HipÐtESE DE SMARANDACHE: EviDÈNCiAS, iMpliCAd¯ES E

+,3Ð7(6('(60$5$1'$&+((9,'È1&,$6
,03/,&$d¯(6($3/,&$d¯(6
/HRQDUGR)'GD0RWWD
OPRWWD#DPD]RQFRPEU
&RQVHOKHLUR)XUWDGR
%HOpP3$%UDVLO
6HWHPEUR
5(6802 (P 6PDUDQGDFKH SURS{V TXH QmR Ki XPD YHORFLGDGH OLPLWH QD
QDWXUH]D EDVHDGR QR SDUDGR[R (35%HOO (LQVWHLQ 3RGROVN\ 5RVHQ %HOO (PERUD
SDUHoD TXH HVWH SDUDGR[R IRL UHVROYLGR UHFHQWHPHQWH DLQGD Ki YiULDV RXWUDV HYLGrQFLDV
TXH QRV JXLDP D DFUHGLWDU TXH D KLSyWHVH GH 6PDUDQGDFKH HVWi FRUUHWD QD PHFkQLFD
TXkQWLFD H DWp QDV WHRULDV GH XQLILFDomR 6H D KLSyWHVH GH 6PDUDQGDFKH UHYHODUVH
YHUGDGHLUD HP TXDOTXHU FLUFXQVWkQFLD DOJXQV DVSHFWRV GD ItVLFD PRGHUQD WHUmR TXH VH
³UHDMXVWDU´ SDUD FRQFRUGDU FRP D KLSyWHVH GH 6PDUDQGDFKH (P DGLomR TXDQGR R
VLJQLILFDGR GD KLSyWHVH GH 6PDUDQGDFKH WRUQDUVH WRWDOPHQWH HQWHQGLGR XPD UHYROXomR
QDWHFQRORJLDHVSHFLDOPHQWHQDVFRPXQLFDo}HVLUiVXUJLU
, (9,'È1&,$6'()(1Ñ0(126683(5/80,1$,6($+,3Ð7(6('(
60$5$1'$&+(
$SDUHQWHPHQWH IRL 6RPPHUIHOG TXHP SULPHLUR QRWRX D SRVVtYHO H[LVWrQFLD GH
SDUWtFXODV PDLV UiSLGDV TXH D OX] PDLV WDUGH FKDPDGDV GH WDFK\RQV SRU )HLQEHUJ >@
7RGDYLD WDFK\RQV SRVVXHP PDVVD LPDJLQiULD DVVLP QXQFD IRUDP GHWHFWDGRV
H[SHULPHQWDOPHQWH3RUPDVVDLPDJLQiULDHQWHQGHPRVXPDPDVVDSURLELGDSHODWHRULDGD
UHODWLYLGDGH (QWUHWDQWR D UHODWLYLGDGH QmR SURtEH GLUHWDPHQWH D H[LVWrQFLD GH SDUWtFXODV
VXSHUOXPLQDLV VHP PDVVD FRPR R IyWRQ PDV VXJHUH TXH IHQ{PHQRV VXSHUOXPLQDLV
FXOPLQDULDP HP YLDJHP QR WHPSR (QWmR PXLWRV ItVLFRV DVVXPLUDP TXH IHQ{PHQRV
VXSHUOXPLQDLV QmR H[LVWHP QR XQLYHUVR RXWUD IRUPD WHUtDPRV TXH H[SOLFDU WRGRV RV
SDUDGR[RVGRWLSR³PDWHRVHXDY{´>@8PIDPRVRH[HPSORGHSDUDGR[RGHVWHWLSRpR
SUREOHPDGHFDXVDOLGDGH
$VHUSXEOLFDGR6PDUDQGDFKH+\SRWKHVLV(YLGHQFHV,PSOLFDWLRQVDQG$SSOLFDWLRQVHP³6PDUDQGDFKH
1RWLRQV-RXUQDO´9RO8QLYHUVLW\RI&UDLRYD1HZ0H[LFRj FRQYLWH GH'U0LQK3HUH]
0HVPRDVVLPDPHFkQLFDTXkQWLFDVXJHUHTXHPRYLPHQWRVVXSHUOXPLQDLVH[LVWHP'H
IDWRKiKLSyWHVHVGDH[LVWrQFLDREULJDWyULDGHPRYLPHQWRVVXSHUOXPLQDLVQDQDWXUH]D>
@ 2 SDUDGR[R (35%HOO p R PDLV IDPRVR H[HPSOR 3RQGHUDQGR VREUH HVWH SDUDGR[R
6PDUDQGDFKH SURS{V HP HP XPD SDOHVWUD DR %UDVLO TXH QmR Ki WDO YHORFLGDGH
OLPLWH QR XQLYHUVR FRPR SRVWXODGR SRU (LQVWHLQ >@ 3DUHFH TXH HVWH SDUDGR[R IRL
UHFHQWHPHQWHUHVROYLGRSRU/(6]DEy>@0HVPRDVVLPDLQGDKiYiULDVHYLGrQFLDVGH
YHORFLGDGHVLQILQLWDVFRPXQLFDomRLQVWDQWkQHDQRXQLYHUVRFRPRYHUHPRVEUHYHPHQWH
,$7HRULDGH5RGULJXHV0DLRULQR
(VWXGDQGR VROXo}HV GDV HTXDo}HV GH 0D[ZHOO H 'LUDF:H\O :DOG\U5RGULJXHV-UH
-RVp 0DLRULQR IRUDP FDSD]HV GH SURSRU XPD WHRULD XQLILFDGD SDUD FRQVWUXomR GH
YHORFLGDGHV DUELWUiULDV QD QDWXUH]D SRU DUELWUiULD HQWHQGHVH d Y d F HP >@
(OHVWDPEpPVXJHULUDPTXHQmRKiWDOYHORFLGDGHOLPLWHQRXQLYHUVRDVVLPDKLSyWHVHGH
6PDUDQGDFKH S{GH VHU SURPRYLGD D WHRULD FRPR WHRULD GH 6PDUDQGDFKH5RGULJXHV
0DLRULQR650
)DWR~QLFRGDWHRULDGH5RGULJXHV0DLRULQRpTXHRSULQFtSLRGDUHODWLYLGDGHHVSHFLDO
VRIUH XPD TXHEUD HQWUHWDQWR PHVPR FRQVWUXo}HV UHODWLYtVWLFDV GD PHFkQLFD TXkQWLFD
FRPR D HTXDomR GH 'LUDF FRQFRUGDP SOHQDPHQWH FRP IHQ{PHQRV VXSHUOXPLQDLV 'H
DFRUGRFRPDWHRULDGH5RGULJXHV0DLRULQRDWpPHVPRXPFRQMXQWREHPSRVLFLRQDGRGH
HVSHOKRVSRGHDFHOHUDUXPDRQGDHOHWURPDJQpWLFDDYHORFLGDGHVVXSHULRUHVDGDOX](VVD
DILUPDomRIRLPDLVWDUGHFRQILUPDGDSRU6DDULH5HLYHOW>@TXHSURGX]LUDPXPD
RQGD;QRPHDGDGHVWDIRUPDSRU-</XXPFRQWULEXLGRUGH5RGULJXHVXVDQGRXPD
OkPSDGDGH[HQ{QLRLQWHUFHSWDGDFRPXPFRQMXQWRGHOHQWHVHRULItFLRV
$ WHRULD 650 p XPD FRQVWUXomR PDWHPiWLFD SXUD H IRUWH GD HTXDomR GH RQGD
UHODWLYtVWLFDTXHQRVLQGLFDTXHQmRKiQHQKXPDYHORFLGDGHOLPLWHQRXQLYHUVR
,([SHULPHQWRV6XSHUOXPLQDLV
0XLWRV H[SHULPHQWRV SULQFLSDOPHQWH PRGRV HYDQHVFHQWHV UHVXOWDP HP SURSDJDomR
VXSHUOXPLQDO2SULPHLURPRGRHYDQHVFHQWHEHPVXFHGLGRIRLREWLGRHPSRU1LPW]
>@1LPW]SURGX]LXXPVLQDOFHPDLVWDUGHXPVLQDO)0FFRPDD VLQIRQLDGH
0R]DUW (VVH VXFHVVR GH 1LPW] VHULD PDLV WDUGH VXSHUDGR SRU RXWURV UHVXOWDGRV DWp YH]HVPDLVUiSLGRVTXHDFRQVWDQWHF
1R FDVR GR H[SHULPHQWR GH 1LPW] QmR HVWi FODUR VH HOH YLROD R SDUDGR[R GH
FDXVDOLGDGH (P FRQWUDSDUWLGD / - :DQJ $ .X]PLFK H $ 'RJDULX UHFHQWHPHQWH
SXEOLFDUDPXPH[WUDRUGLQiULRUHVXOWDGRGHGLVSHUVmRDQ{PDODRTXDOXPSXOVRGHOX]IRL
DFHOHUDGR r YH]HV D YHORFLGDGH GD OX] VHP YLRODU R SDUDGR[R GH FDXVDOLGDGH
SRUWDQWRUHVXOWDQGRHPYLDJHPQRWHPSR1DSUiWLFDLVWRVLJQLILFDTXHXPSXOVRGHOX]
SURSDJDQGRSHODFpOXODGHYDSRUDW{PLFRDSDUHFHQDVDtGDPXLWRDQWHVGHWHUSURSDJDGRD
PHVPDGLVWkQFLDQRYiFXRHRSLFRGRSXOVRSDUHFHVDLUGDFpOXODDQWHVPHVPRGHHQWUDU
>@
,5HYLVmRGD9HORFLGDGHGD*UDYLGDGH
$WHRULDJHUDOGDUHODWLYLGDGHSRVWXODTXHDYHORFLGDGHGDJUDYLGDGHpDPHVPDTXHD
FRQVWDQWH F 3RUpP VH D YHORFLGDGH GD OX] QmR p D YHORFLGDGH OLPLWH GR XQLYHUVR QmR
VHULDKRUDGHUHYLVDUHVWHSRVWXODGR"9DQ)ODQGHUQSXEOLFRXDOJXQVUHVXOWDGRVDVWURItVLFRV
TXHLQGLFDPTXHDJUDYLGDGHpVXSHUOXPLQDO>@2EVHUYDo}HVGHDOJXPDVJDOi[LDVIHLWDV
SHOD 1$6$ VXJHUHP TXH DOJXPDV JDOi[LDV HVWmR JLUDQGR FRP YHORFLGDGH VXSHUOXPLQDO
>@
2VGDGRVGH9DQ)ODQGHUQIRUDPPDLVWDUGHVH[SOLFDGRVSRUXPDWHRULDTXHQmRXVDYD
GH PRYLPHQWRV VXSHUOXPLQDLV SRU ,ELVRQ 3XWKRII H 6 5 /LWWOH >@ $LQGD DVVLP
REVHUYDo}HV GH VLQDLV VXSHUOXPLQDLV YLQGR GH JDOi[LDV SHUPDQHFH LQH[SOLFDGDV SHOR
SRQWRGHYLVWDVXEOXPLQDO
,7DFK\RQV
$OJXQVPRGHORVGDWHRULDGHVXSHUFRUGDVQRVVDPDLVSURPLVVRUDFDQGLGDWDSDUDWHRULD
XQLILFDGDGDItVLFDLQFOXLWDFK\RQVDVSDUWtFXODVKiEHLVGHYLDMDUPDLVUiSLGRTXHDOX]
0HVPR DVVLP ItVLFRV HQFRQWUDUDP XPD PDQHLUD GH ³FRUWDU´ D WHRULD GH PDQHLUD TXH DV
VROXo}HV GH WDFK\RQV GHVDSDUHFHP DOJXQV RXWURV FRPR )UHHGPDQ GHIHQGHP TXH D
WHRULDGHVXSHUFRUGDVQmRGHYHULDVHUFRUWDGDGHWDOIRUPDHPDEVROXWR>@$WHRULDGDV
VXSHUFRUGDV p SURYDYHOPHQWH R PHOKRU FDPSR SDUD R HVWXGR GH WDFK\RQV SRLV QmR LUi
IRUoDU R XVR GR DUWLItFLR GH PDVVD LPDJLQiULD 3URI 0LFKLR .DNX FRPSDURX D LGpLD GH
PDLV GLPHQV}HV HP ItVLFDDXPHVTXHPDGHPDWUL]HVHPVHX+\SHUVSDFH,PDJLQHXPD
PDWUL][DTXDOWHPRVGHQWURDWHRULDGDUHODWLYLGDGHHRXWUDPDWUL][RQGHWHPRVR
0RGHOR3DGUmR6HFRQVWUXLUPRVXPDPDWUL]PDLRUGLJDPRV[VHULDPRVFDSD]HQWmR
GHLQFOXLUDPEDVDPHFkQLFDTXkQWLFDHDUHODWLYLGDGHHPXPD~QLFDPDWUL](VWDpDLGpLD
SULQFLSDO GH XQLILFDomR D SDUWLU GD DGLomR GH PDLV GLPHQV}HV 'D PHVPD PDQHLUD
WUDEDOKDQGR DSHQDV FRP PDWUL]HV [ QmR WHPRV HVSDoR VXILFLHQWH SDUD WUDEDOKDU FRP
WDFK\RQV 7RGDYLD HP XPD PDWUL] PDLRU WHUtDPRV R HVSDoR QHFHVViULR SDUD HQFRQWUDU
FRQVWUXo}HVVyOLGDVGHPRGHORVGHWDFK\RQV
7DFK\RQVMiIRUDPGHXPDPDQHLUDREVFXUDREVHUYDGRVHPFKXYHLURVGHDUGHUDLRV
FyVPLFRV
,,,03/,&$d¯(6($3/,&$d¯(6
'H DFRUGR FRP D WHRULD GH 5RGULJXHV0DLRULQR D FRQVHTrQFLD GD H[LVWrQFLD GH
IHQ{PHQRV VXSHUOXPLQDLV VHULD D TXHEUD GR SULQFtSLR GD UHODWLYLGDGH PDV QmR
SUHFLVDUtDPRVDOWHUDUQDGDQDPHFkQLFDTXkQWLFD0DLVSUHFLVDPHQWHQRVSDUHFHTXHpD
PHFkQLFDTXkQWLFDTXHPHVWiEDQLQGRDDQWLJDWHRULDUHODWLYtVWLFDVHJXQGRDWHRULD650
$SHVDU GLVVR QD UHDOLGDGH D WHRULD GD UHODWLYLGDGH DFHLWD DOJXP WLSR GH FRPXQLFDomR
VXSHUOXPLQDO TXH UHVXOWD HP YLDJHP QR WHPSR FRPR :DQJ H VHXV FRQWULEXLGRUHV
PRVWUDUDP
7DOYH] QyV SRGHUHPRV QXP IXWXUR GLVWDQWH HQYLDU PHQVDJHQV SDUD R IXWXUR RX
SDVVDGR 'H TXDOTXHU IRUPD IHQ{PHQRV VXSHUOXPLQDLV WHULDP XPD DSOLFDomR PDLV
UHDOLVWDFRPFRPXQLFDomRORFDOSRLVGHDFRUGRFRPDWHRULD5RGULJXHV0DLRULQRDRQGD
;pIHFKDGD QRVHQWLGRTXHHODQmRSHUGHHQHUJLDHQTXDQWRYLDMD(QWmRXPDPHQVDJHP
GHUiGLRVXSHUOXPLQDOGHRQGD;FKHJDULDDVHXGHVWLQRFRPTXDVHDPHVPDFRQGLomRHP
TXHIRLHQYLDGDHQLQJXpPH[FHWRRGHVWLQRSRGHULDHVSLDURFRQWH~GRGDPHQVDJHP$
LQYHQomR GH XP WDO WUDQVPLVVRU VXSHUOXPLQDOVHULDGHJUDQGHSRGHUDVVRFLDGRDSDVWLOKD
SDUDGHVYLDUDOX]HPR GR0,7QDPDQXIDWXUDGHILEUDVySWLFDV
,,,&21&/86®2
2VYiULRVH[SHULPHQWRVHWHRULDVVyOLGDVTXHQDVFHPGDPHFkQLFDTXkQWLFDHQYROYHQGR
IHQ{PHQRV VXSHUOXPLQDLV VmR DOWRQtYHLV GH LQGLFDomR GD KLSyWHVH GH 6PDUDQGDFKH TXH
QmR Ki WDO YHORFLGDGH OLPLWH QD QDWXUH]D ,VWR LPSOLFD HP XPD TXHEUD GR SRVWXODGR GD
UHODWLYLGDGHGH(LQVWHLQPDVQmRHPQHQKXPFDPSRGDPHFkQLFDTXkQWLFDDWpPHVPRQD
IXQomR GH RQGD UHODWLYtVWLFD &RPR HP QRVVD HYROXomR FKHJRX XP WHPSR HP TXH D
PHFkQLFD QHZWRQLDQD QmR HUD VXILFLHQWH SDUD FRPSUHHQGHU DOJXQV QRYRV DVSHFWRV GD
QDWXUH]DWDOYH]VHDSUR[LPDXPWHPSRHPTXHDWHRULDGDUHODWLYLGDGHGH(LQVWHLQGHYH
VHUGHL[DGDGHODGRSRLVHQWmRDPHFkQLFDTXkQWLFDLUiJRYHUQDU
$*5$'(&,0(1726'U0LQK3HUH]GD$PHULFDQ5HDVHDUFK3UHVVSHORFRQYLWH
GLVFXVV}HVPDWHULDOHWF
5()(5È1&,$6
>@ )UHHGPDQ'DYLG%H\RQG(LQVWHLQ'LVFRYHU\ )HE
>@ +HUEHUW1LFN)DVWHUWKDQ/LJKW6XSHUOXPLQDO/RRSKROHVLQ3K\VLFV3OXPH%RRNV
1HZ<RUN86$
>@ 6KDQ*DR 4XDQWXPVXSHUOXPLQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQPXVWH[LVW-XQ
SK\VLFV,40&*6(
>@ 6KDQ*DR4XDQWXPVXSHUOXPLQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQGRHVQRWUHVXOWLQFDVXDOORRS
SDUDGR[HV -XQTXDQWSK,40
>@ 6PDUDQGDFKH)ORUHQWLQ7KHUH,V1R6SHHG%DUULHU,Q7KH8QLYHUVH%XOOHWLQRI3XUH
DQG$SSOLHG6FLHQFHV'HOKL,QGLD9RO' 3K\VLFV1RS$OVRDW
KWWSZZZJDOOXSXQPHGXaVPDUDQGDFKHSK\VLFVKWP
>@ 6]DEy/(&RPSOHWH5HVROXWLRQRIWKH(35%HOO3DUDGR[(|WY|V%XGDSHVW
-XQTXDQWSK(|WY|V+36
>@ 5RGULJXHV:DOG\U$0DLRULQR-RVp($XQLILHGWKHRU\IRUFRQVWUXFWLRQRI
DUELWUDU\VSHHGVVROXWLRQVRIWKHUHODWLYLVWLFZDYHHTXDWLRQV5DQGRP2SHUDQG
6WRFK(TX9RO1RS
>@ 6DDUL35HLYHOW.(YLGHQFHRI;6KDSHG3URSDJDWLRQ,QYDULDQW/RFDOL]HG/LJKW
:DYHV3K\V5HY/HWW >@ 1LPW]*6XSHUOXPLQDO6LJQDO9HORFLW\$QQGHU3K\VLNS
>@ :DQJ/-.X]PLFK$'RJDULX$*DLQDVVLVWHG6XSHUOXPLQDO
3URSDJDWLRQ1DWXUHS-XO\
>@ )ODQGHUQ79DQ7KHVSHHGRIJUDYLW\± ZKDWWKHH[SHULPHQWVVD\3K\V/HWW$
>@ +DUPRQ%$*DODWLF6XSHUOXPLQDO6RXUFH,Q UG,17(*5$/:RUNVKRSWKH
([WUHPH8QLYHUVH7DRUPLQD,WDO\ 6HS(GE\*3DOXPER$%D]]DQR
DQG&:LQNOHU $VWURSK\V/HWW&RPPXQDVWURSK
>@ ,ELVRQ0LFKDHO3XWKRII+DUROG(/LWWOH6FRWW57KHVSHHGRIJUDYLW\
UHYLVLWHG3K\V/HWW$1RYSK\VLFV