trabalho completo - 52ª Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de

52a Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de
Zootecnia
Zootecnia: Otimizando Recursos e Potencialidades
Belo Horizonte – MG, 19 a 23 de Julho de 2015
Evaluation of energetic and hepatic metabolites of goats submitted to lipid supplementation¹
Gilberto de Lima Macedo Junior², Fernando Luis Brito³, Wendell Fernando Guimarães da Cruz³, Érica
Beatriz Schultz³, Adriano Santana Crozara³, Joyce Karla Fernandes³, Luciano Fernandes Sousa4
1 Trabalho de iniciação científica do segundo autor, financiada pelo CNPq , com doação da Alltech
2 Docente da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, curso de Zootecnia, FAMEV, UFU, e-mail: [email protected]
3 Discente do curso de Zootecnia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, FAMEV/UFU, Uberlândia, MG
4 Docente da Universidade Federal do Tocantins, EMVZ, Araguaína, TO.
Abstract: The goal of this paper was to evaluate the influence in energetic and hepatic metabolites of goats
submitted to lipid supplementation (ALL G Reach®) and non-lipid. It was used 14 Saanen goats, equally divided
into two treatments, housed in pens with slatted floor, troughs, salt and water dispenser. The study was conducted at
Capim Branco Experimental Farm of the Federal University of Uberlandia. The goats were fed twice a day with
corn silage as the only roughage (55% forage and 45% concentrate) and control concentrated or concentrated with
ALL G Reach®. The inclusion of ALL G Reach® significantly increased the mean concentration of energetic
metabolites such as cholesterol, triglycerides and VLDL due to the treatment and the concentration of the latter two
referring to the trial period, also altering the concentration of fructase in the middle of the experimental period.
There were no significant changes in ALP, AST and GGT according to treatments and the trial period, except for
GGT that was significantly higher in the middle and at the end of the experiment. The lipid supplementation by
inclusion of 3% of ALL G Reach® elevates levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and VLDL, and increases the
concentrations of triglycerides, VLDL and GGT throughout the time, also elevating the concentration of fructase in
the middle of the experimental period. Thus, it appears that there was an improvement in energetic balance of
Saanen goats supplemented with ALL G Reach®.
Keywords: ALL G Reach®, goats, cholesterol, GGT
Avaliação dos metabólitos energéticos e hepáticos de cabras submetidas à suplementação lipídica
Resumo: Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar a influência nos metabólitos energéticos e hepáticos de cabras
submetidas à suplementação lipídica (ALL G Reach®) e não lipídica. Foram utilizadas 14 cabras da raça Saanen,
divididas igualmente em dois tratamentos, alojadas em baias com ripado suspenso, providas de cochos, saleiro e
bebedouros. O estudo foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental Capim Branco da Universidade Federal de
Uberlândia. As cabras foram alimentadas duas vezes por dia com silagem de milho como único volumoso (55%
volumoso e 45% concentrado) mais concentrado controle e concentrado com ALL G Reach®. A inclusão de ALL
G Reach® elevou significativamente a concentração média dos metabólitos energéticos colesterol, triglicerídeos e
VLDL em função do tratamento e a concentração dos dois últimos referente ao período experimental, alterando
também a concentração de frutase no período experimental intermediário. Não houve alterações significativas na
FA, GGT e AST em função dos tratamentos e do período experimental, exceto pela GGT que foi significativamente
maior no meio e ao fim do experimento. A suplementação lipídica via inclusão de 3% de ALL G Reach® eleva os
níveis de colesterol, triglicerídeos e VLDL, assim como aumenta as concentrações de triglicerídeos, VLDL e GGT
ao longo do tempo de uso, elevando também a concentração de frutase no período experimental intermediário.
Desse modo, infere-se que houve melhora no aporte energético de cabras Saanen suplementadas com ALL G
Reach®.
Palavras–chave: ALL G Reach®, caprinos, colesterol, GGT
Introduction
The use of lipids in ruminant supplementation was initially performed in dairy cattle, generating positive
results in rumen metabolism and milk production, stimulating new research in several areas including goat
production (Nörnberg, 2003). Lipids are considered energy sources with high concentrations of readily available
energy as they are made up mainly by fatty acids, which have 2.25 times more energy than carbohydrates.
The evaluation of metabolite profile has been used since 1970 as a tool to assess and to prevent metabolic
and nutritional disorders in ruminants (Payne et al., 1970). The metabolic changes of blood in ruminants make
possible to estimate the process of adaptation to new metabolic or physiological supply situations.
The goal of this paper was to evaluate the energetic and hepatic metabolites of goats submitted to lipid
supplementation.
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52a Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de
Zootecnia
Zootecnia: Otimizando Recursos e Potencialidades
Belo Horizonte – MG, 19 a 23 de Julho de 2015
Material e Methods
The experiment was conducted from July 2014 to October 2014, at Capim Branco Experimental Farm,
which belongs to the Faculty of Veterinary Science of the Federal University of Uberlandia. It was used 14 Saanen
goats, divided into two treatments (0% and 3% of inclusion of ALL G Reach®), housed in pens with slatted floor,
provided with troughs and water dispenser. The goats were fed twice a day with corn silage as the only roughage
(55% forage and 45% concentrate) and concentrated control or concentrated with ALL G Reach® (composition in
Table 1). Remains were taken once daily at 7:30 am, and the feeding time was 8 am and 4 pm.
Table 1. Centesimal and bromatological composition of the concentrates
Ingredients
Treatment A
Treatment B
Corn meal
49.58%
47.39%
Soybean meal
17.42%
16.60%
Citrus pulp
30.00%
30.00%
Mineral salt
3.0%
3.0%
All G Reach®
XXXX
3.0%
Dry matter
89.03%
89.24%
Crude protein
15.00%
15.00%
TDN
79.82%
80.30%
Bromatological composition of All G Reach®*
Ether extract
50.00%
Total carbohydrates
24.88%
Crude protein
19.22%
Triglycerides
85.80%
Docosahexaenoic acid
27.20%
Palmitic acid
54.69%
*
Data provided by Alltech
Blood samples were taken by jugular venepuncture with the aid of vacutainer at the beginning, middle and
end of the experiment (0, 30 and 60 days of experiment). All blood samples were taken in the morning, before the
supply of the first feeding. The collected blood samples were centrifuged at 5000 rounds per minute (RPM) for 10
minutes and the serum was separated in aliquots and stored in micro tubes (Eppendorf) and kept in a freezer at -5
°C for later laboratory analysis.
The biochemical components for determining the energy metabolism were: cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL
(very low density lipoprotein) and fructase. The biochemical components analysed to determine liver function were
gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). All samples
were processed in an automated biochemical analyser, using the commercial kit Lab Test.
The experiment was designed randomly with repeated measurements over time. The means were compared
by SNK test at 5% probability. For all variables it was tested the normality and sphericity. Each treatment had 7
repetitions.
Results and Discussion
The inclusion of ALL G Reach® significantly increased the concentration of cholesterol, triglycerides and
VLDL due to the treatment, but did not alter the concentration of fructase. There is an increase in concentrations of
triglycerides and VLDL throughout the time and an increase of fructase in the middle of the trial period (Table 2).
Table 2. Mean concentration (mg/dL) of energetic metabolites in the treatments and trial period
Triglycerides
VLDL
Treatment
Cholesterol
20.04b
4.00b
0
66.00b
30.30a
6.06a
3
83.05a
Triglycerides
VLDL
Period
Cholesterol
17.35b
3.47b
Beginning (Day 0)
82.57
25.28ab
5.05ab
Middle (Day 30)
67.64
33.07a
6.61a
End (Day 60)
72.61
25.04
5.00
Mean
74.31
30.70
30.70
Coefficient of variation
23.13
Fructase
292.90
323.35
Fructase
297.92b
358.28a
263.92b
307.75
11.97
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52a Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de
Zootecnia
Zootecnia: Otimizando Recursos e Potencialidades
Belo Horizonte – MG, 19 a 23 de Julho de 2015
This response is due to the lipid profile of the supplement, since feed and supplements composed of lipids,
after reaching the rumen, are hydrolysed by microorganisms that convert the fatty acids, glycerol or other
compounds (Church, 1998), which are sources of energy for life processes and production. Thus, the energy
balance was significantly increased in animals supplemented with ALL G Reach®. Moreover, there was an increase
in triglycerides and VLDL levels depending on the experimental period, demonstrating that supplementation should
not be timely, should be supplied gradually. According to Kaneko (1989), the reference value for cholesterol
concentrations vary from 80 to 130 mg/dL, thus animals that were not supplemented with ALL G Reach® had
cholesterol levels lower than recommended, which could be translated as an energy deficit and therefore also
productive and breeding deficit. Cholesterol is present in the chylomicrons lipoprotein, VLDL, HDL and LDL
which explains the increase in VLDL. Total cholesterol is an indicator of ruminant ability to mobilize fat stocks for
milk synthesis (Kappel et al., 1984).
In Table 3 are described the average concentrations of liver metabolites. There were no significant changes
in ALP, AST and GGT according to treatments and the trial period, except for GGT that was significantly higher in
the middle and the end of the experiment. GGT is an enzyme present in the cell membrane of various tissues such
as liver, kidney, pancreas and intestine. However, the higher concentration of this enzyme occurs in renal tubular
epithelial cells and in bile ducts. Elevations in GGT serum are mainly seen in animals with liver disorders or in the
case of inclusion of lipid feed supplements that it was occurred.
Table 3. Mean concentration of hepatic metabolites in the treatments and the experimental period
Treatment
ALP (U/L)
GGT (U/L)
AST (µmg/dL)
0
206.00
56.04
57.38
3
133.50
50.04
55.00
Period
ALP (U/L)
GGT (U/L)
AST (µmg/dL)
Beginning (Day 0)
137.64
43.64b
55.28
Middle (Day 30)
203.85
61.14a
55.57
End (Day 60)
170.38
54.69a
55.92
Mean
170.63
53.12
56.21
Coefficient of variation
47.73
19.16
14.30
The reference values for ALP, AST and GGT goats are respectively 93 to 386 U/L, 20 to 56 U/L and 167
to 513 µmg/dL (Kaneko, 1989). Thus, it is noted that the average concentrations of AST in this experiment were
lower than those recommended by Kaneko (1989), but were consonant with the finding by Simplicio et al. (2009),
which was 64.4 µmg/dL. Noteworthy is that supplementation with ALL G Reach® did not generate any kind of
liver disease, as the GGT and ALP were within the reference values.
Conclusions
The lipid supplementation by inclusion of 3% of ALL G Reach® elevates cholesterol, triglycerides and
VLDL levels, and increases the concentrations of triglycerides, VLDL and GGT throughout the time of use, also
elevating the concentration of fructase in the middle of the experimental period. Thus, it appears that there was an
improvement in energy balance of Saanen goats supplemented with ALL G Reach®.
Literature Cited
CHURCH, D.C. El ruminante: fisiologia digestiva y nutrición. Zaragoza: Acribia, 1998. 630 p.
KANEKO, J.J. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. 4.ed. San Diego: Academic, 1989. 932p.
KAPPEL, L.C.; INGRAHAM, R.H.; MORGAN, E.B. et al. Relationship between fertility and blood glucose and
cholesterol concentrations in Holstein cows. Am. J. Vet. Res., v.45, p.2607-2612, 1984.
NÖRNBERG, J.L. Efeito de diferentes fontes de gordura na dieta de vacas Jersey na fase inicial de lactação.
2003. 158 f. Tese (Doutorado em Zootecnia) – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre.
PAYNE, J.M.; SALLY, M.; MANSTON, R.; FAULKS, M. The use of metabolic profiles test in dairy herd.
Veterinary Record, v.87, p.150-158, 1970.
SIMPLÍCIO, K.; COTRIM, F.; FAGLIARI, J.J. et al. Perfil bioquímico de cabras lactantes das raças Saanen e
Anglo-Nubiana. In: VIII Congresso Brasileiro de Buiatria, 8., 2009, Belo Horizonte. Anais... Belo Horizonte:
Ciência Animal Brasileira, [2009]. (CD-ROM).
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