Domestic Cooking Stoves in
Transcrição
Domestic Cooking Stoves in
Energy Efficiency Improvement Project: Domestic Cooking Stoves in Maputo Mozambique Baseline Survey - Domestic Cooking Stoves in the District of Chamanculo C, Maputo, Mozambique CDM - Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento e Morada Humana July 2012 Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] 1 Introduction This survey, which was carried out by CDM - Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento e Morada Humana (http://www.cdm.org.br/) on AVSI request, aims to provide a baseline for the implementation of the “Energy Efficiency Improvement Project: Domestic Cooking Stoves in Maputo (Mozambique)”. The aim of the project is to promote energy efficiency, protect natural resources and improve the livelihoods of the local human population living in the settlements of spontaneous formation Chamanculo C and Xipamanine (Municipality of Maputo) through the replacement of traditional cooking stoves with improved energy efficiency stoves with low environmental impact, spreading in this way a safe and responsible use of energy with consequent reduction of CO2 emissions. By means of the carbon finance the stoves will be provided free or with a minimal charge for recipients. The project technology will reduce the amount of woody biomass consumed and will reduce poverty of the population of urban areas promoting efficient, safe, energy consumption. In addition, the enhancement of sustainability awareness and the initiatives of environmental education will be other benefits resulting from this project. As Chamanculo C and Xipemanine are two neighbouring settlements, with similar features, the survey has been carried out in the district of Chamanculo C which has a larger surface area and number of inhabitants. The first part of the paper presents the method used to carry out the survey, the second part shows the data collected during the implementation phase in June and July 2012. Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] 2. Method Due to the lack of updated data, the first action was the updating of the District’s map, then it was carried out a sample survey by distributing a questionnaire in order to collect information on the kind of stove and energy used in Chamanculo C. 2.1 Map updating and use of buildings in the district of Chamanculo C Cartographic updating It was carried out starting from available documents of the Municipality of Maputo and the Department for Urban Planning and Environment of Maputo, in particular: Digital Cartographic Base, 2003 update Satellite image, 2010 update The cartography of the area has been updated at a scale of 1:1,000 (buildings, hydraulic system, road network, buildings under construction, public lighting system, bridges, boundary walls and other boundary elements ) through the vectorization of the satellite image and on-site visits. Building identification and count of the households living in the District After the Cartographic updating, an ID number was given to all the buildings of the area in order to: Update data concerning the use of buildings, especially houses Take a census of the people and families living in the District 2.2 Carrying out of a sample survey in the District of Chamanculo C The survey was developed according to the following steps: Drafting a questionnaire Selecting the sample Distributing the sample questionnaire in the field Digitazing the collected data and feedback The main criteria taken into account for the selection of the sample and the distribution of the questionnaires are highlighted below: Confidence and error: the survey was carried out by establishing a 4% margin of error and a confidence level up to 95%. Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] A 4% margin of error means that survey’s results may change 4% more or less. On the other side a 95% confidence level means that if the survey were repeated several times, the results obtained in the current analysis would be found in 95% of the other surveys carried out later. Calculation of the sample size: taking into account that the District of Chamanculo C has a pretty homogeneus population with about 5231 households, we used the Barnett formula (1982) in order to define the sample size for the socio-economic survey. As a result we obtained an estimated number of 538 samples to be distributed in the area (Chamanculo C). Sampling distribution: it was used the territorial criterion that is to say a subdivision of Chamanculo C in about 73 blocks. Definition of the sample size for each block: the percentage resulting from the Barnett formula was applied to each block and, in case of decimals, we used the following higher number. E.g. in a block with 43 households the sample size was 3,91, in this case we rounded it up to 4. Drawing the Random Sample and implementation of the survey: once the sample size was defined, a random draw of households was carried Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] out. Replacements with reserve samples were made, after three attempts, in case of refusal, absence, etc. 3. Background According to 2009 Human Development Report (2007 data) Mozambique has a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.402 ranking 172 out of 182 countries with comparable data. Despite an increase of the economic growth rate higher than 7% (GDP per capita 387 USD in 2007) over the last years, the HDI shows that Mozambique continues to be among the world's poorest countries. About 54% of the population lives below the poverty line, infant mortality rate is 124 per 1000 live births and life expectancy at birth is 47,9 years. According to the last census in the country (2007): only 10% of the houses are provided with electricity, 10,1% are connected to a water distribution network (1,9 inside the house and 8,2 outside) and 54% have no sewers at all. End poverty is one of the crucial issue of the Govern of Mozambique, according to the Planos de Acção para Redução da Pobreza Absoluta - PARPA I e II (Action Plan for the Reduction of Absolute Poverty). In this view, defining a strategy to reduce urban exclusion, including the implementation of urban planning and management tools, can give an effective help to fight social exclusion and absolute poverty. The situation in Maputo, capital of Mozambique, is not better: despite providing more than 40% of GDP, it’s a city with an extreme inequality, where about 54% of the population live below the poverty line with 1.50 USD a day. It’s the most densely populated urban area in the country with 1,094,315 inhabitants (2007 Census). Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Rural-urban migration, which began during the civil war, is going on and the city is still growing fast, especially in peri-urban areas. About 75% of the population in Maputo (800,000 people) live in informal settlements in poor conditions, with no access to basic services: 42% of people aren’t connected to the water distribution network, 58% are not connected to the sewerage system, 85% live in areas not provided with storm sewers. Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Map of informal settlements in Maputo Informal settlements 3.1 The District of Chamanculo C The District of Chamanculo C, with an area of 82,9 ha and a population of 25,318 inhabitants, is one of the high-density settlements of the city. According to PEUMM - Plano de Estrutura Urbana (Urban Structure Plan) of the Municipality of Maputo, Chamanculo C is defined as “informal settlement, not planned residential area, D category, high density (>60 households per ha)”. Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] The city of Maputo The District of Chamanculo C Coordinates of the District’s boundary Vertex Nº X Y Vertex Nº X Y 1 454957.037 7131469.928 11 455528.619 7130844.468 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 455021.057 455098.252 455508.270 455512.759 455422.523 455390.942 455403.212 455394.890 455475.498 7131466.392 7131389.687 7131399.348 7131357.339 7131188.194 7131162.027 7131104.517 7131030.214 7131010.742 12 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 455757.926 455787.690 455466.099 455344.631 455200.661 455155.186 455130.740 455061.919 454128.554 7130611.223 7130432.668 7130287.717 7130253.582 7130114.124 7129983.926 7129997.071 7129896.116 7130479.116 Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Summary data on the District of Chamanculo C are listed below: Population Inhabitants Persons per household Families N. Area Chamanculo C global area - ha Area occupied by Chamanculo C community - ha N. Density Area occupied by Chamanculo C community - ha Persons per ha N. 25,318.00 4.48 5,656.00 139.60 82.90 82.90 305.40 Building destination and use in the District of Chamanculo C Building use Residence Business Mixed Services Community equipment Industry Unoccupied/vacant Unoccupied/under construction Total N. Housing Residential Mixed Total N. € € € 4,999.00 194.00 232.00 127.00 39.00 4.00 22.00 13.00 5,630.00 4,999.00 232.00 5,231.00 The sample questionnaire included the following information (shown in the tables below): Type of cooking stove Daily use of the cooking stove Monthly expense for the purchase of coal Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Type of cooking stove Traditional charcoal single-mouth cookstove Traditional charcoal double-mouth cookstove Wood cookstove Gas cookstove Electric cookstove Frequency 197 310 8 17 5 Total Daily use of the cooking stove One time Two times Three times Four times Five times Total Percentage Aggregated 36,69% 36,69% 57,73% 94,41% 1,49% 95,90% 3,17% 99,07% 0,93% 100,00% 537 Frequency 55 378 98 5 1 100,00% 100,00% Percentage Aggregated 10,24% 10,24% 70,39% 80,63% 18,25% 98,88% 0,93% 99,81% 0,19% 100,00% 537 100,00% 100,00% Average of the monthly expense per household for the purchase of coal (MZN and USD) Mentical - MZN 340.800,00 N. households 507 Average monthly expense per household for coal used for cooking Mentical - MZN 672,19 Average monthly expense per household for coal used for cooking - change 1 USD = 27 Meticais USD 24,90 Total monthly expense for coal used for cooking Total households who use coal for cooking Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Monthly expense for the purchase of coal Value in meticais 1 100,00 150,00 160,00 200,00 225,00 250,00 260,00 300,00 310,00 325,00 350,00 385,00 400,00 450,00 500,00 550,00 560,00 575,00 600,00 610,00 620,00 650,00 670,00 690,00 700,00 710,00 720,00 750,00 800,00 850,00 900,00 915,00 950,00 960,00 1.000,00 1.200,00 1.300,00 1.400,00 1.500,00 1.800,00 2.400,00 2.500,00 TOTAL Traditional Currency - charcoal single- Traditional charcoal singleMeticais mouth cookstove mouth cookstove 2 3 4 Mt 0 1 Mt 1 0 Mt 1 0 Mt 5 1 Mt 1 0 Mt 2 1 Mt 0 1 Mt 12 9 Mt 0 1 Mt 1 0 Mt 3 6 Mt 0 0 Mt 5 6 Mt 3 3 Mt 2 3 Mt 0 1 Mt 1 0 Mt 0 0 Mt 52 58 Mt 2 1 Mt 0 0 Mt 52 98 Mt 0 1 Mt 0 1 Mt 21 34 Mt 0 0 Mt 1 0 Mt 9 9 Mt 6 12 Mt 0 4 Mt 5 26 Mt 0 0 Mt 0 1 Mt 0 0 Mt 0 4 Mt 4 4 Mt 1 8 Mt 1 3 Mt 2 7 Mt 0 1 Mt 1 0 Mt 0 1 Monthly expense for the purchase of coal (Metical) 6=5*1 100,00 150,00 160,00 1.200,00 225,00 750,00 260,00 6.300,00 310,00 325,00 3.150,00 4.400,00 2.700,00 2.500,00 550,00 560,00 66.000,00 1.830,00 97.500,00 670,00 690,00 38.500,00 720,00 13.500,00 14.400,00 3.400,00 27.900,00 950,00 4.000,00 9.600,00 11.700,00 5.600,00 13.500,00 1.800,00 2.400,00 2.500,00 Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – 310 MG – CEP 31.760-030 197 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] 340.800,00 In brief, the survey pointed out that: The families living in 94.41% of Chamanculo’s houses (4,939 houses out of 5.231) use coal stoves of which 36,69 are single-mouth stoves and 57.73 double-mouth stoves. 70.39% of these families cook twice a day, 18.25% three times a day and 10.24 once a day. The monthly average expense for the purchase of coal is 672.19 Meticais (about 24.90 USD). Market research A market research in the areas surrounding Chamanculo C and Xipemanine has been carried out to determine: a) The market value of the cooking stoves sold in low-income neighbourhoods b) The market value of charcoal supply in low-income neighbourhoods In order to determine the market value of the cooking stoves we identified 8 points of sale within and in proximity of the two districts of Chamanculo C and Xipamamine and proposed a brief questionnaire to underline the types of stove (one or two mouth) and the related value. The survey showed that the two most popular cooking stoves are 1 mouth cooker Average price MT 100 about 3,5 USD double-mouth cooker Average price MT 350 about USD 12,5 Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] In order to determine the market value of the charcoal we identified 9 points of sale within and in proximity of the two districts of Chamanculo C and Xipamamine and considered the sale price of charcoal packed in 100 kg bags (that is how local people buy charcoal). The survey showed that the average price is MT 650, about 23 USD per 100 kg. of charcoal. Annexes Building Destination Map House location Map Photo report Stove market research Charcoal market research Ernane Marcos Cardoso de Souza Managing Director CDM – Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento e Morada Humana Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Annex 1 – Building Destination – District of Chamanculo C - Maputo Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Annex 2 – Houses - District of Chamanculo C - Maputo Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Annex 3 - Photo report Cooking stove – District of Chamaculo C - Maputo House interior - District of Chamaculo C - Maputo Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Cooking stoves - Chamaculo C - Maputo Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] On-site visit to update mapping and cadastre Sample questionnaires in the field Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] of the area Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Presentation of improved energy efficiency stoves – District of Chamanculo C Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Testing the improved energy efficiency stoves – District of Chamanculo C Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Annex 4 Stove market research Average price of traditional charcoal stoves in Xipamanine and Chamanculo C Interviewer: Júlio Basílio, Hélio Manhiça e Martins Navingo Date: 19, 20 February 2013 Name of Store / Dealer Gildo João Address Xipamanine, Ka Mussa Name / Type of Stove PHOTO 1 mouth cooker Sale Price 100.00MT double-mouth cooker Sale Price 350.00MT Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Name of Store / Dealer Jose Sebasteão Address Xipamanine, City Market Xipamanne Name / Type of Stove PHOTO 1 mouth cooker Sale Price 100.00MT double-mouth cooker Sale Price 350.00MT Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Name of Store / Dealer Artur Polo Address Xipamanine, Rua Irmãos Robi Name / Type of Stove PHOTO 1 mouth cooker Sale Price 850.00MT Double-mouth cooker Sale Price 685.00MT Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Name of Store / Dealer Tomas Zamba Address Chamanculo D, Q 03 Name / Type of Stove PHOTO 1 mouth cooker Sale Price 100.00MT double-mouth cooker Sale Price 420.00MT Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Name of Store / Dealer Xavier Maculuve Address Chamanculo D, Q. O9 Name / Type of Stove PHOTO 1 mouth cooker Sale Price 500.00MT Name of Store / Dealer Xavier Maculuve Address Chamanculo D, Q. O9 Name / Type of Stove PHOTO 1 mouth cooker Sale Price 100.00MT Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Name of Store / Dealer Simião Manuel Address Chamanculo “C”, Rua Aida Augusto, Q. 01/087 Name / Type of Stove PHOTO 1 mouth cooker Sale Price 100.MT Name of Store / Dealer Alberto Rovessenea Address Chamanculo “C”, Rua Aida Augusto, Q 13/048 Name / Type of Stove PHOTO 1 mouth cooker Sale Price 500.MT Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Annex 5 Charcoal market research Info about how far away Maputo is receiving charcoal Interviewer: Júlio Basílio, Hélio Manhiça e Martins Navingo Date: 19, 20 de February 2013 Name of Store / Dealer Virginia João Macuacua Address Xipamanine, Quarteirão 9 Charcoal supply Provincia de Gaza, Distrito de Mabalane Sale price for 100 kg 620.00MT Name of Store / Dealer Manuel Casimiro Address Xipamanine, Quarteirão 16, casa nº 04 Charcoal supply Provincia de Gaza, Distrito de Mabalane Sale price for 100 kg 650.00MT Name of Store / Dealer Claudio Fernando Address Xipamanine, Quarteirão 03, casa nº 51 Charcoal supply Provincia de Gaza, Distrito de Mabalane Sale price for 100 kg 700.00MT Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Name of Store / Dealer Artur Chiure Address Bairro de Xipamanine, Rua de Zambeze Nº 2304 Charcoal supply Provincia de Gaza, Distrito de Mabalane e de Massingir Sale price for 100 kg 700.00MT Name of Store / Dealer Lourenço André Vilanculo Address Bairro de Xipamanine, Mercado Municipal de Xipamanine Charcoal supply Provincia de Gaza, Distrito de Mabalane e de Massingir Sale price for 100 kg O Preço do Saco varia entre – 700.00MT, 750.00MT e 800.00MT Name of Store / Dealer Alcinda Albano Matine Address Chamanculo “C”, Rua do Chamanculo, Q25-02/020 Charcoal supply Provincia de Gaza, Distrito de Mabalane Sale price for 100 kg 600MT Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Name of Store / Dealer Olinda Jatamo Address Chamanculo “ C “, Q. 22B/ 033 Charcoal supply Província de Maputo, Distrito de Magude Sale price for 100 kg 700MT Name of Store / Dealer Celeste Fabião Mondlane Address Chamanculo “ C “, Rua Amaral Matos, Q. 08/064 Charcoal supply Província de Gaza, Distrito de Chokwe Sale price for 100 kg 650MT Name of Store / Dealer Cecilia Justino Address Chamanculo “ C”, AV. Amaral Matos, Q. 13B/045 Charcoal supply Província de Gaza, Distrito de Chicualacuala Sale price for 100 kg 750MT Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Photo Report Charcoal Store Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected] Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030 Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected]