Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo

Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo

avtoris stili daculia
Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo
universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
berZnul-romauli filologia
ekaterine lorTqifaniZe
kompoziciuri organizaciis principebi da konfliqtis
struqtura XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebis berZnul prozaSi
(g. viziinosi, al. papadiamandisi)
Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis
filologiis doqtoris (PhD) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
warmodgenili
disertacia
M
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori sofio Samanidi
Tbilisi
2009
s a r C e v i
Sesavali
..................................................................................................................... 3
I Tavi: XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebis berZnuli proza
(g. viziinosi, al. papadiamandisi)
I. 1. avtori da mTxrobeli
II Tavi: wriuli kompozicia
III Tavi: paraleluri dayofa
............................. 11
....................................... 19
........................................................................ 22
..................................................................... 68
IV Tavi: kompoziciuri organizaciis ZiriTad principTa
struqturuli anomaliebi da kombinaciebi ................... 116
daskvna
................................................................................................................... 153
ganmartebani
bibliografia
........................................................................................................
158
........................................................................................................ 160
2
Sesavali
XX
saukunis
meore
naxevarSi
struqturuli
analizis
meTodi
sakmaod safuZvlianad damkvidrda mecnierebis mraval sferoSi, maT Soris
literaturaTmcodneobaSi. man moicva yvela epoqis literatura, droSi
Cvengan iseTi daSorebulic ki, rogoricaa antikuri. marto arqaikisa da
klasikuri epoqis berZnuli literatura rom aviRoT, SeiZleba Tamamad
iTqvas,
rom
ZiriTad
struqturalizmi
avtorsa
da
ama
Tu
im doneze Seexo TiTqmis yvela
nawarmoebs.
Znelia
imis
mtkiceba,
rom
struqturalisturi xasiaTis yvela gamokvleva SesamCnev kvals tovebdes
filologiur
aRniSvnac,
mecnierebaSi,
rom
zogierTi
mimarTulebebs
magram,
maTgani
sxvadasxva
albaT,
umarTebulo
ar
marTlac
gvisaxavs
axal
epoqaSi
literaturuli
iqneba
imis
gzebsa
procesebis
da
ufro
obieqturad da safuZvlianad SeswavlisaTvis.
imis mixedviT, konkretulad ra gvainteresebs, struqturisa da misi
Semadgeneli
elementebis
ganxilva
sruliad
sxvadasxvagvarad
SeiZleba.
TiToeul mkvlevars calkeul SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia gamoyos struqturis
Semadgeneli is elementebi, romlebic saWiroa konkretuli analizisTvis.
magram,
amasTan
erTad,
„yoveli
nawarmoebis
struqturaSi
SeiZleba
mikvleuli iqnas iseTi universaluri elementebi, romelTa Tanafardoba
rogorc mikrosistemebSi (anu calkeul nawilebSi), aseve makrosistemebSi
(anu nawarmoebis mTlian struqturaSi) daeqvemdebareba erTsa da imave
kanonzomierebas.
SeiZleba
iyos
yoveli epoqis xelovnebasa da literaturaSi saubari
raRac
universalur
struqturul
modelze,
romlis
realizaciis variantebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mocemuli xanis mTliani
mxatvruli
produqciis
SesaZlebelia,
cvlilebebi
struqtura.
xelovanTaTvis
saocari
ZaliT
es
sruliad
airekleba
modeli
mudmivad
gaucnobierebladac
mxatvruli
icvleba
_
Semoqmedebis
da
_
es
yvela
sferoSi“ (gordeziani 2000: 156).
3
vidre
zogadad
uSualod
gadavidodeT
mxatvruli
nawarmoebis
naSromis
ZiriTad
struqturuli
nawilze
organizaciis
gvinda
sakiTxs
SevexoT.
Cveni Temis problematikidan gamomdinare struqturuli organizaciis
mxriv
gamovyofT
or
aspeqts,
romlebic
erTmaneTTan
mWidrod
aris
dakavSirebuli. es aris:
1. kompoziciuri organizacia
2. konfliqtis struqtura
TavisTavad „struqtura“, „konfliqti“ iseTi terminebia, romlebsac
SeiZleba
araerTgvarovani
gageba
hqondes,
amitomac
aqve
viZleviT
am
terminebis axsnas, raTa gasagebi gaxdes, ra azrs vdebT Cven am sityvebSi.
rogorc cnobilia, struqtura (laT. structura – aRnagoba, ganlageba,
wesrigi)
garkveuli
elementebis
garkveuli
mimdevrobiT
Seqmnili
erTobliobaa. es elementebi erTmanTTan imdenad mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli,
rom erT-erTi maTganis Secvla iwvevs yvela danarCenis Secvlasac.
Mmxatvruli nawarmoebis struqtura aris misi agebuleba, Sinagani da
garegani organizacia, misi Semadgeneli elementebis SekavSirebis xerxi.
mxatvruli nawarmoebis Seswavlisas, obieqturi warmodgena rom Segveqmnas
misi agebulebis Sesaxeb, aucilebelia nawarmoebis struqturis gamoyofa,
misi
Seswavla
mxatvruli
da
im
qmnilebis
rolis
gacnobiereba,
formirebisa
Tu
romelsac
mkiTxvelis
is
mier
asrulebs
misi
aRqmis
procesSi.
ramdenad Taviseburic ar unda iyos romelime konkretuli nawarmoebis
struqtura, mas mTeli rigi saerTo Strixebi akavSirebs imave Janris,
gvarisa da stilis sxva nawarmoebTan. amgvarad, „struqtura matarebelia
ara
mxolod
mocemuli
nawarmoebis
formaluri
Taviseburebebisa,
gvarisa
stilis
da
saerTo
aramed
individualuri
mxatvruli
maxasiaTeblebisac“
Sinaarsobriv-
mimdinareobis
(mokle
Janris,
literaturuli
enciklopedia 1972: 229-230).
4
struqturas
mocemuli
aqvs
orgvari
nawarmoebis
yvela
gageba:
konkretuli,
konkretul
romelic
gamovlinebas,
moicavs
da
zogadi,
romelSic Sedis mxatvruli nawarmoebis agebulebis sqema. struqturuli
modeli SeiZleba warmovidginoT birTvis saxiT, romelsac gars artyams
ramdenime Sre.
Tavad birTvs, romelic moicavs nawarmoebis ideur-Tematur
mxaresac, aqvs Tavis sakuTari orelementiani agebuleba: inteleqtualuri
da esTetikur-emociuri.
„sityvieri qsovilis am birTvTan organulad
SekavSirebis aucilebloba iwvevs struqturaSi ori Sris:
Sida da gare
formis urTierTgamijvnas“ (sviderski 1962: 75). Sida formaSi moiazreba
umciresi elementi _ tropi (metafora, Sedareba, metonimia da sxva), saxepersonaJebi (anu xasiaTebi) da maTi urTierTzegavlena (siuJeti, fabula).
gare forma ki moicavs nawarmoebis kompoziciur organizacias (moqmedebis
Tanmimdevrul an inversiul ganviTarebas, suraTis aRweris, personaJebs
Soris dialogisa Tu avtoriseuli pirdapiri naTqvamis gadabmis principebs).
nawarmoebis struqtura, misi kompoziciuri erTianoba mniSvnelovania
imdenad, ramdenadac premasala anu fabula mniSvnelobas iZens mxolod
sistemaSi
moqcevisas
anu
siuJetur-kompoziciuri
gaformebis
Semdeg.
„kompozicia warmoadgens teqstis elementTa dakavSirebis wess, calkeul
niSan-simboloebis an niSan-blokebis SeerTebis princips. kompozicia axdens
masalis
mxatvrul
organizacias,
amdenad
misi
funqcia
teqstis
mniSvnelobis dadgenis procesSi gansakuTrebulia“ (kvaWantiraZe 1999: 90).
kompoziciuri dro gulisxmobs masalis organizaciis garkveul, mkafiod
mowesrigebul
droiT
princips
da
gansxvavdeba
fabulis
droisagan.
kompozicia awesrigebs droTa urTierTSesabamisobas, romelic siuJetis
ganviTarebis msvlelobaSi personaJis Sida da gare sivrceTa, empiriul
movlenaTa,
cvlilebebSi
garemoebaTa,
aisaxeba.
funqcionaluri
SexedulebaTa,
„mxatvrul
organizacia,
fsiqologiaTa
droSi
romelic
xdeba
da
drois
obieqtur
sxva
tipis
faseulobiT-
dros,
rogorc
ganurCevels ar axasiaTebs“ (kvaWantiraZe 1999: 96). am sakiTxis Sesaxeb
5
uamravi naSromi arsebobs, Tumca misi sistematizaciaSi moyvana frangi
struqturalistebis damsaxurebaa. *
konfliqti
Conflictus 1 _ Sejaxeba)
(laT.
sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi
winaaRmdegobriobaTa brZolisa da Sejaxebis aRmniSvnelia.
konfliqti
literaturul
aRniSnavs;
asaxavs
nawarmoebSi
cxovrebiseul
mxatvruli
dapirispirebulTa
winaaRmdegobebs.
brZolas
individualursa
da
sazogadoebrivs Soris dapirispireba garkveulwilad mTlianobas qmnis da
es dapirispireba siuJetis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels. konfliqti vlindeba
nawarmoebis kompoziciasa da calkeul detalebSi. is, Cveulebriv, Temis,
problematikis
nawarmoebis
JanrebSi
birTvia,
ideis
Janrebi
erTmaneTisagan.
gadawyvetis
faqtoria.
eqsponirebisa
arsebobs.
gansxvavdebian
misi
ganmsazRvreli
konfliqtis
saSualebebi
xolo
da
xasiaTi
mxatvruli
„literaturis
ganviTarebisTvis
swored
zogierTi
konfliqtis
Janri
calkeul
sxvadasxva
struqturiT
konfliqts
aviTarebs
moqmedebis droSi, zogi _ moqmedebis adgilis (sivrcis) formirebaSi, zogic
_
winaaRmdegobebis
erTmaneTTan
dapirispirebaSi“
(literaturaTmcodneobis...1986: 275).
mizanSewonilad
struqturis
migvaCnia,
ganviTareba
zogadad
istoriul
mimovixiloT
rakursSi.
konfliqtis
sakmarisia,
Tvali
gadavavloT antikur epoqaSi Seqmnil nawarmoebebs, rom erTmaneTisagan
sruliad gansxvavebuli struqturis mqone konfliqtebs aRmovaCenT.
tradiciuli ambavi, rogorc wesi, eyrdnoba siuJetis organizaciis
myarad Camoyalibebul models (an modelebs), rac konfliqtis ganviTarebis
erTi
an
romelTac
ramdenime
sqemis
gansakuTrebiT
arsebobas
gulisxmobs.
xSirad
mimarTavdnen
homerosidan klasikur epoqamde,
mixedviT
opoziciis
agebdnen:
ori
gvaqvs
wevri
_
ori
erTi
tradiciuli
berZeni
ambebi,
mwerlebi
konfliqtis struqturas Semdegi sqemis
urTierTdapirispirebuli
uaryofiTi
funqciiT
argumenti,
aRWurvili,
rac,
Sed: Dolozel L., A scheme in Narrative time, (wignSi: Semiotics of Art, Cambridge: MIT Press, s. a.), Lammet E.,
Bannformen des Erzahlens, Stuttgart 1967; Sternberg M., Expresitional Modes and Temporal Ordening in fiction, John
Hopkins Un. Press, Lomdon 1978.
*
6
Cveulebriv, moZalade saxeSi poulobs ganxorcielebas, meore _ pozitiuri
funqciiT
aRWurvili,
rac,
Cveulebriv,
gmiris
saxeSi
xorcieldeba.
es
ukanaskneli axdens moZaladis neitralizacias, rac aRsruldeba moZaladis
mospobiT an misi statusis SecvliT, magram miTSi, Cveulebriv, amis Semdeg
heroikuli
saxe
winandeli
moZaladis
zemoTqmulis
funqciiT
aRiWurveba
(an
negatiuri
misi
formulireba
aRWurvilAA
funqciiT
interesebis
mas
damcvelis)
Semdegnairad
arguments
da
saxe.
SeiZleba:
pozitiuri
upirispirdeba
„yovelive
Tuki
funqciiT
negatiuri
aRWurvili
B
argumenti daupirispirdeba, maSin B uaryofs A-s saidanac gamomdinareobs,
rom
B-s,
romelic
uaryofiTi
funqciiT
aRiWurveba,
daupirispirdeba
argumenti (A+1), romelic dadebiTi funqciiT aRiWurveba“ (gordeziani 2002:
18-19).
tradiciul
sagmiro
eposi,
ambavTa
am
umetesoba,
modelis
romelTac
Sesabamisad
iyo
gamoiyenebs
antikuri
organizebuli,
magram
literaturuli tradiciis ganviTarebis ganmavlobaSi sul ufro metad
xdeboda
am
modelis
darRveva
konkretuli
mxatvruli
nawarmoebebis
siuJetebSi. homerosi Tavis eposSi, erTi mxriv, mTlianad tovebs am models,
meore mxriv, ki axdens mis neitralizacias axali modeliT: konfliqti,
romelic RmerTis nebiT iwyeba, mTavrdeba RvTaebrivi SerigebiT.
*
dramaSi, gansakuTrebiT tragediaSi, am struqturam SeiZleba saxe
icvalos,
radgan
tragediis
warmoCenasa
da
tradiciuli
ambis
tragikuli
xSirad
damaxasiaTebel
umravlesobaSi
A
mis
modeli
konfliqtis
da
mTeli
warmoCenilia
protagonistis
sikvdilSic
ukve
mdgomareobs.
arsebiTad
xasiaTi
B
paTosi
dapirispirebis
ara
moZaladis
tragediaSi
ignorirebulia,
gamoricxavs
tradiciuli
gamoyenebas.
damarcxeba
mis
tanjvis
radganac
ambisTvis
tragediebis
winaaRmdeg
mebrZolis mier, aramed katastrofa, romelic Tavad centralur gmirs
atydeba
Tavs.
siuJetidan
amdenad
amoRebuli
tragikuli
garkveuli
siuJetis
epizodis
xasiaTi
moiTxovda
gamarTvas
miTis
konfliqtis
*
dawvrilebiT ixileT Гордезиани Р. В., Проблемы Гомеровского эпоса, Издательство Тбилисского
Университета, Тбилиси 1978.
7
ganviTarebis
tradiciulisgan
gansxvavebuli,
savsebiT
axali
modelis
Sesabamisad.
am mxriv mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi xdeba II saukunis romaul epikur
mwerlobaSi,
romelSic
iyo
sakmaod
saintereso
cdebi,
gadaetanaT
konfliqti TviTon gmirSi. „aq winaaRmdegoba warmoiqmneboda maT Soris,
risi gakeTebac gmirs surda da risi gakeTebac aucilebeli iyo, Sesabamisad
gmiris misiasa da survils Soris (vergiliusis „eneida“)“ (gordeziani 2000:
199).
lukanusTan
konfliqtis
msoflaRqma
udevs
Camiyalibdes:
samyaroSi
struqturas
safuZvlad,
principulad
romelic
mravalmxrivi
gansxvavebuli
Semdegnairad
relaciebisTvis
SeiZleba
ganmsazRvreli
faqtori ar aris RmerTis neba. amitom yvelaferi, rac xdeba, pozitiurTan
SeiZleba davakavSiroT. amis Sesabamisad icvleba mwerlis damokidebuleba
konfliqtis
struqturasTan:
lukanusTan
opozicia
xorcieldeba
Tvisobrivad msgavs nawilebsa (gmirebi, moqmedi personaJebi, xalxebi) da
Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul nawilebs (idea, realoba) Soris, romlebic, Tavis
mxriv,
epikuri
doneze
konfliqtis
erTmaneTs
antimonarqiuli
upirispirdeba
principi),
istoriul
figurebad
argumenti,
pompeusi
struqturaSi
ramdenadac
SeiZleba
isini
realobis
sxvebi
romelic
SeiZleba
sistemaSi
dones
opoziciuri
_
doneze
iyos
gaerTiandes,
anu
(keisari
„staciusma
A
epikurad
CamovayaliboT:
imdenad
qaoss
_
„Tebaisis“
koncefcia
SegviZlia
elementebi,
da
upirispirdeba
principi
msoflaRqmis
ideis
(monarqiuli
erTmaneTs
ori
Semdegnairad
gvTavazoben.
wyvili
B argumenti).
gansazRvruli
qaoturi
or
personificirebuli
da
scada
ganexorcielebina,
ganviTarebis
harmoniulad
aucileblad
unda
mosdevdes kosmosi. amis Sesabamisad staciusi konfliqts aviTarebs or
doneze: A miiswrafis qaosisken, xolo
B _ kosmosisken. am ori mxaris
dapirispireba warmoqmnis epikuri samyaros disharmonias“ (gordeziani 2000:
200-201).
sxva
sakiTxia
Seqspiris
Semdgomi,
gansakuTrebiT
ki
Tanamedrove
drama, sadac gmiris individualoba SeiZleba gaxdes imis mizezi, rac mas
8
Tavs
atydeba.
amitom
mwerals
pirveli
rigSi
Tavisi
gmiris
xasiaTis
warmoCena ainteresebs, raTa misgan gamomdinare konfliqti ufro logikuri
gaxdes imisTvis, rom Cven TanagrZnobiT ganvewyoT ara personaJis mimarT,
romelsac bedma daakisra raRacis daTmena, aramed individualobis mimarT,
romlis
Singani
bunebidan
gamomdinareobs
Tavad
konfliqti.
amis
sapirispirod, antikur tragediaSi tragikuli konfliqti determinirebulia,
Sesabamisad gmiris funqcia misgan gamomdinare tanjvis daTmenaSia.
Cven zemoT mimovixileT zogadad nawarmoebis struqtura da misi
Semadgeneli
komponentebi,
struqtura,
romlebic
kompoziciuri
mxatvruli
organizacia
teqstis
da
Txzvisas
konfliqtis
arsebiT
rols
TamaSobs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom kvlevis am meTodma sakamod moicva Tanamedrove
literaturaTmcodneoba, axali berZnuli literaturis Seswavlis sferoSi
jer kidev ar aris safuZvlianad damkvidrebuli, rac am mimarTulebiT
samecniero
muSaobas
ukve
TavisTavad
mniSvnelobas
sZens.
amitomac,
vfiqrobT, am kuTxiT kvlevis warmoeba miT ufro mizanSewonilia.
XIX
saukunis
periodisgan
dasasruls
gansxvavebiT,
berZnuli
ufro
literatura,
realistur
Tematikas
romantizmis
mimarTavda.
am
droidan aqtualuri gaxda iseTi Janri, rogoricaa yofiTi proza. 1883 weli,
pirobiTad, axalberZnuli moTxrobis dabadebis TariRad aris miCneuli. es
aris weli, rodesac georgios viziinosi moTxrobebis weras iwyebs. 1883-88
wlebSi
samoRvaweo
asparezze
gamodian
cnobili
prozaikosebi:
al.
papadiamandisi, i. kondilakisi, a. karkavicasi da sxvani.
winamdebare
papadiamandisis
naSromi
pirveli
moTxrobebSi
mcdelobaa
movaxdinoT
ori
g.
viziinosisa
iseTi
arsebiTi
da
al.
aspeqtis
analizi, rogoricaa kompoziciuri organizacia da konfliqtis struqtura.
am mimarTulebiT muSaoba TavisTavad gulisxmobs empiriuli masalis Zalian
detalur analizs. naSromis ZiriTad nawilSi
viziinosisa
organizaciis
da
al.
princips
papadiamandisis
da
amis
fonze
Cven SevexebiT uSualod g.
moTxrobebis
ganvixilavT
kompoziciuri
konfliqtis
struqturasac. Cven naklebad gvainteresebs, ramdenad originalurni arian
9
am mxriv mweralebi. Cveni mizania gavarkvioT, Tu rogoria struqtura im
konfliqtisa, romelic g. viziinosisa da al. papadiamandisis moTxrobebSia
realizebuli.
sakiTxebis
Janrisken;
am
analizis
garkvevac:
rogoria
moTxrobebi
maTSi
kompoziciuri
paralelur
dayofas,
mravalplanianobidan
ixreba
da
Tu
tipi;
organizaciis
Tavisufal
anomaliebsa
SesaZlebeli
konfliqtis
moTxrobebi
struqturul
Sedegad
ara
ra
kombinaciebs.
Temaze
Semdegi
epikur-dramatuli
wriul
Tu
Cven
aseve
princips
mxriv:
mimdevrobas
gamomdinare,
iqneba
efuZneba
es
kompozicias,
ZiriTad
principTa
muSaobisas masalis
viyenebT
SedarebiTi
literaturaTmcodneobis, aseve struqturuli analizis kvlevis meTodebs.
g.
viziinosisa
moTxroba,
da
romlebic
al.
papadiamandisis
gansakuTrebuli
Semoqmedebidan
dramatizmiT
TiToeuli
gamoirCeva,
erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad ganvixileT da naSromSi isini kompoziciuri
organizaciis ama Tu im principis mixedviT sam jgufad davyaviT, raTa
ufro naTlad warmogveCina Cven mier wamoWrili problematika da TiToeul
jgufs calke Tavi davuTmeT. I jgufSi gavaerTianeT wriuli kompoziciis
mqone moTxrobebi, II jgufSi _ paraleluri dayofis principze damyarebuli
moTxrobebi,
xolo
III
jgufSi
gaerTianebuli
moTxrobebi
ZiriTad
principTa struqturul anomaliebsa da kombinaciebs efuZneba. naSromis
dasasruls ki kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli
daskvnebis Sedareba-Sepirispireba
movaxdineT.
10
I Tavi
XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebis berZnuli proza
(g. viziinosi, al. papadiamandisi)
XIX
saukunis
cvlilebebi
80-iani
asaxavdnen
wlebis
berZnul
sazogadoebaSi
literaturaSi
mimdinare
momxdari
sulier
procesebs,
mowmobdnen, rom romantikuli siymawvilis xana dasrulda da erovnuli
literatura gare samyaros meti realizmiT aRiqvamda. proza, romelsac
romantikosebi Segnebulad ugulebelyofdnen, am periodSi ufro realistur
da konkretul Temebs mimarTavs. 1880 wlis atmosfero xels uwyobs axali
Janris,
yofiTi
dabadebas. 2
moTxrobis
am dros Zveli aTenuri skolisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli istoriuli
romanis
uaryofa
moTxrobaze,
xdeba.
romelSic
yuradReba
asaxuli
gadadis
iyo
mcire
berZnuli
moculobis
provincia,
yofiT
sofeli
da
ubralo xalxis cxovreba. saberZneTSi, iseve rogorc am epoqis evropaSi,
moTxrobasTan erTad wina planze axali lozungebi gamodis. istoriuli
peripetiebi da raindoba burJuaziuli sazogadoebisTvis azrs kargavs. axla
ufro sainteresoa yoveldRiuroba, sinqronuloba, ojaxi, vidre kanonidan
gadaxra, iSviaToba, diaqroniuloba, samSoblo. amgvarad, Cndeba moTxroba,
rogorc „mkacr samwerlobo CarCoebSi Casmuli srulyofili xelovnebis
nimuSi“ (politisi
1972:
200).
Tamamad
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
rom
wmindad
literaturuli proza axalberZnul mwerlobaSi pirvelad iqmneba. inglisSi
ganswavluli
berZeni
didgvarovaniA
dimitris
vikelasi
pirvelia,
vinc
Tavisi nawarmoebebiT (maT Soris „lukis larasi“ 1879 w.) biZgi misca axali
Janris ganviTarebas.
moTxrobis gansazRvrul CarCoebSi erTi centraluri xasiaTisa Tu
movlenis
garSemo
damuSavebis
mwerals
koncentrireba
saSualebas
soflis
aZlevs.
cxovrebisa
avtors
meore
da
siuJetis
mxriv,
xalxuri
literaturuli
folkloristTa
tradiciebis
moZraoba
literaturaSi
asaxvisken uxsnis gzas. folkloruli suli im drois presaSi gabneulia
11
TiTqmis yvelgan, maT Soris Jurnal „estiaSic“ (1876-1895 ww.) _ 80-ianelTa
Taobis umTavres literaturul organoSi.
swored am dros literaturul asparezze gamoCnda g. viziinosi,
romelic
XIX
saukunis
axladaRmocenebuli
80-ian
yofiTi
wlebSi
moTxrobis
berZnul
literaturaSi
sulisCamdgmeli
iyo.
viziinosi
mwerlis literaturuli fsevdonimia. „misi namdvili gvari iyo sirmasi.
Rarib da ucnob sofel viziis sayovelTao aRiareba georgiosma moupova,
romelmac Tavisi warmomavlobis toponimuri gansazRvreba filologiur
fsevdonimad da gvarad gamoiyena. literaturuli asparezze dasawyisSi igi
gamoCnda mamis saxelidan _ „mixalisi“ (mixaili, mixailisi) _ nawarmoebi
gvariT mixailidisi. gvaris sawarmoeblad mamis saxelze -ίδης daboloebis
darTva
gvarTwarmoebis
uZvelesi
berZnuli
xerxia.
Tumca
maleve
axalgazrda georgios sirmasma Tu mixailidisma uari Tqva meore saxelzec
da fsevdonimad airCia viziinosi, raTa mTeli berZnuli sazogadoebisaTvis
gaecno
Tavisi
Tanamedroveni
mSobliuri
mas
ZiriTadad
sofeli
rogorc
vizii“
poets
(saukune...1996:
17).
icnobdnen.
viziinosi
g.
misi
samoRvaweo asparezze leqsebiT gamovida („poeturi primitivebi“ 1873 w.),
magram 1882 wlidan 33 wlis asakSi daiwyo moTxrobebis werac. igi iyo
pirveli, vinc WeSmaritad Rirebul yofiT moTxrobebs qmnida. am JanrSi mas
winamorbedni, maT kvals rom gahyoloda, ar hyolia, amitomac g. viziinoss
martos mouxda gzis gakvleva. erT-erT pirad saubarSi is aRniSnavda:
„pirvelma
me
vuCvene
gamoqveynebuli
Cemi
axali
gza
moTxrobebiT
axalberZnul
movaxerxe,
literaturas.
rangavisisa
„estiaSi“
da
sxvaTa
sapirispirod, ganmemarta, Tu ra aris moTxroba, ras niSnavs erovnuli
tradiciebisa da cxovrebis aRwera-Seswavla moTxrobisa Tu folkloris
saSualebiT,
wmindad
fsiqologiuri
da
istoriuli
kvlevis
gziT“
(vasiliadisi 1910: 330).
Tu sxva mwerlebis Semoqmedebis gacnobisas maTi biografia erTgvar
damxmare
komponentis
rols
asrulebs,
g.
viziinosis
SemTxvevaSi
misi
cxovreba da Semoqmedeba imdenad aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, rom maTi
12
cal-calke ganxilva TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. pirad cxovrebaSi airekleba
mwerlis
Sinagani
konfliqtebic
rogorc
sazogadoebasTan
da
arsebul
sinamdvilesTan, aseve sakuTar TavTanac. berZen mkvlevarTa Soris aravin
uaryofs, rom g. viziinosis biografia misive moTxrobebis pirvelwyaro,
erTgvari winaTqma da, amave dros, epilogicaa, vinaidan swored mwerlis
biografiidan
vecnobiT
nawarmoebebis
personaJTa
Semdgom
bed-iRbals.
amitomac saWirod mimaCnia, mokled gagacnoT misi ojaxuri garemo. igi
daibada 1849 wels, TrakiaSi, q. viziiSi, wvrilvaWris ojaxSi. mis mSoblebs
xuTi
Svili
pirveli
hyavdaT,
vaJi,
mokles.Mmeore
romelTac
xristakisi
Svili,
ana,
metad
30
Cvil
tragikuli
bedi
xvdaT
wilad.
wlis
asakSi
saidumlo
viTarebaSi
asakSi
ubedur
SemTxvevas
emsxverpla,
dedamiss CaeZina da bavSvi gaguda. mesame vaJma, georgiosma, momavalma
mweralma, cxovrebis metad rTuli gza ganvlo da sicocxle fsiqiatriul
saavadmyofoSi
daasrula.
meoTxe
qaliSvils
gardacvlili
anas
mosagoneblad anio uwodes. susti janmrTelobis gamo isic axalgazrda
daiRupa. nabolara vaJi mixailosi ki, romelic mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg
moevlina qveyanas, 38 wlis asakSi epilefsiis msxverpli gaxda. swored am
dros
georgiosic
fsiqiurad
daavadda.Aam
ambis
Setyobis
Semdeg
ki
dedamisma, despiniom mxedveloba dakarga. momaval mwerals mZime bavSvoba
hqonda. jer kidev siymawvileSi, igi konstantinopolSi miabares TerZs,
romlis
sikvdilis
Semdegac
kviprosze
gaemgzavra,
sadac
ukve
berad
aRkvecas apirebda, magram samonastro cxovreba rTuli eCvena da kvlav
konstantinopolSi
mecenatis,
dabrunda.
xasiotisis
ganaTleba
daxmarebiT
gvian
xalkisis
miiRo;
Tavisi
Teologiuri
pirveli
fakultetis
seminaristi gaxda. ukve meore mecenatis, umdidresi g. zarifis xelSewyobiT
swavla gaagrZela jer aTenSi, xolo Semdeg germaniaSi, sadac daeufla
filosofiasa
da
fsiqologias.
1881
wels
iqve
daicva
sadoqtoro
disertacia Temaze „Das Kindersiel in Bezug auf Psychologie und Padagogik“ (sabavSvo
TamaSi
fsiqologiasa
da
pedagogikasTan
mimarTebaSi).
1883
wels
g.
viziinosma pirvelad gamoaqveyna Tavisi moTxrobebi „dedaCemis codva“, „misi
13
cxovrebis
erTaderTi
mogzauroba“.MmogvianebiT
gamoCnda
misi
sxva
namuSevrebic („moskov-selimi“). 1884 wels g. zarifis sikvdili axalgazrda
mwerlisTvis sabediswero aRmoCnda. amieridan misi cxovreba sul ufro
gausaZlisi gaxda. finansur gaWirvebas daemata janmrTelobis gauaresebac.
1892 wlis 14 aprils igi fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi moaTavses, sadac
zustad oTxi wlis Tavze gardaicvala.
g. viziinosma SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis dasawyisSi
poeziaSi mosinja
Zalebi, Tumca sabolood Tavisi SesaZleblobebi srulad mainc prozaSi
gamoavlina, riTac Rirseuli adgili daikava axalberZnul literaturaSi.
paralelurad
igi
fsiqologiaSi.
fsiqiatriul
werda
ucnobia
werilebs
misi
saavadmyofoSi
filosofiaSi,
gamouqveynebeli
moxvedris
Semdeg
esTetikasa
xelnawerebis
naTesavebi,
da
bedi.
mkurnalobis
xarjebi rom daefaraT, iZulebulni iyvnen, gaeyidaT misi gamouqveynebeli
namuSevrebi.
mwerlis
sikvdilis
Semdeg
ki
xelnawerebi
daifanta,
ris
Sedegadac bevri daikarga, maT Soris ucnobi xuTmoqmedebiani tragedia
„diamando“. g. viziinosis dRemde cnobili prozauli memkvidreoba moicavs
12
moTxrobas,
romelTa
Tanamimdevroba
maTi
gamoqveynebis
TariRebis
mixedviT Semdegia: „dedaCemis codva“, „pireasa da neapols Soris“, „vin iyo
Cemi
Zmis
mkvleli“,
„Zveli
istoriis
Sedegebi“,
„pirveli
maisi“,
„misi
cxovrebis erTaderTi mogzauroba“, „ratom ar gaxda μηλιά μηλέα“, * „moskovselimi“
da
sabavSvo
moTxrobebi:
„arabi
da
misi
aqlemi“,
„mindvris
safrTxobela“, „qurdi“, „safrTxobela“.
yofiTi
Janris
proza
XIX
saukunis
80-iani
wlebis
berZnul
literaturaSi fsiqologizmis gzas rom daadga, amaSi udidesi wvlili
udavod g. viziinoss miuZRvis. mkvlevari n. vasiliadisi mas berZen gi de
mopasansac
ki
uwodebda
(vasiliadisi
1910:
330).
g.
viziinosisiTvis
STagonebis erTaderT wyaros warmoadgens bavSvobaSi soflad gatarebuli
wlebis mogonebebi: ojaxuri mikrokosmosi, aseve bukolikuri idiliebis mza
*
Μηλιά _ dimotikis formaa, xolo Μηλέα _ kaTarevusasi. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ori
enobrivi normis damkvidrebasTan dakavSirebul problemasTan.
14
sqemebi, sisxlSi gamjdari tradiciebi, arqetipebi da miTebi, xalxuri ena.
magram am masalis gadamuSavebas araferi aqvs saerTo realistur aRqmasTan.
aSkaraa, rom es elementebi SemTxveviT ver gaCndebodnen iseTi mwerlis
SemoqmedebaSi, romelic fsiqologiiT iyo gatacebuli da romelsac evropis
qalaqebSi cxovrebis dros SesaZlebloba hqonda, axlodan edevnebina Tvali
dasavluri
mimdinareobebisaTvis. 3
literaturuli
novatoruli sulis miuxedavad misi moTxrobebis ena, iseve rogorc
mTeli
prozis
ena
i.
Ffsixarisis
gamoCenamde,
kaTarevusa
iyo,
Tumca
dialogebSi dimotiki sWarbobda.
g.
viziinosi
deteqtiuri
xasiaTis
elementebiT,
miniSnebebiT,
simboloebiTa da dinamikuri TxrobiT, mxatvruli gamosaxvis saSualebebiT,
sakuTari mogonebebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebiT qmnis Semoqmedebas rogorc
drois
sapirispirod
mimarTul
erT
mTlianobas.
misi
moTxrobebi,
romliTac Taviseburi Zegli aRumarTa sayvarel adamianebs, amavdroulad
warmoadgens sikvdilis, SiSisa da gonebis dabnelebis winaSe aRmarTul
Tavisebur barikads.
berZnuli moTxrobis CamoyalibebaSi udidesi wvlili miuZRvis aseve
al.
papadiamandissac.
marTalia,
igi
samwerlobo
asparezze
istoriuli
romanebiT gamodis, magram 1887 wlidan yofiTi Janris moTxrobebis weras
iwyebs da sakuTar stils qmnis.
aleqsandros papadiamandisi 1851 wlis 4 marts, kunZul skiaTosze
daibada. misi winaprebi sasuliero moRvaweebi da naosnebi iyvnen. dawyebiTi
ganaTleba mSobliur kunZulze miiRo, xolo gimnaziis damTavrebis Semdeg
aTenis
universitetSi
filosofiis
fakultetze
ganagrZo
swavla.
xelmokleobis gamo momaval mwerals araerTgzis mouxda swavlis mitoveba
da
verc
aTenis
universitetis
diplomis
aReba
moaxerxa.
eweoda
Jurnalistur da mTargmnelobiT saqmianobasac. misi pirveli nawarmoebebi
Jurnal-gazeTebSi qveyndeboda. samwuxaroa is faqti, rom berZeni xalxis
erT-erTi udidesi mwerali da sazogado moRvawe Tavis sicocxleSi ver
moeswro sakuTar nawarmoebTa gamocemas, razec mTeli cxovreba ocnebobda.
orjer, 1891 da 1906 wlebSi scada gamoeca krebuli or tomad saTauriT
15
„zRvis idiliebi“ („Θαλασσινά Ειδύλλια“”). al. papadiamandisi arc ojaxs qmnis.
igi
cxovrebis
Tanamgzavrad
wera_kiTxvas
irCevs.
mravalWirgadatanili
mwerali sasmels eZaleba da janmrTeloba eryeva. ormocdaaTi wlis asakSi
naadrevad daberebuli mwerali 1911 wlis 3 ianvars gardaicvala.
al.
poeti
papadiamandisi
da
upirveles
mravalmxrivi
yovlisa
moRvawea:
prozaikosi.
publicisti,
mTargmneli,
moTxrobebis
Tematikad,
ZiriTadad, gamoyenebulia avtoris mSobliur kunZul skiaTosis mkvidrTa
yofa-cxovrebis amsaxveli epizodebi, romlebSic mwerlis mSobliuri mxaris
mimarT nostalgia iCens Tavs. al. papadiamandisis moTxrobaTa gmirebSi
imdenad realisturad da faqizaTaa gadmocemuli berZeni xalxis xasiaTis
niuansebi, rom mis Semoqmedebas axalberZnul xalxur miTologias uwodeben.
rogorc
araerTxel
aRuniSnavT,
misi
mwerlobis
ganmsazRvreli
aris
religia, patriotizmi, qveynis, samyaros Tayvaniscema. qristianuli religia
mas siyvarulis Zalas aZlevs. gansakuTrebul siyvaruls ki is, rogorc
viciT, Tanamemamuleebisadmi amJRavnebs. magram is faqti, rom misi gmirebi,
ZiriTadad, kunZul skiaTosis mkvidrni arian, ar niSnavs imas, rom mwerali
erTi
kunZulis
viwro
zogadsakacobrio
farglebSi
sakiTxebi.
iketeba,
piriqiT,
rom
mas
problemebi,
ar
aRelvebs
romlebsac
al.
papadiamandisi exeba, globaluri xasiaTisaa. mwerals realisturi, magram
amasTanave bunebis, samSoblos suraTebis romantikulad aRwera axasiaTebs.
Tavis nawarmoebebSi al. papadiamandisi upirveles yovlisa Semdeg sakiTxebs
exeba: rwmena, patriotizmi, adaT-wesebi, keTilSobileba... al. papadiamandisi
aris ara mxolod xalxis wiaRidan gamosuli mwerali, aramed filosofosi
da imavdroulad esTeti. amas adasturebs misi sityvebic: „εγώ καταγίνομαι με τον
ωραίον“ (me mSvenierebas vemsaxurebi) (romeosi 1941: 66). mwerali Tavisi
msoflmxedvelobiTa
da
cxovrebis
wesiT
cdilobda
ubralo
xalxs
gaTanabreboda. „diliT eklesiaSi midioda, saRamos _ tavernaSi. es is
adgilebi
iyo
swored,
sadac
xalxi
Tavisuflebas,
sulier
simSvides
poulobda da mwerlis STagonebis wyaro xdeboda“ (valetasi 1941a: 7).
16
mecnierTa umravlesoba al. papadiamandisis enas kaTarevusas uwodebs.
sayovelTaod
gavrcelebulia
mosazreba,
rom
mwerali
„Tavis
TiTqmis
orassave moTxrobaSi kaTarevusaze wers, dialogebSi ki dimotikis iyenebs“
(dimitrakopulosi 1985: 201).
„papadiamandisi
daibada
prozaikosad,
iseve
rogorc
solomosi
poetad“, _ ambobs mkvlevari t. agrasi (agrasi 1941: 115-116). miuxedavad amisa,
al. papadiamandisis SemoqmedebaSi garkveuli adgili uWiravs poeziasac. g.
valetasi al. papadiamandisis poeziis ganviTarebis etapebsac ki gamohyofs:
pirvel
etapi
dasawyisad
1884-1891
miiCneva.
wlebs
al.
moicavs,
xolo
papadiamandisis
1891
poeziis
weli
meore
periodebad
etapis
dayofis
principi eyrdnoba rogorc Tematur, ise enobriv princips.
berZeni
xalxisTvis
al.
papadiamandisi
ufro
Zvirfasia
rogorc
prozaikosi, vidre rogorc poeti. mis leqsebSic moTxrobaTa Tematika
dominirebs
_
religia,
asketizmi,
patriotizmi.
Zalumad
ar
igrZnoba
lirikuli, romantikuli suli. miCqmalulia lirikuli „me“ da isev da isev
zogadsakacobrio
dominirebs.
g.
satkivari
valetasi
al.
da
vnebani,
siyvaruli
papadiamandiss
da
moixseniebs
siZulvili
ara
rogorc
himnografs, aramed rogorc lirikoss. igi mas bizantieli poetebis rigSi
ayenebs,
radgan
al.
papadiamandisi
maTi
suliskveTebiTaa
gamsWvaluli.
„papadiamandisis leqsebs troparebis musika da riTmi aqvT“, _ aRniSnavs g.
valetasi. (valetasi 1941b: 117). garda imisa, rom poeturi Semoqmedebis
pirvel etapze al. papadiamandisi fsalmunebs Targmnida, mas mravali leqsi
aqvs dawerili religiur Temaze kaTarevusas gamoyenebiT, romelsac g.
valetasi romantikul enasac uwodebs. religiur Temaze dawerili leqsebis
garda, al. papadiamandisis kalams ekuTvnis agreTve satrfialo lirikac,
magaliTad, „mZinare mzeTunaxavi“ („Η Κοιμαμένη Βασιλοπούλα“) da sxv.
mravali
TvalsazrisiT
saintereso
da
mniSvnelovania
al.
papadiamandisis piradi werilebi. rogorc cnobilia, mas xSiri mimowera
17
hqonda Tavis erT-erT uerTgules megobar ianis vlaxoianisTan. maTi 27
werilia cnobili. 23 papadiamandiss ekuTvnis, xolo 4 _ vlaxoianiss. *
rogorc
aRvniSneT,
al.
papadiamandisi
Jurnalistur
da
mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobas eweoda. mwerlis mier Sesrulebuli Targmanebi
uSualo
kavSirSia
mis
originalur
nawarmoebebTan.
mkvlevar
l.
kamberidisis werili „papadiamandisis enebi“ („Οι γλώσσες του Παπαδιαμάντη“),
romelic swored mwerlis mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas exeba, warmodgenas
gviqmnis al. papadiamandisze, rogorc mTargmnelze. †
cnobilia, rom al. papadiamandisi im gazeTis redaqciis SekveTiT
Targmnida, romelTanac igi TanamSromlobda,
mosazrebas
bolomde
ar
eTanxmeba
da
magram l. kamberidisi am
igi
gadaWarbebulad
miaCnia
(kamberidisi 1996: 530). iTvleba, rom al. papadiamandisi im ucxoel mweralTa
gavlenas ganicdis, romelTa nawarmoebebsac berZnulad Targmnis, kerZod,
baironis,
bernsis,
miltonis,
dantes
da
a.S.
1879-1885
wlebSi
daweril
Μετανάστης“), „xalxTa vaWrebi“ („Οι Έμποροι των
moTxrobebs „emigranti“ („Η
Εθνών“), „boSa“ („Η Γυφτοπούλα“), „qristos milionisi“ („Ο Χρήστος Μηλιόνης“) da
sxv.
aqvT
saraindo-epikuri
xasiaTi;
savsea
sxvadasxva
TavgadasavlebiT,
dramatizmiT. al. papadiamandisi ganicdis kuperis, miltonis gavlenasac.
1885-1887
wlebSi
mis
SemoqmedebaSi
erTgvari
pauza
daisadgurebs.
savaraudoa, rom am „dumilis“ Semdeg igi sakuTar stils poulobs da
Tavisufldeba
tendenciebisagan,
mibaZvisken
Tavis
epoqaSi
romlebic
ubiZgebda.
dasavleT
evropul
mwerloba
rogorc
al.
mas
dasavleT
papadiamandisis
literaturul
enobrivi,
gabatonebuli
ise
evropuli
Semoqmedeba
tradiciebs
Sinaarsobrivi
Soris
literaturuli
literaturis
mSobliur
Tavsdeba.
TvalsazrisiT
da
misi
erTgvar
sinTezs warmoadgens. mis moTxrobebSi gaerTianebulia Zveli berZnuli,
*
papadiamandisisa da vlaxoianisis werilebis Sesaxeb ix. Απόστολος Β., Ζορμπάς, ΑΚΤΗ (Περιοδικό
λογοτεχνίας και κριτικής), Λευκοσια, Κυπρος, σελ. 476-481.
†
amasTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ixileT: Καμπερίδης Λ., Οι γλώσσες του Παπαδιαμάντη, Πρακτικά
Α’ Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου για τον Αλ. Παπαδιαμάντη, Εταιρεία Ευβοικών σπουδών, Αθήνα 1996, σελ. 527-543.
18
Zveli
ebrauli
tradiciebi,
qristianuli
religia,
dasavleT
evropuli
literaturuli gamocdileba da udidesi patriotizmi.
I. 1. avtori da mTxrobeli
vidre uSualod gadavidodeT g. viziinosisa da al. papadiamadisis
moTxrobebis
analizze,
ganvixiloT
mTxrobelis
mixedviT
nawarmoebSi
erTmaneTisagan
mizanSewonilad
roli
mwerlisa
gamijnulia.
migvaCnia,
moTxrobebSi.
da
ufro
literaturis
mTxrobelis
konkretuli
dawvrilebiT
roli
mwerali
Teoriis
da
funqcia
imyofeba
realur
samyaroSi, sadac cxovrobs literaturuli nawarmoebisgan damoukideblad,
magram
literaturuli
literaturul
nawarmoebis
gamovlinebas
Seqmnisas
is
axdens
abstraqtuli
Tavisi
Tavis
saxiT. 4
mwerlis
„mwerali imisTvis ki ar wers, rom rame Tqvas, aramed imisTvis, rom
sakuTari Tavi gamoxatos“ (raseti 1962a: 5-6).
miuxedavad imisa, rom abstraqtuli mwerali SeiZleba garkveulwilad
gavaigivoT
realur,
istoriul
mweralTan,
„es
ukanaskneli
ar
wyvets
teqstSi arsebobas da amoicnoba ara mxolod misi abstraqtuli „mwerluri
Canafiqrebisa“ da „mwerlis cnobierebis“ formiT, aramed teqstis zogierTi
konkretuli elementiTac, romelic ar miekuTvneba fiqciur „mTxrobels“:
Txrobis
dayofa
da
Tavebad
ganawileba,
am
Tavebis
raodenoba,
maTi
saTaurebi da qvesaTaurebi, prologi da epilogi, aseve Tavad „mTxrobeli“,
„personaJebi“,
nawarmoebis
struqtura,
misi
yoveli
„idea“
da
„niSani“
(veludisi 1997: 136).
abstraqtuli mwerali mxatvruli samyaros qmnilebaa, konkretuli
mwerlisgan
gansxvavebiT
literaturul
nawarmoebSi
amowuravs
sakuTar
Tavs, mis gareT ar arsebobs.
19
warmosaxviTi
faqtoria
samyaros
mTxrobeli.
„Setyobinebas“
is
Soris,
konstruirebisas
warmoadgens
rasac
Zalze
Suamavals
literaturuli
mniSvnelovani
mweralsa
nawarmoebi
da
im
gadmogvcems.
mTxrobeli miekuTvneba abstraqtuli mwerlis mier Seqmnili nawarmoebis
samyaros
da
gulisxmobs
warmarTavs
aqtantis
Txrobis
(moqmedi
procedurebs.
piris)
„Txrobis
metyvelebas,
procedurebi
sivrcis,
drois
ganuwyvetel CarTva-amorTvas da zogadi konteqstidan gamomdinare, misTvis
mniSvnelobis miniWebas“ (kvaWantiraZe 1999: 197).
mTxrobelis arseboba teqstSi SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxvagvari: Txrobis
aqti SeiZleba iTavos anonimurma mTxrobelma, romelic ar monawileobs
nawarmoebis moqmedebis ganviTarebaSi, an pirma, romelic masSi monawileobs.
„am
ori
SemTxvevis
aRsaniSnavad
Semotanilia
personaJi
terminebi
_
mTxrobeli da mwerali _ mTxrobeli“ (raseti 1962b: 11), an rogorc c.
todorovi
uwodebs:
„mTxrobeli,
roca
is
aSkara
monawileobas
iRebs
Txrobis movlenebSi, da faruli avtori, roca mTxrobeli Tavisi TvaliT
xedavs yovelives, magram Tavad scenaze ar Cans“ (struqturalizmi...1975: 7576). mTxrobelisagan mwerlis gamijvna sulac ar niSnavs am ukanasknelis
gauCinarebas
yovelTvis
an
„sikvdils“.
gulisxmobs
„realuri
Tavisi
mwerali“
abstraqtuli
TxrobaSi
formis
udavod
arsebobas
_
„abstraqtul mwerals“ (veludisi 1997: 135-136).
v. kaizeris azriT, „naraciaSi mTxrobeli ar SeiZleba gavaigivoT ukve
cnobil an Tundac ucnob mweralTan, aramed es aris roli, romelic
mwerlis mier aris gamogonili da Seqmnili iseve, rogorc nawarmoebis
personaJebi“ (kaizeri 1958: 9).
metnaklebad
funqciebic.
l.
gansazRvrulia
dolecelma
mTxrobelisa
SemogvTavaza
da
modeli,
moqmedi
romlis
gmirebis
mixedviTac
mTxrobelsa da personaJebs Semdegi funqciebi aqvT miniWebuli:
mTxrobelma
unda
mogviTxros
da,
amgvarad,
aRasrulos
asaxvis
funqcia, aseve mas akisria kontrolis funqciac. mas SeuZlia personaJTa
Txroba Tavisi sityvebiT gadmogvces, piriqiT ki SeuZlebelia. nawarmoebis
20
gmirma ki monawileoba unda miiRos moqmedebis ganviTarebaSi da aRasrulos
moqmedebis
funqcia.
aseve
personaJs
SeuZlia
Tavisi
subieqturi
azri
gamoxatos Txrobis movlenaTa Sesaxeb. es misi axsnis (gagebis) funqciaa.
Tumca zogierT SemTxvevaSi mTxrobelisa da personaJis funqciaTa aseTi
gamijvna SeuZlebelia. magaliTad, rogorc l. doleceli aRniSnavs, „pirvel
pirSi Txrobis dros erTgvari aRreva gvaqvs mTxrobelisa nawarmoebis
personaJTan, radganac am dros erTi da igive piri axorcielebs Txrobis
funqciasac da moqmedebis funqciasac“ (doleceli 1973: 24).
g.
viziinosis
(mTxrobeli
=
moTxrobebSi
personaJi).
mTxrobeli
istoriuli
gaigivebulia
personaJTan
„yovlismcodne
romanis
mTxrobelisagan“ (risori 1990: 79) gansxvavebiT yofiTi moTxrobis avtori
Tavisi TvaliT nanaxsa da sakuTari yuriT gagonil ambavs gviambobs. igi ar
cvlis
dros,
adgils,
moqmed
pirTa
individualobas,
maT
namdvil
saxelebsac ki utovebs. al. papadiamandiss ki Semoqmedebis dasawyisSi Tavis
istoriuli romanebSi mesame pirSi Txrobis principi gadaaqvs Semdeg ukve
moTxrobebSic,
Tumca
gvxvdeba
gamonaklisebic.
aseTia
misi
sul
xuTi
moTxroba * , romlebic avtobiografiul xasiaTs atarebs, sadac mTxrobeli
pirvel pirSia warmodgenili da nawarmoebis mTavar personaJad gvevlineba.
*
es xuTi moTxrobaa: „codvis aCrdili“, „sulebi mdinareSi“, „ocneba talRaze“, „Sxamisgan
ganmkurnavi“ da „samefo muxis qveS“.
21
II Tavi
wriuli kompozicia
winamdebare
TavSi
gaerTianebuli
g.
viziinosisa
da
al.
papadiamandisis moTxrobebis Semadgeneli scenebi anu Sinaarsis matarebeli
elementebi qmnian struqturul erTeulebs kompoziciuri organizaciis erTerTi ZiriTadi principis _ wriuli kompoziciis _ Sesabamisad. scenebi
mniSvnelobaTa
msgavsebis
an
polarobis
mixedviT
nawildebian
Semdegi
ZiriTadi principiT: isini nawarmoebis centraluri scenis mimarT wriulad
ganlagdebian e. i. abcb’a’ mimdevrobiT.
1.
„misi cxovrebis erTaderTi mogzauroba“
moTxrobaSi „misi cxovrebis erTaderTi mogzauroba“, romelsac k.
palamasma
sizmari-drama
SesaZleblobebi
moTxrobebisTvis
mTeli
uwoda,
sisruliT
damaxasiaTebeli
g.
viziinosis,
warmoCinda.
wriuli
rogorc
es
prozaikosis,
nawarmoebi
kompoziciis
mwerlis
yvelaze
ufro
TvalsaCino magaliTia, romlis mixedviTac Txroba iSleba gamocanis fonze,
romelic ukve saTaurSivea SemoTavazebuli da teqstis dasasruls ixsneba.
amgvari struqtura am moTxrobaSi gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa, radganac misi
saTauri
amave
dros
nawarmoebis
ukanaskneli
frazacaa
(analogiuri
patara
mTxrobels
SemTxveva gvaqvs „vin iyo Cemi Zmis mkvlelSic“).
moTxrobis
mokle
Sinaarsi
amgvaria:
konstantinopolSi miabareben sulTnis uxuces TerZs. male Camodis msaxuri
Timiosi, raTa momakvdavi papas Txovnisamebr bavSvi sofelSi Caiyvanos.
meore diliT mTxrobeli ukve papas gverdiTaa bairas borcvze, sadac
erTmaneTs
uziareben
Tavs
gadamxdar
ambebs.
momdevni
Rames
ki
papa
aResruleba.
moTxrobaSi
mwerali-mTxrobeli
bavSvis
TvaliT
danaxuli
ambis
gadmocemas cdilobs. „magram gvTavazobs ara realistur Txrobas, aramed
gamogonils, fantastikurs, romlis drosac patara mTxrobeli ganicdis
22
imedgacruebas warmosaxvisa da sinamdvilis Seusabamobis gamo. moTxrobaSi
avtori
gaurbis
yovelgvar
axsna-ganmartebas.
mocemulia
ubralod
avtoportreti“ (peri 1994: 36).
dasawyisSi
WeSmaritebad
bavSvi
miiCnevs,
Sehxaris
Semdeg
papas,
ki
mis
rwmenas
monayol
kargavs,
ambebs
radgan
es
uryev
ambebi
gamogonili aRmoCnda, magram, amis miuxedavad, SviliSvili ar kargavs papas
mimarT simpaTias.
nawarmoebis ZiriTadi Tema imedgacruebaa, romelic pirvelad iSleba
mefis sasaxlis fonze, sadac mTxrobeli xvdeba rogorc TerZis xelqveiTi.
patara
biWi
mixedviTac
moeloda
mefis
papas
asulebs
monayoli
ubralo
zRaprebis
TerZebi
asrulebas,
uyvardebodaT
romelTa
da
colad
mihyvebodnen. magram misi imedebi cruvdeba: sasurveli mefis asuli, romlis
mxolod wkriala xma esmoda da danaxva ar SeeZlo, sasaxlis mTavari
saWurisi aRmoCnda.
„misi cxovrebis erTaderTi mogzauroba“ kompoziciuri organizaciis
doneze Sedgeba Semdegi scenebisgan:
I. nawarmoebis saTauri – misi cxovrebis erTaderTi mogzauroba
II. patara TerZis konstantinopolSi cxovreba Timiosis
gamoCenamde
(viziinosi 1996: 168-174);
III.
a)
TimiosTan
Sexvedra
_
konstantinopolidan
gamgzavreba
(viziinosi 1996: 174-176);
b)
Ramis
mogzauroba
_
sami
warmosaxviT
Cvenebis
aRwera
(viziinosi 1996: 177-184);
g) Sin dabruneba _ bebiasTan Sexvedra (viziinosi 1996: 185-187);
III.
bairas scena (viziinosi 1996: 187-200);
IV.
papas aRsasruli (viziinosi 1996: 200-201).
mTel nawarmoebSi SeiniSneba fantaziisa da sinamdvilis, metaforisa
da sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobis monacvleoba. pirvelive winadadebidan
konkretuli, realisturi elementebi, rogoricaa adgili, dro, profesia da
sxva,
TavianT
adgils
uTmoben
zRapars:
„TerZTan
ganmaweses.
arc
erT
23
dapirebas Cems warmodgenebze imdenad STambeWdavi gavlena ar mouxdenia,
rogorc imaSi darwmunebas, rom konstantinopolSi mefis asulisTvis kabebi
unda
Semekera“
(viziinosi
1996:
168).
maSasadame,
patara
bavSvs
konstantinopolSi TerZs miabareben _ „gaamweseben jarSi“ (viziinosi 1996:
170).
TerZebi
στρατολόγος, rac
pirdapir
niSnavs
ar
moixseniebian.
samxedro
oficers.
avtori
swored
iyenebs
isini
sityvas
arwmuneben
dapirebebiT mTxrobels. Txrobis msubuqi toni ar amcirebs patara bavSvze
Zaladobis gagebas. yovelive
es sruliadac ar uSlis xels patara bavSvis
fantaziis amuSavebas. am fantaziaSi bavSvuri survili dundeba mSvenieri
mefis
asulebis,
oqrosTmiani
nereidebis,
TvalismomWreli
kabebisa
da
irgvliv gamefebuli zRapruli simdidris fonze.
moTxrobis ZiriTadi konfliqtis matarebelia papa, romelic Tavis
mxriv did gavlenas axdens SviliSvilze anu mweral-mTxrobelze. papas
Sinagan samyaroSi konfliqti mimdinareobs mamakacursa da qalur sawyiss
Soris, aqedan gamomdinare ki warmosaxviTsa da realur samyaros Soris.
moTxrobis dasawyisi jer mxolod mianiSnebs mTavar konfliqtze. Sesavali
(II scena) sxva araferia garda bavSvis TvaliT danaxuli samyaros zRapruli
Cveneba. arsebiTad es Cveneba papas mier aRqmuli suraTia
papas saxe mwerlis alter ego-a). magram patara TerZi,
TerZia
da
amitomac
aRarc
cdilobs
bavSvi,
papas
cdilobs,
eniT
aRidginos
weras,
anu
(am SemTxvevaSi
romelic ukve aRarc
bavSvobis
droebiT
mogonebebi.
uars
ambobs
maRalfardovan kaTarevusaze. enis normis sakiTxi am moTxrobaSi avtorma
Semdegnairad gadawyvita: igi asxvavebs salaparako da samwerlobo enas.
zRapris
aRdgenis)
dasasruli
bolocaa,
amave
misi
dros
papas
momdevno
monaTxrobis
epizodi
(iribi
warmoadgens
naTqvamis
sinamdvileSi
dabrunebis mcdelobas da amdenad, xalxur enas (dimotikis) samwerlobo ena
(kaTarevusa)
cvlis.
am
pirobebSi
patara
TerZisTvis
zRapridan
miwaze
daSveba tragikulia, „praqtikuli cxovrebis monotoniaa“ (viziinosi 1996:
168).
24
III scena gansakuTrebiT sinTezuri xasiaTisaa da Tavis struqturaSive
aSkarad atarebs wriuli kompoziciis niSnebs: Ramis mogzauroba (romlis
ganmavlobaSic
sami
warmosaxviTi
Cvenebis
aRwera
xdeba)
CarTulia
Sexvedras Soris (saubaria TimiosTan da bebiasTan Sexvedraze).
or
Timiosis
gamoCena da mis mier uwyeba, rom papa „angelozs ebrZvis“ (viziinosi 1996:
169), bavSvis anu mTxrobelis suls moZraobaSi moiyvans, rac miiRweva ara
ubralod
am
axali
ambis
gagebiT,
aramed
metaforis
gamoyenebiT.
moulodnelad gaTavisuflebuli fantazia kvlav amoqmedda warsulidan
moxmobili scenebis saSualebiT, romlis magaliTia papasa da SviliSvils
Soris TamaSi-brZola (viziinosi 1996: 170).
amgvarad, metafora pirdapir mniSvnelobas iZens da Semdeg kvlav
iqceva metaforad. am dros pirdapiri naTqvami anu dimotiki, xalxuri ena
mTavar adgils ikavebs da Txrobas amdidrebs uSualobiTa da sicocxliT.
amis SesaniSnavi magaliTia III scenaSi mTxrobelis Sinagani monologi
(viziinosi 1996: 177).
momdevno
epizodia
Ramis
mogzauroba
_
cxeniT
Sin
dabruneba
(viziinosi 1996: 180-184). daRlili bavSvis gonebaSi sizmari da iluziebi
erTmaneTSia areuli. caze Rrublebi gamosaxaven or mebrZols: papasa da
angelozs. mamaci da guladi papas saxes bavSvuri warmosaxviT gvixatavs
mTxrobeli,
magram
pirovnebasTan,
ra
kavSiri
romelsac
aqvs
sofelSi
am
suraTs
sinamdvileSi
dabrunebisTanave
arsebul
Sexvdeba?
iseve,
rogorc g. viziinosis sxva nawarmoebebSi, aqac gvaqvs warmosaxvisa da
realobis Sejaxeba, rodesac meore suraTi pirvels ugulebelyofs. mis
CvenebebSi papas daJinebuli mzera miupyria gzisken, elis SviliSvilis
dabrunebas, rom
„gaxelili ar darCes Tvalebi“ (viziinosi 1996: 182-183). es
scena gvaxsenebs dedis moqmedebas moTxrobebSi „dedaCemis codva“ da „vin
iyo
Cemi
Zmis
mkvleli“.
am
SemTxvevaSi
saubaria
balkanuri
xalxuri
gadmocemis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac „sasikvdilo sarecelze adamiani
vis naxvasac moisurvebs, ukanasknelad mas Tu ar Sexedavs, gardacvalebis
Semdeg Tvali aRar exuWeba“ (ikonomovi 1968: 28). am epizodSi warmosaxva
sinamdvileze
batonobs.
mTxrobelis
mexsierebas
SemorCa
mxolod
is
25
scenebi,
romlebSic
„misi
fantazia
aRwevs
iluziebamde“
da
realobas
moklebul suraTebamde. nawarmoebSi gvxvdeba: „is fantastikuri mogzauroba.
. . .
.
. im fantastikur cxenze amxedrebuli gzas gavudeqi“ (viziinosi 1996:
181).
mas axali epizodi mosdevs (viziinosi 1996: 184-187), romelSic avtori
ostaturad
cvlis
dasasruli,
dRis
suraTebs
sinaTle,
uTmoben
srulyofiladaa
Txrobis
ritms.
dialogi,
adgils
daxatuli
Ramis
aq
warmodgenilia
mogzaurobis
energiuli
bebia.
am
realistur
Cvenebebi.
ramdenime
furcelSi
viziinosiseuli
sicocxliT
aRsavse
qalis
portreti. „dedaCemis codvaSi“ deda ambobs: „bebiaSenma ufleba ar momca,
rom gamexara“ (viziinosi 1996: 22). msgavs gulistkivils gamoTqvams papac.
Zalauflebismoyvare
bebia
qruse
qalis
gaucxoebis
tipuri
SemTxvevaa.
gaWirvebuli cxovreba aiZulebs mas, momTxovni da mbrZanebeli gaxdes.
„bunebiT
energiul
wonasworoba
qalSi
aRdgeba.
patriarqatisa
ori
da
sqesisTvis
matriarqatis
istoriuli
damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebi
Sebrunebulia, am SemTxvevaSi qalsa da kacs TavianTi rolebi SeucvliaT:
„vaJkacuri“ bebiis arsebobas awonasworebs „qaluri“ papas saxe“ (Zulisi
1988: 112). am opoziciaTa dadastureba mniSvnelovan adgils iWers moTxrobis
mTavari konfliqtis ganviTarebaSi: es aris qalTa sqesis mxridan papaze
„Zaladoba“.
es
scena
emsaxureba
manamade
dafaruli
konfliqtis
gamoaaSkaravebasa da mis kulminaciur fazaSi Seyvanas.
nawarmoebis kulminaciuri scenaa bairas epizodi (viziinosi 1996: 187200), romelic marTebuli ar iqneboda mTliani Txrobisgan gagvemijna da
calke gangvexila. bairas scenaSi iwyeba papas sruliad gansxavebuli saxis,
masSi
mimdinare
konfliqtis
etapobrivi
warmoCena,
romelic
savsebiT
ewinaaRmdegeba mTxrobelis fantaziaSi warmosaxul suraTs: gamocdilsa da
qveynierebaSemovlil papas misi colisgan, bebia qrusesgan gansxvavebiT
sinamdvileSi arasdros umogzauria. maSin, askvnis SviliSvili: „Soreul
mogzaurobebSi
daojaxebamde
iyavi?“
(viziinosi
1996:
193).
vidre
papa
upasuxebs, xelSi iRebs Cxirebs da windas, bebias rom uqsovs. xelsaqme
26
pirvelad moixsenieba bairas epizodSi, rodesac mTxrobeli papas aRwers
ori urTierTsapirispiro kuTxiT:
1. mamakacuri Cacmuloba (Tavze qudiT, TeTri mosacmeliTa da
sadResaswaulo SarvliT);
2. qalis xelsaqme (windis qsova, isic bebiisTvis).
is
faqti,
rom
papa
isev
iRebs
xelSi
saqsov
Cxirebs,
SeiZleba
miviCnioT misi ususurobis gamovlinebad, romelic aseve migvaniSnebs im
saidumlos Sinaarszec, SviliSvils rom umxels:
„_ vidre Sen bebias momaTxovebdnen, biWi ar vyofilvar!
_ rogor, papa, gogo iyavi?
_ Tavad Tqvi, rom gogo viyavi, sulo, _ momigo papam Tavisi naRvliani
RimiliT, radganac mec ase megona da xalxic ase Tvlida“ (viziinosi 1996:
194).
es aRmoCena patara SviliSvilze did STabeWdilebas axdns. amasTan
dakavSirebiT
romlis
saintereso
azriTac,
mosazrebas
„papas
gamoTqvams
ganmarteba
sqesis
kritikosi
a.
saxinisi,
metamorfozis
Sesaxeb
ukavSirdeba cnobil Turqul Cveulebas: biWebis gatacebasa da ianiCarebad
gamwesebas.
ra
Tqma
unda,
es
ganmarteba
istoriuli
TvalsazrisiT
anaqronizmia, radganac ianiCarebis instituti gauqmda sulTan murad IV-is
dros (1632w.), anu papas dabadebamde didi xniT adre“ (saxinisi 1973: 179).
papas
ganmartebasa
da
istoriul
sinamdviles
Soris
arsebul
elifsiss ori axsna SeiZleba movuZebnoT:
1.
saubaria
mwerlis
Secdomaze.
k.
micakisi
am
faqts
miiCnevs
istoriul uzustobad „Zvel adgilobriv tradiciebze an romelime
filologiur wyaroze dayrdnobiT rom mouvida avtors“ (micakisi
1982: 118).
2.
mwerali
gamiznulad
gvTavazobs
iseT
ganmartebas,
romelic
istoriul sinamdviles ar Seesabameba.
Tu gaviziarebT meore mosazrebas, maSin mTxrobeli papas TiTqos
Tavis gamarTlebis saSualebas aZlevs. rogorc ar unda iyos, adamianis
xasiaTis
CamoyalibebaSi
gansakuTrebul
rols
TamaSobs
aRzrda.
am
27
aRzrdis pirvel elements Seadgens saxeli: papas naTlaven da uwodeben
georgias. meore elements Seadgens Cacmuloba da qaluri garegnoba. mesame
elementia bavSvis gazrda-gamoketva saxlSi. amgvarad, vxedavT, rom papas
mamrobiTi sqesis miuxedavad, is gogosaviT izrdeboda. Zalze sainteresoa
is momenti, rodesac moulodnelad xdeba georgiosis xelaxla Seyvana
mamakacTa sazogadoebaSi, romelsac dabadebidanve miekuTvneboda. amgvari
ZaldatanebiT
wesisken.
uwindel
amgvarad,
aRmoCndeba.
gogona,
georgias
is
erTi
ubiZgeben
gansxvavebuli
ukiduresobidan
romelic
saxlSi
meore
gamoketilad
cxovrebis
ukiduresobaSi
izrdeboda,
xdeba
mamakaci, romelmac qali unda marTos. Tumca papas am axal rolSic ar
gaumarTlda,
radganac
colad
SeirTo
qruse,
romelsac
axasiaTebda
mdedrobiTi sqesisTvis Seuferebeli mamakacuri xasiaTi da qceva. amgvarad,
col-qmari maTTvis bunebiT boZebuli rolebis sapirispirod moqmedeben.
amas xazs usvams is faqtic, rom Svili ar uCndebodaT, rac biologiuri
TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba sruliad SemTxveviTi yofiliyo. swored IV scenaSi
TamaSdeba
nawarmoebis
warmosaxviTi
da
mTavari
realuri
samyaros
konfliqti,
romelic
dapirispirebaSi.
mdgomareobs
bunebiT
mamakacad
gaCenil georgiosze batonobs qalTa sqesi (bavSvobaSi bebia, daojaxebis
Semdeg
coli).
papasaTvis
aris
Aam
Zaladobisgan
warmosaxviT
Tavdaxsnis
samyaroSi
erTaderTi
gamoketva,
saSualeba
romliskenac
Tavis
SviliSvilsac ubiZgebs xolme.
bairas gorakze papa da SviliSvili TavianT cxovrebas ajameben da
aanalizeben. maT aerTianebT is, rom cxovrebis zewolas gaurbian ocnebebis
saSualebiT da warmosaxviT samyaroSi eZieben Svebas.
moTxrobaSi am scenis gamoyofa saSualebas gvaZlevs, xazi gavusvaT im
paralelebs, romelTac is amJRavnebs II scenasTan mimarTebaSi: Tu ki im
SemTxvevaSi
gvqonda
monaTxrobi.
II
bavSvis
scenaSi
monaTxrobi,
moqmedeba
scenaSi ki vimyofebiT Trakiis
am
SemTxvevaSi
viTardeboda
gvaqvs
papas
konstantinopolSi,
IV
eparqiis erT-erT sofelSi. imisTvis, rom
Rrmad CavwvdeT am scenis Txrobis teqnikas, detalurad unda ganvixiloT II
scenasTan misi kavSiri. pirveli rigSi saqme exeba zogadad Txrobas. Tu ki
28
II scenaSi dialogi Semoifargleba haramxanis patara epizodiT (viziinosi
1996: 171_173), IV scenaSi gvaqvs papa-SviliSvils Soris mimdinare uwyveti
dialogi, ukeTesia vTqvaT, papas vrceli monologi, romelic iSviaTad
wydeba bavSvis mokle CanarTebiT. imisTvis, rom mkiTxvelma gaigos, ra xdeba
bavSvis fiqrebSi, SviliSvilis monayols unda Seadaros papas monayoli,
anu am or opoziciur nawils Soris moaxdinos lavireba. iseve rogorc II
scena, IV scenac iwyeba zRapriT, ufro sworad, sami zRapriT (ZaRlisTavian
adamianebze, qalTevzasa da qvadqceul kacebze). am paralelis dedaazri
naTelia: TerZisa da mefis asulis zRapars hqonda bednieri dasasruli,
romelSic airekla patara TerZis survilic. aq ki, piriqiT, gvaqvs sami
pesimisturi
zRapari,
winaswarmetyvelebs
adamianis
mZime
gaucxoebis
dasasruls:
sami
varianti,
orbunebovani
papas
romelic
arsebobas
am
zRaprebis gmirTa msgavsad. Tavad bairas scenac ar aris mkiTxvelisTvis
ucxo
_
is
paralelebi,
sulTnis
romlebic
haramxanis
teqstis
erTgvari
am
or
sapirispiro
moments
suraTia.
akavSireben,
is
marTlac
mravlismetyvelia. bairas scena, Trakiis erT-erTi soflis akropolisze
rom
iSleba,
mimarTulia
zecisken,
romliskenac
miiltvis
papa
Tavis
warmosaxviT mogzaurobaSi, „raTa Sevides zecaSi“ (viziinosi 1996: 197). amis
sapirispirod, haramxanis scena erTgvarad miwaze Zirs daSvebaa (viziinosi
1996:
171),
romelic
sruldeba
masSi
CaZirvis
gamo
gamowveuli
SiSiT.
eWvgareSea, rom am epizodSi saubaria jojoxeTSi STasvlaze, razedac
mianiSnebs saWurisTa demonuri garegnobac (viziinosi 1996: 171).
IV
scenaSi
saxezea
opoziciaTa
simetria:
rodesac
SviliSvili
konstantinopolSi Tavs gadamxdar ambebs hyveba, papas frazas _ „moeSvi
magis moyolas“ (viziinosi 1996: 198) _ is gadahyavs warmosaxviT samyaroSi da
piriqiT, rodesac papa esaubreba Tavis ganuxorcielebeli mogzaurobebis
Sesaxeb, SviliSvils uWirs, miiRos realobisa da warmosaxvis disharmonia.
papas aRiareba, „amas yvelafers Cemi bebia miyvebodao“ (viziinosi 1996: 199),
bavSvis
ocnebebs
sabolood
amsxvrevs.
saocari,
gmirobebiT
aRsavse
sinamdvile aRmoCnda qalis monayoli zRapari, im qalisa, romelic qrusemde
batonobda papaze. cxovrebis zRapruli Cveneba erTi uzarmazari tyuili
29
gamodga,
romelic
TavisTavSi
aerTianebda
sxva
danarCen
umniSvnelo
sicrues. mTxrobeli axla ukve sruliad darwmunda imaSic, rom mefis
asulis
wkriala
xma,
sasaxlis
palatebidan
rom
moesmoda,
marTlac
saWuriss ekuTvnoda. imedgacruebis mimarTuleba sruliad gansazRvrulia:
mefis asuli moxuci saWurisia, papa ki diacurad aRzrdili. magram am
imedgacruebisgan
miRebuli
stresi
gadafara
momdevno
RamiT
papas
sikvdilma (V scena). am ukanasknel scenaSi mocemulia pasuxi ukve saTaurSi
dasmul kiTxvaze: mainc romelia misi cxovrebis erTaderTi mogzauroba? V
scena
gaxlavT
asrulebs
mokle
moTxrobas.
mTxrobeli
epilogi,
is
gadmogvcems,
iwyeba
Tumca
romelic
bunebis
mosdevs
suraTis
mTxrobels
bairas
scenas
da
aRweriT,
romelsac
cvlis
personaJi-
maleve
SviliSvili, romelic Tavad iZleva saTaurSi dasmul SekiTxvaze pasuxs:
gardacvalebiT
papam
Tavisi
cxovrebis
erTaderTi
mogzauroba
ganaxorciela. amiT moTxrobaSi konfliqts dasrulebuli saxe eZleva da
xazs usvams mis wriulobas: konfliqti II scenaSi miniSnebis doneze iwyeba
(warmosaxva
mefis
asulze),
romelic
patara
TerZis
imedgacruebiT
sruldeba da im wertilSi wydeba, rodesac papa erTgvarad Tavs aRwevs
arsebul sinamdviles (V scena), Tumca sikvdili am momentSi ar SeiZleba
gamosavlad miviCnioT. amdenad saxezea sruli imedgacrueba.
is
bavSvis
faqti,
rom
mweralma
Tvalsawieridan
mniSvnelovania.
arCevani
hyveba
emociuri
da
SeaCera
ambavs,
faqizi
mTxrobelze,
IV
scenaSi
patara
advilad
romelic
gansakuTrebiT
ijerebs
papas
monayols, uecrad aRSfoTdeba imis gamo, rom es yovelive gamonagoni
aRmoCnda,
agreTve
maleve
iviwyebs
gamowveuli
mRelvarebis
mTxrobeli
axsna-ganmartebebSi
sakuTar
zemoqmedebiT.
ar
brazs
sruliad
Rrmavdeba,
papas
aSkaraa,
aramed
sikvdiliT
rom
amgvari
Semoifargleba
ubralo aRwerebiT, romlebic mkiTxvels utovebs damoukidebeli gansjis
saSualebas.
moTxrobis warmmarTveli konfliqti struqtura wriul saxes iRebs
da grafikulad ase gamoisaxeba:
30
III scena
Ramis mogzauroba
II sceni
IV bairas scena
fantazia
fantazia
saTauri - V scena papas gardacvaleba
moTxrobis mTavari Tema_laitmotivi saTauridan dawyebuli Txrobis
dasasrulamde
aris
mniSvnelobiT.
Tu
mogzauroba
„pireasa
am
da
sityvis
neapols
pirdapiri
Soris“
da
gadataniTi
gvxvdeba
realuri
mogzauroba moqmedebis gareSe (personaJTa sityvebiTa da gegmebiT, fuWi
dapirebebi rom aRmoCndnen), amis sapirispirod, „misi cxovrebis erTaderT
mogzaurobaSi“ saxezea papas uamravi mogzauroba, romlebic sinamdvileSi
arasdros
ganxorcielebula,
magram
savsea
STambeWdavi
moqmedebebiT.
kritikosi p. mulasi aRniSnavs, rom „Tu „realisturi“ scenebi ganapirobeben
uZraobis
mdgomareobas
bebiasTan
Sexvedra),
(konstantinopolSi
warmosaxvis
cxovrebis
„amoqmedeba“
gamocdileba,
pirdapir
ukavSirdeba
gadaadgileba-moZraobas (mTxrobelis dabruneba sofelSi). SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom
am
moqmedeba
SemTxvevaSi
da
erTmaneTs
mogzauroba,
kanonzomierad
meore
mxriv,
eTanxmeba
mogzauroba
erTi
da
mxriv,
cxovrebis
siZneleebisagan gaqceva“ (mulasi 1996: 20). am msjelobis mixedviT agebs p.
mulasi Semdegi tipis sqemas:
dinamikuri motivebi_moZraoba_fantazia
statikuri motivebi_uZraoba_sinamdvile
yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT bairas epizodi amtkicebs da
damatebiTi StrixebiT avsebs kanonzomierebas, rom dialogis saSualebiT
fantaziisa da realobis monacvleoba uwyvetia. mogzaurobis Tema iSleba
uZraobis
fonze,
riTac
xazs
usvams
papas
umweobas,
daZlios
Tavisi
sasowarkveTileba. moTxrobis mTavari drama swored amaSi mdgomareobs. es
aris Tavis survilebSi sruliad xelmocaruli adamianis gaucxoeba. bebias
31
umogzauria
yvelgan,
wminda
saflavzec
ki
yofila.
SviliSvilic
metnaklebad icnobs konstantinopols. mxolod papa 98 wlis ganmavlobaSi
mopirdapire
gorakamdec
ganmsazRvrelia
bavSvobaSi
zewola
gogonas
ki
ar
jer
gasula.
mSoblebis,
tansacmels
misi
Semdeg
acmevdnen,
ki
naadrevad
cxovrebis
ritmis
meuRlis
mxridan.
da
ZaldatanebiT
daaqorwines qruseze. mTeli cxovreba colis mxridan iCagreboda. yovelive
aman
gamoiwvia
gandevnili
misi
survilebis
TavSesafars
eZebs
Cakvla.
zRapris
amgvarad,
realuri
samyaroSi,
samyarodan
romelsac
Tavis
SviliSvils xSirad uziarebs xolme. magram es zRapruli samyaroc sxva
araferia, Tu ara bebiisgan gagonili xalxuri Tqmulebebi da gadmocemebi.
realur samyaroSi erTaderTi gamonaklisi, rac mxolod papas ekuTvnis,
aris sikvdili.
rogorc
vxedavT,
saxezea
fantazia_realobis
opoziciur
wyvilTa
kanonzomieri monacvleoba. moTxrobaSi konfliqti iSleba zRapris fonze,
warmosaxvis
miRma,
metaforasa
da
pirdapir
mniSvnelobas
Soris.
am
tragikul „sizmar-dramaSi“ (palamasi 1972: 35) poeturi nostalgiis mSvid
atmosferoSi avtori warmogvidgens moxucsa da bavSvs, romlebic mzis
Casvlisas erTnairad ocneboben, Tumca sinamdvileSi sikvdil-sicocxlis
daundobel brZolaSi ebmebian ise, rom ar ician, rogor daaRwion Tavi
arsebul
realobas.
rogorc
ganxilvidan
gamoCnda,
moTxroba
mkacrad
Camoyalibebuli kompoziciuri organizaciiT xasiaTdeba, romelsac wriuli
struqtura aqvs, Tumca TiToeuli scenis SigniT epizodebi erTmaneTis
mimarT
paralelur
mimarTebas
gviCvenebs.
Sesabamisad,
konfliqtis
struqtura mWidro kavSirSia kompoziciur organizaciasTan, erTfiguriania
da wriul saxes iRebs _ konfliqti sruldeba im wertilSi, saidanac
daiwyo.
2. „moskov-selimi“
„moskov-selimi“ mwerlis bolo moTxrobaa, romelic g. viziinosis
fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi moxvedris Semdeg mis xelnawerebSi aRmoaCines.
savaraudod, nawarmoebi daiwera 1886 wlis ukanasknel meoTxedSi, radganac
32
masSi
moxseniebulia
bulgareTSi
vatenbergis
taxtidan
Camosagdebad
mowyobili gadatrialeba, romelsac adgili hqonda 1886 wlis agvistoSi.
am moTxrobaSi mTxrobelis roli arsebiTad Sesustebulia, is ukana
planze gadadis da mTavar adgils uTmobs Turqi selimis Tavgadasavals. g.
viziinosis sxva nawarmoebebSi mTxrobeli ufro kargad warmoaCens sakuTar
Tavs. is uSualodaa CarTuli moqmedebis ganviTarebaSi, erT-erT mTavar
personaJad gvevlineba da mis sityvebsac teqstebSi didi adgili eTmoba.
„moskov-selimSi“ ki avtori asrulebs ubralo mowmis rols, romelic,
marTalia,
warmogvidgens
mTavar
gmirsa
da
maTi
gacnobis
detalebs
(viziinosi 1996: 202-214), magram amis Semdeg Turqs uTmobs asparezs. amgvarad,
Txroba ZiriTadad moskov-selims mihyavs, Tumca avtori xSirad erTveba ara
mxolod SekiTxvebis dasasmelad, axsna-ganmartebebis mosacemad Tu daskvnis
gamosatanad, aramed imitom, rom iribi naTqvamiT rac SeiZleba lakonuri
gaxados Txroba. iseve rogorc avtori cvlis moskov-selims, Tavis mxriv
moskov-selims
cvlis
saqirbaba
(viziinosi
1996:
226),
romelic
Turqis
naambobs asrulebs xolme (viziinosi 1996: 228-230).
amgvarad, moqmedebis ganviTareba da simarTlesTan miaxloeba xdeba
pirvel pirSi TxrobiT, personaJTa mier mocemuli Cveneba-damowmebebiT ise,
rom
rolebi
mTxrobelis
ganuwyvetlad
adgils
ikaveben
icvleba:
iseve,
nawarmoebSi
rogorc
moqmedi
avtori
xdeba
gmirebi
erT-erTi
personaJi. zogjer mTxrobelsa da selims Soris siaxlove imdenad didia,
rom ar varT darwmunebulebi, viziinosi laparakobs Tu mTavari personaJi.
aseTia, magaliTad, cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebebis msgavseba, rac mwerals
aigivebs moskov-selimTan (Zmis mkvlelobiT gamowveuli tkivili, ucxoobaSi
gadaxvewili Svilis mimarT dedis gancdebi).
aRsaniSnavia, rom moTxrobebSi „moskov-selimi“ da „vin iyo Cemi Zmis
mkvleli“ berZnebi da Turqebi Tanabrad imsaxureben avtoris simpaTiasa da
siyvaruls. g. viziinosi yovelgvari fanatizmis gareSe saubrobs maTze. mis
moTxrobebSi arasodes dominirebs TurqTa mimarT siZulvilis grZnoba. g.
viziinosi
„moskov-selimSi“
stereotips.
am
CarCoebidan
arRvevs
sarwmunoebrivi
gamosvla
or
doneze
zRvaris
dawesebul
SeimCneva:
pirvel
33
SemTxvevaSi Turqi selimi, romelsac Tanamemamuleebi usamarTlod moeqcnen,
xolo mterma (ruseTis saxiT) tyved Cavardnil mowinaaRmdeges mzrunveloba
ar moaklo, rusul yaidaze imoseba da cxovrobs, Tavs grZnobs am eris
Svilad,
amitomac
SemTxvevas
sulmouTqmelad
moTxrobis
elis
winasityvaobaSi
maT
TrakiaSi
vxvdebiT,
sadac
Sesvlas.
am
meore
sazRvrebis
rRveva, winaarmdegobis gadalaxva xdeba Turqsa da berZens Soris. berZenia
mTxrobeli, xolo gmiri, romliTac moixibla da romlis ukvdavyofac surs,
aris
Turqi
gamoTqvams
selimi.
Tavis
Seuracxyofen
urwmuno
nawarmoebis
varauds,
rom
„erTmorwmunis“
mkrexels.
magram
winasityvaobaSi
„Turqis
xsovnas,
fanatikosi
radganac
berZeni
mTxrobeli
man
aSkarad
Tanamemamuleebi
guli
gadauSala
mwerali-mTxrobelis
modgmis
fanatikosebic daadanaSauleben xelovans, romelmac ar daamcira selimis
Rirseba da Tavis nawarmoebSi qristiani gmiriT ar Secvala“ (viziinosi 1996:
202).
moTxrobis mokle Sinaarsi aseTia: Trakiis eparqiis erT-erT qalaqSi
Casuli
mTxrobeli
xvdeba
erovnebiT
Turq
selims,
romelic
sakuTar
Tavgadasavals mouTxrobs. warCinebuli ojaxis Svili, sam ZmaSi nabolara
iyo, magram radganac da ar hyoliaT,
deda masSi ararsebul qaliSvils
xedavda. selimi ki mTeli arsebiT cdilobda mamakacTa sazogadoebaSi
Rirseuli adgilis damkvidreba: ufrosi Zmis nacvlad jarSi wasvlis gamo
cixeSi
aRmoCndeba.
Semdeg
selimi
ibrZvis
hercegovinas,
serbeTisa
da
bulgareTis frontebze. rusebis tyveobaSi Cavardnili Turqi maTi mxridan
mzrunvelobas, pativiscemasa da nugeSs grZnobs. tyveobidan dabrunebuli
selims ki Sin yvelaferi ganadgurebuli xvdeba, ris Semdegac TrakiaSi
gadadis sacxovreblad rusebis molodinSi. rodesac mTxrobelisgan igebs,
rom rusebi bulgareTSi ar SeWrilan gulis Seteva emarTeba da suls
ganutevebs.
nawarmoebSi
advilad
SeiZleba
gamovyoT
Sinaarsis
matarebeli
erTeulebi anu scenebi, romelTa saSualebiTac naTlad davinaxavT, rom es
moTxrobac
mkacrad
Camoyalibebuli
kompoziciuri
organizaciiT
xasiaTdeba. konfliqti erT figuriania da mTavari gmiris, selimis, Sinagan
34
samyaroSi
mimdinareobs.
misi
struqtura
swored
ideologiaTa
monacvleobaSi mdgomareobs, romelic Tavis mxriv realoba_warmosaxvis
urTierTdapirispirebas
kompoziciur
gamoxatavs
organizaciasTan,
da
mWidro
romlis
kavSirSia
mixedviTac
moTxrobis
nawarmoebi
Semdeg
scenebad iyofa:
I. Sesavali_rusuli ideologiis selimTan mTxrobelis Sexvedra
(viziinosi 1996: 202_213);
II. selimis Tavgadasavali _ misi bavSvoba haramxanaSi (viziinosi 1996:
214_216);
III. selimis imedgacrueba sulTnis samsaxurSi (viziinosi 1996: 217_138);
IV. selimi rusebis tyveobaSi (viziinosi 1996: 238_241);
V. selimis imedgacrueba tyveobidan samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg
(viziinosi 1996: 241_247);
VI. Trakiis miwaze dasaxleba da rusebis molodini (viziinosi 1996:
248_250);
VII. selimis aRsasruli (viziinosi 1996: 250_252).
gamoyofili
scenebi
erTmaneTs
ukavSirdeba
wriuli
kompoziciis
principiT. I scena dakavSirebulia IV da VI scenebTan, romelTa ZiriTadi
warmarTvelicaa rusuli ideologia. maTgan centraluria IV scena. masSi
Seqmnilia
SemdgomSi
yvela
is
rusul
piroba
Tu
ideologias
safuZveli,
emxroba.
ris
gamoc
aRwerilia
mTavari
rusebis
gmiri
Turqi
tyveebisadmi Tbili damokidebuleba da kargi mopyroba. I da VI scenebSi
ukve saxecvlil selims vxedavT. rusul samxedro labadasa da CeqmebSi
gamowyobili Turqi Trakiis miwaze rusul garemos qmnis da maTi Semosvlis
imediT suldgmulobs. VI scenasTan mniSvnelobaTa msgavsebisa mixedviT
dakavSirebulia
II
scena,
romelTa
Sorisac
SeiniSneba
opoziciur
elementTa urTierTmonacvleoba: ideologiuri gaucxoebis fesvebi Rrmad
aris
damarxuli
mTavari
gmiris
pirad
gamocdilebaSi
da
bavSvobaSi
gadatanil travmaSi imaleba: deda selimSi ararsebul qaliSvils xedavda
da gogosaviT zrdida. selimi ki, piriqiT, mamis siyvarulis mopovebisken
miiltvoda (II scena).
35
Tavis mxriv, IV scena moqceulia erTmaneTis mimarT simetriulad
dakavSirebul III da V scenebs Soris. III scenaSi mocemulia selimis
sulTnis armiaSi wasvla da ruseT-TurqeTis omSi gmiruli brZola. Tumca
misi
miRwevebi
ar
fasdeba
da
mis
kuTvnil
jildos
sxva
iRebs.
am
imedgacruebas V scenaSi aneitralebs ufro didi imedgacrueba, tyveobidan
dabrunebul selims rom elis: samSoblom zurgi Seaqcia erTgul meomars.
Sin
dabrunebuls
yvelaferi
ganadgurebuli
dauxvda:
misi
col-Svili
saxads emsxverpla.
VII scena awonasworebs yvela danarCeni scenebis urTierTmimarTebas
da ideologiaTa opoziciuri wyvilis arsebobas wertils usvams. sikvdilis
moaxloebasTan erTad yvelaferi Tavis pirvandel saxes ubrundeba, riTac
aRdgeba darRveuli wonasworoba.
scenaTa
struqturuli
aseTi
Sepirispirebis
simetriis
realobaze
gamovlenac.
miuTiTebs
moTxrobis
maT
kompozicias
Soris
wmindad
formaluri xasiaTi ki ar aqvs, aramed igi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli
konfliqtis
viziinosis
ganviTarebis
prozaul
ideasTan
memkvidreobas
Tu
koncefciasTan,
udevs
safuZvlad.
am
romelic
g.
moTxrobaSic
gmiris individualoba xdeba imis mizezi, rac mas Tavs atydeba. amitom am
SemTxvevaSi
mwerals
pirveli
rigSi
Tavisi
gmiris
xasiaTis
warmoCena
ainteresebs, raTa misgan gamomdinare konfliqti ufro logikuri gaxdes
imisTvis, rom mkiTxveli TanagrZnobiT ganewyos ara personaJis mimarT,
romelsac bedma daakisra raRacis daTmena, aramed individualobis mimarT,
romlis
Sinagani
aRvniSneT
bunebidan
konfliqtis
gamomdinareobs
matarebeli
konfliqti.
moskov-selimia,
rogorc
romlis
ukve
bunebaSic
erTmaneTs ebrZvis ori samyaro: mSobliuri – Turquli da ucxo –rusuli.
konfliqtis struqturas wriuloba axasiaTebs. selimi am wreze moZraobs
da sabolood ubrundeba sawyiss, amosaval wertils.
moskov-selims
Tu
SevadarebT
papas
saxesTan
„misi
cxovrebis
erTaderTi mogzaurobidan“ bevr saerTo Strixs aRmovaCenT. maT cxovrebaSi
saerTo aqvT ara marto aRsasruli (Tu rogor amTavreben sicocxles),
aramed
erTnairi
aqvT
bavSvobac.
rogorc
papam,
ise
moskov-selimma
36
siymawvile gogonas tanisamosSi gaatara. orsave SemTxvevaSi saxezea ojaxis
Zaladobrivi
zewola
patara
bavSvze,
Tumca
amis
gamomwvevi
mizezebi
sxvadasxvaa: papa ianiCarobisgan rom gadaerCinaT, xolo moskov-selimSi
dedamisi
„ararsebul
qaliSvils
xedavda“
(viziinosi
1996:
214).
magram
yvelaze arsebiTi mainc maTi erTmaneTisagan ganmasxvavebeli Strixebia. papa
colis zegavlenis qveS aris moqceuli da uSinaarso cxovrebas gamogonili
mogzaurobebiTa da ocnebebiT upirispirdeba. moskov-selimi ki moqmedebis
realur
samyaroSia
CarTuli
da
rogorc
sulTnis
jariskaci
udides
sivrceebs gadalaxavs. papa TavSesafars zRaparSi povebs, moskov-selimi ki
Tavad qmnis uaxles istorias balkaneTis frontze brZoliT. zemoxsenebul
or moTxrobas Soris gansxvavebebi scildeba werisa da daxasiaTebebis
farglebs da farTod aRwevs maT struqturebamde. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
saxezea
myari
opozicia:
mogzauroba/sinamdvile.
meore
SemTxvevaSi
es
dapirispireba icvleba da mopirdapire elementebi erTmaneTs uTanabrdeba:
mogzauroba=sinamdvile. aqedan gamomdinare gasagebi xdeba, rom „moskovselimi“
Cafiqrebulia,
warmogvidges
rogorc
dokumenti.
mas
mravlismTqmeli qvesaTauric aqvs: „erTi meomris istoria“ (vasiliadisi 1910:
306).
avtobiografiasa
da
memuarebze
ufro
metad
aq
batonobs
wminda
sisxlis biografia. g. viziinoss ar ainteresebs mTxrobelis gaqroba da
„obieqturobisTvis“ Tavis Sewirva. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, aq problema
wamoiWreba ara moskov-selimis biografiis warmoCeniT, aramed mTxrobelis
obieqtTan
damokidebulebiT,
kerZod
ki
ucxotomelis
gacnobiTa
da
damegobrebiT. moTxrobaSi „Zveli istoriis Sedegebi“ avtori saubrobs
sulTa „kavSirze“. nawarmoebSic “moskov-selimi“ mTxrobeli Turqs eubneba:
„Cvenma sulebma erTmaneTs gaugeso“ (viziinosi 1996: 212) anu sulma suli
icno. nawarmoebis SesavalSi igrZnoba mTxrobelis Tbili damokidebuleba
mTavari
ricxvSi)
gmiris
mimarT.
mimarTva
_
am
epizodSi
„Sens
ambavs
SenobiT
aRvwero“
(meore
pirSi
(viziinosi
mxolobiT
1996:
213)
_
urTierTobaSi uSualobis rols zrdis. amgvarad, Turqi meomris istoria
amavdroulad
adamianuri
urTierTobis
erTi
konkretuli
SemTxvevis
asaxvacaa.
37
is faqti, rom mTavari gmiri moskov-selimi ubralo, gaunaTlebeli
adamiania, pirdapir aisaxeba moTxrobis enaze, sadac gabatonebuli adgili
dimotikis
uWiravs.
davinaxavT,
rom
Tu
ki
mas
enobrivi
„Zveli
istoriis
gansxvaveba
sxva
Sedegebs“
ufro
SevadarebT,
mniSvnelovan
dapirispirebebs malavs. arsebiTad, pasxali („Zveli istoriis Sedegebis“
mTavari gmiri) gamoirCeva ara marto imiT, rom kaTarevusaze saubrobs,
aramed imiTac, rom ubralo aRwerebs mecnierulad udgeba. swavluli kaci,
iseve rogorc nebismieri mwerali, ayalibebs msjelobis mTel sistemas,
sadac
dro
_
determinizms,
diaqronia
_
cvlilebas,
xolo
istoria
ganviTarebas an Sewyvetas eqvemdebareba. amis sapirispirod, moskov-selimi
Sors dgas kvleva-Ziebebisagan, romlebic scildeba siuJetis sazRvrebs.
gmirSi aRiniSneba fsiqologiuri xasiaTis anomaliebi. ojaxSi mamisgan
uaryofili da gariyuli mTavari personaJi Tavis simarTles amtkicebs
sakuTari qmedebebiT, brZolis velze gmiruli TavdadebiT. Tumca yoveli
misi mcdeloba amaoa, igi gamarTlebas verasdros aRwevs. bavSvobaSi mamis
mier
ignorireba
simbolurad
asaxavs
samSoblos
mier
gmiri
meomris
uaryofasac. moskov-selims Tavisi problema piradulidan sazogadoebrivze
gadaaqvs.
selimi
mTeli
arsebiT
Caflulia
ideologiis
WaobSi:
„Cemi
sicocxleca da col-Svilic sulTnis sakuTrebaa da rodesac moskovs
vebrZviT, Svidi sicocxlec rom mqondes, Svidsaves erT dReSi gaviRebdi
daufiqreblad Cemi batonis gamarjvebisaTvis“ (viziinosi 1996: 225). aseve
aRniSnavs, rom daWrili mamaci mebrZoli usamarTlobis maxeSia gabmuli,
radganac
mis
jildos
dezertirs
gadascemen.
rusebis
mier
plevnaSi
datyvevebuli xedavs maT adamianobasa da saTnoebas. Turqi xvdeba, rom
rusebis mimarT misi antipaTia sruliad usafuZvlo iyo. „am dRemde giJi
vyofilvar, _ ganagrZo selimma _ amitomac giTxari, rom plevnam gons
momiyvana“ (viziinosi 1996: 240).
Tu ideologiuri gaucxoeba sigiJis Taviseburi saxea, maSin moskovselims marTlac swori sityvebi SeurCevia. am epizodSi drama kulminacias
aRwevs, radganac is, rac simarTled miiCnia gmirma, sxva araferia Tu ara
morigi sicrue _ pirvelze ufro saSineli tyuili.
38
rusebis siyvaruli moskov-selimisaTvis axali ideologiaa, radganac
fiqrobs,
rom
amiT
mainc
moiklavs
saTnoebis,
adamianobisa
da
samarTlianobisadmi wyurvils.
am
momentamde
ganuwyvetlad
saxeze
Sinisken
iyo
miiwevda
erTi
da
gatanjuli
kvlav
odisevsi,
brZolis
vels
romelic
ubrundeboda
(yirimidan hercegovinas ajanyebamde da plevnas aRebamde 1877 wels). axla ki
igi iqca sruliad sxva adamianad, romelsac tyveobidan dabrunebis Semdeg
ojaxi
amowyvetili, saxl-kari ki gapartaxebuli daxvda.
Semosvlis
garda
sxva
aRarafris
survili
mas rusebis
darCenia.
odesRac
TanmemamuleebTan erTad cxovrobda saerTo ideologiis qveS, axla ki
maTgan gariyulia. misi saxelica da ucnauri Cacmulobac xazs usvams mis
gamorCeulobas.
gawyvetilia:
Turqma
icis,
„sxvebisTvis
rom
TanamemamuleebTan
moskov-selimi
TiTqmis
giJia;
urTierToba
ra
ginda,
rom
vuTxra, rogor ginda, rom gamigon“ (viziinosi 1996: 213).
aSkaraa, rom moTxrobaSi ubralo Turqi jariskacis naambobis miRma
imaleba
pirovnebisa
da
fsiqologia-ideologias,
sazogadoebis
istoria
ki
dapirispireba.
gaucxoebas
kerZo-sazogados,
gadaejaWva.
nawarmobis
dasawyisSive avtori gmirisadmi moulodneli simpaTiiT ganimsWvaleba da
cdilobs
misi
moskov-selimis
gaucxoebis
cvlileba
fsiqologiis
ucnauri
problemas.
arsebiTad
meqanizms
saqcieli
moqmedebis
gansazRvravs
Cawvdes.
maSinve
ganviTarebis
misi
mTxrobeli
wamoWris
rom
ideologiuri
procesSi
cxovrebis
xvdeba,
wess,
ideologiuri
Tumca
bolo
epizodSi sikvdilis moaxloebasTan erTad esec sruliad ufasurdeba _
erTi SexedviT absolituri WeSmariteba morigi iluzia aRmoCndeba: „Turqi
Turqadve darCa“ (viziinosi 1996: 252).
aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianis sakuTar erTan identifikaciis sakiTxi
sakmaod
rTulia.
„adamiani
mxolod
maSin
aris
romelime
eris
warmomadgeneli, roca mas Tavi miaCnia am eris Svilad, misi tradiciebis
gamgrZeleblad, am eris istoriaSi myofad“ (TevzaZe 1993: 24).
eris
istoria
garkveuli
gamocdilebis
saxiT
yvela
CvenganSi
arsebobs. warsuli aris ara mkvdari gamocdileba, aramed maradcocxali,
39
magram Senaxuli, gasaidumloebuli sibrZne, codna. odiTganve iTvleboda,
rom mexsiereba da adamianis identifikacia ganuyofeli cnebebia. „mexsiereba
es is saSualebaa, romlis wyalobiTac Cveni gauCinarebuli warsulis kvali
Cvens „SigniT“ arsebobs da swored amaSia Cven mier TviTidentifikaciis
gacnobierebis safuZveli“ (uitrou 1964: 145).
xsovnis
virtualur
erT-erTi
saTavsos,
aspeqti
romlis
TviTSemecnebaa.
meSveobiTac
xsovna
Cveni
warmoadgens
warsuli
Tavsdeba
(Cawerilia) Cvens SigniT, „sulis dafaze“. amis gamoa, rom Cven vflobT
codnas sakuTar „me“-sTan igiveobaze, imaze, rom Cven swored Cven varT da
ara sxva. „adamiani erTaderTi arsebaa, romelic samyaros niSnebs cnobs da
xsovnas atarebs, amitom misi funqcia aris gageba da Senaxva. esaa adamianis
movaleoba
da,
damkargveli
rac
amave
mTavaria,
dros
misi
sulis
momavlis
intenciac.
uarmyofelicaa.
amitom
droTa
xsovnis
kavSiris
aRsadgenad warsulis gaxsenebaa saWiro. warsulSi Sebrunebas yovelTvis
axlavs
„me“-s
substanciurobis,
safuZvlianobis,
identurobis
rwmena“
(kvaWantiraZe 1999: 170).
albaT, SemTxveviTi araa, rom ZvelberZnul miTologiaSi mexsierebis
qalRmerTi mneme ganagebda drois svlasac. flobde codnas droze niSnavs
flobde warsulze codnas. am codnas floben mamebi da amitom droisa da
xsovnis gageba mniSvnelobaTa doneze TiTqmis yvelgan ukavSirdeba mamaSvilis koncefts da am gziT winaprisa da STamomavlis mimarT pirovnebis
pasuxismgeblobis gaZlierebas. vfiqrob, swored es azria gatarebuli am
konkretul SemTxvevaSic.
miuxedavad
sarwmunoebrivi
dasasruls
imisa,
rom
sazRvrebis
kvlav
aRadgens
g.
viziinosi
daZlevis
mTeli
eqsperiments
dawesebul
CarCoebs:
Txrobis
atarebs,
manZilze
nawarmoebis
warmogvidgens
selims,
romelsac SecdomiT acnobes, rom rusebs bulgareTi daukavebiaT. imaze
nerviulobiT, rom rusebi mis samSobloSic SeiWrebodnen, mTavar gmirs
tvinSi
sisxli
Caeqca.
xolo
rodesac
mTxrobelisagan
igebs,
rom
es
yovelive sicruea da ar Seefereba sinamdviles, sixarulisagan meore Seteva
emarTeba da kvdeba. amgvarad, Turqi Turqadve rCeba. da mainc moTxrobis
40
amgvari
dasasruli
ar
Seadgens
g.
viziinosis
mier
warmosaxvisa
da
realobis dapirispirebis principis rRvevas, piriqiT, xasiaTis gadasvla
warmosaxviTi samyarodan realur samyaroSi sabolood orjer xdeba, riTac
konfliqti
wres
kompoziciuri
kravs
da
ubrundeba
organizaciidanac
amosaval
aSkarad
Cans,
wertils.
rom
wre
nawarmoebis
ikvreba
da
sinamdvile sawyis stadias ubrundeba. yovelive zemoTqmuli grafikulad
ase SeiZleba gamovsaxoT:
Turquli ideologia
mamisa da
samSoblosgan
rusuli
imedgacrueba
ideologia
rusuli ideologiisken
gadaxra
„moskov-selimi“
mwerlis
sxva
moTxrobebTan
SedarebiT
sivrceSi
moqmedebis yvelaze ufro farTo areals gvTavazobs (TurqeTi, balkaneTis
qveynebi,
ruseTi). rogorc cnobilia, sivrce aris universaluri cneba.
rogorc miTopoetur, ise mxatvrul azrovnebaSi SesaZlebelia am sivrceSi
ganlagebul garkveul „toposebs“
garkveuli
mwerali
mniSvneloba
TviTon
mieniWos.
gamoyofs
da masSi moqceul garkveul obieqtebs
„mxatvruli
„toposs“,
nawarmoebis
romelsac
aqvs
SemTxvevaSi
gansakuTrebuli
datvirTva da romelic xdeba misi samyaros centri, amdenad mxatvruli
nawarmoebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba sivrcis subieqtivizacia, individumis sivrcis
warmoCena. nawarmoebSi xdeba garkveuli adgilis mizandasaxuli fiqsacia,
xolo am adgilebis farglebSi garkveul obieqtebs sakraluri mniSvneloba
eniWeba. „toposi“ xSir SemTxvevaSi misteriuli, sakraluri adgilia, sadac
gmirebi
mxolod
gansakuTrebul
SemTxvevaSi
midian.
aseTi
sakraluri
adgilis (sivrcis) qona, rogorc Cans, mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac
mxolod am gziT xdeba SesaZlebeli sakuTari arsebobis gacnobiereba.
41
aucilebelia Seni adgilis, sivrcis qona imisTvis, rom TviTidentifikacia
moxdes“ (toporovi 1995: 452).
miTopoetur
azrovnebaSi
aseTi
adgili
aris
gmiris
samyaros
sakraluri centri. gmiri, romelic tovebs mas, mxolod maSin moipovebs
uflebas Tavis Zvel samyaros _ centrs daubrundes, roca Seimecnebs
sivrces
yvela
mis
ganzomilebaSi.
„aseT
SemTxvevaSi
fizikurad
horizontaluri sivrcis gavlas adamianis sulis mier vertikaluri sivrcis
gavla Seesabameba“ (teqsti...1983: 145). amis magaliTia odisevsi, romelic
uamrav dabrkolebas gadalaxavs iTakaSi dasabruneblad. *
Cven mier ganxilul moTxrobaSi warmodgenilia sivrcis Semecneba
yvela mis ganzomilebaSi. moskov-selimis istoria pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT
Tu ara, simbolurad mainc asaxavs mwerlis Tavgadasavalsac. es aris
adamianis
erTgvari
odisea
ucxoobaSi
da
Sin
dabruneba,
sadac
ukve
yvelaferi Secvlilia: es samyaroc aRarc odisevsisaa, aRarc homerosis. aq
ukve batonobs martooba, gaucxoeba da sikvdili.
daskvnis
saxiT
Camoyalibebuli
xasiaTi
aqvs
SeiZleba
kompoziciuri
da
mWidrodaa
iTqvas,
rom
organizaciiT
dakavSirebuli
„moskov-selimi“
gamoirCeva.
siuJetis
konfliqtTan, romelic erTfiguriania. misi ZiriTadi
mas
mkacrad
wriuli
warmmarTvel
matarebelia Turqi
selimi, romelic meryeobs or ideologias _ Turqulsa da rusuls _
Soris. kompoziciuri organizaciis msgavsad am moTxrobaSi konfliqtsac
wriuli
xasiaTi
aqvs.
selimi
am
wreze
moZraobs
da
xangrZlivi
da
damqancveli xetialis Semdeg sabolood ubrundeba Tavis sawyisebs, anu im
wertils, saidanac safuZveli Caeyara siuJetis mamoZravebel konfliqti.
3. „tbis garSemo“
al. papadiamandisis moTxroba „tbis garSemo“ pirvelad gamoqveynda
Jurnal „estiaSi“ 1892 wels. nawarmoebSi siuJeti viTardeba tbis garSemo,
*
amasTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ixileT n cincaZis statia: sivrcis semantika “ukan
dabrunebebis” semantikaSi odisevsisa da argonavtebis miTis mixedviT, romelic
gamoqveynebulia ak. uruSaZis dabadebidan 80 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili Sromebis krebulSi
“argonavtika da msoflio kultura”, logosi, Tbilisi 1999.
42
romlis peizaJic Zalze detaluradaa aRwerili. mTxrobeli ixsenebs misi
megobaris Tavgadasavals, romelic gaumijnurda masze ufross polimnias,
Tumca
gogonas
Tavs
misi
megobari
xrostodulisi
ecileboda.
am
ukanasknelma, mTavari gmirisgan gansxvavebiT, SeZlo polimnias davalebis
pirnaTlad
Sesruleba,
romelic
bzis
totebis
dakrefasa
da
misTvis
mirTmevaSi mdgomareobda. Semdeg ki WaobSi gaxlarTuli navi, romelSic
polimnia
da
misi
Zma
nikosi
isxdnen,
gaiyvana
samSvidobos.
Tumca
sabolood, gogonas guli vercerTma ver moigo da maTi gzebi gaiyara. am
sasiyvarulo
„samkuTxedis“
paralelurad
mimdinareobs
aseve
gemis
mSenebloba da misi zRvaSi pirvelad CaSvebis scena detaluradaa aRwerili.
moTxrobaSi
„tbis
garSemo“
avtori
warmogvidgens
mkacrad
Camoyalibebul struqturas, romelic kompoziciuri organizaciis mxriv
Semdeg nawilebad iyofa:
I. prologi (papadiamandisi 1985: 379);
II. gmiris bavSvobis gaxseneba (papadiamandisi 1985: 380-383);
III. gemis mSenebloba (papadiamandisi 1985: 384-388);
IV. polimnias davaleba (papadiamandisi 1985: 389-391);
V. gemis zRvaSi CaSvebis scena (papadiamandisi 1985: 392-395);
VI. polimnias gadarCenis scena (papadiamandisi 1985: 396-399);
VII. epilogi (papadiamandisi 1985: 400).
mkiTxveli maSinve SeniSnavs, rom centraluri IV scenis mimarT I-VII,
II_VI, III_V scenebi wriuli kompoziciis principiT arian dakavSirebulni. II
da VI scenebi, iseve rogorc centralur IV scena moTxrobis warmmarTvel
motivs _ siyvaruls _ emsaxureba. nawarmoebSi am mTavari Temis gverdiT
siuJeturi xazi sxva mimarTulebiTac viTardeba, esaa gemis agebis istoria,
romelic gadmocemulia III da V scenebSi. amgvarad,
viTardeba
emociuri
aRtkinebis
sami
epizodis
moqmedeba wriulad
garSemo
(I/VII_III/V_II/VI),
romelTac erTmaneTisagan Svid-Svidi weli aSorebT. samive SemTxvevaSi
moqmedeba mimdinareobs erTsa da imave sivrceSi _ tbis irgvliv, romelic
sinamdvileSi warmoadgens deltas. tbis garSemo moZraobisas Tu warsulis
gaxsenebisas
wriuli
mimarTebiT
avtori
cdilobs,
gansjasa
da
fiqrs
43
mianiWos upiratesoba, vidre uSualod moqmedebas, rac xazgasmulia kidec
epilogis
ukanasknel
winadadebaSi.
am
fraziT
mTxrobeli
mimarTavs
nawarmoebis mTavar gmirs: „da Sen ki? Senc CemsaviT gansji mxolod da
arafers moimoqmedeb“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 400). moqmedeba uwyvet xazad
gasdevs mTel nawarmoebs, Tumca teqstis miRma rCeba, radganac wina planze
mainc bunebis aRweris suraTi gadmodis.
sainteresoa, rom geografiuli adgilis aRwera TxrobaSi ar emsaxureba
drois dayovneba-SeCerebas, piriqiT, TxrobasTan da drosTan erTad muSaobs,
rom sxvadasxva kategoriad gamoyos an gaaerTianos personaJebi. moqmedebis
adgilis
CarCoebis
gansazRvriT
bunebis
aRweras
gmirTa
daxasiaTebis
procesSi didi datvirTva eniWeba, ramdenadac gamoxatavs am ukanasknelTa
cxovrebisadmi da zogadad, samyarosadmi damokidebulebasa da pozicias.
amdenad aRwera Txrobis tolfasi xdeba. rogorc vxedavT, moTxrobaSi
„tbis garSemo“ bunebis suraTebis aRwera warmoaCens da axasiaTebs gmirTa
gansjisa
da
fiqris
Tanmimdevrobas.
swored
amis
Sedegia,
rom
papadiamandiseuli aRwerebi scildeba ubralo bunebis suraTis CarCoebs da
umniSvnelovanes
sakuTari
rols
wvlili
TamaSobs
Seaqvs
siuJetis
moTxrobis,
warmarTvaSi
rogorc
da
erTi
arsebiTad,
mTlianobis
modulirebaSi.
nawarmoebSi Txroba mimdinareobs pirvel pirSi. mTxrobeli meore pirSi
mimarTavs Tavis megobars, Tumca mkiTxveli maleve acnobierebs, rom es ori
sxvadasxva personaJi (mTxrobeli da mTavari gmiri) sinamdvileSi erTia.
isini
warmoadgenen
sxvadasxva
dones.
erTi
moTxrobis
megobarze“
(papadiamandisi
ukanaskneli
frazac:
(papadiamandisi
pirovnebis
1985:
„rac
379).
cxovrebiseuli
qvesaTauric
1985:
379).
Cemia,
xom
pirveli
da
amaze
amasve
Cemia
meore
miuTiTebs:
usvams
da
gamoscdilebis
rac
piris
„mogonebebi
xazs
Senia,
or
prologis
isic
erTmaneTSi
Cemia“
aRreva
moTxrobis avtobiografiuli xasiaTis xazgasmis erTgvari mcdelobaa da
amave
dros
siuJetis
ganviTarebas
emsaxureba.
moTxrobis
prologi
da
epilogi araa gamonaklisi, sadac pirveli da meore pirebi anu „me“ da „Sen“
erTmaneTSia
aRreuli.
siuJetis
warmarTveli
Tema
_
siyvaruli
_
44
dakavSirebulia
gemis
agebis
ambavTan
nawarmoebis
erT-erTi
personaJis
aleqsandros xaravlosis metyvelebis defeqtis saSualebiT. TavisTavad es
personaJi sinamdvileSi warmoadgens erTgvar hibrids, romelic „naxevrad
mezRvauria, naxevrad _ muSa, naxevrad _ eqimi“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 386).
kidev erTi aleqsandrosi, magram am SemTxvevaSi ara papadiamandisi. is
erTmaneTSi
urevs
sityvebs:
curvas,
(πλέψιμο/πλέξιμο/μπλέξιμο), romelTac
qsovasa
enaTmecnierebaSi
da
gaxlarTvas
minimaluri
wyvilebi
ewodebaT. sxva personaJebi erTmaneTSi ureven „qsovasa“ da „curvas“ da
axladagebul gems usurveben „karg qsovas“ (καλό πλέξιμο). xaravlosi ki ufro
Sors
midis
da
gems
usurvebs
„karg
(καλό μπλέξιμο), rac
gaxlarTvas“
gasaWirSi Cavardnas niSnavs. marTlac, napiridan zRvaSi pirvelad CaSvebis
dros gemi iWedeba. TiTqos amiT mwerali migvaniSnebs, rom siyvarulis
istoriac, gemis mSeneblobaca da Txrobac CixSi eqceva. am epizodidan
kritikoss m. xrisanTopuloss gamoaqvs daskvna, rom „Txrobis, sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebisa
da
gemis
„konstruireba“
yovelTvis
advili
ar
aris“
(berZnuli modernizmi...1997: 72).
sainteresoa,
moqmedebis
rom
ukve
ganviTarebis
konkretul
nawarmoebis
CarCoebi.
SemTxvevaSi
sityva
erTgvari
saTaurSivea
„ολόγυρα“ niSnavs
avtonomiis,
gansazRvruli
wres
da
am
SemosazRvrulobis
mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli. sivrcis wriuloba mWidro kavSirSia drois
wriulobasTanac. moTxrobaSi TiTqmis yvela epizodi wuTebis, saaTebis,
warsuli mogonebebis aRdgenis erTgvari mcdelobaa. bunebrivi garemo tbis
saxiT
aRmoCndeba
gansazRvravs
im
sivrces,
mikrokosmosis
riTac
aRmniSvneli,
warsulSi
momxdari
romelic
realuri
mkacrad
movlenebi
sabolood kargaven erTmaneTSi aSkara droiT-mizezobriv kavSirs da am
principis
darRveviT
sabolood
erTmaneTs
emsgavsebian.
aqedan
gamomdinareobs aseve siuJetis ramdenadme statikurobis STabeWdilebac. aq
mTavari roli ukavia bunebis suraTis aRwerebs. nawarmoebSi moqmedebis
ganviTarebis manZilze tba sam epizodSi eqceva yuradRebis centrSi:
45
1. prologSi anu moTxrobaSi aRwerili ambidan 7 wlis Semdeg
(papadiamandisi 1985: 379);
2. gmiris bavSvobis gaxsenebis epizodSi (papadiamandisi 1985: 380-383);
3. xristodulisis
mier
polimnias
gadarCenis
scenaSi
gansazRvravs,
rogorc
(papadiamandisi 1985: 396-399).
prologSi
„mogonebebis
tbis
aRwera
amSlel
aRsawer
adgils“
obieqts
(papadiamandisi
1985:
379).
avtori
am
SemTxvevaSi saintereso xerxs mimarTavs da tbas warmogvidgens uaryofiTi
winadadebebiT, anu iseTs, rogoric odesRac iyo da axla aRar aris: „aRar
iyo . . . TiTqmis aRar arsebobda . . . TiTqmis ar gadarCeniliyo . . . “
(papadiamandisi
1985:
379).
aRweris
amgavari
xerxi
aSkarad
xazs
usvams
sicarielis gancdas. erTi SexedviT, TiTqos tbis ganmsazRvreli yvela
elementia
Cadebuli
aRweris
safuZvelSi,
magarm
saboloo
Sedegad
mkiTxveli iRebs sicarieles, ararsebul garemos, romlis mizezic droa.
amis mizezi unda veZioT ara uSualod aRsawer obieqtSi, aramed Tavad
aRmweris
amgvar
(am
SemTxvevaSi
formulirebaSi.
mTxrobelis)
tbis
gonebaSi
rogorc
arsebul
„sayvareli,
daxasiaTebis
axlobeli
garemos“
gaxseneba gmiris gonebaSi ayalibebs erT konkretul azrs, romelSic ar
aisaxeba
realoba
(aRwera
=
mogoneba).
amis
Sedegad
tbis
suraTi
daukmayofileblobis grZnobas tovebs da icvleba miZelosis qaTqaTa TeTri
qoxis
suraTiT.
qoxi/ezo/sanapiro
_
es
is
adgilebia,
romlebic
tbis
garSemo midamoebs warmoadgenen, mis gverdiT arian aRwerilni da romlebic
moicaven idiliuri sivrcis yvela Semadgenel elements. moTxrobaSi tba
arsebobs rogorc mgrZnobelobiTi sivrce, magram sarkis anareklis efeqtis
(rogoricaa, magaliTad, sityvebisa Tu frazebis ganmeoreba) gamoyenebiT
fantastikur
saburvelSi
gaxvevisaken
miiltvis.
analogiurad
mTavari
gmiris warmosaxva cdilobs warsulis uiRblo gamocdilebis anazRaurebas
misi bednier momavlad gadaqceviT.
sinamdvilisa
da
warmosaxvis
amgvar
Tanaarsebobas
metnaklebad
Sesworebebi Seaqvs suraTis aRweraSic. konkretuli geografiuli garemos
suraTs cvlis auxdeneli ocnebebis sivrce. damatebiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos,
46
rom marTalia, tba mTavari gmiris Tvalsawieridanaa danaxuli: „yvelafer
amas
Tvalwin
xedavdi
rogorc
namdvili
ostatis
srulyofil
naxats“
(papadiamandisi 1985: 383), magram Tavisi arsiT is aRwerilia, rogorc Sedegi
mTavari gmirisa da mTxrobelis anu warmosaxvis perspeqtivisa da arCevanis
perspeqtivis
Tanaarsebobisa.
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
siuJetis
ganviTarebis
TanamimdevrobaSi am aRweras adgili miCenili aqvs gmiris polimniasTan
pirveli uiRblo Sexvedris Semdeg.
zemoaRniSnulidan SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom konkretuli geografiuli
adgilis
mTeli
harmoniulobisa
da
mgrZnobelobis
miuxedavad,
mTavar
gmirsa da bunebas Soris disharmonia arsebiTad ar irRveva. amgvari aRwera
iZleva informacias ara imdenad adgilis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac adamianis
Sesaxeb, romlis perspeqtividanac aris danaxuli da aRqmuli es adgili.
miuxedavad imisa, rom daxatuli suraTi axlobeli da Sinauria, sabolood,
mkiTxvels
winaSe
mainc
mTavari
gmiris
mier
danaxuli
perspeqtividan
wardgeba. tbis aRweras konkretuli daniSnuleba aqvs da emsaxureba mTavari
gmiris saxis etapobriv warmoCenas. es ukanaskneli tbis mesamed gaxsenebis
epizodSi
ukve
Canacvlebulia
megobari
xristodulisiT.
am
momentSi
polimnia realurad warmogvidgeba, xristoduliss is ki ar eCveneba, aramed
xedavs. amitomac suraTis aRweris elementebi minimumamdea dayvanili da
erTgvar fonad gasdevs polimnias navis xristodulisis mier gadarCenis
scenas. xristodulisisaTvis tbis irgvliv arsebuli garemo ar igivdeba
momavali
bednierebisa
Tu
warsulis
mogonebebis
sivrcesTan.
amis
sawinaaRmdeg, personaJi mas aRiqvams scenad, sadac konkretuli moqmedeba
viTardeba. amdenad, xristodulisi sivrcidan mowyvetili ki ar aris, aramed
masTan igivdeba. sqematurad rom gamovsaxoT, aRwera-mogoneba gadaiqceva
aRwera-moqmedebad.
polimniasTan
pirveli
Sexvedrisa
da
xristodulisis
mier
misi
gadarCenis am or epizods Soris, romlebic warmoadgenen ZiriTadi ambis
dasawyissa da dasasruls, viTardeba danarCeni movlenebi. sainteresoa, rom
es movlenebi mimdinareobs im qviSian zolze, romliTac tba zRvisgan
gamoiyofa.
miwis
es
nakveTi
erTgvarad
aRniSnavs
or
arsebul
47
SesaZleblobas: erTi mxriv, wris rRvevas, meore mxriv, wreSi Caketvas. tba,
romelic warmoadgens centrs, romlis irgvlivac moTxrobaSi viTardeba
moqmedeba,
Tavisi
aRweridan
gamomdinare
iqceva
gmirebis
ganSorebis
adgilad.
is faqti, Tu rogor aRiqvamen gmirebi bunebas, xsnis maTive moqmedebas,
romelic
airekleba
suraTis
aRwerebSi,
romelTa
saxeldaxelo
urTierTmonacvleoba Tu elipsisi mianiSnebs ama Tu im gmiris xasiaTsa da
individualizmze. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom moTxroba „tbis garSemo“
al. papadiamandisis prozaul memkvidreobaSi yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino
magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba peizaJis detaluri aRwera gacdes
ubralod adgilobrivi garemos warmoCenis farglebs da gamoyenebul iqnas
rogorc
nawarmoebis
warmmarTveli
konfliqtis
mamoZravebeli
RerZi.
uSualod moqmedebis mimdinareobis scenebTan misi monacvleobiT TxrobaSi
samudamod dakarguli warsulis arsebobas esmeba xazi. swored amitomac
moTxroba iwyeba mTeli rigi uaryofiTi winadadebebiT: „arc Tebervali
iyo…... tirifebic aRar idgnen .…. . polimniac ar iyo iq . . . aRarc lukasis
qoxi idga...“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 379). moTxrobaSi mimdinare movlenebis
mTxrobeliseuli gansja, Wvreta, molodini, moqmedebis dro da adgili
wriulia da Seesabameba papadiamandiseuli weris stils.
Kyovelive
zemoTqmulis
gamo
moTxrobis
warmmarTveli
konfliqti
grafikulad ase SeiZleba gamoisaxos:
gmiris bavSvoba
prologi-epilogi
polimnias davaleba
polimnias gadarCena
nawarmoebis
mTavari
gmiri,
romlisTvisac
tbis
garSemo
midamoebi
mtrul garemos qmnis, Svebas poulobs am adgilis warmosaxviT sivrceSi
48
aRweriT. mis sapirispirod, xristodulisi, piriqiT, miiltvis mis irgvlis
arsebuli garemos Secvlisken. gmirTa momdevno bed-iRbali am tendenciis
gagrZelebad warmogvidgeba: xristodulisi Sordeba iqaurobas da amerikaSi
gadaixveweba, riTac arRvevs wres maSin, roca mTavari gmiri „gansjis
mxolod da arafers moimoqmedebs“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 400). rac Seexeba
polimnias,
papadiamandiseuli
„idealuri
qaliSvilebis“
ricxvs
rom
miekuTvneba, romelic erTi mxriv siuJetis ganviTarebis mTavari mizezia,
amave dros ki pasiur rols TamaSobs, moTxrobis dasasruls mTxrobelis
mier
naTqvami
ori
ubralo
zmniT
„gardaicvala
Tu
daqorwinda?“
(papadiamandisi 1985: 400) naCvenebia misi sawyisi mdgomareobidan erTgvari
gardasaxva Tu gadasvla axal mdgomareobaSi.
daskvnis saxiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moTxroba „tbis garSemo“ mkacrad
Camoyalibebuli
xasiaTi
aqvs
da
konfliqtTan,
mTxrobelis
kompoziciuri
organizaciiT
mWidrodaa
romelic
megobari
xasiaTdeba.
dakavSirebuli
wriuli
siuJetis
warmmarTvel
matarebelia
erTfiguriania.
misi
ZiriTadi
nawarmoebis
mTavari
gmiri.
_
mas
kompoziciuri
organizaciis msgavsad am moTxrobaSi konfliqtsac wriuli xasiaTi aqvs.
mTavari
gmiri
tbis
garSemo
am
wreze
moZraobs.
sabolood
igi
xristodulisisgan gansxvavebiT ver axerxebas am wris garRvevas da misgan
Tavis daxsnas, amdenad, ubrundeba im wertils, saidanac safuZveli Caeyara
siuJetis mamoZravebel konfliqts.
4. „ocneba talRaze“
al. papadiamandisis moTxroba „ocneba talRaze“, romelic Seiqmna 1900
wels,
warmoadgens
bednieri
siymawvilisa
da
mowifulobis
asakis
garyvnilebas Soris dapirispirebis yvelaze ufro naTel magaliTs. es
dapirispireba
gansakuTrebiT
aSkara
xdeba
am
moTxrobaSi,
ramdenadac
mTxrobeli ar warmogvidgeba ubralod ambis gadmomcemis rolSi. saxezea
misi srulyofili biologiuri arseboba, romelic im donemde gansxvavdeba
ukve mwerlisgan, rom Znelia maTi erTmaneTTan gaigiveba. amgvarad, al.
papadiamandisi
aucilebeli
elementebis
TxzviT
nawarmoebSi
qmnis
49
mTxrobelis imgvar tips, romelic TiTqos aRsarebas abarebs mkiTxvels da
aRwers Tavis gardasaxvas „mTebSi gaWrili mwyemsidan“ veqilamde „moismina“s diplomiT” (papadiamandisi 1985: 262), *
mTidan
barad
(aTenSi),
siWabukidan
rac Seesabameba mis gadasvlas
mowifulobaSi,
samoTxisdari
Tavisuflebidan miwier sazrunavebze.
nawarmoebis prologi gviCvenebs mTxrobelis am gardasaxvas istoriul
WrilSi rogorc erTi mdgomareobidan meoreze gadasvlas. es gardasaxva
Sedegia, xolo am cvlilebis mizezi ki mkiTxvelisTvis ucnobia. moTxrobis
dasawyisSi vecnobiT aseve ber sisoes Tavgadasavals, romelmac xsnidan
sasjelamde da kvlav xsnamde mimarTuli didi gza gaiara. momdevno ZiriTad
nawilSi Txroba warmogvidgens bednierebisa da uaresobisken cvlilebis
mizezebs. moTxrobaSi gadmocemul ambavs gansakuTrebiT martivi siuJeti
aqvs. masSi gadmocemulia, Tu rogor bednierad cxovrobs axalgazrda
mwyemsi. es gaxlavT wonasworobis mdgomareoba. Tanasofleli qaliSvili
mosxulas
da
misi
mosaxele
Tikanis
gamoCena
winaswar
migvaniSnebs
mosalodnel cvlilebaze. imisTvis, rom wonasworoba ar dairRves, mwyemsma
unda airCios am oridan erT-erTi. Tavdapirvelad arCevani keTdeba Tikanis
sasargeblod, rac TiTqos sawyis mdgomareobaze dabrunebas unda niSnavdes,
magram sabolood mwyemsi gogonas aniWebs upiratesobas, rac mas ubiZgebs
SeniRbuli wonasworobis mdgomareobisken, arsebiTad ki am wonasworobis
rRvevisken. ufro metic, dilema _ monasterSi darCena Tu codnis miReba _
gadawydeba am ukanasknelis sasargeblod, rasac mivyavarT mTavari gmiris
saboloo uiRblobamde.
kompoziciuri
organizaciis
TvalsazrisiT,
moTxroba
iyofa
Semdeg
nawilebad:
I. prologi (papadiamandisi 1985: 261-262);
II. mwyemsis bednieri cxovreba (papadiamandisi 1985: 263-266);
III. ori mosxula mwyemsis cxovrebaSi (papadiamandisi 1985: 267-269);
*
aqac da SemdegSic gamoviyenebT moTxrobis qarTul enaze Sesruleb Targmans, romelic
ekuTvnis
m.
abulaSvils
da
gamoqveynebulia
Tanamedrove
berZnuli
moTxrobis
anTologiaSi, logosi, Tbilisi 2003.
50
IV.
Tikanis
daRupva
da
gogonas
daxrCobisagan
gadarCena
(papadiamandisi 1985: 270-272);
V. epilogi (papadiamandisi 1985: 273).
gamoyofil segmentebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs mTavari gmiris sulieri
wonasworobis SenarCunebisa da misi rRvevis momenti, amdenad maT Soris
wriuli kavSiri SeiniSneba. II da IV scenebi erTmaneTTan urTierTareklvis
principiT
prologsa
gadmoscemen
da
mwyemsis
epilogSi
wonasworobis
gadmocemulia
ukve
am
mdgomareobas,
wonasworobis
xolo
rRvevis
Sedegad gmiris saboloo uiRbloba. centraluri adgili ukavia III scenas,
romelic mianiSnebs mosalodnel cvlilebaze. sawyisi mdgomareobisadmi
nostalgia
movlenebs
aqcevs
erT
mojadoebul
wreSi.
amis
naTeli
magaliTia moTxrobis pirveli da ukanaskneli winadadeba: „erTi Raribi
mwyemsi biWi viyavi mTebSi“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 261) / „oh, netav kvlavac
mwyemsi vyofiliyavi mTebSi!“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 273). problemis gadawyveta
SesaZlebeli iqneboda, Tuki gmiri gahyveboda beri sisoes gzas, romlis
Tavgadasavali
erTaderTi
Tematurad
gamosavali
dakavSirebulia
iqneboda
ZiriTad
dakarguli
siuJetur
samoTxis
xazTan.
erTgvari
saxis
Sinagani samoTxiT Canacvleba.
zemoaRniSnuli martivi siuJeti ixlarTeba gonebamaxviluri omonimebis
meSveobiT,
romlebSic
ori
erTmaneTisagan
radikalurad
gansxvavebuli
arseba (gogona/Tikani) Seesabameba erTian fonetikur realobas. sainteresoa,
rom
gogonas
saxeli,
romelsac
mwyemsi
arqmevs
sakuTar
Tikans,
Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobiT gamoxatavs cxovels. aqedan gamomdinare, es
saxeldeba
wreze
moZraobs:
cxovelze
gadadis.
Tavisi
cxovelidan
adamianze
TanamimdevrobiT
da
erTma
adamianidan
aseTma
isev
moZraobam
SeiZleba migvaniSnos aseve axalgazrda mwyemsis Semecnebis erTianobaze.
ramdenadac es omonimebi Tavad mTavari gmiridan momdinareoben da missave
azriT, efuZnebian ori aRsaniSni obieqtis garegnul msgavsebas, etapobrivad
aZliereben maT ramdenadme sinonimur urTierTmimarTebas. es ki niSnavs imas,
rom ori paradigma (mosxula-gogona/mosxula-Tikani) mwyemsis cnobierebaSi
imdenad aris aRreuli, rom erTs SeuZlia meoris Canacvleba. Tumca amgvari
51
Canacvleba
TiTqmis
gansxvavebebi
SeuZlebelia,
msgavsebebs
ramdenadac
aRemateba.
dasawyisSi
maT
Soris
sagnebs
arsebuli
Soris
ubralo
Canacvleba sul ufro metad xdeba rTuli arCevanis Sedegi.
nawarmoebSi warmodgenilia amgvari arCevanis oTxi SemTxveva:
1. Tikans irCeven gogonas sanacvlod yovelgvari problemis gareSe
(papapdiamandisi 1985: 265);
2. gogonas irCeven Tikanis nacvlad, rodesac mTxrobeli ironiulad
uTanagrZnobs am ukanasknels (papadiamandisi 1985: 267-269);
3. Tikans gogonasTan mimarTebaSi aniWeben upiratesobas im epizodSi,
rodesac
Tavissave
yulfSi
gablanduli
Svelas
iTxovs
(papadiamandisi 1985: 271);
4. mdgomareoba icvleba zemoaRniSnulis sisruleSi moyvanamde da
ubrundeba
sawyiss
etaps
anu
saswori
sabolood
gadawonis
gogonas sasargeblod mwyemsis mier misi daxrCobisagan gadarCenis
epizodSi (papadiamandisi 1985: 272).
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, erTis xsna iwvevs meoris gawirvas,
erTis
mimarT
siyvarulTan.
siyvaruli
SeiZleba
da
sinaze
vivaraudoT,
ver
rom
Tanaarsebobs
omonimebiT
meoris
erTian
mimarT
samyaroSi
aracnobieri identifikaciis aRniSvnis mcdeloba sabolood miuRweveli
aRmoCnda. samyaro Tavis cvalebad bunebas warmoaCens imiT, rom nawarmoebSi
ambavs ukve mogviTxrobs zrdasruli veqili. aRsaniSnavia, rom mwyemsis
samyarosTan urTierToba TiTqmis usityvoa. mTxrobeli sakuTari Tavisgan
rogorc mTavari personaJisgan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom maT Soris droSi
didi sxvaobaa, rac mowifulobis garda aRniSnavs codnis dagrovebasac. es
ki mas saSualebas aZlevs sityvis meSveobiT xelaxla moixmos is epizodebi,
romlebmac mis warsuls erTgvari saxe misces. amgvar SemTxvevebSi, ra Tqma
unda,
mTxrobeli akritikebs sakuTari Tavis rogorc gmiris naazrevsa da
namoqmedars.
aRsaniSnavia, rom bednierebisa da misi Secvlis gamomwvevi mizezebi
erTnairi
SemTxvevas
xerxiT
araa
gadmocemuli
nawarmoebSi.
ramdenadac
orsave
aRgviwers mTxrobeli, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom igi iyenebs
52
imgvar kompoziciur Tu stilistur sqemas, romlis meSveobiTac TiToeuli
maTgani
gansxvavebuli
Tvalsawieridanaa
danaxuli
da
aRqmuli.
aqve
SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom termini „ganvsji“ mTxrobelisaTvis ar niSnavs
maincdamainc
didi
doziT
informaciis
miRebas,
aramed
gzavnilis
gansxvavebul Sefasebas.
bednieri
cxovrebis,
bavSvobisa
da
siWabukis
asakis
gadmosacemad
TxrobaSi, ZiriTadad, sami elementia gamoyenebuli: iteratiuli Txroba
(iterative
narrative)
gamoxataven
(geneti
bunebriv
nacvalsaxelis
SesaZloa
113);
(Cemi)
kavSirs;
gamoyeneba
mizniT.
axdendes
Sedarebebi,
adamianis
xSiri
gadmocemis
zegavlenas
mxatvruli
movlenebTan
„μου“
damokidebulebis
1980:
gmiris
romlebic
kuTvnilebiTi
samyarosadmi
gmiris
zemoCamoTvlili
samive
xerxi
fokusirebaze.
gziT
mwyemsi
am
SeigrZnobs bunebas, drosa da sakuTar Tavs. is faqti, rom mTavari gmiris
pozicia
mTxrobelTanaa
Sesisxlxorcebuli,
aRniSnavs
zemoCamoTvlili
elementebis ukve mowifuli mTxrobelis saSualebiT gamdidrebas. amdenad
isini ukve aRar gamoxataven primitiuli adamanis bunebasTan kavSirs, aramed
bednierebis
maxasiaTeblebadaa
warmodgenili:
„misi
codnis
gareSec
ar
vemdurodi beds“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 261) da mniSvnelobas iZenen imdenad,
ramdenadac
Txrobis
manZilze
gansxvavdebian
„bunebrivi
cxovreba“
mowifuli
gmiris
mdgomareobisagan.
ufro
konkretulad,
(papadiamandisi
1985:
262)
Sedegia mTeli rigi moqmedebebis, ufro sworad mdgomareobebis mTeli
wyebisa, romelTac adgili aqvT erT gansazRvrul sivrcesa da droSi. es
sivrce _ bunebis elementebisgan Sedgenili mravalferovneba (Cirgvnari,
xevebi, velebi, zRvis sanapiro, mTebi) _ qalaqisgan Sors mdebareobs da
ganusazRvreli
romelic
moTxrobaSi
SesaZleblobebi
Semoifargleba
am
da
geografiul
aqvs
imisTvis,
kmayofildeba
adgils
rom
asazrdoos
mxolod
saxelwodebac
aqvs
gmiri,
aucilebeliT.
_
qsarmeno.
dasaxelebidan da aRwerili suraTidan gamomdinare mkiTxvelis Tvalwin
53
iSleba
arkadiis
erT-erTi
kuTxe,
romelic
warmoadgens
realuri
geografiuli adgilis erTgvar idealizirebul saxes.
Sesabamisad, nawarmoebSi moqmedebis droc gadmocemulia daTariRebis
raime konkretuli elementis gareSe. is gansazRvrulia mxolod zogierTi
samiwaTmoqmedo samuSaos, romlebSic gmiri ar monawileobs, moxseniebiTa
(Tesvis dro, mosavlis aRebis dro) da dakonkretebiT (weliwadSi erTxel).
sxva
sityvebiT
rom
vTqvaT,
dro
gamoiTvleba
sivrceSi
tradiciul
samuSaoTa retrospeqtul CvenebasTan mimarTebaSi da aqedan gamomdinare, am
sivrcesTanvea dakavSirebuli.
amgvar sivrcesa da droSi mTavari gmiri afiqsirebs Tavis kavSirs
bunebasTan, rac Txrobis doneze gasagebi xdeba mxatvruli Sedarebebis
saSualebiT. Sedareba, romelic gamoxatavs sagnebs Soris msgavsebas sxva
aramsgavsi sagnebisgan gansxvavebiT, gadaizrdeba ara adamianis sagnebTan
identifikaciaSi, aramed mis sawinaaRmdego urTierTkavSirSi, sadac adamiani
samyaros aRiqvams egocentuli gadmosaxedidan da sakuTar Tavs afasebs
kosmocentruli poziciidan. amis gamo, kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelis xSiri
gamoyeneba: „Cemi sakuTreba iyo . . . Cemi napiri . . . es yvelaferi Cemi iyo . . .
Cemi sakuTari klde . . . Cemi mTebi . . . “ (papadiamandisi 1985: 262,266,268) ar
gamoxatavs
kuTvnilebas
(mTxrobeli
xom
veqilia!),
piriqiT
aZlierebs
adamianis samyarosTan erTianobis gancdas ara iuridiuli procedurebis
gamoyenebiT, aramed TanagrZnobis saSualebiT.
axalgazrda
kacsa
da
bunebas
Soris
TanagrZobis
gancda
erTian
samyaroSi ugulebelyofs drois mier gamowveul regress da gamoxatavs
odindel
Tavisuflebas,
suverenulobasa
da
uzrunvelobas
adamianuri
Semecnebis donezec ki. bavSvobis xana warmodgenilia rogorc bednierebis
simbolo, xolo adamianisa da bunebis kavSiri ki _ rogorc adamianis
codviT dacemis winare etapis simbolo. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Cven
winaSea erTgvari samoTxisdari garemo, romelsac realurad esxmeba xorci.
qalaqis
mTxrobelis
wes-Cveulebebi,
mier
romlebic
ironiulad
TxrobaSi
Sefasebulia
farulad
rogorc
Zlieri
SemoiWreba,
pirovnuli
nebisa da samarTlis gabatonebis mizezi. garda amisa, batoni mosxosis
54
SemTxveva (papadiamandisi 1985: 263-264) advilad warmogviCens gansxvavebas
dacemamdel mbrZaneblobasa da dacemisSemdgomdroindel batonobas Soris.
pirveli gulisxmobs Tavisuflebas, kmayofilebasa da idiliur simSvides,
meore mianiSnebs qonebaze, SemosazRvrulobaze, „dayofil . . . samefoze“
(papadiamandisi 1985: 263).
nawarmoebSi
rogorc
ukve
uiRblobis
bavSvuri
aRvniSneT,
samyaros
warmoCena
Sefasebulia
gadmosaxedidan.
mxolod
da
siWabukis
mTxrobelis
gmiris
perspeqtiva,
Semdgomdroindeli
TvalsawierSi
CaketviT
gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli idiliisTvis Semdgomdroindeli Crdilis moSoreba
da misi erTganzomilebian sivrceSi gadmocema.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, droSi ukan dabrunebis Cveneba ramdenadme
gansxvavebulia. mTxrobelma icis yvela wvrilmani im istoriisa, romelsac
aRwers, Tumca mas ar warmogvidgens momavlis gadmosaxedidan. amgvari
perspeqtiva mxolod da mxolod Seamcirebda arCevanis gakeTebis mouTmenel
molodins, romelic sruldeba Tikanis gogonaTi CanacvlebiT da mianiSnebs
gmiris mowifulobaSi Sesvlaze. miuxedavad
imisa, rom winaswar viciT
Sedegi, Txroba imdenad ar emsaxureba am molodinis gadmocemas, ramdenadac
im pirobebisas, romlebic iwveven erTi mxriv, Canacvlebas, meore mxriv, ki
Tavad arCevanis gakeTebis mtanjvel wuTebs.
sainteresoa agreTve is faqtic, Tu rogor aris daxatuli nawarmoebSi
mosxula-gogonas
saxe.
igi
papadiamandiseuli
„idealuri
qaliSvilebis“
ricxvs miekuTvneba, romelic konkretuli siuJetis ganviTarebis mizezi
xdeba,
magram
dasasruli
Tavad
gamoxatavs
pasiurad
sawyisi
monawileobs
mdgomareobis
moqmedebaSi.
Secvlas:
moTxrobis
„rogorc
yvela
danarCeni, (mosxula) Cveulebrivi asulia evasi“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 273).
mosxulas
portretis
aRwera
(papadiamandisi
1985:
264),
romelSic
ramdenadme darRveulia qalis silamazis stereotipi, mniSvnelobas iZens
misi semantikuri analogiidan im epizodTan, romelSic iribad erTveba. es
exeba „qebaTa qeba solomonisa“-s strofebs: „Sav var da mSvenier... nu
mxedavTYme, rameTu daSavebul var, rameTu ugulebels myo me mzeman...“
(qebaTa qeba solomonisa 1,5; 1,6). amas mosdevs imave wignidan erT-erTi
55
nawyvetis uSualo citireba: „aha, mSvenieri xar satrfov Cemo! Aha, mSvenieri
xar! Seni Tvalebi ori mtredia...“ (qebaTa qeba solomonisa 1,5; 4,1), romelic
Seadgens Zveli aRTqmis leqsis ganmeorebas da mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs
sasiZos
mier
sasZlos
vrceli
daxasiaTebis
dasawyisSi.
es
aRwera
moTxrobaSi pirdapir araa naxsenebi, Tumca igulisxmeba mravalwertilebs
miRma.
mosxulas
rogorc
daxasiaTeba
silamazis
erTgvar
SesaZloa,
Tavdapirvelad
stereotipze
dayrdnobis
gagebul
iqnas
mcdeloba,
rac
aSkarad mTxrobelis ganzraxvac aris. mosxulas daxasiaTeba am epizodis
momdevno zRvis aRweris suraTTan erTad mTxrobelis Tvalsawieridanaa
danaxuli. igi SeiZleba miviCnioT sakuTarive miamitobis msxverplad, risi
mizeziTac
gamorCeba
CavTvaloT
ubralod
zogierTi
detali.
informaciis
Tumca,
mTxrobeli
momwodebladac,
romelic
SesaZloa
Txrobis
xangrZlivobis safuZvelze warmogvidgens Tavis zogad Sexedulebas da
utovebs mkiTxvels SesaZleblobas, gamoitanos obieqturi Tu subieqturi
daskvnebi.
garda amisa, Txrobis dros gamyarebulia gmiris ucodvelobis gancda,
romelic
gamoicdeba
dilemis
daZlevis
epizodebSi:
„erTxelac
vcade
misTvis axmianeba (salamuris), ar vici, safleito ostatoba rogor Semifasa,
es
ki
vici
_
cotaodeni
Ciri
da
kaTxa
moxarSuli
badagi
jildod
gamomigzavna“ (papadiamandisi 1985:L265) da „me, mTis satirosi, verasodes
gavkadnierdebodi ase mivaxloebodi mis sazRvrebs, Tu mecodineboda, rom
RamiT
mTvaris
moTxrobaSi
Suqze
dilema
dasCemeboda
banaoba“
SenarCunebulia,
(papadiamandisi
ramdenadac
mTxrobeli
1985:
267).
moqmedebis
ganviTarebisa da Sedegis ubralod gadmocemis garda Seisisxlxorcebs
Tavisi,
rogorc
gmiris
Tavdapirvel
ganzraxvas,
romelic
sabolood
ausrulebeli rCeba. mkiTxveli informacias iRebs ara mxolod imis Sesaxeb,
rac moxda, aramed imis Taobazec, rac unda momxdariyo da ar moxda.
konfliqti, romelic mimdinareobs gmiris ganzraxvasa da Sedegs Soris
xazs usvams tragedias da axlandeli gadmosaxedidan dramatuli ironiiT
warmoaCens warsulis Semdgom uiRblo momavals.
56
amdenad, moTxrobaSi siuJetis warmmarTveli konfliqti erTfiguriania
da misi matarebelia mTxrobeli, romelic meryeobs or arCevans Soris:
mosxula-Tikani Tu mosxula-gogona. konfliqti wriul saxes iRebs da
grafikulad ase gamoisaxeba:
mwyemsis bednieri cxovreba _ II scena
prologi-epilogi
ori mosxula _ III scena
mosxula-gogonas gadarCena da Tikanis daRupva _ IV scena
daZabulobis SenarCunebisTvis mTxrobeli aseve iyenebs gmiris fiqrisa
da
gansjis
taqtikidan
mouwesrigeblad
momdinareobs
winaaRmdegobebi.
Tikanis
amgvarad,
gulisTvis,
qalisadmi
gadmocemasac.
mwyemsis
gmiris
sinamdvileSi
vnebisagan
gaqcevis
Txrobis
sulSi
mimdinare
gadawyvetilebas,
ki
mosxulas
mcdeloba
teqnikis
rom
gamo,
sxvadasxva
uCinari
enacvleba
(papadiamandisi
amgvari
1985:
darCes
beris
268-269).
cnobierebis Seuryvneloba sainteresodaa Tavis ATavTan winaaRmdegobaSi
mosuli. mosxulas saocnebo sxeuli, romelic stereotipuladaa aRwerili,
icvleba
gmiris
mxedvelobis
daZabviT:
„vxedavdi.....
vuWvretdi....
warmovidgendi...“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 269). dasasruls, qaliSvilis SiSveli
sxeulis gamo xorciel vnebebze amaRleba Tanaarsebobs avxorci msjelobis
gverdiT (papadiamandisi 1985: 270), xolo gogonas idealamde ayvana miiRweva
cdunebisgan gaqceviT. Tematur doneze moTxroba ganasaxierebs cdunebis
arsis warmoCenas. cduneba mdgomareobs arCevanSi ara absolitur dadebiTsa
da uaryofiTs Soris, aramed erTdroulad mimzidvelisa da damRupvelis
miReba-ugulebelyofas Soris.
Txrobis teqnikis doneze nawarmoebi ganasaxierebs enis mcdelobas,
raTa elementebis mravalferovnebis saSualebiT daicvas im komponentebis
erTmniSvnelovaneba, romlebic erTmaneTis mimarT sapirispiro wyvilebs ar
qmnian da ar gadmoscemen konretul azrs. am xerxis gamoyenebiT cvlileba-
57
gardasaxvis zusti mizezi gaurkveveli da zedapiruli rCeba. nawarmoebis
saTauric „ocneba talRaze“ amis maCvenebelia.
sabolood, orive dilema gadawydeba garedan Carevis gziT (Tikanis
kikini/navis gamoCena). amdenad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom gmiri ki ar iRebs
gadawyvetilebas, aramed piriqiT. gogonas gadarCenis scena gansakuTrebiT
amaRelveblad
aris
gadmocemuli,
gamocdilebadagrovili
movlenebs
afasebs
gmiris
rac
savaraudod,
wlebis
pozicias
warmoadgens.
ufro
mTxrobelis
perspeqtividan,
ramdenadac
manZilze
metic,
igi
erTmaneTs
adarebs mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi SeZenil gamocdilebasa da codnas.
gmiris
mouTmeneli
lodinis
mTxrobeliseuli
warmoCena,
romelic
mdgomareobs erTmaneTis SeuTavsebel reaqciaTa spontanur monacvleobaSi,
SeiZleba miCneul iqnas ara mxolod gmiris uZraobis gamoxatulebad, aramed
aseve
mcdelobad,
xazi
gaesvas
araeTikur
samyaroSi
cxovrebis
faqts.
mxatvruli Sedarebebis, gameorebebis da iteratiuli Txrobis elementebis
gamoyenebiT
arsebebs
daxatul
Soris
amqveyniur
eTikuri
samoTxeSic
arCevani
imdenad
ki
erTnairad
rTulia,
rom
sayvarel
nebismier
SemTxvevaSi danaklisi gardauvalia.
ubedureba swored imaSia, rom ukve aucilebeli aRaraa ori aRsaniSni,
romelTac erTi da igive aRmniSvneli aqvT. meore mxriv, is, rasac ver
aRwevs adgilobrivi kavSiris saSualebiT gamoxatuli saxelwodeba, aRwevs
codna da gamoxatavs ena, romelsac SeuZlia, daakavSiros erTi SexedviT
TiTqos sruliad gansxvavebuli aRmniSvnelebi da aRmoaCinos msgavsebebi
SemTxveviT omonimebs (σχοινίον, σχοινιάζομαι, σχοίνισμα) Sorisac ki: „da axla,
roca maxsendeba is patara Toki (σχοινίον), romliTac daixrCo (εσχοινιάσθη) da
gaiguda mosxula, Cemi Tikani, da vfiqrob meore wyvilsabmelze (σχοινίον),
romliTac ZaRls miabamen xolme patronis ezoSi, veWvob, xom ar hqonda am
orive bawars didi kavSiri da xom ar iyo es “samemkvidro sabeli (σχοίνισμα),”
rogorc ambobs wminda werili“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 273).
aRmniSvnelebis
aRwevs
sapirispiro
(omonimebi)
identurobasa
mniSvnelobebamde
Tu
damTxvevas,
romelic
(mosxula-Tikani/mosxula-gogona),
58
mivyavarT konfliqtamde da axasiaTebs bavSvobis asaks. mimarTvis garemos
aRmoCena,
romelSic
msxverplis
msxverplis
(mosxula-Tikani)
Semwirvelisa
mdgomareoba
(mTxrobeli
iZenen
=
gmiri)
erTsa
da
da
imave
mniSvnelobas (sinonimuroba) axasiaTebs ukve mowifulobis asaks. moTxroba
„ocneba talRaze“ warmoadgens swored am gardasaxvas erTi mdgomareobidan
meoreze _ siymawvilidan mowifulobaze.
rogorc
ganxilvidan
gamoCnda,
moTxroba
mkacrad
Camoyalibebuli
kompoziciuri organizaciiT xasiaTdeba, romelsac wriuli struqtura aqvs.
masTan mWidro kavSirSia nawarmoebis siuJetis warmmarTveli konfliqtis
struqtura,
romelic
erTfiguriania,
mTxrobelis
Sinagan
samyaroSi
mimdinareobs da wriul saxes iRebs: konfliqti sruldeba im wertilSi,
saidanac daiwyo.
5. „selapis godeba“
al.
papadiamandisis
umniSvnelovanesi
moTxroba
„selapis
godeba“,
daiwera 1908 wels. mcire moculobis am nawarmoebSi avtorma SeZlo tipuri
naturalisturi samyaros idealis warmoCenis fonze warmoedgina adamiani,
rogorc sazogadoebis gulgrilobisa da sisastikis msxverpli. moTxrobaSi
kunZul
skiaTosis
mikrosamyaro
Sefaruli
simbolizmis
saSualebiT,
romelic mTel nawarmoebs Tan sdevs, „iZens im gulgrili da sastiki
samyaros scenis saxes, romelSic mudmivad
viTardeba adamianuri tragedia“
(sterRiopulosi 1992: 42).
misi siuJeti mokle da martivia: mzis Casvlis Jams moxuci lukena
mdinareze Cadis sarecxis gasarecxad. am dros misi cxra wlis SviliSvili
akrivula bebiis mosaZebnad gamoeSureba. mwyemsi biWis salamuris xmisgan
mojadoebul
gogonas
gza
ebneva,
sibneleSi
biliks
acdenili
zRvaSi
vardeba. gogonas daiRupvis Sesaxeb veravin igebs da misi damtirebelic
mxolod zRvis binadari selapia.
„selapis
godeba“
od.
elitisma
Seafasa
rogorc
„erTi
usazRvro
Tanalmoba _ kidev ufro TvalSisacemi akrivulas SemTxevavaSi _ rodesac
ukve
adamianebi,
maTdauneburad,
gulgrilni
rCebian
patara
gogonas
59
daRupvis mimarT, romelic talRebSi iZireba im momentSi, roca mze nelnela horizontze eSveba, xolo misi damtirebeli TanagrZnobiT aRsavse
selapia da sxva aravin. am epizodSi gasaocaria mwerlis reJisoruli
SesaZleblobebi. igi kacobriobas warmogvidgens usulo momuSave meqanizmad:
mwyemsi ukravs Tavis salamurze, moxuci lukena sakidelamoiRliavebuli
miuyveba sacalfexo biliks da erTi momcro navi navmisadgomSi tortmanebs.
adamianuri
samyaros
mier
SemoTavazebuli
simSvide
moCvenebiTia
da
mweralSi undoblobas iwvevs. misi azriT, miwieri bedniereba erTi wamia da
es
wami
warmoadgens
kibes,
romelsac
gadavyavarT
sxva
samyaroSi
_
sikvdilis samyaroSi“ (elitisi 1976: 28).
moTxrobis
kompoziciuri
organizaciis
principisa
da
konfliqtis
struqturis analizis dros od. elitisis es Sexeduleba dagvexmareba, raTa
sworad mivsdioT im gzas, romliTac al. papadiamandisi kravs am nawarmoebs.
kompoziciuri
organizaciis
TvasazrisiT,
moTxroba
iyofa
Semdeg
scenebad:
I. moxuci lukenas godeba (papadiamandisi 1986: 298);
II. warsulis gaxseneba (papadiamandisi 1986: 299);
III. mwyemsis biWis salamurze dakvris scena (papadiamandisi 1986: 299);
IV. akrivulas gamoCenis da daRupvis scena (papadiamandisi 1986: 299);
V. selapis godeba (papadiamandisi 1986: 300).
dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli maSinve SeamCnevs rogorc I_V da II-IV scenebis
simetriul Sesabamisobas, aseve III scenis erTaderTobas. moTxroba iwyeba
moxuci lukenas godebiT da sruldeba godebiTve, oRond amjerad selapisa,
rac xazs usvams nawarmoebis kompoziciuri organizaciis wriuli xasiaTs.
I scenaSi dakonkretebulia moqmedebis adgili, romelic warmoadgens
ara ubralod sanapiros, romeliRac kldis qveS, aramed „iqiT, sadac xramis
Zirs... eSveba biliki mnimuriis mopirdapire mamoianisis wisqvilidan vidre
zRvis sanapiros aRmosavleTiT udables Sverilamde, romelsac soflis
60
anci
balRebi...
niJaras
uwodeben“
(papadiamandisi
298). *
1986:
eWvgareSea
realuri adgili _ skiaTosis erTi patara miwis nakveTi, sadac TamaSdeba
moTxrobis
gmirebis
dakonkretebulia
drama
moqmedebis
„bindbundmoreuli
mzis
da
droc:
naTeli,
zogadad,
ara
adamianebis
ubralod
romelic
mzis
mTis
tragedia.
Casvla,
miRma
aramed
eSveboda“
(papadiamandisi 1986: 298). am garemoSi, romelSic moZraoben personaJebi,
gabatonebulia
mxiaruli
nawarmoebis
or
SemTxvevaSi
gamiznulad
da
ZiriTad
_
sevdiani
sicocxlisa
viyenebT
suraTebi,
da
musikalur
romlebic
sikvdilis
termins
_
qmnian
motivs.
„motivi“,
am
vinaidan
moTxrobaSi sicocxle da sikvdili TavianT gansazRvrul gamoxatulebas
pouloben musikaluri xerxiT _ godeba da salamuris aJRereba. nawarmoebSi
sikvdilisa da sicocxlis gageba sinqronulad Semodis, Txrobis dasawyisSi
(I scena) sustia, Semdeg (II scena) Zlierdeba da piks aRwevs akrivulas
daRupvis (IV scena) epizodSi. Tavdapirvelad Semodis sikvdilis motivi,
romelzedac moTxrobis pirvelive frazaSia miniSneba: „ufskrulis qveS...
romlis mopirdapire mxarecaa mnimuria (sasaflao)“ (papadiamandisi 1986: 298),
romelsac maSinve gadaejaWveba meore motivi: „soflis anci bavSvebi _
zafxulobiT
gaTenebidan
daRamebamde
ganuwyvetliv
mobanaveni“
(papadiamandisi 1986: 298). marTalia, I scenaSi mnimuria ubralod adgilis
saxelia, magram maSinve gadaejaWveba „guljavrian samduravs“ da ukve II
scenaSi iqceva „sikvdilis kalod“, „codvis walkotad“, raTa cota xnis
Semdeg mosdevdes mas Semdegi aRwera: „flate im gorakisa, romelzedac
sasaflao iyo ganfenili. ferdobze uxvad mosCanda namusrevi saflavTa
gamompali merqnebisa, SemorCenili naSTebi adamianTa ConCxebisa, narCenebi
oqros
fexsacmelebisa
Tu
odesRac
qalwulebTan
erTad
dafluli
oqronaqargi kofTebisa, kululebi oqrocurvili Tmebisa da sxva naalafevi
sikvdilisa“ (papadiamandisi 1986: 299). amis Semdgom ukve mosdevs salamuriani
mwyemsis
idiliuri
III
scena.
I
scenaSi
moxuci
lukenas
samdurav-
*
aqac da SemdegSic gamoviyenebT moTxrobis qarTul enaze Sesruleb Targmans, romelic
ekuTvnis
m.
abulaSvils
da
gamoqveynebulia
Tanamedrove
berZnuli
moTxrobis
anTologiaSi, logosi, Tbilisi 2003.
61
sagodebelsa
da
III
scenaSi
mwyemsis
mier
salamuris
aJRerebas
Soris
dapirispireba aSkaraa: „moxucis godeba myis gafantes fleitis hangebma,
mzis Casvlisas ialaRebidan dabrunebulT ki sakravis xmaRa esmodaT da
icqirebodnen, raTa gaerkviaT, sad imyofeboda mesalamure“ (papadiamandisi
1986: 299).
aRsaniSnavia, rom soflis cxovrebis tipuri suraTebiT savse idilia
gabatonebulia moTxrobis pirvel nawilSi, isic mxolod da mxolod erTi
wamiT da swored es wamia kibe, romelsac od. elitisis azriT, „gadavyavarT
meore _ sikvdilis _ mxares“ (elitisi 1976: 30). mnimuriasa (II scena) da
mwyemss (III scena) Soris gadis sacalfexo biliki, romelzedac miabijebs
sakidelamoiRliavebuli moxuci lukena. misi tvirTi ar aris ubralod
„Salis saburvelebi“, romelTa gasarecxadac mudmivad dadis glifoneros
wyaroze.
igi
gardacvlili
amavdroulad
Svili
da
atarebs
meeqvse
mZime
tvirTs
micvalebuli
_
tanjvisgan:
misi
meuRle,
xuTi
ori
gadakarguli Svili (erTi avstarliaSi, meore ukidegano zRvebSi), Tavad ki
cxovrobs qaliSvilTan „naxevari duJini SvilebiT“ (papadiamandisi 1986:299).
lukenas amgvari cxovrebis aRsawerad mwerali iyenebs sityvas εθήτευεν
(msaxurobda), romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs erTdroulad rogorc tanjvis
simZimes, aseve movaleobas. moxuci lukena qalis im tipur saxes miekuTvneba,
romelsac al. papadiamandisis moTxrobebSi xSirad vxvdebiT. is idiliurs
verafers
xedavs,
gascqeris
mxolod
mnimurias,
romelic
mas
sakuTar
micvalebulebs axsenebs da miuyveba nacnob biliks „imavdroulad xeli
SublTan
mihqonda,
raTa
Tvalebi
daeCrdila
bindbundmoreuli
mzis
naTlisagan“ (papadiamandisi 1986: 298). moTxrobis dasasruls ki gamoCndeba,
rom amdeni sikvdilianobisa da tanjvis daTmenis miuxedavad, gamobrZmedil
lukenas ar SeeZlo amqveyniuri amaoebis amocnoba.
am scenas mosdevs mcire pauza, romelSic ialqnebs TavSefarebuli da
afrebCamofxatuli
momcro
navis
tortmani
badebs
nervuli
molodinis
SegrZnebas, rac mzis Casvlis scenam ukve Seamzada. am mciredi pauzis dros
pirvelad gamoCndeba selapic, bunebis da ara adamianis qmnileba, romelsac
62
esmis
orive
xma:
tkbilxmovanebac
moxucis
da
Cumi
godebac
salamurisgan
da
moxibuli
patara
mwyemsis
talRebSi
fleitis
irweva.
selapis
Semoyvana nawarmoebis finalamde, sadac mas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs,
xdeba e.w. teqnikuri mizezebiT, raTa siuJetis dasasruls misi moulodneli
gamoCena ar iyos aRqmuli rogorc deus ex machine.
momdevno IV scenaSi
nawarmoebSi Semodis axali moqmedi piri _ moxuci
lukenas SviliSvili. al. papadiamandisi didi sifaqiziT urCevs gogonas
saxels
_
akrivula.
cxra
wlis
bavSvi
cxovrebisgan
da
sikvdilisgan
gamoucdeli da umecaria da bunebrivia, „rodi uwyoda, sad iRebda saTaves
biliki
mnimuriis
mopirdapire
mamoianisis
wisqvilisa.
Semoesma
ra
salamuris xma, gauyva bgerebs“ (papadiamandisi 1986: 299). aRsaniSnavia, rom
gamoucdeli bavSvis gzidan acdena da zRvaSi gadavardna swrafad da
ubralod
xdeba:
(papadiamandisi
„fexi
1986:
dausxlta
299).
araviTari
da
gdafuniT
miniSneba
Cavarda
tragediis
wyalSi“
kulminaciaze,
mxolod „ca dawyvdiadda, Rrublebma mimales varskvlavebic, damcxrali iyo
mTvarec“ (papadiamandisi 1986: 299) _ fraza, romelic ufro metad emsaxureba
im mizans, rom bunebrivad aCvenos daRupvis mometSi Tu rogor kargavs
patara gogona TvalTaxedvidan samyaros. Cqamis xma esmiT adamianebsac
(moxuci lukena, mwyemsi), magram araviTari eWvi ar uCndebaT. salamuris
hangebSi CaZiruli mwyemsi akrivulas gamoCenasac ver igebs. moxuci lukena
fiqrobs, rom mwyemsi kenWebs isvris zRvaSi: „is mesalamure iqneba... ar
hyofnis, micvalebulebs rom awuxebs Tavisi stviriT, axla zRvaSi kenWebs
isvris
da
aSterdeba...
didi
briyvi
vinmea“
(papadiamandisi
1986:
299).
mkiTxvelisaTvis lukenas es sityvebi tragikuli ironiis datvirTvas iRebs.
qali sikvdilis mxaresaa, mwyemsi _ sicocxlis, amitomac TvalSi eCxireba
moxucs
ucnauri
mwyemsi.
aRsaniSnavia,
is
epiTetebi,
romliTac
lukena
mwyemss imave axalgazrda pans, amkobs: σημαδιακός (daRdasmuli), αταίριαστος
(uadgilo) (papadiamandisi 1986: 299)
amis Semdeg samyaro Cveul svlas agrZelebs: tvirTiT damZimebuli
lukena isev miuyveba sacalfexo biliks, mwyemsi salamurs akvnesebs, momcro
63
navi navmisadgomTan tivtivebs. patara akrivulas daRupvac TiTqos talRam
STanTqa. am epizodSi, q. milionisis azriT, „samyaro agrZelebs Tavis svlas
ormagi saxiT, TeTrisa da Savis dapirispirebiT. adamianebs iotisodena
eWvic ar uCndebaT, rom maT gverdiT ufskruls dauRia piri. mwyemsis
msgavsad yvela zedapirul idiliur garemoSi rCeba, radganac ar SeuZlia
daitios adamianuri tanjvis sidide, raodenic ar unda hqondes daTmenili
moxuci lukenas msgavsad. swored am mizeziT akrivulas datireba adamians
ki ar xvdeba wilad, aramed selaps“ (milionisi 1994: 30).
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, moTxroba iwyeba da sruldeba godebiT. Tumca
moxuci lukenas godeba miemarTeba mis gardacvlil ojaxis wevrebs anu
sikvdils, romelic nawarmoebSi aRweril movlenebamde didi xniT adre
moxda
da
mkiTxvelamde
miwodebulia
mSralad
ricxvebis
saxiT:
„xuTi
Svili. . . ori asuli da sami vaJi. . . didi xnis win“ (papadiamandisi 1986: 298).
mkiTxvelis Tvalwin usamarTlod daRupul akrivulas ki adamiani ver
daitirebs. masze glova-godeba Cven yurTasmenamde aRwevs drois Sualedebis
mTeli wyebiT: selapi _ moxuci meTevze _ mwerali, raTa miiRos saboloo
mxatvruli saxe.
yovelive
zemoTqmulis
gaTvaliswinebiT
nawarmoebis
warmmarTveli
konfliqtis sruqtura grafikulad ase SeiZleba gamovsaxoT:
II scena _ warsulis gaxseneba
I scena _ V scena
moxuci lukens godeba,
III scena
selapis godeba
mwyemsis salamurze
dakvra
IV scena
akrivulas daRupva
nawarmoebSi
Txroba
dasawyisidanve
elegiuri
toniT
mimdinareobs.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia moTxrobis pirvelive fraza _ makroperioduli
winadadeba.
yoveilve
zemoTqmuli
uintereso,
naturalisturi,
emsaxureba
Sesabamisad
imas,
prozis
raTa
eniT
erTferovani,
gadmocemuli,
adamianuris dacemisa da sikvdilis suraTi sabolood iqces zedroul,
64
zogadsakacobrio lirikul leqsad: „nuTu ar eqneba kide samyaros kaeSans,
varams“ (papadiamandisi 1986: 300). * aRsaniSnavia, rom teqsti mTeli Txrobis
ganmavlobaSi bewvis xidze gadis, iryeva ra moTxrobasa da lirikul
naambobs
Soris.
al.
papadiamandisis
realisturobasa
da
lirikulobas
Soris amgvari sarisko rxeva misi Semoqmedebis „magiurobis“ erT-erTi
saidumloa. is Sualeduri pozicia, romelsac mwerali irCevs samyaroze
dakvirvebiT, Sedegad misaRebs xdis selapis warmoCenas da mis mier gogonas
datirebas
(V
scena),
rac
bunebrivad
aris
mocemuli:
„daiwyo
mis
garSemoyiali da vaeba, vidremdis gemos gausinjavda saRamos trapezad
qceuls“ (papadiamandisi 1986: 300).
aqve ar SeiZleba gverdi avuaroT moTxrobis finalis q. milionisiseul
interpretacias.
kritikosi
Tavadve
svams
im
kiTxvebs,
romelic
zemoaRniSnuli frazis wakiTxvis Sedegad uCndeba mkiTxvels da cdilobs,
TiToeuls damajerebeli pasuxi mouZebnos. SekiTxvebi ki Semdegi saxisaa:
1. ratom dasWirda avtors „saRamos trapezad qceulis“ xseneba?
2. ratom
ar
airCia
mweralma
aRweris sxva Tanamimdevroba (mag.
selapi saRamos vaxSmis ZiebaSi gamosuliyo meCxer wylebSi) da
ratom Semodis finalSi es gaurkveveli fraza, romliTac selapis
vaxSmis ramdenime gageba SeiZleba vigulisxmoT.
q. milionisi aRiarebs, rom „es kiTxvebi nawarmoebis yoveli wakiTxvis
Semdeg Cndeba da amgvarad, nebsiT Tu uneblied Tanalmobieri selapis
xatebis
miRma
raRac
ufro
saxifaTo
SeimCneva“
(milionisi
1994:
38).
Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad, is mivida daskvnamde, rom al. papadiamandisma
am nawarmoebSi gamoiyena berZnul samyaroSi cnobili zRapari-miTi selapis
*
leqsi, raRa Tqma unda, al. papadiamandiss ekuTvnis. misi pirveli strofi exmaureba
arielis simReras Seqspiris „qariSxalidan“. aRsaniSnavia, rom es moTxroba mwerlis erTerTi ukanaskneli nawarmoebia iseve, rogorc Seqspris „qariSxali“. ukanasknel or
striqonSi ki igive xma ismis, romelic odesRac CurCulebda wm. anastasias saxelobis
taZris samreklosTan: „wadi ganukurnebelo, tkivili iqneba Seni cxovreba“. (ix. qvemoT
moTxroba „Sxamisgan ganmkurnavi“).
65
Sesaxeb, romelic jer dastiris Tavis msxverpls * da Semdeg Seeqceva mas.
kritikosi safexurebrivad gamoyofs mweriliseuli interpretirebis etapebs:
1. gansakuTrebiT esmeba xazi selapis „godebas“, romelic moxuci
meTevzis
saSualebiT
adamianur
enazea
gadmocemuli
Semdegi
SekiTxvis saxiT, Tu rodis moeReba bolo samyaros kaeSansa da
varams.
2. legendis
Seeqceva,
meore
arc
nawili,
al.
ugulebelyofili,
gaaTavisufla
romelSic
selapi
papadiamandisis
magram
sastiki
am
Tavis
msxverpls
moTxrobaSia
sruliad
SemTxvevaSi
formulirebisgan
mweralma
(„vidremdis
is
gemos
gausinjavda saRamos trapezad qceuls“). q. miniolisi Tvlis, rom
am frazidan aSkarad gamosWvivis mware ironia, Tumca suraTi
metnaklebad statikuri rCeba (milionisi 1994: 40).
Tumca igives ver vityviT nawarmoebis dasasrulzec. am momentamde
samyaro agrZelebs udardelad svlas: navi tivtivebs, mwyemsi salamurs
amRerebs, magram am dros Cndeba patara selapi, erTgvari Sualeduri arseba,
romelic TanagrZnobis cremlebs Rvris ara mxolod akrivulas tragikuli
xvedris,
aramed
adamianTa
kaeSnisa
da
varamis
gamoc.
zemoaRniSnuli
msjelobidan gamomdinare ki pesimisturi daskvna gamomdinareobs: selapis
cremlebic
Semdegac
TvalTmaqci
ki
mis
da
yalbia,
tanjva-wamebas
ar
Sesabamisad,
aqvs
akrivulas
realurad
daxrCobis
dasasruli.
n.
triandafilopulosis Sefaseba, rom papadiamandisma dainaxa „cxovrebiseuli
ufskrulis Ziri“ (triandafilopulosi 1978: 136), am momentSi absolutur
mniSvnelobas iZens da gvafiqrebinebs, rom „selapis godeba“ mwerilis
yvelaze ufro pesimisturi nawarmoebia.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqva, rom moTxrobaSi Sinaarsis doneze
naturalizmis sivrceSi darCeniT al. papadiamandisi amqveyniur talaxSi
amosvril
akrivulas
ar
utovebs
imqveyniur
samyaroSi
gadasvlis
*
uZveles droSi selapi mefis asuli gaxldaT da zedmeti Wamisgan gadaiqca selapad. igi
xalxs Tavs acodebda imiT, rom yvelas dastiroda TiTqos isini ecodeboda, sinamdvileSi
ki axlos misulT Wamda. aqedan SemorCa gamoTqma: selapis cremlebi, rac moCvenebiT,
mliqvnel cremlebze iTqmis (Sed. niangis cremlebi).
66
iotisodena imedis sxivs, magram samagierod poeziis SemoqmedebiTi sityvis
saSualebiT mas ajildovebs amqveyniuri maradiulobiT. rogorc davinaxeT,
moTxroba
„selapis
organizaciiT
gamoirCeva.
dakavSirebuli
mimdinareobs
godeba“
mkacrad
mas
nawarmoebis
or
samyaros
wriuli
Camoyalibebuli
xasiaTi
warmmarTvel
_
sicocxlesa
da
mWidrodaa
konfliqtTan,
romelic
da
aqvs
kompoziciuri
sikvdils
_
Soris.
kompoziciuri organizaciis msgavsad am moTxrobaSi konfliqtsac wriuli
struqtura aqvs: nawarmoebi iwyeba moxuci lukenas godebiT da sruldeba
selapis godebiT.
67
III Tavi
paraleluri dayofa
winamdebare
TavSi
gaerTianebuli
g.
viziinosisa
da
al.
papadiamandisis moTxrobebis Semadgeneli scenebi anu Sinaarsis matarebeli
elementebi qmnian struqturul erTeulebs kompoziciuri organizaciis erTerTi ZiriTadi principis _ paraleluri dayofis _ Sesabamisad. scenebi
mniSvnelobaTa
msgavsebis
an
polarobis
mixedviT
nawildebian
Semdegi
ZiriTadi principiT: isini nawarmoebSi gviCveneben abc… a’b’c’ mimdevrobas.
Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom homerosis eposisagan gansxvavebiT, kompoziciuri
organizaciis paraleluri dayofis principi ar moicavs mTel mxatvrul
struqturas
anu
ar
vrceldeba
mis
yvela
nawilze,
rac
savsebiT
mosalodnelic iyo, radganac e.w. geometriuli renesansis epoqaSi moRvawe
homerosisagan
gansxvavebiT
viziinosisa
da
papadiamandisisaTvis
struqturuli simetria ver iqneboda samyaros mxatvrulad aRqmis, misi
modelirebis yovlis momcveli, universaluri principi.
1. „pireassa da neapols Soris“
g.
viziinosis
moTxrobis
„pireassa
da
neapols
Soris“
saTauri
geografiul kods Seicavs da amiT uzrunvelyofs moqmedebis adgilisa da
drois
erTianobas
(erTi
konkretuli
sazRvao
mogzauroba).
nawarmoebi
amavdroulad warmoadgens samogzauro literaturis im saxes, romelic
aRiniSneba
aRsaniSnavia,
terminiT
rom
„Οδοιπορικαί αναμνήσεις“
„pireassa
da
neapols
(mgzavris
Soris“
mogonebani).
aRwerili
aqve
mogonebebi
ukavSirdeba g. viziinosis parizSi gamgzavrebas 1882 wlis maisSi, rac am
moTxrobis daTariRebis Tavisebur terminus post quem warmoadgens. mgzavrobis
mSrali aRweris dros wina planze gadmodis geografiuli obieqti, xolo
am SemTxvevaSi geografiuli garemos mimarT (neapolis gamoklebiT) avtori
gulgrili rCeba.
68
moTxrobis mokle Sinaarsi aseTia: mTxrobeli neapolamde mogzaurobs
didi TbomavliT „Rio Grande“, sadac xvdeba mdidari mcireazieli berZenis
qaliSvil
masingas
megobrobda.
romelTanac
cxovrebiseulma
didi
xnis
sazrunavebma
da
win
konstantinopolSi
yoveldRiurma
saqmianobam
mTxrobelis mexsierebidan ver amoSala „patara, mimzidveli da mxiaruli
gogonas“
(viziinosi
1996:
31)
xati.
mogzaurobis
ganmavlobaSi
gembanze
erTmaneTs xvdeba moTxrobis sami personaJi: mTxrobeli (cnobili poeti),
patara
masinga
da
mamamisi,
batoni
p.
„umdidresi
adamiani,
inglisis
mTavrobam Tanamdebobaze kalkutaSi rom gaamwesa“ (viziinosi 1996: 29). maTi
saubari
sruldeba
mTxrobels
axalgazrda
gaumxels,
rom
kacis
mamamisi
kalkutaSi
leqsebs
wers
mipatiJebiT.
da
eZebs
gogona
Rirseul
msmenels; amgvarad, naTeli xdeba kalkutaSi mipatiJebis realuri mizezic.
mogvianebiT
batoni
p.
mTxrobls
Tavis
Canafiqrs
gaandobs
masingas
momavalTan dakavSirebiT: is kalkutaSi ki ar Cava, aramed parizSi erT-erT
keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSi darCeba, raTa miaTxovon graf Plumpsiun-s. es
ki namdvili katastrofaa mTxrobelisTvis, romelic aRarc kalkutaSi Cadis
da masingasac samudamod emSvidobeba.
Tavisi
arsiT
es
moTxroba
sam
moqmed
pirs
Soris
arsebuli
urTierTobebis Cvenebas warmoadgens. daaxloebis Tu gaucxoebis erTaderTi
saSualebaa sityva. personaJebs erTmaneTTan gacnobisa da TavianTi Tavis
SecnobisaTvis
mimdinareobs
davakvirdebiT,
sxva
da,
saSualeba
Sesabamisad,
moTxrobaSi
ar
aqvT.
gembanzec
„pireassa
da
moqmedeba,
araferi
faqtobrivad,
xdeba.
neapols
Tu
Soris“
ar
kargad
avtori
warmogvidgens mkacrad Camoyalibebul struqturas, romelic kompoziciuri
organizaciis mxriv Semdeg scenebad iyofa:
I. masingasTan Sexvedra _ mTxrobeli, masinga, batoni p. (viziinosi 1996:
28-34);
II. kaiutaSi gamoketva _ imedgacruebuli mTxrobeli (viziinosi 1996: 3438);
69
III. kalkutaSi mipatiJeba _ mTxrobeli, batoni p., masinga (viziinosi 1996:
38-45);
IV. mipatiJebis namdvili mizezi _ mTxrobeli, masinga (viziinosi 1996:
46-52);
V.
kalkutaSi masingas naxvis imedi _ mxolod mTxrobeli (viziinosi
1996: 52-54);
VI. saboloo ganSoreba _ mTxrobeli, batoni p., masinga (viziinosi 1996:
55-59).
mkiTxveli
maSinve
SeniSnavs
rogorc
I-III-VI,
II-V
scenebs
simetriul Sesabamisobas, aseve me-IV scenis erTaderTobas.
Soris
Sesabamisobebi
batonobs: urTierTobidan gadavdivarT martoobaze da piriqiT, martoobidan
_ komunikaciaze. simetrias nawarmoebSi aqvs ara mxolod kompoziciuri,
aramed
ideuri
datvirTvac.
igi
Seesabameba
konfliqtis
ganviTarebis
sruliad garkveul princips: konfliqti iwyeba momentalur-iluzoluri
warmodgeniT
da
sruldeba
imedgacruebiT.
matarebeli Tavad mTxrobelia,
am
moTxrobaSi
konfliqtis
masinga da batoni p. ki misi Sinagani
samyarosa Tu gancdebisTvis erTgvari katalizatoris rols TamaSoben.
konfliqts mkacrad Camoyalibebuli struqtura gaaCnia, mas zigzagiseburi
saxe
aqvs
da
proporciul
mimarTebaSia
nawarmoebis
kompoziciur
organizaciasTan.
axla
ki
dawvrilebiT
ganvixiloT
mocemuli
sqema.
I
scenaSi
mTxrobeli xvdeba da amoicnobs Tavis or Tanamgzavrs. amisTvis mas orjer
mouwevs warsulis gaxseneba. xolo „auracxeli Cemodnebi“ (viziinosi 1996:
33), romlebic mas dasawyisSi ucnaurad eCveneba, asruleben miniSnebis rols:
pirvelad TavianT patrons amJRavneben, SemdgomSi ki imas _ Tu ras inaxaven
(qaRaldis furclebze dawerili leqsebi). am dros mTxrobelSi
didi xnis
satrfos naxvisa da urTierTobis ganaxlebis momentalur-iluzoluri imedi
iRviZebs.
amis sapirispirod, II scenaSi batonobs Caketili sivrce (kabina),
komunikaciis naadrevi Sewyveta, monologi. pirveli imedgacrueba Tavad
bunebidan momdinareobs: talRebma uzarmazari gemi nafotiviT aaTamaSa da
70
mgzavrebmac kaiutebs Seafares Tavi, riTac masingasTan saubris SemTxveva
mTxrobels xelidan gamoecala. misTvis mxedvelobiT aRqmuli suraTebi
bundovandeba
smeniT
aRqmuli
STabeWdilebebis
fonze
(talRebis
xma,
masingas sicili), mxedvelobas cvlis smena _ rigiT meore „abstraqtul“
SegrZnebaTa Soris, *
riTac iwyeba sinamdvilis Canacvleba warmosaxviT:
„mxolod misi xma, metic, misi harmoniuli sicili mesmoda dro da dro“
(viziinosi
1996:
36).
es
sicili
aRviZebs
poetis
fantazias,
romelsac
masingasTan Sexvedris pirvelsave wuTebSi mis axlandel bunebriv yofasTan,
„mSral realobasTan“ warmosaxviTi idealis gaigiveba uZneldeba. TvaliT
danaxuli masinga gansxvavdeba smeniT aRqmuli masingasagan. erTi SexedviT,
is moumwifebeli bavSvia:
„ramdenadac uxeSi da mkacri saxis nakvTebi
hqonda, imdenad nazi da haerovani iyo misi suli sicilSi gamoxatuli. roca
mas usmendi, mowifuli qaliSvilis srulyofilebis erTaderTi ideali
gegoneboda“ (viziinosi 1996: 37). mTxrobeli am dakvirvebis Semdeg midis
daskvnamde, rom Tvali ufro gvatyuebs, vidre yuri. aqac adgili aqvs
opoziciaTa
(mogzaurobis
monacvleobas,
rac
Taviseburad
STabeWdilebebi-moTxroba),
literaturuli
mimdinareobebis
Janrebis
(romantizmi-
naturalizmi), dinamikuri da statikuri motivebis (informacia-daxasiaTeba),
weris stilis monacvleobasac gulisxmobs.
aqac
Cvens
winaSea
opoziciebis,
III scenis mTavari Temaa buneba.
romantizmisa
da
naturalizmis
monacvleoba. kritikos p. mulasis azriT, „Tu dasawyisSi Relvis Semdgom
daisis
suraTis
mTxrobelisa
da
aRwera
batoni
problematur sakiTxamde
wmindad
p.-s
romantikulia
dialogs
Tavisi
mivyavarT
metaforebiT,
80-ianelTa
Taobis
„poeturisa“ (ποιητικού) da „bunebrivis“ (φυσικού)
urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb“ (mulasi 1996: 41).
III scenaSi zemoaRniSnuli opoziciebi naTlad Cans. mniSvnelovania
batoni p.-s mier mTxrobelis kalkutaSi mipatiJeba. es Taviseburad win
gadadgmuli nabijia sami adamianis urTierTobaSi. mainc vin aris batoni p.?
erTi inglisur yaidaze aRzrdili saqmosani literaturuli miswrafebebiT.
*
amasTan dakavSirebiT ixileT Βιζυηνός Γ. Μ.,Γ“Η φιλοσοφία τού καλού παρά Πλωτίνω”, Εν Αθαίναις 1884.
71
dauRalavi,
gawonasworebuli
da
TviTmpyrobeli
adamiani
mTxrobelSi
antipaTias iwvevs. saubris dros erTsa da imave frazebs imeorebs: „yoveli
momdevno winadadebis dasawyisSi wina winadadebis dasasruli meordeba“
(viziinosi 1996: 59).
realobaSi dabruneba mxolod cota xniT aris imedis momcemi. batoni
p.-s mier mTxrobelis kalkutaSi mipatiJebiT mwerals kvlav gadavyavarT
momentalur-iluzoluri
warmosaxvis
sferoSi.
axalgazrda
poeti
aRfrTovanebas ver malavs mosalodneli perspeqtiviT: misi warmodgeniT igi
daafases rogorc niWieri poeti da amave dros kalkutaSi masingas gverdiT
iqneba.
magram
mogzaurobis
naxevari
manZilis
gavlis
Semdeg
Txroba
gadadis ukve seriozul imedgacruebaTa sferoSi, romelic ganapirobebs
moTxrobaSi konfliqtis struqturis Tanmimdevrulobas da gansazRvravs
mis dasasruls. Ees imedgacrueba ori saxisaa. erTi exeba baton p-s da
masingas saSualebiT xdeba cnobili, meore ki _ Tavad masingas, romelsac
mamamisi gamoaaSkaravebs.
IV scenaSi masinga umxels mTxrobels am ukanasknelis kalkutaSi
mipatiJebis realur mizezs: baton p-s sakuTari poeziis deklarirebisTvis
kompetenturi auditoria Wirdeba. amgvari
gadawonis
kalkutaSi
gamgzavrebis
imedgacrueba jer kidev ver
perspeqtivas,
radganac
yvelafris
miuxedavad, iq mTxrobels masingasTan urTierTobis SesaZlebloba mainc
eqneba. IV scenaSi kulminacias aRwevs mTxrobelisa da axalgazrda masingas
gaumJRavnebeli siyvaruli. am momentSi avtori iyenebs romantikosebisTvis
damaxasiaTebel
poetur
xerxebs:
is,
rac
ver
iTqmis
(anu
mTxrobelis
aRiareba), metaforulad igulisxmeba miTSi moxuci vezuvisa da axalgazrda
neapolis
niSnobis
urTierTobis
Sesaxeb
erTaderTi
(viziinosi
1996:
saSualebaa,
46-48).
da
romelic
mainc,
sityva
arsebiTad
sasowarkveTilebas ver Zlevs. uiRblod Seyvarebuli mTxrobeli iketeba
sakuTar warmodgenebSi (V scena). Ees epizodi, misi detalebis gadmocemis
xerxi,
gvafiqrebinebs,
rom
imedgacrueba
avtoris
cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebaa. Rimili, romelsac mTxrobeli uxilav sikeTed miiCnevda,
axla arsebiTad Seicvala, is ukve aRaraa masingas kiskisi, aramed mis
72
garSemomyofTa sarkastuli qilikia, romliTac dascinian axalgazrda kacis
gulubryvilobas.
magram
am
sicilis
Semdeg
mTxrobels
kvlav
esmis
masingas kiskisi. sarkastuli sicilis xma sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs, magram
igrZnoba.
masingas
Rimili
ki
realuria,
magram
yovelgvar
Sinaarss
moklebuli. xma da eqo moTxrobis finalSi tragikul wres kravs: saubaria
warmosaxviTsa da realurs, ararsebulsa da arsebuls Soris tragikul
dapirispirebaze. marto darCenili mTxrobeli Tavis Tavs adanaSaulebs,
Sordeba realobas da warmosaxviT samyaroSi gadadis, Tumca aqac iWreba
sinamdvile Tavisi SesaZlebeli, magram amave dros arsebuli perspeqtivebiT.
kalkutaSi
wasvla
saSualebaa.
masingasTan
mTxrobeli
jer
urTierTobis
kidev
SenarCenebis
imyofeba
iluzoluri
erTaderTi
warmosaxvis
gavlenis qveS da fiqrobs, mipatiJebas daTanxmdes.
magram
mTavar
moTxrobis
gmirs.
batoni
saswavleblad,
raTa
imedgacruebas
iwvevs.
bolo
p-s
VI
scena
gancxadeba,
Semdeg
mas
grafs
srul
rom
imedgacruebas
masinga
miaTxovon,
aRaraferi
parizSi
mTxrobelSi
darCenia
imis
umzadebs
darCeba
saboloo
garda,
rom
gamoemSvidobos masingas, mis mamas da maTTan erTad kalkutasac. am xerxiT
mTxrobeli mogzaurobis warmosaxviTi dasrulebisken miemarTeba, romelic
aseve
ar
Sedga.
dausruleblobis
am
SegrZnebas
moTxrobis
saTauric
mianiSnebs, romelsac „pireasidan neapolSi“ ki ar hqvia, aramed „pireassa da
neapols Soris“. mTxrobeli sabolood arc kalkutaSi Cadis, amave dros
arsebiTad ver aRwevs verc neapolamde, romelic Tavis mxriv ganSorebis
adgilia da g. viziinosis SemoqmedebaSi sikvdilis mniSvnelobas iZens.
magram mTxrobeli arc sawyis wertils (mSobliur mxares) ubrundeba _ amas
warumateblobis mniSvneloba eqneboda. amgvarad, mTxrobeli mudam darCeba
pireassa da neapols Soris, romelsac verasdros ver miaRwia da romelmac
misTvis utopiis mniSvneloba miiRo.
mogzauroba
g.
viziinosis
SemoqmedebaSi
Seadgens
Tavad
misi
cxovrebis alegorias, amitomac miiRo ganSorebis, ucxoobaSi xetialis,
nostalgiis saxe. Tavad is wertili, saidanac es grZeli gza
sulis
idealur
TavSesafrad
gadaiqca.
swored
amis
daiwyo, misi
gamo
mwerlis
73
SemoqmedebaSi umniSvnelovanesi adgili uWiravs ojaxuri da piradi garemos
asaxvas,
ZiriTadad
bavSvobis
mogonebebs,
iseve
rogorc
dedis
saxes,
romelic TiTqmis yvelgan batonobs.
mogzaurobis amgvari mniSvneloba moTxrobas „pireassa da neapols
Soris“ aniWebs SesaZleblobas, rom avtoris cxovrebis simboluri suraTi
dagvixatos. nawarmoebis siuJets Seadgens mogzauroba, romelic moqmedebis
gareSe iSleba. saxeze gvaqvs sivrcis stabiluroba.
moTxrobis kompoziciuri organizaciis fonze naTlad Cans ZiriTadi
konfliqtis struqturac, romelsac momentalur-iluzoluri xasiaTi aqvs
da zigzagisebur saxes iRebs. misi grafikulad gamosaxva Semdegnairad
SeiZleba:
I scena
III scena
masingasTan Sexvedra
V scena_kalkutaSi
kalkutaSi mipatiJeba
II scena
G
masingas naxvis imedi
IV scena _mipatiJebis
kaiutaSi gamoketva
VI scena
namdvili mizezi
saboloo ganSoreba
moTxrobaSi „pireassa da neapols Soris“ arc sikvdilia mocemuli,
arc
raime
saidumlo.
masinga
mxolod
umniSvnelo
detals
umJRavnebs
mTxrobels. esaa mamamisis poeziiT gataceba, leqsebis wera. batoni p.-c
mTxrobels
masingas
momavalTan
dakavSirebiT
Tavis
gegmebs
gaandobs.
batonma p.-m ar icis misi Tanamgzavri kalkutaSi stumrad ewveva Tu ara.
masingam ki ar icis, rom parizSi qalTa gimnaziaSi gamoketva elis, raTa
Semdgom
xanSi
Sesul
aRwerili
araa
mZafri
sinaTlisa
da
sibnelis,
imedebisa
da
maTi
grafs
miaTxovon.
dramatuli
cnobierisa
gacruebis
erTi
konfliqtebi,
da
monacvleoba.
sityviT,
moTxrobaSi
mocemulia
aracnobieris,
mTavari
mxolod
warmosaxviTi
konfliqti
Tavad
mTxrobelis Sinagan samyaroSi mimdinareobs, mas momentalur-iluzoluri
74
xasiaTi aqvs da zigzagiseburad viTardeba. da mainc, nawarmoebis mTeli
dramatuloba
swored
imaSi
mdgomareobs,
rac
TxrobaSi
arapirdapir,
metaforulad igulisxmeba. urTierTobaTa wre im wertilSi wydeba, sadac
auxdeneli ocnebebis, mogzaurobis dasasrulisa da martoobis garda sxva
araferi darCenila.
2. „vin iyo Cemi Zmis mkvleli“
moTxroba „vin iyo Cemi Zmis mkvleli“ k. palamasma Seafasa rogorc g.
viziinosis Sedevri, ramdenadac „masSi erTiandeba tragedia, yofiTi proza,
Trakiis suli, lirikuli poezia, daZabuloba, aRmosavluri xasiaTi da
rwmena“ (palamasi 1972 : 493).
nawarmoebSi moqmedeba iwyeba konstantinopolis erT-erTi sastumros
nomerSi despiniosa da misi ori vaJis saubriT. deda uambobs Tavis Svilebs
maTi Zmis daRupvis Sesaxeb da
moiTxovs mkvlelis povnasa da kanonierad
dasjas. mkvlelis kvalma despinio konstantinopolisSi Caiyvana. am dros
sastumros nomerSi Semodian mis mier gadarCenili Turqi axalgazrda,
qiamili da misi deda, romlebic mkvlelis ZebnaSi exmarebian. mxolod
nawarmoebis dasasruls aRmoaCens qiamili, rom dedobilis Svilis mkvleli,
romelsac Tavdauzogavad eZebs, Tavadvea. Cadenili danaSaulisTvis Turqi
axalgazrda kanonis winaSe pasuxs agebs ise, rom despinio simarTles ver
igebs. sami wlis Semdeg ki ganTavisuflebuli tusaRi tovebs mSobliur
mxares da dedobils msaxurad udgeba.
aSkaraa,
ubralod
da
rom
yvelaferi,
zedapirulad
mravalplanianad
rac
aris
warmogvidgeba.
winamorbed
gadmocemuli,
moTxrobis
moTxrobebSi
aq
jer
kidev
mravalmxrivad
kompoziciuri
da
organizacia
mTavar adgils ikavebs. epizodebi erTmaneTze isea gadajaWvuli, rom sawyis
mniSvnelobebs
kargaven
mravalpersonaJiani
da
moTxroba
iZenen
romani
axal-axal
xdeba:
mniSvnelobebs.
gamocana
gadaiqceva
saidumloebiT mocul ambad. nawarmoebis mTavari gmirebi ZiebebiT, mowmeTa
CvenebebiTa da gonebrivi gansjiT midian simarTlis dadgenamde. Tu g.
75
viziinosis
adreul
moTxrobaSi
„dedaCemis
codva“
Caketili
ojaxuri
sivrce dedis codvas gamorCeul da Tavisebur xasiaTs aniWebs, aq kacis
kvlisadmi sazogadoebis gamijvna aSkaraa: ar arsebobs gansakuTrebuli
danaSauli an gansakuTrebuli mkvleli.
„dedaCemis codvas“ da „vin iyo Cemi Zmis mkvlels“ bevri ram aqvT
saerTo
da
gansxvavebuli.
upirveles
yovlisa
saTaurebi:
orivegan
Zaladobrivi sikvdili (codva, mkvleli) ukavSirdeba mTxrobelis ojaxis
wevrebs (dedaCemi, Cemi Zma). pirveli moTxrobis ramdenime personaJi meore
moTxrobaSic Cndeba, rac gvaxsenebs gmirTa dabrunebis meTods, romelic
gvxvdeba
zogierT
evropel
prozaikosTan
(balzaki,
zola,
prusti).
konstantinopolisSi gadabargebuli deda imave yuradRebasa da siTbos
iCens Tavisi Svilebis mimarT, rogorc „dedaCemis codvaSi“. am moTxrobebSi
frazebic ki meordeba: „dedaCems Tvalebi cremliT aRevso“ (viziinosi 1996:
27,75)
da sxva. kargad Cans aseve dedis gansakuTrebuli mzrunveloba
gadaxvewili
kargad
Svili-mTxrobelis
warmogvidgebian.
mimarT.
„dedaCemis
Tumca
codvaSi“
sxva
personaJebi
dabadebamde
ufro
daoblebuli
mixailosi aq ukve davaJkacebula, Tumca misi xasiaTi naTlad ar ikveTeba.
mTxrobeli, rva wlis ganmavlobaSi ucxoobaSi rom cxovrobda da Semdeg
dabrunda, warmogvidgeba dasavlur tradiciebTan naziareb, ganaTlebul
inteligentad,
(viziinosi
1996:
romelic
75)
da
Tamamad
acxadebs
„crumorwmuneTa
„TurqTa
da
mimarT
mkiTxavTa
antipaTias“
winaaRmdeg
oms“
(viziinosi 1996: 83). mkiTxveli aseve SeniSnavs, rom „dedaCemis codva“ da „vin
iyo Cemi Zmis mkvleli“ sruldeba erTi da imave personaJebis dialogiT
(deda da mTxrobeli). Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi mTxrobeli dumils arCevs
dedamisis azris winaSe, meore SemTxvevaSi simarTles umalavs mSobels.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, dedasa da mTxrobels Soris aRimarTeba uzarmazari
kedeli, romlis gadalaxva sityvasac aRar SeuZlia.
mwerali xasiaTis fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis gaanalizebis Sedegad
akeTebs daskvnebs. moTxrobaSi „vin iyo Cemi Zmis mkvleli“ cdilobs, aCvenos
SurisZiebis survilis uazroba. konkretul SemTxvevaSi dedis mcdeloba,
mkvleli
aRmoaCinos
da
dasajos
amaoa,
radgan,
mTxrobelisagan
76
gansxvavebiT, man ar icis, rom damnaSave ukve Wkuidan SeSlili Turqi
Svilobilia.
erTi SexedviT rac ar unda CaxlarTuli Candes „vin iyo Cemi Zmis
mkvleli“, es moTxroba xasiaTdeba logikurad da mkacrad Camoyalibebuli
kompoziciuri organizaciiT, analogiebisa da opoziciebis simetriiT. igi
Sedgeba 4 nawilisagan:
1) I scena (viziinosi 1996: 60-77)
adgili _ bosforis erT-erTi sastumro;
dro _ 1880 wlis erTi dRe;
personaJebi _ mTxrobeli, deda, mixailosi, Turqi qali da qiamili;
2) moTxrobis intermedia
_ mTxrobeli konstantinopolSi daeZebs Zmis
mkvlels (viziinosi 1996: 78-80);
3) II scena (viziinosi 1996: 80-100)
adgili _ Turqi qalis saxli konstantinopolSi;
dro_saRamo da Rame daaxloebiT oTxi kviris Semdeg;
personaJebi
_
mTxrobeli,
boSa, deda,
Turqi
qali,
gamomZiebeli,
qiamili, mixailosi;
4) moTxrobis epilogi _sami wlis Semdeg mTxrobeli
Tavis sofelSi
xvdeba Zmis mkvlels (viziinosi 1996: 100-103).
aRvniSnavT,
μίμησις−is
rom
da
sainteresoa,
termini
scena
aq
showing-is
inglisuri
rom
moTxroba
gamoyenebulia
iwyeba
platoniseuli
mniSvnelobiT. 5
ex abrupto, riTac
kidev
erT
gansxvavebas gviCvenebs „dedaCemis codvasTan“.
I scenaSi erTiandeba Semdegi kompoziciuri segmentebi:
1. deda uyveba Tavis or vaJs xristakisis mkvlelobis ambavs, maTgan
ki moiTxovs mkvlelis povnasa da dasjas;
2. ori stumris, qiamilisa da misi dedis gamoCena;
3. mixailosi mouTxrobs Tavis Zmas, Tu ra viTarebaSi gaicno qiamili.
I scenis Sesabamisi II scena moicavs xuT kompoziciur segments:
77
1. mTxrobeli Cumad yurs mokravs boSa qalis sityvebs, rodesac es
ukanskneli despiniosa da qiamilis dedas mkiTxaobs;
2. gamomZiebeli
mTxrobels
warumateblobas
mkvlelis
umxels,
politikur
povnis
saqmeSi
Tavis
mrwamss
umJRavnebs
da
sasmelSi povebs Svebas;
3. Turqi
qali
mTxrobelsa
da
mis
dedas
qiamilis
sasiyvarulo
dramaze uambobs;
4. mTxrobels RamiT uZneldeba daZineba, radganac fiqrobs qiamilis
tragikul bedze;
5. Semodis qiamili, mTxrobels umxels Tavis danaSaulebebs. policia
mas iWers.
jaWviseburad gadabmuli epizodebis wyoba uzrunvelyofs droisa da
adgilis erTianobas: I scenaSi yvelaferi dRis sinaTleze xdeba bosforis
erT-erT sastumroSi; II scenaSi daRamebasTan erTad drama kulminacias
aRwevs Turqi qalis saxlSi. magram aq ar wydeba maTi simetriuli Tanxmoba.
orsave scenis pirveli epizodebi iwyeba miniSnebebiT (circelze mkiTxaoba
da boSis winaswarmetyveleba), romlebic sabolood marTldebian. aseve
sayuradReboa, rom I scenaSi dedisa da mixailosis ori Txroba sruliad
eTanxmeba II scenaSi Turqi qalisa da qiamilis or Txrobas. amgvarad,
obieqtivi ganuwyvetlad gadadis msxverplidan damnaSaveze da piriqiT. aq ar
arsebobs wvrilmani informaciac ki, Tavisi konkretuli daniSnuleba rom
ar hqondes moqmedebis msvlelobasa da ganviTarebaSi. rodesac despinio
SeniSnavs
xristakisis
xaralampisTan,
gasaocar
vxvdebiT,
rom
am
garegnul
cnobas
msgavsebas
gagrZeleba
mitakosis
mohyveba
Tavisi
SedegebiT. frazebi uneburad warmoiTqmis, raTa Semdeg dadgindes maTi
mniSvneloba.
xristakisi
igrZnobs,
I
scenaSi
mosvenebas
rom
misi
deda
ver
aRniSnavs:
poulobs,
mkvleli
miwaze
„xedav,
saflavSi
Svilo,
sabralo
trialebs
daabijebs“
Cveni
ramdenjerac
(viziinosi
1996:
68).
moTxrobis bolos mkvlelis saqcielis aRweriT (despinios rom exmareba,
yvavilebs uvlis da xristakisis saflavze miaqvs) ukve aixsneba dedis
zemoTqmuli frazis mniSvneloba.
78
am
ori
scenis
simetriebs
cvlian
Sesabamisad
is
opoziciebi,
romlebic moTxrobis II da IV nawilSi warmogvidgebian. baZvidan Txrobaze
da piriqiT Txrobidan baZvaze gadasvliT
g. viziinosi moqnilad cvlis
Txrobis ritms da amiT gviCvenebs Tavis mxatvrul ostatobas.
aRsaniSnavia agreTve is faqti, Tu ra gziT nawildeba moTxrobaSi
Svidi weliwadi, romelic moicavs mTel Txrobas. nawarmoebSi arsebiTad
sami droa:
1.
xristakisis mkvlelobis dro ruseT-TurqeTis omis dasawyisSi (1877
weli);
2.
moTxrobis ZiriTadi dro, savaraudod, 1880 weli. mTxrobeli Tavis
ojaxur dramas miakuTvnebs „sami wlis Semdeg“ (viziinosi 1996: 62)
momxdar movlenebs.
3.
epilogiseuli
dro
anu
daaxloebiT
sami
weli
„im
Ramis Semdeg“ (viziinosi 1996: 100).
amgvarad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT ara marto mTxrobelis mier Tavisi
soflis monaxuleba, aramed moTxrobis daweris droc: daaxloebiT 1883
weli. *
konfliqtis struqtura am moTxrobaSi naTlad aris Camoyalibebuli
da
mas
mkacrad
gansazRvruli
urTierTdapirispirebuli
argumentebis
statikuroba axasiaTebs.
rogorc
ukve
aRvniSneT,
miTologiuri
informaciis
gamomyenebeli
vrceli epikuri tiloebi, rogorc wesi, mimarTavdnen binaruli opoziciis
principze
agebul
(warmodgenili
saxiT),
konfliqts.
konkretuli
romelic
igulisxmeba
figuris,
aRWurvilia
is,
adamianTa
uaryofiTi
rom
aris
jgufis,
funqciiT
argumenti
qveynis
(igi
da
A
a.S.
moZaladea,
usamarTloa, sastikia da a.S.). mas upirispirdeba argumenti B, romelic
aRWurvilia dadebiTi funqciiT (misi mizania A argumentis neitralizacia).
am
struqturis
safuZvelze
konfliqti
SeiZleba
sxvadasxvagvarad
ganviTardes: B-m moaxdinos A-s neitralizacia da aq daesvas konfliqts
*
moTxroba „vin iyo Cemi Zmis mkveleli“ Jurnal „estiaSi“ gamoqveynda 1883 wlis oqtombernoemberSi.
79
wertili, an neitralizaciis Semdeg Tavad aRiWurvos negatiuri funqciiT
da
mas
an A an
daupirispirdes
A-s
interesebis
damcvelni.
Cven
mier
ganxilul moTxrobaSi daaxloebiT msgavsi suraTi SeiniSneba, mcireodeni
gansxvavebebiT. konfliqtis mTavari matarebeli ori figuraa:
1) fostalioni xaralampisi, romelmac mokla qiamilis Zmadnafici da
romelic
mkacrad
gansazRvruli
uaryofiTi
funqciiT
aRWurvili
A
dadebiTi
funqciiT
aRWurvili
B
argumentia;
2)
Turqi
qiamili,
romelic
argumentia.
am
ukanasknelis
uaryofiTi
funqciiT
A
aRWurvil
argumentTan
(xaralampisTan) dapirispirebas unda gamoewvia fostalionis neitralizacia,
magram moxda tragikuli Secdoma da mis nacvlad qiamilma sicocxles
gamoasalma
hgavda
dedobilis
xaralampiss.
modeliT
Svili
am
momentidan,
warimarTeboda,
(qiamili)
negatiuri
xristakisi,
Tu
odindeli
funqciiT
ki
romelic
Txroba
pozitiuri
unda
garegnobiT
tradiciuli
Zalian
ambis
B argumenti
funqciis
aRWurviliyo,
xolo
mas
dapirispirdeboda dadebiTi funqciiT aRWurvili ukve axali, pirobiTad
A+1 argumenti, romelSic nagulisxmebi iqnebodnen mokluli xristakisis
interesebis damcvelni (msxverplisa da damnaSavis ojaxis wevrebi). magram
es ase ar moxda, radganac moTxroba ar aris tradiciuli ambavi da masSi
funqciebisa
dadebiTi
da
argumentebis
funqciis
xristakisis
statikuroba
matarebeli
mkvleli,
ris
iyo
mizezadac
da
SeimCneva.
tragikuli
SeiZleba
qiamili
imTaviTve
SecdomiT
bedisweris
gaxda
zegavlena
CaiTvalos.
rogorc
ukve
aRvniSneT,
g.
viziinosis
Semoqmedebis
centralur
figuras warmoadgens zogadad adamiani. mwerali did interess iCens misi
bedis
mimarT
viziinosi
da
Tavis
gulisyuriT
nawarmoebebSi
xatavs
mis
fsiqologiur
warmogvidgens
portrets.
adamianur
g.
tragedias,
romelSic mTavar mamoZravebel Zalas bediswera warmoadgens. gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavia bedisweris uSualo Careva personaJTa qmedebebSi, rac iwvevs
80
xasiaTebis urTierTdapirispirebas, safuZvels uyris konfliqts, rogorc
siuJetis
organizaciis
models.
bedisweris
zegavlena
viziinosiseul
personaJebze naTlad Cans mTel nawarmoebSi, romlis siuJeti ZiriTadad
moqmed pirTa mogonebebis saSualebiT viTardeba. am SemTxvevaSic mwerali
retrospeqciis
gamomdinareobs
xerxs
mimarTavs.
meore
erTi
sabediswero
sabediswero
movlena,
rasac
movlenidan
jaWvuri
reaqciiT
sabolood tragikul Sedegebamde mivyavarT. moTxrobaSi „vin iyo Cemi Zmis
mkvleli“
pirveli
sabediswero
romelic
mkacrad
gansazRvruli
movlenaa
is,
rom
negatiuri
cbieri
funqciis
fostalioni,
matarebeli
A
argumentia, rogorc ki xvdeba, rom mokvlis safrTxe emuqreba, maSinve
zrunavs imisTvis, rom Tavisi samuSao adgili dauTmos sxvas, magram iseT
adamians,
vinc
garegnobiT
mas
hgavs.
am
SemTxvevaSi
aseT
pirovnebad
gvevlineba xristakisi _ mwerlis Zma da moTxrobis mTavari gmiris vaJi.
swored
am
bedisweris
msgavsebis
aRniSvniT
zegavlenas
moTxrobaSi
nawarmoebis
gmirTa
pirvelad
momavlis
esmeba
xazi
gansazRvraSi.
xristakisisa da xaralampisis, ori urTierTsapirispiro xasiaTis mqone
personaJis
garegnuli
msgavseba
ukve
amzadebs
safuZvels
momavali
konfliqtisTvis, rac ar SeiZleba ubralo damTxvevad CaiTvalos. meore
sabediswero movlenaa is faqti, rom mTeli im xnis ganmavlobaSi, rac
despinio daWril Turqs uvlida, xristakisi erTxelac ar dabrunebula Sin
da Svidi Tvis manZilze biZis saxlSi cxovrobda da amdenad xristakisi da
qiamili
erTmaneTs
SemdgomSi
ver
Sexvdnen.
datrialebuli
es
faqti
tragediisa.
ki
qiamils
erT-erTi
xristakisi
mizezi
gaxda
nanaxi
rom
yoloda, mis mkvlelobas Tavidan aicilebda.
moTxrobis
ZiriTadi
konfliqti
mimdinareobs
fostalionsa
da
qiamils Soris, yvela danarCeni personaJi am konfliqtis msxverpli xdeba.
tragikuli
Secdomis
wyalobiT,
Turqi
klavs
dedobilis
Svils.
amis
gacnobierebis Semdeg sainteresoa, Tu rogor imoqmedebs „tragediis gmiri“
zneobrivad umZimes situaciaSi. qiamili moralur dartymas ver uZlebs da
saRi
azrovnebis
unars
kargavs,
Tumca
TviTmkvlelobaze,
rogorc
gamosavalze, ar fiqrobs. igi brma da muxTali bedisweris msxverpli xdeba.
81
saTnoebiT cnobili despinio mokluli SvilisTvis SurisZiebas iTxovs,
riTac iqmneba imis yvela piroba, rom xristakisis interesebis damcvelTa
moqmedebam
konfliqti
axal
fazaSi
gadaiyvanos,
magram
saxeze
gvaqvs
funqciebisa da argumentebis statikuroba. Qqiamils policia iWers da sami
weli cixeSi svams. iqidan gamosvlis Semdeg ki, igi msaxurad udgeba
despinios. aRsaniSnavia, rom mTxrobeli dedas ar umxels simarTles. am
gziT is konfliqtis usasrulobas sasrul xasiaTs aniWebs.
yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT konfliqtis struqtura am
moTxrobaSi grafikulad Semdegnairad SeiZleba gamoisaxos:
B pozitiuri argumenti (qiamili)
A A
A
A +1
negatiuri argumenti (xaralampisi)
sainteresoa
is
faqtic,
xristakisis interesebis damcvelni
rom
Turqi
Tavisi
msxverplis
saflavze
dargul vardebs saguldagulod uvlis, TiTqos amiT cdilobs codvis
gamosyidvas. es epizodi emsaxureba gmiris xasiaTSi mimdinare gardatexis
Cvenebas. gazrdilma fsiqologiurma zewolam qiamili sindisis qenjnamde
miiyvana.
glovis,
qristianuli
erTgulebis,
sinanulisa
da
mitevebis
gancdebi erTaderT gamosavals warmoadgenen Seqmnili viTarebidan. mwerali
dedamiss
ar
umxels
qiamilis
danaSauls
da
Turqs
nebas
rTavs
misi
msxverplis saxl-kars mouaros. am epizodidan Cans, rom qiamilis sinanulsa
da georgiosis patiebas gmirTa saboloo ganwmenda anu kaTarsisi mohyveba.
es faqti imiTac aris mniSvnelovani, rom „udanaSaulo borotmoqmedi“,
rogorc k. palamasi uwodebs qiamils (palamasi 1972: 493), romelic mis
msxverplze ufro sayvareli gmiria da mkiTxvelis simpaTiebs imsaxurebs,
82
erovnebiT Turqia. im epoqaSi, rodesac g. viziinosi moRvaweobda, berZnebi
da Turqebi erTmaneTis mosisxle mtrebi iyvnen. aseTi sazogadoebrivi azris
fonze ki mwerals Tavisi qveynis mtris Svili bedisweris msxverplad
warmoudgenia da mis mimarT keTil ganwyobas aSkarad amJRavnebs. rac
Seexeba sarwmunoebis sakiTxs, g. viziinosi am moTxrobaSi gansakuTrebiT
cdilobs
dawesebuli
gansxvavebuli
sazRvrebis
sarwmunoebis
gadalaxvas. *
aRmsarebel
masSi
adamianebs
vxedavT,
(qristianebsa
rom
da
musulmanebs) Soris Rrma pativiscema da siyvaruli warmoiSoba. Turqi
qiamilis
dedisTvis
mahmadianTa
mTxrobelis
samoTxeSi
moxvedras,
qristiani
vidre
misi
deda
ufro
nebismieri
imsaxurebs
Tanamemamule.
despinioc ar grZnobs araviTar uxerxulobas, piriqiT, uxaria, rom misi
Svilis saflavs uvlis fanatikosi musulmani qiamili.
aqve ar SeiZleba gverdi avuaroT erT metad saintereso mosazrebas. g.
viziinosis am moTxrobis erTi wakiTxvisTanave mkvlevarma g. emrixma SeniSna
is SemTxveviTi Tu winaswargamiznuli msgavsebebi, rasac es nawarmoebi
sofokles
„oidipos
marTebulobis
adgilebi
mefesTan“
dasamtkiceblad
moviSvelioT.
saerTo
mimarTebaSi
saWiroa
jamSi
amJRavnebs:
orive
siuJetSi
A„am
mosazrebis
teqstidan
Sesabamisi
cxra
aseTi
msgavseba
unda
gaixsnas,
xangrZlivi
periodis
gvxvdeba:
1. orsave
magram
SemTxvevaSi
moxda
es
garTulebulia
procesi
mkvleloba,
romelic
drois
gasvlis gamo.
2. tragediaSi
Tavad
oidiposi
eZebs
damnaSaves,
maSin
roca
moTxrobaSi es misia qiamilis Zmas akisria, magram arc qiamili
iSurebs
Zalebs,
rom
daexmaros
dedobils.
amgvarad,
orsave
SemTxvevaSi mkvlelis vinaobis dadgenasa da mis povnas Tavad
damnaSaveebi cdiloben.
*
amasTan dakavSirebiT ixileT Beaton R., Εισαγωγή στο Georgios Vizyenos, My Mother’s Sin and Other
Stories, Translated from the Greek by Wyatt W.F. Jr.,Published for Brown University Press by University Press of New
England, London 1988.
83
3.
orsave nawarmoebSi borotmoqmedT naTesauri kavSiri aqvT TavianT
msxverplTan.
laiosi
oidiposis
mamaa,
qiamili
ki
despinios
Svilobilia da amdenad xristakiss RviZl Zmad miiCnevs.
4. mkvleloba Tavidan iqneboda acilebuli damnaSavesa da msxverpls
erTmaneTis vinaoba rom scodnodaT. Cvili oidiposi bedis anabarad
miatoves, amdenad igi ar icnobda namdvil mSoblebs. aseve qiamilic
despinios saxlSi Svidi Tvis manZilze mkurnalobda da erTxelac
ar Sexvedria xristakiss.
5. orsave SemTxvevaSi msxverplis sikvdilTan dakavSirebiT arsebobda
winaswarmetyveleba. laiosisTvis misnoba, rom mas moklavda jer
ardabadebuli
Ze,
xolo
xristakisisTvis
circelis
totze
marCieloba, ramac misi moaxloebuli sikvdili moaswava.
6. damnaSavis vinaobas, orsave SemTxvevaSi, gvauwyebs am misiisTvis
gankuTvnili piri. tragediaSi _ tiresiasi, moTxrobaSi _ boSa
qali, romelic cercvis marcvlebze mkiTxaobs.
7. orsave
SemTxvevaSi
saidumloebiT
mocul
mkvlelobas
naTeli
efineba Tavad damnaSavis mier.
8. borotmoqmedni
isjebian
dabrmavebiT:
oidiposi
_
fizikuriT,
qiamili ki _ sulieriT. pirveli mxedvelobas kargavs, meore _
realobis Secnobis unars.
9. orive damnaSave tovebs mSobliur mxares da ucxoobaSi agrZelebs
cxovrebas.
amdenad, moTxrobaSi gvxvdeba cxra SemTxveva, romelic met-naklebad
naTesaobas amJRavnebs sofokles tragediasTan“ (emrixi 1985: 6-7). es albaT
arc
aris
gasakviri,
radganac
filologi
g.
viziinosi
udaod
kargad
icnobda antikur literaturas. amitomac, SesaZlebelia, mweralma Tavis
SemoqmedebaSi bavSvobis mogonebebis garda gamiznulad gamoiyena antikuri
tradiciebi, raTa, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, nawarmoebisTvis ufro meti
tragikuloba mieniWebina da bedisweris gardauvalobisTvis gaesva xazi. es
gasagebic aris, radganac sofokles „oidipos mefes“ xSirad „bediswris
tragediasac uwodebdnen xolme da miiCnevdnen, rom misi mTavari paTosi
84
movlenaTa gansazRvrulobis winaSe adamianis ususurobis Cvenebaa“ (iarxo
1979: 176). rac ufro metad gaurbis kaci Tavis bedisweras, miT ufro metad
uaxlovdeba mis aRsrulebas. magram Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi es azri ukve
karga xania mcdarad aris miCneuli. rasakvirvelia, Tavad am miTis siuJetSi,
romelic
oidiposis
gardauvaloba
kargad
Tavgadasavals
Canda
da,
warmogvidgenda,
bunebrivia,
sofokles
bedisweris
tragediaSic
es
momenti ugulebelyofili ver iqneboda. r. gordeazianis azriT, „rogorc
Cans, dramaturgisTvis arsebiTia Tavad oidiposis tragediis warmoCena,
magram ara imisTvis, rom bedisweris gardauvalobaSi dagvarwmunos, aramed
imisTvis,
rom
gviCvenos
gmiris
tanjva,
romlis
Sedegic
im
RvTaebriv
WeSmaritebasTan ziarebaa, romelic adamianebs humanurT xdis“ (gordeziani
2002: 365).
imis rwmena, rom yovel adamians dabadebidanve gansazRvruli aqvs
sakuTari
xvedri,
sruliad
ar
xdis
tragediis
gmirebs
fatalistebad,
romlebic gulxeldakrefilni elian bedisweris ganaCens. piriqiT, maTi
saqcieli
gamoirCeva
maqsimaluri
aqtiurobiT.
pirovneba
cdilobs
daupirispirdes sakuTar bedisweras da Tavisi nebiT warmarTos sakuTari
momavali.
Zvel berZnul enaSi sityva „μοίρα“, romelsac, Cveulebriv, bediswerad
vTargmniT, Tavisi pirveladi mniSvnelobiT “xvedrs,” “wils” niSnavs. o.
freidenbergis azriT, „xvedri miTologiurad gaazrebulia risame nawilis
saxiT
(μοίρα, μέρος, μοιράζω).
sicocxlis
Tu
sikvdilis
xvedrs
adamiani
moirebis mier wilisyris Sedegad iRebs“ (freidenbergi 1978: 318). mimaCnia,
rom g. viziinosis nawarmoebSic swored es azri batonobs. moTxrobis
mTeli siuJeti emsaxureba imas, rom xazi gaesvas bedisweris gardauvalobas
adamianis momavlis gansazRvraSi. aRsaniSnavia epizodi, rodesac xristakisi
Tanxmdeba cbieri xaralampisis nacvlad imuSaos fostalionad. am nabijiT
winaswar
ganisazRvra
misi
xvedric.
SeiZleba
gvefiqra,
rom
es
SemTxveviTobis brali iyo, magram mTeli nawarmoebidan kargad Cans, rom
personaJebma
rac
ar
unda
moimoqmedon,
bedisweris
zegavleniT
mainc
85
sakuTari winaswargansazRvruli xvedrisaken miiswrafian, romlis Secvlac
maT ar ZaluZT.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am moTxrobas ara marto g.
viziinosis
SemoqmedebaSi,
mniSvnelovani
adgili
Camoyalibebuli
opoziciuri
aramed
ukavia.
mas
kompoziciuri
scenebis
mTel
Rirebuls
axalberZnul
xdis
organizacia,
kanonzomieri
ara
aramed
monacvleoba,
mwerlobaSi
marto
mkacrad
simetriuli
nawarmoebis
da
ZiriTadi
konfliqtis gansazRvruli struqtura. moTxrobis dramatul doneze avtori
konfliqtis
ganviTarebas
Sesabamis
dinamikasa
da
erTiaobas
aZlevs.
siuJetis organizaciis e. w. ideur doneze ki igi mimarTavs sxva models,
romlis mixedviTac funqciebisa da argumentebis statikuroba konfliqtis
xelaxal fazaSi Seyvanisken orientirebul siuJetur xazs sasrul saxes
aniWebs. kargad Seswavlili es teqnika erwymis adamianis sulSi wvdomis
gabedul
nabijs.
peripetiebis
miRma
kargad
CaxlarTuli
sabolood
erTi
adamianebi
policiuri
Cndebian
TavianTi
gamoZiebis
tragizmiT.
berZnebi Tu Turqebi bediweris marwuxebSi Tanabrad arian moqceulni.
msxverplis dedam, romelic realuri ambebis miRma rCeba, ar icis simarTle.
keTili da udanaSaulo mkvleli sulierad avaddeba. drama MmTavari gmiris
Wkuidan
SeSliT
sruldeba.
yovelive
zemoTqmuli
ki
dostoevskis
erTdroulad angelozur da demonur samyaros gvaxsenebs: esaa nebismieri
danaSaulisa da sasjelis gamo ufskrulis winaSe dgomiT gamowveuli SiSi.
3.
„erosi _ gmiri“
al. papadiamandisis moTxroba „erosi-gmiri“ pirvelad gamoqveynda 1897
wels
gazeT
siyvarulis
„akropolisSi“.
ambavi.
masSi
Soreuli
aRwerilia
zRvaosnobidan
axalgazrda
dabrunebis
mezRvauris
Semdeg
igi
moulodnelad gaigebs, rom guliswori gaTxovda. Tavdapirvelad fiqrobs
SurisZiebaze, magram bolos vaJkacurad urigdeba Tavis beds.
R.
farinu-malamataris
azriT,
„al.
papadiamandisi
am
SemTxvevaSi
erTgulad icavs mkiTxvelTan uSualo kontaqtis wesebs, uSualod ereva
siuJetis
ganviTarebaSi
SeniSvnebsa
Tu
frCxilebSi
gamoTqmuli
Tavisi
86
azris meSveobiT, sakuTari gadmosaxedidan ajamebs Txrobis ganviTarebas da
amgvarad,
gamiznulad
arRvevs
Seqmnili
realobis
fsevdoSegrZnebas,
warmoaCens ra nawarmoebis struqturul models“ (farinu-malamatari 1987:
25).
kompoziciuri
organizaciis
TvalsazrisiT
moTxrobaSi
gamoiyofa
Semdegi scenebi:
I RiorRisis saboloo inertuloba (papadiamandisi 1985: 165-166);
II. RiorRisis dabruneba _ siRuranZasis davaleba (papadiamandisi 1985:
166);
III. dedasTan saxlSi vaxSmobis scena (papadiamandisi 1985: 167);
IV. navSi dabruneba da daZineba (papadiamandisi 1985: 167);
V. arxondos qorwilis xmaurisagan gamoRviZeba (papadiamandisi 1985: 168);
VI. RiorRisisa da arxondos bavSvoba (papadiamandisi 1985: 169);
VII. RiorRisis dabruneba _ siRuranZasis davaleba (papadiamandisi 1985:
170);
VIII. dedasTan saxlSi vaxSmobis scena (papadiamandisi 1985: 171);
IX. navSi dabruneba da daZineba (papadiamandisi 1985: 172);
X. arxondos qorwilis xmaurisagan gamoRviZeba (papadiamandisi 1985: 173);
XI. arxondos motacebis gegma (papadiamandisi 1985: 174-175);
XII. siRuranZasis qorwilSi misvla (papadiamandisi 1985: 176-177);
XIII. arxondos motacebis gegma (papadiamandisi 1985: 177-178);
XIV. naviT mogzaurobis scena (papadiamandisi 1985: 179-182);
dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli maSinve SeniSnavs scenebs Soris paralelur
urTierTmimarTebas:
I_VI,
II_VII,
III_VIII,
IV_IX,
V_X,
XI_XIII,
XII_XIV.
nawarmoebSi Txrobis manZilze erTi da imave movlenebis ganmeorebiTi
aRwera ar unda miviCnioT erTgvarovnad. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs erTi da
imave
movlenis
aRweris
stilistur
gansxvavebebTan,
ZiriTadad
ki,
am
epizodebisadmi damokidebulebis saxesxvaobasTan. moTxrobaSi „erosi-gmiri“
naTladaa warmodgenili Txrobis struqturis ori sakamod cnobili sqema.
pirveli gaxlavT is gamocana, romelic svams konkretul problemas. es
87
ukanaskneli ki gadawyvetil unda iqnas Txrobis mimdinareobis manZilze.
meore
gaxlavT
Txrobis
ganmeorebadi
xasiaTi,
erTgvari
ganuwyveteli
miaxloeba da daSoreba siuJetis warmmarTvel xazTan (arxondos qorwili),
romelic aormagebs Txrobis dros. pirveli sqemis SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs
ZiebasTan da amis Sedegad simarTlis etapobriv dadgenasTan. meore sqemis
SemTxvevaSi isev da isev vbrundebiT drois erTsa da imave wertilSi,
romlic
ukve
informaciiT.
ukavSirdeba
ganvlil
movlenebs
mTxrobeli
yvela
SeumCnevlad
damoukideblad
personaJs
mTavari
Tu
gmiris
avsebs
damatebiTi
RiorRisis
garda.
meSveobiT
mTxrobelisaTvis
RiorRisis garda sxva danarCeni moqmedi pirebis awmyo dro ukve Cavlili
warsulia.
aRreuli
mTavari
gmiri
mTxrobelis
raRac
awmyosTan.
uxilavi
ZafebiTaa
nawarmoebSi
dakavSirebuli
mTxrobeli
ar
da
aRgviwers
mTavari gmiris garegnobas, aramed ZiriTadad misi Sinagani xedvis princips
iyenebs. sxva personaJebs, Cveulebriv, garegnulad axasiaTebs da maTTan
dakavSirebuli
yvela
informacia
mxolod
aucilebeli
elementebiT
Semoifargleba, rac saWiroa gmiris konkretuli samoqmedo asparezisaTvis.
Txrobis awmyo droSi daxasiaTebis amgvari ori forma afarToebs bzars
sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da „aRTqmul cxovrebas“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 165)
Soris, romelSic mTavari gmiri cxovrobs. mTavari gmiris perspeqtivis
CarCoebSi mTxrobelis Caketva ganapirobebs siuJetSi mis fsiqologiur
Carevas, rac frazeologiur doneze SeumCneveli ar rCeba miuxedavad imisa,
rom mxolod umniSvnelo cvlilebebs gviCvenebs.
personaJis
gansakuTrebiT
xasiaTi
pirvelad
axlobeli,
maSin
rodesac
xdeba
aRwerilia
mTxrobelisaTvis
arxondos
qorwilis
xmaurisgan gaRviZebuli RiorRisis Sinagani reaqcia (V-X scenebi). gmiris
sulieri
mdgomareobis
SekiTxvebiTa
da
urTierTgamijvnis
pozicias, magram
aRwera
Zaxilis
zRvarze
mocemulia
niSnebiT,
dganan.
mTeli
romlebic
marTalia,
rigi
gmirisa
isini
da
ritorikuli
mTxrobelis
gamoxataven
gmiris
amave dros mTxrobelis sityvebSi arian dafiqsirebulni.
amgvarad gamoiyeneba frazebi, romlebic yovelgvari Zaldatanebis gareSe
enacvlebian erTmaneTs da isini gvesmis rogorc mTxrobelis, aseve gmiris
88
sityvebSic: „romeli sapatarZlo? romeli patarZali?“ (papadiamandisi 1985:
166, 168, 171, 173). amgvari frazebi gamoxataven gmirsa da mTxrobels Soris
erTgvar
sityvier-gamomsaxvelobiT
nawarmoebSi
gvxvdeba
erTianobas.
movlenebis
Sefaseba,
amis
sapirispirod,
romelic
Sinaarsidan
gamomdinare mxolod da mxolod mTxrobelis mier missave sityvebiTaa
gadmocemuli
(XI
scena),
magram
mainc
gmiris
sulier
mdgomareobas
gamoxatavs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom II scenaSi CarTulia RiorRiosis warsulis aRwera,
Tu rogor gaxda is navis mesakuTre. am scenaSi saxezea or personaJs Soris
mimdinare dialogi, Tu rogor uTanxmebs siRuranZasi RiorRiss RamiT
ucnobi klientis naviT gadayvanas. magram saqme gvaqvs erTgvari saxis
monologTan
SeTanxmeba
(anu
ver
sakuTar
miiRweva.
TavTan
amgvarad,
laparakTan),
amitomac
TanamosaubreebisaTvis
maT
da
Soris
garkveuli
drois manZilze, mkiTxvelisTvisac gamocanad rCeba, Tu vin aris is ucnobi
klienti.
XI scenaSi iribi naTqvamis meSveobiT gadmocemulia gmiris qaoturi
fiqrebi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ar arRvevs da ar Ralatobs gmiris gonebaSi
warmosaxul
monologis
danawevrebul
meSveobiT.
SeTanxmeba-SekavSirebiTa
epizodSi
iribi
xatebas,
gmiris
da
naTqvami
warmogvidgens
daZabuloba
mas
gadmocemulia
mravalwertilebis
gamoyenebulia
ra
meSveobiT.
rogorc
Sinagani
winadadebebis
amgvarad,
cnobierebis
am
nakadis
gadmocemis saSualeba ara enobrivi, aramed vizualuri STabeWdilebebis
saSualebiT, romlebic gmiris gonebidan gamomdinareoben da sintaqsurmorfologiur formas iReben mTxrobelis daxmarebiT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom nawarmoebis warmmarTveli ganmeorebiTobis principis
Tanaxmad
X
da
XIII
scenebSi
orjeraa
gadmocemuli
mTavari
gmiris
koSmaruli sizmari ori sxvadasxva xerxis gamoyenebiT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
iribi naTqvami niadags amzadebs pirdapiri naTqvamisaTvis, rac TavisTavad
niSnavs uxmo gansjidan uSualod moqmedebaze gadasvlas. meore epizodi,
piriqiT, iribi naTqvamiT sruldeba, rac arsebiTad aferxebs moqmedebis
dawyebas.
89
daaxloebiT msgavsi xerxiT XIV scenaSi arxondos RiorRisis naviT
gadayvana
qmris
mamulSi
avismomaswavebeli“
daxasiaTebulia
(papadiamandisi
1985:
178)
rogorc
da
„sizmari
Tavis
mxriv
.
iyofa
.
.
or
nawilad, romlebic TavianTi dasasruliT struqturulad Seesabamebian am
scenis
winamorbedi
(papadiamandisi
TavisTavSi
1985:
koSmaris
173-181)
sruldeba
gulisxmobs
(papadiamandisi
1985:
182)
aRweris
moqmedebis
arsebiTad
epizods.
pirdapiri
pirveli
naTqvamiT,
ganviTarebas.
gamoricxavs
nawili
romelic
meore
moTxrobaSi
nawili
yovelgvar
garegnul Carevas. am mogzaurobis scenis aRwera frazeologiur doneze
urTierTmonacvleobs. moTxrobis am nawilSi gvxvdeba epizodebi, romlebic
mxolod da mxolod mTxrobels _ mag: „iyo is gegma“ (papadiamandisi 1985:
180)
_
an
gmirs
(pirdapiri
naTqvamiT
gadmocemuli
fiqrebi,
pirobiTi
winadadebebi Tu dialogebi) miemarTeba. Tumca, ZiriTad nawilSi mainc
gabatonebuli
metnaklebad
adgili
ukavia
RiorRisisTan
mTxrobeliseul
arian
SenivTebulni.
aRwerebs,
amasTanave
romlebic
XIV
scenaSi
gvxvdeba naTeli magaliTebi imisa, rom gonebaSi gansjis dros Tavad gmiris
xmac ki daculia. amis damadasturebelia mesame piris nacvalsaxelis „αυτός“
(is) gamoyeneba (papadiamandisi 1985: 179-180) mTavari gmiris saxelis nacvlad,
rogorc es sxva danarCen SemTxvevebSi gvxvdeboda, aseve Sorisdebulebis
xmareba,
romlebic
gamoxataven
erTgvar
gangrZobiT
Sinagan
cvlilebas
(papadiamandisi 1985: 180-181) da bolos, is ganmeoreba, romelic ireklavs
RiorRisis akviatebul azrs, navi gadaayiravos, yvela daRupos da mxolod
arxondo
ixsnas.
yovelive
zemoTqmuli
miemarTeba
RiorRisis
droebiT
mdgomareobas, romelic Tavis mxriv areulia mTxrobelis mdgomareobasTan.
es naTlad Cans am epizodSi mTxrobelis mier axsna-ganmartebiT Carevis
momentSi da im Sedarebebis saSualebiT, romlebic am scenas Tavisebur
elfers
sZenen.
cnobierebas
Soris
mTxrobelisa
mTxrobeli
zemoCamoTvlili
da
arsebul
gmiris
TiTqos
elementebi
zRvars
perspeqtivebs
ubralod
gviCvenebs
gmirisa
TiTqmis
Soris
gmiris
Slis
da
mTxrobelis
da
gansxvavebis
emsaxureba
aRmofxvras.
cnobierebaSi
mimdinare
procesebs da ar cdilobs sakuTari poziciis arc axsnas, arc ubralod
90
dafiqsirebas.
amgvari
gaurkvevloba
gmiris
ukanasknel
gansjaSia
ganvrcobili, rodesac warmoidgens Tavis mdgomareobas arxondos gverdSi
sxvebis
daRupvis
Semdeg:
„axali
adami
da
axali
eva
wyliTgaJRenTil
qitonebSi gaxveulni“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 181).
miuxedavad imisa, rom RiorRisis mier warmosaxuli suraTi eWvgareSea,
rom
misi
sakuTari
gamovlinebaa,
inteleqtualuri
arsebobs
analogia,
da
sulieri
romelic
STabeWdilebebis
aSkarad
scildeba
am
SesaZleblobebs. im pirobebSi, romelSic gmiri iyenebs am analogias, da
aseve misi gadmocemis manera mkiTxvelSi dabneulobas iwvevs. RiorRisis
mizania Tavisi xorcieli survilebis dakmayofileba, romelic miiRweva
Tavisi Tanasoflelebis daRupviTa da sazogadoebidan misi gariyviT. misi
ganzraxva danaSaulis tolfasia. am axal mdgomareobaSi gadasvliT gmiri
xelaxla ibadeba da Tavis Tavs aRiqvams meore adamad, romelic yvelafers
uqvemdebarebs adamianur survilebs. es scena mkiTxvels axsenebs bibliur
pirvelcodvas. amgvarad, gmirsa da mTxrobels Soris ironiuli sicariele
aRimarTeba,
romelic
ideologiur
daSorebas
aRniSnavs
im
momentSi,
rodesac TiTqos maT Soris sruli fsiqologiuri harmonia unda sufevdes.
am
dros
Txroba
SieZleba
ori
mimarTulebiT
warimarTos.
pirvel
SemTxvevaSi es iqneboda mTavari gmiris gza, romelic miznad isaxavs yvela
Tavisi ganzraxvisa da Canafiqris sisruleSi moyvanas, raTa daikmayofilos
Tavis
survili
mTeli
rigi
„gmiruli“
qmedebebiT,
rogoricaa
navis
gadabruneba da mtrebis daxrCoba. meore SemTxvevaSi Txroba warimarTeba
mTxrobelis
mier
arCeuli
gziT,
romelic
gmiris
gonebrivi
gansjis
gverdiT ayenebs sxva alternativas: heroizmi gamoixateba swored adamianuri
survilebis daokebaSi (am SemTxvevaSi
gmiris mier sxvaTa mokvdinebis
survilis CaxSobaSi) da amdenad mas aqcevs axal adamad.
moTxrobis
perspeqtividan
siuJetis
movlenebis
gadmocemaSi
Sefaseba,
ZiriTadi
riTac
principia
gadmocemulia
Sinagani
gmirsa
da
mTxrobels Soris SemecnebiTi da emociuri siaxlove. sityvis gamoxatvis
sxvadasxva forma gansazRvravs mTxrobelis gmiris ideebTan Tanxvedrisa
Tu
dapirispirebis
dones.
gansakuTrebiT
moTxrobis
dasawyisSi
91
substituciuri
damTxveva,
fraza
SeiZleba
romelic
sazogadoebis
gagebul
adamianuri
modelis
iqnas
rogorc
urTierTobebis
Carevebs
ewinaaRmdegeba.
ideologiuri
xelisSemSleli
sigiJe
gmirisTvis
warmoadgens erTgvar gansacdelsa da gamocdas, romelic misi gansjis
unaris paralizebasac axdens, xolo mogvianebiT mas aiZulebs imoqmedos
maTi
CanacvlebisaTvis.
romelic
moTxrobis
gadmoscems
etapobrivad
gmiris
sruldeba
dasasruls
Zalzed
akviatebuli
Sereuli
gabeduli
survilis
tipis
naTqvami,
gegmebis
monaxazs,
sisruleSi
moyvanis
warmoCeniT, rac aRrmavebs wesrigis rRvevas. am momentSi ganmeorebis xerxi
TxrobaSi statikurs xdis yvela dinamikur motivs. gmiroba anu heroizmi ar
gamoixateba STambeWdavi survilebis asrulebaSi, aramed is mdgomareobs
gare
zemoqmedebisgan
gaTavisuflebuli
piradi
survilebis
msxverplad
SewirvaSi.
ibadeba
kiTxva,
Tu
ra
mizans
emsaxureba
mwerliseuli
Careva
nawarmoebis dasasruls. gmiris Tvalsawieridan danaxuli finali iqneboda
SeyvarebulTa saboloo SeerTeba, romelic SesabamisobaSi ver movidoda
bednier
dasasrulTan,
ramdenadac
sayvareli
arsebis
gadarCenas
Tan
mohyveboda pirveladi wesrigis darRveva. amgvarad, moTxrobis warmmarTveli
konfliqtis SemoTavazebuli gadawyveta eTanxmeba moTxrobis kompoziciur
organizacias. nawarmoebi warmogvidgens gmiris Sinagan samyaroSi mimdinare
peripetiebs,
romelic
cvlis
adamians
da
ara
mdgomareobebs.
avtoris
ideologia SemdegSi mdgomareobs: udidesi gmiroba mdgomareobs Cveni Tavis
gawirvaSi,
rasac
sabolood
samyaros
siyvarulisken
mivyavarT.
amdenad
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom konfliqti am SemTxvevaSi erTfiguriania da igi
mTavari gmiris Sinagan samyaroSi mimdinareobs. es aris konfliqti gmiris
survilsa (sayvareli arsebis xelSi Cagdeba) da arsebul realobas Soris.
sabolood,
gmiri
kacTmokvdinebis
sisusted.
borot
piriqiT,
warmoadgens
urigdeba
Tavis
ganzraxvaze,
mdgomareobas,
rac
pirvelyofil-instiqtur
WeSmariti
gmirobis
magaliTs.
ar
SeiZleba
survilebze
es
ideaa
uars
ambobs
CaiTvalos
maRla
swored
mis
dadgoma
Cadebuli
moTxrobis saTaurSive: erTi mxriv dgas siyvaruli, meore mxriv _ gmiroba.
92
nawarmoebis
dasasruls
mkiTxvelisagan
warmoadgens
mTxrobeliseuli
nakarnaxeb
ukanasknel
mkiTxvelisadmi
ironias,
Careva,
wuTs
miRebul
romliTac
emsgavseba
ra
gadawyvetilebas,
iribad
xazi
esmeba
nawarmoebSi mxatvrulad gadmocemul ideologias. problemis gadawyvetis
am
konkretul
SemTxvevaSi
gamoyenebuli
xerxi
sinamdvileSi
sruliad
Tanamimdevrulia moTxrobis kompoziciuri organizaciis, dro-sivrciTi Tu
Txrobis
principebisa.
zemoTqmulidan
gamomdinare,
nawarmoebis
warmmarTveli konfliqtis struqtura grafikulad ase SeiZleba gamovsaxoT:
II-V scenebi
VII-XII scenebi
I scena
VI scena
RiorRisis inertuloba
warsulis gaxseneba
nawarmoebis
kompoziciuri
XIV scena - bedTan Serigeba
XIII scena
organizaciis
arxondos motacebis gegma
paralelurad,
sainteresoa,
gamoyofil scenebs Soris dro-sivrciTi erTianobis mixedviT, Tu rogor
aris
daculi
qronologiuri
Tanamimdevroba.
am
dakvirvebis
Sedegad
miviReT Semdegi sqema:
1. RiorRisisa da arxondos bavSvoba;
2. RiorRisis profesiul warsuli;
3. RiorRisis dabruneba, siRuranZasis davaleba;
4. dedasTan vaxSmobis scena;
5. navSi dabruneba da Zili;
6. arxondos qorwilis xmaurisgan gamoRviZeba;
7. motacebis gegma;
8. siRuranZasis stumroba axaldaqorwinebulebTan;
9. naviT mogzaurobis scena;
10. RiorRisis saboloo inertuloba.
93
qronologiurad
TanamimdevrobiT
dalagebuli
nawildebian:
movlenebi
10-3-2-4-5-6-1-3-4-5-6-7-8-7-9.
TxrobaSi
Semdegi
saxezea
warsulSi
retrospeqtuli dabrunebis ori SemTxveva, romelSic erTi mxriv, aqcenti
keTdeba
mTavari
gmiris
grZnobis
dabadebaze,
Tu
rogor
gaicno
da
Seuyvarda arxondo, xolo meore mxriv, mkiTxvels obieqturi informacia
miewodeba RiorRisis profesiul warsulTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor gaxda
is navis mesakuTre. am ori epizodis gamoklebiT, vxedavT, rom Cven winaSea
Txrobis imgvari xerxi, rodesac ambis Semadgeneli gansazRvruli momentebi
orjer meordeba (3, 4, 5, 6, 7) da rogorc ukve davinaxeT, kompoziciuri
organizaciis TvalsazrisiT paraleluri dayofis princips efuZneba. Tumca
es ganmeorebebi erTi da imave xerxiT ar muSaoben. siRuranZasis davaleba
da
dedasTan
vaxSmobis
scena
warmogvidgeba
ara
rogorc
ubralod
ganmeorebadi epizodebi, aramed siuJetSi informaciis Semavsebeli funqcia
akisriaT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, marTalia, sixSiris Tanaxmad saxezea
ganmeoreba, magram sinamdvileSi Txroba mimarTulia ambis Semadgeneli erTi
da imave epizodis mimarT im mizniT, rom moqmedebis ganviTarebaSi ar
datovos raime sicariele da xarvezi. amgvari sicariele ar gamoixateba
romelime
konkretuli
winamorbedi
informaciis
gadafarvaSi,
aramed
vizualuri kuTxis SecvlaSi. amgvarad, ganmeoreba gulisxmobs erTsa da
imave
droiTi
aTvlis
wertilSi
dabrunebas
da
ara
am
wertilSi
gadmocemul informacias. ukve ganvlil wertilSi xelmeored dabruneba
emsaxureba personaJTa moqmedebebisa da sityvebis alternatiuli kuTxiT
gaSuqebas, rac amdidrebs da damatebiTi informaciiT avsebs Tavdapirvelad
monaTxrob ambavs. kerZod, RiorRisis vaxSami dedasTan da navSi daZinebis
survili pirvelad warmodgenilia RiorRisis poziciidan (papadiamandisi
1985: 168). am epizodSi dafarulia da ar Cans arc arCevanis winaSe mdgari
gmiris
gadawyvetilebis
da
arc
dedis
SemoTavazebuli
winadadebis
namdvili mizezi. rodesac igive scena ramdenime xanSi isev meordeba, is ukve
sxva
perspeqtividanaa
danaxuli
da
Sesabamisad,
zemoaRniSnuli
orive
mizezi gamoaSkaravebulia. amasTanave, naTlad Cans, rom orive personaJi
gauTviTcnobierebelia
siuJetis
ganviTarebis
erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanes
94
detalSi: RiorRisma icis, rom Tavis naviT unda gadaiyvanos patarZali,
Tumca ar icis konkretulad vin; dedam ki icis, rom arxondo Txovdeba,
magram verc ki warmoudgenia, rom bedis ironiiT swored RiorRiss daevala
misi naviT gadayvana. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Txrobis doneze amgvari saxis
ganmeorebebi miuTiTebs enis erTgvarovan bunebaze, romelsac ar SeuZlia
erTdroulad
moqmedebac,
gadmosces
gansjaca
sxvadasxva
da
kuTxidan
Canafiqric.
danaxuli
Tumca
am
perosonaJis
SemTxvevaSi,
al.
papadiamandisi aRwevs Rirebul esTetikur Sedegs, rodesac erTi da imave
drois monakveTis sxvadasxva poziciidan ganmeorebadi Cveneba erTgvari
moulodnelobis SegrZnebas iwvevs. ufro metic, amiT mkiTxvels mTavar
moqmed
gmirze
ufro
privilegirebul
poziciaSi
ayenebs,
ramdenadac
moqmedebis dawyeba CarTulia pirvelad moxseniebasa da 5-7 epizodebis
ganmeorebas Soris, romlebic Seadgenen siuJetis warmmarTveli konfliqtis
Semadgenel umTavres momentebs.
siuJetis warmmarTveli mTavari motivia gmiris mier gamocanis amoxsna.
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
gza,
amosaxsnelad
Zalzed
romelsac
hgavs
RiorRisi
mkiTxvelis
gaivlis
dakvirvebis
am
gamocanis
process,
roca
am
ukanasknelis mxridanac saWiroa teqstSi dafaruli saidumlos amoxsna.
RiorRisis mier mis garSemo arsebuli sinamdvilis Secnobis procesSi
gamovyofT Semdeg fazebs:
1. pasuxi,
romelic
formulirebulia
SeiZleba
SecdomaSi
sinamdvilesTan
Seyvanis
axlos
mizniT:
„es
idges,
patarZali?“
(papadiamandisi 1985: 168);
2. pasuxi,
romelic
dainteresebas:
saidumlos
„netav
malavs
sxva
da
xazs
patarZlebi
usvams
ar
gmiris
arseboben?“
(papadiamandisi 1985: 169);
3. gmiris kiTxvaze sanaxevrod gacemuli pasuxi, riTac saidumlos
naxevrad farad exdeba: „iqneb niSnoba hqondaT“ (papadiamandisi
1985: 173);
4. simarTlis
sabolood
dadgena:
„nuTu
marTali
iyo?
nuTu
arxondo Txovdeba?“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 174).
95
gamocanis
amosaxsnelad
saWiroa
siuJetis
pirdapiri
mimarTulebiT
ganviTareba, risTvisac Txroba mimarTavs ganmeorebis xerxs. es, pirvel
rigSi,
ama
Tu
ganmeorebiTi
im
scenisa
CvenebiT
da
da
meore
gmiris
mxriv,
gaucnobierebeli
gamocanis
amoxsnis
reaqciebis
procesSi
informaciulad Semavsebeli retrospeqtuli Txrobis gamoyenebiT miiRweva.
Sesabamisad,
RiorRisis
gansja
wydeba
da
mkiTxveli
gamocanis
pasuxs
mTavar gmirze adre igebs droSi ukan dabrunebiT. amis Sedegad, mkiTxvelma
winaswar icis pasuxi da ubralod akvirdeba RiorRiss, Tu rogor cdilobs
is Tavisi mdgomareobis gacnobierebas siRuranZasis sityvebisa da arxondos
saxlSi zeimis urTierTdakavSirebiT. ufro metic, scenis ganmeoreba, iseve
rogorc retrospeqtuli TxrobiT moqmedebis erTgvari dayovneba, zrdis am
scenis xangrZlivobas da RiorRisis xanmokle gansjis periods gadaaqcevs
xangrZlivad, riTac erTgvarad Cerdeba yvela saxis moqmedeba.
amgvarad,
epizodis
ganmeoreba,
romelic
ar
Seesabameba
konkretul
ambavs, aferxebs yovelgvar moqmedebas da TiTqos drois gasvlas uSlis
xels.
moqmedebis
romelic
amgvari
gamoixateba
gaTviTcnobierebaSi,
SeCereba
mTavari
balansirdeba
gmiris
winaaRmdegobis
umoqmedoba-inertulobaSi.
am
gagebiT
mxridan
gawevis
Sinagani
ganviTarebiT,
sakuTari
mdgomareobis
dagegmvasa
SegveZlo,
gvesaubra
da
saboloo
mniSvnelobis
doneze kidev erTi saxis ganmeorebis Sesaxeb: yovelTvis, rodesac erTi da
igive motive meordeba, anu yovelTvis, roca RiorRisi fiqrobs problemis
gadawyvetis gzebze, Txroba zrdis fiqris dros da mas gadaaqcevs erTgvar
moqmedebis
drod,
rac
Tavis
mxriv,
iwvevs
sxva
danarCeni
moqmedebis
Sewyvetas.
aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom Txroba iwyeba im epizodidan, romelic Txrobis
qronologiurad
dalagebul
mwkrivSi
ukanasknel
adgilzea.
siCume
da
uZraoba, romelic sruldeba erTgvari wyvetiT, Tavdapirvelad SeiZleba
gagebul iqnas rogorc movlenaTa ganviTarebis dasawyisi. magram moTxrobis
dasasruls vxvdebiT, rom saqme exeba RiorRisis gonebrivi gansjis process,
romelic moqmedebis suraTad aris warmodgenili. iseve rogorc moTxrobis
96
dasasruls
gmiri
aqac
Semoifargleba
dumiliTa
da
uZraobiT
Tavisi
ganzraxvis sisruleSi moyvanis nacvlad.
kritikos m. xrisanTopulosis azriT, „nawarmoebSi zRva (moqmedebis
adgili),
Rame
(moqmedebis
dro),
ocnebebi,
fantaziebi
da
siyvaruli
upirispirdeba xmeleTs, dRis sinaTles, Sromas, socialur realobasa da
TviTuaryofas.
moqmedebis
dro
da
adgili
isev
da
isev
warmoadgenen
erTgvar urTierTmonacvle metaforebs, romlis mizania erTgavari wreSi
brunvis
SegrZnebis
TviTorientacias.
gamowveva,
rac
saTauridan
zrdis
meditaciasa
gamomdinare,
da
moTxrobaSi
xazs
usvams
survili
da
moqmedeba, erotikuli da heroikuli erTmaneTis mimarT srul harmoniaSi
modian, magram epilogSi avtori cdilobs, ar Seuracxyos Cveulebrivi
mkiTxvelis
mentaliteti
da
gvTavazobs
kompromiss:
siyvarulisagan
aRtkinebuli da JiniT Sepyrobili mezRvauri egueba sayvareli arsebis
dakargvas
da
amdenad
cxovrebis
kanoni
imarjvebs“
(berZnuli
modernizmi...1997: 72-73).
daskvis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moTxroba „erosi-gmiri“ mkacrad
Camoyalibebuli kompoziciuri organizaciiT gamoirCeva da paraleluri
dayofis
princips
erTfiguriania
_
eyrdnoba.
mTavari
nawarmoebis
gmiris
Sinagan
warmmarTveli
samyaroSi
konfliqti
mimdinareobs
da
zigzagiseburad viTardeba. avtoris mier warmodgenili finali saboloo
saxes iRebs movlenaTa logikuri Sedegidan gamomdinare. marTlac, Txrobis
ganmeorebadi
moqmedebis
elementebidan
ganviTarebis
siuJetis
drois
mimarTuleba
organizebis
ganicdis
saSualebiT
sammag
dayofas,
romelTaganac TiToeuli momenti ganivrcoba da swored es gangrZobiToba
gvamzadebs
Cven,
rom
miviRoT
logikur
tendenciasTan
SeTanxmebuli
dasasruli, romelic TavisTavSi moicavs garegnul uZraobas. swored amiT
sunTqavs es moTxroba, rogorc kargad organizebuli mTlianoba.
4.
„sulebi mdinareSi“
al. papadiamandisis moTxroba „sulebi mdinareSi“, romelic daiwera
1900 wels, avtobiografiul xasiaTs atarebs. masSi aRwerilia aTi wlis
97
mTxrobelis
ori
gansacdeli,
romelsac
erTsa
da
imave
dRes
hqonda
adgili. pirveli iyo cxenis mier patara aleqsandrosis gataceba, xolo
meore _ TanatolebTan erTad mdinareSi TamaSis dros gzis abneva da
dakargva.
nawarmoebi
iwyeba
in medias res.
moTxrobaSi
aRweril
orsave
gansacdels Txrobis doneze adgili aqvs manamde, vidre siuJetSi maTi
namdvili
rigi
movidodes.
amgvarad,
winaswar
vigebT
SemdgomSi
ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sesaxebac. mkiTxvelis aRqmaSi imis garkveva, Tu
ra moxdeba icvleba kiTxviT, Tu rogor moxdeba. s. rimonis azriT, „amgvari
wyvetis gamoyeneba ucxo araa avtobiografiuli TxrobisTvis, radganac misi
retrospeqtuli xasiaTidan gamomdinare mkiTxvelisaTvis bunebrivad xdeba
miniSneba momavalze, romelic ukve warsulad aris gadaqceuli“ (rimoni
1976: 44).
kompoziciuri organizaciis TvalsazrisiT nawarmoebi iyofa Semdeg
nawilebad:
I. prologi _ bunebis aRwera (papadiamandisi 1985: 237);
II. pirveli
gansacdeli:
gmiris
cxenis
mier
gatacebis
scena
(papadiamandisi 1985: 238-240);
dro: ioane naTlismcemlis TaviskveTis wina dRe (26 seqtemberi);
adgili: taZris midamoebi;
personaJebi:
mTxrobeli,
mamamisi,
soflis
dedakacebi,
gamcilebeli;
III. xerimonas mdinaris aRwera (papadiamandisi 1985: 241-242);
IV. meore gansacdeli: gzis abnevisa da mTxrobelis dakargvis scena
(papadiamandisi 1985: 243-245);
dro: 26 seqtemberi;
adgili: xerimonas mdinaris kalapoti;
personaJebi: mTxrobeli, misi Tanatolebi, soflis ori dedakaci;
V. mwyemsi biWisa da misi dis gamoCena (papadiamandisi 1985: 246-247);
VI. moxuci beris gamocxadebis scena (papadiamandisi 1985: 247-248).
dakvirvebuli
mkiTxveli
maSinve
SeamCnevs
I-III-V
scenebs
Soris
simetriul Sesabamisobas, sadac bunebis suraTebis aRwerebi batonobs. aseve
98
aSkaraa II-IV-VI scenebis urTierTmimarTeba. amgvarad, moTxrobis sulebi
mdinareSi kompoziciuri organizacia ufro axlosaa paraleluri dayofis,
Tu ase SeiZleba iTqvas, klasikur anu homerosiseul sqemasTan, gansxvaveba
mxolod isaa, rom am SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebulia ara dublirebis, aramed
gasammagebis principi, romelic grafikuli sqemis saxiT pirobiTad amgvarad
SeiZleba gadmoices: aba’b’a’’b’’ an ufro martivad, rogorc: ababab.
Tuki yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT prologis Tanamimdevrobas, davinaxavT,
rom mTxrobeli pirvel gansacdels ukve momxdarad miiCnevs maSin, roca
meore
jer
kidev
mosaxdenia.
ukve
prologSive
mTxrobelis
naTqvami
ganasxvavebs or movlenas, romelic ambis doneze Tanabari mniSvnelobisaa:
„ori cduneba . . . ori gansacdeli“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 237) da erTsa da
imave dRes viTardeba.
TxrobaSi pirvelad warmodgenilia peizaJis aRwera, romelsac gmiri
pirveli
gansacdelis
axlandel
droSi
Semdeg
xedavs.
mimdinareobs,
es
aRwera,
gamoaaSkaravebs
romelic
gramatikul
„me-mTxrobelis“ * …aRqmas.
SesaZloa, vinmem ivaraudos, rom awmyo dro gamoxatavs bunebis diaqronul
zedroul, maradiul arsebobas, romelsac ar aqvs istoria da arc adamianis
msgavsad ganicdis saxecvlilebas, amdenad, rCeba ucvleli da erTgvarad
aerTianebs „me“-s, romelic cxovrobs da „me“-s, romelic mogviTxrobs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aRwerilia is adgili, romelsac gmiri pirvelad
xedavs, es aRwera ar efuZneba erT kvleviT sqemas. swored „me-mTxrobelis“
gamo
aRwera
pasuxobs
klasikuri
Tematikas,
anu
realisturi
xerxiTaa
„mSvenierebisagan
gadmocemuli
brwyinvale
.
.
ise,
.
rom
midamos“
(papadiamandisi 1985: 237). ramdenadac, mSveniereba momdinareobs adgilTa
harmoniuli
semantikur
monacvleobidan,
doneze
aRwerac
harmoniuli
Sesabamisad
monacvleobis
misdevs
safuZvels
leqsikurdamyarebuli
aRweris organizebis gansazRvrul CarCoebs (maRla_zemoT/qvemoT/irgvliv).
maRla mdebareobs eklesia, qvemoT _ zRva, romelic isea aRwerili, TiTqos
gvTavazobs sulierisa da xorcielis Serwymas. maT Soris ki moqceuli
*
termini Εγώ-αφηγητής mogvyavs wignidan Φαρίνου - Μαλαματάρη Γ., Αφηγηματικές τεχνικές στον
Παπαδιαμάντη 1887-1910, Κέδρος, 1987.
99
borcvebi
da
ferdobebi.
nawilebs,
kldeebis
gvalvasa
da
rac
sami
Seexeba
Sedgenili
gansazRvreba,
unayofobas,
Canacvldeba
romelic
Semasmenlis
gamoxatavs
mcenareebis
saxelad
siSiSvles,
suraTebiT
(veluri
zeTisxili, kanafi). sabolood, am suraTs cvlis zRvis xmauriani zedapiri
da fskeri Tavisi eniTaRuwereli idumalebiT. bunebis wonasworoba xdeba
mizezi gmiris am momentisaTvis darRveuli wonasworobiT misi Canacvlebisa.
am epizodSi aRwerili garemo exmianeba gardauval sikvdils gadarCenili
gmiris
sixaruls.
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
gmiri
sikvdils
dausxlta
am
epizodamde, magram Txrobis TanamimdevrobaSi cxenis mier misi gatacebis
scena mosdevs bunebis aRweras.
sikvdilisagan
personaJis
gadarCenis
TvaliT
danaxuli
scena
gadmocemulia
kuTxidan.
am
xerxiT,
ZiriTadad
mTavari
mTxrobels
eZleva
saSualeba, rom aRweros mamamisisa da soflis qalebis reaqciebi. rac
Seexeba Tavad mis reaqcias, gmiri xazs usvams, rom „ar maxsovs, zustad ras
vgrZnobdi“
(papadiamandisi
meTodurad
miiwevs
win,
1985:
raTa
239).
mTeli
aCvenos,
rom
aRweris
bavSvobis
ganmavlobaSi
yvelaze
igi
umZimes
wuTebSic ki ar SeuZlia, SiSma Seipyros. es ukanaskneli sustdeba sxva
SegrZnebebTan aRreviT, rogoricaa safrTxis mimzidveloba, sazogadoebrivi
yuradRebis
mipyrobiT
gamowveuli
TviTkmayofileba,
moulodneli
dasasruliT gamowveuli gamarjvebis sixaruli. gmiris SiSis ganeitraleba
winaaRmdegobaSi
modis
SeSfoTebuli
mamis
reaqciasTan,
romelic
etapobrivad sustdeba, radganac 10 wlis gmiris poziciidan molaparake
mTxrobeli am epizodis dasasruls xazs usvams safrTxis winaSe bavSvis
gauTviTcnobiereblobas da siymawvilis xanas warmogvidgens iseT periodad,
rodesac Tavad saswaulic ki Cveulebriv da bunebriv movlenad aRiqmeba
(moxucis gamocxadebis scena). dialogis saSualebiT mTxrobeli tragikuls
aqcevs
komikurad.
ganisazRvreba
dasasruls
Txrobis
ki,
SiSiT
xangrZlivobasTan
miRebuli
misi
STabeWdilebebi
dakavSirebiT:
„im
SiSis
STabeWdileba Cem sulSi imden xans ar gagrZelebula, ramden xansac am
ambis moyola“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 240). rogorc viciT, berZnulad termini
„διήγησις“ niSnavs moTxrobasac da Txrobasac. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
100
Txroba,
Cveulebriv,
Tavis
droiTi
xangrZlivobis
TavSi
gareSe,
moicavs
am
erT
frazaSi
momentalur
mTxrobelis
moqmedebas
mier
terminis
„διήγησις“ gamoyeneba, g. genetis azriT, „savaraudod, miemarTeba teqstis
konkretul epizodsa da wakiTxvis xangrZlivobas“ (geneti 1980: 223). amgvari
Sefaseba gulisxmobs gansacdelis xangrZlivobis raRac umcires dros da
ramdenadme aTanasworebs ambis miTopoetur elements Cven winaSe gadaSlil
realur teqstTan.
mdinare xerimonas aRwerasac, romelic mosdevs gmiris sikvdilisgan
gadarCenis scenas, mTxrobeli aseve awmyo droSi awarmoebs da obieqturad
svams im CarCoSi, romelSic gaTamaSdeba momdevno scena anu gaucxoebisa da
xetialis, Tavis TavSi Caketvisa da WeSmariti gzidan acdenis drama (gzis
dabneva da gmiris dakargvis epizodi).
aRweras
daxarisxeba-klasifikaciis
amis gamo, mTxrobelis mier mdinaris
erTgvari
saxe
aqvs,
raTa
momdevno
scenis mimarT balansi SeinarCunos. imis miuxedavad, rom am aRweriT ar
gvebadeba
daukmayofileblobis
gancda,
terminologia
da
Sedgenili
Semasmenlis saxeladi nawilebi imgvaradaa agebuli, rom mudmivi Sedarebadapirispireba qmnis dabalansebis SegrZnebas da opoziciuri elementebis
saboloo
neitralizacias.
unayofobas,
mousavlianobas
upirispirdeba
nayofiereba, uxvmosavlianoba, kolosalur sidides upirispirdeba patara
sivrce, vertikalurs _ horizontaluri, qedmaRlobas _ sinanuli, gvalvas _
wyali, gauCinarebas _ gamoCena da a. S. am epizodSi aRweras aRviqvamT
rogorc ukiduresobaTa neitralizaciiT miRebul Tanasworobas. swored
amgvar garemoSi viTardeba momdevno IV scena, romelic iwyeba mTavari
gmirisadmi
sruldeba
SevafasebT,
Tanatolebis
gzis
dabneviTa
meore
mtruli
da
gansacdeli
damokidebulebis
mTxrobelis
pirvel
gamovlinebiT
dakargviT.
gansacdelze
obieqturad
ufro
da
Tu
naklebi
mniSvnelobisaa riskis TvalsazrisiT, magram moTxrobaSi is imgvarad aris
warmodgenili, rom ufro meti datvirTva eZleva, vidre cxenis mier bavSvis
gatacebis scenas. am scenaSi ubralo
movlena
gamdidrebulia
faruli
mizezebiT, axsna-ganmartebebiTa da cnobebiT, romlebic amasobaSi gaxda
xelmisawvdomi. mTxrobeli miznad isaxavs enobriv doneze gmiris mier
101
siuJetSi
ganvlili
gzis
paralelurad
iaros.
aqedan
gamomdinare,
IV
scenaSi saxeze gvaqvs erTgvari gza gmiris Tvalsawieridan danaxulsa da
mTxrobelis Tvalsawieridan danaxuls Soris.
mdinareSi TanatolebTan erTad Sesvlis epizodi gadmocemulia gmiris
perspeqtividan, romelic nawarmoebSi enobriv doneze gansxvavebul elfers
iZens (mag. mokle, sxarti da lakonuri frazebi). gmirma ar icis, an ar
SeuZlia Seafasos adamianuri boroteba, romelic masSi tkivils iwvevs.
yovelive
amas
TxrobaSi
amatebs
mTxrobeli,
romelic
sakuTar
Tavze
rogorc mTavar gmirze Seqmnili STabeWdilebis rRvevis gareSe, amatebs am
SeniSvnas
_
momdevno
periodSi
SeZenili
gamocdilebidan
gamomdinare
Camoyalibebul Tavis azrs. warsulis Cveneba ukve aRaraa aRqma, aramed aris
is, rac aRqmas gadaaqcevs azrad, Sexedulebad. amgvarad, moTxroba areklavs
im
cvlilebas,
romelsac
mivyavarT
mTxrobelis
mowifuli
asakis
mdgomareobamde. yovelive zemoTqmuli naTlad Cans im or Tanmimdevrul
SedarebaSi,
romelTac
mimarTebaSi.
mTxrobeli
Tanatoli
bavSvebi
iyenebs
Tavis
mowinaaRmdegeebTan
Tavdapirvelad
Sedarebulni
arian
kiborCxalebTan (papadiamandisi 1985: 242). saubaria Sedarebaze, romelic
gadataniTi
xsenebul
miSvnelobiT
garemosTan,
gamoxatavs
Tanadroulobasa
SemTxvevaSi
moqmedebis
am
da
msgavsebas
adgilTan
kontaqtis
saSualebiT. ufro qvemoT, bavSvebi Sedarebulni arian aseve xorcSesxmul
moCvenebebTan erTgvari metaforuli xerxiT, romelic gamoxatavs udroobas
da
qmnis
analogiebs
daSorebulni
saqcieli
arian
im
wyaroebTan
moqmedebis
izolirebul
(mTxrobelis
adgilsa
mniSvnelobas
da
dros.
kargavs
da
azrebi),
romlebic
amgvarad,
iZens
bavSvis
diaqronul
mniSvnelobas, romelic ganivrcoba gzis abnevisa da mTxrobelis dakargvis
epizodSi.
mokled rom SevajamoT, II scenaSi mTxrobelis pozicia gmiris xmasa da
xedvaSi
fiqsirdeba
mTxrobelisuli
maSin,
Sefaseba
roca
emateba
IV
scenaSi
gmiris
aRqmas.
momxdari
movlenebis
perspeqtivisa
da
xmis
amgvari monacvleoba xazs usvams bavSvis ucodvelobas, romelic batonobs
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, da fsiqologiur Tu ideologiur transformacias,
102
rasac adgili aqvs meore SemTxvevaSi. rac Seexeba aRwerasa da gzaabneuli
mTxrobelis xetialis mniSvnelobas, Tavad moTxroba gvibiZgebs imisken, rom
is alegoriulad gavigoT: „roca vixseneb axla Cemi bavSvobisdroindel im
ambavs, meCveneba, rom mTeli Cemi cxovrebis alegoria iyo“ (papadiamandisi
1985: 243). erTi ubralo da
damekarga“)
_
mniSvnelobas
gadaxveva
calke mdgomi epizodi _ bavSvis xetiali („gza
alegoriulad
iZens
rogorc
WeSmariti
gzidan,
wakiTxvis
SemTxvevaSi
mogzauroba
rasac
mTel
maSinve
paradigmatul
cxovrebaSi,
mosdevs
rogorc
adamianis
saxis
erTianobis dakargva. am momentSi TxrobaSi saxezea gramatikuli drois
cvlac. namyo sruli droidan (aoristi) namyo usrul droze (paratatikosi)
gadasvla erT konkretul pirovnul gamocdilebas aniWebs ganzogadebul
saxes da SesaZlebelia kerZodan sazogadoebriv donemde iqnas ayvanili:
„avdiodi da mivuyvebodi dinebas da ufro da ufro vkargavdi gzas. Cem Tavs
ara
Tu
vpoulobdi,
piriqiT
vkargavdi.
oh,
Turme,
gza
ambneoda“
(papadiamandisi 1985: 243).
marTlac, am scenis saSualebiT moTxroba ukve aRar warmogvidgens
mxolod erTi pirovnebis konkretul gamocdilebas, romelic Tavis mxriv
araa yuradRebis mipyrobis Rirsi obieqti, da xazs usvams mis ganzogadebul
mniSvnelobas.
aTi
papadiamandiseul
wlis
sxva
gmiris
xetialis
aRwerebs.
buneba
aRwera
am
ukve
aRar
hgavs
SemTxvevaSi,
ukve
aRar
warmoadgens sixarulisa da aRtacebis mizezsa Tu safuZvels. piriqiT, is
ukve aris garesamyaros xateba, romlis mimarTac gmiris dapirispireba unda
moxdes.
amis
sagnebTan
Sedegad
misi
aRwera
ubralo
centriskenaa
mimarTebiT,
aramed
mimarTuli:
gamoiyeneba
ar
amoiwureba
rogorc
raRac
ganzogadebuli mniSvnelobis modelad. mTxrobelis mier, romelic amave
dros mTavari gmiria, gadmocemuli am suraTis aRwera Tavis TavSi moicavs
mTel rig safuZvlebs, romlebic gamoaCenen obieqtis mxriv siZneleebis
daZlevis
etapebisa
Ronemixdilobis
da
subieqtis
Tanamimdevrulobas.
(gmiris)
es
mxriv
damcirebisa
Tanamimdevruloba
da
SemdegSi
mdgomareobs: bunebrivi dabrkolebebi (papadiamandisi 1985: 243), adamianuri
sazRvrebidan gamomdinare dabrkolebebi (papadiamandisi 1985: 244), bavSvuri
103
sazRvrebidan gamomdinare dabrkolebebi (papadiamandisi 1985: 244-245), gareSe
pirTa etiologiuri (mizezobrivi) mtrobidan gamomdinare dabrkolebebi
(papadiamandisi 1985: 246-247).
ganvixiloT TiToeuli dabrkoleba cal-calke. bunebrivi dabrkolebebi
mdgomareobs
imaSi,
rom
buneba
urTierTgamomricxavi
opoziciebis
ganwyobili
cariel
garemo.
warmogvidgeba
erTianoba,
sivrceSi
aramed
xmebis
ara
rogorc
gamravlebuli
rogorc
mtrulad
sixSire
Seesatyviseba fonetikur doneze bgeris gadmocemis erTgvar tendencias (mag.
„Λάκκι“ (Txrili) _ „λεκάναι“ (niJara, auzi). aseve sityvis „βράχος“ (klde)
ganmeoreba leqsikur doneze Seesatyviseba aRweris uaryofiT tons. garda
amisa,
sivrceSi
gadmocemuli
moZraobis
TiToeuli
Semaferxebeli
frazis
dasawyissa
winaRobebi
da
xatobrivadaa
dasasruls
(frialo,
wawvetebuli kldeebi/veluri, ekalbardiani buCqebi). dasasruls, aRsaweri
obieqtis gansazRvruli CarCoebi (zemoT/qvemoT) sinamdvileSi warmoadgens
erTi da imave sagnis (am SemTxvevaSi gmiris gamouvali mdgomareobis) or
mxares: „daveci/vcdilobdi amoforTxebas /sadac verc erTi sulieri ver
Cava“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 244).
gmiris brZolisa da winaaRmdegobis gawevis mcdelobebis miuxedavad
peizaJi
radikalurad
ar
cvlis
mis
beds.
garesamyaro
aRiwereba
ara
moqmedebiTi gvaris saSualebiT rogorc sanaxaoba, aramed ufro metad
vnebiTi
gvaris
saSualebiT
rogorc
ganSorebiTa
da
marto
darCeniT
gamowveuli STabeWdileba. am SegrZnebas amZafrebs uaryofiTi mniSvnelobis
predikativebis ganmeoreba an zedsarTavis saxelebis saxiT (miuwvdomeli,
daukavSirebeli),
an
uaryofiTi
frazebis
saxiT
(napiris
gareSe,
sanapirosgareSe), aseve damamcirebeli kninobiTi saxelebis (rwyilisdari
kacuna)
Tu
sityvaTSexamebebis
sivrcis
(ramdenad
daSorebis
Sors)
aRsaniSnavad
gamoyeneba.
gamoyenebuli
paradoqsuli
da
moulodneli gziT adamianTagan momdinare es dabrkolebac gadalaxulia. am
dros ki Tavs iCens sxva saxis siZnele, romelic gamomdinareobs bavSvebis
damokidebulebidan
da
sityvebidan.
am
epizodSi
mTxrobelsa
da
gmirs
Soris gansxvaveba naTlad Cans. aTi wlis gmirTan SedarebiT zrdasruli
104
mTxrobelis
gamocdileba
naklebobasac
gmiri
da
ostatoba
ganicdis,
aris
aSkarad
sityvebis
SeimCneva.
maragi
da
is,
ris
urTierTobis
dasamyareblad saWiro meTodologia, mTxrobeli ki am yoveliveTi ukve
aRWurvilia da saTanadodac iyenebs. patara gmirma ar icis geografiuli
adgilebis saxelwodebebi _ kaminicas wisqvili (papdiamandisi 1985: 245) _,
arc suraTis aRweris xerxebi: „ar vicodi Cemi sityvebiT rogor gadmomeca“
(papadiamandisi 1985: 245).
cnobilia,
rom
sakuTari
saxelis
gamoyenebis
dros
nagulisxmebi
unikaluroba gansazRvravs aseve geografiuli adgilis erTaderTobas da
agreTve mis realur droSi dafiqsirebas. amgvarad, patara gmirma ar icis
saxelwodeba da adgilis saxeldebis nacvlad iyenebs adgilis zmnizedas
“aq”
(papadiamandisi
gansazRvros
sivrcidan
misi
1985:.
245),
kavSiri
gamoyofa,
riTac
sivrcesTan.
romlis
gamoxatavs
swored
Sedegadac
sakuTar
amis
mTavari
uZlurebas,
gamo
xdeba
misi
personaJi
Tavis
Tavs
kargavs. gmiris mier gzis dakargva mis miervea daZleuli ukve mTxrobelad
qcevis
Semdeg,
literaturuli
ramdenadac
kanonebis
mTxrobeli
sivrceSi
sityvebis,
xetialiT
sagnebisa
aRwevs,
rom
da
dagvixatos
imgvari suraTi, romelsac bavSvobis asakSi ver arTmevda Tavs. am momentSi
SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom suraTis amgvari aRwera ZiriTadi Txrobidan
gadaxvevas ar warmoadgens da Sesabamisad ar iwvevs moqmedebis Sewyvetas,
ramdenadac ganisazRvreba gmiris nabijebiTa da mzeriT. misi sityvebis
„kvali“
gadaiqceva
organizebul
naTqvamad,
romelic
asrulebs
gmiris
xetialis msgavs SemecnebiT process.
gzaabneuli gmiris xetialis manZilze adamianebis mizezobrivi mtroba
ukanaskneli
dabrkolebaa.
ararealur,
fantasmagorul
am
suraTis
suraTs.
aRmweri
personaJebi,
gansazRvrebani
romlebic
V
qmnian
scenaSi
ematebian Txrobas (mwyemsi biWi TeTri qitoniT da misi rva wlis da)
aRniSnaven
mtrul
idiliur
garemos,
damokidebulebasTan
romelic
da
winaaRmdegobaSi
adamianuri
modis
urTierTobebis
bunebis
deficitTan.
moulodneli mtroba, romelic iSleba am scenaSi, auxsneli rCeba idiliur
garemoSi
da
ganasaxierebs
samyarosadmi
umwikvlo
mzeris
msxvrevas
105
yoveldRiurobis sisastikis moulodneli gacnobierebiT. gmiris xetiali
Tanatolebis
mosalodneli
gulgrilobis
erTgvari
mtruli
saxe)
damokidebulebis
Sedegia,
rasac
(sazogadoebrivi
mogvianebiT
acnobierebs
mTxrobeli. es moZraoba wriulad mimdinareobs da sruldeba gmiris mimarT
adamianTa
erTi
jgufis
yovelgvar
mizezs
moklebuli
mtruli
damokidebulebiT. Tavad es adamianebi (mwyemsi, misi da) inarCuneben idiliur
saxes zustad imitom, rom saerTod ar aqvT klasobrivi Segneba.
V
scenis
Semdeg
gmiri
gamouval
mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCndeba,
romlisganac Tavis dasaRwevad saWiroa zebunebrivi Zalis Careva. swored
aseT Zalas warmoadgens VI scenaSi didi xnis win gardacvlili moxuci
beris gamocxadeba. masTan kavSiri warmodgenilia ara mTxrobelis mier
Txrobis saSualebiT, aramed uSualod gmiris masTan dialogis saxiT,
romelic efuZneba „absoluturi xsovnis“ pirobiTobas. gmiris gansazRvrul
CarCoebSi amgvari moqceva aRniSnavs sizustes da warmosaxuli Cvenebis
realurobaze miuTiTebs. misi xetiali SesaZloa gadmocemul iqnas aRweris
saSualebiT, magram moxucTan kavSiri ki miekuTvneba uSualo gadacemis
sferos. Tuki „xorcSesxmuli demonebi“ (am SemTxvevaSi bavSvebi mdinareSi)
nawarmoebSi erTgvarad statistebis rols asruleben, uxorco wmindani
„xatebis
mSveniereba“
(papadiamandisi
1985:
amyarebs
urTierTobas
„gaTangul
natanj“
gmirTan.
wmindanis
da
yovlismcodneoba:
247)
dialogis
saSualebiT
(papadiamandisi
„Cven
yvelafers
1985:
245)
vxedavT“
(papadiamandisi 1985: 247) fardas xdis gmiris xetialis namdvil mizezs,
romelic gare pirobebSi (anu mis Tanatol bavSvebSi) ki ar unda veZioT,
aramed Tavad gmirSi (anu mis mier mSoblis rCevis gauTvaliswineblobaSi).
zebunebriv
ZalebTan
adamianebisadmi
Sexebas
Sedegad
damokidebulebisa
da
moaqvs
maTTan
mTavari
pesonaJis
urTierTobebis
sxva
dalageba-
mowesrigeba.
moTxroba sruldeba erTgvari elifsuri xerxis gamoyenebiT: mSobeli
mamis mxridan ar Cans raime mkveTri reaqcia gzaabneuli Svilis mier
xetialisas
Tavs
gadamxdari
ambis
moyolis
epizodSi,
amdenad
„siymawvilisadmi“ simkacre TiTqmis SeumCneveli rCeba. Tumca imis mtkicebac
106
SeuZlebeli, rom gmiris mamas amgvari damokidebuleba hqonoda odesme
Svilis mimarT.
yovelive
konfliqti,
zemoTqmulidan
romelic
gamomdinare
erTfiguriania
da
moTxrobis
mTxrobelis
warmmarTveli
Sinagan
samyaroSi
mimdinareobs, grafikulad Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba gamoisaxos:
prologi
III scena _ xerimonas mdinare
II scena _
V scena _ mwyemsi biWis gamoCena
IV scena _
pirveli gansacdeli
VI scena_
meore gansacdeli
moxuci beris gamocxadeba
nawarmoebis finali amyarebs mosazrebas, rom gmiris xetialis scena
SeiZleba aixsnas rogorc Txrobis saSualebiT sakuTari dakarguli Tavis
reabilitaciis
erTgvari
TviTgamorkvevis
xerxi.
iaraRad.
mTeli
mTxrobelis
Txrobis
mier
manZilze
warsulis
ena
iqceva
mogonebiT
igi
sakuTar Tavs acobierebs awmyoSi: Tavisi bavSvobidan qmnis Tavis namdvil
saxes. ganvlili cxovrebidan ori epizodis warmodgenis gziTMmTxrobeli
SeimuSavebs erTgvar saxes, raTa awmyoSi Tavisi arseboba kidev erTxel
daafiqsiros. II scenisgan gansxvavebiT pirovnul da ganzogadebul doneze
alegoriulad wakiTxuli IV scena anu gmiris xetiali SeiZleba gagebul
iqnas rogorc daumorCileblobis Sedegad gamowveul dacema-degradaciadac,
romlis
Sedegia
damorCileba,
arastumarTmoyvare
sazogadoebidan
gariyva,
garemos
mier
adamianis
martosuloba,
idiliur
damonebagaremoSi
gabatonebuli usamarTlod mtruli damokidebulebisadmi winaaRmdegobis
gaweva. zebunebrivi Zalebis Careva da moxuci beris gamocxadeba erTaderTi
gzaa,
romelsac
Canacvleba
saxisa.
SeuZlia
mSoblisadmi
mTxrobelis
adamiani
gadaarCinos.
daumorCileblobis
mxridan
am
simarTlis
misi
mizeziT
CareviT
xdeba
dakarguli
gmiris
gacnobierebas
ki
Sedegad
mosdevs dumili.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moTxroba „sulebi mdinareSi“”
mkacrad Camoyalibebuli kompoziciuri organizaciiT gamoirCeva, romelic
107
paraleluri
dayofis
princips
efuZneba
da
mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli
siuJetis warmmarTvel konfliqtTan. is erTfiguriani, mTxrobelis Sinagan
samyaroSi mimdinareobs da zigzagiseburad viTardeba.
5. „Sxamisgan ganmkurnavi“
al. papadiamandisis moTxroba „Sxamisgan ganmkurnavi“, romelic 1900
wels
Seiqmna,
avtoriseul
ganmkurnav
avtobiografiuli
mogonebas
wmindan
Tavis
anastasias
xasiaTisaa.
biZaSvil
misi
maxulaze,
evedreba
vaJiSvilis
siuJeti
eyrdnoba
romelic
Sxamisgan
daxsnas
siyvarulis
marwuxebidan. oci wlis win momxdari am ambis mogonebis Semdeg Txroba
gadmodis awmyo droSi, sadac ukve zrdasruli mTxrobeli imave taZris
midamoebSi xetialisas xelaxla xvdeba maxulas.
„Sxamisgan
ganmkurnavi“
al.
papadiamandisis
erT-erT
urTules
nawarmoebadaa miCneuli da arc Tu usafuZvlod. es sirTule, pirvel rigSi,
mdgomareobs
TxrobaSi
droiTi
doneebis
mravalsaxeobriobaSi
(polimeriulobaSi), romlebic zedapirulad sabolood or ZiriTas donemde
_ gmiris warsulsa da awmyomde _ dadis. mas ki sinamdvileSi unda daematos
mTxrobeliseuli
awmyoc.
gmiris
warsuli
naTladaa
gamokveTili
da
mocemulia oci wlis Semdeg gaxsenebis, erTgvari reproduqciis saxiT.
mowifuli gmiris awmyo, romelic moicavs erT dReze ufro xangrZliv
periods, arsobrivad ar eTanxmeba Txrobis awmyos. Tumca imis gamo, rom
Txrobis dro gadmocemulia mxolod sasxvaTaSorisod: „es Cem biZaSvil
maxulasTan Cemi ukanaskneli Sexvedra iqneboda“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 305),
mkiTxvels
iseTi
STabeWdileba
mTxrobeli
erTsa
da
imave
rCeba,
droiT
TiTqos
sartyelSi
mowifuli
moZraoben.
gmiri
da
sinamdvileSi
mTxrobeli ifargleba misi rogorc mTxrobeli gmiris CarCoebiT. amdenad
gmiris mowifulobis periodTan dakavSirebuli Txroba ar mimdinareobs
mogonebis
saxiT
da
Sesabamisad
mas
ar
amoZravebs
TviTreabilitaciis
mizani. am gziT dramatuladaa warmoCenili mTavari gmiris vnebis arsi da
amavdroulad
warmodgena
gamomdinareobs
ZiriTadad,
miznad
sxvadasxva
isaxavs
saidumloc.
siuJetSi
amgvari
warsulis
saxis
awmyoTi
108
Canacvlebas.
es
Canacvleba
dapirispirebiTac,
xazgasmulia
romelic
aseve
amyarebs
movlenebis
Txrobis
msgavseba-dapirispirebis
urTierTmimarTebas xasiaTebis donezec.
kompoziciuri organizaciis TvalsazrisiT nawarmoebi SeiZleba daiyos
Semdeg scenebad:
I. maxulasTan oci wlis winandeli Sexvedris scena (papadiamandisi 1985:
305-306);
II. maxulas vedreba wmindanisadmi (papadiamandisi 1985: 306-307);
III.
mTxrobelis
imave
adgilebSi
mogzauroba
oci
wlis
Semdeg
(papadiamandisi 1985: 307-309);
IV. maxulsaTan meored Sexvedris scena (papadiamandisi 1985: 310);
V. maxulas mier warsulis gaxseneba (papadiamandisi 1985: 311-312);
VI. mTxrobelis mier taZarSi RamisTeva (papadiamandisi 1985: 313-314);
dakvirvebul mkiTxveli maSinve SeniSnavs scenebs Soris paralelur
urTierTmimarTebas.
I
scena
ukavSirdeba
IV
scenas,
ramdenadac
maTSi
mocemulia mTxrobelis Sexvedra maxulasTan mxolod droSi gansxvavebebiT.
II
scenaSi
retrospeqtul
anastasiasadmi
wmindanisadmi
mogonebaSi.
locvis
vedreba
am
airekleba
SemTxvevaSi
aRvlena)
erTi
gadmocemulia
V
da
scenaSi
igive
ori
maxulas
epizodi
(wm.
erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebuli perspeqtividan (mTxrobeli/maxula), rac Tavis mxriv, avsebs
da saboloo saxes aZlevs erT konkretul scenas. III da VI scenebs ki
aerTianebT awmyo droSi ukve daRvinebuli mTxrobelis mogzauroba wm.
anastasias saxelobis taZris midamoebSi.
erTi SexedviT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nawarmoebSi epizodebi erTmaneTis
morigeobiTaa dalagebuli: warsuli _ awmyo _ warsuli _ awmyo. warsuli
gadmocemulia or doneze, kerZod ki, wmindanisadmi maxulas vedrebis scena
warmodgenilia asakSi Sesuli gmiris mogonebis perspeqtividan. maxulas es
qmedeba
danaxulia
gverdidan
da
fotografiulad
gaTavisebulia
axalgazrda gmiris saSualebiT. es scena am xerxiT mistikur elfers iZens:
„es ambavi ucnaurad meCveneboda...“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 306).
109
mogonebis dros mTxrobeli ar mimarTavs raime Sefasebas. piriqiT,
zedapiruli aRwerisgan Seqmnili saidumlo amoixsneba erTgvari saxis iribi
naTqvamiT,
romelic
argumentaciasa
da
didi
raodenobiT
gamonaTqvamebis
Seicavs
maxulas
damaxasiaTebel
motivacia-
Strixebs.
maxula
mimarTavs wmindans dedobrivi mzrunvelobis gamo, radgan surs, sakuTari
vaJiSvili siyvarulisgan gankurnos. igi Tvlis, rom amiTYmis danarCen oTx
qaliSvils SeeSlebaT gaTxovebaSi xeli. SesaZloa mkiTxvelma maxulas
saqcieli ironiulad aRiqvas rogorc araTanmimdevrobis Sedegi: dedobrivi
TanagrZnoba winaaRmdegobaSi modis praqtikul gonebasTan.
warsulSi am dabrunebas (I-II scenebi) enacvleba III scenaSi Txrobis
awmyo droSi gadmosvla: „im droidan ukve oc welze meti gasuliyo...“
(papadiamandisi 1985: 307), romelic exeba ukve zrdasruli gmiris pirad
problemas.
eparqiis
gimnaziis
mesame
klasis
moswavles
axla
ukve
enacvleba-upirispirdeba mowifuli mTxrobeli, romelmac iwvnia „cxovrebis
mTeli
xiblic
da
simwarec“
(papadiamandisi
1985:
309).
II
scenaSi
wmindanisadmi maxulas vedrebas enacvleba III scenaSi mTxrobelis zerele
damokidebuleba vnebisgan gankurnebisadmi. am or scenaSi Soris aRwerili
erTi da imave garemos suraTic radikalurad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan:
odesRac moqmedi taZari axla ukve mitovebulia, maxulas Taflis sanTels
enacvleba xelovnurad damzadebuli yalbi sanTeli. awmyoSi Txrobis toni,
rogorc
es
mTxrobelis
monologidan
Cans,
elegiur
xasiaTs
atarebs.
warsuls, warmodgenils maxulas vedrebiT wmindanisadmi, romlis mimarTac
gmirs umwikvlo ndoba uCndeba, awmyo droSi TanagrZnobiT uyureben. awmyo
Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens dacemisa da gaxrwnis dros maSin, roca warsuli
xasiaTdeba rogorc ucodvelobis, ndobis, siwmindis, saswaulis drod.
III
scenaSi
scenaSi
avtobiografiuli
maxulas
gamoCeniT.
es
Txrobis
elegiuri
ukanaskneli
toni
icvleba
mTxrobelismier
IV
dasmul
SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemiT mogviTxrobs Tavis ambavs. „am SemTxvevaSi
warsuli
TiTqos
siuJetis
awmyoSic
grZeldeba,
Tumca
Txrobis
gansxvavebul doneze. I da II scenebSi moqmedi personaJi maxula IV scenaSi
gadaiqceva
mTxrobelad,
xolo
mis
mier
moyolili
ambavi
_
erTgvar
110
„metaTxrobad“, romelsac zogierTi Tavisebureba axasiaTebs“ (R. farinumalamatari 1987: 277). pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia, rom maxulas monaTxrobi
Sedgeba susti kompoziciuri da urTierTsawinaaRmdego Tematuri kavSiris
mqone ori epizodisgan. Tuki maT davukavSirebT siuJetis sxvadasxva nawils
da miviCnevT, rom isini yovel jerze gansxvavebul mizans emsaxurebian,
maSin es ori epizodi iZens urTierTdamakavSirebel mniSvnelobas. maxulas
naambobis
pirveli
nawili
imeorebs
II
scenaSi
wminda
anastasiasadmi
maxulas vedrebis epizods da damatebiTi StrixebiT mdidrdeba vaJiSvili
manolisis
amJamindeli
ganmeorebiTi
Txroba,
gansxvavebuli
saxiT
mdgomareobis
romelSic
rogorc
aRniSvniT.
erTsa
da
Txrobis,
arsebiTad,
imave
ise
movlenas
stilis
saxezea
vecnobiT
TvalsazrisiTac
(mTxrobelis maRalfardovani stili, maxulas dialeqturi metyveleba). IV
scenaSi warsulSi momxdari movlena ukve aRaraa gaidealebuli da aRarc
saidumlod
warmogvidgeba,
rogorc
es
iyo
I
scenis
SemTxvevaSi.
amis
sapirispirod, maxulas praqtikuli moqmedeba ukve Sefasebulia Sedegebidan
gamomdinare.
am SemTxvevaSi mTxrobeli-gmiri xdeba maxulas „metaTxrobis“ mimRebi
da sokrateseuli xerxiT aCvenebs Tavis arcodnas: „miTxari, TiTqos ar
vicode,
ratom
moiqeci
ase?“
(papadiamandisi
1985:
311),
informaciis
naklebobas da imis survils, rom gaigos, sinamdvileSi ra moxda: „miTxari
yvelaferi, viTom moZRvari viyo, radganac, xom ici, didi xani wasuli
viyavi...“
(papadiamandisi
1985:
311).
maxulas
monaTxrobi
TiTqos
axsna-
ganmartebas iZleva mTxrobelis SekiTxvebze. Tumca daRvinebuli gmiris
kiTxvebze maxulas, erTi SexedviT, axsna-ganmartebiTi pasuxebi sabolood
aRmoCndeba,
dedobrivi
rom
absoluturad
zrunvisgan
ar
momdinare
Seesabameba
paToss,
arc
arc
saidumlos,
maxulas
arc
wmindanisadmi
vedrebis mizezsa Tu Sedegs. am momentSi aSkarad igrZnoba avtoriseuli
ironia,
romelic
ori
mimarTulebiT
iSleba:
erTi
mxriv,
maxulas
moqmedebisken, meore mxriv ki, mowifuli mTxrobeli-gmirisken, romelic
bavSvis
Tvalsawieridan
umwikvlobis
da
amave
warsulis
dros
gaxsenebiT
gansjis
gviCvenebs,
erTgvari
rom
siWabuke
SezRudulobis
xanaa,
111
romelic
daRvinebulma
ukve
gadalaxa,
raTa
amjerad
ukve
sxva
saxis
problemebs gaumklavdes.
amdenad,
maxulas
Txroba
Tavisufldeba
axsna-ganmartebiTi
mniSvnelobisagan da xazs usvams Tematur kavSirs, romelic Seyvarebul
manolissa
da
zrdasruli
gmiris
vnebas
Soris
analogias
eyrdnoba.
manolisis ambavsa da mTxrobeli-gmiris awmyos Soris imdeni saerToa, rom
SegviZlia
vivaraudoT,
rom
(romelic
dasrulebulad
TiTqos
iTvleba)
manolisis
winaswar
istoriisadmi
gansazRvravs
mimarTva
moTxrobis
dasasrulsac da moicavs zrdasruli gmiris momavalsa da mTxrobelis
awmyos Soris arsebul mkiTxvelisTvis amoucob sivrces.
Tuki
maxulas
meore
mogoneba,
romelSic
aRwerilia
misi
sizmari,
efuZneba missave mtkicebas imis Sesaxeb, rom „Sxamisgan ganmkurnavi“ ar aris
kompetenturi, maSin es epizodi winaaRmdegobaSi modis II scenaSi aRweril
epizodTan. magram am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs awmyoSi ukve daRvinebuli
gmiris
analogiuri
warsuli/awmyo
_
reaqciis
aSkaraa,
sapirispiro
mxolod
im
qmedebasTan.
gansxvavebiT,
dapirispireba
rom
am
_
epizodSi
RvTaebrivi Zalis mimarT gmirTa damokidebulebam transformacia ganicada,
rasac
maxula
umklavdeba
SeubRalavi
rwmeniT,
mTxrobeli-gmiri
ki
analogiur SemTxvevaSi alternatiulad reagirebs.
moTxrobis
amgvari
gageba
Txrobis
doneebis
funqcionalur
mniSvnelobaze dayrdnobiT struqturulad xsnis maxulas xasiaTs da im
elementebis dapirispirebas, romlebic Txrobas avseben. maxulas xasiaTi
anu cinizmis, praqtikulobis, umwikvlobisa da rwmenis erTgvari Serwymakombincia ar aris moqmedebis ganviTarebis Sedegi, aramed ufro metad
gansxvavebuli pozicia-perspeqtivis Sedegia, romlis saSualebiT calkeul
SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva kuTxiTaa danaxuli. kerZod ki, maxula yovel jerze
moTxrobis sxvadasxva personaJTan aris dapirispirebuli an dakavSirebuli.
amdenad, misi saxis ramdenadme dagvianebuli aRwera urTierTgamomricxavi
elementebiT
sruldeba
ucnauri
CamonaTvaliT:
„iyo
sarZloc,
RvTismsaxurica da qalic“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 310). Tuki CavTvliT, rom
maxula erTgvar Suamavlis rols asrulebs RmerTsa da vaJiSvils Soris,
112
sityva „ιερέας“ (RvTismsaxuri) iZens imgvar mniSvnelobas, rogoradac mas
aRiqvams patara gmiri. Tumca, Tuki mas SevadarebT manolisis axlandel
mdgomareobas, maSin dedis saxis amgvari aRwera iZens sxva mniSvnelobas.
kerZod ki, maxula rogorc qali, romelsac aqvs „meore axalgazrdoba,
pirvelisgan ufro gafurCqnuli...“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 310) dapirispirebulia
manolisis axlandel mdgomareobasTan, romelic ukve WaRaraSemoreulia.
siuJetis awmyoSi da mowifuli gmiris xasiaTSi araviTari ganviTareba
ar SeiniSneba, TiTqos moTxrobas ar hqondes konfliqtis struqtura. magram
nebismieri Txroba raime struqturis gareSe logikurad warmoudgenelia. s.
Catmans
Tu
davesesxebiT,
„igi
erTmaneTisgan
asxvavebs
kvanZis
gaxsnis
struqturasa da saidumlos amoxsnis struqturas“ (Catmani 1978: 48). pirvel
SemTxvevaSi, romelic axasiaTebs tradiciul ambavs TavgadasavlebiTa da
kvanZis
gaxsniT,
moqmedeba
iqmneba
ganagrZobs
STabeWdileba,
ganviTarebas
TiTqos
da
problema
erTgvari
saxis
daZleulia,
logikuri
Tu
sentimentaluri dasasrulisken mivyavarT. am dros mTavari kiTxva, romelic
logikurad uCndeba mkiTxvels, gaxlavT: „ra moxdeba?“ am kiTxvaze pasuxi
moTxrobaSi
„Sxamisgan
saSualebiT,
sarkis
romelic
funqcias
sapirispirod,
is
damaxasiaTebeli
ganmkurnavi“
mocemulia
gamomdinareobs
asrulebs
mTavari
statikuroba,
niSnebiT
manolisis
rac
gmiris
analogiis
Tavgadasavlisgan
mdgomareobisaTvis.
axasiaTebs
miekuTvneba
iribad
gmiris
saidumlos
awmyos,
amoxsnis
da
amis
Tavisi
struqturas.
kiTxva ukve imaSi aRar mdgomareobs Tu ra moxdeba, radganac ukve Txrobis
dasawyisidan
vaskvniT,
moTxrobaSi
konfliqtis
rom
yvelaferi
ganviTareba
TiTqmis
ar
ucvleli
mdgomareobs
darCeba.
saidumlos
gamoaSkaravebaSi, aramed suraTis warmoCenaSi. misi simZimis centri imdenad
moqmedebaze ar modis, ramdenadac xasiaTebsa da garemoze.
zrdasruli gmiris mdgomareoba mokled SeiZleba SevafasoT rogorc
gamouvali
mdgomareoba.
mTxrobelis
SemosazRvrulobas
daRvinebuli
gmiris CarCoebSi Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs am gamouvali mdgomareobis ara
obieqtur,
aramed
dramatul
warmoCenaSi. R. farinu-malamataris azriT,
„Txrobis es teqnika mkiTxvels ar utovebs siuJetis awmyosa da uSualod
113
Txrobas Soris arsebuli raime droiTi daSorebis SegrZnebas. amgvarad,
mowifuli gmiris awmyos aRviqvamT Txrobis Tanadroulad da ara masze
adre momxdarad. amgvari saxis axsna abaTilebs im warmodgenas, romelic
gabatonebulia uSualobis fsevdogancdis gamo pirvel pirSi Txrobasa da
mesame
pirSi
Txrobas
(farinu-malamatari
ramdenadac
Sefasebulia
gmirs
1987:
Soris
arsebul
gansxvavebebTan
280). *
amgvarad,
vneba
scxvenia
bunebasTan
amis
misi
aRiarebis,
SedarebiTa
ar
aramed
da
dakavSirebiT“
gamoisaxeba
Riad,
warmodgenilia
nawarmoebSi
da
moTxrobil
siyvarulTan misi dapirispirebiT.
Sesabamisad,
mTxrobelis
nawarmoebis
Sinagan
warmmarTveli
samyaroSi
mimdinareobs
konfliqti
da
erTfiguriania,
grafikulad
SeiZleba,
Semdegi saxiT gamoixatos:
II scena
IV scena
wm. anastasiasadmi vedreba
I scena
VI scena
maxulasTan Sexvedra
III scena
maxulasTan Sexvedra
taZarSi RamisTeva
V scena
20 wlis Semdeg mogzauroba
warsulis gaxseneba
buneba erTi mxriv, mdinaris suraTis aRweriTaa warmodgenili, meore
mxriv ki mTvaris Suqisgan TiTqos cecxlwakidebuli xis aRweriT. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi Txroba pirdapir svams analogiis sakiTxs Ramis simSvideSi
gamefebul „xmadaxSul dacemasa“ da „sastik vnebas“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 308)
Soris,
romelic
moCvenebiTi
simSvidis
miRma
stanjavs
gmirs.
meore
SemTxvevaSi mTvaris xateba, romelic orsaxobrivadaa warmodgenili da
sawamlavad iTvleba, xes nakverCxaliviT anaTebs. Zneli ar iqneba bunebis es
ori
suraTi
davukavSiroT
gmiris
vnebis
or
ZiriTad
Taviseburebas
(sastiki/mwveli), romelTac moaqvT TviTdamangreveli Sedegebi.
*
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sainteresod msjelobs a. mendilou, romlis azriT, imis
miuxedavad, rom mesame pirSi da aseve pirvel pirSi mimdinare Txroba miemarTeba warsul
dros, pirvel SemTxvevaSi aRweril moqmedebas aRviqvamT mimdinared maSin, roca meore
SemTxvevaSi aRweril moqmedebas _ ukve ganvlilad (Mendilow A. A., Time and the Novel, Peter Nevill,
London 1952, 107).
114
siyvarulis
bunebas
rogorc
nawarmoebSi
ganmkurnavi“
sicocxlis
mamoZravebeli
ganasaxierebs
wmindani
anastasia:
ara
„Sen,
maxula,
Cemo
grZnobis
aramed
namdvil
„Sxamisgan
sasZlo,
vitanjebi...“
(papadiamandisi 1985: 309). mis garSemo sityvebis korianteli ubralo masalas
warmoadgens maxulas sizmris gadmoscemad. Tuki am kuTxidan mivudgebiT
nawarmoebs,
maSin
gavacnobierebT
dapirispirebas
„erosis
bomonsa“
(papadiamandisi 1985: 310) da „edemis yvavils“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 312) Soris
da
maSin
advilad
gavigebT
wminda
anastasias
saxelobis
eklesiis
maxloblad mdgari gravirebuli Senobis mniSvnelobasac. es ukanaskneli,
Tavisi idumalebiTmoculi bunebis miuxedavad, yovel jerze Tavad suraTis
aRmwer ama Tu im personaJTan dakavSirebuli garemosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
predikativebiTaa daxasiaTebuli. eWvgareSea, rom am epizodSi gadmocemulia
gmiris
araqristianuli
da
qristianuli
Segnebis
sinTezi,
romlis
metonimiur simbolosac warmoadgens es Senoba (afrodites taZari).
amgvari mravalferovani elementebis CarCoebSia moqceuli zrdasruli
gmiris gamouvali mdgomareoba, romelic aSkarad gamowveulia sasiyvarulo
vnebis gamo gmiris RmerTTan kavSiris gawyvetiT. am vnebas gmiri Sepyrobili
hyavs
garkveuli
dezorganizebas
periodis
axdens.
am
manZilze
da
dasasruls
mdgomareobaSi,
romlidanac
mis
saboloo
gmiri
zogjer
cdilobs Tavis daRwevas (sanTeli, jvari) Tavisufali neba iqceva mZafr
survilad: „merCivna Ramis alSi davferfliliyav...“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 310)
mravalferovani fiqrebi adamians aiZuleben, dakargos realobis SegrZneba:
„vocnebobdi... mivcuravdi rogorc sizmarSi...“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 313) da
sabolood miaRwios srul degradacias, romelc gamoxatulia martoobiTa
da
uZraobiT.
savaraudo
vnebis
gadarCeniT
sasowarkveTili
mopovebuli
miReba
gmirs
simSvidisagan:
aSorebs
„tkivili
yoveli
iqneba
Seni
cxovreba!“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 314)
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moTxroba „Sxamisgan ganmkurnavi“
xasiaTdeba mkacrad Camoyalibebuli kompoziciuri organizaciiT, romelic
efuZneba paraleluri dayofis princips da uSualo kavSirSia nawarmoebis
warmmarTvel
konfliqtTan.
is
erTfiguriania,
mTxrobelis
Sinagan
115
samyaroSi mimdinareobs da zigzagiseburad viTardeba, aRwers ra siWabukesa
da
mowifulobas
warmodgenilia
gansazRvrulobis
Soris
umwikvlobis,
periodad.
arsebul
gansxvavebas.
ndobisa
meore
da
periodi
amave
ki
pirveli
dros
aris
maTgani
Semecnebis
gamdidrebuli
cnobierebis xana, romelic adamianuri bunebis dramas adgils miuCens vnebis
daTmenas, misgan Tavis daRwevis survilsa da amis SeuZleblobas Soris.
116
IV Tavi
kompoziciuri organizaciis ZiriTad principTa srtuqturuli anomaliebi
da kombinaciebi
winamdebare TavSi gaerTianebuli moTxrobebis Semadgeneli scenebi
anu Sinaarsis matarebeli elementebi ar qmnian struqturul erTeulebs
kompoziciuri
organizaciis
romelime
ZiriTadi
principis
_
wriuli
kompoziciis an paraleluri dayofis _ Sesabamisad. g. viziinosisa da al.
papadiamandisis qvemoT ganxiluli moTxrobebSi scenebis Tanamimdevroba
mniSvnelobaTa
msgavsebis
an
polarobis
mixedviT
gviCveneben
ZiriTadi
principebis struqturul anomaliebsa da kombinaciebs.
1. „Zveli istoriis Sedegebi“
arsad
ar
warmoCindeba
g.
viziinosis
romantizmis
memkvidreobiT
gataceba ise naTlad, rogorc moTxrobaSi „Zveli istoriis Sedegebi“. misi
dakavSireba g. viziinosis meore nawarmoebTan _ „pireassa da neapols
Soris“ _ gardauvalia. orive moTxroba Sordeba avtoris ojaxuri viwro
wris Tematikas da aRgviwers mwerlis cxovrebidan evropaSi gatarebul
wlebs. g. viziinosi orsave nawarmoebSi iyenebs erTsa da imave stereotipebs
(amaRlebuli toni, dausrulebeli metaforebi, Sedarebebi da pompezuri
arqaizebuli
stili).
Tu
SesaZlebelia
mwerlis
Semoqmedebis
adreul,
moumwifebel da nayofier etapebad dayofa, maSin am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs
mis adreul qmnilebebTan.
dauflebis,
swavlis
moumwifebeli im mniSvnelobiT, rom codnis
ganmavlobaSi
sagnebze
ufro
metad
wignebi
da
sqolioebi laparakoben. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa g. viziinosis am axsnaganmartebebis
Sereuli
fsiqologiuri
Tu
xasiaTi:
sulieri
erTi
xasiaTis
mxriv,
CanarTebi:
gvaqvs
mag.
metafizikuri,
„sulTa
kavSiris“
Sesaxeb (viziinosi 1996: 166), meore mxriv ki, adamianis fsiqikis muSaobis
qimiuri
Tu
meqanikuri
axsna:
mag.
adamianis
gonebis
muSaobis
aRwera
(viziinosi 1996: 118). moTxrobaSi „pireassa da neapols Soris“ gamoyenebuli
leqsebis
msgavsad
„Zveli
istoriis
SedegebSi“
cnobili
saxelebi
117
moixsenieba: homerosi, goeTe, vagneri, haine, lotce. bunebrivia, batonobs
goeTes saxe. sainteresoa, rom moTxrobis erT-erTi scena, harcis qedze rom
iSleba, pirdapir „faustis“ valpurgis Ramisken gvibiZgebs. arc erTi sityva
Seqspirsa Tu Silerze. Tumca, qeraTmiani klara, siyvarulisgan Wkuidan
SeSlili rom kvdeba, mkvlevar p. mulasis azriT, „ofelias germanel
oreulad SeiZleba miviCnioT“ (mulasi 1996: 92). p. mulasi varaudobs, rom
„hamletis“ es zegavlena aixsneba „avtoris mier Seqspiris vikelasiseuli
Targmanebis gacnobiT“ (mulasi 1996: 92).
jer kidev moswavle georgiosi am saxelebSi Segnebulad gamotovebs
Tavisi maswavleblis, al. rangavisis saxels. rodesac mzis Casvlis suraTis
aRwera surs, amisTvis gamzadebul formulebs moiSveliebs: „Camavali mze
gasaocari didebulebiT esveneboda, mopirdapire qedebis mwvervalebs oqros
brwyinvalebas rom aniWebda“ (viziinosi 1996: 127). amave suraTs aRwers
moTxrobaSi „pireassa da neapols Soris“. rac Seexeba deda-bunebas _
romantikosTa
bunebas
_
orive
moTxrobaSi
warmogvidgeba
rogorc
Taviseburi, ucnauri da mkacri. yovelive amas mkvlevari p. mulasi xsnis
imiT, rom „es ori nawarmoebi g. viziinosis adreul qmnilebebs warmoadgens,
savaraudod 1882 wels rom Seiqmna. erTgvar terminus post quem SeiZleba
CaiTvalos „dauviwyari maswavleblis“ Lotze-sa (1817-1881) da gansakuTrebiT ki
leqsis „Ανεμώνη“ (romelic TariRdeba 1882 wlis 27 agvistoTi) moxsenieba“
(mulasi
1996:
115).
es
argumentebi
mkvlevars
uRrmavebs
rwmenas,
rom
zemoxsenebuli ori moTxroba g. viziinosis pirvel prozaul namuSevrebad
miiCnios.
bunebis es suraTebi TavisTavSi moicaven raRac ufro siRrmiseuls:
magiuri simReris Tu germanuli sicivis mtkivneulad aRqmis erT-erT saxes,
nevrozs, romelic gamovlindeba daJinebuli ideebiT Sepyrobil adamianSi
nervuli aSlilobiT, sigiJiT. mkacri zamTari pirdapir kavSirSia sulier
problemebTan.
amgvarad,
pirvelad
moTxrobis
gatarebul
dasawyisSi
mZime
avtori
zamTarze
mogviTxrobs
(1875-1876
ww.)
giotinhenSi
fsiqiatriul
118
saavadmyofSi
igi
xvdeba
sulierad
daavadebul
axalgazrda
klaras,
romelic sulmouTmenlad elis Tavisi saqmros dabrunebas. eqimis rCeviTa
da Zveli megobris pasxalisis SemoTavazebiT is klausTalSi midis. ori
wlis ganSorebis Semdeg megobrebi gadawyveten zafxulis erTad gatarebas.
mTxrobeli megobrisgan igebs, rom germaniaSi minerologiis fakultetze
swavlis
dros
pasxalisi
gaicnobs
klaras,
universitetis
leqtoris
qaliSvils. or axalgazrdas Soris iRviZebs raRac ucnauri grZnoba, magram
pasxalisi
winaaRmdegobas
wevs,
radganac
swams,
rom
klaras
grZnobas
Sesaferisad ver upasuxebs. igi sayvarel arsebasTan saboloo ganSorebis
mizniT
miatovebs
fraiburgs
da
praqtikis
gasavlelad
harcis
mTebs
miaSurebs. klara Wkuidan iSleba, fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi xvdeba, iqve
aResruleba kidec. pasxalisi ki stiqiuri ubedurebis msxverpli xdeba,
Camowolili mewyeris qveS imarxeba.
moTxroba kompoziciuri organizaciis TvalsazrisiT Semdeg scenebad
SeiZleba daiyos:
I. mZime zamTari germaniaSi (viziinosi 1996: 104-108);
II. sagiJeTis monaxuleba, klara (viziinosi 1996: 111-120);
III. mogonebebi pasxalisze (viziinosi 1996: 121-125);
IV. klaustalis epizodi (viziinosi 1996: 126-138);
V. pasxalisis aRiareba (viziinosi 1996: 139-162);
VI. pasxalisisa da klaras aRsasruli (viziinosi 1996: 163-167).
I da VI scenebi erTgvari Sesavali da epilogia, amitom nawarmoebis
ZiriTadi Txrobisgan maTi gamoyofa Tavisuflad SeiZleba. rac Seexeba
danarCen
scenebs,
dakavSirebulni:
isini
II
da
erTmaneTis
IV
scenebi
mimarT
simetriis
uSualod
principiT
moqmedebis
arian
mimdinareobis
aRweraa, III da V scenebSi ki retrospeqciis xerxis gamoyenebiT dafarul
dramas farda exdeba.
nawarmoebis ZiriTadi konfliqtis matarebelia pasxalisi, romlis
sulSic mimdinareobs brZola, xolo axalgazrda klara, misi leqtori mama
da mTxrobeli mxolod da mxolod konfliqtis ganviTarebas emsaxurebian
119
da mis dasasruls uwyoben xels. am nawarmoebSi gansxvavebiT moTxrobisgan
„pireassa
da
neapols
zigzagiseburi
xasiaTi
Soris“,
da
ar
konfliqtis
mimdinareobs
ganviTarebas
nawarmoebis
ar
aqvs
kompoziciuri
organizaciis simetriis principis Sesabamisad. piriqiT, pasxalisis sulSi
mimdinare konfliqti mkiTxvelis Tvalwin ki ar viTardeba, aramed mas
etapobrivad exdeba farda: II da IV scenebSi mxolod miniSnebis doneze, III
da V scenebSi ki ori retrospeqtuli Txrobis saSualebiT, romlebic
ikvreba
da
mTxrobelis
saSualebiT
erT
mTlian
uwyvet
istoriad
gadaiqceva.
nawarmoebis
siuJetSi
ambis
moyolis
winapirobas
warmoadgens
or
mamakacs Soris megobruli urTierTdamokidebuleba. anu pasxalisisa da
klaras istorias naTeli efineba pasxalisis megobris anu mTxrobelis
wyalobiT, romelic misda uneburad (es exeba moTxrobis pirvel nawils)
SemoiWreba
am
cxovreba,
aramed
monaTxrobi:
wyvils
Soris,
maTi
pirveli
ori,
ekuTvnis
raTa
erTmaneTs
daukavSiros
Tanmimdevrulad
Wkuidan
SeSlil
ara
maTi
urTierTdaSorebuli
klaras,
meore
ki
_
pasxaliss (II da V scenebi).
moTxrobis personaJi mTxrobeli sakuTari Tavis warmoCenidan iwyebs,
Tumca sagiJeTis scena acxadebs, rom „mibaZvaze“ gadasvla ara marto cvlis
g.
viziinosis
Txrobis
ritms,
aramed
amaRlebs
misi
prozis
xarisxs.
moqmedebis ganviTarebis gza TiTqmis myaria: modunebidan daZabulobamde da
piriqiT
daZabulobidan
modunebamde.
es
kargad
Cans,
rodesac
aTenis
gimnaziaSi gatarebuli wlebis retrospeqtuli gaxsenebiT (III scena) „λέγω“
(vambob)
kvlav
iWers
„δείχνω“−s (vaCveneb)
adgils.
imis
nacvlad,
rom
pasxalisi warmogvidges uSualo qmedebebisa da dialogebis saSualebiT
(rogorc
warmogvidgeba
sulierad
daavadebuli
klara
fsiqiatriul
saavadmyofoSi _ II scena), igi mxolod iribad, mTxrobelis aRwerebiT
warsdgeba mkiTxvelis winaSe.
im epizodSi, rodesac ori megobari erTmaneTs xvdeba klaustalSi,
dafaruli drama jer kidev miniSnebebis stadiaSi imyofeba. pasxalisis
120
melanqolia, madnis mompovebelTa safrTxiT aRsavse cxovreba, gaavdreba,
uZiloba da fantaziebi mosalodneli tragediis Sesaxeb iuwyeba. am wuTamde
mTxrobelma TiTqmis amowura Tavisi misia, warmogvidgina ra moTxrobis
sami ZiriTadi personaJi: sakuTari Tavi, pasxalisi da klara. nawarmoebis
bolos avtors isRa darCenia, mkiTxvels mouTxros pasxalisis sasiyvarulo
drama.
megobris
am
aRsarebas
(V
scena)
sawyis
TxrobaSi
urTavs.
am
moTxrobaSi ubralo xalxi ar arsebobs, saxeze arian mxolod studentebi,
leqtorebi da sauniversiteto garemo: batonobs amaRlebuli, samecniero
toni, Sesabamisad arqaizebuli enac. pasxalisis aRsarebis kulminaciur
momentSic
ki,
rodesac
umTavres
problemas
klaras
„moxuci
mamis
werilis
leqtoris
garCeva
sityvebisa
mimdinareobs,
da
frazebis
xelovnurobis“ (viziinosi 1996: 156) analizi warmoadgens. ori uiRblo
Seyvarebulis cxovrebac erTdroulad sruldeba, raTa ganmtkicdes Teoria
„sulTa kavSiris“ (viziinosi 1996: 159) Sesaxeb.
g.
viziinosis
yvela
moTxroba
fsiqografiulia.
mis
prozaSi
fsiqografia siuJetis erT-erTi saxea. Txzva viTardeba ori mimarTulebiT:
gare da Sida doneebze. pirveli maTgani emsaxureba siuJetis struqturul
organizebas, meores saSualebiT ki gadamuSavdeba xasiaTebis fsiqikuri
dialeqtika. am moTxrobaSi gmiris individualoba xdeba imis mizezi, rac
Tavs atydeba. amitomac am SemTxvevaSi mwerals upirveles yovlisa Tavisi
gmiris xasiaTis warmoCena ainteresebs, raTa misgan gamomdinare konfliqti
ufro logikuri gaxdes imisTvis, rom mkiTxveli TanagrZnobiT ganewyos ara
personaJis
mimarT,
romelsac
bedma
daakisra
raRacis
daTmena,
aramed
individualobis mimarT, romlis Sinagani bunebidan gamomdinareobs Tavad
konfliqti. amgvarad, g. viziinosisaTvis fsiqografia SeumCneveli, magram
aucilebeli
komponentia
siuJetis
SesaTxzavad.
moTxrobaSi
„Zveli
istoriis Sedegebi“ pasxalisis xasiaTis fsiqogramis Sedgena yvelaze ufro
rTuli da saxifaToa mwerlis mTel SemoqmedebaSi.
nawarmoebis mTavari personaJi romantikuli xasiaTis mqone gmiria.
magram
g.
sakmarisi,
viziinosis
amitomac
prozauli
romantikul
cnobierebisTvis
saxes
Tavis
mxolod
es
fsiqologiur
ar
aris
Canafiqrs
121
ukavSirebs. es gabeduli nabiji gaxlavT, radganac wmindad fsiqologiuri
TvalsazrisiT, pasxalisis problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yoveli axali
siyvaruli wminda da ganumeorebeli hgonia; dro gadis, es procesi ki
mudmivad meordeba, rac masSi warmoSobs imedgacruebas, romelic uiRblo
siyvaruls ukavSirdeba. imedgacrueba ki g. viziinosis moTxrobebis mTavari
motivia,
romelic
warmosaxviT
Tavis
samyaros
mxriv
Soris
ZiriTadi
konfliqtis,
dapirispirebis,
realobasa
struqturas
da
ganapirobebs.
xasiaTebi or gansxvavebul _ realur da warmosaxviT _ sinamdvileSi
moqmedeben.
yoveli
sabolood
sxva
xasiaTi
warmoadgens
xasiaTTan
opoziciis
dapirispirebis
erT
Sedegad
mxares
da
realobasa
da
warmosaxvas Soris konfliqtis matarebeli xdeba. warmosaxviTi simarTle
amoiwureba
iluziis
gacnobierebis
Sedegad
da
am
gziT
Canacvldeba
arsebuli realobiT. amis damadasturebeli epizodia klaras mamis werili,
romelSic
is
SecdomiT
gamoaqvs
brundeba
pasxaliss
wers
daskvna,
fraiburgSi,
rom
rasac
janmrTelobaze. mTxrobeli
klaras
gagiJebis
klara
SesaZlebelia
Sesaxeb,
gardaicvala.
dadebiTad
pasxaliss
amitomac
emoqmeda
ki
aRar
klaras
uecrad aTviTcnobierebs, rom Tavad aris im
simarTlis mauwyebeli, romlis Tanaxmadac klara ki ar mokvda, aramed
sagiJeTSi gamoketes. magram moTxrobaSi mTxrobeli ar umxels am faqts
pasxaliss da amdenad, ar iwvevs konfliqts mTavari gmiris warmosaxviT
samyarosTan. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom centraluri xasiaTi rCeba iluziis
samyaroSi, magram sinamdvileSi es ase ar xdeba, radganac im Rames, roca
pasxalisi caze klaras warmoidgens RmerTis winaSe mdgomad, mTxrobels
acnobeben,
rom
klara
marTalac
gardaicvala.
amgavrad
is,
rac
pasxalisisTvis iyo simarTle, xolo mTxrobelisTvis iluzia, SemdgomSi
asrulda. realobisa da warmosaxvis dajaxebiT mwerals surs xazi gausvas
ara romelime maTganis upiratesobas, aramed Tavad fenomens maTi warmoCenadapirispirebisa,
romelTaganac
erTi
miCneulia
sicrued,
xolo
meores
iReben simarTled. am fenomenis Sesaxeb mTxrobeli fsiqologiuri xasiaTis
axsnas gvTavazobs: „xSirad gabatonebuli simarTlis miRma imaleba sicrue,
radganac simarTlis ZiebaSi SemoiWreba survili, romelic mis dadgenas
122
uSlis
xels“
(viziinosi
nawarmoebSic
1996:
iluzoluri
160).
rogorc
xasiaTisaa,
vxedavT,
magram
am
konfliqti
SemTxvevaSi
am
is
momentalurobas moklebulia, mimdinareobs erT adamianSi (Cvens SemTxvevaSi
pasxalisSi) raRac miswrafebasa (WeSmariti siyvarulis Zieba) da
mTavari
figuris
klaras
mier
siyvarulis
gamotanil
Rirsi).
am
daskvnas
konfliqts
Soris
ki
(rom
ewireba
is
ar
aris
rogorc
misi
ZiriTadi
matarebeli, aseve damxmare funqciis mqone klara.
determinizirebulia
mniSvnelovan
rols
CamoyalibebaSi.
moTxrobis
TamaSobs
„Zvel
saTauric,
moTxrobis
istoriaSi“
igulisxmeba
romelic
aseve
konfliqtis
struqturis
pasxalisis
sasiyvarulo
Tavgadasavali aTenel mrecxavTan, riTac man Crdili miayena klarasadmi
gancdil WeSmarit grZnobas, amitomac cdilobs daSordes sayvarel arsebas.
swored amaSi mdgomareobs Zveli istoriis Sedegebi, romelTac tragikuli
dasasruli mohyveba da sabolood ori Seyvarebuli adamianis sikvdils
iwvevs.
grafikulad
moTxrobis
warmmarTveli
konfliqti
kompoziciuri
organizaciis fonze Semdegnairad SeiZleba gamoisaxos:
I scena
II scena
IV scena
VI scena
III scena
V scena
mogonebebi pasxalisze
ori
(III
da
V)
retrospeqtuli
pasxalisis aRiareba
scena,
romlebSic
mimdinareobs
moTxrobis ZiriTadi konfliqti, erTmaneTis mimarT paralelur sibrtyezea
ganlagebuli
avtori
uSedegod
Rrmavdeba
bunebis
aRwerebSi,
misi
suraTebi,
Cveulebriv, xelovnuri da usuloa, moCvenebebi ki pirdapir germanuli
folkloridan arian gadmosulni. iq, sadac mxolod Seqspiris, goeTesa da
rangavisis xsovna batonobs, SeuZlebelia Cveulebriv mokvdavTa xasiaTebi
123
srulyofilad warmoCindes. Sesabamisad, konfliqtis struqturasac ar aqvs
mkacrad
Camoyalibebuli
saxe.
fsiqologiasa
da
filosofiaSi
sauniversiteto codnas dauflebuli, ganswavluli mwerali sakuTari Tavis
ZiebaSia.
WeSmarit
Semoqmedad
gadaqceva
ki
advili
araa.
magram
mniSvnelovani mainc is aris, rom nawarmoebSi mTxrobeli cocxali rCeba,
raTa
gaizardos
da
daixvewos
samwerlobo
asparezze
Semdgomi
moRvaweobisTvis.
2. „dedaCemis codva“
g.
viziinosis
moTxroba
„dedaCemis
codva“
pirvelad
gamoqveynda
frangul JurnalSi „La Nouvelle Reme“ 1883 wlis 1 aprils. misi mokle
Sinaarsi amgvaria: mTxrobelsa da mis Zmebs anios garda sxva da ar
hyoliaT. gogonas janmrTeloba Seryeuli hqonda. dedamisi despinio Zalebs
ar
iSurebda,
rom
Svili
gadaerCina,
magram
sabolood
gogona
mainc
daiRupa. sawyal qals Tan sdevs danaSaulis gancda, romelic ar asvenebs
da
romelsac
sabolood
mweral-vaJ
georgioss
gaumxels.
dedis
am
aRiarebidan gaigebs mTxrobeli, rom mis dabadebamde sami wliT adre
mSoblebs
CaZinebulma
gauCndaT
dedam
qaliSvili
uneburad
ana,
romelic
gaguda.
ZuZus
georgiosi
wovebis
dros
cdilobs,
deda
gaaTavisuflos danaSaulis gancdisgan, patriarqTanac ki mihyavs aRsarebis
Casabareblad da codvis mosananieblad, magram aRsarebis Tqmis miuxedavad
despinio sabolood mainc ver Tavisufldeba Cadenili danaSaulisgan.
kompoziciuri organizaciiis TvalsazrisiT
moTxrobaSi arsebiTad
SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi scenebi:
I. anios janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gauareseba saxlSi (viziinosi 1996:
3-6);
II. eklesiaSi gatarebuli sami Rame (viziinosi 1996: 6-10);
III. RamiT Sin dabrunebisTanave anios gardacvaleba (viziinosi 1996: 1013);
124
IV.
Svilmkvdari
Sviladayvanis
dedis
scena,
Semdgomi
cxovrebis
georgiosis
mdinareSi
wesi
_
ori
daxrCobisgan
gogonas
gadarCena
(viziinosi 1996: 13-21);
V. despinios aRiareba mweral-vaJTan (viziinosi 1996: 21-24);
VI. dedis aRsareba patriarqTan (viziinosi 1996: 25).
scenebs
Soris
urTierTarekvla.
erTianobas
SeiniSneba
magaliTad,
vxedavT,
mxolod
I
ara
da
imdenad
III
scenebSi
gansxvavebuli
simetria,
ramdenadac
moqmedebis
funqciiT,
adgilis
pirvel
scenaSi
avadmyofi anios mdgomareobis gauareseba mianiSnebs mesame scenaSi mis
mosalodnel daRupvaze. II da VI scenebic analogiebs gviCveneben: II scenaSi
eklesiaSi
avadmyofis
gadayvaniT
deda
RmerTs
SesTxovs
qaliSvilis
gadarCenas, VI scenaSi ki patriarqTan aRsarebis TqmiT ukve Tavad cdilobs
sakuTari sulis gadarCenas. orsave SemTxvevaSi misi survili miuRweveli
rCeba: anio iRupeba, Tavadac ver Tavisufldeba danaSaulis gancdisgan.
Tavis mxriv saerTo Strixebs gviCvenebs V da VI scenebi, romlebSic
dominirebs
dedis
aRsareba,
pirvel
SemTxvevaSi
vaJiSvilTan,
meore
SemTxvevaSi patriarqTan. centraluri IV scena ki emsaxureba nawarmoebSi
moqmedebis xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi ganviTarebas.
nawarmoebis
kompoziciuri
organizaciis
TiToeuli
segmenti
konfliqtis struqturis Camoyalibebas emsaxureba. moTxrobis warmmarTveli
konfliqtis matarebeli erTi adamiania. es gaxlavT despinio, mTxrobelis
deda. moTxrobis dasawyisSi dedis codva saidumloebiT aris moculi.
Svilebma amis Sesaxeb araferi ician. saidumlo nel-nela, etapobrivad
mJRavndeba. danaSaulis aRiarebamde deda orjer mianiSnebs Tavis codvaze
(II da IV scenebSi).
saTauri-gamocana
kuTvnilebiTi
nacvalsaxeliT
„μου“
(Cemi)
gulisxmobs mxolobiT ricxvSi pirveli piris arsebobas. amis miuxedavad,
moTxrobis
pirvelsave
abzacSi
mravlobiTi
ricxvi.
romelSic
monawileoben
mkiTxvelis
(personaJTa
Tvalwin
rogorc
wardgena)
iSleba
cocxlebi,
gabatonebulia
ojaxuri
ise
Tavyriloba,
micvalebulebi:
125
ganebivrebuli anio, deda, „Cven“ (Zmebi), cxonebuli mama. sicocxlesa da
sikvdils Soris mkveTri zRvari ar arsebobs. es mosazreba avadmyofi dis
krizisuli mdgomareobidanac mtkicdeba.
nawarmoebis
pirvel
scenaSi
namyo
usruli
drois
gamoyeneba
ganmeorebad movlenaTa arsebobas ganapirobebs. aq sami ZiriTadi motivia
wamoweuli:
1.
dedis
yuradReba
avadmyofi
aniosadmi
(Sesabamisad
misi
gulgriloba sxva Svilebis mimarT); 2. anios janmrTelobis gauareseba; 3.
Zmebisadmi anios siyvaruli. amgvarad, centraluri samkuTxedi (anio _ deda
_ „Cven“) yovelmxriv dasrulebul saxes iRebs. am wuTamde mTxrobeli
imaleba
„Cvens“
miRma
da
iSviaTad
ikveTeba
rogorc
individualuri
personaJi: „me da Cemi Zmebi. . . .“, „. . .gvaxsovs“ (viziinosi 1996: 3). mTavar
rols anio da deda asruleben. namyo usruli drois ganmeorebadi xasiaTi
Cans ZiriTad motivSi (anios janmrTelobis gauareseba), romelic moTxrobas
laitmotivad gasdevs: „amasobaSi anios avadmyofoba sul ufro da ufro
mZimdeboda..“,
(viziinosi
„.
1996:
.
5).
.
bavSvis
am
mdgomareoba
epizodSi
mzaddeba
ganuwyvetlad
momdevno
uaresdeboda“
scenaze
gadasvla,
romelic ar Crdilavs ZiriTad motivs, anios avadmyofobis gamwvavebas. Cvens
winaSea namyo usruli drois namyo sruli droiT Secvla da amis Sedegad
ganmeorebadi
moqmedebebidan
erTjerad
movlenebze
gadasvla.
momdevno
scenebSi (II _ III) saqme gvaqvs ara marto ubralod drois, aramed adgilis
monacvleobasTanac: saxli _ eklesia _ saxli, agreTve Txrobisa da mibaZvis
(anu
drama
kulminaciisken
miemarTeba)
da,
amavdroulad,
saxeTa
da
wonasworobaTa urTierTCanacvlebasTan. avadmyofi anio rCeba yuradRebis
centrSi, magram mTavari moqmedi gmirebi ukve sxvebi arian: deda da misi
mTxrobeli
vaJiSvili.
retrospeqtuli
xerxis
gamoyenebiT
igi
ixsenebs
eklesiaSi RamiT Seqmnil mZime atmosferos da dedis vedrebis gagonebiT
gamowveul Secbunebas. daze aseTi gadaWarbebuli zrunva xels uwyobs
mTxrobels, rom aRiaros: „rodesac Cveni da daibada, dedas ise aRar
vuyvardi,
rogorc
msurda
da
ufro
metad
uyuradRebod
mepyroboda“
(viziinosi 1996: 9). swored dedis siyvarulis naklebobaSi TamaSdeba mTavari
drama.
ojaxSi
zedapiruli
harmoniis
ukan
imaleba
piradi
egoisturi
126
survilebis daukmayofileba, romelic faravs uxilav konfliqtebs. ojaxuri
urTierTobebis harmonia asea daxatuli: deda erTgulebas ganasaxierebs;
avadmyofi anio yvelas mimarT RvTiuri saTnoebiTa da TavmdablobiT aris
ganmsWvaluli; mitovebuli Zmebi gagebiT ekidebian da ar eWvianoben, rom
maT
dedas
mTeli
yuradReba
qaliSvilze
gadaaqvs.
TandaTan
moqmedeba
kulminacias aRwevs: eklesiaSi gatarebuli Rame (II scena) sami mTavari
moqmedi pirisTvis sruldeba SuaRamisas saxlSi dabrunebiT (III scena),
sadac „ufro qristiani, vidre crurwmeniT Sepyrobili“ deda, romelmac
icis, rom „sarwmunoeba unda Serigeboda kerpTayvanismcemlobas“ (viziinosi
1996: 5), rac SeuZlia yvelafers akeTebs avadmyofi Svilis gadasarCenad.
mTxrobelis vedreba-SurisZieba eklesiaSi dedis locvas ugulebelyofs.
despinio RmerTs evedreba vaJiSvilis wagvras anios sicocxlis sanacvlod.
amis gamgone patara mTxrobels SiSi Seipyrobs, magram gons modis da
cdilobs
axsna-gamarTleba
mouZebnos
dedis
naTqvams.
Sin
dabrunebis
Semdeg, RamiT deda gardacvlili meuRlis suls iZaxebs. am ritualSi
georgiossac CarTavs, romelsac SesaZlebloba eZleva dedas agrZnobinos,
rom
icis
misi
survilis
Sesaxeb,
anios
Caenacvlos
sikvdilSi.
igi
gardacvlili mamis suls ase mimarTavs: „modi, me wamiyvane, anio rom
gamomjobindes, _ Zlivs amovRerRe da gamomcdeli mzeriT Sevxede dedas“
(viziinosi 1996: 12). magram, samwuxarod, yoveli mcdeloba uSedego gamodga,
im RamiT anio gardaicvala.
sikvdilis mauwyebeli _ gardacvlili mama _ moqmedebis msvlelobaSi
mniSvnelovan
rols
TamaSobs.
qmris
datireba
sababia
warsulSi
dabrunebisTvis.
dakvirvebuli
mkiTxveli
SeamCnevda
im
mravalferovan
saxelebs,
romlebiTac avtori am patara nawyvetSi datirebis mTxzvels moixseniebs:
boSa, mgalobeli, rafsodi.
gardacvlilis tansacmelic simbolurad mis iq yofnaze miuTiTebs.
misi suli pepelasaviT mofrindeba. amgvarad, anios sikvdilic TiTqmis
bunebrivad modis. z. froidis Teoriis Tanaxmad, fsiqoanalizis simetriul
127
wyvilebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mama da anio saflavSi da deda da vaJiSvili
codvil miwaze.
*
or cocxal adamians erTi da imave piris mimarT miuZRviT danaSauli,
magram
TiToeuls
gansxvavebuli
kuTxiT:
deda
damnaSavea
imitom,
rom
uneburad gaxda pirveli qaliSvilis mkvleli, am codvis gamo sjis RmerTi
da meore qaliSvilsac arTmevs. georgiosi damnaSavea imis gamo, rom misi
mSoblebis molodini gaacrua da gogos nacvlad Tavad moevlina qveyanas,
Semdeg ki momakvdav das ar Caenacvla, rom sakuTari sicocxlis fasad anio
gadaerCina. despinio cdilobs codvis gamosyidvas Raribi da upatrono
gogonebis Svilad ayvaniTa da dazrdiT. vaJiSvili ki imedovnebs, rom
dedisgan patiebas miiRebs, radganac ganicdis im sityvebis gamo, mamis suls
rom mimarTa. am epizods mosdevs winadadeba, romelic bavSvuri saqcielis
gamo danaSaulis grZnobas Seicavs: „ver vgrZnobdi suleli, rom amiT dedas
sasowarkveTas vumZafrebdi! mjera, mapatia. Zalian patara viyavi da ar
SemeZlo misi gulisnadebis gageba! “ (viziinosi 1996: 12)
moTxrobaSi
avtori
gmiris
fsiqologiur
mdgomareobas
imiT
aanalizebs, rom cdilobs, dedis danaSaulis grZnobas Cawvdes.
sabolood, danaSaulis gancda _ ganwmendis eTikuri aucilebloba da
codvisgan gaTavisuflebis SeuZlebloba _ despinios mTeli darCenili
sicocxle
stanjavs.
vaJiSvili
dedis
codvisgan
daxsnas
uamravi
saSualebiT cdilobs, patriarqTanac mihyavs aRsarebis Casabareblad. erTi
SexedviT, TiTqos am nabijma gaamarTla, magram sabolood deda mainc ver
gaTavisuflda
danaSaulis
grZnobisgan.
amgvarad,
mTxrobelis
imedi
_
despinio daixsnas tanjvisgan _ nawarmoebis dasasruls cruvdeba mSoblis
sityvebiT:
„_ ra giTxra, Svilo! patriarqi brZeni da wminda adamiania, icis
RvTis neba-survili, amitomac miutevebs codvebs mTel qveyanas. Mmagram ra
giTxra! is xom beria. Svili ar hyolia, rom egrZno, ras niSnavs sakuTari
naSobis mokvla.
*
amasTan dakavSirebiT ixileT
1941.
Freud S., Der familienroman der Neurotiker, Gesammelte Werke, London
128
Tvalebi cremliT aevso da mec gavCumdi“ (viziinosi 1996: 27).
am saboloo dumiliT mTxrobeli aRiarebs ganwmendis SeuZleblobas
da es Tanxmoba exeba ara marto dedis danaSauls, aramed Tavis sakuTarsac.
nawarmoebis konfliqtis struqtura mdgomareobs konfliqtis matarebeli
adamianis daJinebul survilsa da mis mierve gamotanil saboloo daskvnas
Soris. dedis Seupovari daJineba, daZlios Cadenili danaSaulis gancda,
mTavrdeba
imiT,
rom
Tavad
acnobierebs
am
nabijis
SeuZleblobas.
nawarmoebSi konfliqtis struqtura zigzagisebur saxes iRebs, romelic
grafikulad Semdegnaired SeiZleba gamoisaxos:
I _ II scenebi
IV scena
anios gadarCenis mcdeloba
VI scena - aRsareba
Sviladayvanis ori cda
III scena
patriarqTan
V scena
anios gardacvaleba
VIOscena
aRsareba SvilTan
imedgacrueba
rogorc vxedavT, despinois sakuTari danaSaulis daZlevis samive
mcdeloba sruli imedgacruebiT mTavrdeba.
moTxrobis
pirvel
nawilSi
dro
mniSvnelovan
gadaxrebs
ar
warmogvidgens, amitom mas advilad vaTavsebT mamis sikvdilsa da anios
gardacvalebas Soris (1854_1855 ww.). mTxrobelis gamoCena da moqmedebaSi
misi
Careva
aryofniT
mniSvnelovania,
gamowveuli
radganac
elifsisebi
misi
xangrZlivi
(droSi
drois
Cavardnebi)
manZilze
SemdgomSi
gamoaSkaravdeba. Tuki pirveli Sviladayvanis scena aRwerilia mTxrobelis
mier, romelic am ambis uSualo mowme iyo, ojaxuri cxovrebis Semdgomi
ganviTarebis asaxvisas mTxrobeli ukve TviTmxilvelad aRar gvevlineba: „me
Sors viyavi, Zalian Sors. didi xnis manZilze ar vicodi ra xdeboda Sin“
(viziinosi 1996: 15). naSvilebi gogonas cxovrebis erTi mTliani monakveTi
oTxi
zmniT
aris
aRwerili:
„sanam
dabrunebas
SevZlebdi,
ucxo
gogo
129
wamozarda, gamokveba, gaamziTva da gaaTxova, ise TiTqos Cveni ojaxis
namdvili wevri yofiliyo“ (viziinosi 1996: 15).
gamonaklisad SeiZleba miviCnioT is epizodi, romelSic avtori meore
bavSvis ayvanaze Tu dedis mTxrobeli Svilisadmi gancdebze mogviTxrobs,
Tu rogor gadaarCina despiniom aTi wlis georgiosi mdinareSi daxrCobas.
am
SemTxvevaSi
mTxrobeli
saWiroebs,
rom
gviCvenos
dedis
Tbili
damokidebuleba mis mimarT: „unda gadaverCine, ra vuyoT, rom im SvilTagani
viyavi,
RmerTs
(viziinosi
avadmyofi
1996:
17).
qaliSvilis
mTxrobelis
sanacvlod
sityva-braldebas
rom
sTavazobda“
awonasworebs
dedis
aRiareba V scenaSi. VI scena _ dedis aRsareba patriarqis winaSe _ ki orive
personaJis
TviTgadarCenis
mcdelobis
Tavisebur
saxes
warmoadgens,
romelic sruldeba cremliTa da dumiliT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom dro uSvelebel monakveTs moicavs: „28 weliwadi
itanjeba qali“ (viziinosi 1996: 25). ras unda niSnavdes es 28 weliwadi? Tu
amas mivumatebT 1847 wels (despinios mier Cadenili codvis savaraudo
dros), miviRebT 1875 wels. am periodSi ki SeuZlebelia g. viziinoss daewera
es
moTxroba.
p.
mulasis
azriT,
„am
SemTxvevaSi
mweralma
siCqareSi
SecdomiT gadaTvala 28 weliwadi, sawyisad igulisxma mamisa da anios
gardacvalebis dro (1854_1855 ww.); moTxrobac am momentidan iwyeba. am
SemTxvevaSi daweris TariRi bunebrivad emTxveva 1882_1883 wlebs“ (mulasi
1996: 65).
sainteresoa, mainc ra aris mocemuli moTxrobaSi _
fsiqologia
Tu
fsiqoanalizi?
dasjili
mTxrobeli_bavSvi,
gardacvlili
dedis
eqsperimentuli
mamisgan
gasaocar
usamarTlod
portretTan
erTad,
warmoadgens froidis Teoriis erT SesaniSnav magaliTs, romelsac ewoda
„nevrotikTa ojaxuri romani“. *
daskvnis
saxiT
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
rom
ganxilul
moTxrobaSi
kompoziciuri organizacia, romelsac axasiaTebs ara imdenad simetria,
*
amasTan dakavSirebiT ixileT Μουλλάς Π. (επιμέλεια - εισαγωγή) Γ. Μ. Βιζυηνός - Νεοελληνικά διηγήματα.
Αθήνα: Ερμής, 1996. 65-66, aseve Robert M., Roman des origines et origines du roman, Gallimard, Seuil, Paris 1976,
romelic exeba literaturaSi „ojaxuri romanis“ sxvadasxvagvar gamovlinebebs.
130
ramdenadac urTierTarekvla, mWidro kavSirSia konfliqtis struqturasTan
da
isini
erTmaneTis
erTfiguriania
(dedis
paralelurad
Sinagan
viTardebian.
samyaroSi
Tavad
mimdinareobs,
konfliqti
yvela
danarCeni
personaJi emsaxureba mis ganviTarebas) da mis struqturas zigzagiseburi
saxe
axasiaTebs.
ukve
nawarmoebis saTaurSivea nagulisxmebi moTxrobis
mTavari konfliqti, romlis gadawyvetac siuJetis dasasruls ver xerxdeba,
moTxroba sruldeba imedgacruebiT, amitomac bolo epizodSi mTxrobelsa
da dedas Soris gamarTuli dialogis dasasruls siCume da cremlebi
batonobs.
3. „yavlgasuli derviSi“
saberZneTSi
krebuli
1896
wels
„saberZneTi
olimpiur
olimpiuri
TamaSebTan
TamaSebis
dakavSirebiT
ganmavlobaSi“,
gamodis
romelSic
sakuTar statias aqveynebas al. papadiamandisic saxelwodebiT „aTeni _
rogorc aRmosavluri qalaqi“. aRniSnuli statia avtoris gamocdilebisa
da codnis erTgvari kompilacias warmoadgens. masSi ganxilulia ramdenime
mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. „Zveli meCeTis siaxloves“” mwerali xvdeba aCrdils
mimsgavsebul qals, mogvianebiT ki acnobierebs, rom saqme aqvs siZulvilisa
da
fanatizmis
msxverpl
ltolvilebTan.
avtoris
asociaciuri
fiqris
Sedegad mkiTxveli aRmoaCens, rom meCeTi berZen musikosTa TavSesafrad
gadaqceula da, Sesabamisad, mocekvave derviSebs berZeni musikosebi cvlian.
avtori gamoxatavs siyvaruls musikisa da musikosebis mimarT da protests
acxadebs
policielebis
mier
kvira
saRamoobiT
simRerebis
usamarTlo
akrZalvasTan dakavSirebiT.
aRniSnuli
statia
erTgvar
winapirobad
iqca
al.
papadiamandisis
moTxrobisTvis „yavlgasuli derviSi“, romelic gamoqveynda 1896 wlis 18
ianvars gazeT „akropolisSi“. masSi aRwerilia erTi mistikuri saburveliT
moculi derviSis xanmokle viziti aTenSi Tezevsis taZris siaxloves.
kritikos l. kamperidisis azriT, derviSis aTenSi Camosvla ukavSirdeba im
epoqis konkretul istoriul sinamdviles (kamberidisi 1981: 207). derviSs
adamianTa
erTi
jgufi
umaspinZldeba
tavernaSi,
xolo
RamiT
131
axladdawesebuli policiuri kanonebis gamo mas aRar SeuZlia sadReRamiso
kafeSi daZineba, amitom iZulebulia matareblis axladgayvanil gvirabs
Seafaros Tavi, sadac TavisTvis marto ukravs naize. * gamTeniisas mas xvdeba
nacnobi gamyidveli, romelic cxel sasmels sTavazobs. ramdenime dReSi ki
derviSi uCinardeba.
„yavlgasuli derviSi“ al. papadiamandisis moTxrobebidan erT-erTi im
mcireTagania, romelSic mkiTxveli naTlad xedavs Txzvis mTel process _
Tu rogor qmnis mwerali dafantuli informaciis SegrovebiTa da piradi
gamocdilebis
gamoyenebiT
literaturul
nawarmoebs.
imisTvis,
rom
realuri ambavi literaturul nawarmoebad gadaaqcios, al. papadiamandisi
mas CamoaSorebs mis irgvliv arsebuli obieqtur garemos da subieqturi
samyaroTi aRWuravs. „yavlgasuli derviSi“ wamoWris or problematikas.
erTi mxriv, es gaxlavT pirovnul doneze adamianis cxovrebis warmavloba,
meore mxriv ki, kulturul faseulobaTa xangrZlivi sicocxlisunarianoba
ucvleli
Tu
Secvlili
saxiT.
moTxrobaSi
kulturul
faseulobaTa
ucvlelelobis magaliTia Tezevsis taZris kolonebi, xolo cvalebadobisa
– Turquli xalxuri simRerebi: amanebi.
moTxroba,
ganmavlobaSi
TvalsazrisiT
romelSic
da
eqvs
SeiZleba
moqmedeba
viTardeba
furcels
moicavs,
davyoT
sxvadasxva
mxolod
kompoziciuri
moculobis
erTi
Ramis
organizaciis
cxra
nawilad,
romlebic teqstSi erTmaneTisagan TvalnaTlivaa gamoyofili. miuxedavad
imisa, rom TiToeuli es nawili ar Seesabameba siuJetSi raime mniSvnelovan
dro-sivrciT
wyvetas,
SesaZlebelia,
rogorc
garegnuli
dieresisebi,
amgvari dayofis safuZvlad iqcnen. kompoziciuri organizaciis principis
mixedviT moTxrobaSi Cven mier gamoyofili segmentebi sqematurad Semdeg
saxes iRebs:
I. ganTiadi (papadiamandisi 1985: 111);
II. sasmelebis gamyidvelTan Sexvedris scena (papadiamandisi 1985: 111112);
*
aRmosavluri xalxuri musikaluri sakravi.
132
III. derviSis warsuli / tavernaSi moqeifeebTan erTad gatarebuli
saRamo (papadiamandisi 1985: 112);
IV. kafes da derviSis suraTis aRwera (papadiamandisi 1985:112-113);
V. kafeSi gatarebuli dReebi / „policiis umcrosi muSakis“ rCevadarigebebi (papadiamandisi 1985: 113);
VI. „sabediswero Rame“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 113-114);
VII. sakravze dakvra (papadiamandisi 1985: 114-115);
VIII. sasmelebis gamyidvelTan Sexvedris scena (papadiamandisi 1985: 115116);
IX. darCenili dReebi aTenSi (papadiamandisi 1985: 116).
gamoyofili
segmentebi
kombinirebuli
erTmaneTis
principiT
mimarT
metad
sinTezuri,
dakavSirebulni. 6
arian
mkiTxveli maSinve SeniSnavs I _ IV _ VII nawilebs Soris Sesabamisobas,
ramdenadac am epizodebSi batonobs suraTis aRwerebi (pirvel SemTxvevaSi
_ ganTiadis suraTi aRwera, meore SemTxvevaSi _kafeteriisa da derviSis
aRwera, mesame SemTxvevaSi _ musikalur sakravze dakvris aRwera). Tavis
mxriv,
VII
segments,
nawili
romlebic
sinTezuri
xasiaTisaa
erTmaneTis
mimarT
da
Tavis
wriuli
TavSi
moicavs
kompoziciis
sam
niSnebis
matarebelni arian (melodiis Sesaxeb mTxrobelis SeniSvna _ derviSis mier
musikalur sakravze dakvra _ aRmosavluri musikis istoriuli ganviTarebis
Sesaxeb mTxrobelis SeniSvna). centraluri nawilia derviSis mier sakravis
aJRereba,
romelsac
win
uswrebs
da
mosdevs
mTxrobeliseuli
gansja
zogadad melodiis (pirvel SemTxvevaSi), kerZod ki aRmosavluri musikis
istoriuli
ganviTarebis
(meore
SemTxvevaSi)
Sesaxeb.
mTxrobelis
mier
gamoTqmul amgvar SeniSvnas Seicavs aseve VIII scenac, sadac gamoTqmulia
mosazreba
quCis
saxelwodebasTan
(lepeniotisi)
dakavSirebiT.
SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ara imdenad simetriis, ramdenadac
urTierTareklvis principTan.
aSkaraa, aseve II _ VI _ VIII nawilebs Soris Sesabamisoba. Tavis mxriv, II
scenaSi derviSis sasmelebis gamyidvelTan Sexvedra dakavSirebulia III
epizodSi moqeifeebTan erTad tavernaSi gatarebul RamesTan. aRsaniSnavia,
133
rom III nawili Tavis ATavSi aerTianebs Txrobasa da baZvas (διήγησις/μίμησις).
saxeze
gvaqvs,
erTi
mxriv,
mTxrobelis
mier
mokled
reziumirebuli
derviSis ganvlili cxovreba, meore mxriv, uSualod tavernaSi gatarebuli
Ramis
scena.
nawilTan,
III
epizodis
sadac
aseve
sinTezuri
gvxvdeba,
xasiaTi
erTi
srul
mxriv,
SesabamisobaSia
derviSis
mier
V
kafeSi
gatarebuli dReebis mTxrobeliseuli aRwera da, meore mxriv, derviSisa da
policielis scena. (am ukanasknelis metad faseuli rCevebi Tu rogor unda
moiqces ama Tu im situaciaSi: quCaSi Cxubis Seswrebis dros, ufrosTan
damokidebulebaSi
da
a.S.).
III
scenaSi
aRweril
derviSis
ganvlil
cxovrebasa da V scenaSi aRweril kafeSi gatarebul dReebs ukavSirdeba
bolo
IX
epizodic,
sadac
mTxrobeli
erTgvari
daskvnis
saxiT
warmogvidgens Tu rogor gaatara derviSma darCenili dReebi aTenSi.
zemoaRniSnuli
mxatvrul
drosa
dayofidan
da
gamomdinare,
istoriul
dros
SegviZlia
Soris
davaskvnaT,
monacvle
rom
prozauli
nawarmoebis SeTxzva rTuli procesia, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca gvxvdeba
TxrobiTi
epizodebi,
romlebic
erTmaneTis
mimarT
simetriulad
arian
dakavSirebulni. aRsaniSnavia, rom derviSis ganvlili cxovrebis aRwera da
tavernaSi gatarebuli Rame Tanabari moculobiTaa warmodgenili teqstSi.
scenebad gamovyaviT Zalzed danawevrebuli monakveTebi, romlebSic ar
gvxvdeba dialogebi imdenad, ramdenadac es scenebi Semoifarglebian raRac
erTi konkretuli moqmedebiT da ara drois xangrZlivi monakveTis zogadi
gadmocemiT.
swored
amgvari
SemTxvevebisaTvis,
rodesac
scenasa
da
reziumirebas Soris zRvari TiTqmis waSlilia, mkvlevari a. sparmaxeri
gamoiyenebs termins „plisirebuli scenebi“ (πτυχωμένες σκηνές) (sparmaxeri
1982: 97).
R.
farinu-malamataris
gadmocema,
e.
gamyidvelTan
w.
azriT,
„plisirebuli
dialogis
„nawarmoebis
scenebis“
uecari
siuJetis
gamoyeneba
gawyvetiT
da
mesame
aseve
gamowveuli
pirSi
sasmelis
elifsisebis
gamoyeneba aCqarebs Txrobis ritms da win wamowevs or ZiriTad Temas:
134
1. cvalebadobis
Temas,
romelic
gadmocemulia
sasmelis
gamyidvelTan Sexvedrisa da policielis rCeva-darigebebis or
scenaSi, sadac xazi esmeba adamianis namoqmedaris cvlilebas
istoriis mikrokosmosSi,
2. kulturisa
da
gadmocemulia
civilizaciis
derviSis
mier
maradiulobis
sakravze
Tema,
dakvris
romelic
epizodSi
mTxrobelis kargad mofiqrebul da gansjil aRweraSi, riTac
xazi esmeba maradiuli warsulis gagrZelebas warmaval awmyoSi“
(farinu-malamatari 1987: 76).
adamianuri bunebis daudegrobis Tema gadmocemulia Txrobis rogorc
mikroskopul,
ise
makroskopul
doneze.
makroskopulia
is
Sedareba,
romliTac mTxrobeli paralels avlebs wvimis wveTebis ritmsa da uZinari
mezRvauris gembanze monotonur bolTiscemas Soris: „micuravs ZaZisfer
wylebSi da xedavs casa da zRvas velurad mocekvaveT da mosasxamSi
gaxveuli Tambaqos qaCviT meyseulad miapobs wyvdiads“ (papadiamandisi 1985:
111). zemoaRniSnuli Sedareba scildeba mis mier aRniSnul garemos (aTenur
ubanSi saRamos wvima) da maT Soris SeiniSneba ufro msagvseba vidre
siaxlove. Tumca es epizodi amave dros SeiZleba metaforuladac iqnas
gagebuli rogorc adamianis mogzauroba aracnobierSi da ufro metad
rogorc
adamianis
gadasvla
mistikur
samyaroSi.
Tuki
zemoaRniSnul
Sedarebas am kuTxiT ganvixilavT, maSin igi uSualo kavSirSia derviSis
saxesTan da SesaZlebelia masTan paralelis gavleba. derviSic mistikuri
gamoCenis Semdeg drois mcire monakveTis manZilze rCeba aTenSi
aseve
mistikur gauCinarebamde.
mesame scenasa da epilogSi warmodgenilia derviSis ganvlili da
momavali cxovreba mesame pirSi TxrobiT da mas erTgvari reziumes saxe
aqvs.
d.
lojis
azriT,
„TxrobaSi
damatebiTia
mxolod
is
adgilebi,
romlebic warmodgenilni arian „garegnuli fokusirebis“ (εξωτερική εστίαση)
gziT.
amdenad,
moTxovna
Sinagani
garemos
aRniSvnisa
anu
imisa
rom,
personaJebs hqondeT saxeli da fsiqologiuri individualizaciis raRac
procenti“ (loji 1981: 49), am nawarmoebSi mkiTxvels sinamdvilis yalbi
135
SegrZnebisaken
ar
ubiZgebs.
yvela
is
cnoba,
romelic
gansazRvravs
personaJis „istoriulobas“, warmodgenilia kiTxvebis saxiT anu „rodis?
vin? ra? ratom?“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 112), romlebic an upasuxod rCeba, an
maTze
imgvaradaa
winamorbeds
pasuxi
gacemuli,
abaTilebs.
rom
derviSis
yoveli
momdevno
warsulisa
da
pasuxi
mis
momavlisadmi
mTxrobeliseuli midgoma warmosaxviTi samyarosken gvibiZgebs.
mikroskopulad danaxuli „cvalebadoba“ qmnis moTxrobis zedapirul
siuJets.
es
cvalebadoba
urTierTobisas
VI
scenaSi,
moxseniebulia
romelic
derviSisa
gadmocemulia
da
aTenelebis
dialogebis
gareSe
reziumirebuli Txrobis saSualebiT samarTaldamcavis warsulis amsaxvel
epizods rom enacvleba. epizodebs Soris amgvari simetriuli monacvleoba
emsaxureba derviSisadmi megobruli damokidebulebis, aTeneli moqeifeebi
rom gamoxataven, samarTaldamcvelis mxridan mtruli damokidebulebiT
Secvlas. TanagrZnobidan mtrul damokidebulebaze gadasvla kvlav icvleba
sasmelis gamyidvelTan Sexvedris sceniT (VIII). amdenad, mtrobas kvlav
cvlis megobruli daxmarebis xelis gamowvdoma. es ukanaskneli scena R.
farinu-malamatarisis
azriT,
qronologiurad
win
erTi
„iyofa
uswrebs,
or
xolo
nawilad,
meore
romelTaganac
mosdevs
VI
scenaSi
aRweril „sabediswero Rames“. amis Sedegad, „cvalebadobis“ motivi iRebs
Semdeg formas: megobroba/megobroba _ mtroba _ megobroba; da Semdeg saxes:
baZva/Txroba
_
baZva
urTierTmonacvleobas
_
plisirebuli
rogorc
aRsaniSnis,
scena,
aseve
riTac
warmogvidgens
aRmniSvnelis
doneze“
(farinu-malamatari 1987: 77).
is faqti, rom moTxrobaSi sxva personaJebsac ar aqvT saxelebi da
individualurobas
iZenen
maTze
dakisrebuli
rolidan
gamomdinare
moqmedebebis meSveobiT, ara mxolod emsaxureba swrafi tempiT monacvle
Sinaarsis
gadmocemas,
aramed
aTavisuflebs
teqsts
„materializmis
simZimisagan“, romelic Tavis mxriv iwvevs realobaSi mudmiv dabrunebas.
aviRoT, Tandac, V scena, romelic erT konkretul CarCoSi moqceuli
erTaderTi segmentia da xazs usvams ufro metad mimRebis arsebobas, vidre
Sinaarssa da gadmocemis pirobebs. aqedan gamomdinare, nawarmoebSi ritmi
136
Senelebulia scenebsa da TxrobiT nawilebs Soris erTgvari saxis TamaSiT.
garda amisa, realisturi nawarmoebis ganmsazRvreli zogierTi elementis
garda warmatebiTaa gamoyenebuli ritmulobis efeqti.
derviSis mier musikalur instrumentze dakvra gadmocemulia aRwerisa
da mTxrobelis SeniSvnis saSualebiT. moTxrobis es SedarebiT mozrdili
epizodi (VII), romelic TiTqmis Seesabameba ambis erT mcire monakveTs, qmnis
Cveuli
ritmulobis
Senelebis
STabeWdilebas
imis
miuxedavad,
rom
melodiis sityvebiT gadmocema, obieqtis bunebidan gamomdinare, ar gaurbis
drois gangrZobiTobis erTgvar saxes, romelic Seesabameba Tavad am ambis
xangrZlivobas. ufro metic, aRwera CaiTvleba aqtiurad, rogorc enis
maradiuli mcdeloba, bgera gadmosces sityvebis saSualebiT. es mcdeloba
xorcieldeba sityvis ritmuli gamoyenebiT da Sedarebebis akumulirebiT:
monotonia/mravalxmianoba,
kakani/qviTini,
zemoT/qvemoT.
aRmosavluri
musikis dasaxasiaTeblad al. papadiamandisi iyenebs Sedgenili Semasmenlis
saxelad nawilTa mTel wyebas, romelTagan zogierTi miemarTeba melodias,
zogierTi
_ xmis intensiurobasa da tons. erTni gamoxataven vizualur
STabeWdilebas, sxvebi ki xmisgan miRebul STabeWdilebas akavSireben sxva
SegrZnebebTan. zogierTi maTgani musikis moZraobas miyveba qvemodan zemoT
da akavSirebs melodias im kuTxesTan, saidanac igi momdinareobs, zogierTi
ki
gadataniTi
msgavsebaze
SegviZlia
mniSvnvnelobiT
amaxvilebs
davaskvnaT,
yuradRebas.
rom
amgvari
STabeWdilebisgan
simbolur
arsebiTad
doneze
gansxvavebuli,
Tu
Seqmnil
ganvixilavT,
mravalferovani
mimReobebis simravle gamoxatavs enis uZlurebas, gadmosces musika. rogorc
Cans,
ena bgeris daxasiaTebisas ufro Raribia, vidre suraTis aRwerisas.
aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxeladi nawilebis mTeli
am urTierTmonacvleobidan, romlebic ritmulobis mxriv warmatebuladaa
gamoyenebuli, mimarTvis obieqti (aRsaniSni anu am SemTxvevaSi aRmosavluri
musika) gamotovebuilia da ar figurirebs. sagnis aRwera misi uSualo
moxseniebis gareSe nawarmoebSi simbolur doneze gvTavazobs werisa da
aRqmis erTgvar alegorias, romlis drosac mkiTxveli mihyveba enis gzas da
cdilobs, CaeWidos samyaros (am SemTxvevaSi musikas) da daafiqsiros is.
137
ufro
metic,
xangrZlivobis
al.
papadiamandisi
Sesabamisi
aRwevs,
mTxrobelis
rom
ambis
SeniSvna-sqolio
minimaluri
erTi
mxriv,
gadmosces sityvebis TamaSis ritmulobis saSualebiT _ mag: „Νάϊ – Νάϊ/ Νάζι,
Νάϊ – Νάϊ/Ναι“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 114-115) da ZiriTad TemaSi umniSvnelo
variaciebiT,
xolo
meore
mxriv,
fonetikuri
msgavseba
ganavrcos
semasiologiuri msgavsebiT moqmedebis droisa da adgilis saSualebiT.
„Νάϊ“ dieresisis aRmniSvneli ori wertiliT gansxvavdeba „ναι“-sgan. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, arsebobs xangrZlivi sicocxlisunariani ritmis
xelovneba: „antikuri harmoniis, frigielebis, lidielebis“ (papadiamandisi
1985: 115), romelmac dros gauZlo da mravalferovani saxiT da zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebul kulturul garemoSic ki ganagrZobs arsebobas.
aqedan gamomdinare, TxrobiTi nawilebis Tanafardoba-Sesabamisobis garda,
SesaZlebelia
imis
mtkicebac,
rom
nawarmoebis
ori
ZiriTadi
ritmi,
romelic iqmneba reziumirebis, elifsisisa da uSualod scenebisagan, da
aseve
Seneleba,
Seesabamebian
warmavlobasa
romelsac
moTxrobis
da
warmoqmnis
warmmarTvel
kulturuli
aRwera
da
konfliqts:
faseulobebis
SeniSvna-sqolio,
adamianis
cxovrebis
maradiulobas
Soris
dapirispirebas. aqedan gamomdinare, konfliqti grafikulad Semdeg saxes
iRebs:
II-VIII scenebi
gamyidvelTan Sexvedra
I scena
ganTiadi
IV scena
VI scena
kafisa da derviSis aRwera
III scena
derviSis warsuli
V scena
policielis rCeva
“sabediswero Rame”
VII scena
naize dakvra
kritikosi k. xioteli Tvlis, rom „dro-sivrciT mimarTebebsa da mizezSedegobriobis wyvilze dafuZnebuli nawarmoebi gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT
gasagebi xdeba, rogorc dapirispireba cvalebadobasa da mudmivobas Soris,
pirovnebasa da civilizacias Soris, adamianis warmavlobasa da kulturis
138
maradiulobas
Txrobis
Soris.
zemoaRniSnuli
Tanmimdevrobis
arasistematuri
saSualebiT
cvalebadoba
dapirispirebebi
da
Seesabameba
gadmocemulia
gvafiqrebinebs,
im
ritms,
rom
ritmis
romliTac
mRerian
Turqul xalxur amans“ (xioteli 1981: 366).
amgvarad, moTxroba xasiaTdeba mkacrad Camoyalibebuli kompoziciuri
organizaciiT, romelic erTgvarad kombinirebul saxes atarebs, aerTianebs
ra wriuli kompoziciisa da paraleluri dayofis principebs. konfliqtis
struqtura mWidro kavSirSia kompoziciuri organizaciis xasiaTTan da
mdgomareobs
kulturis
cvalebadobasa
maradiulobas
da
mudmivobas,
Soris
adamianis
dapirispirebaSi.
warmavlobasa
moTxrobis
da
siuJetis
pirvelwyaro, _ konkretuli istoriuli movlena _ da misi gadmocemis
mxatvruli
garSemo
xerxebi
Txrobis
ise
iqna
organizebuli
ritmulobisa
da
warmmarTveli
xatobriv-saxieri
konfliqtis
Sesabamisobebis
saSualebiT, rom nawarmoebi realisturisa da poeturis zRvarze dgas.
4. „codvis aCrdili“
moTxroba „codvis aCrdili“ daiwera 1900 wels da al. papadiamandisis
erT-erTi im moTxrobaTagania, romelic avtobiografiul xasiaTs atarebs.
Txroba pirvel pirSi mimdinareobs. am SemTxvevaSi mTxrobeli ubralo
mowmis rols ki ar asrulebs, aramed is nawarmoebis centraluri figura
da
Sesabamisad,
mTavari
gmiria.
siuJeti
eyrdnoba
al.
papadiamandisis
bavSvobis mogonebas. biZaSvil maxulasTan mas gansakuTrebuli siaxlove
akavSirebda. igi ixsenebs Soreul warsulSi momxdar ambavs, gzaSi mimavalT
uecrad Tu rogor daecaT Tavze sabani, rac erTgvari niSani iyo maTi bedis
msgavsebisa.
axlac
isini
erTad
RvTismsaxurebas rom daswrebodnen. RamiT
doqi
carielia,
amitomac
wylis
miuyvebodnen
gzas
taZrisken,
mTxrobels moswyurdeba, magram
mosatanad
mdinares
miaSurebs,
sadac
erTgvar mistikur garemoSi aRmoCenili xedavs Cvenebas.
139
moTxroba sakmaod bevr sirTules warmoSobs mkiTxvelisTvis, Tu raSi
mdgomareobs konkretulad gmiris Cveneba, nawarmoebis romel monakveTSia is
moxseniebuli da ra kavSiria moTxrobis pirvel da meore nawils Soris.
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
Casmuli.
brWyalebi
es
„codvis
aCrdili“
ixureba
pirvelive
mxolod
frazidan
moTxrobis
brWyalebSia
dasasruls,
ris
Semdegac erTaderTi frazaa miwerili: „zemoTaRniSnuls Tavi moeyara erTi
ubeduri mokvdavi megobris Zveli Canawerebidan“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 230).
savaraudoa, rom brWyalebSi Casmuli siuJeti SeiZleba CaiTvalos megobariSemgroveblis mier areuli Canawerebis mTxroeblis mier dalagebis dros
kvlevis
Catarebis
movlenebis
mcdelobad.
amgvari
dResaswaulebis
Sekreba-dalageba
aRmniSvneli
siuJetis
Semadgenel
amgvarad,
mTxrobelis
Tavidanve
sam
mier
moxda
TariRebis
epizodSi
SegviZlia
erTi
saeklesio
meore
mxriv
monawileobis
agebis
rom
mxriv,
safuZvelze,
maxulas
moTxrobis
vivaraudoT,
modeli
ki,
safuZvelze.
efuZneba
drois
metnakleb msgavsebasa da erTi da imave personaJis warmoCenas.
kompoziciuri organizaciis TvalsazrisiT nawarmoebi iyofa Semdeg
scenebad:
I. saeklesio msaxureba 25 seqtembers (papadiamandisi 1985: 225);
II.
8
seqtembris
RvTismsaxurebis
Semdeg
RamiT
ukan
dabruneba
(papadiamandisi 1985: 225-226);
III. sabnis TavSi dacemis mogonebis scena (papadiamandisi 1985: 226);
IV. 25 seqtembris Ramis scena (papadiamandisi 1985:
227-228);
V. mTxrobelis mdinareze Casvla da mistikuri Cveneba (papadiamandisi
1985: 229-230).
Txrobis qronologiur Tanamimdevrobaze dakvirvebiT SevniSnavT, rom
pirvelad moxseniebulia 25 seqtemberi, romelic warmoadgens moTxrobis
siuJetis
awmyos,
romelSic
CarTulia
erTgvari
saxis
asociaciuri
mogonebis ori SemTxveva. pirveli maTgani axlo warsulSi moxda sul
ramdenime dRiT adre, ufro konkretulad ki 8 seqtembers, xolo meore
maTgans adgili hqonda Soreul warsulSi. 25 seqtembris ucnauri Cvenebis
dasasruli
aRniSnavs,
rom
gmiri
anu
mTxrobeli
acnobierebs
Soreul
140
warsuls siuJetis awmyo droSi. aqedan gamomdinare, Txroba miemarTeba
awmyo droidan warsulis sxvadasxva doneebisken, romlebic warmoadgenen
erTgvari saxis paradoqss. miuxedavad imisa, rom warsulSi dabrunebis
TiToeuli
Secnobis
scena
mTavari
ganwyobiTaa
gmiris
mier
gadmocemuli,
gazrdili
interesiTa
sabolood
ufro
da
dafaruli
maTi
da
gaugebari xdeba.
am TariRebis asociaciuri Sedareba miuTiTebs erTgvar struqturul
simetriaze,
Tumca
movlenebis
es
termini
ramdenadme
orazrovnebas,
sustad
romlebic
gamoxatavs
momxdari
erTmaneTis
mimarT
urTierTSeTanxmebul Tu urTierTdapirispirebul kavSirSi imyofebian. es
dapirispirebuli
amoxsnasac
wyvilebi
mkiTxveli
gamoxataven
cdilobs
urTierTmonacvleobas,
maTi
moTxrobasTan
romlis
rogorc
erT
mTlianobasTan urTierTmimarTebiT.
ganvixiloT siuJetSi asaxuli movlenebi maTi realuri qronologiuri
TanamimdevrobiT. pirvel rigSi dgas III scena anu Soreul 8 seqtembers
momxdari epizodi, romelSic aRwerilia „qaTqaTa sabnis“ (papadiamandisi
1985: 226) Camovardna da mis qveS ucabedi gaxlarTva. am momentSi TariRis
moxsenieba da qronologiuri dazusteba gvaiZulebs, rom aRniSnuli scena
davukavSiroT sxva scenebs, imis miuxedavad, rom maT Soris sakmaod didi
daSorebaa.
gaugebari
sainteresoa,
da
burusiT
rom
am
moculia.
epizodSi
momxdari
upirveles
SemTxveva-incidenti
yovlisa,
es
gaurkvevloba
momdinareobs mniSvnelobis doneze sityva „κουκουλώνω“-s orgvari gagebidan.
pirvel rigSi es zmna gulisxmobs dafarvas, zemodan gadafarvas risame
TvalTaxedvis aredan gauCinarebis mizniT, magram amave dros mas meore
mniSvnelobac aqvs, romelic aRniSnavs daqorwinebas. amasTan dakavSirebiT
saintereso
mosazrebas
gvTavazobs
kritikosi
R.
farinu-malamatari,
romelic Tvlis, rom „am SemTxvevaSi al. papadiamandisi sityva „κουκουλώνω“s iyenebs „σαβαλώνω“-s mniSvnelobiT, rac aRniSnavs sudaraSi gaxvevas“
(farinu-malamatari 1987: 251). mTavari gmiri sabanSi gaxvevas avismomaswavebel
niSnad
miiCnevs
maSin,
roca
moxula
am
faqts
Tvlis
maTi
momavali
141
bedisweris msgavsebis simbolod (savaraudod, msgavsi sikvdilisa), romelic
ganagrZobs maT dakavSirebas cxovrebasTan: „SeveferebodiT . . . erTad
mivuyvebodiT gzas“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 225).
siuJetis qronologiur TanamimdevrobaSi momdevno II scena xazs usvams
sinaTlesa da wyvdiads Soris ormag Sedareba-dapirispirebas (maRla/dabla;
ukan/win). „mTvaris tkbili naTeba“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 225) kvlav ifrqveva
simaRlidan, Tumca „keTilganwyobili sxivebi“ ver aRweven qvemoT. mTavar
gmirsa da maxulas ukan mihyveba sandomiani moxuci qali CiraRdniT xelSi.
am dros ki maT win „qarma Caaqro sanTeli, romelic erTma moxucma qalma
despiniom
eklesiis
kandelidan
gadmokidebuli
cecxliT
aanTo“
(papadiamandisi 1985: 226), ris Sedegadac „uecari wyvdiadi“daisadgurebs.
saxezea
erTgvarad
ganeitralebuli
mdgomareoba,
romelic
imarTeba
sibnelisa da sxva misi gamovlinebebis mier.
amgvari gauTvaliswinebeli movlenebis arseboba xazs usvams gmirsa da
maxulas
Soris
kavSirs:
„magram
TiTqmis
yovelTvis
erTmaneTTan
SeuTanxmeblad mainc erTad mivabijebdiT“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 225). amgvari
kavSiri (Tu saerTo bediswera?!), romelic warmodgenilia II da III scenebSi,
daculia
siuJetis
ganviTarebis
uSualod
awmyo
droSi
mimdinare
epizodebSic (IV_V scena), rodesac mTxrobeli mdinareze midis wylis
mosatanad
„imitom,
movmsaxurebodi
rom
Cem
mwyuroda
da
keTilSobil
da
Tanac
imitom,
gulSematkivar
rom
mindoda
biZaSvils“
(papadiamandisi 1985: 228). amgvarad, doqi – awmyo drois erTgvari saxis
„saerTo Tasi“ _ oci wlis Semdeg mdinareSi Casvlis mizezad iqceva, sadac
mistikur garemoSi moxvedrili gmiri xedavs Cvenebas: „uecari SiSi vigrZeni,
wyarosTan muxlis kankaliT avedi, gamalebiT pirjvars viwerdi da gulSi
vloculobdi, magram ena mebmeboda . . . vgrZnobdi, rom ar viyavi Rirsi arc
ganwyobiT, arc xorcielad imisTvis, rom wminda sityvebi warmomeTqva“
(papadiamandisi 1985: 229).
mTxrobelis
rogorc
Cveneba
ararsebuli
da
dafarulia
da
gamogonili.
Cveulebsamebr,
miuxedavad
imisa,
ganisazRvreba
rom
gmiri
vizualurad xedavs am Cvenebas: „Cemi TvalebiT davinaxe“ (papadiamandisi 1985:
142
229),
danaxuls
ar
aqvs
materialuri
hipostasi,
amitomacaa
moCveneba.
mTxrobeli ar iyenebs leqsikur marags mis aRsawerad, aramed mimarTavs
Sedarebebsa da metaforebs. imis gamo, rom aRsaweri obieqti ararsebulia,
aRmweri konkretuli sityvebis naklebobas ganicdis da ar SeuZlia ipovos
Sesaferisi termini, gansazRvreba Tu sityvaTSexameba.
mTxrobeli amgvaradve iyenebs mTel wyeba predikativebs, romlebic
arasrulad
principiT
gamoxataven
nawildeba
religiur
teqstSi,
wes_Cveulebebs
rac
maT
da
simbolur
dapirispirebis
datvirTvas
sZens.
mkiTxveli aRiqvams „gaormagebul Cvenebas“ (papadiamandisi 229) rogorc
dapirispirebas,
romelic
gadmocemulia
Semdegi
wyvilebis
meSveobiT:
varskvlavi/Suqis uRirsi siRrme; TeTri/Savi; TovliviT spetaki/melnisferi
siSave;
mindvris
pirveli
yvavili/saZulveli
nawili,
romelic
dablobi.
Seicavs
am
orsaxovani
dapirispirebas
moCvenebis
TeTri/Savi
_
sinaTle/wyvdiadi, advili gasaSifria. teqstidan gadavdivarT samyaroSi,
sadac
vxedavT
simboloebs
sikeTe/boroteba,
sicocxle/sikvdili,
sispetake/codva. sirTules vawydebiT sapirispiro mimarTulebiT, radganac
moCveneba
rogorc
aRqma
ukve
ganxilulia
mTxrobelis
mier
sakuTari
warsulis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT: „TeTri ca mogavda qaTqaTa qitons
TxuTmeti
wlis
ymawvilis
Seuryvnel
samoss,
Savi
ki
hgavda
codvis
aCrdils“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 229).
s. Catmanis azriT, A„am momentSi SegviZlia visaubroT mTxrobeli-gmiris
erTgvar
miemarTeba
gadasvlaze
ara
damokidebulebas,
Semecnebidan
azrobriv
mayureblis
fizikur
Tu
arian
rogor
perspeqtivaze,
mdgomareobas,
movlenebi
da
romelic
aramed
mis
STabeWdilebebi
gafiltrulni mis gonebaSi“ (Catmani 1978: 152).
amgvarad,
zogadi
simboluri
Tanaarseboba
sikeTe/boroteba,
sicocxle/sikvdili da a.S. gaigivebulia mTxrobelis warsulTan. zogadidan
konkretulze gadasvla SeumCnevlad gvibiZgebs erTgvari dausrulebeli
procesisken, ramdenadac mudmivad icvleba obieqti, romelic unda iqnas
gansazRvruli,
raTa
danamdvilebiT
ar
gamovitanoT
viciT,
saboloo
mTxrobeli
daskvna.
namdvilad
ufro
metic,
avtobiografiulad
143
warmogvidgens
sakuTar
warsul
gamocdilebas
Tu
ara.
R.
farinu-
malamatarisi miiCnevs, rom „TxuTmeti wlis ymawvili SesaZlebelia, iyos
siymawvilis droindeli morigi siyvaruli, romlis eTikur Tu fizikur
sikvdilSic pasuxismgebloba mTxrobels miuZRvis. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki
mTxrobeli sakuTar warsuls alegoriulad gadmoscems, maSin „TxuTmeti
wlis
ymawvili“
SeiZleba
miviCnioT
bavSvobis
xanad,
samoTxisdar
mdgomareobad, antikur mSvenierebad, romelic saxes icvlis „Savi sulis“
SemoWriT. es ukanaskneli ryvnis spetak silamazes, yvavilebs gadaaqcevs
eklebad, xolo „RvTaebrivi xeliT Seqmnil scenas“ _ „matlebisgan SeWmul
scenad“ (farinu-malamatari 1987: 253). yovelive es miCneulia rogorc codvis
gabatonebis Sedegi,
romlis gamomwvevi mizezi auxsnelia. sinanuli da
metania-vedreba warmoadgens moTxrobis dasasruls. mTavari gmiris Semdgomi
bed-iRblis
Sesaxeb
ki
vigebT
uiRblo
megobrisgan,
romlis
gabneuli
Canawerebidan Seiqmna aRniSnuli nawarmoebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia SevamCnioT I da
V scenebs Soris erTgvari paralelebi. I scenaSi maRlidan momdinare
sinaTle
da
Seesabameba
xidze
V
keTilganwyobili
scenaSi
sinaTlis
sxivis
uRirsi
nakleboba
ufskrulis
simetriulad
gasanaTeblad
varskvlavis Camosvlas. II scenaSi axlo warsulis gaxsenebiT Soreul
warsulSi
dafaruli
danaSaulis
erTgvari
winaswari
aRniSvna
xdeba.
TovliviT spetaki sabnis xseneba, Tavis mxriv, Seadgens erT umniSvnelo
marcvals, romelic mkiTxvelis mier retrospeqtulad amoicnoba megobarikompilatoris warmodgeniT. ironiulad gaurkveevli rCeba maxulas frazis
mniSvnelobac,
rom
“erTnairi
bediswera
gveqneba,
erTnairi
bediswera”
(papadiamandisi 1985: 226), romelic azrobrivad agrZelebs Tu radikalurad
cvlis bedisweris gagebas awmyoSi. Soreul warsulSi momxdari SemTxveva
mTxrobeli
gmiris
momavlis
erTgvari
winaswarmetyvelebaa,
romelsac
mkiTxveli winaswar igebs. amdenad, nawarmoebis warmmarTveli konfliqti
erTfiguriania,
mTxrobelis
Sinagan
samyaroSi
mimdinareobs
da
misi
gamoxatva grafikulad ase SeiZleba:
144
II scena
III scena
warsulSi dabruneba
sabnis Camovardnis scena
I scena
IV scena
25 seqtembris Rame
ori
25 seqtembris Rame
retrospeqtuli
konfliqti
VI scena
scena
mimdinareobs,
(II-III),
mdinareze mistikuri Cveneba
romlebSic
erTmaneTis
mimarT
moTxrobis
paralelur
ZiriTadi
sibrtyezea
ganlagebuli.
amdenad,
sam
asociaciur
scenas,
qronologiur
romlebic
rigs,
struqturulad
unda
daematos
qmnian
Tematuri
erTgvar
msgavsebac,
romelic, erTi mxriv, aRniSnavs warsulis awmyoSi gacnobierebas, xolo
meore mxriv, warsulis aracnobier demonstrirebas momavalSi.
Tumca sabolood gaurkveveli rCeba Tu raSi mdgomareobs maxulas
roli moTxrobaSi. SesaZloa raime kavSiri hqonda bavSvur CvenebasTan,
magram amis Sesaxeb darwmunebiT arafris Tqma ar SeiZleba. nawarmoebis
finali, romelic maxulas gansjas „erTnairi bedisweris“ Sesaxeb Riad
tovebs, Cven ver gvaZlevs raime xelCasaWid informacias, raTa maxula
mTxrobelis bavSvobasTan gavaigivoT, rogorc warsulSi „saerTo bedis“
erTgvari saxe. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos is faqti, Tu rogor aris
warmodgenili
„codvis
biZaSvil
aCrdili“
ganasaxierebs
zrdasruli
da
maxulas
„Sxamisgan
romantikuli
maxula
saxe
da
al.
papadiamandisis
ganmkurnavi“.
realisturi
warmogvidgeba
rogorc
orsave
bunebis
moTxrobebSi
SemTxvevaSi
erTgvar
gamorCeulad
is
Serwymas.
praqtikuli
gansazRvruli interesebis matarebeli qali, rac gamoxatulia, magaliTad,
misi Svilebis dabinavebis mcdelobaSi („Sxamisgan ganmkurnavi“). amave dros
maxulas
xasiaTi-personaJi
TiTqos
Caanacvlebs
Tu
gadafaravs
meore
mistikur saxes, romelic zedapirulad da ramdenadme sqematurad aris
aRwerili („TxuTmeti wlis ymawvili“ _ „codvis aCrdilSi“, „sxva saxe“ _
„Sxamisgan
ganmkurnavSi“).
amgvari
orsaxobrivi
daxasiaTeba
orsave
145
nawarmoebSi qmnis erTgvar mijnas pragmatul-praqtikulsa da warmosaxviTidealur saxes Soris. saidumlos saTave udevs yoveldRiuri banalurobis
dausrulebel aRwerasa (zrdasruli maxula) da TxuTmeti wlis ymawvilis
meyseul xsenebas Soris mTxrobelis poziciis sxvaobaSi. amgvari xerxiT
nawarmoebSi
saidumlo
amouxsneli
rCeba,
Tumca
erT-erTi
varianti
SesaZlebelia, yofiliyo realuri maxulas simboluri sikvdili, rodesac
mas
sakuTari
survilis
winaaRmdeg
gaaTxoveben.
amgvari
gardacvalebis
Semdeg rCeba qalis yovedRiuri praqtikuli saxe, romelTanac mTxrobeligmiri
agrZelebs
Tavis
Tavis
gaigivebas.
maTi
„saerTo
bediswera“
ki,
romelic momavalSic gadainacvlebs, ucnobi rCeba.
mniSvnelovania, rom azris ganusazRvreloba moTxrobaSi gamosaxulia
enobriv
donezec.
Txroba,
romelSic
mTxrobeli-gmiris,
maxulasa
da
megobari-kompilatoris perspeqtividan danaxuli erTi da igive movlenebi
vrcladaa
gadmocemuli,
vacnobierebT,
sruldeba
ironiiT.
nawarmoebis
finalSi
rom amgvari aRsarebis msgavsi TxrobiT gmiris warsulis
Secnoba mainc gansazRvrul CarCoebSi Casmuli darCeba. mTxrobeli enis
meSveobiT aRwevs, rom sakuTari warsuli gaugebrad gadmoces, da ufro
metic, warmoSvas kiTxvebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra moxda konkretulad
da namdvili iyo Tua ara misi paTosiTa da daZabulobiT aRsavse Cveneba.
Tumca
arsebobs
mimarTulebiT
gaurkveveli,
moTxrobis
sxva
warmoiSoba.
aseve
mier,
fraza,
romelic
warsuli
rCeba
SesaZlebelia,
argumentacia-motivirebis
ironiac,
rogorc
momavali
ukanaskneli
kompilatoris
saxis
rCeba
ucnobi
romelic
gagebul
arasrulyofilebisa
sapirispiro
mkiTxvelisTvis
mTxrobeli-gmirisaTvis.
damatebulia
megobari-
iqna
rogorc
realisturi
da
rRvevis
parodia,
romelic mkiTxvels moTxrobidan azris gamotanas urTulebs. Sesabamisad,
kompoziciuri organizaciis TvalsazrisiT nawarmoebSi SeiniSneba wriuli
kompoziciisa
mcdeloba
da
da
paraleluri
saboloo
dayofis
Sedegad
principebis
moTxroba
iRebs
Sejerebis
kombinirebul
susti
saxes.
Sesabamisad, nawarmoebis warmmarTveli konfliqtis struqturasac ar aqvs
mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli saxe.
146
5. „gveleSapis xma“
Aal. papadiamandisis moTxroba „gveleSapis xma“ daiwera 1904 wels.
nawarmoebis mokle Sinaarsi Semdegia: patara kocosi dedamis sofulasa da
gauTxovar
deida
kratirasTan
erTad
cxovrobs.
biWis
ramdenadme
dagvianebuli dabadeba gaxda sofelSi agorebuli Worebisa da amis Sedegad
sofulas ganqorwinebis mizezi. kocosi amaod cdilobs Tavisi warsulis
gamorkvevasa da simarTlis dadgenas. Tanatolebisgan damcirebuli
gariyuli
ymawvili,
sabolood,
maTive
msxverpli
xdeba:
da
abezara
bavSvebisagan morigi damcirebisaTvis sakadrisi pasuxis gacemis mcdelobis
dros xidan vardeba da kvdeba. misi gardacvalebidan cota xnis Semdeg
mgloviare
sofula
da
kratira
ber
ioakims
xvdebian.
es
ukanaskneli
amSvidebs Svilmkvdar dedas da RmerTis mowyaleobas Seaxsenebs, Tumca aqve
xazs usvams, rom bavSvis sikvdilis mizezad mainc misi dabadebis saeWvo
garemoebebs miiCnevs. ramdenime xnis Semdeg sofulac gardaicvleba.
nawarmoebi iwyeba in medias res. mTxrobeli TiTqos agvianebs siuJetis
dramatul
dasawyisamde
momxdari
movlenebis
mkiTxvelis
winaSe
warmodgenas. amgvari xerxi TxrobaSi gamoiyeneba, rogorc wesi, warsulis
eqspoziciisaTvis, rac xorcieldeba zogjer mTxrobelis mier warsulSi
momxdari
ambis
personajes
mokle
saSualebiT,
Sinaarsis
zogjer
ki
gadmocemiT,
zogjer
mTxrobelisa
da
ki
romelime
gmiris
sityvebis
erTmaneTSi erTgvari aRreviT.
kompoziciuri organizaciis mxriv moTxroba iyofa Semdeg scenebad:
I.
kocosis
gaseirneba
zeTisxilis
baRSi
deidasTan
erTad
(papadiamandisi 1985: 607);
II. kocosis dabadeba (papadiamandisi 1985: 608-610);
III. kocosisa da dedamisis aRsasruli (papadiamandisi 1985: 610-611);
IV. kocosisa da deida kratiras dialogi (papadiamandisi 1985: 612-614);
V. zeTisxilis baRSi gaseirnebis scena (papadiamandisi 1985: 615);
VI. kocosis skolidan garicxva (papadiamandisi 1985: 615-616);
VII.
zeTisxilis
baRSi
kocosis
ocneba
_
legenda
gveleSapze
(papadiamandisi 1985: 617-618);
147
VIII. gamoqvabulSi Casvlis scena (papadiamandisi 1985: 618-619);
IX. ber ioakimTan saubari (papadiamandisi 1985: 620-621).
dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli maSinve SeniSnavs I, V da VII scenebs Soris
Sesabamisobas, romelTac aerTianebT saerTo siuJeturi xazi: gaseirneba
zeTisxilis baRSi. II, IV da VI scenebSi retrospeqtuli xerxis gamoyenebiT
vecnobiT mTavari gmiris warsuls. xolo III scenaSi asaxuli movlenebi
urTierTareklvis principiT gameorebulia IX scenaSi beris saubarSi.
moTxrobis dasawyisi (I scena) icvleba warsul droSi dabrunebiTa da
didi xnis winaT momxdari ambebis gaxsenebiT (II scena), romelic, Tavis
mxriv,
wydeba
nawarmoebis
mTavari
gmirebis
saboloo
bed-iRblis
mTxrobelis mier winaswari CvenebiT (III scena), sadac aRwerilia rogorc
kocosis tragikuli aRsasruli, aseve dedamisis gardacvalebac.
II
scenaSi
warsulSi
retrospeqtuli
dabrunebis
saSualebiT
erTiandeba ramdenime epizodi: kocosis dabadebis dagvianeba, am faqtisadmi
sazogadoebis
uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba
(moxuci
dedabrebis
qiliki/eqimebisa da advokatebis gansja-argumentacia).
warsulSi retrospeqtuli dabrunebis meore mcdelobas vxvdebiT IV da
VI
scenebSi,
gamoarkvios
sadac
Tavad
sazogadoebis
moTxrobis
mxridan
misi
mTavari
personaJi
dacinvisa
da
abuCad
cdilobs,
agdebis
mTavari mizezi.
rogorc vxedavT, nawarmoebSi Txroba gviCvenebs warsulSi, awmyosa da
momavalSi radikalur cvlilebebs. Tuki Txrobis Tanamimdevrobas siuJetis
istoriul droSi ganviTarebis mixedviT davalagebT, maSin miviRebT Semdeg
saxis sqemas:
1. kocosis dabadeba da sazogadoebis reaqcia am faqtisadmi (II
scena);
2. kocosis saubari deida kratirasTan (IV scena);
3. kocosis skolidan garicxva (VI scena);
4. zeTisxilis baRSi gaseirneba (I-V-VII scenebi);
5. gamoqvabulSi Casvla (VIII scena);
6. kocosis aRsasruli (III scena);
148
7. ber ioakimTan debis saubari (IX scena);
8. sofulas gardacvaleba (III scena).
nawarmoebis
warmmarTveli
konfliqti
mimdinareobs
swored
mTavar
gmirsa (kocosi) da sazogadoebas (Worikana dedabrebi, abezari Tanatolebi)
Soris, romelic kicxavs patara bavSvs saeWvo viTarebaSi dabadebis gamo. es
konfliqti sabolood gmiris daRupviT sruldeba da sqematurad Semdegi
saxiT warmogvidgeba:
1. gmiri _ „tanjvis pirmSo“, rogorc mas uwodebs R. farinumalamatari
(farinu-malamatari
1987:
608)
Tu
bunebrivi
kanonzomiereba;
2.
sazogadoebis mxridan misi gakicxva _ mSobelTa codva Tu
Tanatolebis abezaroba;
3. gmiris
sikvdili
_
R.
farinu-malamataris
ganmartebiT:
„pirveli dro“ Tu „cudi dro“ (farinu-malamatari 1987:
621).
amgvarad, mkiTxveli mTeli Txrobis manZilze dgas gamocanis winaSe,
romelsac farda unda aexados faqtebis urTierTSejerebis gziT. warsulis
aRmwer
scenebSi
vxedavT
gadacilebuli
mSobiarobis
mizezis
erTgvari
damalvis mcdelobas, rac orgvari gziT miiRweva. II scenaSi es mizezebi
mravalferovani
da,
amave
dros,
urTierTgamomricxavi
poziciidan
aris
dafiqsirebuli: moxuci dedabrebis Sexeduleba (danaSauli!) upirispirdeba
deida katiras azrs (bunebis Secdoma!); eqimis daskvna (SemTxveviToba) ki _
mosamarTlis ganaCens (damtkicebuli danaSauli). VI scenaSi da Semdeg ukve
movlenebi
poziciidan.
„kratiras
danaxulia
Tumca
arasdros
da
Sefasebulia
kratiras
swamda
azrs
dis
mainc
kratirasa
dakravs
danaSauli,
arc
da
beri
undoblobis
misi
gamocda
ioakimis
elferi:
surda,
amjobinebda Tavi aeridebina da ubralod daejerebina misi ucodveloba“
(papadiamandisi
1985:
yvelafers
moTxrobis
saidumlos
da
dafarva
609).
beri
ioakimi
finalamde
warmogvidgeba
ar
ki
zneobrivi
gamodis
rogorc
kuTxiT
scenaze.
afasebs
VI
scenaSi
mizez-Sedegobrivi
wyvilis
urTierTugulebelyofis mcdeloba. kocosi eZebs Tanatolebis mier misi
149
Seuracxyofis, mamis mier ojaxis mitovebis, skolaSi usamarTlod dasjis,
dabadebidan
deidamiss
erTgvari
ekiTxeba.
Sesaferiss
pasuxs
stigmis
tarebis
kratira
ise,
rom
mizezs
diswulis
amiT
da
am
TiToeul
bavSvs
yvelafris
SekiTxvas
Seumsubuqos
gamo
unaxavs
yofa.
pirvel
SemTxvevaSi misi pasuxi aris fsevdo axsna-ganmartebiTi, romelic eyrdnoba
ufro metad sityvebis Zalas, vidre logikas: „ufro deidis tkbili xmiT
mojadoebuli Tu mis sityvebSi darwmunebuli“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 612).
meore SemTxvevaSi deidis pasuxi orazrovania: „deda unda giyvardes, mas
xom
SenTvis
araferi
dauSavebia...
sxva
kacisgan
ar
gauCenixar...“
(papadiamandisi 1985: 614) an umniSvnelo: „misi guli daWrilia am yvelafris
gamo...“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 614). mesame SemTxvevaSi kratiras pasuxi eWvqveS
ayenebs
adamianTa
SesaZleblobas:
Soris
„brali
pirobiTi
erTns
damokidebulebis
miuZRviT,
meoreni
nebismier
ki
itanjebian”
(papadiamandisi 1985: 614). sabolood deidis pasuxi diswulis motivaciaargumentacias aTanasworebs erTgvari saxis tavtologiasTan: „gveleSapis
xmas erTi Tviseba aqvs, adamians imas CasZaxebs, rac cxovrebaSi stanjavs... “
(papadiamandisi
1985:
620).
moTxrobis
finalamde
mkiTxveli
erTgvarad
SemTxveviTobasa da mizanmimarTulebas Soris dgas, romelTagan sabolood
SemTxveviTobisken
tomaSevsksis
ufro
terminis
ixreba.
mixedviT,
mxolod
droSi
XI
ukan
scenaSi,
romelic
mimarTuli
b.
dasasrulis
(regressive ending) (lemoni... 1965: 73) sanimuSo magaliTs warmoadgens da naTels
hfens yvelafers, aris warmodgenili saidumlos SesaZlo axsna-gadawyveta.
aqedan
gamomdinare
SesaZloa
moTxrobis
dasasruli,
romelic
gmiris
sikvdilTanaa dakavSirebuli da nawarmoebSi mocemulia mokle aRweris
saxiT, aRadgendes Txrobis darRveul Tanamimdevrobas. arsebobs mosazreba,
rom
„Cveulebriv
moTxrobebSi
urTierTTanmimdevrobis
gamomwvevi
SeumCnevelia,
Txrobis
rodesac
Tanamimdevroba.
aqedan
qronologias
mizezebi“
doneze
gamomdinare,
Tan
(hizi
daculia
naTelia,
sdevs
1977:
94).
movlenaTa
rom
moqmedebis
es
kavSiri
bunebrivi
qronologiuri
Tanamimdevrobisa da mizezobrivi Sedegebis gageba urTierTkavSirSia.
150
moTxrobaSi
„gveleSapis
xma“
movlenaTa
amgvari
TanamimdevrobiT
gadanawileba Txrobis ganmavlobaSi xazs usvams warmmarTveli konfliqtis
mizezebs da amave dros uzrunvelyofs saidumlos dacvas, argamJRavnebas.
TxrobaSi ambis gadmocemis Tanamimdevroba „pirvel dros“ (codviT dacema _
gadacilebuli mSobiaroba) akavSirebs „meore drosTan“ (kocosis xidan
Camovardna da daRupva), mizezs _ SedegTan, hedonizmsa da tkbobas _
samSobiaro tkivilTan da tanjvasTan.
sainteresoa,
rom
mTxrobelis
mier
moqmedebis
msvlelobaSi
qronologiuri Tanamimdevrobis dacvis SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis sulmokle
saqcieliT gamowveuli gmiris sikvdilis mizezad miCneul iqneboda swored
amgvari damokidebuleba. TxrobaSi moqmedebis Tanamimdevrobis aRrevam wina
planze
wamowia
SesaZlebloba
romelic
gmiris
aqvs
sikvdilis
sworad
mdgomareobs
erTi
namdvili
gaigos
mizezi,
moTxrobis
mdgomareobidan
riTac
ZiriTadi
meoreze
mkiTxvels
struqtura,
gadasvlaSi.
es
gadasvla ki emsaxureba nawarmoebis warmmarTveli konfliqtis warmoCenas. *
es
ukanaskneli
mimdinareobs
sazogadoebasa
da
pirovnebas
Soris
da
sabolood iwvevs pirovnebis daRupvas. Tumca konfliqti am wertilSi ki ar
sruldeba, aramed RvTaebrivi mowyalebiT. amdenad misi grafikuli gamosaxva
SesaZlebelia Semdegi saxiT:
sazogadoeba (Tanatolebi, dedabrebi)
pirovneba (kocosi)
RvTaebrivi mowyaleba (beri ioakimi)
aqve ar SeiZleba gverdi avuaroT erT metad saintereso mosazrebas. f.
kermodi wignSi „mxatvruli nawarmoebis finalis gagebisaTvis“ gamoTqvams
mosazrebas,
organizaciis
rom
klasikuri
modelad
literaturuli
SesaZloa
migveCnia
teqstis
saaTis
qronologiuri
xma
(tik-tak).
*
sainteresoa, rom j. qaleri siuJets gansazRvravs rogorc Tematuri struqturebis droSi
ganvrcobas (Culler J., Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of Literature, Routledge and
Kegan Paul, London 1975, 224).
151
yoveldRiurobidan aRebuli es xma warmoadgens ubralod qronologiur
Tanamimdevrobas dasawyissa (tik) da dasasruls (tak) Soris. interesi Cndeba
im
kritikuli
momentidan,
rodesac
dasawyissa
da
dasasruls
Soris
arsebuli am Tanamimdevrobis dasasrulTan kavSiri fiqsirdeba“ (kermodi
1967:
57).
moTxrobaSi
„gveleSapis
xma“
Txrobis
ganmavlobaSi
droiTi
cvlilebebi erTmaneTTan aSkarad aerTianebs dasawyissa da dasasruls (tiktak),
sicocxlesa
fenomenalurad
ganmeorebis,
da
sikvdils.
miiRweva
swored
molodinis,
Tavgadasavlis
amis
gamo
nawarmoebSi
imedgacruebis,
lakonurad
gadmocemis
dasasrulis
TvalismomWreli
procesis abstragireba, rogorc amas gansazRvravs f. kermodi. TxrobaSi
sikvdilis
winaswar
sikvdili
dasasruli
moxseniebam
ki
araa,
mkiTxvels
aramed
SeiZleba
warmoadgens
afiqrebinos,
erT
rom
gansazRvrul
mdgomareobas, romelic gvaiZulebs gavacnobieroT imgvari dasasruli (dro,
periodi), romelic Tavdayira ayenebs Cveulebriv dros.
sainteresoa, rom moTxroba sikvdiliT ki ar sruldeba, aramed ioakimis
SegonebiT imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom ukanonod Sobili bavSvis deda „ipovis
wyalobas“
(papadiamandisi
1985:
621).
aqedan
gamomdinare,
marTalia,
movlenebis Txrobis rigiTóxazi esmeba maTi Tanamimdevrobis logikasa da
mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs, in medias res dawyebuli Txroba Caketili araa.
moTxrobis siuJetis warmmarTveli moqmedebis mizezisa da Sedegis logika
gadalaxulia, ramdenadac „RvTis kanonebi“ ar aris imdenad SezRuduli,
rogorc mommaragebelTa sabuRaltro Canawerebi“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 609).
Tuki mizezi gaxlavT sofulas mier Cadenili codva, Sedegi ki _ kocosis
sikvdili,
maSin
nawarmoebis
finalSi
gadmocemulia
Sewyaleba.
gmiris
daRupvis winaswar aRniSvnis gamo TiTqos moqmedeba SeCerebulia da aRar
mimdinareobs. mTeli Cveni yuradReba mipyrobilia imisken, rom gavigoT, Tu
ra iyo kocosis ramdenadme dagvianebuli dabadebis mizezi, rac gavSorebs
pirveladi mdgomareobisagan: bunebis kanonebi eWvgareSea, rom arsebobs
(sinamdvile), pirvel dros yovelTis mosdevs meore dro (istoria). Tumca
nawarmoebi
arsebiTad
scildeba
am
istoriul
aucileblobas
RvTis
wyalobis saSualebiT.
152
daskvnis
saxiT
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
rom
moTxroba
„gveleSapis
xma“
xasiaTdeba mkacrad Camoyalibebuli kompoziciuri organizaciiT, romelic
kombinirebuli saxisaa da aerTianebs wriuli kompoziciisa da paraleluri
dayofis
kavSirSia
principebs.
mis
moTxrobis
warmmarTvel
kompoziciuri
konfliqtTanac,
organizacia
romelic
mWidro
mdgomareobs
sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis dapirispirebaSi. Tumca sainteresoa, rom es
konfliqti pirovnebis daRupviT ki ar iRebs dasrulebul saxes, aramed
RvTaebrivi mowyalebis aRniSvniT, romelic am daRupvis Sedegad modis.
153
d a s k v n a
amgvarad, g. viziinosisa da al. papadiamandisis Semoqmedebidan maTi
moTxrobebis
ganxilviT
TvalnaTliv
gamoCnda,
rom
yofiTi
Janris
es
nimuSebi gamoirCevian daZabuli dramatulobiTa da, rac Cveni TemisTvisaa
arsebiTi,
yoveli
teqsti
mravalferovani,
erTmaneTisgan
met-naklebad
gansxvavebuli, magram amave dros mkacrad Camoyalibebuli kompoziciuri
organizaciiT xasiaTdeba,
romlis agebulebas gansazRvravs nawarmoebis
warmmarTveli konfliqtis struqtura.
moTxrobebSi
struqturul
scenebi
erTeulebs
anu
Sinaarsis
matarebeli
kompoziciuri
elementebi
organizaciis
ori
qmnian
ZiriTadi
principis _ wriuli kompozicia da paraleluri dayofa _ Sesabamisad.
rogorc
ukve
aRvniSneT,
Cven
am
etapze
naklebad
gvainteresebda,
ramdenad originalurni iyvnen am mxriv g. viziinosi da al. papadiamandisi.
Cveni mizani iyo maT moTxrobebSi realizebuli kompoziciuri organizaciis
principebisa da konfliqtis struqturis garkveva.
kompoziciuri
organizaciis
doneze
yvela
moTxroba
mkacrad
Camoyalibebuli, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli struqturiT gamoirCeva. analizma
aCvena,
rom
TiToeul
moTxrobaSi
gamoyofili
scenebi
mniSvnelobaTa
msgavsebis an polarobis mixedviT nawildebian ori ZiriTadi principiT: an
isini nawarmoebis centraluri scenis mimarT wriulad ganlagdebian e. i.
abcb’a’ mimdevrobiT,
an
es
scenebi
moTxrobebSi
gviCveneben
abc…a’b’c’
mimdevrobas. kompoziciuri organizaciis am ori ZiriTadi principis garda
g. viziinosisa da al. papadiamandisis moTxrobebSi vxvdebiT aseve ZiriTadi
principebis struqturuli anomaliebsa da kombinaciebs.
rac
Seexeba
marTalia,
xasiaTebi
am
moTxrobebSi
atareben
konfliqts),
nawarmoebTa
magram
warmmarTveli
konfliqtis
warmosaxviT
da
gansxvavebulia
tipi
realur
konfliqtis
struqturas,
erTnairia
(moTxrobebis
samyaros
konfliqtis
Soris
struqtura.
arsebul
konfliqtis
matarebeli TiTqmis yvela moTxrobaSi erTi figuraa (garda moTxrobebisa:
„vin iyo Cemi Zmis mkvleli“ da „gveleSapis xma“), romelSic mimdinareobs
154
brZola warmosaxviTobasa da realobas Soris, rac TavisTavad emsaxureba
konfliqtis warmoSobas, ganviTarebasa da dasasruls.
yvela SemTxvevaSi konfliqts safuZveli eyreba Txrobis ZiriTad
dromde didi xniT adre. es epizodi yvela SemTxvevaSi retrospeqciis gziT
teqstis
Sesavals
mosdevs.
moTxrobebi
iwyeba
im
momentidan,
roca
konfliqts safuZveli ukve Cayrili aqvs da viTardeba, raTa kulminacias
miaRwios.
yvela SemTxvevaSi konfliqti sruldeba imedgacruebiT.
II TavSi kompoziciuri organizaciis erT-erTi ZiriTadi principiT
gaerTianebul wriuli kompoziciis mqone xuTsave moTxrobaSi konfliqtis
struqturac
wriulia,
Tavad
konfliqti
erTfiguriania
da
sruldeba
imedgacruebiT im wertilSi, saidanac daiwyo:
1.
wriuli
„misi
cxovrebis
kompoziciiT
erTaderTi
xasiaTdeba.
mogzauroba“
Tavad
scenebs
mkveTrad
SigniT
gamoxatuli
epizodebi
ki
erTmaneTis mimarT simetriis principiT arian dakavSirebulni. konfliqtis
struqturac
wriulia.
konfliqtis
matarebelia
papa,
samyaroSic erTmaneTs ebrZvis warmosaxva da realoba.
romlis
Singan
papas gardacvaleba
ki wres kravs da konfliqts sawyis wertilSi asrulebs.
2. „moskov-selimi“ kompoziciuri organizaciis TvalsazrisiT wriul
kompozicias eyrdnoba. konfliqtis struqturac wriulia da ideologiur
xasiaTs atarebs. konfliqtis matarebeli
mTavari gmiri Turqi selimia,
romelsac
sazogadoebrivze
Tavis
problema
piradulidan
gadaaqvs
da
ideologiis WaobSi efloba. Tumca misi rusuli ideologiisadmi gadaxrac
sabolood cruvdeba da Turqi Tavis erovnuli principebis erTguli rCeba.
3. „tbis garSemo“ mkacrad Camoyalibebuli kompoziciuri organizaciiT
xasiaTdeba. mas wriuli xasiaTi aqvs da mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli siuJetis
warmmarTvel
konfliqtTan,
matarebelia
mTxrobelis
romelic
megobari
erTfiguriania.
_
nawarmoebis
misi
ZiriTadi
mTavari
gmiri.
kompoziciuri organizaciis msgavsad am moTxrobaSi konfliqtsac wriuli
xasiaTi aqvs. MmTavari gmiri tbis garSemo am wreze moZraobs. sabolood igi
xristodulisisgan gansxvavebiT ver axerxebas am wris garRvevas da misgan
155
Tavis daxsnas, amdenad, ubrundeba im wertils, saidanac safuZveli Caeyara
siuJetis mamoZravebel konfliqts.
4.
„ocneba
talRaze“
mkacrad
Camoyalibebuli
kompoziciuri
organizaciiT xasiaTdeba, romelsac wriuli struqtura aqvs. masTan mWidro
kavSirSia
nawarmoebis
siuJetis
warmmarTveli
konfliqtis
struqtura,
romelic erTfiguriania, mTxrobelis Sinagan samyaroSi mimdinareobs da
wriul saxes iRebs: konfliqti sruldeba im wertilSi, sidanac daiwyo.
5.
„selapis
organizaciiT
gamoirCeva.
dakavSirebuli
mimdinareobs
godeba“
mkacrad
mas
wriuli
nawarmoebis
or
Camoyalibebuli
xasiaTi
warmmarTvel
samyaros
_
sicocxlesa
kompoziciuri
da
mWidrodaa
konfliqtTan,
romelic
da
aqvs
sikvdils
_
Soris.
kompoziciuri organizaciis msgavsad am moTxrobaSi konfliqtsac wriuli
struqtura aqvs: nawarmoebis iwyeba moxuci lukenas godebiT da sruldeba
selapis godebiT.
III
TavSi
principiT
kompoziciuri
gaerTianebuli
organizaciis
xuTive
moTxroba
mxriv
paraleluri
erTmaneTis
mimarT
dayofis
yvelaze
ufro met gansxvavebas gviCvenebs:
1. moTxrobaSi „pireasa da neapols Soris“ kompoziciuri organizaciis
mxriv scenebi erTmaneTis mimarT paraleluri dayofis principiT arian
dakavSirebulni.
konfliqtis
matarebelia
mTxrobeli.
konfliqts
momentalur-iluzoluri xasiaTi aqvs da grafikulad zigzagis saxes iRebs.
2. „vin iyo Cemi Zmis mkvleli“ kompoziciuri organizaciis mxriv
paraleluri dayofis princips eyrdnoba. erTmaneTis mimarT polarobis
mixedviT ganawilebuli scenebi jaWvisebured aris gadabmuli. konfliqti
orfiguriania
(fostalioni
_
qiamili),
yvela
danarCeni
personaJi
am
konfliqtis msxverplia. saxezea argumentebisa da funqciebis statikuroba,
riTac ikvreba samkuTxedi (xaralambisi _ qiamili _ xristakisis interesebis
damcvelni).
3. „erosi-gmiri“ mkacrad Camoyalibebuli kompoziciuri organizaciiT
gamoirCeva
da
paraleluri
dayofis
princips
eyrdnoba.
nawarmoebis
156
warmmarTveli konfliqti erTfiguriania _ mTavari gmiris Sinagan samyaroSi
mimdinareobs da zigzagiseburad viTardeba.
4.
„sulebi
mdinareSi“
mkacrad
Camoyalibebuli
kompoziciuri
organizaciiT gamoirCeva, romelic paraleluri dayofis princips epuZneba
da
mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli
erTfiguriani,
mTxrobelis
siuJetis
warmmarTvel
Sinagan
samyaroSi
konfliqtTan.
mimdinareobs
is
da
zigzagiseburad viTardeba.
5.
„Sxamisgan
kompoziciuri
ganmkurnavi“
organizaciiT,
xasiaTdeba
romelic
mkacrad
efuZneba
Camoyalibebuli
paraleluri
dayofis
princips da uSualo kavSirSia nawarmoebis warmmarTvel konfliqtTan. is
erTfiguriania,
mTxrobelis
Sinagan
samyaroSi
mimdinareobs
da
zigzagiseburad viTardeba, aRwers ra siWabukesa da mowifulobas Soris
arsebul gansxvavebas.
IV TavSi gaerTianebuli xuTi moTxroba kompoziciuri organizaciis
mxriv,
marTalia,
erTmaneTisagan
sruliad
gansxvavebul,
kombinirebul
principebs eyrdnoba, magram sainteresoa, rom miuxedavad amisa, xuTive
moTxrobis
ZiriTadi
warmmarTveli
konfliqtis
tipi
da
struqtura
metnaklebad erTgvaria:
1. „Zveli istoriis Sedegebi“ kompoziciuri organizaciis mxriv ar
xasiaTdeba
mkacrad
Camoyalibebuli
struqturiT.
konfliqti
zigzagiseburia, fsiqologiur xasiaTs atarebs, erTfiguriania (pasxalis
Sinagan samyaroSi mimdinareobs) da sruldeba sruli imedgacruebiT.
2. „dedaCemis codva“ kompoziciuri organizaciis mxriv scenebs Soris
urTierTarekvlis princips eyrdnoba. konfliqti fsiqologiuri xasiaTisaa.
esaa konfliqti raRac miswrafebasa da mTavari gmiris mier gamotanil
daskvnas
Soris
da
survili,
daZlios
zigzagiseburia.
danaSaulis
konfliqti
grZnoba,
erTfiguriania.
sruldeba
amis
dedis
SeuZleblobis
gacnobierebiT.
3.
„yavlgasuli
kompoziciuri
derviSi“
organizaciiT,
xasiaTdeba
romelic
mkacrad
erTgvarad
Camoyalibebuli
kombinirebul
saxes
atarebs, aerTianebs ra wriuli kompoziciisa da paraleluri dayofis
157
principebs.
konfliqtis
organizaciis
xasiaTTan
struqtura
da
mWidro
kavSirSia
kompoziciuri
mdgomareobs cvalebadobasa da mudmivobas,
adamianis warmavlobasa da kulturis maradiulobas Soris dapirispirebaSi.
4.
„codvis
aCrdilSi“
SeiniSneba
wriuli
Sejerebis
susti
kompoziciuri
kompoziciisa
mcdeloba
da
da
organizaciis
paraleluri
saboloo
TvalsazrisiT
dayofis
Sedegad
principebis
moTxroba
iRebs
kombinirebul saxes. Sesabamisad, nawarmoebis warmmarTveli konfliqtis
struqturasac ar aqvs mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli saxe.
5. „gveleSapis xma“ xasiaTdeba mkacrad Camoyalibebuli kompoziciuri
organizaciiT,
romelic
kombinirebuli
saxisaa
da
aerTianebs
wriuli
kompoziciisa da paraleluri dayofis principebs. moTxrobis kompoziciuri
organizacia mWidro kavSirSia mis warmmarTvel konfliqtTanac, romelic
mdgomareobs
sainteresoa,
sazogadoebisa
rom
es
da
konfliqti
pirovnebis
pirovnebis
dapirispirebaSi.
daRupviT
ki
ar
Tumca
iRebs
dasrulebul saxes, aramed RvTaebrivi mowyalebis aRniSvniT, romelic am
daRupvis Sedegad modis.
158
ganmartebani
1
am laTinuri terminis ramdenime gansazRvreba arsebobs. farTo mniSvnelobiT es aris
winaaRmdegobis ukiduresi gamwvaveba ori an meti sxvadasxva Rirebulebis konkurenciuli
tendenciis erTdrouli aRZvris safuZvelze; konfliqturi situaciebi sxvadasxva tipisaa.
mag: ori Tanabari da dadebiTi Rirebulebis mqone SesaZleblobidan erT-erTis arCevis
aucilebloba; ori uaryofiTi Rirebulebis Tavidan acilebis survili; moqmedeba
situaciaSi, romelic Tanabrad Seicavs rogorc dadebiT, ise uaryofiT Rirebulebas da
sxv.
2
moTxroba saSualo moculobis prozauli epikuri Janria. sxva epikuri Janrebis (romani,
novela da sxva) msgavsad aqac ZiriTadi tipologiuri xerxia Txroba, romlis
saSualebiTac obieqturad gadmoicema realuri, cxovrebiseuli movlenebi ise, rom
mwerlis monawileoba maT bunebriv msvlelobaSi ar Cans. romanTan SedarebiT mcirea
moTxrobis warmosaxvis masStabi, cxovrebis Cvenebis sisrule. siuJeti martivia, Txroba _
kondensirebuli. SezRudulia personaJTa raodenoba. ar aris naCvenebi konfliqtis
ganviTarebis, xasiaTis formirebis mravalmxrivi procesi, farTo epoqaluri suraTebi.
moTxrobaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia upiratesad konkretul movlenaze, romelime
personaJis
bedze.
evropul
literaturaSi
moTxroba
praqtikulad
novelasTanaa
gaigivebuli, radganac mas Tavisi formiTa da SinaarsiT hgavs. magram novelisagan
gansxvavebiT moTxroba siuJeturad da kompoziciurad ufro rTulia, ar ifargleba
moqmedi piris cxovrebis mxolod erTi epizodis warmosaxviT. berZnulSi terminebis
− διήγημα, νουβέλα, μυθιστόρημα − gansazRvrisas daaxloebiT iseTsave gansxvavebas vawydebiT
rogorc inglisurSi − tale, short story, long short story, short novel, frangulSi − Nouvelle, Conte,
germanulSi − Erzahlung, Kurzgeschichte, Novelle. Gillespie G., Novella, Nouvelle, Novelle, Short Novel? A Review
of Terms, “Neophilologus”, April, 1962, 117-127.
3
g. viziinosi germaniaSi swavlisas umniSvnelovanesi movlenebis centrSi moxvda. es iyo
1880-iani wlebi, rodesac medicina da filosofia daukavSirda fsiqologias da am
ukanasknelmac yvelaferi (maT Soris bunebrivia prozac) moicva. Lotze-s (1817-1881 ww.)
samedicino fsiqologia daukavSirda eqsperimentul fsiqologias, Tumca misma Teoriam
“adgilobrivi niSnebis” Sesaxeb sakmao zegavlena moaxdina Helmholtz-sa da Wundt-ze. 1879
wels, rodesac Wundt-i laifcigSi aarsebs eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis pirvel
laboratorias, g. viziinosi iqve axlos imyofeba, anu TiTqmis mis Tvalwin ibadeba axali
mecniereba (Νεοελληνικά διηγήματα, Γ. Μ. Βιζυηνός,, Επιμ. Παν. Μουλλάς, Εκδοτικός Οίκος Ερμής, Aθήνα 1996,
78).
4
literturis TeoriaSi mwerlis abstraqtuli saxis gamosaxatavad sxvadasxva terminebs
iSvelieben: meore mes (Tilloston N., The tale and the teller, Rupert Hart Davis, London 1959, 22), romanis
alter egos (Prince, Poetique, 14, Seuil, Paris 1973, 178), abstraqtul mwerals ("Abstrakte Autor" wignSi Kahrman C., Reis G., Schlucher M., Erzahltanalyse, 1991, 98 da aseve Schmid Der Textaufbau in den
Erzahlungen Dostoevskji, Fink, Monaco 1973, 26), warmosaxviT avtors (Booth W. C., distance and point-ofview. An essey in dassification, wignSi Stevick Ph., The Theory of the Novel, The Free Press, New-York 1967, 87-108)
da a.S.
5
cnobilia terminebis διήγησις da μίμησις (Txroba_baZva) platoniseuli ganmarteba (Платон,
Сочинения, том 3, часть 1, „Государство“, книга третья 392-394, Мысль, Москва 1971, 172-176). eposi
warmoadgens am ori terminis sinTezs. zogjer mTxrobeli saubrobs (διήγησις), zogjer
sityva eZleva moqmed gmirebs (μίμησις). amis Sesaxeb msjelobas aRar gavagrZelebT, mxolod
aRvniSnavT, rom es dapirispireba διήγησις / μίμησις (Txroba/baZva) mtkiced aris gamjdari
prozaSic, rasac amtkicebs gadasvla ZiriTadi Txrobidan sasceno Txrobaze, henri
jeimsisa da misi mowafeebis sityvebiT ki__ telling-dan showing-ze. inglisur enaSi
dapirispireba διήγηση / μίμηση gamoixateba terminebiT summary / scene (James H., The art of the novel,
159
Critical collection Partial Portraits, New-York 1934, Lubbock P., The craft of fiction, London 1921). analogiuri
dapirispireba (die eigentliche Erzahlung / die szenische Erzahlung) aRiniSneba germanul enaSic (Ludwig
O., Romanstudien, "Gesammelte Schriften", VI, 1891), iseve rogorc frangulSi, sadac Cveulebriv
gamoiyeneba terminebi: sommaire, resume, resit panoramique / scene, recit scenique). amrigad, rogorc wesi
prozauli teqstis ritmi eyrdnoba ara mxolod dinamikur da statikur motivTa (moqmedeba
da aRwera) cvlas, aramed ZiriTadad imas, rom mTxrobelis mier garkveuli movlenebis
aRweris Semdeg isini detalurad meordebian scenebSi, sadac ukve nawarmoebis gmirebi
Cndebian da msjeloben.
6
alternatiuli da amave dros impresionistuli xasiaTis dayofa SeiZleba mogvexdina
Turquli frazis: „samyaro mrgvalia da brunavs“ (papadiamandisi 1985: 112, 114, 116)
ganmeorebis safuZvleze, romelic erTgvar laitmotivad gasdevs mTel moTxrobas. TavianTi
mniSvnelobiT es fraza miemarTeba nawarmoebis ZiriTad Temas _ „adamianuri saqmeebis
daudegrobas“(papadiamandisi 1985: 114).
160
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