states of Bahia and Sergipe, northeastern Brazil. Herein, we present a new record
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of P. paeminosus, extending its range 600 km southward until northern state of Minas Gerais,
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southeastern Brazil, and present an updated distribution map for the species.
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Keywords. Psammophilous, Caatinga, Cerrado, Espinhaço Range, Biogeography.
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Psilophthalmus is a monotypic gymnophthalmid genus represented by P. paeminosus
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Rodrigues, 1991. It is a small psammophilous lizard (SVL: 34.1mm to 38.1mm), usually
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found buried in sandy soils or under leaf litter, fallen trunks, cacti, bromeliads and other
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hideouts (Rodrigues 1991, Delfim et al. 2006). Up to now it is reported only for four
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municipalities inserted in the Caatinga biome (IBGE, 2004): Santo Inácio (type locality) and
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Vacaria, in the dune fields of the middle São Francisco river, Bahia state (Rodrigues 1991);
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Paulo Afonso, Bahia state (Garda et al. 2013) and Canindé do São Francisco, Sergipe state
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(Delfim et al. 2006), both in the lower São Francisco valley. Psilophthalmus paeminosus is
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classified as near threatened in the Brazilian list of threatened species (MMA 2014) and as
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Vulnerable according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, because of its habitat-
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specialism and presumably narrow endemism (Nogueira 2013). In the present paper we
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extend the geographic distribution of P. paeminosus (Fig. 1) through its first record for the
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state of Minas Gerais, south-eastern Brazil (Fig. 2).
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We collected four adult specimens of P. paeminosus during a herpetofaunal survey
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between 16 and 22 of January 2014, in the protected reserve Parque Estadual de Grão Mogol
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(PEGM) and its surroundings, municipality of Grão Mogol, northern state of Minas Gerais.
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All individuals were outside the limits of the PEGM, but in its buffer area. The studied area
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lies between elevations ranging from 650 m a.s.l. in the lowlands of the Itacambiraçu river, to
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1299 m a.s.l. in mountaintops of the Espinhaço range. Climate is markedly seasonal, with a
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rainy season from October to April. The vegetation of Grão Mogol is a mosaic of arboreal
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savannah (Fig. 3), semi-deciduous forest, “carrascos” (closed, tall-shrubby, xerophilous
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vegetation on quartz sand soils), and predominantly “campos rupestres” (rupestrian
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grasslands, Pirani et al. 2003). For more information on evolution and ecology of “campos
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rupestres” see Silveira et al. 2015. We installed 13 lines of pitfall traps with drift fences; each
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grid comprised 10 30 L buckets, and eight meters of plastic fence between each bucket (total
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length = 80 m each). We kept open all buckets during eleven days (total sampling = 264
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hours). We captured three specimens by traps (UFMG 2188, 2221, 2226) and one by active
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search hidden under the leaf litter (UFMG 2189). All specimens inhabited areas with sandy
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soil, sparse vegetation, available leaf litter and close to campo rupestre, see figure 3 for
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detailed information. We collected all specimens near the Itacambiraçu River, the main
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watercourse of the region and a tributary of Jequitinhonha River basin (Fig. 2). We deposited
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the voucher specimens at Coleção Herpetológica da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
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(UFMG), Belo Horizonte municipality, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Instituto Chico Mendes de
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Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio, license number #42369-1) and Instituto Estadual de
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Florestas (IEF, license number 004/2014) provided collecting permits. We described the
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morphological variation of collected specimens in Table 1.
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We found all individuals at 730 m a.s.l. occurring on its previously known type of
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habitat (i.e., sandy soils; Rodrigues 1991, Delfim et al. 2006). Up to now, all specimens of P.
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paeminosus have been recorded close to the right bank of the São Francisco River at a
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maximum distance of 70 km from the river. Our new record lies 600 km southward from the
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species’ closest record in Santo Inácio, Bahia, and at the right side of the São Francisco River,
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in the Jequitinhonha River basin (Fig. 2).
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Rodrigues (1984a, b, 1991a, b, c) described several lizard species and genera for the
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Paleoquaternary dune fields of the middle São Francisco River, many of them considered
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endemic to the Caatinga biome, including P. paeminosus. The faunal composition of these
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dune fields is markedly diverse with endemic fossorial and psammophilous species distinct
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from adjacent areas (Rodrigues 1996). However, in the past few years species described from
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these dune fields and considered restricted to the region have been recorded elsewhere. For
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instance, Procellosaurinus erythrocercus (Rodrigues 1991), another gymnophthalmid
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regarded as a middle São Francisco River dune endemic, was found further north in the state
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of Piauí (Delfim et al. 2011). Similar to P. erythrocercus, the gymnophtalmid genus
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Calyptommatus (Rodrigues 1991a) was endemic to the São Francisco dune fields until
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Rodrigues et al. (2001) described Calyptommatus confusionibus, from the Parque Nacional
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Serra das Confusões, in the state of Piauí. Not a lizard, but also a psammophilous species, the
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fossorial snake, Typhlops amoipira was considered endemic to the São francisco dune field
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until it was found southwards at the State of Minas Gerais (Fernandes et al. 2010), and later
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eastwards in the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Alagoas (Brito & Freire 2012).
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Although the region of Grão Mogol is located inside the limits of the Cerrado biome
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(according to IBGE 2004), it actually lies in a transition zone between the Caatinga, Cerrado
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and Atlantic Forest biomes, evidenced by the complex and high diverse vegetation mosaic
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that characterizes the region (Pirani et al. 2003). Indeed, some patches of vegetation in Grão
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Mogol resemble that of the Caatinga, by the presence of several cacti and deciduous shrub
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species (Pirani et al. 2003; Fig. 3). It is important to note that there seem to be two candidate
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new species for the genus Psilophthalmus. The first recorded inside the Cerrado biome limits,
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at the left side of the São Francisco River in the Parque Nacional Grande Sertão Veredas (Fig.
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2), northwestern Minas Gerais (Recoder & Nogueira, 2007). The other, inside the Caatinga
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biome limits, recorded for the Chapada Diamantina (northern segment of the Serra do
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Espinhaço mountain range) at municipality of Mucugê and Palmeiras, Bahia state (Freitas &
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Silva 2007 and Freitas et al. 2012). Freitas & Silva 2007 comment about specimens found on
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the Planalto de Conquista, Bahia state and northeastern region of Minas Gerais, however,
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without detailing specific municipalities or locations. The area where these specimens were
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found also consists of sandy soils, the same habitat of P. paeminosus in Grão Mogol.
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However, taxonomic studies are not available to ascertain if the specimens registered by
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Recoder & Nogueira (2007) and Freitas & Silva (2007) are P. paeminosus or a different
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species.
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Our record adds important information for future reassessment on the conservation
status of P. paeminosus. As the species occurs at the buffer area of the protected reserve
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Parque Estadual de Grão Mogol, some populations may also occur inside the limits of the
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protected area, a positive factor for the permanence of P. paeminosus in the region.
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Furthermore, the distribution pattern of the genus Psilophthalmus inside the Caatinga, and its
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transitional area, together with recent species distribution extensions (e.g., Psyhosaura
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agmostica, Magalhães et al. 2014; and Tupinambis teguixin, Passos et al. 2013) shows how
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little we know about the Caatinga faunal diversity. Therefore, new surveys are important to
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complement knowledge of this important biome, endemic to Brazil.
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Acknowledgments: We are gratefull to Fernando Leal, Samantha Lee Oliveira, Carlos
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Abrahão, Julia Soares Parreiras, Mario R. Moura, Pedro Rocha and Claudiane Werneck for
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their help in fieldwork at Grão Mogol; Henrique Caldeira Costa for his valuable suggestions
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on a first draft of this manuscript; Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Répteis e
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Anfíbios (RAN) and Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) for
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financial support concerning the PAN Herpetofauna do Espinhaço. SCG is grateful to CAPES
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for scholarship; ETS is grateful to CNPq for scholarship;
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References
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Brito, P.S., Freire, E.M.X. (2012): New records and geographic distribution map of Typhlops
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amoipira Rodrigues and Juncá, 2002 (Typhlopidae) in the Brazilian Rainforest. Check
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List 8(6): 1347–1349.
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89-92.
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erythrocercus
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Freitas M.A. & Silva, T.F.S. (2007). A Herpetofauna das Caatingas e Áreas de Altitudes do
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Freitas, M.A., Veríssimo, D., Uhlig, V. (2012): Squamate Reptiles of the central Chapada
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Diamantina, with a focus on the municipality of Mucugê, state of Bahia, Brazil. Check
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List 8(1): 016-022.
Garda, A.A., Costa, T.B., Silva, C.R.S., Mesquita, D.O., Faria, R.G., Conceição, B.M., Silva,
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I.R.S., Ferreira, A.S., Rocha, S.M., Palmeira, C.N.S., Rodrigues, R., Ferrari, S.F.,
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Torquato, S. (2013): Herpetofauna of protected areas in the Caatinga I: Raso da
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Catarina Ecological Station (Bahia, Brazil). Check List 9(2): 405–414.
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IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (2004): Mapa de Biomas do Brasil –
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primeira aproximação. < http://mapas.ibge.gov.br/tematicos>. Downloaded at 11 June
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2014.
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Magalhães Jr, AJC, Pereira, LCM, Nicola, PA, Ribeiro, LB, Junior SMA. (2014):
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Distribuição geográfica de Psychosaura agmosticha (Rodrigues, 2000) (Squamata,
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Mabuyidae). Biotemas, 27: 217-222.
MMA - Ministério do Meio Ambiente. (2014): Portaria Nº 444, de 17 de Dezembro de 2014.
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Passos D.C., Lima-Araujo F, Melo A.C.B., Borges-Nojosa D.M. (2013): New state record and
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distribution extension of the golden tegu Tupinambis teguixin (Linnaeus, 1758)
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(Squamata:Teiidae) to the Caatinga biome, northeastern Brazil. Check List. 9:1524-
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1526.
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Pirani, J.R., Mello-Silva, R., Giulietti, A.M., (2003): Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais,
Brasil. Boletim de Botânica da Universidade de São Paulo 21(1): 1-24.
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Recoder, R., Nogueira, C. (2007): Composição e diversidade de répteis na região sul do
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Parque Nacional Grande Sertão Veredas, Brasil Central. Biota Neotropica 7(3): 267-
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Rodrigues, M.T. (1984a): Uma nova espécie brasileira de Tropidurus com crista dorsal
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Rodrigues, M.T. (1984b): Notobachia ablephara: novo gênero e espécie do nordeste do Brasil
(Sauria, Teiidae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 35(28): 361-366.
Rodrigues, M.T. (1991a): Herpetofauna das dunas interiores do Rio São Francisco: Bahia:
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Brasil: I. Introdução à área e descrição de um novo gênero de microteiídeos
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(Calyptommatus) com notas sobre sua ecologia, distribuição e especiação (Sauria,
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Teiidae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 37(19): 285-320.
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Rodrigues, M.T. (1991b): Herpetofauna das dunas interiores do Rio São Francisco: Bahia:
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Brasil: II. Psilophthalmus: um novo gênero de microteiídeos sem pálpebras (Sauria,
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Teiidae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 37(20): 321-327.
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Rodrigues, M.T. (1991c): Herpetofauna das dunas interiores do Rio São Francisco: Bahia:
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Brasil: III. Procellosaurinus: um novo gênero de microteiídeos sem pálpebras, com a
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redefinição do gênero Gymnophthalmus (Sauria, Teiidae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia
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37(21): 329-342.
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Rodrigues, M.T. (1996): Lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians from the Quaternary sand dunes
of the middle rio São Francisco: Bahia: Brazil. Journal of Herpetology 30(4): 513-523.
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Rodrigues, M. T, H. Zaher and F. Curcio. (2001): A new species of lizard, gênus
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Calyptommatus, from the caatingas of the state of piaui, northeastern Brazil (Squamata,
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Gymnophthalmidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 41(28): 529-546.
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Silveira, F. A. O., Negreiros, D., Barbosa, N. P. U., Buisson, E., Carmo, F. F., Carstensen, D.
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W., Conceição, A. A., Cornelissen, T. G., Echternacht, L., Fernandes, G. W., Garcia, Q.
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S., Guerra, T. J., Jacobi, C. M.,Lemos-Filho, J. P., Le Stradic, S., Morellato, L. P. C.,
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Neves, F. S., Oliveira, R. S., Schaefer, C. E., Viana, P. L., Lambers, H. (2015): Ecology
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and evolution of plant diversity in the endangered campo rupestre: a neglected
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conservation priority. Plant Soil s11104-015-2637-8
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Table 1. Pholidosis and measurements (mm) of Psilophthalmus paeminosus, collected in county of Grão Mogol, state of Minas Gerais,
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southeastern Brazil, in accordance with its description by Rodrigues (1991). VS = number of ventral scales; DS = number of dorsal scales; SAM
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= Scales around midbody; SC = number of supraciliary scales; SO = number of supraocular scales; SL = number of supralabial scales; IL =
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number of infralabial scales; P = number of pores on each thigh; LI = number of infradigital lamellae; SVL = snout vent length. Coordinates
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given for Rodrigues (1991) are approximated, based on P. paeminosus type locality.
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Table 1.
VS
DS
SAM
SC
SO
SL
IL
P
LI
SVL
Sex
UFMG 2221
25
37
20
3
2
7
5
0
17
37.5
F
-16.591117°
-42.961696°
UFMG 2226
27
38
19
3
2
7
7
0
17
34.1
F
-16.603000°
-42.925933°
UFMG 2189
25
37
17
3
2
7
7
5
16
38.1
M
-16.591117°
-42.961696°
UFMG 2188
27
39
20
3
2
7
7
0
17
35.1
F
-16.604000°
-42.937950°
Rodrigues (1991)
24, 25
36, 37
20, 21
3
2
7
7
4, 6
15, 17
35.1
-11.110696°
-42.718339°
N
UFMG
Coordinates
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Figure 1. A female (SVL 37.5 mm) Psilophthalmus paeminosus (UFMG-2221) found at
Parque Estadual de Grão Mogol (-16.591117°, -42.961696°), State of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Figure 2. Distribution map of Psilophthalmus paeminosus, depicting biomes and main river
watersheds. Black circles denote literature records: 1. Vacaria [Rodrigues (1996)]; 2. Paulo Afonso
[Garda et al. (2013)] in Bahia state (BA); 3. Canindé do São Francisco [Delfim et al. (2006); in Sergipe
state (SE); 4. Palmeiras [Freitas & Silva (2007)]; 5. Mucugê [Freitas et al. (2012)], in Bahia state); 6.
Parque Nacional Grande Sertão Veredas [Recoder & Nogueira, (2007)]. Black star represents the type
locality in Santo Inácio [Rodrigues (1996)]; and the red circle denote the records from this study in
Minas Gerais state (MG).
Figure 3. Environments where specimens of Psilophthalmus paeminosus were found at
Parque Estadual de Grão Mogol, State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Clockwise from
upper left: A - closed, tall-shrubby, xerophilous vegetation on quartz sand soil; B - arboreal
savannah, typical of the Brazilian Cerrado; C - open vegetation on sandy soil, with emphasis
on the cactus Pilosocereus fulvilanatus; D - leaf-litter in arboreal savannah, with emphasis on
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the “palm cactus” Tacinga inamoena.
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Figure 1.
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Figure 2.
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Figure 3.
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