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MC1 – ELAC 2015
© H.F.C.Velho-INPE-MCTI
Capítulo
Proibida a reprodução sem a autorização do autor
7
Introdução aos Problemas Inversos e Aplicações
em Pesquisa Espacial
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Abstract
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2. Métodos Matemáticos para Solução de Problemas Inversos
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MaxEnt-2
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1
1
10
10
Radiossonde
Radiosonde
Neural Netw ork
VHDL
Tikhonov-1
Matlab
Pressure
Pressure (hPa)
MaxEnt-2
2
10
3
10
180
2
10
3
200
220
240
260
280
Temperature (K)
300
320
10
180
200
220
240
260
Temperature (K)
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300
320
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Referências
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