Gvaxtang liCeli kulturuli da savaWro urTierTobebi

Gvaxtang liCeli kulturuli da savaWro urTierTobebi

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti
kulturuli da savaWro
urTierTobebi centralur
amierkavkasiaSi (grakliani gora)
grakliani goris namosaxlari da samarova­
ni mdebareobs centralur amierkavkasiaSi,
saqarTveloSi, kaspis raionis sof. igoeTi­
sa da samTavisis teritoriaze, md. lexu­
ras marj­vena napirze wamomarTul goraze,
uSualod Tbilisi-senaki-leseliZis gzat­
kecilTan. mas gabatonebuli mdgomareoba
ukavia da moqceulia or patara mdinares –
lexurasa da TorTlas Soris. gzatkecilis
gafarToebasTan dakavSirebiT 2008 wels
borcvis samxreT ferdobze Catarda gadar­
CeniTi arqeologiuri gaTxrebi, romelsac
uaRresad saintereso Sedegi mohyva. ker­
Zod, gamovlenilia rogorc mravalfeniani
namosaxlari, ise sxvadasxva periodis samar­
xebi. qveda terasa, romelzec aRniSnuli Zeg­
lebi aRmoCnda, zRvis donidan saSualod 680
metrzea ganlagebuli, Tumca zeda gauTx­
reli terasebi da goris zedapiri, gaSlili
adgili ufro maRlaa da daaxlebiT 720-723
metris farglebSi mdebareobs.
namosaxlarisa da samarovnis (sur. 3, 5) te­
ritoriaze mikvleuli Zeglebi sxvadasxva pe­
riods ganekuTvneba. amJamad arsebuli masa­
la iZleva qvemoT moyvanil stratigrafiul
suraTs, romelic axali aRmoCenebis Sesaba­
misad SeiZleba kidev ufro dazustdes.
1. paleoliTi
es xana identificirebulia prof. g. gri­
golias mier da warmodgenilia qvargavaleb­
ze damzadebuli didi raodenobis iaraRiT.
2. eneoliTi
am xanas ganekuTvneba ZiriTadad qvis
iaraRi – xelculi, kaJis Subispiri, kaJis
lamelaze damzadebuli namglis CasarTebi,
Zvlis saxvretebi. aRmoCenilia cudad gan­
leqili, msxvilminarevebiani, ruxkeciani
keramikis ramodenime fragmenti, romel­Sic
naTlad Cans namjis minarevebi, ris gamoc
SesaZloa, isinic eneoliTuri xaniT gani­
sazRvros.
3. adre brinjaos xana
grakliani goris samxreTi ferdobis
dasavleT nawilSi gamovlenilia sxvada­sxva
periodis samarxebi. maT Soris uZvelesia
adre brinjaos xanis ormosamarxi.
4. gviani brinjaos/adre rkinis
xana
es epoqa Zeglze gacilebiT ukeTaa war­
modgenili. igi dadasturebulia rogorc na­
mosaxlarze, ise samarovanze. qronologiu­
rad esaa periodi Zv. w. XIII saukunidan vidre
Zv. w. 900 wlamde (sur. 4).
5. ganviTarebuli rkinis xana (Zv. w.
VIII-VII ss.)
dadasturebulia am xanis rogorc sa­
kulto da sacxovrebeli nagebobebi, ise sa­
marxebi.
6. Zv. w. VI s.
am xanas ganekuTvneba erTi sacxovrebe­
li saxli da erTi sakurTxeveli (TaRiani).
7. Zv. w. V-IV ss.
am xanas ganekuTvneba `dasavleTi taZa­
ri~ da qveda terasaze mxolod nawilobriv
SemorCenili Senobebi.
8. Zv. w. IV-III ss.
warmodgenilia mravalricxovani samar­
xebiT.
9. Zv. w. III-II ss.
dadasturebulia aA m xanis e. w. samadlos
tipis keramika (sur. 8).
10. Zv. w. II-I ss.
am xanaSi graklian goraze adamianis aq­
25
Gvaxtang liCeli
vaxtang liCeli
tivobis dasasruli dasturdeba. SemorCeni­
lia zeda taZris, SesaZloa sasimagro kedli­
sa da samarxebis naSTebi.
26
calkeuli arqiteqturuli Zeglebi­
sa da samarxeuli inventaris ganxilva
1. Zv. w. 1100 – 900 wlebs ganekuTvneba
monumenturi sakurTxeveli (sur. 1). igi aR­
moCnda namosaxlaris aRmosavleT seqtorSi.
Senobidan, romelSic igi iyo gamarTuli, ga­
darCenili iyo mxolod CrdiloeTi kedlis
nawili. Senoba jargvaluri tipisa iyo – Se­
morCenilia masiuri xis Zelebis anabeWdebi,
romlebic erTmaneTze mijriT, horizonta­
lurad iyo dalagebuli. kedlebi Signidan da
garedan Tixis sqeli masiT iyo Selesili. ase­
ve Tixis feniT saguldagulod iyo motkep­
nili iataki, romlis qveS dadasturda Tixi­
sa da xreSisagan Semzadebuli substruqcia.
sayuradReboa, rom sxva SenobebSi iatakis
aseTi damuSaveba ar gvxvdeba. sakurTxeveli
warmoadgens e. w. `xovles tipis~ monumentu­
ri Rumelis imitacias. rigiTi Rumelebisagan
mas ganasxvavebs ara mxolod zomebi, aramed
dekoratiuli elementebic. p
P irvel rigSi es
aris sakurTxevlis aRmosavleTi da dasavle­
Ti kuTxeebis Semkoba naxevar-TaRebiT, rac
sruliad ucxoa Cveulebrivi RumelebisaT­
vis. amasTan, sakurTxevels samxreTi mxri­
dan, iatakis donidan 10 sm-is simaRleze gas­
devs 5 sm-is sisqis reliefuri sartyeli. e
E s
ori elementi ganasxvavebs am sakurTxevels
Cveulebrivi Rumelisagan. Tumca aRmosav­
leTidan mas sanacre ormo hqonda midgmuli,
romelsac, Tavis mxriv, CrdiloeTi kedlis
gaswvriv gamarTuli baqani uerTdeboda. es
iyo Sewirulobebis dasalageblad gankuTv­
nili platforma. masze ewyo sxvadasxva zomis
Ria feris keciani WurWeli, romlis keci cu­
dadaa ganleqili, uxeSad aris damuSavebuli.
umetesoba am keramikisa mxris areSi Semkulia
iribi naWdevebiT, romlebic rig SemTxvevaSi
Tevzisfxur ornaments qmnis. aseTi keramika
ucxoa Zv. w. II aTaswleulis miwurulisaT­
vis. sayuradReboa, rom am Sewirul formebs
Soris aRmoCnda cilindrultaniani yavis­
ferkeciani pirmoyrili WurWeli, romelsac
ori mcire zomis horizontaluri yuri aqvs.
e
E s formac ucxoa am xanisaTvis. kK ompleqsis
TariRs iZleva calyura koWobi, romlis ana­
logiebi qarTlSia cnobili. kerZod, aseTi
formebi Zv. w. 1100-900 wlebiT daTariRebul
Zeglebze gvxvdeba (mag., samTavros #51 sa­
marxi, zemo avWalis samarxi)1. sakurTxeve­
li Senobis Crdilo-dasavleT kuTxeSi iyo
gamarTuli. misi swored aseTi –kuTxeSi –
gamarTva standartuli Cans puris sacxobi
RumelebisaTvis – Sesadareblad SegviZlia
movixmoT Treli gorebis2, narekvavis3, sam­
Tavrosa da xovles goraze gaTxril sax­
lebSi mikvleuli Rumelebi, iseve rogorc
SedarebiT mogviano xanis medaburis saxlSi
ufliscixe – bambebis namosaxlaridan4.
2. TaRiani sakurTxeveli warmoadgens
Ria tipis nagebobas, romlis ZiriTadi
konstruqciuli nawili kedelia. igi war­
moadgens TixiT Selesil Zelebs, romlebic
vertikaluradaa Cadgmuli. es kedeli E-W
mimarTulebisaa. kedlis samxreT mxares
amoyvanilia Tixisave TaRebi. sakurTxeveli
Zlieraa dazianebuli da amis gamo misi sru­
li rekonstruqcia Zneldeba. dabejiTebiT
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aseTi ori TaRi namd­
viladaa SemorCenili. centraluri (?) TaRis
win amokveTilia mcire zomis ormo ( diamet­
ri 0, 2 m.), romelSic Sesawiravad mitanili
mcire zomis WurWeli ido. aseve Sesawira­
vad iyo mitanili kedlis dasavleT nawilSi
dadgmuli dergic (misi fragmenti SemorCa).
amave funqciis matarebelia mcire zomis bi­
konusuri calyura sasmisi. msgavsi formis
1
k. f
F icxelauri, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos tomTa
istoriis ZiriTadi problemebi (Zv. w. XV-VII ss.),
Tb., 1973, gv. 65-68.
2
r. aA bramiSvili, didi Tbilisis eqspediciis mu­
Saobis ZiriTadi Sedegebi, Tbilisis arqeologi­
uri Zeglebi, t. I, Tb., 1978, gv. 12.
3
v. nikolaiSvili, e. gavaSeli, n
N arekvavis arqeo­
logiuri Zeglebi, Tb., 2007, gv. 6-28.
4
n. xundaZe, elinisturi xanis medaburis saxli
ufliscixe-bambebidan, Zeglis megobari, #52,
1979, gv. 50 -56.
sasmisebi cnobilia kolxeTidan (magaliTad,
isini aRmoCenilia ergetas III samarovnis I sa­
marxSi, romelic Zv. w. VII saukunis miwuru­
liT an VI s-is dasawyisiT TariRdeba)5. Sesa­
bamisad, TaRiani sakurTxeveli am bikonusu­
ri calyura sasmisiT Zv. w. VII-VI saukuneebis
mijniT unda daTariRdes. Tumca, aqve minda
SevniSno, rom calyura sasmisebi, rogorc
zemoT iyo naCvenebi, Zv. w. 1100-900 wlebSic
gvxvdeba, magram maT ara aqvT bikonusuri
tani, ris gamoc vTvli, rom graklianis biko­
nusurtaniani sasmisi ergetis calTan ufro
met saerTos poulobs da am TariRsac amis
gamo vaniWeb upiratesobas.
3. qveda II terasis dasavleT nawilSi aR­
moCnda xuroTmoZRvruli kompleqsi („das­
avleTi taZari“), romelic Sedgeba sami Zi­
riTadi saTavsosagan. TiToeulSi aris erTi
sakulto da masTan dakavSirebuli erTi
sameurneo nageboba (sur. 2). SemorCenilia
xis svetebis ormoebi, romelic gars uvlis
mTels kompleqss. Sesabamisad, isini er­
Tiani gadaxurvis sistemaSia moqceuli da
sakmaod rTuli dagegmarebisa da gansxva­
vebuli funqciis matarebeli elementebis
erTobliobas warmoadgens. Senobebi gaxs­
nilia samxreTisaken, rac garemo pirobebis
swor gaTvlasa da haerisa da tenianobis
reJimis optimalur gaazrebaze miuTiTebs.
esaa asaTviseblad SerCeul sivrceSi aqam­
de sruliad ucnobi sakulto da sameurneo
SenobaTa daproeqtebisa da Semdgom pro­
eqtis realizaciis iSviaTi SemTxveva Zvel
qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi. SemuSavebulia
sakmaod rTuli, mTlian kompleqsSi Semava­
li calkeuli Senobebis gegma, tipi da inte­
rieris organizaciis yvela detali. inter­
ieris mowyobis sqema SemdegSi mdgomareobs:
nagebobis ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens N – S
mimarTulebaze orientirebuli sami seqcia,
romlis Sida sivrce gayofilia or nawilad,
xolo maTSi wina planze wamoweulia umTav­
T. Mikeladze, Grosse Kollektive Grabgruben Der Fruhen
Eisenzeit in Kolchis, In: Archaologischer Anzeiger, Berlin,
New York, 1995, gv. 2-22.
5
resi funqciuri datvirTvis mqone elemen­
tebi:
1. podiumi;
2. podiumTan midgmuli an masTan axlos
damontaJebuli da TixiT saguldagulod
Selesili oTxkuTxa, bordiurebiani magida;
3. bordiurebiani magidis win gamarTu­
lia gegmaSi wriuli ormo, romelic iatakSia
amoRebuli. ormos fskerze sagangebod Ser­
Ceuli brtyeli, wriuli formis qvaa Casmuli
(ritualuri kera).
4. puris sacxobi Rumeli, romlis zomebi
icvleba Senobis moculobis Sesabamisad.
Senobis danarCeni sivrce aTvisebulia
im praqtikuli amocanebis Sesabamisad, rome­
lic yvela calkeul seqcias aqvs. magaliTad,
aRvwerT #1 seqcias:
misi zomebia 4,70X2,30 m. aq aseve, ro­
gorc wina or oTaxSi, dasavleT kedelTan
gvaqvs podiumi, misi zomebia 1X0,70X0, 3 m.
podiums dasavleT mxares, centralur na­
wilSi, Sesawiravi WurWlis Casadgmeli CaRr­
maveba aqvs (dm. 0, 25 m), romelic qvis baliSiT
mTavrdeba.
bordiurebiani magida, romelic sava­
raudod, Sesawiravi nivTebisaTvis iyo gan­
kuTvnili sakurTxevlis CrdiloeTiTaa Se­
morCenili. saTavsos CrdiloeT kedelTan,
misgan 0, 25 m-is moSorebiT, gamovlenilia sa­
ritualo kera, romlis ZirSic qvis baliSia
Cadgmuli. diametri 0, 30 m-ia, xolo siRrme
ki – 0, 25 m. oTaxis Crdilo-aRmosavleT kuT­
xeSi gamovlenili Rumeli yvelaze kargadaa
Semonaxuli am Zeglze SemorCenil RumelTa
Soris. aRniSnuli Rumelis mixedviT SeiZle­
ba davaskvnaT, rom samive SenobaSi unda yofi­
liyo erTi tipis, e. w. xovluri, oriarusiani
da samganyofilebiani (sacecxle, sanacre
da TviTon Rumelis ganyofileba) Rumeli.
gansxvavebiT sxva Zeglebze aRmoCenili Ru­
melebisagan, aq aRmoCenilebs aqvT tempera­
turis regulirebis meqanizmi – esaa sacxob
da sacecxle ganyofilebaze misafarebeli
gamomwvari Tixis filebi. saTavsos centrSi
27
vaxtang liCeli
28
vaxtang liCeli
g
G adaxurvis Camoqcevis Sedegad damsxvreu­
li WurWelia gamovlenili.
aRniSnul saTavsos dasavleTi mxridan
zRudavs da am nagebobas meoresagan hyofs
riyis qvis wyoba. misi zomebia 4,30X 0,65 m.
riyis qvis wyobasa da sakurTxevels Soris
sameurneo sivrcea moqceuli. rac Seexeba sa­
Tavsos aRmosavleT mxares, aqac dadasturda
riyis mozrdili qvebisagan Sedgenili wyoba.
SemorCenili wyobis zomebia 2,30 X1 m.
nagebobaTa es kompleqsi amierkavkasii­
saTvis sruliad gansakuTrebul Zegls war­
moadgens. gamovyof or saintereso detals:
rogorc aRiniSna, SesasvlelTan, marcxena
mxares, uSualod dasavleT kedelTan gamar­
Tuli iyo TixiT Selesili podiumi, romel­
sac aseve dasavleT nawilSi, Sua adgilze
hqonda saguldagulod momzadebuli mcire
zomis ( D – 0, 25 m.) wriuli foso. misi sagul­
dagulod momzadeba gamoixateboda ara mxo­
lod mis zust lokalizaciaSi, aramed ima­
Sic, rom mis fskerze Cadgmuli iyo zustad
fosos diametris mqone brtyeli qva. aseTi
_ myari-momzadeba TiTqos konstruqciul
simZimes unda gulisxmobdes, magram II seqcia­
Si aRmoCnda aseTive fosoSi in situ Cadgmuli
amave diametris mqone xelada, rac naTlad
miuTiTebs am podiumis sakulto xasiaTs.
sayuradReboa, rom am tipis podiumebs aqvT
qronologiurad Zalze Soreuli, magram
funqciurad uaxloesi paralelebi eridus
eneoliTur taZrebSi, sadac isini aseve ke­
delzea midgmuli da interieris sivrcis
ganuyofel detals warmoadgens6. yuradRe­
bas iqcevs is faqtic, rom yvela Senoba samx­
reTiTaa orientirebuli. aseTi orientacia
martivad aixsneba bunebrivi pirobebiT – aq
mudmivad uberavs dasavleTisa an aRmosav­
leTis Zlieri qarebi, rac sruliad SeuZle­
bels xdis Senobebis aRmosavleTidan gaxs­
nas. amis gamo, marTalia, sakulto nagebobe­
bis karebi ar uyurebdnen aRmosavleTs, anu
6
The Cambridge ancient History, V. 1, Part 2, 1971. . Edwards I. E. S., Gadd C. J., Hammond N. G. L., Cambridge.
gv. 334.
dilis mzes, magram, samagierod, mTeli dRis
manZilze mzisaken iyo gaxsnili.
graklian goraze aRmoCenil masalaSi ga­
moiyofa importuli an importulis mibaZviT
damzadebuli nivTebis jgufi. m
M aTi gadanawi­
leba damzadebis adgilis mixedviT urTier­
TobaTa Semdeg mimarTulebebs iZleva:
1. samxreTi m
M esopotamia. e
E s mimarTuleba
warmodgenilia ori sabeWdaviT (sur. 6). p
P ir­
veli maTgani, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, mo­
numentursakurTxevlian taZarSi aRmoCnda.
esaa Ria feris, kargad ganleqili Tixisagan
damzadebuli konusuri sabeWdavi, romlis
zedapiri Tixis gamowvamde saguldagulo­
daa Semkuli faqizad amokawruli xazebiT.
xazebi anabeWdze erT rigad Camwkrivebuli
samkuTxedebis sqematur gamosaxulebas qmnis.
xolo qveda registrSi SeiniSneba kargad
gamoyvanili Sevronebi. sabeWdavis Tavze
jvaria gamosaxuli, xolo Ziri odnav Rrua.
sabeWdavi gaxvretilia SuaSi, sruliad aS­
karad, naxatis datanis Semdeg, rac sabeW­
davebis damzadebis teqnologias ewinaaRm­
degeba. amdenad, cxadia, rom gamWoli naxv­
reti sabeWdavze mogvianebiTaa datanili.
sabeWdavis simaRlea 5, 2 sm, Ziris dm. – 2, 8 sm,
xolo zeda sibrtyis dm. aris 1, 6 sm. prof. n.
samsonia am nivTis dekoris pirdapir analo­
gias jemdeT-nasris IV jgufis sabeWdavebTan
xedavs. am jgufis pirveli nawilis sabeWda­
vebisaTvis swored analogiuri Sevronebia
damaxasiaTebeli7. amdenad, TiTqos am sabeW­
davis mesopotamiuri warmomavloba da misi
adreuli TariRi (Zv. w. 3000-2800 ww.; domenik
koloni iZleva Zv. w. 3000-2334 wlebs) eWvs ar
unda iwvevdes. Tumca, igi Semdgom specia­
lur Seswavlas saWiroebs. rac Seexeba mis
gviandel, anu Zv. w. 1100-900 wlebis taZarSi
moxvedris faqts, igi advilad aixsneba _
Nn. samsonia, Suamdinaruli gliptika, Tb., 2008,
gv. 37; D. Colloon, First Impressions. Cylinder Seals in the
Ancient Near East, British Museum Press, 1987, gv. 1322; Corpus of Ancient Near Eastern Seals in North American Collections, the Bollingen Series XIV, Pantheon Book,
1949; pl. 35.
7
gviandel taZrebSi adreuli sabeWdavebis
aRmoCena am xanisaTvis tipuri movlenaa. ra
Tqma unda, Zalze mniSvnelovania imis dadge­
na, Tu rodis moxvda es sabeWdavi mesopota­
miidan Tanamedrove qarTlis teritoriaze
– Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis bolosa Tu Semdeg, Zv.
w. II aTaswleulis miwuruls. am etapze dabe­
jiTebiT raimes Tqma Znelia, magram TiTqmis
sinqronuli mtkvar-araqsis kulturis arna­
xulad vrceli masStabebi yovelgvari daSve­
bis saSualebas iZleva. amave TvalsazrisiT
sruliad gansakuTrebulia meore sabeWdavi,
romlis wriuli maryuJi marTkuTxa dafa­
zea amoyvanili. nivTi Ria feris, moTeTro
qviSaqvisagan zedmiwevniT daxvewili teqni­
kiTaa damzadebuli. misi zedapiri imdenad
kargadaa aTvisebuli, rom eWvs ar iwvevs misi
damamzadebeli xelosnis ostatobis maRa­
li done. kveTa Rrmaa, anabeWdze kargad Cans
gasxivosnebuli `RmerTis saxli~8. sabeWda­
vis simaRlea 3, 2 sm, maryuJis simaRle – 2, 2
sm, sasuraTe sibrtyis farTobi – 3,6X3,4 smze. es sabeWdavi nayar, dazianebul fenaSi
aRmoCnda. amdenad, igi mxolod analogiebis
saSualebiT SeiZleba daTariRdes. aseTi ana­
logiebi ki mas isev jemdeT-nasris periodis
masalebSi moepoveba da Sesabamisad, Zv. w.
3000-2800 wlebs unda miekuTvnebodes. Tum­
ca, aqac SevniSnav, rom es nivTic calke kvle­
vis sagania. sayuradReboa, rom namosaxlarze
didi raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili gviani brin­
jaos xanis adgilobrivi sabeWdavebic, ro­
melTa zedapiri sxvadasxva saxeebiTaa Semku­
li. maT Sorisaa nacrisferkeciani sabeWdavi
(mas yuradReba miaqcia prof. n. samsoniam,
romelmac daamuSava aseve mesopotamiuri
sabeWdavebic), romelzedac centridan oTx
mxares gasuli xazebi/sxivebi iSleba. igi
zusti analogiaa im arqauli sabeWdavebi­
sa, romlebic didi raodenobiTaa cnobili
mesopotamiidan. araa gamoricxuli, rom es
P. Amiet, La Gliptique Mesopotamienne Archaique, Paris,
1980, n. 386-390; Corpus of Ancient Near Eastern Seals in
North American Collections, the Bollingen Series XIV, Pantheon Book, 1949; pl. 22-25.
8
sabeWdavic swored mesopotamiurebis yve­
laze adreuli adgilobrivi replikaa.
2. urTierTobebis qronologiurad mom­
devno safexuri da sxva mimarTuleba gane­
kuTvneba Zv. w. VIII-VII ss-s. kolxeTTan SesaZ­
lo analogiis TvalsazrisiT sruliad gan­
sakuTrebulia Zv. w. VII saukunis fenaSi aRmo­
Cenili terakotis figuris nawili – proto­
ma, ufro zustad, cxovelis Tavi. misi zusti
identificireba rTulia, magram vfiqrob,
rom esaa cxenis Tavi, romelsac ramdenadme
stilizebuli forma aqvs. am TvalsazrisiT
yuradRebas iqcevs misi sruli identuro­
ba kolxeTSi gaTxril koleqtiur samarxSi
aRmoCenil mcire plastikis erT-erT ni­
muSTan. esaa cxeni, romelzec qalRvTaeba
zis9. cxenebis qandakebebs saerTo aqvT ara
mxolod stili, aramed aRviris mimaniSne­
beli rgolic, romelic cxvirze, zemodanaa
gadmotarebuli. swored am atributis gamo
vTvli am figuras cxenis gamosaxulebad. mi­
maCnia, rom graklianze aRmoCenili cxenis
figura kolxuri cxenosani qalis qandakebis
erTaderTi terakotis replikaa. aqve minda
aRvniSno, rom cxenosani qalRvTaebebis ga­
mosaxulebaTa genezisi didi xania, rac dis­
kusiis sagania10. magaliTad, kunZul samosze
aRmoCenili mxedari qalis brinjaos qanda­
kebis SesaZlo damzadebis adgilad Tavidan­
ve miCneulia kolxuri areali11, marTlac,
kolxeTis sazRvrebs miRma, aRmosavleTiT
da samxreTiT – anatoliis olqSi, mxedari
qalis arc erTi figura ar dadasturebula,
rac SesaZloa marTlac imaze miuTiTebs, rom
am figuris kunZul samosze arseboba kol­
xeTTan urTierTobis Sedegia (Tumca, aseve
SesaZloa, rom am urTierTobebs sistemati­
uri xasiaTi jer kidev ar hqonoda). m
M agram
T. Mikeladse, Grosse Kollektive Grabgruben Der Fruhen
Eisenzeit in Kolchis, In: Archaologischer Anzeiger, Berlin,
New York, 1995, gv. 20.
10
Sead. o. lorTqifaniZe, Zveli qarTuli civili­
zaciis saTaveebTan, Tb., 2002, gv. 184 da Semd.
11
M. Vojatzis, : Votive Riders Seated Side-Saddle at Early
Greek Sanctuaries, Annual of the British School of Archaeology at Athens, 1992, N 87, gv. 259-279.
9
29
vaxtang liCeli
30
vaxtang liCeli
aseT SemTxvevaSi, Cemi azriT, mniSvnelova­
nia kavkasiasa da kontinentur saberZneTSi
aRmoCenili erTi da imave tipis figurebis
konceptualuri identuroba. amave dros,
absoluturad cxadia is garemoeba, rom
cxenosani qalis figura iwarmoeboda sxva­
dasxva regionebis saxelosnoebSi. am sakiTx­
Tan dakavSirebiT aucileblad unda aRiniS­
nos cxenosani qalis moxatuli terakotis
figura herakleas muzeumidan (Zv. w. 14501100 ww., X darbazi), romelic, rogorc Cans,
yvelaze adreulia msgavs nimuSebs Soris
da am qandakebaTaA genezisis TvalsazrisiT
uaRresad mniSvnelovanic. o
O riod sityviT
minda Sevexo am sakiTxs: egeosur – kolxuri
urTierTobebi Zveli samyaros kardinalur
samecniero problemaTa rigs ganekuTvneba
da, amdenad, yvela aRmoCenasa da interpret­
sacias garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs. am Temas­
Tan dakavSirebuli erT-erTi aRmoCena SeiZ­
leba iyos agreTve mzeTamzis samarovanze
mopovebuli doqi, romelic morfologiuri
niSnebiT imeorebs Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneebis
aRmosavleT qarTul keramikas, Tumca misi
dekori am xanis kolxeTisa da aRmosavleT
saqarTvelosaTvis sruliad unikaluria da
paralelebs ufro saberZneTis geometriu­
li xanis keramikasa da kolxur culebTan am­
JRavnebs. me mxedvelobaSi maqvs meandris ga­
mosaxuleba, romelic J. Whitley-s gamokvle­
vebis mixedviT, im horizontalur meandrTaA
rigs ganekuTvneba, romelic gvxvdeba WurW­
lis yuris zonaSi da Cndeba Zv. w. IX saukuni­
dan12, Tumca zustad igivea gviangeometriul
II periodSic (VIII s-is bolo, Zv. w. 770-40 ww).
amave TvalsazrisiT uaRresad sainteresoa
kidev erTi WurWeli mzeTamzis samarovnidan
– sasmisi, romlis tani frizebadaa dayofi­
li, rac sruliad ucxoa rogorc kolxuri,
ise aRmosavleT qarTuli keramikisaTvis da
sruliad bunebrivia geometriuli xanis sa­
berZneTisaTvis. sainteresoa, rom am sasmiss
12
J. Whitley, Style and Society in Dark Age Greece, Cambridge, 1991, kodi _ MOT 01.
aqvs frizebSi Casmuli samkuTxedebi, rac
gansakuTrebiT farTod vrceldeba swored
amave xanis – Zv. w. VIII saukunis berZnul kera­
mikul warmoebaSi. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom
meandri swored am xanaSi Cndeba aRmosavleT
anatoliaSi (konias areali), saidanac ufro
advilad SeiZleboda moxvedriliyo kavka­
siaSi. magram es varaudi miuRebeli Cans im
martivi mizezis gamo, rom mzeTamzis sama­
rovanze orive nivTi, iseve rogorc aq mikv­
leuli `skviTuri~ isrispirebi, mkveTrad
kolxuri artefaqtebis kompleqsSia aRmo­
Cenili. amis gamo, vfiqrob, rom isini dasav­
luri gziT unda moxvedriliyvnen samcxeSi.
Tu konteqstebis mixedviT vimsjelebT (da
es, albaT, marTebuli gzaa), SesaZloa amave
mosazrebis dasturia isic, rom Treli go­
rebze aRmoCenili zoomorfuli WurWeli,
romelsac analogiebi aqvs rogorc berZnul
samyaroSi (mag., gvianeladuri C periodis
WurWeli atikidan, peratidan, rodosidan
da sxva), ise aRmosavleTSi, ganxiluli unda
iqnas ara berZnul, aramed aRmosavlur gav­
lenad imis gamo, rom isini aranair dasavlur
konteqsts ar Seicavs da mTlianad lokalur
da aRmosavlur garemoSi eqceva.
amave konteqstSi yuradRebas iqcevs
isic, rom miuxedavad kolxuri elementebis
momZlavrebisa Zv. w. VIII-VII ss-Si, kolxeTis
teritoriis aRmosavleTiTa da samxreTiT
ar SeiniSneba iseTi prestiJuli kolxuri
nivTebis gavrceleba, rogoric, magaliTad,
mxedari qalRmerTebis qandakebebia. aseve ar
Cans amave xanis kolxeTis sakulto Zegle­
bisaTvis ukve tipiuri terakotis figurebi
kolxeTis uSualod momijnave teritorieb­
ze13. amitom, bunebrivad Cndeba garkveuli
skefsisi Zlieri kolxuri iniciativis sxva­
dasxva mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebul gaaq­
tiurebasTan dakavSirebiT. swored amitom,
mec vfiqrob, rom es aRmoCenebi jer-jero­
H. Nasidze., V, Licheli, L’aire de diffusion de la culture
colchidienne, In: Le Pont-Euxin vu par les Grecs, Symposium de Vani (Colchide) – septembre-octobre 1987, Paris
1990.
13
biT berZnul-kolxuri adreuli urTierTo­
bebis sporaduli xasiaTis maniSneblad unda
miviCnioT14. vfiqrob, rom swored am kon­
teqstSi unda iqnas ganxiluli is aRmoCene­
bi, romelic kunZul samoszea gakeTebuli
da kolxur samyarosTanaa dakavSirebuli.
kerZod, Cemi azriT, dasazustebelia am niv­
Tebis kunZul samosze moxvedris logika da
kanonzomiereba, anu sxva sityvebiT, aris Tu
ara isini am mimarTulebiT Zlieri kolxuri
impulsis maCvenebeli.
Cemi azriT, es sakiTxi martivad wydeba
kunZul samosze ukanaskneli wlebis manZil­
ze Catarebuli samuSaoebis Sedegebis gaT­
valsiwinebiT.
O im votivebis arqeologiuri konteqsti,
romlis nawilic mxedari qalis qandakebaa,
aris Semdegnairi (gamoyenebulia h. kirilai­
sis xelmZRvanelobiT Catarebuli gaTxre­
bis Sedegebi)15. Sewiruli Sinauri cxovele­
bis naSTebi (romelTa Soris Warbobs xaris,
Semdeg – Zroxisa da cxvris, Txisa da Roris
Zvlebi); unikaluri gareuli cxovelebis
naSTebi ( egvipturi niangis Tavis fragmenti,
afrikuli antilopas Tavi da rqa); gasaocrad
bevri terakotis figurebi _ broweulisa da
yayaCos Reroebi, iseve rogorc maTi kurkebi
da fiWvis girCebi (romelic aq ar izrdeba);
spilos Zvlisagan damzadebuli lomis egvip­
turi qandakeba; mamakacis ori babilonuri
figura; xomaldebis stilizebuli modele­
bi (romlebic garkveul rols TamaSobdnen
herasadmi miZRvnil dResaswaulebSi) da mra­
vali sxva. amdenad, aq saubaria importul
nivTebze, romlebic modioda babilonidan,
finikiidan, iranidan, asureTidan, urartu­
dan da kviprosidan. magram am SemTxvevaSi
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos agreTve: xis skami
cxenebis gamosaxulebiT; cxenis trapeciis
formis aRmosavluri warmoSobis saSublee­
bi; saocari raodenobis cxenis brinjaos
14
o. lorTqifaniZe, Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis
saTaveebTan, Tb., 2002, gv. 190.
15
H. Kyrieleis, The heraion at Samos, In: Greek Sanctuaries.
New approaches, N-Y, . 1993, gv. 125 – 153.
aRkazmuloba, romelsac analogia ara aqvs
arcerT berZnul taZarSi, ris safuZvelzec
aRiarebulia, rom arqaul xanaSi heras aqvs
specifikuri niSani – igi aris swored cxe­
nebisa da mxedrebis (sic!) mfarveli RvTaeba.
am fonze, kolxuri qandakebis aqve aRmoCenis
faqti sruliad Cveulebrivi movlenaa – igi,
iseve rogorc sxva nivTebi, kolxuri kultu­
ris arealSi moxvedrili romelime mogzau­
ris/vaWris mier iqna Sewiruli herasadmi. m
M a­
gram, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT erT niSandobliv
faqts, rom egeosidan aRmosavleTiT, kol­
xeTis gareT – anatoliis arealSi _ analo­
giuri mxedari qalis arcerTi brinjaos qan­
dakeba ar aRmoCenila, mainc unda vifiqroT,
rom misi aq gamoCena uSualod kolxeTTan Se­
xebis (SesaZloa, sulac erTjeradi) Sedegia.
amasTan, misi erTeuli xasiaTi imisi mauwye­
belia, rom am dros raime regularul ur­
TierTobaze saubari egeosur samyarosa da
kolxeTs Soris jer kidev naadrevia. magram
am SemTxvevaSi asaxsneli rCeba is aSkara Te­
maturi identuroba, romelic kontinentur
saberZneTsa da kolxeTSi aRmoCenil qanda­
kebebTan arsebobs. Tumca aSkaraa isic, rom
– rogorc specialur literaturaSia ukve
miRebuli – am saerTo koncefciis Sesabamis­
ad, mxedari qalebis figurebi iwarmoeboda
sxvadasxva regionalur saxelosnoSi. amg­
varad, kunZul samosze kolxuri qandakebis
aRmoCena kolxur-egeosur urTierTobaTa
TvalsazrisiT SemTxveviTi Cans (Tumca ukve
garkveuli saerTo interesebis mimaniSnebe­
lia), xolo heraionis funqciis Tvalsazri­
siT ki- sruliad logikuri.
ufro aqtiuri urTierToba kolxeTTan
Cans adreantikur da elinistur epoqaSi. mo­
viyvan mxolod ramdenime magaliTs graklia­
ni goris gaTxrebidan: pirvel rigSi esaa
vercxlis sxivana sayureebi/sakidebi. msgavsi
tipis masala tipuria Zv. w. V-III ss-is kolxu­
ri samarxeuli inventarisTvis, Tumca, kol­
xurTan SedarebiT mcire zomis, ramdenime
vercxlis nimuSi samcxisa da qvemo qarTlis
31
vaxtang liCeli
32
vaxtang liCeli
teritoriazec aRmoCnda. aA m „dakninebuli“
formebisagan gansxvavebiT, graklianis nimu­
Sebi masiuria da TiTqmis imave zomisaa, rac
kolxuri. amasTan, graklian goraze Senar­
Cunebuli Cans sxivana sayureebis/sasafeTq­
leebis maincadamainc qonebrivad gamorCeul
konteqstSi Cadeba. Tumca teqnologiuri
TvalsazrisiT aris sxvaoba – graklian go­
raze aRmoCenili calebi vercxlis grexili
mavTulisaganaa nakeTebi da arc Citebisa da
vardulis gamosaxulebebi amkobs. aA seve kol­
xuri oqros replikad mimaCnia mcire zomis
yelsabamis vercxlis diskosebri sakidebi,
romelsac analogiebi aqvs sairxeSi.
3. saintereso movlenebi ganviTarda I aTas­
wleulis Sua xanebis kavkasiaSi, rac aqemeni­
duri iranis gaaqtiurebas gulisxmobs. aRar
gavimeoreb cnobil mosazrebebs satrapieb­
Si da aqemenidur armiaSi qarTvelur tom­
Ta gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb (kavkasiaSi da mis
samxreTiT)16. aqemeniduri aqtivoba aSkaraa
iseTi sayrdeni administraciuli centrebis
aRmoCenebiT, rogorebicaa: gumbaTi17, yara­
jamirli18, sari-Tefe, draxs­ha­nakerti, arinberdi, ervandaSati19. arsebobs mosazreba
imis Sesaxeb, rom gumbaTisa da sxva aqemeni­
duri sasaxleebis mSeneblebi mowveulni iyv­
nen iranidan an anatoliidan20, rac sruliad
Herodotus, III, 94.
F. Knauss, Persian Rule in the North. Achaemenid Palaces on the Periphery of the Empire, In:The Royal Palace
Institution in the First Millennium BC. Monographs of the
Danish Institute at Athens, 2001, Vol. 4.
18
I. Babaiev, I. Gagoshidze, F. Knaus, An Achaemenid “Palace~ at Qarajamirli (Azerbaijan), Preliminary Report on the
Excavations in 2006, In: Achaemenid Culture and Local Traditions in Anatolia, Southern Caucasus and Iran. New Discoveries, Brill, 2007.
19
F. Ter-Martirossov, The Typology of the Colomnar Structures in Armenia in the Achaemenid Perod, In: The Royal
Palace Institution in the First Millennium BC. Monographs
of the Danish Institute at Athens, 2001, Vol. 4, gv. ?; A. Kanetsyan, Urartian and Early Achaemenid Palaces in Armenia, In: The Royal Palace Institution in the First Millennium
B. C. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, 2001,
Vol. 4.
20
F. Knauss, Persian Rule in the North. Achaemenid Palaces
on the Periphery of the Empire, In:The Royal Palace Institution in the First Millennium BC. Monographs of the Danish
Institute at Athens, 2001, Vol. 4.
16
17
logikuri Cans, radgan kK argadaa cnobili is,
Tu ramdenad mdidari da mravalferovania
centraluri kavkasia aqemeniduri iranis
produqciiT21. pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia
yoveldRiuri moxmarebis moxatuli kera­
mika (sur. 7) da samkauli. g
G rakliani goris
aqemeniduri aRmoCenebidan aRsaniSnavia mi­
nis kol-tubi. rogorc cnobilia, minis koltubebi kavkasiaSi iSviaTia. saqarTveloSi
mopovebul­Tagan fiWvnaris kol-tubis Tari­
Ri (I jgufi D. Barag-is mixedviT) miekuTvneba
Zv. w. V s-is II meoTxeds22. igive tipis WurWeli
aRmoCenilia vanSi, igi Zv. w. V s-iT TariRde­
ba23. D. Barag-is klasifikaciis mixedviT, igi
agreTve Zv. w. V an IV ss-iT TariRdeba. aseTive
TariRebi mogvca m. f
F ircxalavam24. saqarTve­
los teritoriaze aRmoCenili sxva WurWle­
bi (mag., enageTi, taxtiZiri) ZiriTadad Zv. w.
V an IV s-is dasawyisiT TariRdeba. g
G raklia­
ni goris kol-tubic D. Barag – is klasifi­
kaciis I jgufs ganekuTvneba da TariRdeba
Zv. w. V s-is meore naxevriT25. kK argadaa cnobi­
li, rom ufro mkveTri aqemeniduri gavle­
na dafiqsirebulia qarTlis iseT Zeglebze
rogoric aris cixia-gora da samadlo, xolo
kolxeTSi – vani. aA m ukanasknelSi aqemenidu­
ri gavlenis Sesaxeb Zv. w. IV – III ss-is arqi­
teqturaSi me jer kidev 1991 wels vwerdi26.
am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani iyo vanSi
aRmoCenili kirqvis frizis fragmenti, ro­
melzec SemorCenilia etlisa da meetlis
O. Lortkipanidze: The “Akhalgori Hoard~-Attempt at dating and Historical interpretation. In: Dziebani (The Journal
of the Centre for Archaeological Studies), #11, Tb., 2001,
gv. 28-71.
22
A. Kakhidze Iranian Glass Perfume Vessel from the Pichvnari Greek Cemetery of the Fifth Century BC. In: Achaemenid Culture and Local Traditions in Anatolia, Southern Caucasus and Iran. New Discoveries, Brill, 2007, gv. 109-117.
23
R. Phuturidze, N. Khoshtaria, D. Chkonia, Results of the
excavations carried out in the north-eastern part of the Vani
Settlement, In: Vani I, Tbilisi., 1972, gv. 111-135.
24
m. f
F ircxalava, minis WurWeli, vani VII, Tb., 1983,
gv. 79-86
25
D. P. Barag, Rod-formed Kohl-tubes of the Mid – first Millennium BC, Journal of Glass Studies, #17, 1975, gv. 26-28.
26
v. liCeli, Zveli saqarTvelo elinisturi sam­
yaros sistemaSi, Tb., 1991, sadoqtoro diser­
taciis referati.
21
reliefuri gamosaxuleba. aA m arqiteqturul
detalze aqemeniduria etlis gamosaxule­
ba, romelsac „kopebiani“ borblebi aqvs. m
M s­
gavsi borblebis mqone etlis gamosaxuleba
amokveTilia dariosis sabeWdavze27, analo­
giuria britaneTis muzeumSi daculi oqros
etlis borblebi28; identuri borblebi aqvs
apadanas reliefze gamosaxul etls ori po­
niT29. es arqiteqturuli detali, romelic
SeiZleba miviCnioT monumenturi struqtu­
ris frizis nawilad (SemorCenili saRebavis
kvali migvaniSnebs, rom frizi moxatuli
iyo), imis damadasturebelia, rom, vanSi, ro­
melic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iyo kolxu­
ri religiuri da administraciuli centri,
aqemeniduri gavlena SemorCa elinistur
xanamde. frizis es nawili aris berZnuli
da aqemeniduri elementebis iseTi sinTezi,
rogoric elinisturi xanis dasawyisSi unda
arsebobdes (es frizi interpretirebulia
eosis gamosaxulebad)30. amasTanave, frizi da
centralur terasaze gamovlenili monumen­
turi kedeli vanSi, Zv. w. IV-III ss-Si aqemenidu­
ri tradiciebis arsebobaze unda miuTiTeb­
des. vanis centralur terasaze ormagpro­
tomiani kapitelis aRmoCenam daadastura
Cems mier gamoTqmuli varaudi31.
aA qemenidur kulturasTan urTierTo­
bis TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa agreTve
grakliani goris samarxebSi aRmoCenili oq­
ros, vercxlis da brinjaos diskoebi aqemeni­
duri tipis ornamentiT, romelic identuria
aqemeniduri Tasebis Zirebis im ornamentu­
li saxisa, romelic gavrcelebuli Cans Zvel
saqarTvelos (mag., axalgoris ganZis Tasebi
– Zv. w. IV s.)32, sazogadod Savi zRvis auzsa da
dasavleT anatoliis sxvadasxva olqSi33.
4. gare samyarosTan urTierTobebis
meoTxe mimarTuleba grakliani goris aR­
moCenebis mixedviT vlindeba berZnul sa­
myarosTan/anatoliasTan, romelic kavkasia­
Si jer kidev brinjaos fibulebis gamoCeniT
daiwyo34 da „samadlos tipis“ keramikiT gag­
rZelda. graklian goraze gaiTxara samarxi,
romelSic aRmoCnda farakiani beWedi (tab.
IX, 1) figuris gamosaxulebiT (safiqrebelia,
„pani-musikosis“, rac, SesaZloa, gacilebiT
axlos aris WeSmaritebasTan, radgan silu­
eturad Cans Txis fexebi. Tumca ramdenadme
msgavsi marsiasis figuracaa cnobili).
5. aseve sayuradReboa, ieroglifurwar­
weriani egvipturi skarabeoidis aRmoCena
grakliani goris #217 samarxSi, radgan am
periodSi (Zv. w. V-IV ss.) isini, rogorc Cans,
farTod vrceldeba dasavleT saqarTve­
loSi da gvxvdeba samxreTSic (mag., awyuris
#04-4 samarxSi mopovebuli nivTebi). aA m dros
skarabeoidebs mZivebad iyenebdnen – amas
adasturebs maTi aRmoCenebi gardacvlilTa
gul-mkerdis areSi, mZivebTan erTad. buneb­
rivia, rom es nivTi, iseve rogorc aqve aRmo­
Cenili Tvaladi mZivebi, kavkasiaSi berZeni
vaWrebis aqtiuri saqmianobis Sedegadaa Se­
mosuli. aA m urTierTobaTa Sedegia sxvadas­
xva dros sxvadasxva da Tanac sakmaod daS­
orebul regionebSi damzadebuli nivTebis
graklian goraze moxvedris faqti.
aA mgvarad, grakliani goris aRmoCenebi
naTeli dasturia imisa, rom amierkavkasiis
O. Lortkipanidze: The “Akhalgori Hoard~-Attempt at dating and Historical interpretation. In: Dziebani (The Journal of the Centre for Archaeological Studies), #11, Tb.,
2001, gv. 28-71.
33
M. Yu. Treister, The Toreutics of Colchis in the 5th – 4th
cc BC Local Traditions, Outside Influence, Innovations,
In : Achaemenid Culture and Local Traditions in Anatolia, Southern Caucasus and Iran. New Discoveries, Brill,
2007, gv. 84-91.
34
V. Licheli, Phrigian fibulae in Transcaucasia: their diffusion route, In: Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Archaeology and History of the Black Sea,
Amsterdam, 1999.
32
Ch. G. Starr, Greek and Persians in the fourth Century BC.,
Iranica Antiqua, vol. XII, 1977, gv. 231.
28
J. Boardman, Die Perser und Der Western. Mainz am
Rhein. In Kulturgeschichte Der Antike Welt, Band 96,
2003, gv. 191-238.
29
M. A. Littauer, J. H. Crouwel, Wheeled vehicles and ridden
animals in the Ancient Near East, Leiden/Koln, Brill, 1979,
gv. 144-149.
30
o. lorTqifaniZe, Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis
saTaveebTan, Tb., 2002, gv. 232-23.
31
v. liCeli, kolxeTisa da iberiis kulturis sa­
kiTxebi, Tb., 2001, gv. 39.
27
33
vaxtang liCeli
vaxtang liCeli
34
centralur monakveTze – misi SedarebiT
martivi da moxerxebuli, amasTan sameurneo
saqmianobisaTvis gamosadegi fizikur-geo­
grafiuli pirobebis gamo – koncentrirebu­
li iyo savaWro aqtivobis ZiriTadi mimarTu­
leba, rasac axlda urTierTSeqcevadi pro­
cesi: aseTi garemo ganapirobebda sakmaod
aqtiuri ekonomikuri balansis mqone dasa­
xlebis arsebobas, rasac axlda gzis am sa­
mosaxlosTan moaxloebis tendencia, xolo
meore mxriv, am samosaxlos arsebobisaTvis
garkveul qronologiur monakveTebSi pri­
oritetuli xdeboda amave gzis arseboba. ar
SeiZleba, rom mesopotamiuri sabeWdavebis
aRmoCena graklian goraze SemTxveviTi iyos;
aA rc is SeiZleba, rom gvian-brinjao – adre
rkinis xanis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebu­
li sataZro kompleqsebi aq SemTxveviT iyos
Tavmoyrili;D da albaT, arc qveda terasis
unikaluri sataZro („dasavleTi taZari“)
kompleqsia aq SemTxveviT agebuli; sruliad
aSkaraa samosaxlos araerTgzis dakninebisa
da kvlav aRzevebis faqtic, rac am adgilis
mniSvnelobas usvams xazs. iyo yvelaferi ze­
moTqmuli mxolod geografiuli mdebareo­
biT gamowveuli Tu am goras raime sakralu­
ri mniSvneloba hqonda, amaze pasuxs mxolod
momavali gaTxrebis Sedegebi gascems. n
N ebis­
mier SemTxvevaSi, samosaxlos did qronolo­
giur monakveTSi arsebobisa da aq mikvleu­
li artefaqtebis xasiaTis gamo, grakliani
goris samosaxlo da samarovani centralu­
ri amierkavkasiis etalonur ZeglTa Soris
unda iqnas ganxiluli.
vaxtang liCeli
35
sur. 1. grakliani gora. monumenturi sakurTxeveli, Zv. w. 1100-900 ww.
sur. 2. grakliani gora. taZris gegma, Wrili, Zv. w. V-IV ss.
vaxtang liCeli
36
sur. 3. grakliani gora. samarovani, Zv. w. XIII s. _900 ww. gegma, nakveTi III
sur. 5. grakliani gora. samarxi
#217, Zv. w. V s-is II nax., gegma
sur. 4. grakliani gora. brinjaos xanis
samarxeuli inventari, Zv. w. XII – X ss.
37
vaxtang liCeli
sur. 6. grakliani gora. samxreT mesopotamiuri sabeWdavebi,
Zv. w. IV – III aTaswleuli
38
vaxtang liCeli
sur. 7. grakliani gora. aqemeniduri tipis moxatuli keramika,
Zv. w. IV- III s-is II nax.
sur. 8. grakliani gora. `samadlos tipis~ moxatuli keramika,
Zv. w. III-II ss.