trabalho completo - 52ª Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de
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trabalho completo - 52ª Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de
52a Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia Zootecnia: Otimizando Recursos e Potencialidades Belo Horizonte – MG, 19 a 23 de Julho de 2015 Evaluation of energetic and hepatic metabolites of goats submitted to lipid supplementation¹ Gilberto de Lima Macedo Junior², Fernando Luis Brito³, Wendell Fernando Guimarães da Cruz³, Érica Beatriz Schultz³, Adriano Santana Crozara³, Joyce Karla Fernandes³, Luciano Fernandes Sousa4 1 Trabalho de iniciação científica do segundo autor, financiada pelo CNPq , com doação da Alltech 2 Docente da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, curso de Zootecnia, FAMEV, UFU, e-mail: [email protected] 3 Discente do curso de Zootecnia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, FAMEV/UFU, Uberlândia, MG 4 Docente da Universidade Federal do Tocantins, EMVZ, Araguaína, TO. Abstract: The goal of this paper was to evaluate the influence in energetic and hepatic metabolites of goats submitted to lipid supplementation (ALL G Reach®) and non-lipid. It was used 14 Saanen goats, equally divided into two treatments, housed in pens with slatted floor, troughs, salt and water dispenser. The study was conducted at Capim Branco Experimental Farm of the Federal University of Uberlandia. The goats were fed twice a day with corn silage as the only roughage (55% forage and 45% concentrate) and control concentrated or concentrated with ALL G Reach®. The inclusion of ALL G Reach® significantly increased the mean concentration of energetic metabolites such as cholesterol, triglycerides and VLDL due to the treatment and the concentration of the latter two referring to the trial period, also altering the concentration of fructase in the middle of the experimental period. There were no significant changes in ALP, AST and GGT according to treatments and the trial period, except for GGT that was significantly higher in the middle and at the end of the experiment. The lipid supplementation by inclusion of 3% of ALL G Reach® elevates levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and VLDL, and increases the concentrations of triglycerides, VLDL and GGT throughout the time, also elevating the concentration of fructase in the middle of the experimental period. Thus, it appears that there was an improvement in energetic balance of Saanen goats supplemented with ALL G Reach®. Keywords: ALL G Reach®, goats, cholesterol, GGT Avaliação dos metabólitos energéticos e hepáticos de cabras submetidas à suplementação lipídica Resumo: Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar a influência nos metabólitos energéticos e hepáticos de cabras submetidas à suplementação lipídica (ALL G Reach®) e não lipídica. Foram utilizadas 14 cabras da raça Saanen, divididas igualmente em dois tratamentos, alojadas em baias com ripado suspenso, providas de cochos, saleiro e bebedouros. O estudo foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental Capim Branco da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. As cabras foram alimentadas duas vezes por dia com silagem de milho como único volumoso (55% volumoso e 45% concentrado) mais concentrado controle e concentrado com ALL G Reach®. A inclusão de ALL G Reach® elevou significativamente a concentração média dos metabólitos energéticos colesterol, triglicerídeos e VLDL em função do tratamento e a concentração dos dois últimos referente ao período experimental, alterando também a concentração de frutase no período experimental intermediário. Não houve alterações significativas na FA, GGT e AST em função dos tratamentos e do período experimental, exceto pela GGT que foi significativamente maior no meio e ao fim do experimento. A suplementação lipídica via inclusão de 3% de ALL G Reach® eleva os níveis de colesterol, triglicerídeos e VLDL, assim como aumenta as concentrações de triglicerídeos, VLDL e GGT ao longo do tempo de uso, elevando também a concentração de frutase no período experimental intermediário. Desse modo, infere-se que houve melhora no aporte energético de cabras Saanen suplementadas com ALL G Reach®. Palavras–chave: ALL G Reach®, caprinos, colesterol, GGT Introduction The use of lipids in ruminant supplementation was initially performed in dairy cattle, generating positive results in rumen metabolism and milk production, stimulating new research in several areas including goat production (Nörnberg, 2003). Lipids are considered energy sources with high concentrations of readily available energy as they are made up mainly by fatty acids, which have 2.25 times more energy than carbohydrates. The evaluation of metabolite profile has been used since 1970 as a tool to assess and to prevent metabolic and nutritional disorders in ruminants (Payne et al., 1970). The metabolic changes of blood in ruminants make possible to estimate the process of adaptation to new metabolic or physiological supply situations. The goal of this paper was to evaluate the energetic and hepatic metabolites of goats submitted to lipid supplementation. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Página - 1 - de 3 52a Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia Zootecnia: Otimizando Recursos e Potencialidades Belo Horizonte – MG, 19 a 23 de Julho de 2015 Material e Methods The experiment was conducted from July 2014 to October 2014, at Capim Branco Experimental Farm, which belongs to the Faculty of Veterinary Science of the Federal University of Uberlandia. It was used 14 Saanen goats, divided into two treatments (0% and 3% of inclusion of ALL G Reach®), housed in pens with slatted floor, provided with troughs and water dispenser. The goats were fed twice a day with corn silage as the only roughage (55% forage and 45% concentrate) and concentrated control or concentrated with ALL G Reach® (composition in Table 1). Remains were taken once daily at 7:30 am, and the feeding time was 8 am and 4 pm. Table 1. Centesimal and bromatological composition of the concentrates Ingredients Treatment A Treatment B Corn meal 49.58% 47.39% Soybean meal 17.42% 16.60% Citrus pulp 30.00% 30.00% Mineral salt 3.0% 3.0% All G Reach® XXXX 3.0% Dry matter 89.03% 89.24% Crude protein 15.00% 15.00% TDN 79.82% 80.30% Bromatological composition of All G Reach®* Ether extract 50.00% Total carbohydrates 24.88% Crude protein 19.22% Triglycerides 85.80% Docosahexaenoic acid 27.20% Palmitic acid 54.69% * Data provided by Alltech Blood samples were taken by jugular venepuncture with the aid of vacutainer at the beginning, middle and end of the experiment (0, 30 and 60 days of experiment). All blood samples were taken in the morning, before the supply of the first feeding. The collected blood samples were centrifuged at 5000 rounds per minute (RPM) for 10 minutes and the serum was separated in aliquots and stored in micro tubes (Eppendorf) and kept in a freezer at -5 °C for later laboratory analysis. The biochemical components for determining the energy metabolism were: cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) and fructase. The biochemical components analysed to determine liver function were gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). All samples were processed in an automated biochemical analyser, using the commercial kit Lab Test. The experiment was designed randomly with repeated measurements over time. The means were compared by SNK test at 5% probability. For all variables it was tested the normality and sphericity. Each treatment had 7 repetitions. Results and Discussion The inclusion of ALL G Reach® significantly increased the concentration of cholesterol, triglycerides and VLDL due to the treatment, but did not alter the concentration of fructase. There is an increase in concentrations of triglycerides and VLDL throughout the time and an increase of fructase in the middle of the trial period (Table 2). Table 2. Mean concentration (mg/dL) of energetic metabolites in the treatments and trial period Triglycerides VLDL Treatment Cholesterol 20.04b 4.00b 0 66.00b 30.30a 6.06a 3 83.05a Triglycerides VLDL Period Cholesterol 17.35b 3.47b Beginning (Day 0) 82.57 25.28ab 5.05ab Middle (Day 30) 67.64 33.07a 6.61a End (Day 60) 72.61 25.04 5.00 Mean 74.31 30.70 30.70 Coefficient of variation 23.13 Fructase 292.90 323.35 Fructase 297.92b 358.28a 263.92b 307.75 11.97 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Página - 2 - de 3 52a Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia Zootecnia: Otimizando Recursos e Potencialidades Belo Horizonte – MG, 19 a 23 de Julho de 2015 This response is due to the lipid profile of the supplement, since feed and supplements composed of lipids, after reaching the rumen, are hydrolysed by microorganisms that convert the fatty acids, glycerol or other compounds (Church, 1998), which are sources of energy for life processes and production. Thus, the energy balance was significantly increased in animals supplemented with ALL G Reach®. Moreover, there was an increase in triglycerides and VLDL levels depending on the experimental period, demonstrating that supplementation should not be timely, should be supplied gradually. According to Kaneko (1989), the reference value for cholesterol concentrations vary from 80 to 130 mg/dL, thus animals that were not supplemented with ALL G Reach® had cholesterol levels lower than recommended, which could be translated as an energy deficit and therefore also productive and breeding deficit. Cholesterol is present in the chylomicrons lipoprotein, VLDL, HDL and LDL which explains the increase in VLDL. Total cholesterol is an indicator of ruminant ability to mobilize fat stocks for milk synthesis (Kappel et al., 1984). In Table 3 are described the average concentrations of liver metabolites. There were no significant changes in ALP, AST and GGT according to treatments and the trial period, except for GGT that was significantly higher in the middle and the end of the experiment. GGT is an enzyme present in the cell membrane of various tissues such as liver, kidney, pancreas and intestine. However, the higher concentration of this enzyme occurs in renal tubular epithelial cells and in bile ducts. Elevations in GGT serum are mainly seen in animals with liver disorders or in the case of inclusion of lipid feed supplements that it was occurred. Table 3. Mean concentration of hepatic metabolites in the treatments and the experimental period Treatment ALP (U/L) GGT (U/L) AST (µmg/dL) 0 206.00 56.04 57.38 3 133.50 50.04 55.00 Period ALP (U/L) GGT (U/L) AST (µmg/dL) Beginning (Day 0) 137.64 43.64b 55.28 Middle (Day 30) 203.85 61.14a 55.57 End (Day 60) 170.38 54.69a 55.92 Mean 170.63 53.12 56.21 Coefficient of variation 47.73 19.16 14.30 The reference values for ALP, AST and GGT goats are respectively 93 to 386 U/L, 20 to 56 U/L and 167 to 513 µmg/dL (Kaneko, 1989). Thus, it is noted that the average concentrations of AST in this experiment were lower than those recommended by Kaneko (1989), but were consonant with the finding by Simplicio et al. (2009), which was 64.4 µmg/dL. Noteworthy is that supplementation with ALL G Reach® did not generate any kind of liver disease, as the GGT and ALP were within the reference values. Conclusions The lipid supplementation by inclusion of 3% of ALL G Reach® elevates cholesterol, triglycerides and VLDL levels, and increases the concentrations of triglycerides, VLDL and GGT throughout the time of use, also elevating the concentration of fructase in the middle of the experimental period. Thus, it appears that there was an improvement in energy balance of Saanen goats supplemented with ALL G Reach®. Literature Cited CHURCH, D.C. El ruminante: fisiologia digestiva y nutrición. Zaragoza: Acribia, 1998. 630 p. KANEKO, J.J. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. 4.ed. San Diego: Academic, 1989. 932p. KAPPEL, L.C.; INGRAHAM, R.H.; MORGAN, E.B. et al. Relationship between fertility and blood glucose and cholesterol concentrations in Holstein cows. Am. J. Vet. Res., v.45, p.2607-2612, 1984. NÖRNBERG, J.L. Efeito de diferentes fontes de gordura na dieta de vacas Jersey na fase inicial de lactação. 2003. 158 f. Tese (Doutorado em Zootecnia) – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre. PAYNE, J.M.; SALLY, M.; MANSTON, R.; FAULKS, M. The use of metabolic profiles test in dairy herd. Veterinary Record, v.87, p.150-158, 1970. SIMPLÍCIO, K.; COTRIM, F.; FAGLIARI, J.J. et al. Perfil bioquímico de cabras lactantes das raças Saanen e Anglo-Nubiana. In: VIII Congresso Brasileiro de Buiatria, 8., 2009, Belo Horizonte. Anais... Belo Horizonte: Ciência Animal Brasileira, [2009]. (CD-ROM). ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Página - 3 - de 3
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