Session 10 – FOREST ENTOMOLOGY Symposium and Poster

Transcrição

Session 10 – FOREST ENTOMOLOGY
Symposium and Poster Session
[1811] INSECTS IN THE TROPICAL LAND-USE MOSAIC – THE IMPACT OF
AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST DEVELOPMENT
[1813] GROUND BEETLE DIVERSITY AND ASSEMBLAGES FROM FORESTS
IN FLANDERS: A BASELINE STUDY
A. D. Watt1, L. Gormley1, P. Zborowski2, N. E. Stork3 & A. Gillison4, 1Centre for
Ecology and Hydrology, Banchory Research Station, Hill of Brathens, Glassel, Banchory
AB31 4BY, Scotland, UK E-mail [email protected]; 2PO Box 867, Kurunda, QLD 4872,
Australia; 3Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Rainforest Ecology and
Management (Rainforest CRC), James Cook University, Cairns Campus, P.O. Box 6811,
Cairns Qld 4870, Australia; 4Center for International Forestry Research, PO. Box
120,Yungaburra 4872, Queensland, Australia.
K. Desender1, D. De Bakker1, V. Versteirt1, B. De Vos2, D. Van Den Meersschaut 2&
K. Vandekerkhove2, 1 Dept. Entomology, RBINSc, Vautierstr. 29, B-1000 Brussels,
Belgium, E-mail: [email protected]; 2 Inst. Forestry and Game Management,
AMINAL, Gaverstraat 4, B-9500 Geraardsbergen.
There is an urgent need to quantify the effects deforestation and land use change on the
diversity of arthropods in tropical forest areas. This paper will summarise recent research
in Latin America, West Africa and South-East Asia on the impact of land use mosaics, or
‘disturbance gradients’, on a range of insect groups, particularly ants, butterflies and
beetles. Studies on these gradients have focussed on uncleared forest, logged forest, forest
plantations with both native and non-native tree species, rubber plantations of different
types and a range of agricultural land uses. In each cased the diversity, species
composition and, in some cases, the trophic structure of the insect community has been
compared. This research suggests that although of agricultural and forest development can
be very harmful to biodiversity, there are many opportunities for minimising the negative
impacts of such development.
Index terms: ants, butterflies, beetles, biodiversity, deforestation.
[1812] INSECT DIVERSITY AND TROPICAL RAINFOREST MANAGEMENT
Most woodlands in Flanders nowadays are highly fragmented or degraded, mainly due to
excessive human interference in the past. Forests now cover less than 10% of the total
surface only, but are relatively well known concerning their historical ecology. During
recent years, several efforts have been directed towards increasing our knowledge on
distribution, ecology and population genetics of forest organisms, in particular
invertebrates. Within the context of effects of forest fragmentation, or forest quality in
general, several regional projects and impulse programmes have been launched. One of
these is an inter-institutional baseline study on the occurrence and bio-indicative values of
terrestrial invertebrates in a large number of Flemish forests. Carabid beetles were
identified from 56 forest stands, distributed in 40 forests within the region of Flanders
(Belgium), and sampled by means of pitfall trapping during a complete year cycle (19971998). More than 30.000 individuals from some 120 ground beetle species were obtained.
Beetle diversity (per sampling site) is higher in humid valley forest, but decreases for
larger forest complexes (decreased edge effect?), as can be deduced from multiple
regression analyses. In previous studies, we obtained already analogous results and came
to the conclusion that large and ancient forests in Flanders showed a low total species
richness, but a much higher number of typical stenotopic forest ground beetles as
compared to smaller woods. Multivariate analyses (classification, indirect and direct
gradient analyses) of the quantitative beetle data for the 56 sampled forest plots show that
carabid beetle assemblages are highly structured. About five more or less well defined
ground beetle communities can be distinguished in this dataset. These include (1)
stenotopic species from large historical forests on somewhat higher elevation, species
from (2) shady forest plots on rather heavy soil, (3) humid valley forests on rich and heavy
soil, (4) humid to wet marshy forest on poor soil and (5) dry forests on sandy soil, mainly
pine woods. Each of these assemblages is characterized by a number of ecological
indicators, several of which are illustrated and discussed, with notes on their distribution
and dispersal power. These results serve as a necessary baseline for future site-assessment
studies, investigations on the influence of forest management practices and studies aimed
at elucidating the influence of single enrvironmental or historical factors on the recent
distribution of forest carabids in the region of Flanders.
Index terms: Carabidae, ecological indicators, fragmentation.
[1814] ENTOMOFAUNA AS A BIOINDICATOR OF THE IMPACTS OF
SILVICULTURAL OPERATIONS
N. Stork
ABSTRACT NOT RECEIVED
A. J. Laranjeiro1, E. Berti Filho2, R. C. Sartório3, S. Silveira Neto2, 1Equilíbrio
Proteção Florestal, Piracicaba/SP, Brasil; 2Departamento de Entomologia – ESALQ/USP,
Piracicaba/SP, Brasil; 3Aracruz Celulose, Aracruz/ES, Brasil.
This research was carried out in order to determine and quantify the impacts of the forest
management operations during one cycle of eucalypt plantation (circa 7 to 8 years), by
studying the interaction among the eucalypt plantation, the underbrush and the natural
reservoirs through the monitoring of the entomofauna in the plantations of Aracruz
Celulose in the State of Espirito Santo, Brazil. The results obtained to date made possible
the characterization of the several environments studied, the reservoir of natural woods,
the plantation of clonal eucalypt and the regions bordering them, during the seasons of the
year and the silvicultural phases. The main entomofaunistic parameters used to
characterize the environments and silvicultural phases were frequency, abundance and
diversity index, but the parameter most efficient for the monitoring was the ShannonWiener diversity index for morphospecies. It was possible to estimate the biodiversity
index of the whole community collected by light and Malaise traps by analyzing the
insects of the Order Lepidoptera captured with the light trap. The ten most abundant
species associated exclusively to mature or young eucalypt plantation were identified. The
study showed a positive interaction between the reservoir and the eucalypt plantations
increasing the diversity of the entomofauna. The effects over eucalytp harvesting were
observed on the community of insects in the three environments, but the definite patterns
for the mature plantation, were recovered two years after the new planting.
Index terms: eucalypt, management, entomofauna, bioindicator.
458
ABSTRACT BOOK I – XXI-International Congress of Entomology, Brazil, August 20-26, 2000
[1815] EFFECTS OF FORESTRY ON MOTH COMMUNITIES
I. Okochi, Insect Management Lab., Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute,
Matsunosato-1, Kukisaki, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 305-8687, JAPAN, E-mail
[email protected].
Forestry may strongly affects local biodiversity through the repeated cutting and planting
of single tree species. Moths are one of the largest groups that mainly depend on the leaves
of plants, and species composition of many of these plants is directly affected by forestry.
Therefore, the influence of forestry on forest biodiversity may be able to be monitored by
changes in moth communities.
The moth communities of a primary forest in central Japan and a managed forestry area
adjacent to the primary forest were compared by light trap collection on 1993, 1994, 1995,
and 1998. Three plots were set in primary forest, of which two were along the stream and
one on the ridge. We selected three stands as a representative of forestry areas: an open
site after cutting, a remnant secondary deciduous forest, and a Sugi cedar (Cryptomeria
japonica) plantation. The result showed that the moth communities in the forestry area
were different from those in the primary forest, although the species composition
fluctuated from year to year. The forestry area was rich in grassland species, while the
primary forest was rich in forest species. Sugi plantation forest had the poorest species
composition. This suggest that the core primary forest should be protected as a source and
a refuge of the forest species, but also that the secondary forest surrounding it may have a
role as a habitat for forest moth species. Open sites after clear-cutting may be habitat for
grassland species.
Index terms: Moth community, Lepidoptera, biodiversity, forestry, primary forest
[1817] ARTHROPODS, THINNING AND INNOVATIVE HARVEST DESIGNS:
ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND BOREAL BIODIVERSITY
W. J. A. Volney1, J. R. Spence2, & D. W. Langor1; 1 Natural Resources Canada,
Canadian Forest Service, 5320-122nd Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 3S5, 2 Dept.
of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Alberta, CW405A Biological Sciences Bldg., Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
We report impacts of forest cutting on boreal arthropod biodiversity based on two largescale field experiments located in northern Alberta, Canada. The first experiment (c. 340
ha with 4 replicates), located 1000 km N of Edmonton, was designed to compare several
approaches to thinning as potential mitigation strategies for a persistent outbreak of spruce
budworm. The harvest treatments, applied in 1997-98, reduced standing volumes by 25 or
50% in 3 patterns: linear strip, feathered edged strip or uniform shelterwood cuts.
Responses in these thinnings were compared to those in untreated controls and standard,
operational clearcuts. In addition to evaluating the impacts of these treatments on
defoliation, we also collected data on impacts of these treatments on vegetation, moths,
carabid beetles and saproxylic insects. Results to date suggest that reductions of stand
volume have not reduced budworm populations in residual stands but spruce beetle
populations temporarily increased in residual stumps. Immediate post treatment effects in
the other biota assessed were associated with the degree of disturbance. The second
experiment (c. 1000 ha), located c. 600 km NW of Edmonton was designed to explicitly
study the trade-offs between biodiversity, more traditional measures of forestry
performance, and other indicators of ecosystem function. The harvest treatments, applied
in 1998-99 in a replicated experiment across for cover-types (conifer and deciduous
dominated and two mixedwood types), left 10, 20, 50 and 70% of the volume as standing
green trees selected compartments. Through explicit comparisons with experimental
burns, we are assessing the extent to which leaving green-tree residuals in a range of
volumes delivers biodiversity outcomes similar to those resulting from natural disturbance.
We have collected pre-treatment and response data about carabid and staphylinid beetles,
spiders, parasitoids, moths and butterflies and saproxylic beetles, in addition to numerous
data about plant biodiversity and community response. Initial results show that boreal
insect communities are largely similar across cover-types within a northern mixedwood
forest and that harvest can have large immediate impacts on aspects of arthropod
community structure. The value of such large-scale experiments lies in simultaneous
measurement of many variables in single study areas so that trade-offs between
biodiversity and more traditional measures can be clearly assessed.
Index terms: forest harvest, fire, ecosystem management, residual structure, thinning,
beetles, moths, spiders
[1816] ENVIRONMENTAL DIVERSITY IN A EUCALYPTUS PLANTATION
AFFECTS NUMBERS OF SARSINA VIOLASCENS (LEPIDOPTERA:
LYMANTRIIDAE) ADULTS?
[1818] EFFECTS OF A MULTI-YEAR GYPSY MOTH ERADICATION
PROGRAM ON DIVERSITY OF NONTARGET FOREST CANOPY
ARTHROPODS AND THEIR BIRD PREDATORS IN THE OZARK MOUNTAINS
J. M. M. Pereira1; T. V. Zanuncio1; O. T. Dall’Oglio1 & J. C. Zanuncio1, Dep. de
Biologia Animal, Univ. Federal de Viçosa, 36.571-000 Viçosa, MG, BRAZIL, E-mail:
[email protected].
F. M. Stephen1, M.P. Lih1, G.W. Wallis1, L.R. Nagy2, & K.G. Smith2, 1Dept. of
Entomology, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA, E-mail
[email protected]; 2Dept. of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville
AR 72701, USA.
Since environmental heterogeneity can reduce populations of Lepidoptera pests in
Eucalyptus cloesiana plantations, the objective of this research was to study the impact of
strips of native vegetation within these plantations on adult numbers of Sarsina violascens
(Herrich-Schaeffer, 1856) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) collected with light traps installed in two Eucalyptus
plantations. The first one with strips of native vegetation (system WS) while the second
had no such strips (system NS). S. violascens adults were collected from October 1993 to
April 1994 with two samplings for each point every 15 days. This Lepidoptera species was
collected with light traps as folowing: trap number 1- in a area of native vegetation; trap
number 2- at the border of this area; trap number 3- at 250 meters from the border of this
area in a Eucalyptus plantation; trap number 4- at 500 meters from the border of this area
in a strip of native vegetation (system NS) or in a plantation of Eucalyptus (system WF);
trap number 5- in a plantation of Eucalyptus at 750 meters from the border of the area of
native vegetation. A total of 171 and 849 individuals of this pest was collected in the
system without and with strips, respectively. Adults of S. violascens were collected during
the whole period in the system with strips without reaching high numbers. This shows that
even though adults of S. violascens are always present in systems with higher
environmental diversity, this species is controlled by biological factors in such areas. The
use of strips of native vegetation within Eucalyptus plantations can reduce the number of
adults of S. violascens.
Index terms: Lepidoptera Pests, Eucalyptus, Native Vegetation.
Through inadvertent transport of egg cases on a recreational vehicle, gypsy moth
Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) recently colonized oak forests in the
Ozark Mountains of Arkansas, USA. The introduction was undetected for approximately
eight years. Upon discovery, an extremely rapidly reproducing population with egg mass
numbers estimated to be several thousand per ha was found. In order to eradicate the
infestation two aerial applications of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki were made
approximately a week apart, on 10,100 ha in 1994 and on 7,150 ha in 1995. We
hypothesized that the reduction in Lepidoptera larvae in the sprayed areas would
potentially reduce the overall breeding success of the caterpillar-eating birds, and in
particular the Hooded Warbler. Our objectives were to examine effects of eradication on
(1) abundance and biomass of nontarget forest canopy arthropods; (2) structure of the
breeding bird community; and (3) abundance and reproductive success of the Hooded
Warbler (Wilsonia citrina), a Neotropical migratory bird that nests in the Ozarks and that
utilizes caterpillars during the breeding season. Sampling of oak foliage in tree canopies in
control and spray plots was conducted to estimate abundance and biomass of nontarget
forest canopy arthropods in 1994, 1995 and 1996. Coincident with arthropod sampling,
bird censusing at fixed-radius plots was conducted along transects in all spray and control
plots to assess abundance and diversity of the bird community. The eradication sprays, in
separate plots in spring of 1994 and 1995, dramatically reduced lepidopteran larval
populations for four to six weeks post treatment. Lepidopteran populations remained low
during the same time period one year post treatment, but appeared to be recovering by year
two. The effect of spraying on the Neotropical migratory birds was evident in only a few
species that were specialists on lepidopteran larvae, suggesting that Neotropical migratory
birds may be adapted to fluctuations in prey availability on their breeding grounds.
Index terms: Lymantria dispar, Bacillus thuringiensis, Neotropical migratory birds
459
[1821] LITTER ANT COMMUNITY IN SUBTROPICAL ARAUCARIA AND
COASTAL ESCARPMENT FORESTS IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL
[1819] INSECTS AND BOREAL FOREST MANAGEMENT
J. Niemelä Dept. of Ecology and Systematics, P.O. Box 17, FIN-00014 University of
Helsinki, Finland, e-mail: [email protected].
Intensive forestry adversely affects biodiversity on various scales in the boreal forest.
Especially in Fennoscandia, forests have lost much of their natural heterogeneity due to
removal of coarse woody debris and large deciduous trees. As a consequence, many forest
species are now threatened. At the scale of forest stands three types of responses to
logging can be distinguished: (1) species of open habitat increase, (2) forest generalists
remain largely unaffected, and (3) old-growth specialists suffer. On larger scales, forestry
has homogenized landscapes. For instance, comparisons across the Finnish-Russian border
show that many insects species common in the less impacted Russian forests are suffering
in the intensively used Finnish forests. Adverse effects of forestry on biodiversity have
prompted public criticism which has lead to a rapid development of harvesting methods,
usually based on the 'natural disturbance imitation' hypothesis, intended to enhance the
maintenance of biodiversity while harvesting timber. How well these methods achieve
their ambitious goal is currently being investigated. A field experiment using plots of 1 ha
to examine both ecological and economical-technical effects and feasibility of various
'alternative' forest harvesting techniques was started in 1995. Invertebrates and vascular
plants were used as bioindicators. Results show that traditional clear-cutting has more
profound ecological effects than harvesting aiming at uneven-aged forest structure or
harvesting creating small openings (0.1-0.15 ha). However, costs of harvesting (time used)
was higher for the uneven-aged method than for others. These results can be used to
improve forest harvesting methods so that they better take biodiversity into consideration.
Key words: Carabidae, biodiversity, forestry
[1820] CHANGE IN BUTTERFLY COMMUNITY WITH
SUCCCESION OF TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST
J. Ketterl1,2, W. Engels1,2 & M. Verhaagh1,3, 1LPB, PUCRS, 90619-900 Porto Alegre,
RS, Brazil; 2Zool. Inst., Uni. Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen,
Germany, E-mail [email protected]; 3Staatliches Museum für
Naturkunde, Erbprinzenstr. 13, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany.
Within the Atlantic rain forest (Mata Atlântica), the montane Araucaria rain forest of
Southern Brazil may be regarded as the most endangered ecosystem. After the massive
forest clearance in the past decades, only a few percent of the former area are still covered
with primary forest. Little is known on the flora and fauna of this unique type of tropical
forest dominated by a coniferan tree, the so-called Brazilian pine Araucaria angustifolia.
We studied the litter ant fauna in a fragmented Araucaria forest and a nearby coastal
escarpment forest, comprising only deciduous trees, in a forest reserve of 4,500 ha located
on the Serra Geral in Rio Grande do Sul. Different sampling techniques were applied, in
particular Winkler extraction by which more than 80% of all ant species were obtained.
The total of over 100 recorded taxa included species of the subfamilies Dolichoderinae,
Ecitoninae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae and Pseudomyrmecinae. The ant diversity
in the litter stratum of the Araucaria forest was a little lower than that of the coastal forest
with deciduous trees only and, in the Araucaria forest, most taxa were less abundant,
except one eudominant Hypoponera species, representing nearly 50% of the total Winkler
catch. The sample included many rare species and numerous yet unidentified and perhaps
undescribed taxa. According to extrapolations, about 20% more species can be expected to
occur at the sites. The results are discussed under biogeographical and environmental
aspects.
Index terms: litter ants, Winkler extraction, Atlantic rain forest, Araucaria angustifolia
SECONDARY
[1822] ANTS AS INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN LOWLAND
FORESTS OF THE ALTO RIO JURUÁ, ACRE, BRAZIL
T. Inoue, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute - P. O. Box 16, Tsukuba Norin
Kenkyu Danchi-nai, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan, E-mail [email protected]
R.B.Francini 1 & A.V.L.Freitas 2, Museu de História Natural, FAFIS, Universidade
Católica de Santos, Rua Euclides da Cunha, 247, 11065-902, Santos, SP, Brazil, E-Mail
[email protected], 2 Museu de História Natural, Instituto de Biologia,
UNICAMP, CP 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil, E-mail: [email protected].
Financial support: CIFOR, BSP
Transect counts of butterflies were made in the north of Ibaraki Prefecture, central Japan
from April to October in 1998 and 1999. I compared butterfly communities observed in
eight and eleven research sites in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Research sites were
composed of grassland (1 site), cutover immediately after clear-cutting (1 site), very young
(2 sites; 6-9 years old), young (2 sites; 16-21 years old) and old (2 sites; 47-51 years old)
secondary forests and old-growth natural forests (3 sites; 124-175 years old). A total of
2367 individuals belonging to 73 species and that of 3285 individuals belonging to 79
species were observed during the season (14 counts) of 1998 and 1999, respectively.
Species richness of butterflies was the highest in the grassland, the next highest in the
cutover and very young (less than 10 years old) secondary forests, and the lowest in young
(16-21 years old) and old (47-51 years old) secondary forests. Species richness in one oldgrowth natural forest that contains many gaps was relatively high (near to very young
secondary forests), but those in the others that contain almost no gaps were very low. The
habitat preference of each butterfly species observed was decided from the literature.
Species that prefer primitive grassland were observed only in the grassland research site.
Species that prefer primitive forest were very few in the grassland, cutover and very young
secondary forests. The percentages of species that prefer primitive forest increased, as the
forest grow older and were the highest in old secondary and old-growth natural forests.
Index terms: butterfly diversity, old-growth forest, secondary forest, grassland.
460
Among conservation biologists, there has been considerable recent interest in the
identification of good indicators of the state of ecological systems, that can be readily
incorporated into land monitoring and assessment programs. The ants are good candidates
for use as indicators, since they are diverse and dominant in biomass and, have
fundamental importance in ecosystem function. Along the upper Juruá River, south of
Marechal Taumaturgo, AC, 130 hours of field work in 1999 with 8 series of standardized
sardine baits (80 samples from 8 places) gave 70 morphospecies of ants. The species
accumulation curves for the eight places showed some stabilization, but the combined
curve for the 80 samples did not reach an asymptote. The richest sites (up to 25 species)
were in the uplands with the poorest (6 species) were the seasonally flooded areas of Foz
do Breu. Analysis included similarity matrices using the Morisita index and the
clustering. The poorest places were secondary environments and igapós (where part of the
ant assemblage is eliminated during the rainy periods), and the richest places were the
forests with low levels of disturbance. A contingency table between the similarity of the
places and their linear distance indicated a high significantly difference. Therefore, other
factors, natural and/or anthropic should explain this difference. These results show that
ants can be a excellent group of organisms to environmental monitoring, but with limited
use for non-specialist people (local populations), due to difficulty in separating species
without the aid of special equipment (local people recognize only 21 "kinds" of ants) and
special training. Nevertheless, the recognition of a locally rich soil fauna (with many
species) using fixed baits (for example sardine) could be a good basis for environmental
monitoring by trained biologists. The abundance of some larger predator species (large
Ponerinae and ground-swarming ants) could also be interpreted as indicative of better
preserved areas, but medium to long term monitoring on the part of a team of specialists
would be necessary to support a proposal of use of those organisms as indicators.
Observations of these two categories of ants in a hunter's log book could help in future
comparisons.
Index terms: anthropic impact, bio-indicators, ant assemblages.
[1823] INTRODUCTION AND RELEASE OF RHYSSINES TO CONTROL SIREX
NOCTILIO IN BRAZIL
[1825] ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS IN THE USE OF PATHOGENS AS
BIOCIDES FOR CONTROL OF FOREST PESTS
E.T. Iede1 , S.R.C. Penteado1 , S. Murphy 2 , D. Haugen3 & W. Reis Filho4, 1Embrapa
Florestas, Caixa Postal 319, CEP 83411-000, Colombo, PR, BR, [email protected];
[email protected]; 2CABI – Bioscience, Silwood Park, Buckhurst Road, Ascot,
Berkshire SL5 7TA United Kingdom, [email protected] ; 3USDA-Forest Service, Saint
Paul, Minnesota, USA, [email protected]; 4Epagri, Caixa postal 319, CEP 83411000, Colombo-PR-BR, [email protected]
J.L. Madden 1,2 & V.Patel 2, 1 School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania & 2
CRC Sustainable Forest Production, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. E-mail:<
[email protected]>.
An integrated pest management program of Sirex noctilio in Brazil was initiated after the
detection of S. noctilio in 1988. The program is based on monitoring, improved
silvicultural management and in the introduction of the parasitic nematode, Deladenus
siricidicola. The program is being complemented by the introduction of Megarhyssa
nortoni and Rhyssa persuasoria (Hym.: Ichneumonidae), both imported from Tasmania,
Australia. Importations were made in 1996 and 1997, through a cooperative project of
Embrapa Forestry, the International Institute of Biological Control (CABI-Bioscience) and
the USDA Forest Service. In the 1996 shipments, 77 M. nortoni arrived alive in Brazil.
They were kept under quarantine in chambers with controlled humidity and temperature,
where 1.8m long, 0.25cm diameter Pinus taeda billets with S. noctilio larvae were offered
to them. Billets were collected by the end of August, about 45-60 days before the
parasitoids arrived and kept in a cold chamber at 12C, to synchronize the life cycle of S.
noctilio with that of the parasitoids. In 1997, only 9 females and 4 males of M. nortoni and
9 females of R. persuasoria were imported. The first generation of M. nortoni emerged in
1997 and resulted in 88 females and 45 males, of which 18 mated females were released in
the field. The second generation of M. nortoni yielded 218 males and 101 females, of
which 136 males and 97 females where released in the field. In 1999, only 50 males and
31 females emerged. The 1998 generation of R. persuasoria yielded 18 males and 19
females, of which 2 males and 10 females were released in the field. In 1999, 40 females
and 20 males emerged. At the end of 1999, the establishment of these species at the release
areas was not confirmed.
Index terms: Biological control, Pinus spp., Rhyssa persuasoria, Megarhyssa nortoni
[1824] DETECTION AND CONTROL OF THE GUM TREE WEEVIL
GONIPTERUS SCUTELLATUS IN CHILE (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
M. A. Beéche Cisternas1, S. Rothmann T.2, 1 Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero / Defensa
Agrícola – Av. Bulnes No 140, Santiago – Chile; 2 Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero /
Laboratorios Agrícolas – Av. Bulnes No 140, Complejo Lo Aguirre, Santiago – Chile
The gum tree weevil, Gonipterus scutellatus, is one of the most important defolianting
pests, in whose respect Eucalyptus globulus and E. viminalis, both cultivated for
commercial purposes in Chile for the production of wood pulp – are among its most
susceptible hosts. The larvae and adult of this pest are feeding from the eucalyptus foliage
and may cause a significant reduction to the trees growth, including deformation of their
crown and an increased susceptibility to the attack of other pests. This insect, of Australian
origin, is currently present in most of the countries where eucalyptus is cultivated both in
commercial and non-commercial form. In Chile, the first detection of G. scutellatus was
performed by SAG inspectors during February 1998 in the locality Termas de Jahuel (V
Region, Province of Los Andes); this resulted in the need to know the pest dissemination
in the country, to determine the presence of natural enemies and to implement control
actions which could reduce the potential damages in eucalyptus commercial plantations.
Following the phytosanitary prospections, it could be determined that G. scutellatus is
present in Chile only in the Provinces of Los Andes and San Felipe (V Region) and that no
important natural enemies of the pest exist. As a result, the need was defined of
introducing into the country the oothec parasitoid Anaphes nitens (Hymenoptera:
Mymaridae). This biological control program was undertaken in order to supply the
implementation of quarantine control actions coupled to chemical air focal controls,
intended to reduce the possibility of disseminating the eucalyptus weevil in non-infested
areas of the country. Thus, during October 1998 the collection of A. nitens took place in
different localities of South Africa (Cape Town and Natal Provinces) where 3,232 G.
scutellatus parasitized oothecs were collected and transported to Chile, being submitted to
post-entry quarantine followed by their release in infested areas. The post-entry quarantine
was carried out in the SAG / Lo Aguirre Laboratories and Quarantine Stations
(Metropolitan Region, Chile) inside bio-climatic chambers, using for the quarantine and
breeding of the parasitoid oothecs of the eucalyptus weevil collected in Chile and/or
produced in the laboratory. Release of A. nitens took place in 6 localities of he Provinces
of Los Andes and San Felipe, including a total of 5,715 adults. The subsequent field
evaluations have demonstrated that A. nitens was successfully established in Chile and it
reaches to day oothecs parasitism percentages ranging between 94 and 98% in the
localities where they were released.
Entomopathogens together with parasitoids and predators are major biological components
of the 'natural control' of insects. However their individual effectiveness is unpredictable.
Some potentially useful pathogens of specific insect pests have been grown successfully
and demonstrated effectiveness in dosage mortality assessment under laboratory and field
situations. Some have been propagated economically, formulated, packaged and applied to
limit pest damage. In this sense they can be described as biocides for they replace the use
of an insecticide. Emphasis on this type of use has been intensified due to both public and
agency response to environmental and health concerns and problems of resistance. Today
the quest for new insecticides continues because they, when used responsibly, are
economical and possess important practical advantages. The positives include availability,
ease in transport, handling, application and rapid cessation of pest damage. In use they are
predictable in their effect and versatile as individual compounds may be used against a
range of forest, agricultural and stored product pests. Thus biocides must ideally satisfy
two criteria. They must share in the above advantages and be utilized in those
environments that favour a better realization of their potential for economic control. These
requirements will be addressed with respect to an evaluation of the potential use of spore
formulations of strains of the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria and Metarhizium in the
control of chrysomelid eucalypt defoliators. Though high rates of field infection and
mortality (>90 percent) were achieved, the approach was subject to severe limitations.
First the durations of the most susceptible stages, the egg and first two larval instars, were
relatively short and there must be suitable prevailing weather conditions for application.
Then the effectiveness of oil- spore sprays was restricted to direct contact with target
stages. Later stages, though infected, continued to feed and failed to provide a significant
reduction in defoliation status. However the results suggest that pathogens do have a role
to play in more environmentally predictable and frequently monitored locales such as
nurseries and small farm plantations. Preferably future research in this field should
concentrate on enhancing those key characteristics and properties of pathogens and
selecting the appropriateness of each pest situation to provide a biocide as a worthy
alternative to an insecticide.
[1826] THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE IMMATURE STAGE OF PHORACANTHA
RECURVA (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) AND A KEY TO LARVAE OF
THE SPECIES OF PHORACANTHA IN URUGUAY
M. Bianchi1, E. Morelli2 & A. Sánchez3, 1,3Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento
Forestal. Avenida Garzón 780. Montevideo Uruguay. C.P 11900 e-mail phoracantha @
yahoo. com, 2. Facultad de Ciencias. Sección Entomología.Iguá 4225. Montevideo.
Uruguay. C.P 11400; e-mail emorelli@ fcien.edu.uy.
During the last ten years species of the Eucalytus genus have been widely planted in
Uruguay with industrial purposes. As a consequence of this, some insects pest have been
detected with eventually could cause serious economic damage. Phoracantha
semipunctata was detected in 1932 and Phoracantha recurva has been recently found in
1998 which have been accidently introduced. Larvae of these beetles bore trough the bark
and mine along the cambium of stressed trees, usually killing its host. P. semipunctata and
P. recurva larvae were reared in the laboratory on its natural host (on Eucalyptus globulus
ssp. globulus logs).Neonate larvae were manually transferred to logs which were kept in a
controlled environment chamber (25ºC and photoperiod 12 hs.). Mature larvae and pupae
were removed from these logs to make its description. Diagnosis of the larvae was based
on Duffy (1960), Costa, Vanin & Casani-Chen (1988) and Stehr (1991). Key to larvae of
the species of Phoracantha in Uruguay: Temples with broad ferruginous cuneiform band
behind the antennal bases. Supraocelar area with 7 setae, 3 of them in a straight towards
the pronotum. Abdominal tergite X with a uniform setose area with a distinctly central seta
at each median lobe - P. semipunctata. Temples without the broad ferrruginous cuneiform
band. Supraocelar area with 5 fine setae in a well - defined region. Abdominal tergite X
with less abundant chaetotaxy and a pair of long setae in the border of each median lobe P. recurva
461
[1827] USE OF CRISOPIDAE ON BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF TROPICAL
FOREST INSECT
[1829] POTENTIAL USE OF ASOPINAE STINKBUG BUG PREDATORS IN
BRAZIL
S. de Freitas
J. C. ZANUNCIO1 & J. B. TORRES1, 1DBA-Universidade Federal de Viçosa 36571-000
Viçosa, MG, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]; 2DEPA-Fitossanidade, Universidade
Federal Rural de Peranambuco, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brasil. E-mail:
[email protected]
Pentatomid Asopinae have been reported as potential biocontrol agents mainly against
defoliator insects in natural occurrences in several crops in Brazil. Species of the genus
Podisus have been more frequently found in several agroecossystems than any other
related species. For this reason control programs with such predatory species against
caterpillars have been developed by eucalyptus forest companies in Brazil and several
measures are been used aiming to maintain these natural enemies in agricultural and forest
ecosystems. Among these measures the following ones can be highlighted in Brazil. i)
quantitative mass production programs of stink bugs have been continually improved
with better alternative preys and rearing facilities aiming to increase efficiency and costeffective commercial production and field delivery. Advances in rearing with artificial
diets are also been obtained; ii) a second aspect refers to the use of these predators as part
of IPM programs which is critical in order to reduce insecticide application. Researches in
laboratory and field conditions have been showing compatibility of some insecticides with
releases of stink bug in the field; iii) predator-prey relationships are been studied in
laboratory and in field cages particularly with Noctuidae caterpillars in soybean, cotton,
tomato and cabbage crops. Number and frequency of releases of predatory bugs have
shown better results when unfed nymphs are released in the evening and continuous
releases of adults for long periods at the same place are not recommended due to the
impact of egg parasitoids. Finally, a better understanding of ecology and evaluation
methods for these predators would contribute to enhance their use in biological control
programs and to evaluate their relative importance in natural ecossystems. In addition its is
necessary to have more clear systematic studies and to revise the nomenclature of these
insects in order to improve joint researches between laboratories and the possibilities to
publish results of researches with Asopinae .
Index terms: predatory bugs, biological control, mass production, mass releases
[1828] INTEGRATION OF REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGIES INTO
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR SIREX NOC
TILIO IN BRAZIL
A. Knapp
[1830] PLATYPUS SULCATUS: A RATIONAL APPROACH TO ITS CONTROL IN
POPULUS SPP. IN ARGENTINA
G. Mareggiani 1, A. Etiennot 2, R. Giménez 3 & G. García 4, Proyecto UBACyT, TG16.
1 y 4
Cátedra de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Univ. de Buenos Aires. Av.
San Martín 4453, (1417), Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail: [email protected]. 2 y 3
Cátedra de Terapéutica Vegetal, idem 1. E-mail: [email protected]
Platypus sulcatus Chapuis (Col. Platypodidae), "ambrosia beetle", is a pest, which causes
great losses on the final timber production of poplar trees (Populus spp.), becoming a
serious danger for the regional economy in the Delta of Paraná River (Argentina). The
current way to control this pest has a very high cost, not only from an economic point of
view, but also due to their environmental impact. This damage is particularly important in
an area ecologically sensitive as Delta of Paraná River, due to its proximity to the urban
centers and sailing courses that serve as source of fish production. A better knowledge of
the biological characteristics and population dynamics of P. sulcatus will be useful to
evaluate management alternatives which will minimize the economic incidence on the
final timber production. These studies have been carried out during two years, with traps
put in the holes previously produced by the beetle. Sampling areas were selected taking
into account the number of fallen trees and of holes with sap flow and larval sawdust.
Every week traps were monitored to assess the date of adult sawdust and maximum adults
emergence, differentiating males and females. It has been established that approximately a
month before of maximum adult emergence, there was a great amount of adult sawdust in
the traps. After that, in the latest days of November (the end of spring in the southern
hemisphere), maximum adult emergence occurred. These results were related to climatic
parameters of the area. The results here discussed together with those from the two years
will be integrated to obtain a basis for the forecast of P. sulcatus, which will be useful to
determine more exactly the moment for chemical control, in order to avoid indiscriminate
insecticide applications.
Index terms: ambrosia beetle, wood borer, poplar
462
[1831] STRATEGIES TO
PLANTATIONS IN BRAZIL
MANAGE
TERMITES
IN
EUCALYPTUS
C.F. Wilcken1, Dept. Plant Production - FCA / UNESP - Campus of Botucatu – P.O. box
237 - 18603-970, Botucatu – SP - Brazil. E-mail: [email protected].
The termites have great importance to forest ecosystems, as much decomposition agents as
pests. The termite pests can affect root system of eucalyptus young plants or destroying
the heartwood of trees. Syntermes spp. and Cornitermes spp are species that attack young
plants and Coptotermes testaceus attacks the tree trunk. Plant mortality caused by young
plant termites vary of 10 - 70 %. The control strategy is the chemical barrier in soil,
around root system of plants. Today, the control can be made with fipronil (phenilpyrazol),
applying the insecticide in the seedling before planting. New products are in test, mainly
pyrethroids and neonicotinoids. Nevertheless, it is necessary reduce the treated area,
because the termite attack in the field occurs in spots, due to aggregate distribution.
Monitoring systems to termite infestations have been studied, using cardboard traps
distributed in soil. Early results indicated that is possible to develop sampling techniques
economically feasible and avoid unnecessary insecticide applications.
Index terms: Forest pest, damage, control, monitoring
[1833]
THE
UNITED
STATES
RESPONSE
TO
TWO
RECENT
INTRODUCTIONS: ANOPLOPHORA GLABRIPENNIS (CERAMBYCIDAE) AND
TOMICUS PINIPERDA (SCOLYTIDAE)
R. A. Haack & T. M. Poland, US Dept. Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central
Research Station, 1407 S. Harrison Rd., East Lansing, MI 48823, USA; E-mail: rhaack
@fs.fed.us
Two recently introduced tree-feeding insects in the US include the Asian cerambycid
Anoplophora glabripennis and the Eurasian scolytid Tomicus piniperda. Both insects
likely arrived in the US on infested solid wood packing material (e.g., crating, pallets, or
dunnage) associated with international cargo. Established populations of A. glabripennis
were first discovered in New York City in 1996 and then in Chicago in 1998. All
infestations have been in urban areas. Because of the limited number and size of
infestations, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) is attempting to eradicate this
insect by cutting and chipping all trees with evidence of attack, i.e., exit holes or
oviposition pits. All infested areas are under quarantine. As of January 2000, more than
4000 infested trees have been cut in New York and more than 1000 in Chicago. Maples
(Acer spp.) are the most commonly infested trees, but elms (Ulmus spp.) and horsechesnut
(Aesculus hippocastanum) are also readily attacked. USDA and university entomologists
have begun several research programs in the US and China that are aimed at A.
glabripennis life history, dispersal, chemical ecology, chemical control, entomopathogens,
biological control, host range, trapping, and acoustic detection of larvae in wood.
Established populations of T. piniperda, the pine shoot beetle, were first discovered in
Ohio in 1992, and within one month it was found in 5 additional US states. As of January
2000, T. piniperda is known to occur in 271 counties in 11 US states and in 33 counties in
2 Canadian provinces. Because T. piniperda populations were already so widespread
when discovered in 1992, the USDA made no effort to eradicate this beetle. Nevertheless,
since 1992, the USDA has imposed a federal quarantine on the movement of pine
Christmas trees, ornamental nursery trees, and logs from infested to uninfested areas in the
US. The quarantine requires that pine material be treated or pass inspection before being
moved. In addition, a “National Compliance Management Program” was developed for
Christmas-tree and nursery managers, which allows easier movement of pine trees if
managers follow approved cultural and chemical controls . Since 1992, several state,
federal, and university entomologists have conducted dozens of studies on T. piniperda
biology, behavior, and control. This paper will discuss the US experience with A.
glabripennis and T. piniperda, including quarantine issues and research programs.
Index terms: exotic insect, eradication, quarantine
[1832] CERTIFICATION OF EXPORTED CHILEAN FOREST PRODUCTS.
ADVANCES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RISKS
[1834] AN IPM APPROACH TO PREVENT THE ACCIDENTAL IMPORTATION
OF SUBCORTICAL INSECTS FROM CHILE TO THE UNITED STATES
D. Lanfranco, H. Peredo & Sandra Ide, Inst. de Silvicultura, Univ. Austral de Chile,
Casilla 567, Valdivia, CHILE, E-mail [email protected].
B. White, P. Montes, D. Lanfraco & R. I. Gara.
Chile is a country that largely exports primary forest products such as logs, lumber or
chips. Currently around 40 foreign countries import these products which must be
qualified in terms of sanitary requirements. These forest products ( 78% ) come from
radiata pine plantations, ( 9% ) from eucalyptus plantations and ( 13% ) from native
forests. Considering the dependence on external markets, Chile has been diversifying
markets and products, ensuring the high quality of them and fulfiling international
sanitary/environmental regulations. Between 1999-2001 a group of forest pathologists and
entomologists are studying the sanitary risks in all the levels of the productive process,
including the storing and shipping procedures. This presentation focuses on the advances
of entomological risks. The general research objective is to develop guidelines, techniques
and procedures for the international sanitary certification of primary forest products: (1)
To define the key biological aspects of the insect-tree interactions, (2) Select management
and control criteria at each step of the productive, transformative and exportation process,
(3) Create a plan of technological transference during the development of the project and
(4) Establish sanitary certification protocols. Preliminary results indicate that the highest
risks are during the process of harvest, wood manufacture, storage in the sawmills, and
pre-embark storage in ports. Several forest management and silvicultural practices avoid,
as proactive measures, the incidence of some defoliators, bark beetles or wood borers.
However the thinning, pruning and harvesting in the forest along with the manufacture of
primary products in sawmills, attract mainly bark beetles. The same problem occurs during
storage time in ports. Several bark beetles species ( native or introduced ) can damage the
logs causing holes and galeries or perhaps introducing blue stain fungi spores with the
concomitant wood biodeterioration. Complementary research is centralized in basic
biological and population dynamic indicators of bark beetles and their possible fungal
associates. A brief review of risk levels in steps of the productive flow is presented,
including a list of the main hosts per exported tree species and their significance. Some
final comments identify future trends in forest health and productivity, primary Chilean
products, new markets for enhancing international trade, pesticides in final shipments with
environmentally inocuous chemicals, minimizing risks of infection and infestation in all
phases of the productive process, and ensuring the compliance with all international
sanitary standards.
Index terms: Chile, sanitary certification, primary forest products, international export
standards
463
[1835] DIFFERENTIAL COLONIZATION POTENTIAL AMONG WOODBORING BEETLES LEADS TO HIGH PROPORTIONS OF INBREEDING
SPECIES ON TROPICAL ISLANDS
B. H. Jordal1, R. A. Beaver2 & L. R. Kirkendall1, 1Department of Zoology, University
of Bergen, allegt. 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway, E-mail: [email protected]; 2161/2
Mu 5, Soi Wat Pranon, T. Donkaew, A. Maerim, Chiangmai, 50180, Thailand.
Parthenogenesis and regular close inbreeding are important characteristics of colonizing
plant and animals. Inbreeding in wood-boring species in the weevil families Scolytinae
and Platypodidae is most frequent in tropical latitudes, especially on small islands. In
order to study the relationship between colonization success, island attributes and mating
system in these beetles, we analysed the relative proportions of inbreeders and outbreeders
for 45 Old World tropical islands plus two adjacent mainland sites, and scored islands for
size, distance from nearest source population, and maximum altitude. We applied stepwise
regression to isolate the best predictor(s) among the three variables. The numbers of woodborer species decreased with decreasing island size, as expected. Elevation, on the other
hand, did not contribute much to explain species numbers, neither did the degree of
isolation. Numbers of outbreeding species decreased more rapidly with island size than did
those of inbreeders (had significantly steeper slopes). Comparing species with similar
ecology (ambrosia beetles) showed that this difference was due to differential success in
colonization, rather than differences in resource utilization or sampling biases. This
conclusion was further supported by analyses of data from eight small isolated islands,
which suggested that outbreeding species have a higher degree of endemism and that
inbreeding species are generally more widespread. A wide distribution might indicate high
colonization potential. Recently established small populations necessarily go through a
period of severe inbreeding, which should affect outbreeding species much more than
inbreeding ones. In addition, non-genetic ecological and behavioural ('Allee') effects are
also expected to reduce the the success of outbreeding colonists much more than that of
inbreeders: compared with inbreeders, inbred lineages of outbreeders are expected to have
slower growth rates, have greater difficulties with mate-location, and be vulnerable to
random extinction over a longer period. Hence, it is no surprise that inbreeders are indeed
more common on isolated tropical islands.
Index terms: island biogeography, Allee effect, inbreeding, Platypodidae, Scolytinae
[1837] THE EXOTIC FOREST PEST INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR NORTH
AMERICA
J. E. Macías-Sámano, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, ECOSUR, Carret. Antiguo
Aeropuerto Km 2.5, 39700 Tapachula, Chiapas, México, E-mail: [email protected]
This system (EFPISNA) is a joint project of the member organizations of the Insect and
Diseases Study Group of the North American Forestry Commission, FAO. These
organizations are the Canadian Forest Service, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency,
Secretaría del Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Pesca (SEMARNAP) Mexico, the
USDA Forest Service, and the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. The
web site (www.exoticpests.org) is being provided and maintained by the NSF Center for
Integrated Pest Management at North Carolina State University. Other cooperating
universities and research centers are Michigan State University, El Colegio de la Frontera
Sur, and Universidad Autonoma Chapingo. The objective of this effort is to identify exotic
insects, mites and pathogens with potential to cause significant damage to North American
forest resources. The database contains background information for each identified pest
and is intended to serve as a resource for regulatory and forest protection agencies in
North America. Each pest in the database is assumed to be able to maintain a population in
North America, and to cause either economic or environmental damage following
introduction. To categorize the risk posed by each pest, an evaluation sheet is provided,
which ranks pest risk using these three criteria. Although emphasis in the pest risk
assessment model developed for this project is on potential establishment and impact,
information pathways for introduction and means of dispersal is provided in the “Pest Fact
Sheet”. It is anticipated that this information will prove useful for the assessment and
management of introduced pests, wood products and other commodities from offshore
sources. Experts from around the world prepare records for EFPISNA. Each pest record
will contain full authorship information, and will be peer reviewed before being added to
the database. Information may be submitted to the EFPISNA in English, French, or
Spanish. An Evaluation Worksheet and a Pest Fact Sheet are required for each evaluated
pest at the time of submission. A data entry program for entering and storing database
records has been developed for EFPISNA. We highly encourage prospective authors to
download and use the program, which may be obtained by retrieving it from our web site.
Currently this program is only available in an English language version, but we expect to
have French and Spanish versions soon. Authors are encouraged to submit suitable hard
copy or digital photographs or drawings to accompany submitted test. Space has been
reserved for up to four graphics per data sheet, representing the organism’s appearances, a
distribution map, life cycle, and photos of damage.
[1836] RECORDS OF CONIFER APHIDS FROM ARGENTINA (HOMOPTERA,
APHIDIDAE)
[1838] AN OVERVIEW OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO
BIOLOGICAL AND BIORATIONAL CONTROL OF FOREST INSECT PESTS
M. A. Delfino¹ & A. Binazzi², 1. Cat. de Entomologia, Univ. Nac. de Córdoba, Av. Velez
Sarsfield 299, 5000-Córdoba, Argentina, E-mail Erro! Indicador não definido. 2. Istituto
Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria, Sezione di Entomologia Forestale, Via Lanciola
12A, 50125 Firenze, Italy, E-mail [email protected].
A. Retnakaran1, Q.-L. Feng1, B. M. Arif1 and S.R. Palli1,2, 1Great Lakes Forestry
Centre, Canadian Forest Service, P.O. Box 490, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada, P6A
5M7; 2Rohm and Haas Research Laboratories, 727 Norristown Road, Spring House,
Pennsylvania, 19477, USA; E-mail: [email protected]
Planted forests of exotic Coniferae are present in many areas of Argentina. During the
twentieth century many European and American species of Pinus were introduced into
various parts of this country. Most of the damages caused to trees by aphids seem to result
directly from their feeding, either by removing of sap or wounding of tissues, or at least in
some cases by the toxic effect of saliva. Economic damage to some Coniferae by sporadic
outbreaks of aphids has been observed in Argentina. Most of the aphid species living on
either native or exotic Coniferae in Argentina belong to Cinara (Lachninae), a very large
genus resulting from a highly successful adaptative radiation on Coniferae of the families
Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. All Cinara species live without host alternation on the twigs,
shoots or needles, branches, trunks and, sometimes, roots of their host conifers living
holocyclic and/or anholocyclic. The following species were identified from Argentina:
Cinara acutirostris, C. maghrebica, C. maritimae, C. pinivora on Pinus, C. costata on
Picea, C. fresai, C. juniperi, and C. tujafilina on species of Cupressaceae. Also the genus
Eulachnus, with long-bodied, narrow individuals living on needles of pines, was found in
Argentina with only two species, E. rileyi and E. tauricus; the former is widespread all
over the world being the most polyphagous entity of this genus, the latter is originally
linked to various Mediterranean pines (mainly black pines); only a few species of this
genus are strictly monophagous, i.e., some European ones; individuals of Eulachnus are
often cryptic when feeding, but very active when disturbed. In the South of Argentina also
Elatobium abietinum (Aphidinae) was collected on the needles of Picea spp.; spring
colonies on this host plant cause discoloration and loss of old needles, sometimes
involving serious defoliation. C. acutirostris, C. juniperi and C. pinivora are mentioned
for the first time in South America. It seems likely that C. acutirostris was introduced into
Argentina from Europe where it lives commonly on Pinus nigra and P. pinea while C.
pinivora comes from North America where it feeds on pines of subsections Australes and
Contortae (eastern USA and Canada). Some of the mentioned conifer aphid species are
attended regularly by ants, i.e., C. acutirostris and C. maritimae. On the other hand, a few
of them, i.e., C. acutirostris, C. fresai and E. rileyi, produce, with their outbreaks, a large
amount of honeydew leading to much developing of sooty mould fungi.
Index terms: Aphids, Coniferae, Argentina
The earliest recorded use of a chemical, sulfur, for insect control appears in the writings of
Homer before 1000 BC. The use of inorganics as first generation pesticides was replaced
with powerful organo-chlorines led by DDT as their second generation replacements. The
adverse environmental effects of many of these broad-spectrum insecticides was
dramatically brought to light in the “Silent Spring” (Rachel Carson 1962) and this
spawned the advent of Biorationals under the banner of third generation pesticides (Carol
Williams 1967). Since then numerous specialized pest control agents such as benzoyl
ureas, hormone analogs, avermectins, azadirachtin, chloronicotinyls, arylpyrroles etc have
been introduced. Concomitantly, traditional biological control based on parasite and
predator release was being augmented with microbial control. Biological control which is
generally perceived as environmentally benign has its best success story with B.t. The
advent of Biotechnology has opened a new area where tailor made pesticides that are
target specific can be designed. A panoramic outline of the genesis of pest management
from the past to the present will be presented.
Index terms: Organochlorines, Benzoyl ureas, Hormone analogs, Avermectins,
Azadirachtin, Chloronicotinyls, arylpyrroles, B.t.
464
[1839] PREDATORS AND PARASITOIDS FOR CONTROLLING INSECT PESTS
OF FORESTS
[1841] TEBUFENOZIDE:
AN EFFECTIVE AND SELECTIVE CONTROL
AGENT FOR CATERPILLAR PESTS IN FORESTRY
J.-C. Grégoire1 & M. Kenis2, 1Laboratoire de Biologie animale et cellulaire, CP160/12,
Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 av. FD Roosevelt, B-1050, Bruxelles Belgium, E-mail
[email protected]; 2CABI Bioscience Centre Switzerland, 1, Rue des Grillons, 2800
Delemont, Switzerland, E-mail [email protected].
G. R. Carlson1, S. Dodo2 & J. A. Nakano3, 1Rohm and Haas Research Laboratories, 727
Norristown Rd, Spring House, PA 19477-0904, USA, E-mail [email protected];
2
Rohm and Haas Quimica Ltda Fazenda Experimental, Caixa Postal 66, Paulínia SP,
Brazil, E-mail: [email protected] ; 3Av. Prof. Mário Werneck, 2.027 apt 1002,
Bairro Burits, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil, E-mail: [email protected].
Biological control methods using parasitoids and predators can be divided into three
categories: the augmentation of local or exotic natural enemies by inoculative or
inundative releases at critical times, the conservation of local natural enemies by
modification of management practices favoring the natural enemies in the target area, and
the importation of exotic natural enemies for permanent establishment, a strategy often
referred to as classical biological control. The use of parasitoids and predators in
augmentative biological control programmes against forest pests is hampered by several
constraints, among which the high costs related to mass production and application to
large areas. Nevertheless, augmentative releases would be particularly suitable in urban
landscapes. The conservation of natural enemies, e.g. through modifications of cultural
practices or selective insecticide timing, is still a rather neglected strategy in forest pest
management.
However, the increasing limitations in the use of chemicals and
biopesticides in forest environment will undoubtedly favor conservation strategies. The
conservation of natural enemies also shows much promises in agroforestry (i.e. the use of
forest trees in agricultural systems), particularly in developing countries. Until now, most
biological control programmes in forestry focused on the introduction and establishment
of exotic natural enemies into new areas to control an invasive pest. There are numerous
spectacular successes worldwide showing unbeatable cost/benefit ratios. Although, in
most cases, the motivation was purely, or mainly, economic, classical biological control is
also increasingly used to protect biodiversity, as shown in St Helena where the coccinellid
Hyperaspis pantherina, predator of the scale insect Orthezia insignis, saved the endemic
gumwood, Commidendrum robustum from extinction. Although classical biological
control has been recently criticized for its possible side effects on non-target organisms, it
still represents the safest and most efficient management method against invasive pests.
The long life span, size and complexity of forest ecosystems provide favourable ground
for both naturally occurring and man-manipulated biological control. However, they also
complicate assessment of the impact of native or introduced parasitoids and predators, and
implementation of biocontrol programmes. This review attempts to draw a link between
cases studies of relationships between native forest pests and native natural enemies and
the effective or potential use of these predators and parasitoids in biological control
programmes.
Index terms: biological control, parasitoids, predators
[1840] THE ROLE OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS IN FOREST PEST
MANAGEMENT: ITS CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
J. A. Elek & N. Beveridge1, 1Forestry Tasmania, GPO Box 207 and Cooperative
Research Centre for Sustainable Production Forestry, GPO Box 251-12, Hobart,
Tasmania, Australia 7001, Email: [email protected].
It is almost 100 years since a bacillus was isolated from a silkworm which was later named
Bacillus thuringiensis Berlinger (Bt). The first commercial insecticide was developed to
control the flour moth in the 1930s. Its mode of action and different strains mean that Bt
can target specific groups of insect pests with minimal effect on natural enemies and the
environment. However, it was not until the 1980s, when there was growing resistance by
both insects and environmentally-aware people to the large-scale use of broad-spectrum
insecticides, that it became cost-effective to use the new, more expensive, biological
insecticide. In 1980, insecticides based on the strain, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki
(Btk), that specifically targets lepidoptera, were sprayed on 20% of the area managed for
invasion of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) in USA. By 1999 this had reached 79%
(81,651 ha) of the total area treated for gypsy moth. In Canada in 1980, Btk-based
insecticides were used on only 4% of the area treated for spruce budworm (Choristoneura
fumiferana) but by 1995 this had increased to 100% (139,618 ha). Achieving this widespread use of Bt-based insecticides has not been easy. They not only target specific insect
groups, but also require many other specific biological and physical parameters for
successful control. This achievement is the result of considerable research into their mode
of action and optimum requirements which lead to developing effective formulations and
methods of application for Btk-insecticides. There is still similar work to be done on other
strains and insect pests. We have been testing B. t. var. tenebrionis (Btt) for its activity
against the chrysomelids Chrysophtharta bimaculata and C. agricola, defoliators of
eucalypts. The Btt insecticide caused higher mortality and suppression of feeding of
younger instars that was not proportional to body size, peaking at 4 d after treatment, and
prolonged development time by several days. Its activity was also affected by the host
Eucalyptus but not the chrysomelid species. It had no effect on the two major coleopteran
predators. The future use of Bt-inssecticides will be affected by adoption of new
technology. For example, in 1999 a virus and pheromone lure were used on about 20% of
the area managed for gypsy moth in USA. However, a wide range of agricultural crops
now have been engineered to incorporate several Bt genes, and the Btt gene has been
engineered into eucalypts in Australian laboratories. Thus, Bt should continue to have an
important role in managing forest insect pests, both as insecticides and perhaps as Btengineered tree crops.
Index terms: Bt, biological control, Chrysophtharta bimaculata, Chrysomelidae
Insecticides for use in forestry must be effective, target selective and environmentally
benign. Tebufenozide possesses all three attributes. It has been used successfully to
control many of the key lepidopterous pests of forests in North America (Choristoneura
fumiferana, Lymantria dispar), South America (Thyrinteina
arnobia, Rhyacionia
buoliana) and Europe (Lymantria monacha, Thaumetopea pytiocampa). Most of the
beneficial attributes of tebufenozide result directly from its novel “ecdysonoid” mode of
action. This presentation will briefly describe the mode of action and general biological
properties of tebufenozide, and will summarize results of some recent lab and/or field
tests.
Index terms: tebufenozide, Thyrinteina arnobia, Rhyacionia buoliana
[1842] BIORATIONAL AGENTS – MECHANISM AND IMPORTANCE IN
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) AND INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE
MANAGEMENT (IRM) PROGRAMS
I. Ishaaya & A. R. Horowitz, Dept. of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization,
The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel, Fax: +972-3-968 3835, E-mail:
[email protected],
In recent years, insect control by broad-spectrum insecticides has come under assault and
scrutiny because of their undesirable effects on human health and the environment.
Furthermore the rapidly developing resistance to conventional insecticides provides the
impetus to study new alternatives and more ecologically acceptable methods as part of
IPM and IRM programs. One of these approaches is the development of novel compounds
affecting developmental processes in insects, such as chitin synthesis inhibitors, juvenile
hormone mimics, and ecdysone agonists. In addition extensive efforts have been made to
develop compounds acting selectively on some groups of insects by inhibiting or
enhancing biochemical sites such as respiration (diafenthiuron), the nicotinyl acetyl
choline receptors (imidacloprid and acetamiprid), and salivary glands of sucking pests
(pymetrozine). Among the most recent novel insecticides with selective properties are the
novaluron, thiamethoxam and spinosad. Novaluron (Rimon) is a novel benzoylphenyl urea
that acts by both ingestion and contact. As such it is a powerful suppressor of lepidopteran
larvae such as Spodoptera littoralis and Helicoverpa armigera (by ingestion) and of
whiteflies such as Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (by contact).
Thiamethoxam (Actara) is a novel neonicotinoid acts specifically on aphids and whiteflies
and spinosad (Tracer) acts on diversity of insect species and is considered an important
agent for controlling the western flower thrips. The above compounds will be discussed in
relation to their modes of action and their importance in IPM and IRM programs in
various agricultural systems.
Key words: Selective insecticides, benzoylphenyl ureas, juvenile hormone mimics,
ecdysone agonists, biocontrol agents.
465
[1843] GENETIC ENGINEERING OF GENES THAT CONFERS INSECT
RESISTANCE TO TREES
[1845] BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FOREST PESTS USING INSECT SPECIFIC
VIRUSES
L. Jouanin, Biologie cellulaire, INRA 78026 Versailles Cedex, FRANCE, Email:
[email protected]
S. R. Palli1,2, , T. R. Ladd1, Q. L. Feng1, W. Tomkins1, M. Primavera1, S. S. Sohi1, B.
M. Arif1 & A. Retnakaran1, 1Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, P.
O. Box 490, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada, P6A 5M7; 2Rohm
and Haas Research Laboratories, 727 Norristown Rd. Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
Email: [email protected].
Trees are the target of many different phytophogous insects. Genetic engineering offers
new possibilities of introducing insect resistance into trees. Several strategies have been
considered to obtain such plants using genes which have demonstrated previously their
interests in annual crops. The introduced genes are mainly genes of bacterial origin such as
the Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins or genes of plant origin such as proteinase
inhibitors or lectins. Poplar is often used as a model tree to demonstrate the interest of the
strategy but insecticidal genes have also been expressed in many other trees including
conifers. A review of the obtained results and of the pespectives will be presented.
Index terms : Transgenic trees, entomotoxic proteins, poplar, conifer.
Insect specific viruses especially baculoviruses are being developed as environmentally
friendly alternatives to chemical insecticides. Virus control of insect pests is attractive
because it is lasting, highly selective and effective. However, to compete against chemical
insecticides, they have to be fast acting and cheaper to produce. The advent of
recombinant DNA technology has made it possible to make these viruses fast acting by
inserting genes from different sources. We have engineered several genes such as
Choristoneura hormone receptor 3 (CHR3, an ecdysone induced transcription factor),
Choristoneura hormone receptor 75 (CHR75, an ecdysone induced transcription factor),
Androctonus australis insect specific toxin (AaiT), C. fumiferana juvenile hormone
esterase into ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyl transferase (egt) locus of Choristoneura
fumiferana multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (CfMNPV). All the genes were expressed
under the control of CfMNPV polyhedrin promoter. The recombinant viruses were plaque
purified, amplified and used in bioassays to determine LD50, ST50 and FT50 values for
4th instar C. fumiferana larvae. All the recombinant viruses expressing the above
mentioned genes performed better than the wild-type virus. The egt- recombinant virus
was not as good as the wild-type virus. The recombinant virus expressing CHR3 in sense
orientation is the best recombinant virus we have produced so far. All three, LD50, ST50
and FT50 values for this virus were significantly better than the values for the wild-type
or egt-viruses.
Index terms: baculovirus, Choristoneura fumiferana, ecdysone, juvenile hormone esterase,
AaiT
[1844] INSECT PATHOGENIC FUNGI AS RESOURCE OF GENES FOR INSECT
PEST CONTROL
[1846] MODEL ORGANISM GENETICS AND GENOMICS: TOOLS FOR
TARGET DEVELOPMENT IN PEST CONTROL
St. R. Leger
S. Thibault & J. Margolis, Exelixis, Inc. 260 Littlefield Ave. South San Francisco, CA
USA, E-mail [email protected];
The pharmaceutical and agricultural industries are moving increasingly toward target
based screening as their primary discovery engine for novel bioactive small molecules.
Screening, of course, requires new targets and confidence that altering the activity of these
targets in vivo will have the desired outcome, be it curing a disease or controlling a crop
pest. Exelixis utilizes the power of genetic, genomic, and informatic technologies to
rapidly identify and validate novel targets by using modulation of gene activity as a
surrogate for chemical inhibition or activation of protein function. Transposon technology
is one of the foundations of Exelixis' technology platform, providing a rapid method to
deliver transgenes and modify the genome of both laboratory models and pest species.
The power of Drosophila and C. elegans genetics makes them a fascile system for
insecticide target discovery. Ideal targets are essential for viability, selective and specific
to pest species, dosage sensitive, and lead to rapid knockdown when disrupted. Genes that
kill an organism when knocked out or overexpressed represent first-stage validated targets
for pesticide development. Historically, P element screens have tagged approximately
10% of lethal loci in Drosophila. Efforts are ongoing at Exelixis to saturate the number of
transposon-tagged genes in Drosophila using P. Screens underway with second
generation transposons may uncover a complementary set of loci. Exelixis is also
committed to develop representative non-drosophilid insects and plant pathogenic
nematodes as additional model genetic systems. Increasingly reverse genetic tools such as
EST projects, large insert genomic libraries and RNA-mediated gene interference are
enabling genetic entry points in species that lack a history of classical genetic analysis.
Development of biotechnology tools used in target discovery for Lepidoptera, Coleoptera,
and nematodes will be discussed.
466
[1847] A NEW VIRAL PRODUCT “INF-LD” USED IN THE CONTROL OF
POPULATIONS DENSITY OF LYMANTRIA DISPAR AND EUPROCTIS
CHRYSORRHOEA
M. Ciuhrii¹, G. Mihalache², T. Manole¹, P. Cosconea¹, C. Ciornei³, I. Voicescu4 , M.
Iamandei¹, ¹Research Institute for Plant Protection-Bucharest, Bd. Ion Ionescu de la Brad,
8, sect. 1, Bucharest;Romania; ²Research Institute for Forestry-Bucharest; ³Department of
Plant Protection-Bacau: 4 Department of Plant Protection-Pitesti, Romania.
On the Romanian territory, every year many surfaces with forests and orchards could be
infested with Lymantria dispar and Euproctis chrysorrhoea which are both damaging of
deciduous forests. We choose any specific parts of forest suitable for producing the
infection of epizootics. Only the infected larvae were collected after peculiar symptoms of
NPV. In the laboratory the larvae were selected once again and after that the viruses were
isolated, purified and are conditioning as follows:
Formulation
powder
Colour
white-yellow
Humidity(U%)
5-6%
Biological activity
80-94% host mortality
Nucleocapsid concentration
72 x 10¹¹
SPVC concentration(inclusions)
5.6 x 10?
The polyvirions presence(q2; q3)
60%
The alien microflora concentration
2 x 10²
PH
7.0- 7.2
Resistance to light
60 hours
Homogeneity(in water)
60 s
Adherence
85-90 %
The period of storage
5 years
The dosage at ha
20 g
The viral product is advisable for treatments at the egg stage before the larvae are hatching
strongly connected with eggs density. When the laying eggs density were at 1,3-1,8 per
tree the treatment was made with hand-made sprayers in the belts with 5-m width. The
distance between belts was of 400 m. In the cases when laying eggs density was smaller
the distance between belts are corresponding widest at 600-800 m. In 1999 on the
Romania territory 22,000 ha were treated and the effects were good, the population of L.
dispar weren’t in increasing. In the same year the effect of “Inf-Ld” effectiveness appear
in the treatments against E. chrysorrhoea.
Index terms: Lymantria dispar, Euproctis chrysorrhoea, viral product, biological control,
NPV.
[1848]
PRELIMINARY
STUDIES
ON
THE
APPLICATION
OF
STEINERNEMATID NEMATODES AGAINST OVERWINTERING LARVAE OF
PINE PROCESSIONARY CATERPILLAR, THAUMETOPOEA PITYOCAMPA
DEN. ET SCHIFF. (LEPIDOPTERA: THAUMETOPOEIDAE)
O. Triggiani & E. Tarasco, Di.Bi.C.AF.A. - Dipartimento di Biologia e Chimica AgroForestale ed Ambientale, Università di Bari, via Amendola 165/A 70126 Bari Italia Email: [email protected].
Pine processionary caterpillar Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae)
is a very dangerous lepidopterous spread in the mediterranean area. A preliminary survey
was conducted with 4 different strains of Steinernematid entomopathogenic nematodes in
the nests of pine processionary caterpillars in a Pinus silvestris reafforestation (Gravina in
Puglia - 550 m a.s.l.) of Apulia Region (Southern Italy). Three different strains of
Steinernema feltiae (2 indigenous, from Apulia Region pine woods, and 1 from Germany)
and 1 S. kraussei strain from Northern Italy were used; 300.000 Infective Juveniles (IJs) in
a gel suspension were injected in the nests on January and February. The percentage of
larval mortality was evaluated at 10 day intervals during 2 months. The results of this
preliminary experiment pointed out:
- the ability of Steinernematid nematodes to control the processionary caterpillars;
- the persistence in the nests of IJs for more than 20 days from treatment;
- the possibility of nematodes to complete their life cycle in the larvae of T. pityocampa;
- no negative effects were observed on Prhyxe caudata (Diptera: Tachinidae), the most
important natural antagonist of T. pityocampa larvae.
Index terms: Steinernema, entomopathogenic nematodes, microbial control
[1849] OCCURRENCE OF HYMENOPTERA PARASITOIDS IN LARVAE OF
PHORACANTHA SEMIPUNCTATA (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)
G. T. Ribeiro & J. C. Zanuncio, Depto. de Biologia Animal, Univ. Fed. Viçosa, 36571000, Viçosa, MG, Brasil, E-mail [email protected].
The importance of wood boring insects specially those of the Coeloptera order has been
increasing in Brazil because wood from reforested areas in this country are been used for
many products besides sawlog for export. Species of Cerambycidae are very important
because most of them are wood borers of tree species. Phoracantha semipunctata
(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is one of the most important species of this group in the world
because it damages Eucalyptus. This pest was recorded in the States of Rio Grande do Sul
in Eucalyptus grandis, especially in recently cut and wood stored at small sawmills; in São
Paulo in Eucalyptus citriodora; in Espírito Santo in a hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla and
E. grandis; in Bahia in Eucalyptus pellita, Eucalyptus cloeziana, Eucalyptus
camaldulensis, E. urophylla and in a hybrid of E urophylla and E. grandis; in Minas
Gerais in the area of Savannah in Eucalyptus spp. Tunneling in the subcortical region
where its larvae feed during its development represents the damage by this insect. During
the last instar larvae of this pest drill into the log where it prepares a pupal chamber. P.
semipunctata can attack standing logs with bark in the field and also stored at the mill.
Attacks by this pest represent an important problem because perforations in Eucalyptus
wood make them unfeasible for export. Damage by this pest include the death of plants
and wood depreciation. The incidence of P. semipunctata was registered in areas of E.
urophylla in the northeast of Bahia where a high number of Eucalyptus trees were attacked
after a fire. Many empty pupae of parasitoids were observed in larvae of P. semipunctata.
Alive pupae of this parasitoid were observed in alive pupae of this pest. These pupae were
maintained in laboratory for emergence of the parasitoids which were sent to specialists
for identification. They were identified as Liobracon sp. and Leluthia cf. Monitoring of
wood piles in the Northeast of Bahia showed that about 50.0% of the pupae of P.
semipunctata were killed by parasitoids, probably of the genus Leluthia. Another search
in Eucalyptus logs after five months of cutting showed that approximately 45.5% of pupae
of P. semipuctata were dead with the presence of empty cocoons of parasitoids, which was
probably also of the genus Leluthia.
Key words: Phoracantha; parasitoids; biological control.
[1850] INFLUENCE OF NATURAL ENEMIES ON THE POPULATIONS OF TWO
STOLAINI SPECIES (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE: CASSIDINAE) IN A
BRAZILIAN TROPICAL FOREST
F.N. Sá1 & J. Vasconcellos-Neto1, 1 Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Inst. Biologia Depto. Zoologia. Campinas, SP, Brasil, 13083-970. E-mail: [email protected].
Natural enemies of Chrysomelidae are represented by organisms of many different taxa
that can cause heavy impact on them. In this work, we followed populations of Stolas
chalybea and S. areolata for two years, looking for natural enemies and investigating their
influence on mortality of those Cassidinae populations. For the three studied species, we
observed highest mortality rates during egg phase (87.5%, 66.98% and 65.65% for S.
areolata, S. chalybea and A. phaeopoda respectively) provided by hymenopteran
parasitoids, predation and infection by fungi. We obtained eight parasitoid species
accounting for S. chalybea eggs (with total parasitism rate of 51.93%) and two accounting
for S. areolata (with total parasitism rate of 28.57%). Larvae were harmed by predators
like spiders and Pentatomidae hemiterans and by two Tachinidae species parasitizing
them. Tachinidae parasitism rates was of 46.15% for S. areolata and 19.39% for S.
chalybea. Larvae in earlier stages showed highier mortality than more mature larvae of the
same species. We obtained the parasite nematode Hexamermis sp. (Memithidae) in adults
of S. chalybea and we also observed some acari on their elytrum, but we could not be sure
if they were acting as parasites or comensals. Adults of this Cassidinae species were also
sometimes observed attached to spider webs. A one-year census on Bidens segetum and
Mikania cordifolia, host plants of Stolas chalybea and S. areolata respectively, revealed,
by significant positve correlations, that the abundance and richness of potential predators
was synchronous with the abundance of the eggs and larvae of the beetles, sometimes
showing a lag period in response. Ants, spiders and heteropterans were the most frequent
predators found on host plants. We believe that this result may suggest the influence of the
populations of invertebrate predators which forage on Cassidinae host plants their
populations.
467
[1851] OVERVIEW OF MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE IN TREES TO
INSECTS
S. Larsson, Dept. of Entomology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box
7044, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden, E-mail [email protected]
Plant resistance to insects has been defined as the “relative amount of heritable qualities
possessed by the plant which influence the ultimate degree of damage done by the insect”
(Painter 1951). Although other definitions of resistance are favored by some researchers,
this plant-centered definition is most often cited in the literature and will be used in my
talk. Painter’s definition focuses on plant damage. A resistant plant can be less damaged
than another, more susceptible, plant by 1) being less attractive to insects, 2) causing
higher insect mortality, or 3) being more tolerant to the same amount of damage. Most
often, published data on tree resistance to forest insects refer to the second category. In
cases where tree resistance is thought to contribute to insect population dynamics it is
highly relevant to investigate intraspecific variation in insect performance, such as
mortality. It is important, however, to recognize that such data refer to responses at the
level of the individual. Whether populations also respond depends on the strength of the
effect, in relation to other population processes. It is also important to recognize that
performance data may say more about a specific tree/insect interaction than about the
tree’s resistance in general. Insects from different feeding guilds often perform differently
on dissimilar tree phenotypes because members of different guilds respond to different key
traits in the plant (nutrients, secondary metabolites, physical characteristics, phenology). In
my talk I will discuss the complexity of the resistance concept. I will emphasize the
importance of clarifying whether the context in which resistance is used is tree- or insectoriented.
Index terms: Individual performance, population dynamics, feeding guild
[1853] MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE IN TREES TO SHOOT INSECTS
R. I. Alfaro1, E. S. Tomlin2, R. McIntosh3, J. Borden4 & J. King5, 1Research Scientist,
Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC. Canada; 2Research Scientist, Biology Dept.,
University of North Carolina, Greens borough, N.C., USA; 3Insect and Disease Specialist,
Saskatchewan Environment; Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. Canada; 4Dept. Biological
Sciences, Simon Fraser University. Burnaby, BC. Canada;5Geneticist, BC Ministry of
Forests, Victoria, BC. Canada.
This paper provides a summary of the resistance mechanisms to shoot insects that we have
uncovered either by examination of the literature or by detailed work on the white pine
weevil, Pissodes strobi, a shoot insect affecting spruce and pine in North America. The
review indicates that conifers rely on a combination of defense mechanisms to fend off
herbivores which feed on their shoots. These range from defense strategies in which the
host provides improper nutrition to the attacker, for example by being in the wrong
phenology state at the time of feeding, to constitutive defenses, such as resin canals and
sclereids, to inducible defenses, which are activated in response to the attack. The latter
include the manufacture and mobilization of defensive chemicals to the site of wounding,
and the production of traumatic resin in conifers in response to insect and fungal attack..
[1852] MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE IN TREES TO DEFOLIATORS
[1854] MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE TO WOOD BORERS
K. M. Clancy, USDA Forest Service Research, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2500
S. Pine Knoll Dr., Flagstaff, AZ 86001-6381 USA E-mail: [email protected].
T. D. Paine, Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of California, Riverside, CA, USA 92521
I will discuss 10 mechanisms known to be important in resistance of trees to insect
defoliators, with appropriate examples from the literature and my own work with the
western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis) and Douglas-fir (Psuedotsuga
menziesii). The mechanisms I will emphasize are: 1) Phenological asynchrony between
host trees and insect herbivores; 2) Host tree tolerance of defoliation, and the role of host
tree vigor; 3) Host tree compensatory photosynthesis and growth in response to
defoliation; 4) Toughness of leaves and needles; 5) Low nutritive quality of foliage; 6)
Defensive compounds (or allelochemicals) in foliage; 7) Three-trophic-level interactions
among the trees, their insect herbivores, and natural enemies of the herbivores (i.e.,
predators, parasites, pathogens); 8) Host tree microbial mutualists such as mycorrhizae and
fungal endophytes; 9) Induced defenses in host trees; and 10) Induced susceptibility in
host trees.
Index terms: phenology, tolerance, compensation, foliar chemistry, mutualists
468
Wood boring insects can include a wide taxonomic range including the Coleoptera,
Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera. In many groups, the larval stages feed in the inner bark
and outer layers of xylem tissues of their host plants, and pupation may occur in cells
constructed within the wood. The adult insects are entirely free-living. However, there
are several groups of wood-boring beetles in which the adults excavate oviposition
galleries in the wood of the host. As a broad generalization, many of the wood-borers
colonize weakened, stressed, dead, or dying host plants. The insects are frequently part of
a guild of secondarily invading scavengers of host material weakened by environmental
factors, disease, or other insect activity. The resistance mechanisms (induced and
preformed defenses that are under some living control) thought to be important against
phloem feeders and other primary colonizers may become critical factors if the woodborers colonize relatively healthy trees. However, the resistance mechanisms against
phloem feeders not critical factors if the insects are colonizing dead and dying trees. The
physical factors that are associated with the bark or wood (e.g., lignin or moisture) can
remain and may affect the survival of wood-borer larvae. In Australia, Eucalyptus
resistance to infection and invasion has been associated with induced production of a
phenolic resin. However, there may be differences in tree colonization patterns of woodborers in Australia compared to exotic environments in North America, South America,
Africa, and in the Mediterranean basin where colonization of water stressed trees appears
to be critical.
In California, Eucalyptus resistance to Phoracantha
semipunctata colonization appears to be independent of the induced response, but rather is
a function of a physical factor. If the water content of the outer bark is greater than 55%,
then the larvae are virtually incapable of penetrating that barrier. Induced reactions are
present, but appear not to be a key factor because of the temporal lag in response.
Index terms: Host resistance, Eucalyptus, Phoracantha semipunctata,
[1855] MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE IN TREES TO BARK BEETLES
F. Lieutier, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux. Univ. d’Orléans. B.P. 6759. F-45067
ORLEANS CEDEX 2. France. E-mail : [email protected].
As in most phytophagous insects, the living host plays an essential role in the population
dynamics of bark beetles. It is not surprising, in these conditions, that taking the host
effect into consideration in the development of bark beetle research has lead, since the
beginning of the 70ies, to a considerable amount of knowledge in bark beetle biology.
Two basic resistance mechanisms have been recognized in conifers of which the relative
importance depends essentially on the beetle behavior. The classical model of tree-bark
beetle relationships is based on the involvement of a third partner, a moderately
phytopathogenic fungus, which needs to be mass inoculated (that is above a certain
threshold of density) to the tree by the beetles to weaken host resistance and kill the tree.
Based on this model, different beetle strategies have been proposed to explain the between
species variations in these relations and the beetle behaviors. The physical, histological
and chemical phenomena involved have been intensively studied. A presentation of these
results is given. However, when trying to understand the mechanisms in details, it appears
that numerous aspects of conifer resistance to bark beetles are still unknown. The exact
role of the associated fungi in beetle population establishment and in tree death is unclear,
although it is the basis of the classical model. The role of the beetle itself is also not really
understood and may have been under-estimated. How the tree defense reaction works
when the threshold level of attack density is going to be reached and how this threshold is
overcome have almost never been investigated. Tree resistance to beetle-fungus attacks
has been mainly studied in the phloem although the beetle both at the phloem and the
sapwood levels often inoculates the fungus. Sapwood resistance may have an essential
role in containing fungus development and consequently in beetle establishment How
environmental factors interfere in the beetle-fungus-tree relationships is a very complex
and difficult topic which has been approached, except in few cases, only relatively
recently. The effects of the resistance mechanisms on the aggressors are still poorly
understood. The reasons for these lacks are analysed and suggestions for research
development are presented. Although various tracks are suggested, they all correspond to
a re-focusing of the approaches on the insect aspects and on experimental situations close
to the threshold of attack density. Finally, the topics the most susceptible to give practical
applications in the field of tree resistance and in the present context are presented.
Index terms : Conifer, review, research prospect
[1856] MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE IN TREES TO GALL-FORMING
INSECTS
G. Wilson Fernandes, ML Faria, TG Cornelissen, MM Espirito Santo, D Negreiros,
FMC Castro. 1Ecologia Evolutiva de Herbívoros Tropicais, DBG/Universidade Federal
de Minas Gerais, CP 486, 30161-970 Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil, Email
[email protected]
Plants posses a wide spectrum of traits that generally affects the colonization and success
of gall-forming herbivores. These include plant secondary chemistry and physical
barriers, behavior (e.g., phenology), and genetics. We have studied the relationships
between two species of wild congeneric dioecious shrubs of the genus Baccharis which
are highly species-rich on gall-forming insects in southeastern Brazil. Approximately 40
new species of galling insects are known to attack these two host plant species in the area.
We report on a two year field experiment in which 160 plants (80 males and 80 females)
were equally divided into four treatments to evaluate the influence of plant quality on
galling abundance, richness, and performance. The treatments were plant fertilization
(NPK), irrigation, irrigarion + fertilization, stress, and control. Plant Sex had no effect on
the gall community. Irrigation and fertilization were found to negatively influence all the
parameters evaluated, while stress had a negative effect on them. Galls were mostly
common on control plants. Plant module senescence also negatively influence gall
success, a parameter not generally studied in galling insect studies. Furthermore, plant
resistance to gall formation was a strong factor
diminishing galling success.
[1857] THE BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISM FOR THE RESISTANCE OF RED
MAPLE TREES TO FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR FEEDING
B. V. Helson1, M. M. Abou-Zaid1, J.T. Arnason2 & C. Nozzolillo2, 1Canadian Forest
Service, Natural Resources Canada, P. O. Box 490, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 5M7,
CANADA, E-mail [email protected]; 2Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, CANADA.
We have demonstrated experimentally that forest tent caterpillar (FTC) larvae do not feed
on red maple leaves but will feed readily on sugar maple leaves. An ethanolic extract of
red maple leaves applied to aspen leaf disks also deterred the feeding of larvae which
suggested that the mechanism is biochemical in nature. Fractions of the red maple extract
containing the highest concentrations of phenolic compounds were most deterrent. The red
maple extract and phenolic fractions were consistently more deterrent than the comparable
extract and fractions of sugar maple. These results suggested that phenolic compounds
present in red maple could be involved in the resistance of red maple to feeding by FTC
larvae. The major phenolic compounds in red maple and sugar maple were isolated and
identified. Six of the the compounds present in red maple leaves were available and
obtained commercially. When these compounds were assayed in choice leaf-disk tests at
283 ? g/cm2, methyl gallate and gallic acid significantly deterred the feeding of FTC larvae
while the other 4 compounds which were flavonol glycosides did not. These findings
indicated that only certain phenolic compounds in red maple are involved in the
mechanism for resistance. In order to determine which specific compounds could be
responsible, 10 more phenolic compounds from red maple leaves were extracted and
purified in large enough quantities to test their antifeedant effects on forest tent caterpillar
larvae. Five more gallate compounds including ethyl m-digallate, ethyl gallate, 1-galloylrhamnose, 1-galloyl-glucose and m-digallate also exhibited significant antifeedant activity.
Gallates may be responsible for protecting red maple from feeding by FTC. Ethyl digallate
in particular could be a major factor because it is the most common gallate compound in
red maple leaves. It has not been detected in sugar maple which FTC larvae eat readily.
Furthermore, ethyl digallate is also abundant in silver maple leaves which are also not
eaten by FTC larvae.
Index terms: Malacosoma disstria, antifeedant, ethyl m-digallate, phenolics, gallates,
sugar maple
[1858] OVERVIEW OF TREE RESISTANCE DEPLOYMENT APPROACHES
D. J. Robison, Department of Forestry, North Carolina State University, 3118 Jordan
Hall, Box 8008, Raleigh, NC 27695-8008 USA, E-mail: [email protected]
The intensification of forest plantation systems is tightly coupled with tree genetic
improvement and the deployment of increasingly limited genetic diversity. This presents
substantial challenges with respect to pest management in these systems. In natural forests
and traditional low-intensity plantations there are large amounts of genetic diversity
among individual trees, whereas in more intensive systems the buffering or resiliency of
the trees against pest depravations can be compromised. This buffering is due to large
ranges in the variation and apparency of phenotypic host plant resistance characters, and
their ability to limit pest population expansion and restrict pest biotype evolution. In
intensive systems relatively few genetic families or specifics clones are deployed. These,
by design, exhibit limited phenotypic variation and are cultured with weed management
and fertilization. Together these can create perennial systems that are prone to large damaging pest populations. Simultaneously, the intensity of management and use of
genetically improved planting stock represents an investment that must be secured and is
likely to have a lower economic injury threshold than more traditional forest systems.
Deploying these systems over large areas in an ecologically simplistic manner will lead to
instability. What is required for ecological and production stability/sustainability is
ecological complexity imposed through the careful screening and deployment of
genotypes. Perennial clonal systems in nature contain a diversity of genotypes and can be
very stable and productive over very long periods of time. Such systems can provide clues
for forestry deployment, as does genetic interaction modeling between crops and pests.
Selecting specific genotypes for temporal and spatial deployment on the basis of
productivity and pest management is a new management tool in forestry that requires
substantial development. The current level of understanding and theoretical basis for this
development is discussed in this paper.
Index terms: clonal forestry, host plant resistance, planting designs, landscape diversity
469
[1859] DEPLOYMENT OF TREE RESISTANCE TO INSECTS IN SHORTROTATION BIOMASS PLANTATIONS
J. D. McMillin1, D. R. Coyle2, R. B. Hall3 & E. R. Hart3,4, 1USDA Forest Service, Forest
Health
Management,
Rapid
City,
SD
57702,
USA,
E-mail
jmcmilli/[email protected]; 2USDA Forest Service, SRI, New Ellenton, SC 29072,
3
4
USA; Dept. of Forestry, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011, USA; Dept. of Entomology,
Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011, USA.
Insect herbivores have potential to cause economic impact on short rotation biomass
plantations. Host plant resistance is a fundamental component of integrated pest
management (IPM) to control insect herbivores in short rotation woody crop production.
Operational biomass plantations currently are using a limited number of clones that
probably exhibit modest host plant resistance to insects and may be promoting insect
adaptation to resistance. Further complicating the development of deployment strategies
for host plant resistance is the fact that different insect species prefer different clones; a
seemingly resistant clone to one insect is susceptible to a complex of other insects.
However, based on a review of the literature, examples of host plant resistance to forest
insects include antibiosis, antixenosis, and tolerance. Approaches to incorporating host
plant resistance into short rotation woody crop systems include tree breeding, genetic
engineering, clonal deployment, and IPM development. Iowa State University and other
researchers have investigated chemical and physical attributes that may affect the
susceptibility of some select Populus clones and potential resistant traits of other clones.
Recent evidence suggests that the ratio of long-chain fatty alcohols and a quinone
compound in hybrid Populus influences Chrysomela scripta adult and larval feeding
preference and performance. There have been several recent attempts to use genetic
engineering to insert resistance genes, including Bacillus thuringiensis and protease
inhibitor genes, into Populus clones. However, environmental and societal concerns may
affect the operational status of these genetically engineered clones. Deployment strategies
of host plant resistance include creating monoclonal stands, mosaics of monoclonal blocks
that contain varying resistance traits, mosaics of clonal rows, and single tree and small
groups of trees. Each of these planting strategies has benefits and costs in terms of
maximizing plantation efficiency and minimizing pest damage. Future strategies using
IPM for the control of insect pests of short rotation Populus systems will include a
combination of host plant resistance, genetic engineering, biorational sprays, planting
design strategies, and biological control. The use of all these strategies will help to
maintain and conserve host plant resistance and genetically improved clones for longerterm use. Research needed to reach this integrated approach includes further identification
of host plant resistance, large-scale testing of different deployment schemes, and further
examination of the impact that natural enemies have on Populus insect pests.
Index terms: Chrysomela scripta, clonal forestry, host plant resistance, Populus
[1861] RESISTANCE OF YOUNG AND MATURE BALSAM FIR TREES TO
SPRUCE BUDWORM AS AFFECTED BY STAND THINNING : SHORT AND
LONG TERM EFFECTS
É. Bauce, M. Charest & R. Bérubé, Département des Sciences du Bois et de la Forêt,
Faculté de Foresterie et de Géomatique, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, G1K 7P4
CANADA, E-mail [email protected].
The impact of stand thinning on the resistance of young and mature balsam fir, Abies
balsamea, trees to spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, the most important insect
pest of the North American boreal forest, has been monitored and estimated for 8 years.
Both field and laboratory experiments were conducted to reveal the ecophysiological
processes involved at host tree and insect levels after the sylvicultural intervention. The
density of young stands was reduced from 15000 stems/ha to 2500 stems/ha while the
density of mature stand was reduced by removing 25% of the stand basal area. Both
young and mature thinned stands suffered heavier defoliation by the insect one year after
the treatment. In young stand the increased defoliation (24%) was related to high insect
survival due to a reduction in foliar polyphenolics. In mature stands increase in defoliation
(+45%) was related to high insect food consumption rate due to a reduction in foliar
monoterpenes. These results were supported by laboratory rearing experiments. Because
trees were more defoliated and did not produced much foliage one year after stand
thinning, the amount of residual foliage after insect defoliation, an index of host tree
resistance, was 75% and 38% lower in mature and young thinned stand respectively
compared with control stands. These results indicate that stand thinning should be avoided
during spruce budworm outbreaks. However, such negative impacts of stand thinning
diminished gradually over time. In fact, two years after the treatments there was an
increase in foliage production that exceeded the increase in defoliation in thinned stands.
Moreover, five years after the thinning treatment, mature trees had 6 times more residual
foliage after insect defoliation than control trees, Even after eight years, mature trees in
thinned stand had 48% more residual foliage than control trees, indicating that thinning
had a lasting effect in reducing host vulnerability to further attacks by the insect.
Similarly, three years after the thinning treatment, young trees had 6 times more residual
foliage than control trees. Even after five years, they maintained 104% more residual
foliage than control trees. Our results suggest that stand thinning could be an efficient tool
to reduce balsam fir tree vulnerability to spruce budworm as long as thinning is conducted
few year prior to budworm outbreak so that treated trees can pass through their short
period of high vulnerability before budworm's attack.
Index terms : Choristoneura fumiferana, vulnerability, polyphenolics, terpenes
[1860] HORTICULTURAL STRATEGIES FOR DEPLOYMENT OF TREE
RESISTANCE TO INSECTS
[1862] POSSIBILITIES TO UTILIZE TREE RESISTANCE TO INSECTS IN
FOREST PEST MANAGEMENT IN CENTRAL AND WESTERN EUROPE
D. A. Herms. Dept. Entomology, The Ohio State Univ., Ohio Agric. Res. Dev. Cen., 1680
Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691 USA, email: [email protected].
C.M.Heidger (1) and F.Lieutier (2), (1) Hochschule Zittau/Goerlitz (FH) Univ.of applied
Sciences,Dept.of Ecology and Environmental Protection, P.O.Box 261, D-02755 Zittau,
Germany. (2) Univ. Orléans , Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux, B.P. 6759, F.-45067
Orléans Cedex, France.
Historically, insect resistance has received little consideration in the selection, use, and
management of trees in urban forests and ornamental landscapes. Deployment of pest
resistant has been constrained by a lack of long-term research. Furthermore, few studies
have addressed the role of cultural practices in IPM programs. Plant defense theory offers
potential in both arenas. Biogeography theory predicts that patterns of resistance will
correspond with historical selection pressures exerted by key pests. For example, we
found that native North American birches are highly resistant to bronze birch borer, with
which they share an evolutionary history. Conversely, the exotic species that are planted
almost exclusively are highly susceptible. Fertilization is frequently touted as an
important component of IPM programs for ornamental plants. However, theory predicts
that fertilization will decrease the resistance to trees growing on fertile to moderately
nutrient deficient soils, but may increase resistance of trees growing on highly disturbed,
infertile soils characteristic of many urban sites. Experimental data from our work and the
literature is consistent with these predictions, and will be reviewed.
Index terms: plant defense theory, growth-differentiation balance, cultural management,
IPM
470
The most relevant forest trees in Central and Western Europe are Norway spruce (Picea
abies), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), beech (Fagus
sylvatica) and oak (Quercus petraeae,Q. robur). They are attacked by several pests among
which the most agressive belong to the bark beetles, weevils and Lepidoptera and, to a
lesser extend, aphids and scale insects. Trees have developed resistance mechanisms
against all of these insects and the existence of more or less long periods without damage
proves, that these natural mechanisms are efficient most of the time. In Central an Western
Europe several investigations in this field have been undertaken for the above insects,
revealing different kinds of mechanisms , which range from avoiding the pest to the
induced systemic defence. These mechanisms depend on the damage location in the host
and the feeding behaviour of the pest (defoliator, sap-sucking, phloem feeders,...).
However, very few attempts have been made for a practical use of these mechanisms in
forest pest management. Two main possibilities can be considered: tree breeding for
genetic resistance by taking into account resistance criteria in genetic improvement
programs, or enhancement of the defence mechanisms and resistance level of the trees by
silvicultural practices. The paper presents all these aspects through examples of research
on Central and Western European forest pests, while insisting on the possibilities open to
utilize natural resistance in forest pest management for each of them.
Index terms: resistance breeding, genetic selection, silvicultural methods.
[1863] DEPLOYMENT OF TREE RESISTANCE TO PESTS IN ASIA
N. Kamata, Lab. of Ecology, Fac. of Sciences, Kanazawa Univ., Kakuma, Kanazawa,
Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]
In NE Asia, many trials to deploy tree resistance to pests have been done. In China,
selection had been the main method of tree breeding until the early 1980s. Later, breeding
by crossing became popular for trees belonging to the genus Pinus, Salix, and Larix. In
China, the influence of Lysenkoism prevented the progress of tree breeding by 1960s. The
main purpose of tree breeding in China has been to breed fast growing trees to recover
vegetation. Because such fast growing trees tend to be infested by pests, many plantations
of popular and willows are susceptible to insect attack. Amongst them the Asian longhorn
beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, is the most serious pest, which sometimes kills trees.
Projects to breed beetle-resistant tress have started. In S Korea, a forest rehabilitation
program started after the Korean War. Many native pine trees have been planted but
damaged badly by the pine needle gall midge, Thecodiplosis japonicus. Recently, the
salicylic acid concentration in the pine needle has been proved to be the important
determinant of resistance against T. japonicus: Needles of susceptible species had a low
concentration of salicylic acid under the phenolic compound-free conditions while needles
of resistant species against this insect contained a higher concentration of salicylic acid.
The Korean Forest Research Institute first tried to select the resistant strain but failed.
Effective production of insect-resistant pines can be obtained through hybrids by crossing
between susceptible and resistant species by increasing internal salicylic acid contents of
the needles. In Japan, selection for larch and poplar resistant against hares and voles has
been successful. Selection for Cryptomeria japonica resistant against Sugi bark borer,
Senanotus japonicus, and against Cryptomeria bark midge, Reeseliella odai, has been
carried out. The pine wilt disease caused by pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus
xylophilus, is the most harmful pest in the NE Asian countries. There is a relationship
between species-level susceptibility and phylogenic classification: pine species belonging
to the subsection Australes are the most resistant, followed by the subsection Contortae.
Pines belonging to the subsections Ponderosae and Oocarpae are susceptible. The
subsection Sylvestres contains both resistant and susceptible species. After inoculation of
PWN, the nematodes increased in number and spread rapidly in the susceptible pine trees,
but not in the resistant trees. Responses of resistant pine species, wound periderm
formation and occlusion of cortical resin canal, trapped the nematode within damaged
tissue. The insensitivity of xylem parenchyma to the PWN also acts as a defensive factor
of resistant pine species. In Japan, the national project to select resistant pine trees started
in 1978, which was successful for P. densiflora. However, because P. thunbergii, which is
an important species to protect seashore, is much more susceptible to PWN than P.
densiflora and proved to be difficult to select resistant trees, the international hybridization
project of P. thumbergii x P. massoniana was started in 1983 by introducing 20 liters/year
of P. massoniana pollen from China.
[1864] USING RESISTANCE IN TROPICAL PLANTATIONS
1
[1865] INHERITANCE PATTERN OF RESISTANCE TRAITS IN HYBRID
WILLOWS: EFFECTS ON HERBIVORES AND PATHOGENS
J. Hjältén, Department of Animal Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,
S-901 83 Umeå, Sweden. E-mail [email protected].
It is generally accepted that hybridization has been important for plant evolution.
However, in recent years there has also been and increased interest for the role of
hybridization in plant-animal interaction. Herbivore response to hybrid plants depends on
both inheritance patterns of resistance traits and the response of specific herbivores to
these characters. For insect herbivore plant phenolics plays and important role for food
plant selection, acting both as attractants for specialist herbivores and as repellents for
generalists. The aim with this study was to determine the inheritance pattern of plant
phenolics in hybrid willows and the response of specific herbivores (galling sawflies) and
parasitic fungi Melampsora sp. to these changes. To control the plant material used and
minimize the influence of environmental variation F1 hybrids and parental species were
produced by hand-pollination of willows in the field. In addition, the plants were potted
and kept in an experimental field under controlled conditions. Three willow species were
used, Salix caprea were crossed with both S. repens and S. phylicifolia. These species
hybridize naturally. The inheritance patterns of plant phenolics can best be described as
additive, that is hybrid plants had intermediate concentrations of phenolics compared to
the parental species. However, the response of herbivores and Melampsora rust did not
follow the same pattern. The densities of galling sawflies on hybrid plants were generally
similar to the densities on the most susceptible parent. By contrast, hybridization resulted
in a breakdown in the resistant of F1 hybrids to Melampsora rust. However, a
reconstitution of resistance occurred in backcrosses, suggesting an additive inheritance of
resistance traits. Potential mechanism for the response of herbivores and Melampsora rust
to hybrid plant is discussed.
Index terms: Willows, hybrids, resistance, galling sawflies, melampsora rust
[1866] ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON RESISTANCE OF YOUNG SPRUCE
TO INSECTS AND FUNGI
2 1
J.R. Cobbinah & M.R. Wagner , Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, UST Box 63,
Kumasi, Ghana. 2School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, P. O. Box 15018,
Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5018, U.S.A.
The major factor limiting the establishment of indigenous species plantations in
subsaharan Africa is insect pests. Earlier efforts at establishing commercial plantations of
valuable timber species such as Iroko, Obeche, Mansonia, Mahoganies, Emire, Aucoumea
have all been hampered by insect pests that in many cases had not been previously
encountered in the natural forest. Even small trial plots and nursery blocks of these species
have not been spared. Whiles chemical control has shown promise in the control of major
pests of Mansonia, Emire, Afrormosia and Obeche, this strategy has proved ineffective
against pests limiting the establishment of Iroko, Mahoganies and Ceiba. However, from
both economic and environmental stand points chemical control appears not to be a
feasible option in commercial plantation in this region. While the humid tropical forest is
highly diverse and contains wide array of organisms at different tropic levels including
potential natural enemies of the major insect pests, very low natural enemy fauna have
been encountered in the commercial monocultural plantations. Results of recent studies on
Iroko and Mahoganies however, indicate that there is considerable variability in
susceptibility within and among provenances and progenies of forest tree species to pests
and that tree resistance would be the centrepiece of IPM for major pests of forest
plantations in Africa in the future. In Iroko as much as 12-fold differences in attack rates
have been recorded on resistant and susceptible individuals. Selection of lines with
reduced susceptibilities or high recuperative ability followed by clonal multiplication of
these individuals have resulted in genetic gain of about 35%. Present findings suggest that
success in plantation establishment would depend largely on the deployment of genetic
resistance in IPM programmes.
D. Wainhouse, Entomology Dept. Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Wrecclesham,
Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH, UK. E-mail [email protected].
When the supply of mineral nutrients is limiting, application of fertilizer usually increases
tree growth. This 'carbon-demanding' response to fertilisation can reduce resources
allocated to carbon-based defences as predicted by resource-availability models of plant
defence. Such effects on the expression of quantitative defences have been commonly
observed in trees although their influence on herbivores has been less commonly
measured. Experiments are briefly described in which young plants of Sitka spruce were
grown under two light and nitrogen regimes to determine effects on growth, quantitative
defences (resin and polyphenols) and nutritional status (sugars and nitrogen) of both above
and below ground parts of the tree. Concentrations of resin, polyphenols and
carbohydrates were higher in low nitrogen treatments as predicted by resource- availability
models of defence and the changes were similar in all parts of the trees including tissues
formed prior to experimental treatments. However, these changes did not appear to be the
result of a direct trade-off with growth but reflected treatment-induced variation in the
root/shoot ratio. Production of quantitative secondary chemicals may, therefore, be part of
an integrated response of the trees to environmental stress. Bioassays with Elatobium
abietinum, Gilpinia hercyniae and the facultatively pathogenic fungus Phacidium
coniferarum however, showed changes in the concentration of carbon-based secondary
chemicals alone were of only limited value in predicting susceptibility of spruce to insect
and fungal attack.
Index terms: Spruce, growth, quantitative defence, RSR
471
[1867] ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF DEFOLIATING PESTS OF
CONIFERS IN NORTHERN BRITAIN
[1869] NEW BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS PRODUCTS AND THE FUTURE OF
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS PRODUCTS IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM
A. D. Watt1, B. J. Hicks1, H. F. Evans2 & S. E. Hartley1, 1Centre for Ecology and
Hydrology, Banchory Research Station, Hill of Brathens, Glassel, Banchory AB31 4BY,
Scotland, United Kingdom E-mail [email protected]; 2Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge,
Wrecclesham, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, United Kingdom.
R. A. Fusco, Valent BioSciences Corporation, HC 63, Box 56, Mifflintown, PA 17059,
USA, E-mail: [email protected].
The main forest trees in the UK are North American conifers, Sitka spruce and lodgepole
pine. Both tree species have been attacked by a range of native insects and outbreaks of
one of these, pine beauty moth (Panolis flammea), has occurred regularly on lodgepole
pine since 1977, while remaining an innocuous insect on Scots pine. Over approximately
the same period, another insect pest, the winter moth (Operophtera brumata), has emerged
as a pest of Sitka spruce and heather. This paper will summarise recent research carried
out on these insect pests, particularly recent work on the impact of fungal pathogens on
pine beauty moth and the evolution of host-specific races in both species.
Index terms: pine beauty moth, winter moth, fungal pathogens, host-specific races.
[1868] OUTBREAKS OF FOREST DEFOLIATING INSECTS AND FOREST DAMAGE
IN JAPAN
N. Kamata, Lab. of Ecology, Fac. of Sciences, Kanazawa Univ., Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa
920-1192, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]
In Japan, various kinds of forest-defoliating insects sometimes reach the outbreak level and cause
serious defoliation. Defoliated trees sometimes die after severe defoliation. In 1984, there was an
episode killing more than 10,000 m3 of beech trees after the Syntypistis punctatella outbreak in
1982. The mortality was more than 50%. The percentage of Cryptomeria japonica that had died
from the heavy defoliation by Calliteara argentata ranged from 6.5 to 58.2%. However, the tree
mortality caused by insect defoliation is low because the climate in Japan is moist. Evergreen
conifers sometimes die from insect defoliation but deciduous broad leaved trees seldom die.
Amongst the forest-defoliating insects in Japan, Dendrolimus spectabilis has been studied the
most intensively, because many pine trees died from pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood
nematode, which has been proved to be the main cause of pine mortality in 1970. Until then,
defoliation caused by D. spectabilis was supposed to be one of the greatest causes weakening
pine trees to induce secondary beetles attacks. Outbreaks of D. spectabilis frequently occurred
from 1950s to the early 70s. Chemical and biotic insecticides were deployed to control this insect
during these periods. The outbreaks of D. spectabilis have decreased in recent years according
with the maturation of vast areas of pine stands planted after World War II. On the contrary,
insect defoliation in larch plantation has become more frequent with stand maturation.
Ptycholomoides aeriferana, Spilonota eremitana, Cryptoblabes loxiella, Coleophora obducta,
and larch sawflies, Pachynematus itoi and Pristiphora erichsoni are the main outbreak species.
Especially, outbreaks of a larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsoni, have been prevalent. It is specific
that outbreak of P. erichsoni continues 4-6 years in the same stands. No density-dependent
mortality factors seemed to be effective in this system. Host plant deterioration and/or outbreak of
rodents that is driven by masting are the main factors to terminate the outbreak. In natural fir
forests and larch plantations, Lymantria fumida periodically reaches the outbreak level and
defoliates trees completely. A chemical insecticide (BHC) and biotic insecticide (mixture of NPV
and CPV) were sprayed against this insect outbreak in the 1960s. In the 60s and 70s, many trial
virus applications against outbreaks of forest-defoliating insects were done in Japan under the
leadership of FFPRI, which included; D. spectabilis, D. superans, Euproctis subflava, L. dispar,
L. fumida, and Hyphantria cunea. Because silviculture in Japan declined rapidly with economic
development, insecticide application against forest defoliators was no longer cost-efficient and
was stopped in mid-1970s. The research budget and interests of forest entomologists shifted to
pine wilt disease caused by pine wood nematode and many wood boring insects that spoiled
wood quality. In spite of such circumstances, intensive population studies on L. dispar, D.
superans, and S. punctatella have been continued. Outbreaks of these defoliators have occurred
periodically and were terminated by insect diseases that operated in a density-dependent fashion.
NPV and Entomophaga maimaiga are effective for L. dispar, CPV and NPV for D. superans,
Cordyceps militaris for S. punctatella.
Index terms: Dendrolimus spectabilis, Syntypistis punctatella, insect disease, control
472
During the past 30 years, much technological advancement has been made in the
development of microbial pesticides for use in forest insect control programs. Advances in
fermentation technology, formulations, and application technology have been significant
and have made Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki the preferred pesticide for
controlling North American lepidopteran forest pest insects. These advancements include
the fermentation of higher potency Btk formulations, increased formulation stability (both
physical and biological), enhanced persistence of Btk preparations on target foliage,
enhancement of activity in Btk preparations to specific pests, transconjugants, and genetic
engineering technologies including bioencapsulation and Bt transgenic forest plantations.
Methods to achieve aerial application objectives include temperature-driven simulation
models of insect and plant development for predicting optimal spray timing, Geographical
Information Systems (GIS) for establishing spray blocks and spray lines, Differential
Global Positioning Systems (DGPS) for aircraft guidance, Aircraft Integrated
Meteorological Measurement System (AIMS) and the use of ELISA based Accurate
Deposit Assessment Methodology (ADAM) kits. Microbial pest control in forestry with
Btk and other microbials will be an exciting commercial challenge in the new millennium.
Some of the current and future issues regarding the use of microbial pesticides will be
presented.
Index terms: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki, microbial control, technological
advancements, Accurate Deposit Assessment Methology.
[1870] MASS REARING OF THE NATIVE ENDOPARASITOID CHOUIOIA
CUNEA (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) AND ITS SUCCESSFUL USE FOR
CONTROL OF THE INTRODUCED FALL WEBWORM IN CHINA
Y. Zhong-qi, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese
Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, P.R. China.
The introduced fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, became an important pest in China,
causing serious damage. Because of the severity of this damage, the native biotic agents
attacking this introduced pest in China were investigated. One of them, a native
endoparasitoid, Chouioia cunea Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), is new
to science. This parasitoid was found to cause considerable mortality of H. cunea pupae in
some areas. The host range of this new species was investigated to find a practical
substitute host for mass rearing of C. cunea. This mass-rearing technique is described
along with the successful release of this parasitoid into new areas, three provinces and in
the city of Tianjing. Parasitism by C. cunea in the areas it was released was usually over
80%. These successful releases indicate that an introduced species can be also controlled
by mass-reared and release of native parasitoids in the country of introduction more
frequently than was previously assumed, and classical biological control (the introduction
of natural enemies of the introduced pest from the country of origin) may not always be
needed.
Index terms: Hyphantria cunea, Chouioia cunea, biological control, mass rearing, release,
parasitic wasp
[1871] DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF DEFOLIATING
INSECTS IN CANADA
[1873] MANAGEMENT VS. MITIGATION OF DAMAGE: CAN WE DO BETTER
IN THE 21ST CENTURY?
I,S. Otvos1, V. Nealis1, & K. van Frankenhuyzen2, 1Natural Resources Canada,
Canadian Forest Service – Victoria, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, B.C. V8Z 1M5
Canada, E-mail: [email protected], 2Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest
Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, P.O. Box 490, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste.
Marie, ON, P6A 5M7, Canada.
E. A. Cameron1, Dept. of Entomology, Penn State Univ., 501 A.S.I. Bldg., University
Park, PA 16802-3508, USA E-mail: [email protected].
Forests in Canada cover about 453 million hectares, approximately 45% of the total
landmass of the country; of this 244 million hectares is productive forest. The forests of
Canada are the most important natural resource in the country; they contribute more to the
economy of the country than all the other natural resource sectors combined. The
protection of this valuable natural resource is of great economic importance. The
development of forest insect pest control in Canada is reviewed, from the early days of
organic chemical insecticides, to the development of microbial insecticides and the more
recent concept of integrated management of insect pests. Broad-spectrum chemicals have
been replaced by the more selective microbial insecticide for defoliators. The shift from
chemical insecticides to the extensive use of Bacillus thuringiensis was gradual. Classical
biological control was, and still is, used against pests of foreign origin introduced into
Canada without their natural enemies. Inspection and eradication are used to prevent or
delay establishment of exotic pests. There has been a shift towards more intensive forest
management, this change being reflected in methods of control – attempts are made to
manage insect pest problems before drastic measures are required to control them. This
change is also noticeable in the way insect problems are addressed. It is recognized that
insect damage and its impacts should be minimized in an ecologically sound and
environmentally friendly manner. Insects are managed instead of being suppressed, and
whenever possible an integrated approach is taken. In the future, attempts will be made to
prevent insect outbreaks or mitigate the long-term impacts of insect disturbance on the
forest. The approach will be more ecologically based and comprehensive by integrating
pest dynamics, forest use, socioeconomics and environmental considerations. The control
agents used to manage forest insects will likely have narrow activity ranges – a
requirement likely to be demanded by the environmentalists and general public. This will
increase the pressure to develop novel control agents (such as genetically engineered
microbes or introducing insect pathogens into host trees). However, some of these novel
approaches may not gain general acceptance due to public opposition. It is inevitable that
some effective and safe direct control measures may have to be used on a short-term basis
when insect damage is unacceptable.
Index terms: biological control, defoliators, integrated pest management
‘Forest pest management,’ especially in North America, frequently occurs in response to
short term public pressure to mitigate nuisance or perceived damage. Practices and
procedures that would reduce adverse impacts over the longer term too frequently have
not received the emphasis they deserve. Often we still do not understand the steps that
can or might be undertaken to improve management over the lifetime of a forest. These
gaps in knowledge must drive research efforts to improve management of defoliators, and
to integrate economic, ecologic, aesthetic, and other values. Vast forested areas require
different practices than those which are suitable for smaller, intensively-managed, areas
of high value - a fact which must be borne in mind as manipulative management
decisions are made. The use of chemical insecticides has diminished in recent years, in
large part as a result of environmental concerns as well as of cost. Biologically-based
insecticides are also costly to use, and are coming under increasing criticism as agents of
environmental disruption especially with reference to their effects on non-target
organisms. Biological controls, in particular with respect to exotic species, have had both
successes and failures. They, too, are under increasing criticism from vocal groups that
seem to desire preservation of existing fauna even at the expense of reasoned arguments
for introduction of additional exotic species. Sound silvicultural practices too often have
not received the support and priority that they deserve. Sustainable management, coupled
with intensive public education, must be the touchstone for evolution of 21st century
forest practices if forest managers are to regain the confidence and support of the general
public and of public agencies. Examples such as the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar
(Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), spruce budworms (Choristoneura spp. (Lepidoptera:
Tortricidae), sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinoidea) on various coniferous and
hardwood hosts, and leafrollers and leaftiers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), especially on
oaks (Quercus spp.), will be among those referenced as illustrative of past and possible
future practices.
Index terms: Lymantria dispar, Choristoneura spp., Tenthredinoidea, silvicultural
practices
[1872] GROWTH LOSSES AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF PINE
SAWFLY DEFOLIATION
[1874] IMPACT OF TIMBER HARVESTING ON INSECT HERBIVORE
POPULATIONS OF QUERCUS IN A NORTH AMERICAN TEMPERATE
DECIDUOUS FOREST
P. Lyytikäinen-Saarenmaa1& E. Tomppo2, 1Finnish Forest Research Inst., Rovaniemi
Research Station, P.O. Box 16, FIN-96301 Rovaniemi, FINLAND, E-mail
[email protected]; 2Finnish Forest Research Inst., National Forest
Survey, Unioninkatu 40 A, FIN-00170 Helsinki, FINLAND.
R. J. Marquis1 & J. T. Lill1, 1Dept. of Biology, Univ. Missouri-St. Louis, 8001 Natural
Bridge Rd., St. Louis, MO 63121-4499 EUA, E-mail [email protected].
The European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer) and the large pine sawfly (Diprion pini)
are common forest pests in northern coniferous forests, reaching occasionally outbreak
levels and defoliating wide areas of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands of all ages.
Defoliated area during the latest outbreak of D. pini in 1998-99 was approximately 500
000 ha. N. sertifer is an early-season defoliator that feeds on old needles only, whereas D.
pini is a late-season defoliator that feeds on new and old needles. Defoliation reduces tree
growth and timber yield, but these aspects have been considered quite often less important
than tree mortality. Economically significant reductions in increment occur even after a
single defoliation period, and even when densities remain below those required to call
upon a secondary attack by scolytid bark beetles. Defoliation by N. sertifer seldom kills
trees, whereas the number of killed trees is much higher after damage by D. pini. Tree
mortality after outbreak period of N. sertifer has been recorded to be approximately 4 %,
and after outbreak of D. pini approximately 30 % of the total tree number in defoliated
stands. However, mortality can be much higher in young stands. Volume growth can be
decreased by 33 % and 85 % after moderate, and by 40 % and 99 % after heavy
defoliation by N. sertifer and D. pini, respectively. Increment losses are two or three-fold
higher after defoliation of D. pini compared to N. sertifer. The economic value of growth
losses is possible to estimate on the basis of the proportion of tree species in a stand,
structure and age of a stand, average annual increment, intensity of pine sawfly
defoliation, and a value of timber. In Finland the estimated average economic value of
growth losses and killed trees might reach up to 45 USD/ha for N. sertifer, and 310
USD/ha for D. pini, after a single-year outbreak. The recovery period of Scots pine after
insect defoliation is partly unknown, but volume growth will re-establish at least within
10-15 years. These estimates of economical losses indicate a dramatically higher impact of
pine sawflies than those revealed by the earlier few studies in Europe.
Index terms: Neodiprion sertifer, Diprion pini, Pinus sylvestris, annual increment, timber
yield
Tree harvesting may have significant effects on the abundance of forest organisms over
and above the local effects of tree removal. The nature of such possible landscape-scale
effects on insect herbivores are not well known. We have been documenting the
landscape effects of timber harvest on the abundance of insect herbivores both pre- and
post-harvest on two deciduous tree species (Quercus alba and Q. velutina) of a deciduous
forest of the Ozark plateau of the central United States (Missouri). This study is part of
larger multi-collaborator project called the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project
(MOFEP) run by the Missouri Department of Conservation. Replicate forest sites (3 each
per treatment, approximately 240 ha) underwent one of three harvesting treatments in
1996: control or no harvest, even-age management or approximately 10% of stands
clearcut, and unevenage management or thinning of the forest. Insects were sampled
without removal both on saplings and the canopy of adult trees. Effects of timber harvest
are described for three years pre-harvest and three years post-harvest. Insect abundance
declined 30-70% across all treatments following harvesting compared to pretreatment
levels. As in the pretreatment years, insect abundance was higher on understory plants of
Q. alba on north- and east-facing slopes than on south- and west-facing slopes. Also,
insect abundance was generally higher on Q. alba than on Q. velutina in both the canopy
and understory (except for the first census following leaf flush), higher in the understory
than in the canopy, and higher late in the season on Q. alba than early, but lower on Q.
velutina later in the season than earlier. Treatment effects appeared in both the understory
and canopy in the first year following cutting (1997). Treatment effects were relatively
weak in the understory (occurring in only 1/4 censuses each for both species), with cutting
increasing the number of insects compared to controls for both Q. alba and Q. velutina
when such effects did occur. In contrast, cutting reduced the number of insects
encountered in the canopy compared to control sites in both 1997 and 1998, and then
finally increased the number of insects at the end of 1999. Links to changes in
insectivorous bird abundance as also affected by timber harvesting will be discussed.
Index terms: forest management, insect communities, landscape effects.
473
[1875] CONNECTION BETWEEN THE FLORA AND LEPIDOPTERA FAUNA
OF AMERICAN NORTHWEST FORESTS
T. D. Schowalter, Dept. of Entomology, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331-2907,
USA, E-mail [email protected].
Canopy arthropods are a poorly known component of forest ecosystems but represent the
vast majority of species, some of which are capable of dramatically altering forest
structure and function. Their small size, short life spans and high reproductive rates make
them highly sensitive to environmental gradients in time and space. Nevertheless,
relatively few studies have addressed factors affecting patterns of species abundance or
community organization in forest canopies. Studies of canopy communities in the Pacific
Northwestern U.S. demonstrate effects of crown position, tree species, forest age, and
latitudinal or climate gradients on arthropod species abundances and community structure.
Relatively few taxa show significant variation with crown height, despite the 40 m depth
of foliated crowns. However, most taxa show significant variation in occurrence or
abundance among tree species. Folivores, predators and detritivores generally are most
abundant in older or undisturbed canopies, whereas sap-sucking species are most abundant
in younger canopies. Economically important folivores (such as the western spruce
budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis) and sap-suckers (such as the Cooley spruce gall
adelgid, Adelges cooleyi) are most abundant in homogeneous canopies of the dominant
tree species, compared to more heterogeneous canopies. Similarly, species and functional
groups also vary in their representation across latitudinal or precipitation gradients in this
region. Species within each functional group vary in their responses across these
environmental gradients, indicating an important role of biodiversity in buffering the
ecosystem from changes in ecological functions during environmental changes.
Index terms: Choristoneura occidentalis, Adelges cooleyi, forest, disturbance,
precipitation
[1876] COMPARISON OF THE MACROLEPIDOPTERAN ASSEMBLAGES OF
SALIX NIGRA AND ACER NEGUNDO: A STORY OF CATERPILLARS, PLANTS,
PARASITOIDS, AND PREDATORS
P. Barbosa1 & A. Caldas1, 1Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of Maryland, Plant Sciences
Bldg., College Park, MD, 20742, USA, E-mail [email protected] and
[email protected] .
Larval free-feeding macrolepidoptera of two riparian trees Salix nigra (black willow) and
Acer negundo (box elder) were sampled and sorted by species and abundance. Data
collected established that the majority of species in the assemblages in each tree species
occurred at low abundance in each of the 5 years when larvae were sampled. On both
trees, assemblages were dominated numerically by relatively few species, a pattern that
has been observed for insect assemblages on plants in managed and unmanaged habitats.
Absolute sampling of two macrolepidopteran assemblages on box elder and black willow
was undertaken by fogging the canopy. Collections of larval Lepidoptera demonstrated
that assemblages are numerically dominated by few species, i.e., scarce species constitute
a large proportion of our samples. Specifically, the proportion of singleton species in these
temperate habitat assemblages parallels that observed in fogging studies in tropical
habitats. The similarity index calculated for the species in the two assemblages was
relatively low. The latter results were compared to those obtained from absolute sampling
(achieved by fogging). The patterns were the same regardless of the sampling approach.
Patterns of larval parasitism among species in the macrolepidopteran assemblages also
were examined.. Total parasitism of larvae on box elder was significantly higher than that
of larvae on black willow. Comparisons of parasitism levels among lepidopteran families
showed that in five of seven families larval parasitism on box elder was significantly
higher than on black willow. For species whose larvae were found on both tree species,
total parasitism was significantly higher when the larvae were on box elder than when
larvae of the same species were on black willow. In comparisons of species found on both
tree species, larvae in three of seven families suffered significantly higher levels of
parasitism when on box elder than when on black willow. The roles of the
functional/numerical responses of parasitoids, common and numerically dominant
parasitoid species, and plant volatiles are considered as causal mechanisms underlying
differential parasitism but are not supported by the data. Age based differential predation
by birds on one of the more common macrolepidoptera species also has been observed.
Behavioral observations further suggest that the ability of prey larvae to differentiate
among predators and other herbivores in the habitat may serve as the basis for other
examples of differential predation.
Index terms: Differential parasitism, box elder, black willow, insect assemblages scarce
species.
474
[1877] MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN
DECIDUOUS FORESTS: ASSOCIATIONS WITH HOST TREES AND
PARASITOIDS IN THE CENTRAL APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS
J. Strazanac & L. Butler. West Virginia University, Division of Plant and Soil Sciences,
P. O. Box 6108, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505, USA.
The macrolepidoptera associated with the eastern North American deciduous forests are an
abundant and diverse group. A large portion of the more than 5,000 species (USDA 1985)
of the described Lepidoptera from this region are probably associated with the
Appalachian Mountains and their adjacent foothills. The foliage macrolepidopteran fauna
of Appalachian deciduous forests is in large part documented. For many species, the
details of their distribution, host preferences, and especially, their parasitoid relationships
are not well known. Two recent studies on oak-dominated sites illustrate how limited our
knowledge is of the parasitoid-host relationships. Butler (1993) reared 46 species of
macrolepidopteran larvae, producing 136 primary parasitoid-host associations. Of these,
115 were not previously reported. An on going project with an extensive rearing effort of
caterpillars from selected hardwood trees produced 60 tachinid parasitoid associations not
previously reported. In terms of the diversity of caterpillars attacked, Tachinidae can be
equally effective parasitoids as Braconidae and Ichneumonidae in forest canopy
environments.
Index terms: Tachinidae, Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, canopy, hardwoods
[1878] RICHNESS AND ABUNDANCE OF CATERPILLARS ON CONGENERIC
PLANTS IN CERRADO AREAS OF THE DISTRITO FEDERAL
I. R. Diniz¹ & H. C. Morais², ¹ Departamento de Zoologia, ² Departamento de Ecologia,
Universidade de Brasília, 70910 900, Brasília, DF, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]. *
Partial funding from CNPq Proc. n° 5010225/92; PIBIC/CNPq/UnB.
The richness and abundance of Lepidoptera larvae on the same host plants is compared
between areas with similar vegetation (cerrado sensu stricto): Fazenda Água Limpa
(FAL), Botanical Garden of Brasília (JBB) and the National Park of Brasília (PNB). The
FAL and JBB study areas are 6 km apart and both are cerca 30 km from PNB. Host plants
examined were Byrsonima coccolobifolia, B. verbascifolia (Malpighiaceae), Erythroxylum
deciduum, E. suberosum, E. tortuosum (Erythroxylaceae). These species are deciduous,
woody shrubs, dropping their leaves at the end of the dry season and are common in the
cerrado. The inventories of caterpillars were conducted within 1 ha areas and, weekly, 15
plants from each species, measuring between 0.50 and 2.50 m of height, were examined in
each area. The exophytic, folivorous caterpillars were collected and separated according to
morphospecies. The data were obtained between March and August of 1994, including
the peak for caterpillar abundance (May-July). In general, 20% of the 4394 plants
examined presented caterpillars and the richness per plant species varied between seven
and 24. The variation in caterpillar richness among plant species is not related to host plant
density, nor with other easily recognizable characteristics such as leaf pilosity or plant
size. The proportion of plants with caterpillars, here used as an indicator of caterpillar
abundance, was greater at JBB (26%) and lower at PNB (14%). For Erythroxylum spp.,
caterpillar abundance and the number of caterpillar species presented a positive
relationship in the three areas: E tortuosum > E. deciduum > E. suberosum. This
relationship between abundance and richness was completely broken for Byrsonima spp.:
B. coccolobifolia (FAL = 15% and 10 spp.; JBB = 38% and 15; PNB = 16% and 23), B.
verbascifolia (18% and 13; 38% and 21; 12% and 20). Two lepidopteran species
(Cerconota achatina and Gonioterma exquisita - Elachistidae) are dominant on Byrsonima
spp., but their frequency of occurrence varies between locales (? ² = 24.897; p < 0.001).
Erythroxylum spp. also present two dominant caterpillar species, however, with lower
frequencies, which do not vary between locales. Variation in the abundance and richness
of caterpillars occurs between species of Erythroxylum, whereas on Byrsonima spp. the
variation occurs predominantly between locales and is related to the population variations
of the dominant caterpillar species on those plants.
Index terms: Elachistidae, Cerconota achatina, Gonioterma exquisita
[1879] IMPACT OF FOREST UTILIZATION ON THE ASSEMBLAGE OF
LONGICORN BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) IN THE WARMTEMPERATE FORESTS OF JAPAN
K. Maeto1, S. Sato1 & H. Miyata2, 1Shikoku Res. Ctr., Forestry & For. Prod. Res. Inst.,
915 Asakura-Nishimachi 2, Kochi 780-8077, JAPAN, E-mail [email protected];
2
Kochi Pref. Forest Tech. Ctr., 80 Ouhira, Tosayamada, Kochi Pref. 782-0078, JAPAN.
[1881] SIREX NOCTILIO IN
MONITORING AND CONTROL
SOUTH
AMERICA:
DISTRIBUTION,
E.T. Iede1, P. Klasmer2 & S.R.C. Penteado1. 1Embrapa Florestas, Caixa Postal 319,
CEP
83411-000,
Colombo,
Paraná,
Brasil.
[email protected];
[email protected]; 2 Inta, Campo Forestal Gral. San Martín, C.C. 268430, El
Bolsón, Pcia. de Rio Negro, Argentina. [email protected].
Insect diversity has been seriously affected by the reduction of temperate natural forests,
due to coppicing, shifting cultivation, logging and monocultural planting, but only a little
is known what insect groups or guilds depend on natural forests and thus suffer greatly
from the forest utilization. Shimanto River Basin of southwest Japan was largely covered
with natural or semi-natural forests dominated by evergreen broad-leaved and coniferous
trees, although the traditional practice of shifting cultivation and coppicing had started
several thousand years ago. In recent several decades, however, they have been rapidly
cleared and mainly converted to coniferous plantations or young secondary forests. It is
estimated that near-primary forests remained account for less than 0.3 % of total woodland
area in the district. In order to understand the impact of such forest utilization on insect
diversity, we have established 14 study plots of near-primary natural forests, naturally
regenerated secondary forests (30-60 year-old) and coniferous plantations (ca. 30 year-old)
in the Shimanto River Basin area. Here we report the influence of forest alterations on the
assemblage of longicorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae and Disteniidae). The beetles
were sampled by the use of white and yellow collision traps attached with flower fragrance
chemical (benzyl acetate) and ethanol as attractants in 1998 -1999. The assemblages were
compared among plots in the correlation coefficient (tau) of species ranking and
coordinated by the multi-dimensional scaling (MDS). Total number of species (general
species richness) was not different among three forest types (natural forest, secondary
forest and plantation). Even in coniferous plantations, the vegetation of undergrowth and
naturally regenerated patches will be rich enough to keep many species of longicorn
beetles. But species composition was conspicuously different among them. It is
noteworthy that natural forests were characterized by the richness of the subfamily
Lepturinae, especially of the genus Pidonia. The larvae of Pidonia inhabit thick bark of
partly decayed or fallen trees of angiosperm. They are less host-specific and feed on
various tree species, which are regenerated in secondary forests, but they require old-age
trees with thick bark and humid forest floor. Our findings support the view that insects
specific to natural forests strongly depend on the large and complex structure of aged
forests, as well as on the taxonomic diversity of vegetation. Monitoring and management
of old forest remnants and neighboring secondary forests for the conservation of
biodiversity will be also discussed.
Index terms: Pidonia, biodiversity, human impact, forestry, kairomone trap
Sirex noctilio is being monitored and/or controlled in approximately 3.9 million hectares
Pinus spp. in South America's Southern Cone of which 2 million ha are in Brazil, 1.5
million ha in Chile, 0.3 million ha in Argentina, 0.1million ha in Uruguay and 0.05
million ha in Paraguay. The woodwasp is a secondary pest in its origin region, but became
a main pest of Pinus spp. in the countries where it was introduced. In South America, it
was first registered in P. taeda and P. elliottii stands at the Department of Cerro Largo in
Uruguay, in 1980. The insect dispersed rapidly to the existing 35,000 ha of the country. In
1993, it was first detected in the Argentinian Patagonian Andes threatening stands of little
economic significance, but of strategic ecological importance. In 1985, it was detected in
P. taeda stands at the Province of Entre Rios and dispersed to Corrientes (1993), Jujuy
(1994), Misiones (1995) and Cordoba Provinces (1995). In Brazil, the pest was introduced
in Rio Grande do Sul (1988), Santa Catarina (1989) and Paraná (1996), and attacks
currently around 300,000 ha, most of it of P. taeda. Monitoring and early detection are
among the main prevention measures adopted in all countries, including Chile and
Paraguay where the pest is not present. Monitoring is made with trap-trees, trees that are
stressed with herbicides to become attractive to the pest. In Chile, the program is
complemented by a quarantine control of solid wood packing material.
In the countries where S. noctilio is present, control measures are similar, but enforced
with different intensity. In general, forest management practices, specially thinning of
overstocked stands, were intensified and natural enemies introduced. Large applications of
the Deladenus siricidicola were made. This nematode sterilizes females and after
inoculation is dispersed through the wasp eggs. Nematode inoculation is done since 1988
in Uruguay, 1989 in Brazil and 1995 in Argentina. Ibalia leucospoides (Hym.: Ibaliidae), a
parasitode of the woodwasp eggs was accidentally introduced together with the pest and is
present in the whole pest dispersion area. It has an average parasitism of 23% (ranging 445%) and a high capacity of establishment. In Brazil and at the Argentinian Patagonian
Andes, Megarhyssa nortoni and Rhyssa persuasoria (Hym.: Ichneumonidae),
ectoparasitodes of the woodwasp mature larvae are being introduced to complete the
biological control program.
Index terms: woodwasp, pine plantation, trap trees, natural enemies
[1880] ARCHAEOLOGICAL GROUND BEETLE ASSEMBLAGES AND RECENT
FOREST FAUNA IN FLANDERS: WHAT HAVE WE LOST DURING
MEDIEVAL FOREST DEGRADATION AND FRAGMENTATION?
[1882] RISK TO SOUTH AMERICAN RADIATA PINE RESOURCES BY THE
PINE SHOOT MOTH, RHYACIONIA BUOLIANA
K. Desender 1& A. Ervynck2, 1 Dept. Entomology, RBINSc, Vautierstr. 29, B-1000
Brussels, Belgium, E-mail: [email protected]; 2 Inst. Archaeological Heritage
Flemish Community, Doornveld 1 box 30, B-1731 Zellik, Belgium.
In 1988, the Provincial Archaeological Museum of south-east Flanders excavated a stone
well of Roman type at Velzeke (Eastern Flanders, Belgium), at the edge of a Roman site
that flourished from the first to the third century AD (Van der Plaetsen, pers. comm.). The
lower 3,5 m of the well's filling consisted of a deposition of organic debris that was
subdivided in 11 sampling units and sieved on 0,5 mm meshes. The residues proved to be
rich in zoological remains, i.e. bone, mollusc shells and the chitinous remains of insects.
From the latter group, only the carabid remains were used in order to attempt a
reconstruction of the former landscape around the well. Radiocarbon dating situated the
existence of this fauna around 500 AD and covering a time span of more or less 150 years
(Van Strydonck, pers. comm.). From each subunit, the remains of at least 100 carabids
could be identified, yielding a total sample of more than 1100 ground beetles, belonging to
58 species. Most of the subunit samples (especially subunit 2 - 9) yielded a detailed
carabid faunal assemblage for a woodland habitat, dominated by stenotopic and eurytopic
woodland species, implying that woodland surrounded the well at that time. Extensive data
on the recent carabid beetle fauna occurring in woods of Flanders were compared to the
archaeological dataset of the post-Roman forest. Integration of these data reveals that
during medieval forest degradation an fragmentation, most woods must have been
impoverished to a high extent with respect to their stenotopic woodland beetle fauna.
Typical woodland beetles show a reduced dispersal power (constant brachyptery) and
appear to be powerful indicators for larger ancient woods.
Index terms: Carabidae, diversity , historical ecology, ancient woods.
D. Lanfranco1, P. Klasmer2, E. Botto3 & S. Ide1, 1Inst. de Silvicultura, Univ. Austral de
Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, CHILE, E-mail [email protected]; 2 INTA (E.E.A.Bariloche),
CC 268430, El Bolsón-Rio Negro, ARGENTINA. 3IMYZA-CNIA-INTA, Castelar (1712),
Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA.
The european pine shoot moth populations are distributed in the South American countries
of Argentina, Uruguay and Chile. The most susceptible hosts are Pinus radiata, P.
ponderosa, P.contorta var. latifolia and P. taeda that are extensively established.
Rhyacionia buoliana (Rb), is a univoltine tortricid that attacks fresh buds and shoots,
causing serious injury to the stem if the leader shoot is attacked. The impact of this pest
has been monitored by following indicators such as pest density, host-pest relationships
and damage, the productive objectives of the stands, and levels of pest control and pest
dynamics in the light of quite diverse site conditions in Chile. Several historical data will
be presented. Silvicultural, biological, chemical and pest management measures have been
adopted, but each plantation represents an unique case study with variable indicators. Most
of the control actions are mechanical and chemical during the first 2 or 3 years of
plantation growth and later there is effective biological control with an univoltine specific
internal parasitoid, Orgilus obscurator (Oo) that has been introduced into these countries.
Levels of parasitism by Oo, increase with time, specially in temperate plantations areas.
Parasitism rates are between 0% to 84% in Chile and 0% to 65% in southern Argentina.
Few studies have been conducted about O.o behaviour: survival rates, sex proportion,
fecundity, basic genetics and incidence of wildflowers. An endemic chilean egg parasitoid
Trichogramma nerudai was recently and experimentally introduced to southern Argentina,
as an inundative strategy. Native natural enemies in Chile ( birds, spiders and insects
parasitoids or predators ) also enhance Rb population control. Between them,
Coccygomimus fuscipes,an ichneumonflies, is commonly detected, also in Argentina.
Carduelis barbata, a passerine bird, also plays a predator role principally during their
reproductive periods. An unstudied but interesting spider complex may have some
significance. Meanwhile, satisfactory levels of recovery in damaged trees with one or at
most two stem defects are observed. This is evident in trees with several levels of crooks
and not good in forked or multiforked trees. No long term studies have been conducted in
the countries with Rb, nevertheless forest health and sustainability of the forest resources
are commonly invoked in forestry meetings and papers. Chile and Argentina are still
establishing pine plantations mainly with susceptible species to this pest. And Rb is still a
serious pest in both countries.
Index terms: pine insect pests, pest management, Argentina, Chile
475
[1883] MANAGEMENT OF THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL IN NORTH AMERICA
[1885] REFORESTATION PEST PROBLEMS IN TROPICAL AMERICA
Rene I. Alfaro, Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5
J. E. Macías-Sámano, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, ECOSUR, Carret. Antiguo
Aeropuerto km 2.5, 39700 Tapachula, Chiapas, México, E-mail: [email protected]
The white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck, is an indigenous insect of North America,
and can be found in most regions of Canada and the United States. In British Columbia
this insect has become a serious pest of reforestation, causing severe damage to young
stands of Sitka spruce, Engelmann spruce, white spruce, and their hybrids. An Integrated
Pest Management System has been proposed for P. strobi. This system relies on restoring
ecosystem balance by reducing the conditions that lead to outbreak development. The
system recommends tactics that diminish heat accumulation in the stand by encouraging
growth of suitable non-host conifers as well as deciduous species such as aspen or alder.
These trees render the stand cooler and shadier, reduce food supply, and probably create
conditions which enhance natural enemy populations. Reduction of damage by increasing
plantation density is also recommended. Central to IPM is the continuous monitoring of
weevil populations and forecasting of weevil impacts on forest productivity. This can be
accomplished through a computerized decision support system, which helps to evaluate
the need for, and the possible benefits of a given tactic. A salient feature of the IPM
system for P. strobi is the combination of tactics involving silviculture and host genetic
resistance. Host genetic resistance could be utilized to allow increased reforestation with
spruce species in ecosystems prone to infestation. In low hazard areas, silviculture-driven
tactics such as mixed-species planting and increased planting density may be sufficient to
produce a successful spruce crop. In high hazard areas, the silvicultural prescription
should include the use of resistant stock. However, the deployment of resistant genotypes
should take into consideration the need for avoiding the risk of insect selection leading to
biotypes capable of overcoming the resistance mechanisms. For this, a component of
susceptible stock should be planted along with the resistant material.
[1884] CHALLENGES TO PEST MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHEAST ASIS
The concept of reforestation in America’s tropics has changed, very especially because of
our environmental concerns and the goal of sustaintability. Until now, reforestation was
the equivalent of plantations, and dealt with very few, mostly exotic species. To great
extent, major world timber companies established this pattern. Provoking an immense
interest in the study of entomofauna associated with species growing in plantations, such
as pines, eucalyptus, teak, mahogany and gmelina, among others. Therefore there is some
information about them. However, the very nature of the tropics call for managing
diversity of native species and the potential timber trees - those more likely to be adapted
to local environments and those that would follow sustaintability goals- are many and
poorly known. Consequently the study of the entomofauna associated to these potential
timber species is in its infancy. There are very few efforts in Central and South America
that try to document, in a synthetic way, the pest for these species. Published information
is in small numbers and tends to be qualitative and anecdotal. This is partially due to the
large number of potential timber species available at any particular location. An
International effort is needed to develop this information that is of basic nature to establish
any reforestation effort.
[1886] ARTHROPODS AS BIOINDICATORS IN
REFORESTATION IN SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL
AN
AREA
UNDER
E. Lapis.
M. P. Pais1 & E. M. Varanda2, Depto de Biologia, FFCLRP, Univ. de São Paulo, Av.
Bandeirantes 3900, CEP 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil. 1E-mail [email protected];
2
E-mail [email protected].
Due to the high level of devastation to which ecosystems components in the Atlantic
Forest have been submitted, several reforestation methods have been employed both by
the public and private sectors. Among these methods, the most relevant are those
concerning the successional status of plant species, such as heterogeneous reforestation.
However, information lacks on methodologies that promote the faster recovery of the
diversity of the flora, fauna and their interactions. An indicator that has been employed in
several studies concerning the successional recovery of a forest is the insect or arthropod
diversity and community structure. Arthropods are useful environmental indicators
because of their small size, their continuous presence and sensitiveness to narrow
environmental changes. In October 1999, we began monitoring the arthropod community
in a 16.6-ha area that had been reforested December 1998 on the Ribeirão Preto campus at
São Paulo University. We have collected arthropods associated with the three most
abundant pioneering and climactic plants in the area every four months. Our study aims at
documenting the major changes on the arthropod community structure in the first stages of
reforestation and gathering information to contrast with other information referring to
reforestation employing only pioneering plants. Our results have indicated a high species
richness: on 240 plants, we found 223 morphospecies of insects and 16 morphospecies of
spiders. In total, 3,308 organisms were collected. Guilds are distributed as follows: 42.4%
of the organisms are herbivores, 15.9% are predators, 1.7% are parasitoids, 3.5% are
detritivores, 32.7% are ants (retained as a distinct guild because of their various feeding
activities), 2.2% are seed-eaters, wood-eaters, fungus-eaters or “tourists” and 1.6% were
not assigned to guilds due to identification difficulties. Because predators, parasitoids and
detritivores are abundant in more stable communities, we expect that their occurrence will
increase in the next collections. The results indicate that the reforestation methodology
employed promotes a high faunal recovery from the first steps following planting.
(FAPESP)
Index terms: semideciduous mesophyllous forest, faunistic analysis, faunal monitoring
476
[1887] USE OF STRIPS OF NATIVE VEGETATION WITHIN EUCALYPTUS
PLANTATIONS AS A STRATEGY TO REDUCE LEPIDOTERA PEST POPULATIONS
[1889] THE CHALLENGES OF SOIL-DWELLING SCARABS AS PESTS OF
EUCALYPTS
J.C. Zanuncio1, T.V. Zanuncio1, J.M.M. Pereira1, A.C. Oliveira2 & G.D. Freitas2, 1 Dep. de
Biologia Animal, Univ. Federal de Viçosa. 36.571-000 Viçosa, MG, Brasil. E-mail:
[email protected]; 2Mannesmann Florestal Ltda. Curvelo, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
J. N. Matthiessen, CSIRO Entomology & Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable
Production Forestry, Private Bag PO, Wembley, WA 6014, Australia.
E-mail:
[email protected].
Eucalyptus plantations are used in Brazil as a source of wood for pulp and paper and as well as
to produce charcoal for metallurgy. The Eucalyptus plantations face serious problems with pests
such as leaf cutting ants and lepidopterous defoliators. For this reason faunistic analyses were
made aiming to evaluate the effect of “cerrado” (Brazilian savannah) native vegetation on
Lepidoptera associated with Eucalyptus cloeziana plantations of the Mannesmann Florestal Ltda
in Minas Gerais, Brazil. which has been proposed as a strategy for reducing pests of Eucalyptus
because islands and/or strips of native vegetation can be reservoirs of natural enemies of
defoliator pests. The objective was to test the hypothesis that native vegetation as strips inside
Eucalyptus cloesiana plantation could reduce populations of defoliator Lepidoptera. The insects
were collected during one night with light traps in five sampling sites for each system of
Eucalyptus cultivation (i.e. with and without strips of “cerrado”) every 15 days during six
months. The first trap was located 100 meters within the native vegetation reserve, the second at
the border of this reserve within the Eucalyptus; the third 250 meters into the plantation, the
fourth at 500 meters (which placed it in the native vegetation strip, or between two blocks of
Eucalyptus in the plantation without strips) and the fifth at 750 meters into the Eucalyptus
plantation. Lepidoptera were removed from light traps, sorted and counted. A total of 5,511
individuals of 459 species and 16,021 individuals of 300 species of Lepidoptera were collected in
areas with and without strips of “cerrado”. In the first system, a higher number of species was
collected within the strips of “cerrado” vegetation, the four most frequent species accounted for ?
20% of the individuals collected; nine species were constant (present in 50% to 100% of the
samples) among the 23 most important ones, four of these were accessory (present in 25 to 50%
of the samples) and ten accidental (present in 0 to 25% of the samples). Diversity was higher in
the intersection of the habitats and smaller within the eucalypt plantation. In the system without
strips of native vegetation, a higher number of species was collected in the native vegetation; the
intersection between native vegetation and eucalypt plantation was similar in species composition
with a smaller number of species within the eucalypt plantation. The three most frequent species
in this habitat accounted for ? 31% of the individuals collected; nine species were constant, nine
were accessory and eight were accidental. The diversity indexes were higher in the plantation
with them than in the plantation without “cerrado” strips. Additional sampling is required to
evaluate populations of natural enemies in the native vegetation and the role of strips in spreading
these natural enemy populations throughout the Eucalyptus plantation. Lower population levels
of defoliator Lepidoptera within Eucalyptus plantations with strips of native vegetation shows
that the strategy of Mannesmann Florestal Ltda using such strips can be recommended to aiming
to reduce problems with Lepidoptera pests of in Eucalyptus in Brazil.
Several soil-dwelling scarabs are highly destructive pests of the early establishment phase
of eucalypt plantations in various parts of southern Australia. Most are native ‘spring
beetle’ species of the diverse genera Heteronyx and Liparetrus, with the accidentally
introduced African black beetle, Heteronychus arator, a major pest in higher-rainfall areas
of south-western Australia. A critical characteristic of these pests is that they often cause
the death of seedlings, which are highly vulnerable because of their small size. This
necessitates re-planting. Damage takes the form of defoliation by adult ‘spring beetles’,
severe root pruning by Heteronyx elongatus, and severing of stems by adult African black
beetle. Challenges in dealing with such pests include: difficulties in scouting for risk
assessment and management intervention because of subterranean habit or sporadic mass
invasion from adjacent habitat; the potential for catastrophic damage to occur rapidly (in
minutes); assessing cryptic subterranean root and stem damage as seedlings may appear
healthy but succumb to physical stresses some time after damage has occurred; in the case
of African black beetle, very low damaging population densities and complexities of
seasonal changes in activity; patchy distribution within a plantation; cultural
incompatibilities between silviculture and pest management; and environmental factors
that exacerbate risk of damage. These constraints typically render reactive interventionist
control strategies risky. They also work strongly against the development or application of
biological approaches to control, with their general limitation of slow effect and better
applicability to reducing eruptive pests below economic thresholds. Prophylactic
management techniques offer the most appropriate option particularly for those scarab
species that dwell in the habitat prior to planting it with eucalypts (African black beetle
and Heteronyx elongatus). These techniques are currently insecticidal but are erratic in
effect. Improvements should be possible with better targetting, and with the support of
cultural modifications, subject to economic constraints. Invasive ‘spring beetles’ appear
not amenable to prophylactic techniques and present a potentially intractable challenge.
Index terms: African black beetle, Heteronychus arator, Heteronyx, Liparetrus, spring
beetles
[1888] INSECT RESISTANCE IN EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS TO ACUTE AND
CHRONIC INSECT DAMAGE IN AUSTRALIA
[1890] BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF COLEOPTERAN PESTS OF EUCALYPTUS
IN CALIFORNIA
R.B. Floyd 1 & M. Matsuki 2, 1 CSIRO Entomology & Cooperative Research Centre for
Sustainable Production Forestry, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. E-mail:
[email protected] 2 CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601,
Australia. E-mail: [email protected]
J. G. Millar1, L. M. Hanks2 & T. D. Paine1, 1Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of California,
Riverside CA 92521, USA, 2Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana IL 61801,
USA.
Eucalyptus globulus occurs naturally in SE Australia and widely planted in plantations in
SE and SW Australia. Previous studies showed large inter-population variation in
resistance to insect herbivores. In this study, we examined relationships between growth
of E. globulus and acute and chronic damage caused by insects. We defined acute damage
as intense damage caused by Christmas beetles (Anoplognathus spp. Scarabaeidae:
Coleoptera) occurring in two days to two week each summer and chronic damage as less
intense damage by other insect species occurring over three months or longer. Seedlings
from 18 populations of E. globulus were planted in a field trial, and we measured growth
and insect damage for five years. There was large inter- and intra-population variation in
insect damage. All but one of the 185 plants suffered acute damage by Anoplognathus
spp., and up to 90% of a plant was affected in any one year. Populations of E. globulus
from Tasmania and the Bass Strait islands, which have previously shown resistance to
autumn gum moth (Mnesampela privata Geometridae: Lepidoptera) and leaf blister sawfly
(Phylacteophaga froggatti: Pergidae: Hymenoptera) tended to show cross-resistance to
Anoplognathus spp. Individual plants and populations that tended to suffer severe acute or
chronic damage in one year tended to suffer acute or chronic damage, respectively, in the
following year. Populations suffered up to 50% reduction in mean annual growth rates due
to insect damage. Reduction in growth was greater in populations with inherently fast
growing plants than those with inherently slow growing plants. Insect pest management
implications of these observations will be discussed. Index terms: Anoplognathus spp.,
Scarabaeidae, between-provenance variation, defoliation.
Eucalyptus spp. were introduced into California more than 100 years ago, and are now
widely distributed throughout the southern and central parts of the state. Eucalyptus trees
are valued because of their fast growth rates, their tolerance of drought and poor soils, and
until recently, their lack of any significant insect pests; no native insects have expanded
their host ranges to include Eucalyptus to any significant extent. However, around 1980,
the first serious pest of Eucalyptus, the Eucalyptus longhorned borer Phoracantha
semipunctata, was introduced into the state, followed by a congeneric species,
Phoracantha recurva, in 1995. These two beetle species attack stressed trees, particularly
those that are drought stressed during California’s long hot summers. Trees are killed in a
few weeks by the destruction of the cambium layers by the developing larvae. A
biological control program initiated in the early 1990’s, using the egg parasitoid
Avetianella longoi and several braconid parasites of the larvae, has helped to reduce tree
mortality. However, during the course of this project, it became obvious that the two borer
species have subtly different biologies and life histories; since its introduction four years
ago, P. recurva has largely replaced P. semipunctata in southern California. Possible
reasons for this rapid replacement of one species by another in a shared habitat will be
discussed. In addition to these two wood-boring insects, two serious defoliating pests also
have been introduced into California within the last decade. The first, the Eucalyptus
snout beetle Gonipterus scutellatus, has a considerable history as a pest of Eucalyptus in
other regions of the world. In California, populations of this beetle initially increased
rapidly, before being brought under control by importation and release of the egg
parasitoid Anaphes nitens. The parasitoid has spread with the beetle as it expanded its
range, and no further control efforts have been required for several years. More recently, a
Eucalyptus tortoise beetle, Trachymela sloanei, was first found in California in 1997.
This beetle has caused extensive defoliation of some Eucalyptus species in southern
California, and damage has been exacerbated by the introduction of another pest, the red
gum lerp psyllid, Glycaspis brimblecombei. Efforts to introduce and establish an egg
parasitoid, Enoggera reticulata, for control of T. sloanei are ongoing. This paper will
present an overview of the biological control efforts for each of these beetle species.
Index terms: Phoracantha semipunctata, Phoracantha recurva, Avetianella longoi,
Gonipterus scutellatus, Trachymela sloanei
477
[1891] DIFFERENTIAL PARASITISM BY AN EGG PARASITOID,
AVETIANELLA LONGOI, OF TWO PHORACANTHA SPP. ATTACKING
EUCALYPTUS
[1893] TRENDS IN INSECT PEST PROBLEMS OF LOCALLY EXOTIC
EUCALYPT PLANTATIONS: THE EXAMPLE OF TASMANIAN BLUE GUM IN
WESTERN AUSTRALIA
T. D. Paine1, K. Luhring1, J. G. Millar1 & L. M. Hanks2, 1Dept. of Entomology, Univ.
of California, Riverside CA 92521, USA; 2Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana
IL 61801, USA
A. D. Loch, CSIRO Entomology and Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable
Production Forestry, c/- Department of Conservation and Land Management, Brain St,
Manjimup, WA 6258, Australia, E-mail: [email protected].
The cerambycid beetle Phoracantha recurva appears to be replacing a well-established
congener, P. semipunctata, from their shared ecological niche (stressed Eucalyptus trees
and fallen branches) in southwestern California. The proportion of P. recurva in the
mixed population increased rapidly from 0.1% in 1995, the first year this species was
detected, to 4.7% the following year, and 74% in 1997. Eggs of the P. semipunctata are
the typical host of the encyrtid egg parasitoid Avetianella longoi. A field study indicated
that egg masses of the two beetle species were located at equal rates by the parasitoid, but
that A. longoi oviposited preferentially in P. semipunctata eggs. In no-choice laboratory
bioassays, the parasitoid oviposition rate was similar between the two host species when
the host eggs were 0.5 d old, but higher in P. semipunctata eggs when host eggs were >
1.5 d old. Survival of the parasitoids was significantly lower in P. recurva eggs of all age
classes than in P. semipunctata eggs. In choice experiments, female parasitoid oviposition
rate was significantly higher in P. semipunctata eggs regardless of host egg age. In both
experiments, some P. recurva embryos survived the parasitoid attack and emerged as
neonate larvae, whereas P. semipunctata embryos never successfully developed in
parasitized eggs. These results were corroborated by the results of additional laboratory
studies which tested strains of A. longoi reared on eggs of either P. semipunctata (S--strain
wasps) or P. recurva (R--strain wasps) for multiple generations. Female parasitoids of
both strains preferred to oviposit in P. semipunctata eggs, and survival rates were much
higher in P. semipunctata eggs than in P. recurva eggs, for both 0.5 and 2.5 day old host
eggs. Preference for and survival of progeny of R--strain or S--strain females on P.
semipunctata eggs was not significantly different. A substantial fraction of P. recurva
eggs survived parasitism and produced neonate larvae, whereas no P. semipunctata eggs
survived parasitism. A larger percentage of P. recurva eggs produced neither a parasitoid
nor a neonate larva than parasitized P. semipunctata eggs. Although P. recurva eggs were
smaller in diameter and weight than P. semipunctata eggs, eggs of both species were large
enough to support the development of several parasitoids, so it is unlikely that inadequate
nutrition was a contributing factor to survival in eggs of either host species. Cumulatively,
these results suggest that eggs of both species contain adequate nutrition for developing
parasitoids, but that ovipositing A. longoi females and their developing progeny frequently
are not able to manipulate P. recurva egg development.
Index terms: Phoracantha semipunctata, Phoracantha recurva, Avetianella longoi
Tasmanian blue gum, Eucalyptus globulus globulus, is one of the world's most popular
eucalypt plantation species because it has excellent pulpwood properties, grows rapidly
leading to short rotations, and can grow in a variety of soil types. The species is native to
south-eastern Australia (Tasmania and Victoria), but is now grown widely throughout the
world in climates with cool winters. Most of the world's two million ha of E. g. globulus
plantations have been established where the species is exotic. Even in Australia, most
plantations occur outside the species' native range, where it could be termed a locally
exotic species. This is the case in south-western Australia where 160,000 ha of E. g.
globulus plantations are grown widely under a Mediterranean type climate, with current
planting rates reaching 40,000 ha per year. The rapid rise of the E. g. globulus plantation
industry in south-western Australia has seen a corresponding increase in insect pest
problems, with the industry facing a suite of establishment pests that attack trees as small
seedlings through to serious defoliators of established trees. The development of these
problems is not unexpected given that native eucalypt forests, from which many of these
pests have originated, dominate the regional landscape. Also, most pests are exotic species
from eastern Australia that prefer E. g. globulus as a host. Given that this plantation
system is not unique, with eucalypt species being increasingly grown worldwide, the
potential entomological implications for growing eucalypt species in both locally exotic
and exotic situations need to be appreciated. This presentation will provide a current
perspective on the insect pest problems of this dynamic plantation system and highlight
historical and potential future trends in such problems. Possible reasons for insect species
becoming pests of this plantation system will be evaluated, with particular reference made
to the differences between native and exotic insect pests.
Index terms: Eucalyptus globulus globulus, plantations, hardwood forestry, exotic pests,
native pests
[1992] BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS OF EUCALYPTUS IN
FRANCE.
[1894] ASSOCIATIONS OF INSECTS AND PATHOGENS RESULTING IN
DISEASE AND DAMAGE TO PLANTATION GROWN EUCALYPTUS IN THE
TROPICS AND SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE
J.C. Malausa., I.N.R.A. Centre de Recherches d’Antibes, Entomologie et Lutte
biologique, 1382 route de Biot, 06560 Valbonne, France, E-mail: [email protected].
Three specific insect pests of eucalyptus have been accidentally introduced from Australia
into the mediterranean region. These species have reached France in the last decades : the
curculionid Gonipterus scutellatus Gyllenhall in 1978, the psyllid Ctenarytaina eucalypti
(Maskell) in 1979 and the cerambycid Phoracantha semipunctata (Fabricius) in 1984.
After a brief history of their geographical dispersal and bionomics, their present status and
economic importance in France is reported. P. semipunctata is not reported as a severe
pest and seems to be naturally limited by cool winter conditions. The two other species
appeared to present a serious risk, particularly for ornamental trees and a classical
biological control strategy have been developed successfully to control them. G.
scutellatus is now very well controlled by the South-African oophagous parasitoid
Anaphes nitens (Girault), first introduced on western Liguria coast in Italy. C. eucalypti
reappeared in 1994 on ornamental eucalyptus of the mediterranean French Riviera and
also in Brittany in western France. This pest developed heavy populations, causing
important economic damage in thes two very different climates. After attempting to
establish without success two species of coccinellid, Australian Encyrtidae Psyllaephagus
pilosus Noyes was released in the two regions in 1997. Results were spectacular and
control of the pest was effective in the first year of the releases. The parasitoids spread
rapidly over a very long distance and is now present all along the Mediterranean and
Atlantic coasts of France. Control of psyllid populations is very effective since this time
certainly due to the high mobility and host detection ability of P. pilosus. It is always a
concern that introductions of other pests of eucalyptus from Australia may occur in France
like in other countries.
Index terms: Ctenarytaina eucalypti, Psyllaephagus pilosus, Phoracantha semipunctata,
Gonipterus scutellatus
478
M. Wingfield 1, J. Roux 1, P. Govender 1,2 & B. D. Wingfield 1,3, Tree Pathology Cooperative Programme (TPCP), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Inst. (FABI),
Univ. of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Republic of S. Africa; Dept. of Zoology & Entomology,
Univ. of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Republic of S. Africa; Dept. of Genetics, Univ. of
Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Republic of S. Africa
The tremendous growth and success of plantation-grown Eucalyptus in the tropics and
southern hemisphere, can partially be attributed to the fact that these trees have been
separated from the pests and diseases that affect them where they are native. Diseases and
insect pests are, however, gradually causing increasing damage to these trees. Interesting
interactions between pests and pathogens have also emerged as threats to Eucalyptus in
plantations. Various opportunistic pathogens such as species of Botryosphaeria and
Cryptosporiopsis eucalypti cause serious disease on trees damaged by Helopeltis spp
(Hemiptera: Miridae). Ceratocystis fimbriata that causes the recently discovered
Ceratocystis wilt disease of Eucalyptus in Africa and South America is also likely to have
insect vectors. The relationship between insects and fungal pathogens of Eucalyptus has
largely been ignored in the past. Our belief is that an enhanced knowledge of these insects
and the fungi with which they interact will form an integral component of efforts to reduce
the damage associated with them.
Key words: Eucalyptus, Botryosphaeria, Helopeltis, Ceratocystis fimbriata
[1895] MONITORING OF LEAF CUTTING ANTS IN REFORESTED AREAS IN
BRAZIL
[1897] PEST INSECT IN EUCALYPTUS FOREST PLANTATION ON TABASCO
STATE, MEXICO
J. C. Zanuncio1, R. Zanetti2, A. C. Oliveira3 & G. D. Freitas3, 1Depto. de Biologia
Animal, Univ. Fed. Viçosa, 36571-000, Viçosa, MG, Brasil, E-mail
[email protected]; 2Depto. de Entomologia, Univ. Fed. Lavras, C. Postal 37, 37200000, Lavras, MG, Brasil, E-mail [email protected]. 3Mannesmann Florestal, Rua
Voluntários da Pátria, 81, C. Postal 152, 35790-000, Curvelo, MG, Brasil.
I.Izquierdo, F.C. Gilli & J.L.Soberano, Desarrollo Forestal S.A. de C.V. Calle Sindicato
de Agricultura, 701. Colonia López Mateos. 86040 Villahermosa, Tabasco, México. Phone
(+5293)14-3672,
14-2654.
E-mail:
[email protected]
and
[email protected].
Since1990, Brazilian forest companies have started monitoring programs for leaf cutting
ant populations of the genera Atta and Acromyrmex in reforested areas aiming to increase
the efficiency and to reduce control costs of these pests besides the amount of insecticide
used. Populations of these insects can be sampled with several methodologies including
random parcels of a fixed size, based on areas of high level of infestation or with transects.
The first consists of parcels of 720 to 1800 square meters where all ant colonies are
counted, measure and divided by class of size. In the second method most severe areas of
defoliation are identified, where the number and size of ant colonies and of damaged trees
are counted and the level of defoliation is estimated. In the transect method imaginary
lines of similar length as the plantation block with a width of one to three lines of plants
are marked where all ant colonies are counted. Data obtained are processed and the
number and size of ant colonies are determined to estimate the necessity of new
evaluations, immediate control and of the best control method to be used. Sampling
intensity usually varies from 1 to 3% of the area. Because no comparative studies about
the accuracy of each methodology exist it is difficult to affirm which is the best one for
Brazilian conditions but all of them are producing important information for integrated
management of leaf cutting ants. Such methods are allowing reduction of about 30 to 40%
of the area receiving leaf cutting ant control compared to companies that are not
monitoring and control these pests every six months. A well known monitoring system
was developed by Mannesmann Florestal which allowed a reduction of about 88.6% in
the number of persons working with leaf cutting ant control and an increase in 64,1% in
operational results of such control with an economy of about US$ 1.200.000,00 in 1992
and of more than US$ 900.000/ano since 1998. Leaf cutting ants monitoring also allows to
analyse interactions between ant populations and the forest and to plan actions for
integrated management of this pest. Data of the monitoring system of Mannesmann has
also developed growth models for several forest species as function of density of anthills.
This made possible to estimate levels of economic damage for this pest besides important
information for leaf cutting ant management in forest plantations including the effect of
the age of the plant and of the surrounding native vegetation on ant populations, among
others.
Index terms: Sampling, Atta, Acromyrmex, forestation
Through the last years the increasing demand for forest products has motivated the
establishment of commercial forestry plantations over the world. This activity is in its
early stage in Mexico, mainly in the tropical humid zone, where the state of Tabasco is
located, using tropical fast growing species of Eucalyptus genus. The variety of crops
found in the region and the different management practices allow the presence of problems
like pest insects and diseases that could have an important negative economic impact. This
paper shows a list of insects considered as a pest, which are affecting the growth rate of
eucalyptus plantations. The data was obtained on a monitoring program from our initial
plantation, which covers an area of 1,000 ha spread in different regions of the state, from
1994 through 1999. The field observation and collection of entomological material were
carried out monthly through visual inspections and collecting methods. The pest insects
were classified according to the development stage of the plantation and the economic
importance of damage. From this field research we found that the most important pest
insect species is the leaf beetle Metachroma inconstans, which causes severe perforations
in the leaves, damaging the top of the plant, causing a growth delay, forking and the death
of the plant. The leaf cutter ant Atta cephalotes and Acromyrmex sp cause strong
defoliation on small plants, retarding the development or in severe repeated attacks, the
death of plants. These species are considered the second pest in economic impact. The
buprestid Psiloptera sp and the weevil Pantomorus albicans are secondary insect pests,
causing scrapes in the stem promoting the drying of plants. At one-year-old plantations,
the butterfly larvae attacks occur with slight or severe level of defoliation, causing the
plant growth to delay. The most important species in this category is Sarsina violascens
and others with lesser importance such as Notodonta sp, Eupseudosoma sp, Estigmene
acraea and Automeris sp. The underground termite Coptotermes crassus is considered one
of the most important pest insect attacking mature plantations with damage to the wood
and root system. Other species of minor importance is the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus sp,
several species of cerambycids and buprestid cause stem galleries, propitiating the
entrance of pathogenic agents.
Index terms: Metachroma inconstans, Coptotermes crassus, Eucalyptus, Atta cephalotes,
damage
[1896] THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL IMPACT OF ENDEMIC NATURAL
ENEMIES ON THE MORTALITY OF CHRYSOMELID BEETLES IN
EUCALYPT PLANTATIONS
[1898] BODY SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF CARABIDAE IN RELATION TO
PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY IN THE BOREAL FOREST OF NORTHERN
SWEDEN
G. R. Allen 1, 2 & V. S. Patel 2, 1 School of Agricultural Science, Univ. of Tasmania, GPO
Box 252-54, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001 Australia, E-mail [email protected]; 2 CRC
for Sustainable Production Forestry, GPO Box 252-12, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001 Australia.
B. E. Aava, Dept. of Animal Ecology, Swedish Univ. Agri. Sci., S – 901 83, Umeå
Sweden. e-mail: [email protected]
The eucalyptus leaf beetle Chrysophtharta agricola has been identified as a major threat to
plantations of Eucalyptus nitens in Tasmania. We set up a replicated natural enemy
exclusion experiment, across 3 yr old plantations separated by at least 20 km, to examine
the impact of natural enemies on the survival of C. agricola in the field. Beetle mortality
was assessed at egg, larval and pupal stages using uncaged and 'entire' tree caged
treatments. After assessment of egg mortality, six selected branches on all experimental
trees were loaded with clutches of first instar beetle larvae (ca. 30 larvae per clutch).
Overall mortality and spatial variability in mortality both within and between trees was
regularly monitored until emergence of adult beetles. Pupal mortality was assessed using
litter cages, dug prior to commencement of the experiment, under each tree. To identify
the parasitoid complex and the host stages attacked clutches of 'sentinel' or trap larvae
exposed for the duration of each instar were seeded on further treees within the plantation.
At least three primary parasitoids (two tachinids and one braconid) and one
hyperparasitoid were present in the parasitoid guild which showed temporal separation in
their timing of attack. Overall mortality in uncaged treatments exceeded 99 % across all
plantations and was spatially variable both within and between trees. Variability in
uncaged treatment survival was greater within trees than between trees with spider
predation having a large impact on intra-tree larval survival. Within a plantation average
mortality of uncaged larvae was up to 10 fold greater than for controls with the majority of
loss in control cages occurring within the first few days of larval establishment. Natural
enemies were concluded to have a significant impact on populations of C. agricola. Since
the majority of larval damage is done in the fourth or final larval instar, yet control
decisions are made in earlier instars, beetle monitoring protocols that account for spatial
variability and the temporal patterns of both natural enemy attack and parasitoid induced
mortality may need to be devised. Landscape approaches to the management of leaf
beetles and their natural enemies should also be considered.
Index terms: Chrysophtharta agricola, parasitoids, tachinids, Chrysomelidae, forest
insects
Body size distributions at large scale have been shown to be positively skewed for most
assemblages of animal taxa. A number of explanations have been put forward to explain
this phenomenon. Among them are energetically related models. However, these models
are primarily aimed at explaining the skew for mammalian assemblages, which are
certainly dependent on energy for their growth. But, how general are these energetic
models? Do they apply to other taxa (like arthropods? If energy is of any functional
importance for size distributions of arthropods then we should expect to see differences in
frequencies of sizes between sites varying in primary productivity. If energy availability
has an effect on the size distribution it may be by setting a limit to how similar in size
species within the same guild can be in a local community. This would lead to species
being more similar in size where energy availability is good than where energy is limited.
Also, species may on average be larger in more productive sites. I examined the effects of
primary productivity on the distribution of body lengths of carabid beetles in seven 10 year
old clear-cuts of boreal forest stands in the county of Västerbotten, Sweden. The
hypothesis was that there would be fewer size classes of carabids in more productive sites
and that these sites would contain more of larger sized species than less productive sites.
Preliminary data suggest that there is no such relationship.
Key-words: Body size; Primary productivity; Arthropod; local scale
479
[1899] RESPONSES OF THE PINE PROCESSIONARY MOTH THAUMETOPOEA
WILKINSONI TO EXTRACTS OF THE CHINABERRY TREE, MELIA
AZEDARACH
[1901] ARTROPODS DIVERSITY IN SEABIRDS COLONIES: APPLIED TO
PHALACROCORAX ARISTOTELIS OF
ISLANDS CÍES AND ONS (NW
PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA)
E. M. Abou-Fakhr Hammad1, J. A. Nasr1 & N. M. Nemer1, 1 Faculty of Agricultural &
Food Sciences, American Univ. of Beirut, 850 3rd Ave. 18th Fl. New York, NY 100226297. E-mail: [email protected].
A. I. Alonso1 & J. Garrido1, 1Dept. de Ecologia y Biologia Animal, Univ. de Vigo,
Lagoas-Marcosende 36200, Vigo, Spain, E-mail [email protected] and [email protected].
Outbreaks of T. wilkinsoni were reported lately on Pinus halepensis Mill. and P. brutia
Tenore in Lebanon. A comparative study was performed among aqueous extracts of M.
azedarach and certain biorational insecticides: Azadirachtin (3%) and Bacillus
thuringiensis var kurstaki formulations. Leaves or fruits of Melia were extracted in water
at a ratio of 1:5 (w/v) for overnight. The leaf and fruit extracts were tested at 0, 12.5, 25,
50 and 100% concentrations with 3 methods of application: topical application on larvae,
introducing larvae after treating pine needles, and topical application on larvae and needles
simultaneously. Data on number of dead larvae after treatment were recorded daily.
Results have shown that there were significant differences in % mortality among
treatments against 1st larval instars. Extracts of Melia fruits (100%) and leaves (100%)
have caused mortality of 50–96% compared to that of the control, 5.5%. Dipel? was
comparable in its effect to these extracts at 48 h and above, whereas MVPII? was
comparable in its effect at 96 h. For 2nd larval instars, there were significant interactions
among treatment and method of application at 24, 48 and 96 h. The fruit extract (100%)
topically applied have caused the highest mortality followed by MVPII? and fruit extract
(100%) topically applied on needles and larvae. At 96 h, the fruit extract (50%) caused
mortality of 94% and 78% when applied on needles and over larvae and needles,
respectively. At 72 and 120 h, there were significant differences among treatments. The
fruit extract (100%) and MVPII? have caused mortality of 94% and 89% respectively at
72 h, but 100% mortality was detected at 120 h. For 3rd larval instars, there were
significant interactions among treatment and method of application at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h.
The fruit extract (100%) topically applied over larvae was comparable in its effect to
MVPII? applied over larvae and needles. At 120 and 144 h, the fruit extract (100%)
caused a significant larval mortality of 85% and was comparable in its effect to Azatin? ,
MVPII? , and Dipel? . Fruit extracts (50%) were comparable in their effect to fruit extracts
(100%) only at 144 h. Data analyses have shown EC50 values for second instars of 44 mgeq/ml of fruit extract applied on needles and 32 mg-eq/ml of fruit extract applied on larvae
and needles at 5 days after treatment. EC50 values of 52 and 132 mg-eq/ml of fruit and leaf
extracts, respectively, applied on needles against 3rd instars at 6 days after treatment were
determined. Thus, Melia extracts were found to be effective against larvae of the pest
indicating a potential insecticidal activity.
Index terms: Botanicals, Biorational Insecticides, Pinus sp
[1900] MANAGEMENT OF REFORESTATION INSECTS: FIRST STEP OF
SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY
R.I. Alfaro, Research Scientist, Pacific Forestry, Centre, 506-W Burnside Rd., Victoria,
BC. Canada.
The white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck, is an indigenous insect of North America,
and can be found in most regions of Canada and the United States. In British Columbia
(BC) this insect has become a serious pest of reforestation, causing severe damage to
young stands of Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong) Carr., Engelmann spruce, Picea
engelmannii Parry, white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, and their hybrids.
Attacked trees take to several years to recover. In this process, branches from the
uppermost whorl below the damaged terminal compete for dominance, and the tree
remains for one or more years with multiple leaders. Depending on the number of
internodes destroyed and the growth characteristics of the tree, a permanent stem defect
could form at the point of injury. Losses in severely infested stands, due to reduced
growth and defect, can be as high as 40% of the stand volume. This paper describes the
conditions that make stands of spruce (Picea spp.) susceptible to attack by the white pine
weevil in British Columbia and discusses a pest management system which combines
silviculture tactics with host genetic resistance. The system relies on restoring ecosystem
balance by reducing the conditions that lead to outbreak development. The system
recommends tactics that diminish heat accumulation in the stand by encouraging growth of
suitable non-host conifers as well as an overstory of deciduous species such as aspen or
alder. These conditions render the stand cooler and shadier, reduce oviposition sites and
food supply because trees produce short, thin leaders, and may create conditions which
enhance natural enemy populations. Reduction of stem defects by sanitation thinning and
by planting at close spacing is also recommended. Central to IPM is the continuous
monitoring of weevil populations and forecasting of weevil impacts on forest productivity.
This can be accomplished through a computerized decision support system, which helps to
evaluate the need for, and the possible benefits of a given tactic.
480
In this paper we studied the composition, diversity and trophic relation to arthropods fauna
in 19 nests of cormorant (Phalacrocorax aristotelis ), collected in two sites in NW Spain
(Cies and Ons Islands) during 1997. At first, we made a faunistic study where the presence
of high number of mites, spiders, ticks, flies, beetles and fleas are constated. Several
colonies have been studied in three different breeding phases, except the ectoparasite
fauna, most of arthropod fauna prefer to nest in the feeding phase where the organic
materia contribution and relativity humidity is higher, in all phases the saprofagous mites
are the most abundant group. With the fauna data, we studied the trophic relationship
between the different groups, a modelic diagram of energy has been elaborated. Of the 84
present families in the cormorant nests, a large proportion of arthropod families found
occurs there occasionally, and penetrated of the circundant habitats, only some families of
mites, saprofagous fly larvae and depredators beetles find suitable conditions to survive
and develop their life cycle in the nests.
Index terms: bird nest, nest fauna, arthropods.
[1902] RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TICKS AND SMALL WILD MAMMALS IN
A DISTURBED ATLANTIC FOREST FRAGMENT IN ITAPEVI COUNTY,
STATE OF SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL
D. M. Barros-Battesti1, V. C. Onofrio1, S. M. Simons1, R. S. Paço1, M. Miretzki2, V. L.
N. Bonoldi3 & N. H. Yoshinari3, 1Lab. Parasitologia, Inst. Butantan, Ave. Vital Brazil,
1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, BR, [email protected]; 2Museu de Hist. Nat.
Capão da Imbuia, Dept. Zoo., PMCPR, R. Benedito Conceição, 407, 82810-080, Curitiba,
PR, BR, 3Dept. Clínica Médica, Fac. Med., Univ. São Paulo, Ave. Dr. Arnaldo, 455,
01246-903, São Paulo, SP, BR. *Supported by FAPESP.
From January to December 1999, ticks were studied in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in a
residential condominium, in the city of Itapevi, State of São Paulo. We investigated the
relationship between ticks and hosts, observing the ticks’ monthly and seasonal relative
density indices (TRDI) and infestation indices per host group. Mammals were captured in
monthly trappings carried out for five consecutive days. A total of 163 small mammals
were trapped. Of these, 39,3% were infested with 186 ticks. Rodents were infested only by
immature ticks, identified as Ixodes didelphidis (N=12), I. loricatus (N=8) and
Amblyomma aureolatum (N=13). In these hosts, the higher monthly TRDI was recorded in
August, and the higher infestation index occurred in June (during the dry season).
Immature Ixodes ticks were collected only on Oligoryzomys nigripes and Bolomys
lasiurus, and immature ticks of A. aureolatum were collected on Euryzygomatomys
spinosus and on B. lasiurus. The marsupials were infested by adult and immature ticks.
The adult ticks were identified as I. didelphidis (N=48), I. loricatus (N=61) and A.
aureolatum (N=1). I. didelphidis was collected during the whole year but I. loricatus was
more collected during the rainy season than during the dry season. The immature ticks
found on marsupials were identified as A. cajennense (N=41), I. loricatus (N=1), and
Haemaphysalis juxtakochi (N=1). The higher monthly TRDI and infestation index on
marsupials were recorded in October (rainy season), when the highest number of
specimens of immature A. cajennense ticks were collected. The difference between the
proportion of tick stages per host group, during both seasons, was significant according to
Fisher test (P? 0.05). An increase of the parasitism of Amblyomma on small wild mammals,
when compared to previous studies in this area (where human cases of Lyme-like illness
were recorded), was observed. These species of Ixodes and Amblyomma, as well as some
small wild mammals, have been found naturally infected with unidentified spirochetes. As
such, the increase of Amblyomma on these hosts can contribute to the increase of human
infection risk, since both species bite people as well as domestic animals.
Index terms: Ixodes - Amblyomma - tick/host infestation indices
[1903] FOREST SOIL CLASSIFICATION BASED ON COLLEMBOLA FAUNA
1,2
2
2
2
3
4
L. De Bruyn , W. Jacobs , F. Janssens , S. Thys , F. Hendrickx , D. De Bakker , K.
Desender4, J.P. Maelfait1,3 & B. De Vos5, 1 Inst. Nature Conservation, Kliniekstr. 25,
1070 Brussel, Belgium, ; 2 Dept. Biology, Univ. Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020
Antwerpen, Belgium; 3 Lab. Ecology, Univ. Gent, K.L. Ledeganckstr. 35, 9000 Gent,
Belgium; 4 Dept. Entomology, RBINSc, Vautierstr. 29, 1000 Brussel, Belgium; 5 Inst.
Forestry and Game Management, AMINAL, Gaverstr. 4, 9500 Geraardsbergen, Belgium;
E-mail : [email protected].
It has been stated by several authors that the abundance, species diversity and life history
characteristics of Collembola can serve as excellent ecological indicators of the state of the
environment. Specific community characteristics may reveal properties of the habitat that
would otherwise be difficult or even impossible to quantify by measuring physical factors
or based on vegetation revelés. In the scope of a research project on the occurrence,
diversity and bio-indicative value of terrestrial invertebrates, a multitude of arthropod taxa
were sampled in 56 forest plot (40 woods) in Flanders (Belgium). The main aim was to
classify the forest soils based on the sample animals or animal groups. Collembola were
collected with a core sampler (? =5cm; depth=10cm) and extracted with a modified
McFayden apparatus. In all, about 14 000 specimen belonging to 41 species were
collected. Collembola community composition, structure and functionality were related to
forest soil characteristics (texture and chemistry), vegetation structure and composition,
and geographical and landscape ecological setting (forest area, isolation, ...). In general,
the Collembola communities fall apart along a soil texture gradient while there is a
tendency that the species are grouped according to the main tree species.
Index terms: ecological indicators, habitat afinities
[1905] WATER STRESS EFFECT ON WORKER CUTTING-ANTS OF
ACROMYRMEX HISPIDUS ON THREE ORIGINS OF EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS
GLOBULUS
P. Caffarini 1 ; A. Pelicano 1 ; P. Carrizo2 &J. Lemcoff 1, 1 Facultad de Agronomía,
Univ. de Bs.As., Av. San Martín 4453 (1417), Cap.Fed., Argentina
[email protected], 2 Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Univ. La Plata,
Calle 690 y 119 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
The present study evaluates behaviour changes on worker cutting-ants of Acromyrmex
hispidus, because of water stress on its host, Eucalyptus globulus. The influence of three
different origins of eucaliptus named Jeeralang, Moogara and Otways National Park on
these changes was also tested. The experimental arena was an artificial ant nest kept at 24
+/- 2 C, 80 % of relative humidity, and 12:12 hours of light:darkness. Ants were offered
one stem 15 cm long with leaves for each treatment and origin, that were randomly
distributed along that arena. This was done six times in a consecutive way. Between those
assays, ants were offered other hosts, to prevent them from being acostumed. To create
stress conditions, gardening was raisingly restricted for four weeks in the nursery, before
samples were taken. Total and eaten lraf surface was measurdby means of a foliar area
gauge. Results, as a percentage of eaten surface by origin and treatment was tested by
means of Tukey non-aditivity teste. The test was not meaningful (P=0,455), and
transformations were not necessary before performing stadistic analysis. Averages were
compared by means of two-way ANOVA (treatment and origin)and Tukey. Eaten average
surfaces were significaty differents 31,295 % for the stress treatment and 3,125% for the
control (P+0,0004). On the hand eaten average surface by origin was not significantly
different (P=0,12). It is known that plant host susceptibility is enhanced as a result of
stress. This is a consequence of a different chemical compounds, as a decrease in
monoterpens production , tanines and others sustances. However, those tests are performed
by direct damage, this means for those insects who really eat the plant. Worker-cutting
ants do not use it this way, but it is a substrate for the fungi they feed from, so another
response can be expected.
Index terms: preference, eucaliptus, cutting ants
[1904] THE EFFECT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF A PINUS CARIBAEA
PLANTATION ON THE ANT'S POPULATIONS OF VENEZUELAN SAVANNAS
[1906] OCCURRENCE AND DAMAGES CAUSED FOR ONCIDERES SAGA
(COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) IN ARBORIZATION
1)
L Bulla1, W. Goytía2 y R. Candia1, Instituto de Zoología Tropical, Fac. Ciencias,
UCV, Apdo 47058, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela, FAX= 605-2204, Email:
[email protected].; (2) IDECYT, Univ. Simón Rodríguez, Apdo 47925, Caracas
A. G. Carvalho1, J. G. N. Wendt1, J. M. Pinto2, A. M. Lunz1 & S. R. S. Ventura1,
Depto. de Produtos Florestais, Univ. Fed. Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23851970, Brasil; 2Depto. Fitotecnia, Univ. Fed. Rural do Rio de Janeiro. E-mail:
[email protected].
1041-A. This work was financed by the ISC Program of the European Commission,
Project CT 94-0099 VE.
During the last 30 years large plantations of Pinus caribaea were introduced in Monagas
State (Venezuela), replacing most of the original savanna vegetation by pine forests and
abandoned fields. This change greatly affected the arthropod's fauna of this system. In this
article we will analyze their effect on the ant's populations. Ants were sampled using
pitfall traps in 7 sites; 1) S1, a Trachypogon plumosus natural savanna that will be used as
a baseline; 2) S2, an "island" savanna of 5 ha, completely surrounded by tall (over 10 m)
pines; 3) S3, an Axonopus canescens natural savanna (a second baseline); 4) P1, a stand of
pines four years old, with remnants of savanna vegetation among the trees; 5) P2, a stand
of pure pines 12 mts high, ready for harvest; 6) P3, an area recently harvested, almost bare,
with logs and twigs over the ground; 7) P4, similar to P3 but 4 years old. Ten pitfall traps
were located in each site and collected monthly. Here we report the results of August
(peak rainfall) and November (beginning of drought). A total of 74 species of ants were
collected. The most important genera were Pheidole (16 spp), Camponotus (8 spp) and
Solenopsis (5 spp). There is little change in the composition of the community between the
rainy season (60 spp) and the drought (64 spp), but there are important differences among
the 7 sites. Maximum diversity was achieved in P4, the abandoned field 4 years old (35
spp). The natural savannas were poorer with 21-23 spp. The island savanna S2 showed
slightly higher diversity. The recently harvested area P3 had a surprisingly high diversity,
considering its lack of resources (very scarce vegetation and little cover), of 17 spp in
August and 22 spp in November. This is a very rapidly changing system. There is a
definite change in the composition of the community as we move from the natural savanna
to the mature pine forest and the abandoned fields, with species that characterize each step
of the process. P4, the 4 years old field shows signs of recovery of the original fauna, but it
seems that many years will be required to complete the process.
Index terms: diversity, ants, savannas, pine forest
1
The species of the Leguminosae as the Acacia mangium, Albizzia lebbeck, Clitoria
fairchildiana, Delonix regia, Cassia fistula, Cassia javanica, Samanea saman, Piptadenia
rigida, Bauhinia forficata and Inga edulis. They are among the more used in the urban
arborization of the state of Rio de Janeiro, even so to the these, several insects are
associated, among these meet the coleopterans that occupy a prominence position in these
forest essences in a general way. Inside of this context it is found the species Oncideres
saga (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), whose popular name is "sawyer", which has been
causing damages in the crowns of the species used in the urban arborization in the state of
Rio de Janeiro, once the O. saga is known as one of the species more poliphagous, and this
coleopteran damages branches and trunks with a great diameter width. This work was
accomplished in NUCLEP in the municipal district of Itaguaí, RJ, where were collected
and measured all the cut branches, being measured the length of the base of the branch
wholesale to the apex of the same, considering the bifurcation of larger extension and the
diameter in the base of the branch, where was took place two readings in positions
opposed for the obtaining of the medium diameter of the fallen damaged branches on the
soil or arrested to the crowns of the trees. The arborization is composed by the following
essences: C. fairchildiana, B. forficata, A. lebbeck and D. regia and the number of
branches cut by the O. saga was of 2, 3, 111 and 8, respectively, being evaluated therefore
a total of 124 branches. The length measures, in meters, for to C. fairchildiana, B.
forficata, A. lebbeck and D. regia were of 3,81 ± 2,07; 2,76 ± 0,95; 2,86 ± 0,66 and 3,36 ±
0,78 respectively. The found medium diameters, in cm, were of 3,89 ± 1,26; 3,25 ± 0,92;
3,57 ± 0,79 and 3,82 ± 0,77 for C. fairchildiana, B. forficata, A. lebbeck and D. regia,
respectively. It is ended that the damages provoked by O. saga cause serious damages to
the crown and the shaft of the essences that compose the arborization of NUCLEP. A.
lebbeck is the dominant essence in the arborization and the most susceptible to the sawyer.
Index terms: Urban arborization, "Sawyer".
481
[1907] ANALYSIS OF THE DAMAGES CAUSED FOR ONCIDERES SAGA
(COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) IN A FORESTRY REMNANT IN THE
CAMPUS OF UFRRJ, BRASIL
[1909] MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NESTS AND CONTROL
OF ATTA SEXDENS RUBROPILOSA WITH GRANULATED BAITS IN A
PLANTATION OF PINUS TAEDA, SAFAC, WANDA, MISIONES
A. G. Carvalho1, A. M. Lunz1, M. C. Machado1 & S. R. S. Ventura1, 1Depto. Produtos
Florestais, Univ. Fed. Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23851-970, Brasil. E-mail:
[email protected].
O. R. de Coll 1, W. Lange 1, R. A. Friedl
Email:[email protected]; 2 [email protected]
The family Leguminosae counts inside with several species of the Campus of the
Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, so much in planted areas as in regeneration,
as Mimosa caesalpinaefolia, Inga edulis, Cassia grandis and Samanea saman. The main
group of insects associated to these species is the order Coleoptera, where stands out the
family Cerambycidae, whose habit of to yearn and to cut branches and even shafts for
accomplishment of postures cause great damages to the crowns of the trees. The species
Oncideres saga, well known as "sawyer", it is one of the ones that attack a great number
of forest species. This work was accomplished in a forestry remnant in the Campus of
UFRRJ, close to the Institute of Forests. The diameter of the cut branches was obtained
through two readings in positions opposed in the area cut for obtaining of the medium
diameter, and the length was measured of the base to the apex of the cut branch. The
number of branches cut by O. saga was of 351, being three of M. caesalpinaefolia, five of
I. edulis, eight of C. grandis and 335 of S. saman. The found medium diameters, in cm,
were of 3,50 ± 0,33; 2,64 ± 0,36; 2,95 ± 0,67 and 3,43 ± 0,82 for M. caesalpinaefolia, I.
edulis, C. grandis and S. saman, respectively. Already the medium lengths, in meters, for
this sequence of species were of 3,87 ± 2,03; 1,62 ± 0,74; 1,68 ± 0,98 and 2,58 ± 1,23. It is
ended that O. saga causes considerable damages in area with regeneration of native and
exotic species, and that the species S. saman is the most susceptible to the attack of this
insect.
Index terms: "Sawyer", Mimosa caesalpinaefolia, Inga edulis, Cassia grandis, Samanea
saman.
[1908] SUPPRESSION OF SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE INFESTATIONS USING
VERBENONE, AN ANTI-AGGREGATION PHEROMONE
S. R. Clarke1, R. F. Billings2, S. M. Salom3 & C. W. Berisford4, 1Forest Health
Protection, USDA Forest Service, 701 N. 1st St., Lufkin, TX 75901, USA, E-mail
sclarke/[email protected]; 2Forest Pest Management, Texas Forest Service, P.O. Box 301,
Lufkin, TX 75902-0310, USA; 3Dept. of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
24061-0319, USA; 4Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
The southern pine beetle (SPB), Dendroctonus frontalis, is a destructive forest insect pest
of pines throughout the southeastern United States, Mexico, and Central America. Cutand-remove or cut-and-leave treatments are effective in suppressing expanding
infestations and reducing impacts, but new tactics are desired which limit the numbers of
trees felled, particularly the uninfested trees. Operational methods for two such tactics
using verbenone, an anti-aggregation pheromone produced by SPB, have been developed
and successfully tested in the southeastern United States.
The verbenone-only and
verbenone-plus-felling treatments reduce or eliminate the need for tree-felling and thus are
compatible with management objectives for sensitive or protected areas such as parks or
wilderness. Verbenone pouches, the elution device, are tacked at ca. 4 m to trees either
under attack or in a buffer strip around the expanding “spot head”. Tables give the
number of pouches required per tree and infestation, based on tree diameter and the
number of currently-infested trees. A web-site providing training in the use of the two
tactics is available for potential end-users. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
recently registered verbenone, but treatments have not become operational to date.
Refinement of the treatment methods continues, and current studies test new elution
devices and lower pouch placement height. Trapping studies are also underway to identify
other semiochemicals that may improve treatment efficacy when used in combination with
verbenone. Trapping studies conducted in 1999 in Honduras suggest that verbenone
tactics may also be effective in SPB spot suppression in that country. We plan to test the
efficacy of verbenone treatments on SPB infestations throughout the range of the beetle.
Index terms: Dendroctonus frontalis, semiochemicals, bark beetles.
482
1
& T. M. C. Della Lucia 2,
1
Leaf cutting ants limit agricultural and forest production. Leaf-cutter ants of genus Atta are
distributed in the whole province of Misiones, and are pests is of great economic
importance because of the damage they cause. They are measured to estimate the surface
area and to apply the granulated baits for controlling the ants. The external morphological
characteristics of the nests are thus important to determine the correct dose to apply. The
main current problem is the correct mensuration of the earth mound. The aims of the
present work are to determine the morphlogical characteristics of the nests and the most
efficient dose of the granulated bait with sulfuramide in the control of Atta sexdens
rubropilosa. Nests were marked in a 19,5 hectare plantation of Pinus taeda of deep red
soil belonging to the SAFAC, S. A. company, in the town of Wanda, Misiones, Argentina
.The assay with granulated bait was carried out in December of 1997. In the plantation, 33
m wide strips were defined and the geographical coordinates of the nests were measured.
Values of estimated surface area and volume of each nest were obtained from
mathematical formulae, once their leght, width and height were determined. The
calculated surfaces were those for the rectangle and the ellipse; the volume was that of a
fustrum of right circular cone. The treatments with the sulfluramide bait (0,3 %) HBT 347
consisted of application of 6, 8, 10 y 12 g/m² calculated as a rectangle, a positive control
with 10 g/m² of dodecachlor (0,45%) was also used, as well as a negative control, without
bait application. The statistical design used was a completely randomized experiment with
6 treatments and 8 replications per treatment. The attractiveness of the granulated bait was
evaluated by observations 24, 48 and 72 h after application. Inactive nests were checked
after 15, 30, 60, 90 y 303 days. Six nests were selected for excavation after 153 days.
Spatial distribution of the nests of A. s. rubropilosa in the pine forest were of contagious
type, with 120 m² of nests per ha, with a maximum of 128 m² and a minimum of 9,7 m².
The average density was 2,51 nests per ha. The nests of larger area and volume were found
at the borders of the plantation. The nest of maximum area had 33,12 m² and that of
minimum, 30,18 m², with a standard variation of 2,079 m² .The volume average was 14,36
m³(maximum 58.32 m³ and minimum, 4,43 m³).The analysis of the results showed that 6
and 8 g/m² were the most effective doses of sulfluramide bait. The number of inactive
nests increased with time; 100% of them were inactive at the end of 303 days. On the other
hand, 25 % of the nests treated with either 10 or 12 g/m² were still active at that time.
Index terms: leaf-cutter ants, nets, control, sulfluramide, Pinus taeda.
[1910] FAUNA OF LEPIDOPTERA IN A TRANSECT OF NATIVE
VEGETATION- EUCALYPTUS PLANTATION IN IPABA, MINAS GERAIS,
BRAZIL
O.T. Dall’Oglio1, J.C. Zanuncio1, 1 Dept. Biologia Animal, Univ. Federal de Viçosa,
Viçosa,
Minas
Gerais,
Brasil,
36.571-000,
E-mail
[email protected];
[email protected].
Lepidoptera defoliators are important pests of Eucalyptus in Brazil because forest
monocultures represent simplified ecosystems where herbivore insects can be more
abundant and cause damage. The maintenance of understorey vegetation and the
preservation of strips and remnants of native vegetation have been recommended as a
strategy to increase environmental heterogeneity and consequently the diversity of species
of insects in reforested areas. The objective of this research was to study the fauna of
Lepidoptera in three situations: Eucalyptus, area of transition native vegetation/Eucalyptus
and within a fragment of native vegetation in Ipaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil, from April 1997
to March 1998 with five light traps. The first and the second traps were installed in the
Eucalyptus plantation at 400 and 200 meters of the transition native
vegetation/Eucalyptus; the third in this transition; and the fourth and the fifth light traps
inside the native vegetation, at 200 and 400 meters from the transition. Lepidoptera
collected were divided in the following groups: i) group 1, primary pest (those species
previously recorded in outbreak conditions in Eucalyptus plantations); ii) group 2,
secondary pests (species that feed on Eucalyptus but not in outbreak conditions); iii) group
3, species without defined importance to Eucalyptus; and, iv) group 4, non identified
species. A total of 20,606 individuals were collected, being 1,808 of group 1; 231 of group
2; 8,874 of group 3 and 9,693 of group 4. Out of 2,039 individuals of primary and
secondary pests, 2.94% were only collected in the fragment of native vegetation; 18.69%
in the transition native vegetation and Eucalyptus and 78.37% in the Eucalyptus
plantation. The species without defined importance to Eucalyptus were collected in higher
numbers within the Eucalyptus at 200m from the transition and in the transition with
38.40 and 31.61% of the individuals, respectively, while the group of non identified
species presented higher number of individuals in the transition of Eucalyptus with the
native vegetation with 37.88%. Pest species presented higher number of individuals per
species in the Eucalyptus plantation than in the transition and in the native forest, while
non-pest species presented similar number of individuals per species in all points. This
shows that areas of native vegetation intermingled with Eucalyptus plantations can
contribute to a larger diversity of species and to the reduction of the number of individuals
of the Lepidoptera pests in these plantations.
Index terms: Insecta, Eucalyptus, pests, forest remnants
[1911] ARTHROPODS IN RELATION WITH ARAUCARIA ARAUCANA: AN
APPROACH TO ITS BIODIVERSITY IN ARGENTINA
G. Dapoto, H. Giganti, M. Bondoni & M. Gentili, Depto. Biología Aplicada, Un. Nac.
del Comahue, C.C. 85, 8303, Cinco Saltos (R.N.), Argentina. E-mail:
[email protected]
Araucaria araucana (Araucariaceae) is a native conifer from Argentina and Chile spread
mainly over the Andes Mountains between 37º30’ to 40º S and 900 to 1700 m o.s.l.
approximately. This very old specie has a big economic, biological, social and also
anthropological interest, since it was exploited with intensity until some years ago mainly
for timber extraction and is in strong cultural relation with people of its spread area,
specially the native. It makes different vegetative communities in Argentina. In
association with Nothofagus spp.: forests with: N. obliqua, N. dombeyi and N. pumilio,
placed with rainfall about 3500 mm/year and with N. antarctica and Lomatia hirsuta
(Proteaceae) with less density in places with less rainfall and lower altitude. Going to the
East humidity decreases, then it makes a transition with the patagonian steppe up to 250
mm/year approximately. It was studying arthropods in relation to the different associations
formed by A. araucana as contribution for to know the biodiversity of this communities
and then look for a sustainable development of this natural researches. The specie
determined at moment: 6 Acarina in 3 families, 85 Coleoptera in 20 families, 6 Hemiptera
in 2 families, 15 Homoptera in 5 families, 25 Hymenoptera in 8 families, 96 Lepidoptera
in 16 families, 4 Orthoptera, 4 Diptera and specific reduced fauna of A. araucana ( 21
specie determined at moment that mean about 9 % of total collected) are reported in this
paper.
Index terms: insects and mites, patagonian native forests, biotaxonomy.
[1913] CARABID BEETLES AS MODEL ORGANISMS IN POPULATION
GENETIC STUDIES ON HIGHLY FRAGMENTED TEMPERATE FORESTS
(FLANDERS, BELGIUM)
K. Desender1, P. Verdyck1, V. Versteirt1 & J.-Y. Rasplus2, 1 Dept. Entomology,
RBINSc, Vautierstr. 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected]; 2
Centre de Biologie et Gestion des Populations, INRA, Equipe Taxonomie et Ecologie,488,
rue Croix de Lavit, F-34090 Montpellier.
Populations of many terrestrial arthropods nowadays only survive in small remnants of
natural habitats. Forests in Flanders are well documented historically, but now cover less
than 10% of the total surface only. Most of these forest are extremely fragmented, reduced
in size and isolated. Within the context of a regional project, effects of habitat
fragmentation, including historical ecology, are studied in a wide variety of forest
organisms. Ground beetles appear to be extremely useful model organisms in such studies.
They are speciose, have a rather well known distribution both in time and space (Red data
book available), are highly variable in habitat preference (stenotopic and more eurytopic
species) and their dispersal power (~gene flow) is reflected in the development of hind
wings and flight muscles (macropterous, brachypterous and wing polymorphic species).
Population genetic results based on allozymes, studied by means of cellulose acetate
electrophoresis in large samples of several forest ground beetles, invariably show a
significant genetic differentiation between populations. Some of the brachypterous species
show geographical isolation by distance (Mantel-tests). Highest FST-values are obtained
for rare and brachypterous species (Abax ovalis, A. parallelus and Carabus auronitens). C.
auronitens, extremely rare in Flanders and limited to a few ancient forests only, shows a
very high FST-value, indicating that a large proportion of its total genetic variation occurs
between populations. In the near future, we will therefore also study this ground beetle by
means of more powerful or completely neutral markers (microsatellites). Based on
allozymes, the smallest value of genetic differentiation is found in Agonum assimile, a
common and more mobile species from inundation and valley forests. Abax ater, another
common forest carabid, suggests an unexpected negative relationship between genetic
diversity and forest area (further study planned with microsatellites). Genetic erosion in
small populations is indicated for some very rare and brachypterous carabids, which are
known indicators for ancient forests. To conclude, some recommendations are given for
regional nature conservation.
Index terms: Carabidae, gene flow, genetic differentiation/diversity, fragmentation.
[1912] BEETLES, SPIDERS AND FLIES AS BIO-INDICATORS IN FORESTS: A
LARGE SCALE RESEARCH PROJECT IN FLANDERS (BELGIUM)
[1914] VARIATIONS IN THE SPECIES COMPOSITION OF CURCULIONOIDEA
IN NATURAL AND PLANTED FORESTS OF CENTRAL SPAIN
K. Desender1, D. De Bakker1, P. Grootaert1, M. Pollet1, L. De Bruyn2, B. De Vos3 &
J.-P. Maelfait2, 1 Dept. Entomology, RBINSc, Vautierstr. 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium,
E-mail: [email protected]; 2 Inst. Nature Conservation, Kliniekstr. 25, B-1070
Brussels, Belgium; 3 Inst. Forestry and Game Management, AMINAL, Gaverstraat 4, B9500 Geraardsbergen.
L. Diodato1, M. P. Gurrea Sanz2 & A. Notario3, 1Fac. Ciencias Forestales, Univ.
Santiago del Estero, Avda Belgrano 1912, 4200-Santiago del Estero, Argentina; 2 Dept.
Biología, Fac. de Ciencias, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain; 3 Dept. de
Ing. Forestal. ETS Ing. Montes, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
In 1997, a research project was started on the occurrence, diversity and bio-indicative
value of terrestrial invertebrates in 56 forest stands distributed over 40 woods in the entire
region of Flanders (Belgium). A complete year cycle of samples was therefore taken in
these forests (mainly by means of continuous pitfall trapping for soil surface active
invertebrates and the use of coloured pan traps for flying insects). The first part of the
study (sampling and identification of about one month of samples for a multitude of
invertebrate taxa) involved scientists from several universities [Ghent Univ. (RUG),
Antwerp Univ. (RUCA) and Louvain Univ. (KUL)] and scientific institutions (region of
Flanders: Institute for Forestry & Game Management and Institute of Nature
Conservation; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences). In the current contribution, we
report on the identification (complete year cycle) and ecological analyses of a limited
number of animal taxa, i.e. ground beetles (Carabidae), spiders (Araneae) and flies
(Empididae and Dolichopodidae). These arthropods are target model organisms because
they are (1) well known for what concerns their taxonomy and biology, (2) speciose, (3)
documented concerning their former and recent distribution in our region (Red data
books), and (4) abundantly occurring in the sampled forests. Besides, a multitude of
environmental variables have been quantified from each sampling forest plot. These
include local forest soil characteristics (texture, detailed soil and forest floor chemistry),
vegetation structure and composition, as well as geographical and landscape ecological
setting (forest area, isolation, etc… ). Identification of the complete year cycle from 56
forest plots (carabids and spiders) or 49 plots (flies), yields some 200.000 specimens
belonging to more than 550 species. Multivariate analyses are based on habitat preference
data for the most abundant species (41 ground beetles, 80 spiders, and 39 flies). Indirect
and direct gradient analyses yield comparable results in each case. The most differentiated
assemblages for spiders and flies primarily seem to react to soil texture and related
characteristics. In carabids, on the other hand, an assemblage of large ancient forests is
first distinguished from humid lowland forest communities, whereas in the second place
mainly soil texture and site productivity seem to define observed assemblages.
Index terms: Carabidae, Araneae, Empididae, Dolichopodidae, ecological indicators.
In the Central Mountains of Spain, afforestations have been carried out in the last fifty
years, which has caused vegetation changes. Hence, it is currently possible to find
plantations of Pinus sylvestris growing in natural areas that were originally covered with
Quercus pyrenaica, thus resulting in landscapes where natural hardwood forests and
softwood plantations are adjacent to one another. The purpose of this paper is to analyze
and compare the fauna of Curculionoidea in the natural oak forests with that found in the
pine plantations. Material resulting from periodic sampling procedures conducted in 1996,
1997 and 1998 in representative stands of both oak forests and pine plantations in various
localities of the Sierra de Guadarrama, Madrid, Spain, has been studied. The samples
were collected by using the “shaking” and “netting” methods on undergrowth plants and
by “shaking” the tree canopies. Specimens belonging to 86 different species of
Curculionoidea, representing the families Attelabidae, Brentidae, Curculionidae,
Erirhinidae and Nemonychidae, were collected during the study. The cluster analysis
conducted on the data revealed that the fauna associated with the undergrowth in both oak
forests and pine plantations is the group most similar to each other, followed by the fauna
from the oak canopies, while the one associated with the pine canopies constitutes a
separate group. Where endemic species may be lost, it is important to consider this
process, especially when land management and conservation are sought.
Index terms: Coleoptera, Pinus sylvestris, Quercus pyrenaica, reforestations.
483
[1915] EFFECTS OF NON-NATIVE SPRUCE PLANTATION ON CARABID
BEETLES
[1917] WOOD LOSS IN EUCALYPTUS PLANTATIONS BY COPTOTERMES SP.
(ISOPTERA:RHINOTERMITIDAE) IN GOIAS–BRAZIL
Z. Elek1, T. Magura1 & B. Tóthmérész2, 1Dept. of Zoology, Kossuth L. Univ, P. O. Box
3, Debrecen, H-4010, Hungary, E-mail [email protected] and [email protected];
2
Ecological Inst., Kossuth L. Univ., P. O. Box 71, Debrecen, H-4010, Hungary.
P. M. Fernandes1;A.E.Fardin2; A. Forlin2 & C. Czepak, 1Universidade Federal de
Goiás, Escola de Agronomia, c.p. 131, Cep. 74001-970, Goiânia –GO.
[email protected] 2CODEMIN S/A, Niquelândia-GO.
The impacts of non-native spruce plantation on carabid beetles were studied in the Bükk
National Park in Hungary, Central Europe. Pitfall catches from recently established (5
years old), young (15 years after planting), middle-aged (30 years after planting), old
spruce plantation (50 years after planting), and from a native submontane beech forest as a
control stand were compared. Indicator species analysis (IndVal approach) shows that
deciduous forest species decreased significantly in abundance in the plantations, and they
appeared in high abundance only in the native beech forest. Furthermore, species
characteristic of open habitat increased remarkably in abundance in the recently
established plantation. Carabids were significantly more abundant and more species rich in
the native forest than in the plantations, while these parameters were not significantly
different among the plantations. Multiple regression between the abundance and species
richness of carabids and twelve environmental measurements shows that pH of the soil,
cover of the herbs and density of the carabids’ prey have a significant effect in
determining abundance and species richness. Our results proved that plantation of nonnative spruce species has detrimental effect on the composition of carabid communities
and no regeneration can be observed during the growth of plantations even 50 years after
the establishment. It emphasises the importance of an active nature management practice
to facilitate the recolonization of the native species.
Index terms: carabid beetles, spruce plantation, species richness, indicator species, nature
management.
Eucalyptus is the main forest species grown in Brazil with a planted area around five
millions hectares. Trees attacked by termites at harvest are very common to be found
however; economic losses due to termites have not been determined. This study was
conducted in a eucalyptus plantation belonging to CODEMIN S/A, at Niquelândia, Goiás.
The species of termites in association with eucalyptus were collected and identified. Index
of plants attacked and the volume of wood per tree also was estimated. The estimates of
the volume of wood lost by termite infestation were obtained from 10 trees in six sample
dates: 16/04/97, 21/08/97, 28/11/97, 13/03/98, 03/09/98, and 27/11/98. The index of plants
attacked by termites was determined in areas harvested in 1997, 1998 and 1999. In each
patch, the evaluations of the number of trunks attacked were made about 60 days after
cutting in one complete row and in each 20 rows. The main species of termites observed
associate to eucalyptus trees Coptotermes sp, .Nasutitermes sp., Labiotermes sp.,
Heterotermes sp., Cornitermes sp. The genus Coptotermes was frequent found attacking
central part of the trunk being the main responsible for this type of injury. The percentage
of volume of wood loss by termite attack was variable among sampling dates. The highest
loss was observed for Eucalyptus of species E. cytriodora and the lowest for E. urophylla
with mean of 1,36%. The incidence of trunks attacked was low, ranging from 0.65 to
14.40% and a mean of 6,81%. These results allowed to conclude that mean of losses in
volume of wood/ha due to attack of termites were very low and were below 0.1% in all
patches evaluated.
Index terms: termites, eucalyptus, wood loss
[1916] NATURAL RESISTANCE OF TEN CUBAN FOREST SPECIES AGAINST
TERMITE ATTACK
[1918] SCOLYTIDAE TRAPPINGS IN YOUNG LOBLOLLY PINE (PINUS
TAEDA) STANDS
H. C. Escoto1 , N. T. Isasi 1, J. M. Montalvo2, 1Dept. of Entomology, Forest Research
Institute, 174 street no. 1723 e/ 17B and 17C. Siboney. Playa,. C. Havana, Cuba, E-mail
[email protected].
C. A. H. Flechtmann1, D. C. Oliveira1 & L. Cordeiro2, 1Dept. of Biology,
FEIS/UNESP, Av. Brasil 56, 15385-000 Ilha Solteira/SP, Brazil, E-mail
[email protected]; 2Klabin do Paraná Papéis, Lagoa Fazenda Monte Alegre,
84279-000 Telêmaco Borba/PR, Brazil, E-mail [email protected]
Wood samples of sapwood and hardwood of ten Cuban forest species were selected to
study its natural resistance against Cryptotermes brevis (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). Assays
of alimentary selectivity and compulsory alimentation in laboratory conditions during 60
days were conducted. Species included in this work are: Cinnamomun parviflorum (White
sweet potato); Laurocerasus occidentalis (Male Cuajani); Swietenia mahagoni (Cuban
mahagoni); Sapium jamaicennsis. (Piniche); Colubrina arborescens
(Guaguasi);
Pithecellobium arboretum (Sabicu moruno); Quercus cubana (Oak); Pithecellobium
obovale (Encinillo) and Zanthoxylum elephantiasis (Bayúa). The weight loss records
were analyzed by the Newman- Keuls Test applied to a significance level of 5%. Results
allow classifying the relative resistance of the sampled species that relating them with data
from field studies will give a complete information of the resistance of these woods to
termite attack.
Index terms: Cryptotermes brevis, durability, Cuban woods.
484
Tropical (Pinus oocarpa and Pinus caribaea) and subtropical (Pinus taeda) pines
comprise ca. 35% of the total reforested area in Brazil. Native Scolytidae beetles, the great
majority of them originally found on hardwoods, are quickly adapting to these exotic
pines. These insects are among the most important pests in temperate forests throughout
the world, and they are quickly becoming important in Brazil, where they are growing in
abundance and diversity. The results presented here originated from an experiment
originally designed to monitor Scolytidae populations from implantation until harvest of a
stand of pines, and to correlate/predict them through a time series analysis which includes
factors as various as thinning, stand age, temperature, rainfall, humidity, delimbing, and
stand density among others. The trap used was a vane flight intercept trap type baited with
95% ethanol, released at a rate of ca. 0.52 g/d at 21? C, and deployed in a Pinus taeda and
P. taeda x P. elliottii hybrid stands, owned by Klabin do Paraná Papéis, and located in
Telêmaco Borba, Paraná state, Brazil. The site (originally P. taeda) was harvested in
November 1997 and planted in March 1998; stumps and abundant slash were present.
Areas surrounding the experimental site were composed of woods (native vegetation),
young loblolly pine and old loblolly pine (ranging from 13 to 22 yr old). Traps were
placed in a 5 x 5 grid, spaced 100 m apart, on 11 June 1997, and beetles trapped were
collected every 7 d. After 82 wk, in total 331,930 scolytid specimens (47 species) were
trapped, the majority of them ambrosia beetles. The most abundant species were Xyleborus
ferrugineus (90.8% specimens), Hypothenemus eruditus (8%), Xyleborinus linearicollis
(0.7%) and Hypothenemus obscurus (0.3%). Results indicate that X. ferrugineus is
developing in stumps and slash of larger diameter, while the remaining 3 species were
developing in smaller diameter slash. "Border" traps (traps at the outer margin of the grid
of 25 traps) caught significantly more specimens than "inner" traps for X. ferrugineus and
H. eruditus, maybe due to a combination of competition among traps (border traps
compete less with other traps than inner traps) and immigration of scolytids from nearby
stands (there is a greater chance of those incoming beetles to meet a border trap than an
inner trap). Traps closer to older stands (woods and old pine) caught significantly more
individuals of the 4 species mentioned above than in traps closer to young loblolly pines.
Index terms: ambrosia beetles, trap competition, scolytid migration, Xyleborus
ferrugineus, Pinus taeda.
[1919] RESPONSE OF BRAZILIAN AMBROSIA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA,
SCOLYTIDAE) TO KAIROMONES AND PHEROMONES
C. A. H. Flechtmann1, V. L. S. Sagi1 & L. Cordeiro2, 1Dept. of Biology, FEIS/UNESP,
Av. Brasil 56, 15385-000 Ilha Solteira/SP, Brazil, E-mail [email protected];
2
Klabin do Paraná Papéis, Lagoa Fazenda Monte Alegre, 84279-000 Telêmaco Borba/PR,
Brazil, E-mail [email protected]
[1921] COMMUNITIES OF SOILS INSECTS ON FRENCH GUYANA
INSELBERGS : A SYNCRONIC
STUDY THROUGHT VEGETATION
DYNAMICS
R. Garrouste1,2, 1Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Antenne de Guyane
c/o IRD BP 165 F-97323 Cayenne cedex, French Guyana, E-mail : [email protected] ;
2
MNHN Laboratoire d’Ecologie, 4, avenue du Petit-Château F-91800 Brunoy, France.
Reforestation in Brazil is relatively new, as establishment for most of the plantations
began in the mid 60's. For years pine plantations remained surprisingly free of pests, and
to this date few insects constitute any regular, economically important pests. Yet, scolytid
beetles, constituted mainly by xylomycetophagous ambrosia beetles, are growing in
abundance and diversity in pine stands over the years, demanding constant monitoring.
The main lure (if not the only one) used in traps to monitor these beetles in Brasil is the
kairomone ethanol. However, it is well known that many species respond little or do not
respond at all to this attractant. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate, for a
Brazilian reforested stand, the attractiveness of scolytids to some semiochemicals widely
used in temperate forests in North America and Europe. Multiple funnel traps (Lindgren7)
were baited with the kairomones ? -pinene and ethanol and the pheromones sulcatol
(racemic) and (+)-sulcatol (retusol), plus a control (blank). Traps were deployed in a
mature P. taeda stand (owned by Klabin do Paraná Papéis, and located in Telêmaco
Borba, Paraná state) in 3 lines (5 traps/line); traps were 5 m apart within each line, and
lines were spaced 20 m apart. Beetles trapped were collected every 7 d, at which time traps
were randomized within each line to reduce positional effects. The experimental design
was a randomized complete block design. In 11 wk of trapping, a total of 9,031 scolytid
specimens were trapped, distributed in 35 species. The kairomone ? -pinene proved
unattractive to all scolytid beetles; however, it was highly attractive to an unidentified
predatory Tenebrionidae. H. eruditus, H. obscurus (Cryphalini), X. gracilis, X.
linearicollis, X. ferrugineus and X. retusus (Xyleborini) were significantly more trapped in
ethanol-baited traps over other treatments. Despite the fact that it is assumed (however
never proved) that there is no pheromone production in Xyleborini, X. adelographus and
X. affinis were surprisingly clearly attracted to sulcatol- and retusol-baited traps over other
semiochemicals; no X. adelographus specimens were trapped in ethanol-baited traps.
Results show that monitoring can be improved with the use of lures other than ethanol, and
that ? -pinene could perhaps be used in pine stands as a way of concentrating scolytid
natural enemies to a certain area.
Index terms: response to kairomones and pheromones, Xyleborus adelographus, Xyleborus
affinis, Pinus taeda, Brazil.
Inselbergs are very common in French Guyana (FG) , as well as rocky outcrops, and host a
mosaic of vegetation types with floristic singularities (“savane roche”). On two average
altitude granitic inselbergs in center of FG, (Le Mont Chauve and Savane Dashine) studied
by a pluridisciplary team (faunistic and floristic surveys) specialy dropped by helicopter,
communities of soil arthropods where studied with emphasis on insect community, as
prelimnary results (during the rainy season). Adaptation of a Berlese-Tullgren extraction
method was used in the field, using a glasshouse-like device to insure light and dry.
Vegetation dynamics is studied throught soils insects from several plots at different stages,
from epiphytic bromeliad mats to forest, using ordination. Formicids are dominant, and
sometimes soils termits, who plays certainly a important role in soils dynamics.
Index terms : insect community, dynamics, ordination
[1920] DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF MONOCHAMUS SPECIES ON
PINES IN ITALY
[1922] RESIN-COLLECTING BEES (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) ON CLUSIA
PALMICIDA (CLUSIACEAE) IN A RIPARIAN FOREST IN BRAZIL
V. Francardi¹, F. Pennacchio¹, P.F. Roversi¹, A. Binazzi ¹& A. Leccese¹, ¹ Exper. Inst.
of Agric. Zoology, Forest Entomology Section, via di Lanciola 12A, Cascine del Riccio,
50125 Firenze, I, E-mail [email protected], [email protected].
S. J. Gonçalves-Alvim, T. C. Lana & B. D. Ranieri, Ecologia Evolutiva de Herbívoros
Tropicais, DBG/UFMG, CP 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30161-970, Brazil, E-mail
[email protected]
4 species of longhorn borers are present in Italy, Monochamus sutor (Linnaeus), M. sartor
(Fabricius), M. saltuarius (Gebler) and M. galloprovincialis (Olivier), the last with two
subspecies, M. g. galloprovincialis and M. g. pistor (Germar). M. sartor and M. saltuarius
develop on Picea abies, Abies alba, Pinus sylvestris and P. nigra, M. sutor also on P.
mugo while M. g. pistor lives on Pinus sylvestris and P. nigra; all these cerambycids are
widespread in alpine and prealpine zones with continental climatic conditions. Moreover,
M. g. galloprovincialis lives on P. pinaster, P. halepensis, P. pinea and P. sylvestris in
Mediterranean regions. Attacks of this longhorn beetle are common also on exotic pine
timber plantations (i.e., P. strobus, P. radiata and P. insignis). In the last years, the
occurence in our country of hot-dry summers causing many fires especially in the N-W
and, in the same time, an outbreak of the maritime pine bast scale Matsucoccus feytaudi
Duc., have led to a progressive decline of pine stands in those areas causing an epidemic
increasing of native populations of M. g. galloprovincialis. The possible implications for
the pine stand health of the recent introduction in Europe (Portugal) of the pine wood
nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) which causes pine wilt
diseases as well as the possibility that indigenous Monochamus can be its main vectors,
lead the control of M. g. galloprovincialis populations to be attempted. Management
practices aimed to the cerambycid population reduction have to be carried out mainly on
the coastal zones where the climatic conditions are more favourable to the PWN possible
development.
Index terms: longhorn beetles, vectors, phytopathogen nematodes.
Primary flower resources to bees, i.e. those that satisfy the basic needs such as feeding and
reproduction, include pollen, nectar, oil, resin and gums. Although resin provides an
essential resource for the reproduction of a large number of bees in tropical communities,
there are few studies about resin-collecting bees on Clusia ssp. This system was studied
with monthly collects made during a year (July /92 to June/93) in a riparian forest, in
Alcântara (2023'00"S and 44025'00"N), State of Maranhão (Northeastern Brazil). An
amount of 178 bees belonging to 5 genera and 9 species of Apidae were collected both in
pistilate and staminate plants of Clusia palmicida (Clusiaceae). The most abundant
species were Trigona fuscipennis, T. pallens, and T. fulviventris. The other species,
Euglossa piliventris, Partamona sp., Eufriesea surinamensis, Eulaema cingulata,
Euglossa sp. and Partamona pearsoni had less than seven specimens captured. Bee
activity was checked from 0600 to 1800 h, and the highest bee activity occurred from 0600
to 1000 h. The smallest abundance of bees occurred from 1200 to 1500 hours, when the
temperature was too high for bee activity. Along the year, bees were more frequent from
February to June (rainy season) and the highest number of bees was obtained in the end of
the rainy season and the beginning of the dry season (in July). The smallest abundance
was in October. We also found a positive correlation between number of individuals and
number of bees species along the year (Pearson's correlation index = 0.69, P < 0.05). The
highest frequency of large bees, such as Eulaema, Eufriesea and Euglossa, was observed
in the staminate flowers of C. palmicida that have a greater load of resin. Visits of larger
bees on pistillate flowers were less frequent. In addition, the meliponine bees (smaller
bees) were frequently observed on two flower sexes. As larger bees can transport larger
loads of resin in their corbiculae and in some cases these bees prefer to visit bigger
inflorescence than smaller ones, we argue that this behavior is advantageous energetically.
Index terms: Meliponinae, Euglossinae, social bees, foraging behavior, flower resources,
resin.
485
[1923] ARBOREAL ARTHROPOD COMMUNITY STRUCTURE ACROSS FOUR
MILLION YEARS OF ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT IN HAWAII
[1925] THE ASSOCIATED FAUNA COMPOSITION AT THE EUPHALERUS SP
(HEMIPTERA:PSYLLIDAE), IN SEROPÉDICA, RJ, BRAZIL
D. S. Gruner1 & D. A. Polhemus2, 1Dept. of Zoology, Univ. of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2538
the Mall/Edmondson Hall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA, E-mail: [email protected];
2
Department of Entomology MRC 105, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian
Institution, Wash., D.C. 20560, USA.
M. Guajará1, A. G. de Carvalho1, W. Santos2 & A. Calcagno2, UFRRJ – BR-465, Km
7. Seropédica, RJ, Brasil. CEP: 23.835. 1 Depto. de Produtos Florestais, E-mail:
[email protected]; 2 DEnF/ CIMP, E-mail: [email protected].
The Hawaiian archipelago forms a linear time series of replicated communities, with ages
of volcanic origin varying over seven orders of magnitude. Important ecosystem attributes,
such as parent substrate, climate and elevation, may be held constant at selected sites along
the series. Previous studies along a montane mesic chronosequence (300 yrs.--4.1 million
yrs.) have shown that rates of many ecosystem processes peak at sites of intermediate
volcanic substrate age (20,000 yrs.— 1.4 myrs). At these sites, the canopy is dominated by
a single tree species, Metrosideros polymorpha (Myrtaceae) and arthropod lineages are
largely conserved. These features make the islands an ideal natural laboratory to test the
relative importance of ecological versus historical and evolutionary hypotheses of
community organization. In 1997, we used pyrethrum canopy fogging to sample freeliving arthropods on 41 M. polymorpha trees at 4 sites on 3 islands. Total arthropod
densities and biomass were highest at more productive, intermediate-aged sites. Foliar
nitrogen concentrations were highly correlated with total arthropod density on individual
trees. However, species richness of phytophagous true bugs (Heteroptera) and predatory
carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) increased as a function of geological age.
Moreover, one of three indigenous tribes of Carabidae (Psydrini) was completely absent
from, and presumably has not colonized, the oldest site. Although contemporary
ecological processes appear to determine relative species abundances and biomass in local
communities, regional species pools determine local richness and historical or
phylogenetic accidents place constraints on composition.
Index terms: Hawaii, canopy arthropods, Carabidae, Heteroptera, pyrethrum fogging.
[1924] DISTRIBUTION OF EUPHALERUS SP (HEMIPTERA: PSYLLIDAE) IN
STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL
M. Guajará1, A. G. de Carvalho1, B. Cerqueira2 & J. C. da Conceição2, UFRRJ – BR465, Km 7. Seropédica, RJ, Brasil. CEP: 23.835. 1 Depto. de Produtos Florestais, E-mail:
[email protected]; 2 DEnF/ CIMP, E-mail: [email protected].
In order to check the dispersion and the distribution of Euphalerus sp on Rio de Janeiro,
where the species was recently registered in association with Clitoria fairchidiana, were
accepted two methodology: a) questionary, with pictures showing aspects of the
occurrence of Euphalerus sp, directed to the development agent of 17 regions that form
the state, for dispatch to the municipal district and b) visity municipal districts on Rio de
Janeiro, annotating which one that the insect was occurring, with observation at infestion
level found. Through to the first methodology only 7 municipal districts directed reply.
The preliminary appointment showed the occurrence of Euphalerus sp on: Northwest
Region I- Varre-Sai, Porciúncula, Natividade e Bom Jesus de Itabapoana; Northwest II:
Itaperuna; North II: Conceição de Macabu; North III: Italva; Medium Paraíba I: Valença,
Pinheiral, Piraí, Barra do Piraí e Rio das Flores; Medium Paraíba II: Volta Redonda, Barra
Mansa e Rio Claro; Medium Paraíba III: Porto Real, Itatiaia, Resende e Quatis; Baía de
Ilha Grande: Angra dos Reis, Parati e Mangaratiba; Metropolitan: Paracambi, Seropédica,
Itaguaí, Japeri, Queimados, Nova Iguaçu, Duque de Caxias, Belford Roxo, São João de
Meriti, Nilópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Niterói, São Gonçalo e Maricá; South Center I: Paraíba
do Sul, Levi Gasparian e Três Rios; South Center II: Vassouras, Paulo de Frontin, Mendes,
Paty do Alferes e Miguel Pereira. The insect, that had the first register on March of 1999,
haven’t been found on the two last municipal districts when the appointment initiate, on
December of the same year, but it has been found there on February of 2000. Taked place
though than the trees recently attacked, as attacked was flowered, while the others, that
was constantly striped haven’t none indication of flower.
Index terms: Clitoria fairchildiana, development agents, municipal districts – RJ
486
The associated fauna at the Euphalerus sp (Hemiptera:Psyllidae), that colonize the
leguminous Clitoria fairchildiana (“sombreiro”) was checked, althrough material
collected in municipal district of Seropédica – RJ. The objective was to obtain incial data
about the potential species natural controlers, that has been observed for the first time, as
in the municipal district as in association with said vegetal host. To the propositions, were
demarked four distinct environments in Seropédica and in each one of them was selected
one tree of the C. fairchildiana. In each tree was collected 120 folioles, distributed
uniformently to the four squareds and in three heights on the trees, to represent even better
the crown. At laboratory, the folioles was put each one in Petri’s board and so left by 15
days. The emerged insects were collected and deposited in glass flask, with alcohol at
70%, and after it has been conducted to identification. It was detected, complete, 161
specimens, that complied this distribution: Acarina – 66 individuals (40,99%);
Hymenoptera - 59 individuals (36,65%); Aranae - 22 individuals (13,66%);
Hymenoptera:Formicidae - 3 individuals(1,86%), Chrysopidae - 3 individuals (1,86%);
Diptera - 3 individuals (1,86%); Coleoptera - 3 individuals (1,86%) and Thysanoptera - 2
individuals (1,24%). Although we haven’t apllied an efficient methodology to quantify
this information, it registered the adults number of Olla abdominalis (Coleoptera:
Coccinellidae) that chased during the sampling. Some examples of this species already has
been created at laboratory, fed with nymphs and adults of Euphalerus sp to potential
predatory verification has been obtained two generation, below this condition. It is register
the colonization by entomopathogenic fungi Cladosporium sp, that is in almost all folioles
studied, mainly in attack advanced age of Euphalerus sp, when the folioles are dry on the
floor.
Index terms: Clitoria fairchildiana, natural controlers, Olla abdominalis,
entomopathogenic, Cladosporium
[1926] PATTERNS OF SPECIES RICHNESS AND ABUNDANCE OF
DEFOLIATOR LEPIDOPTERA ASSOCIATED WITH EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS
IN BRAZIL AND HOW THEY RELATE TO PLANT AGE
R.N.C. Guedes1, J.C. Zanuncio1, T.V. Zanuncio1 & R. A. Araújo1, 1Dept. of Animal
Biology, Federal Univ. of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36571-000, Brazil, E-mail:
[email protected].
The present work documents patterns of species richness and abundance of defoliator
Lepidoptera associated with an Eucalyptus grandis plantation, established in an area
previously occupied by the Atlantic tropical forest in Brazil, and how they relate to plant
age using data of a five-year survey. The higher number of species collected (1,385), the
lack of dominant species, and the non-occurrence of any pest outbreaks during the survey
may be due to the high plant diversity of the native forest reserves maintained in the area.
There was no significant seasonal fluctuation of species richness, but there were seasonal
fluctuations on species abundance with outbreak species prevailing in October, at the start
of the rainy season. Species richness and abundance of defoliator Lepidoptera were
positively correlated. There was an increase on both with plant aging. However, largest
numbers of major outbreak species and minor eucalypt defoliators, which accounted for
14% of the insects collected, were observed in plants near mid-age (four to five years-old)
of their cutting cycle (seven to ten years). This may be due to a higher amount of better
quality plant leaves at mid-age or the decrease in silvicultural management practices at this
period of Eucalyptus cutting cycle in Brazil. The abundance of the main outbreak species
observed in the survey, Stenalcidia grosica (Geometridae), was adversely affected by
plant age. Nonetheless such effect was weak (r = - 0.21, p = 0.03) and we were not able to
obtain further significant correlations between plant age and abundance of the other most
frequent and constant species collected.
Index terms: Insect survey, Stenalcidia grosica, insect abundance, outbreak species,
eucalypt defoliators.
[1927] CRYPTORHYNCHUS LAPATHI ATTACKING POPLARS IN TURKEY
N. Guler, Plant Protection Section, Poplar and Fast Growing Forest Tress Research
Institute, P.K. 93, 41001, Izmit/ TURKEY, E-mail: [email protected]
In Turkey, aproximately 5 million cubic meter of poplar wood is producued annually.
More than a quarter of this total poplar wood production is obtained from plantations in
the Marmara and Western Black Sea regions of Turkey where the damage caused by
Cryptorhynchus lapathi L. (Coleoptera – Curculinidae) is observed. C. lapathi causes
damage on stems of poplars in nurseries and in plantations. Although the adult of
C.lapathi can not move very far away, the size and the number of infested plantation sites
have increased because of the use of infested nursery stock. The most serious problem in
preventing the extension of this insect is due to the diffuculty that the ordinary poplar
growers face in diagnosing the infested poplar saplings to plant. The life cycle of C.lapathi
was investigated on two of the poplar clones: P.x euramericana cv. “I-214” and “I-45/51”
which are widely used in commercial plantations in Turkey. The insect lays its eggs on the
stem barks and the larvae from eggs feed and then hibernate in bark tissues. As soon as the
vegetation starts, the larvae also start feeding and boring galleries in bark and in wood.
Majority of the galeries (approximacly 60 percent) penetrates obliquely into wood then
continues parallel to tree axis being mostly upward. Some other galleries (approximately
35 %) continue obliquely towards to tree axis. Few galleries are bored perpendiculer to
tree axis. No correlation was observed between the length of galleries bored by C.lapathi
and the diameter of infested trees. Although some authors reported that the adults of
C.lapathi may also hibernate, hibernation of an adult C.lapathi has never been observed by
us, but only the larvae. The generation period of C.lapathi lasts for one year in the
Marmara and Western Black Sea regions of Turkey. Chemical control of C.lapathi is
required in poplar nurseries and plantations. In order to secure the effectiveness of
chemical control, it should be applied before the larvae penetrate into wood. In the
Marmara and the Western Black Sea regions of Turkey, mean temperature is 12 oC in midapril during which the larvae of C.lapathi are in the bark tissues at a proportion of 45 %
and under the bark on the surface of wood at a propartion of 55 %. Whereas, in the early
may, more than 20 % of larvae are in galleries bored in wood. Therefore, delay in
chemical application results with an ineffective control of C.lapath. Poplar plantations
growing on sites with high water table during vegetation period and coppiced plantations
are observed to be more sensitive for C.lapathi infestation. The rate of infestation
decreases by the enlargement of tree diameter. Application of efficient cultivation
techniques and good site conditions reduce the rate of insect damage and its infestation.
Index terms: Poplar cultivation , Cryptorhynchus lapathi L.
[1928] THE EXOTIC FOREST PEST INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR NORTH
AMERICA
R. A. Haack1 & J. G. O’Brien2, 1 US Dept. Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central
Research Station, 1407 S. Harrison Rd., East Lansing, MI 48823, USA; E-mail: rhaack
@fs.fed.us; 2 US Dept. Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, 1992 Folwell
Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; E-mail: jobrien @fs.fed.us
The Exotic Forest Pest Information System for North America is a project sponsored by
the North American Forestry Commission, comprised of members from Canada, Mexico,
and the United States. This Internet-accessible database identifies insects, mites and
pathogens with potential to become established and cause damage to forest resources in
any of the three North American countries. Emphasis is placed on organisms not yet
present in North America. Each record in the database consists of a brief pest risk
assessment and a pest information section. For each organism, the risk assessment section
qualifies risk by probability of establishment, economic impact, and environmental
impact. The pest information section provides details on host plants, geographic
distribution, methods for detection and identification, means of spread, control measures,
general biology, and a bibliography. It is anticipated that this information will prove
useful in assessing and managing future pest organisms in both North America and
worldwide. The web site and pest records will be available in English, French, and
Spanish. The directors of the project are actively seeking authors to write new pest
records for the database, as well as qualified people to review current and future records.
A new record can be submitted in any of the three official languages: English, French, or
Spanish. Once approved and edited in the language in which it was first submitted, each
record will then be translated to the other two languages by project members. The original
authors and their affiliations are listed for each record. For further information, or to
participate in the development of this information system, visit the web site at:
http://www.exoticforestpests.org
Index terms: database, exotic pest, quarantine pest, risk assessment
[1929] AZADIRACHTIN FROM THE NEEM TREE: AN EFFECTIVE NATURAL
PRODUCT FOR FOREST INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT
B. Helson1, D. Lyons1 , P. de Groot1, D. Thompson1, R. West2, & K. Wanner3,
1
Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, P. O. Box 490, Sault Ste Marie, ON
P6A 5M7, CANADA, E-mail [email protected]; 2Box 515, Portugal Cove, NF, A0A
3K0, CANADA, 3Dow AgroSciences, 5501 Oberlin Dr., San Diego, California 92121
USA
In the laboratory, azadirachtin in a commercial EC formulation of neem seed extract was
very active on 13 species of tree-defoliating, lepidopteran and sawfly (Hymenoptera)
larvae. Open-feeding sawfly species were much more susceptible than lepidopteran
species. In field trials, ground-based foliar applications of neem at 50 g azadirachtin/ha
by motorized backpack mistblower or compressed air sprayer have proven effective
against white pine weevil, pine false webworm and introduced pine sawfly on pines.
Dosages of 100 g/ha gave acceptable protection from spruce budworm damage on spruce
and fir. Ultra-low-volume, aerial applications of EC formulations at 50 g/ha were effective
against balsam fir sawfly on balsam fir and pine false webworm on red pine. Neem seed
extracts also possess systemic properties against forest defoliators and leafminers when
inoculated into the trunks of trees. In field trials against pine false webworm, trunk
inoculations of small red pine trees with undiluted EC formulations at 0.05g azadirachtin
per tree before egg hatch provided excellent protection of both old and new foliage. Trunk
inoculations of large, 25-30 cm dbh, 20-m tall, red pine at 0.02 and 0.05g azadirachtin per
cm dbh also provided excellent protection. Dosages of 0.1-0.2 g/cm dbh in large white
spruce were effective against spruce budworm larvae. A dosage of 0.1 g/cm dbh greatly
reduced cedar leaf miner populations on white cedar. Systemic neem applications are also
persistent. Treatment of 20-cm dbh white pine at 0.1 g/cm dbh resulted in high mortality
of introduced pine sawfly larvae for at least 77 days. Injections for pine false webworm
control can be made before winter at least 7 months before egg hatch the following spring.
A novel device, the Systemic Tree Injection Tube has been developed to inject neem
formulations into trees under pressure, quickly, easily and cheaply. Azadirachtin has
proven to be an effective, versatile bioinsecticide in ground, aerial and systemic
applications for the management of several forest pests, particularly sawfly species in high
value plantations.
Index terms: Acantholyda erythrocephala, Diprion similis, Neodiprion abietis, Pissodes
strobi, Choristoneura fumiferana
[1930] INTERACTIONS BETWEEN BEETLE ATTACK RATE AND PINE TREE
DEFENSES
PRODUCE
POSITIVE
DENSITY
DEPENDENCE
IN
DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS
R.W. Hofstetter1, M.P. Ayres1 & P.L Lorio2, 1Dept. of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth
College, 202 Gilman Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA, E-mail [email protected];
2
U.S.D.A Southern Research Station, 2500 Shreveport Hwy, Pineville, LA 71360, USA.
The southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, is a significant agent of mortality for
pines in Mexico and the Southeast United States. The flow of resin from pines is the
primary defensive mechanism against D. frontalis. However, resin flow is impacted by
abiotic conditions and time of year, and differ greatly among individuals. The interaction
between the tree resin system and beetle attack behavior influence the population
dynamics of D. frontalis. By experimentally altering the attack rates on trees with varying
capacity for resin production, we were able to test the hypothesis that the interaction
between attacking beetles and pine tree resin systems creates positive density-dependence
(Allee effect) in bark beetle populations, which will tend to destabilize beetle population
dynamics. As predicted, attack success was highest in trees with the lowest resin flow and
the highest landing rate of beetles. There was a threshold of beetle attack rates (around 1.5
beetles/day/dm2) in our study in which resin flow declined and beetles successfully
reproduced, and below which resin flow was maintained or even increased and beetles
failed to reproduce. Factors that influence attack rates near the attack threshold would have
strong effects on population growth rates. The interaction between beetle attack rates and
tree resin production appears to produce positive density dependence which tend to
destabilize population dynamics.
Index terms: Population dynamics, bark beetles, tree defenses, Allee effect
487
[1931] CHEMOTAXIS OF SOME SCOLYTIDS AND THEIR PREDATORS
TO 4-ALLYLANISOLE
AND ETHANOL IN CENTRAL OREGON PINE
FORESTS
G. Joseph1, R. G. Kelsey2, R. W. Peck2 & C. G. Niwa2, 1Dept. of Forest Science,
Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA., current address, Dept. of Crop Science,
UAS, GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, INDIA; 2U.S. Forest Serv., PNW Research
Station, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, E-mail [email protected].
Lindgren multiple funnel traps were set up in central Oregon pine forests to determine the
response of scolytid bark beetles to 4-allylanisole (4AA) and ethanol. Traps were baited
with three release rates of 4AA (0, 0.6, 4.3 mg/h) and two release rates of ethanol (4.5,
41.4 mg/h) in a 3 x 2 factorial design. All baits had a 1:1 mixture of ?- and ?-pinene with a
release rate of 11.4 mg/h. Of the 13,396 scolytids caught, Dendroctonus valens made up
60%, Hylurgops spp. 18.5 %, Ips spp. 16 %, Hylastes spp. 1.8 %, Gnathotrichus retusus
0.9 %, and bark beetle predators another 2.8 %. Increasing the release rate of ethanol in
the absence of 4AA increased the number of most scolytid species caught by 1.5 to 3.7
times confirming its role as an attractant. Ips latidens, Temnochila chlorodia, and Clerid
predators were exceptions and did not show a response to higher ethanol release rates.
The release of 4AA at the lowest rate inhibited the response of most scolytids, with a
significant reduction in G. retusus, Hylastes macer, and Hylurgops porosus when
compared to traps without 4AA. The high release rate of 4AA further inhibited the
response for most beetles compared to low 4AA. Seven species were significantly
deterred by high 4AA including the latter three, and Hylastes longicollis, Hylastes
nigrinus, Hylurgops reticulatus, and Ips latidens. Exceptions include Hylurgops
subcostulatus which was attracted significantly to both low and high 4AA, and I. pini
which was attracted to low and high 4AA, but only in combination with low ethanol.
Dendroctonus valens was attracted significantly to the low 4AA, and unaffected by the
high 4AA. The predators appeared to be less inhibited by 4AA than most bark beetles.
Gnathotrichus retusus and Hylastes longicollis showed the most positive responses to
ethanol and they were also strongly inhibited by high 4AA. Although 4AA can deter the
response of some secondary bark beetles attracted to ethanol in combination with ?- and ?pinene, this inhibition could be weakened for certain species by increasing the release rate
of ethanol. 4-Allyl- anisole may have some utility for managing the behavior of secondary
bark beetles that are most sensitive to this compound.
Index terms: Methyl chavicol, bark beetles, primary attraction, host selection.
[1933] ATTRACTION OF SCOLYTUS UNISPINOSUS BARK BEETLES TO
WATER-STRESSED BRANCHES OF DOUGLAS-FIR CONTAINING ETHANOL
R. G. Kelsey1 & G. Joseph2, 1U.S. Forest Serv., PNW Research Station, 3200 Jefferson
Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, E-mail [email protected]; 2Dept. of Forest Science,
Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA., current address, Dept. of Crop Science,
UAS, GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, INDIA.
Three similar-sized branches on each of seven Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugae menziesii) trees
with a southern exposure were selected randomly to receive a water-stress, defoliation, or
control treatment. Water-stressed branches were prepared by freezing them at the base
with dry ice. Defoliated branches were also frozen with dry ice, but all secondary
branches and needles were immediately removed to eliminate transpiration and minimize
water loss. All water-stressed branches were attacked by Scolytus unispinosus at 12 to 24
days after imposing treatments, resulting in a significantly higher density of gallery holes
(107 m-2) than in the defoliated or control branches, which were not attacked. Needles and
woody tissues from stressed branches, sampled after being attacked, contained
significantly higher ethanol concentrations (2.91 to 15.26 ? mol g-1 fresh wt.) than tissue
from defoliated or control branches (0.005 to 0.12 ? mol g-1 fresh wt.), which did not
differ from each other. The water content in woody tissues and needles of stressed
branches was 40.9 and 28.1% of the amount in control branches, respectively, when
sampled for ethanol analysis. Woody tissues in defoliated branches remained moist, with
91.3% of the water in controls. Drying needles from water-stressed branches lost 18.3 to
33.7% of their total monoterpenes compared to needles on the controls. The mechanism
for ethanol synthesis in water-stressed branches appears to be distinctly different from that
of logs overwintering on the forest floor. Ethanol synthesis in stressed branches probably
was initiated by cytoplasmic acidification as a result of damage to cellular membranes
from drying and heating. Ethanol that accumulated in needles and woody tissues of
stressed branches functioned as a primary host attractant for S. unispinosus at our
Willamette Valley, Oregon, site.
Index terms: host selection, primary attraction, kairomones, ethanol, Scolytidae.
[1932] TERMITES (INSECTA: ISOPTERA) IN EUCALYPTUS SPP.
PLANTATIONS OF THE FOREST EXPERIMENTAL STATION, UNIVERSITY
OF SÃO PAULO, IN ANHEMBI, STATE OF SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL
[1934] ARTIFICIAL REARING OF AN AMBROSIA BEETLE, PLATYPUS
QUERCIVORUS (COLEOPTERA: PLATYPODIDAE) ON BOLTS OF A
DECIDUOUS OAK, QUERCUS SERRATA
L.K.Junqueira1 & E. Berti-Filho2, 1 Depto. de Ciências Florestais ESALQ/USP. E-mail:
[email protected]; 2Depto. de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola
- ESALQ/USP, C.P. 9, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP. Financial support: CAPES.
H. Kitajima, Dept. of Forest Biology, Forestry and Forest Products Res. Inst., Kukizaki,
Inashiki, Ibaraki-Pref., 305-8687, Japan, E-mail [email protected]
Termites are important pests of Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil, and considered a limiting
factor for the implantation of commercial forests, because they attack from seedlings to
adult trees. This research was carried out to determine the percentage of seedlings killed
by the termites species and to survey the termite species occurring in two Eucalyptus
plantations (area 1 - E. saligna, area 2 - E. urophylla x E. grandis) of the Forest
Experimental Station of the University of São Paulo, in Anhembi, State of São Paulo,
Brazil. A total of 9,198 seedlings were found attacked by the termites and 658 cardboard
traps (Termitrap ? ), distributed in a 9.0 m x 10.0 m spacing, were used for a 3 week
period. The results were as follows: Area 1 (E. saligna) - 11.08% of dead seedlings and
4,29% of cardboard with termites (Embiratermes sp., Cornitermes sp. and Heterotermes
tenuis); Area 2 (E. urophylla x E. grandis) - 9.15% of dead seedlings and 2.09% of
cardboard with termites (Cornitermes cunulans, H. tenuis, and specimens of the Subfamily
Apicotermitinae). It is suggested that the cardboard traps do not show the same efficiency
observed in the agricultural areas, because in forested areas there are roots, remainings of
bark and wood which are more attractive to the termites.
Index terms: eucalipts, termites, sampling, traps
488
The ambrosia beetle Platypus quercivorus is a pest of oak and other broad-leaved trees and
is a supposed vector of a pathogenic fungus causing mass mortality of oak trees in Japan.
A method of inducing P. quercivorus adults to initiate reproduction in bolts (50 cm long,
6.7 to 12.0 cm long) of a deciduous oak, Quercus serrata, one of the host species of the
beetle, was developed. Used individuals were new adults that had emerged from attacked
trees of Q. mongolica. One soaked bolt immersed in water for 10 to 15 days under a
condition of 25ºC 16L8D and a unsoaked bolt stored at 5ºC were put in three plastic boxes
(41×70×35cm), and kept at the same condition. Fifteen adult males were released into
each plastic box, then the number of holes bored by the males was counted daily for one
week. A mean of 26±5(SE) % of the released males initiated holes on the soaked bolt,
while no males attacked the unsoaked one. The rate increased to 78±3 % by placing the
soaked bolt on wet bog moss spread on the bottom of the plastic cases. A single virgin
female was introduced into the entrance of holes with living males to induce copulation.
Copulation occurred at 55 and 83% of the tested holes on the 3rd and 4th day after the
males initiated them. In cases where copulation did not occur, introduced females paid no
attention to the holes or males rejected copulating with females. Therefore, the best time
of introduction of the female was the 4th day after the male initiated a hole. After 30 days
from introduction of females, one bolt with 11 holes each with a pair of adults was
dissected and development of progeny was investigated. The 11 pairs had excavated
galleries, and ten of them had a large number of eggs and 1st to 5th instar larvae in the
galleries. These results indicate the possibility of rearing P. quercivorus under artificial
conditions.
Index terms: soaked bolt, male induction, copulation, development of progeny.
[1935] MAIN INSECT FOREST
PATAGONIA ARGENTINA
PESTS
AFFECTING
PINES
IN
THE
[1937] CHEMICAL PROTECTION OF EUCALYPTUS SEEDLINGS FOR LEAF
CUTTING ANT DAMAGE
P. Klasmer1, E.N. Botto2, J.C. Corley3, J.M. Villacide3 & V.F. Arhex3, 1 INTA, El
Bolsón, (8430), Rio Negro, Argentina.; 2INTA, IMYZA, CNIA, (1712) Castelar, Buenos
Aires, Argentina. 3INTA, S. C. de Bariloche, (8400), Rio Negro, Argentina.
D. Link, Centro de Ciencias Rurais-UFSM. Cidade Universitaria, Predio 42, Santa Maria,
RS. 97105-900 Brasil.
Insect forest pests are the main adversities affecting pines production in the Patagonia
region of Argentina. Among the different insects causing damage to pine plantations only
two exotic pest are really relevant due to its economical impact, the siricid woodwasp
Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and the european pine shoot moth Rhyacionia
buoliana. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). S. noctilio (SN) was accidentally introduced in the
Patagonia in 1989 and detected in plantations in 1993. It is at present well established and
spreading slowly in the area nearby San Carlos de Bariloche (province of Rio Negro).
Bioecological studies started in 1993 revealed that the pest could have a one, a two or a
three years generation as well as Ibalia leucospoides (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae), a natural
enemy of SN, introduced into the area simultaneously with the woodwasp. Although
population levels of SN are not significantly high its sole presence and its potential to kill
live trees became a real threat to the promoted forest production in the region. Therefore
biological control strategies based on the use of the above mentioned I. leucospoides, the
recently introduced nematode Deladenus siricidicola (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) and
the exotic entomophagous parasitoids Rhyssa sp. and Megarhyssa sp. (Hymenoptera:
Ichneumonidae) has been started. The european pine shoot moth (EPSM) became a pest
to the pines in the Patagonia in 1981. At present this insect is well established in the
provinces of Chubut, Neuquen and Rio Negro. In this region EPSM has only one
generation per year (univoltine pest). Despite population levels recorded for EPSM in the
Patagonia are not as high as those observed in other countries (i.e., Chile), this pest
accounted for the 20% to 30% damage assessed in most pine plantations surveyed.
Fortunately EPSM is being naturally attacked by a set of entomophagous parasitoids
acting on different life stages of the moth: Trichogramma sp. (Hymenoptera:
Trichogrammatidae) on eggs, Orgilus obscurator (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) on
larvae and Coccigomymus fuscipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on pupae. The role of
these biological control agents as well as the performance of the introduced egg parasitoid
Trichogramma nerudai, are being evaluated to be used in biocontrol strategies.
[1936] PERFORMANCE OF NEEDLE-FEEDING INSECTS ON SCOTS PINES
EXPOSED TO DROUGHT AND NUTRIENT STRESS
M. Kyto, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Centre, P.O.Box 18, FIN01301 Vantaa, Finland, E-mail [email protected].
11-year-old Scots pines growing on a forest site with limited nutrient availability were
subjected to four different treatment combinations consisting of water deprivation/natural
water availability and NP-fertilization/natural nutrient availability. Pine sawfly (Diprion
pini) larvae and grey pine aphids (Schizolachnus pineti) were reared on the trees in two
consecutive years to study the effects of host tree stress on their performance. The
treatments clearly affected tree growth, the concentrations of nitrogen and amino acids in
the needles, and the carbon-nutrient ratio. Effects on starch and sugar concentrations of the
needles were less marked, and the resin acid concentration was unaffected by the
treatments. Results from the insect rearing experiments (sawfly cocoon size, diapause, and
egg-production; aphid survival and reproduction rate) are presented and discussed.
Index terms: Diprion pini, Schizolachnus pineti, Pinus sylvestris, resistance, defoliator
The leaf cutting ants are the most important defoliators of the cultivated forest trees in
Brazil. A search was made to evaluate the effects of chemical products against leaf cutting
ant damage on Eucalyptus seedlings after field planting. The defoliation caused by the leaf
cutting ant, Acromyrmex crassispinus can give rise to the seedling death. Seedlings were
sprayed with 0.7, 1.05, 1.4 and 2.1g a.i. of Thiamethoxam; 1.4, 2.1, 2.8 and 3.5g a.i; of
Imidacloprid; 0.7 and 3.3g a.i. of Acetamiprid; 0.7, 1.05 and 1.75g a.i. of Thiodicarb; 1.6
and 2.4g a.i. of Fipronil and water (check). Each treatment was sprayed on 1,000 seedlings
before field planting. Two check treatments were used, one with E. saligna seedlings and
another with E. camaldulensis. ! 20g1033 Each two or three days the experimental area
was examinated and annotated the data of damaged seedlings and ant nests.
Thiamethoxam, Imidacloprid and Acetamiprid shielded the seedlings during two months
against the ant damage and Thiodicarb and Fipronil during a month. The defoliation at
check treatments changed of 4.7% in E. saligna at 13.5% in E. camaldulensis.
Index terms: Acromyrmex crassispinus, cultivated forest, pesticides, losses
[1938] SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF NESTS OF THE LEAF CUTTING ANT
ATTA SEXDENS RUBROPILOSA (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) IN
PLANTATIONS OF EUCALYPTUS UROPHYLLA IN BRAZIL
E. T. Lopes1, J. C. Zanuncio2, L. Couto1 & D. Pratissoli3, 1 Dep. de Engenharia
Florestal, Univ. Federal de Viçosa, 36.571-000 Viçosa, MG, BRAZIL. 2 Dep. de Biologia
Animal, Univ. Federal de Viçosa, 36.571-000 Viçosa, MG, BRAZIL. E-mail:
[email protected]. 3 Dep. de Fitossanidade, Univ. Federal do Espirito Santo, 29.500000, Alegre, ES, BRAZIL.
Atta and Acromyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) leaf cutting ants are important pests in
Brazil because they are adapted to the majority of ecosystems in this country specially to
those disturbed by activities of human being. This research was developed in June and
July 1998 in Montes Claros, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil in ten blocks of a 72 months
old Eucalyptus urophylla plantation with 365.4 hectares. This region presents average
altitude of 630 meters, Latitude of 16? 43' 32'' South, Longitude of 43? 51' 52'' West and
tropical hot dry climate with temperatures between 25? and 40? in the summer. Mean
rainfall is 1,000 mm concentrated mainly in November and December with an average
relative humidity of 65.0%. All ant colonies of the leaf cutting ant Atta sexdens
rubropilosa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were identified, mapped and their areas were
measured considering the largest length and width of each ant colony besides their
respective distance from the nearest border of each block of Eucalyptus. After this a fog
equipment was used to find the number of ant holes per ant colony. All ant colonies of
this leaf cutting ant were distributed in classes according to their location from the border
of each block of Eucalyptus. A total of 222 ant colonies of A. sexdens rubropilosa was
found with largest percentages of ant colonies, total area of ant colony and number of ant
holes in the classes from 0.0 to 10.0 meters with respectively, 29.3%; 22.7% and 10.3%
for each of these parameters. If a total of 20.0%; 40.0%; 60.0%; 80.0% and 100.0% of
ant colonies of this leaf cutting is controlled in this area of Eucalyptus the total area
controlled would be 64.00; 113.70; 179.70; 240.30 and 319.10 hectares, respectively, out
of 365.40 hectares. The knowledge of the spatial distribution of ant colonies of A. sexdens
rubropilosa in plantations of Eucalyptus could allow the control of this pest in strips inside
their border thus reducing labour costs and amount of insecticides in the environment.
Index terms: Atta sexdens rubropilosa, spatial distribution, monitoring, reforestation
489
[1939] APPLICATION OF A GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM TO
THE STUDY OF SIREX NOCTILIO (HYMENOPTERA-SIRICIDAE) IN
CALAMUCHITA VALLEY, CÓRDOBA, ARGENTINA
A. Lopez1; M. Demaestri; E. Zupan; G. Moretti;O. Barotto; J. Gonzáles & G. Balbi,
Univ. Nac de Río Cuarto-R. N. 36 km 601-5800 Río Cuarto- Argentina. E-mail:
[email protected]
Since l996 work was carned out at the University of Rio Cuarto, Argentina, using a
System of Geographical Information (SIG) to gather knowledge about presence,
distribution and severity of damage made by the "Pine Borer Wasp"(Sirex noctilio F.)in
Calamuchita Valley. This methodology has not been applied previously in this country. Its
importance rest on the benefit of making possible the ordinately assembling of a great
number of data for processing, modyfying, amplifying, and combining them at will.
Feeding a data base with damage percentages obtained in several locations, insect
outbreaks development and stabilization, and age of forested areas, would allow to analyze
the yearly evolution of S. noctilio in the region with the aim to establish a strategy of
management of the pest.The area of study consist of 36.200 forested hectareas with 3l.125
of Pinus elliottii being the rest been planted with P. taeda and P. radiata. Seven
operational areas were established according to the geographical location, planimetric
surface (has.), age of trees over 10 years old, and management of the forest. To quantify
the grade of outbreaks permanent transects were utilized. In each operational area three
sample seasons were fixed up with at least two transects, of 200 trees long. These trees
were distributed into two contiguous lines running through different landscapes (lowland,
hillside, and hill). Monitoring data were used to feed the SIG made up of two different
data base frames: spatial and thematic information. The graphical outcomes are analog
maps made up by means visual analysis of fhotogramas, scale 1:50.000, digital processing
of satellite image analysis LandSat TM 5 and generation of thematic maps. To digitalize
the analog information the vectorial system ARC/INFO was applied. Database were
created using the entity-relation model with Visual dBASE, 1995 software. The
information is cartographically modelled with the ARCVIEW software, using the digital
obervation provided by the "Atlas del Suelo INTA, 1995".
[1941] DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF BEES IN AN ARAUCARIA FOREST
OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRAZIL
Birgit Harter Marques 1,2 , 1 LPB, PUCRS, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, e-mail
[email protected]; 2Zool. Inst., Univ. of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
The south Brazilian Araucaria forest is part of the Atlantic rain forest biom. This special
type of forest is mainly found at higher altitudes. Originally it covered most of the upper
mountain ranges from Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul. Massive
clearings during the past decades have left only small remnants of this ecosystem. In an
Araucaria forest reserve of 4,500 ha located on the Serra Geral at 30° S comprising
primary and secondary forest as well shrub and grassland areas, the effect of habitat
fragmentation on the apifauna and the melittophilous flora was studied over a period of
four years. Bees of nearly 200 species were recorded visiting flowers of also about 200
species of plants belonging to 53 families. Within the bee sample, the halictides
represented the greatest ? -diversity, followed by anthophorides, megachilides, andrenides
and colletides. Only 15 species of Apidae were recorded. Bee of about 1/3 of the species
were observed on flowering plants in all the different habitats. Others occurred only in the
forest or in the secondary vegetation. Foraging stingless bees were the most abundant
flower visitors, especially in arboreus habitats. In the open grassland halictids were the
dominating foragers. There was some correlation in species richness between the taxa of
abundant bees and the families of mainly exploited plants. Within these melittophilous
plants, asteracean shrubs were the most important nectar and pollen sources. There impact
as pioneer elements in the succession of natural Araucaria forest regeneration and the role
of a highly divers bee community in angiosperm pollination in this ecosystem is discussed.
Index terms: Araucaria forest, bee diversity, melittophilous plants, ecosystem analysis.
[1940]ANALYSIS OF THE DEGRADATION OF THE WOOD OF SIX FOREST
SPECIES FOR SCOLYTIDAE (COLEOPTERA)
[1942] USDA FOREST SERVICE FOREST HEALTH
INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS AND ACTIVITIES
A. M. Lunz1 & A. G. Carvalho1, 1Depto. Produtos Florestais, Univ. Fed. Rural do Rio de
Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23851-970, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]
J. D. McMillin1 & D. B. Twardus2, 1USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Management,
Rapid City, SD 57702, USA, E-mail jmcmilli/[email protected]; 2USDA Forest
Service, Forest Health Protection, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
The field rehearsals are valid in the evaluation certain arboreal species when exposed to
the action of degradation agents. Bodies of test of standardized dimensions were put
outdoors so that, through periodic inspections, it was possible to observe the degradation
of the wood. Among the degradation agents are the coleopterans of the family Scolytidae,
that attack wounded and recently abated trees. The study was driven in the period of
September 11, 1998 to April 2, 1999, in the campus of the Universidade Federal Rural do
Rio de Janeiro, in a total of twelve collections. This work had as objective to verify the
attraction degree of wood of six forest species when exposed to the atmosphere, using a
methodology similar to the rehearsal of traditional field. The following species were
chosen: Clitoria fairchildiana (sombreiro), Samanea saman, Gmelina arborea,
Lophantera lactescens (lanterneira), Mimosa caesalpinaefolia (sabiá) and Eucalyptus
citriodora. Ten bodies of test of each species were cut, measuring 1,20 m of length and
with medium diameter of 17 cm. After the beginning of the exhibition, evaluations were
weekly accomplished to register of the beginning of the attack of the insects. Samples of
10 cm of length were removed of each test body, biweekly, after having been verified that
the attack had begun. One of the variables analyzed in the retired samples in the field was
the number of perforations done by the insects. A total of 1497 perforations were counted,
being almost whole done by Scolytidae. The action of another families of wood-boring
beetles was verified in the presence of perforations and typical galleries of Bostrichidae
and Platypodidae, besides some postures, galleries and holes of emergency of
Cerambycidae. The species C. fairchildiana were more attacked, with 731 perforations
(48,83%), proceeded by S. saman, with 458 (30,59%); E. citriodora, with 179 (11,96%);
M. caesalpinaefolia, with 84 (5,61%); L. lactescens, with 26 (1,74%), and Gmelina
arborea, with just 19 perforations (1,27%). The percentage of perforation of the first two
species was superior significantly to the others at level of 5% of probabilities. This
presupposes physical and chemical properties especially adapted to the development of
those agents degradadores in these two species, or still, they can liberate attractive
chemical components to the insects in larger amount than the other wood, demanding
larger attention to avoid an accentuated degradation when exposed in the field.
Index terms: Test bodies, Perfurations, Cerambycidae, Bostrichidae, Platypodidae
490
PROTECTION
The USDA Forest Service Forest Health Protection (FHP) provides assistance in the
identification, monitoring, and management of insects and diseases on federal, state and
private lands in the United States. Because of trade agreements, the ease of travel between
countries, increased demands worldwide on forest resources, and the threat of exotic
insects and diseases to native forests, FHP is also actively involved in the international
arena. An International Activity Plan guides FHP international activities. Goals of the
Plan and examples of FHP projects toward meeting these goals include: Goal 1. U.S.
Forests are protected from exotic pests. Includes reviewing and supporting regulatory
laws, policies, and programs. And, identifying and developing technologies to assist in
protecting U.S. forests. This latter effort has included: cooperative port monitoring in the
Russian Far East for Asian gypsy moth, investigating potential natural enemies of the
common pine shoot beetle, and identifying semiochemicals for use in detection of Asian
long-horned beetle. Goal 2.
North American countries have strong forest pest
management programs. This includes developing cooperative projects, sharing technical
expertise, and enhancing working relationships. For example, aerial survey detection
training has been provided to strengthen the Mexican pest management program. Goal 3.
Biological control options are in place to protect forests from exotic pests. Objectives
include increasing our knowledge of biological control techniques and where feasible
developing and implementing biological control programs. A biological control program
for hemlock wooly adelgid is currently underway in the eastern U.S. In addition, efforts to
coordinate a biological control program for mealybug in the Peoples Republic of China is
in progress. Goal 4. Forest health technology and expertise are shared worldwide.
Technical assistance has been made available including the evaluation of remote sensing
needs and capabilities of detecting Sirex in Brazil, providing assistance in aerial
application for gypsy moth suppression in Bulgaria, and hosting visiting scientists for the
purpose of sharing information and technology. These examples are only a few of the
more than 65 projects in 20 countries that FHP has participated in over the last two years.
FHP international activity partners include the participating countries, the UNFAO,
USAID, USDA Forest Service International Programs and APHIS. USDA FS Forest
Health Protection continues to explore opportunities for additional partnerships and
activities worldwide.
Index terms: Forest health management, international forestry
[1943] IMPACTS OF DOUGLAS-FIR BEETLE ON FOREST OVERSTORY AND
UNDERSTORY CONDITIONS OF THE GREATER YELLOWSTONE AREA
[1945] IMPACT OF DEFOLIATION BY COSTALIMAITA FERRUGINEA
(COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS
J. D. McMillin1 & K. K. Allen1, 1USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Management,
Rapid City, SD 57702, USA, E-mail jmcmilli/[email protected].
J. E. P. Mendes1, N. Anjos1 & F. R. A. de Camargo2, 1Dept. of Animal Biology
(Entomology), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, P. H. Rolfs Avenue, n/w. Zip code 36571000, Viçosa – MG, Brazil. E-Mail: [email protected]. 2Votorantim Celulose e Papel,
Dept. Research Unity Jacareí, H. Gal. Euryale de Jesus Zerbine, Km 84, Zip Code 12300000, Jacareí – SP, Brazil.
Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae) infestations frequently result from
disturbance events that create large volumes of weakened Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) trees. Although research has focused on determining the susceptibility of forest
stands to Douglas-fir beetle and predicting the amount of tree mortality caused by
Douglas-fir beetle infestations following disturbance events, there has been an inadequate
amount of work on consequent changes in both the overstory and understory. In the early
1990’s, populations of Douglas-fir beetle increased in fire-scorched trees and then infested
undamaged neighboring stands on the Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming, U.S.A. In
1999, transect sampling (32 km) and 25 pairs of previously infested and uninfested plots
were used to quantify changes in forest stand conditions and subsequent responses in the
understory caused by Douglas-fir beetle infestations. Significant effects of the Douglas-fir
beetle infestation included: 1) Basal area was reduced by 40 - 70 percent, average tree
diameter decreased by 8 - 40 percent, and the Douglas-fir component of the overstory
decreased by more than 15 percent. 2) Conifer seedling regeneration increased nearly
four-fold in the infested plots and 90 percent of the regeneration was Douglas-fir. 3) The
understory vegetation (forbs, grass, and shrubs) had a three-fold increase in the infested
plots compared with uninfested plots. In addition, basal area of Douglas-fir killed by the
Douglas-fir beetle was significantly correlated with initial Douglas-fir basal area and
percent of Douglas-fir, but not tree diameter or trees per hectare. Significant inverse
relationships were also found between post-infestation basal area and the abundance of
forbs, grass, shrubs, and understory height. Douglas-fir beetle infestations are causing
significant short-term impacts in both the overstory and understory and contributing to the
mosaic in forest structure observed in the Shoshone National Forest.
Index terms: Bark beetles, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, forest succession, insect impact
[1944] NEW RECORDS OF COLEOPTERA AND HYMENOPTERA FROM
ARAUCARIA ANGUSTIFOLIA TREES IN THE SOUTH OF BRAZIL
R. Mecke1,2, W. Engels2 & M. H. M. Galileo3, 1Lab. Pesq. Biol., Pontifícia Univ.
Católica, P. O. Box 1429, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil; 2Zoolog. Inst., Univ.
Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, E-mail [email protected]; 3Mus. Ciênc. Nat., Fundação Zoobot., P. O. Box 1188, Porto Alegre, RS,
90001-970, Brazil.
During a reforestation research project looking for more efficient methods to restore the
South-Brazilian araucarian forests, the insect fauna associated with the parana pine
(Araucaria angustifolia) has been investigated. The study has been realized in the area of
the “Centro de Pesquisas e Conservação da Natureza Pró-Mata” of the Pontifícia
Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil), located on the
Serra Geral at S 29° 28´, W 50° 10´. A special interest was given to the Coleoptera and
Hymenoptera developing under the bark, in the wood or in the reproductive organs of A.
angustifolia and also to the predators of these insects. To extract the insects from the plant
material (wood, male and female cones) photoeclectors have been used. Additionally
larvae, pupae and adults have been collected by hand. The collected phytophagous,
entomophagous and parasitic insects belong to the families Alleculidae, Brentidae,
Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Cleridae, Curculionidae, Melandryidae, Nemonychidae,
Oedemeridae, Ostomatidae, Platypodidae, Scolytidae, Silvanidae (Coleoptera),
Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Orussidae, Xiphydriidae (Hymenoptera). Altogether there
have been found more than 20 new records of Coleoptera and Hymenoptera species for the
parana pine, at least 3 of them being new species. For the first time a wood-boring sawfly
species (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) has been recorded developing in branches of
araucaria trees. There could be reared a large series of this species which now gives the
possibility to describe the intraspecific variation of a neotropical xiphydriid wasp.
Furthermore the relationships between some wood-boring Coleoptera (Cerambycidae,
Curculionidae, Scolytidae) and their natural antagonists (Brentidae, Cleridae, Ostomatidae,
Braconidae, Ichneumonidae) have been analysed.
Index terms: forest entomology, reforestation, parana pine, biological control.
The objectives of this work was evaluate the population dynamics and the injuries caused
by Costalimaita ferruginea, as well as the consequences of its attack on a young plantation
of Eucalyptus grandis, in Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo State, Brazil. The worst focus
technique was used throughout the period of study as the monitoring system of the C.
ferruginea population dynamics at Votorantim Celulose e Papel. An experiment was
carried out soon after the end of the outbreak, to evaluate the consequences of the attack,
where three pest attack intensities were evaluated as well as a control. The experimental
design used was in random blocks, with five repetitions. It was measured the diameters of
the trunk at 20 cm and 1,30 m of the soil, the height and the survival of the trees at four
time intervals after the attack. The wood volume was calculated and the relationships
among the growths in diameter and height, were studied besides the distributions of
frequencies of diameters and height. The obtained data were submitted the regression
analysis and the models compared by the test of F (p? 0,05). The quality of the trees 12
months after the attack were also evaluated. Tukey’s multiple range test (p? 0,05) was
used to compare the quality of the trees and frequency distribution. The injuries happened
from the apex to the base of the canopy and they increased with time. The impacts on the
growth and production of the trees increased, proportionally, with the different intensities
of attack of the pest and with time. Which ranged from 2,38 and 13,93%, for DA20; 2,63
and 13,47% for DAP; 1,35 and 10,34% for height and, 4,28 and 28,45% for the wood
volume 24 months after the attack. The rate of trunk diameter growth (DA20/DAP), as
well as the rates between height and diameters (H/DA20 and H/DAP) were only altered by
the largest attack intensity. The frequency distributions were altered with the attack
intensity, altering the dynamics of the plantation growth. The trees more intensely attacked
were more tortuous and suffered alterations in the process of natural disbudding, and they
also had an increase in mortality and decrease in the volumetric production. Therefore,
Costalimaita ferruginea is a pest of great importance for young plantations of eucalypts.
Index terms: forestry insects, leaf beetle, Integrated management, eucalypts, defoliation
[1946] EFFICIENCY OF GRANULATED SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES TO
ELIMINATE THE COPTOTERMES HAVILANDI COLONIES ATTACKING
ROOTS OF TREES
E. B. Menezes1, L. O. Andrade1, A. C. Bicalho1, G. T. Araújo1 & E. L. AguiarMenezes2, 1CIMP “CRG”/ UFRRJ, BR 465, km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil, Email [email protected]; 2Embrapa Agrobiologia, Caixa Postal 74505, Seropédica, RJ
23840-000, Brazil, E-mail [email protected].
The subterranean termite Coptotermes havilandi is an exotic species and considerate the
worse pest in urban, suburban and rural areas of Brazil. However, the real concentration is
in the metropolis like São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Niterói. This pest are adapted to the
residential buildings, commercial buildings, fabrics, etc. The occurrence of this pest has
been found attacking root system of trees that are used as shade and/or ornamental plants
in the streets, avenues, parking lots, and as fruit trees in the backyards of houses. This
present research had as objective to verify the efficiency of four systemic insecticides used
in the granulated formulation applied in the soil to control C. havilandi. The insecticides
used were never indicated and registered to control the infestation of C. havilandi in any
circumstances. Preliminary observations showed that the infestation of the roots of the
majority of the trees, when isolated or not, is very frequent. In such case, four insecticides
of the toxicological class I were chosen to analysis their efficacy as contact, stomach or
fumigant products against this species. Aldicarb 150G, carbofuran 50G, termophos 50G
and carbosulfan 50G were used in the dosages recommended to control the coffee pests by
the manufacturers. Five different species of native trees and five exotic trees were chosen
for treatment. The native trees were: cashew (Anacardium ocidentali); jobo plum (Spondia
venulosa); pinecone (Rollinia mucosa); guava (Psidium guajava); and Clitoria
faschildiana (shade tree). The exotic ones were: flamboyant (Delonix spp.); eucalyptus
(Eucaliptus spp.); Casuarina spp.; mango (Mangifera indica); and avocado (Persia
americana). Before the treatments, we used monitoring stakes for detecting the presence
of the termites. Although we had suspected of the presence of the nests in the root system,
the method used for inspection was not enough to detect them. The four insecticides used
showed 100% of efficiency, destroying the colonies completely in a short time. However,
aldicarb 150G showed to be more efficient than the others in relation to the its time of
action. It killed C. havilandi in 24 hours after the application, while the others had their
action delayed (48 hours). However, there was no significant difference among the
treatments.
Index terms: subterranean termite, chemical control
491
[1947] PRELIMINARY INVENTORY OF ARBOREAL INSECTS IN SANTA
MARIA, RS, BRAZIL
[1949] CONSUMPTION AND UTILIZATION OF THREE SPECIES OF
EUCALYPTUS BY THYRINTEINA ARNOBIA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
A. B. B. Morais, Depto. de Biologia, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria,
97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil e-mail: [email protected]
A.L.T. Ottati1 & C.F. Wilcken1, 1Dept. Plant Production, FCA/UNESP, Campus of
Botucatu, P.O. Box 237, Botucatu, SP, 18603-970, Brazil, E-mail: [email protected]
Santa Maria city is localized in the transition zone between Brazilian Meridional Plain and
Central Depression, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The subtropical forest, originally
covering the highest localities, is now fragmented and differentialy modified by human
settlement. The present study aims to obtain a preliminary inventory of arboreal insects
and evaluate them as bioindicators of ambiental disturbance. Three field places were
visited from March 1998 to February 1999: Cidade dos Meninos, Perau Velho and São
Marcos. Insects were collected by use of a beating umbrella and conserved in 70? alcohol.
From 5805 insects collected, 2074 in 15 Orders (35.73%) were from CM, 1940 in 12
Orders (33.42%) were from PV, and 1791 in 15 Orders were from SM. CM is the place
with the greatest vegetation coverture from the three field places while SM is the smallest
and more disturbed what could have influenced on the less frequency of insects collected
in the later. Four Orders summed 78.59% of all insects: the O. Lepidoptera was the most
abundant (1641 individuals, mostly larvae – 28.27%), followed by O. Coleoptera (1166
individuals – 20.09%), O. Hymenoptera (997 individuals, mostly ants – 17.17%), and O.
Heteroptera (758 individuals – 13.06%). By place, in CM O. Lepidoptera was the most
abundant, followed by O. Hymenoptera, O. Coleoptera and O. Heteroptera; in PV O.
Lepidoptera was the most abundant, followed by O. Coleoptera, O. Heteroptera, and O.
Hymenoptera; and in SM O. Coleoptera was the most abundant, followed by O.
Lepidoptera, O. Hymenoptera, and O. Heteroptera. O. Psocoptera had higher frequency
(n=162) in SM than in CM (n=95) and PV (n=49). In conclusion, it seems that insects
could have a good potential to be used as disturbance bioindicators.
Index terms: Lepidoptera; Coleoptera; Hymenoptera; Heteroptera; bioindicators.
Food intake and utilization indices are indicators of an insect's alimentary behavior and
some of its relationships with respective host plants. Thyrinteina arnobia is considered one
of the most important Eucalyptus pests in Brazil. This experiment was conducted
considering the economic importance of this defoliator and the need of alternative means
of its control (other than the chemical). The main objective was to compare the above
mentioned indices in insects fed with three Eucalyptus species (E. camaldulensis, E.
dunnii and E. urophylla), for two consecutive generations. Leaves used in the experiment
were collected at the FCA/UNESP (Botucatu, São Paulo state) campus and the studies
were cariied out at the Entomology Laboratory of the Plant Production Department
(FCA/UNESP). under a temperature of 25 + 1o C, relative humidity of 70 + 5% and
photophase of 13 hours. The experimental design was a completeley randomized design,
with 3 treatments and 100 replications. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and
means separated by Tukey test.Results showed that the relative consumption rate (RCR),
the efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and digested food (ECD) were not
influenced by the three host plant species. The relative growth rate (RGR), relative
metabolic rate (RMR) and approximate digestibility (AD) were lowest for the caterpillars
fed with E. urophylla in the first generation. For the second generation, RCR, RGR, RMR
and AD were highest for the caterpillars fed with E. camaldulensis and E. urophylla, ECI
was similar for the three host plants and ECD was higher under E. dunnii. We also verified
that the performance of T. arnobia in the second generation under E. dunnii was worser
than when compared to the first generation insects; caterpillars fed with E. camaldulensis
kept the same performance while insects fed with E. urophylla had in improve in its
performance, when compared to their first generation.
Index terms: Forest pest, integrated management pest, eucalypt
[1948] EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT INSECTICIDES IN CONTROL OF
NURSERY FLY SCYTHROPOCHROA SP. (DIPTERA: SCIARIDAE) IN
EUCALYPTUS SEEDLINGS
[1950] MONITORING OF LEPIDOPTERA DEFOLIATORS OF EUCALYPTUS IN
NIQUELÂNDIA, STATE OF GOIÁS, BRAZIL
C. Orlato1, C. F. Wilcken1, C. C. Ortiz2 & J. C. Augusti2, 1Dept. of Crop Production,
FCA / UNESP – Campus of Botucatu, P. O. Box 237, Botucatu, SP, 18603-970, BR, Email [email protected]; 2Bahia Sul Celulose S.A., Rod. BR 101, Km 880, Teixeira
de Freitas, BA, 45995-000, BR.
The flies of family Sciaridae have been occurred since 1990 on many of Brazilian
eucalyptus nurseries. Scythropochroa sp. larvae causes damages to the root system of
seedlings obtained by vegetative propagation, causing plant mortality. The larvae take 5
mm long in the last instar and it develops in the substratum of the seedlings. This work
was carried out at the Bahia Sul Celulose S.A. eucalyptus nursery, in Mucuri – BA –
Brazil. Into one of the greenhouses were settled two pest control experiments using
manual drench in the substratum as the way of products application: just with one
application (test 1) and with two applications (test 2). The insecticides treatments were:
Vectobac AS (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis) in the dosages of 280 and 560 ml c.
p. / 100 l of water (treatments 1 and 2); Trigard 750 PM (Cyromazin) in the dosages of 15
and 30 g of c. p. / 100 l of water (treatments 3 and 4); Decis 25 CE (Deltamethrin) in the
dosages of 20 and 40 ml c. p. / 100 l of water (treatments 5 and 6) and the check (treatment
7). Both experiments were carried out in the 10th day after stalking, but one day before (9th
day) the attack was previously evaluated. In the test 2, the plots of each treatment with
insecticide received the second application, at 7 days after the beginning of the test, using
the same first application dosages. Both experiments were evaluated in each 3 days, taking
out in random 10 stalks per each tray and verifying the larvae number and its level of
damage in each stake. The statistical delineation used for each experiment was
randomized, with 7 treatments and 10 repetitions. The obtained results were submitted to
the analysis of variance and the averages compared by Tukey's test to the level of 5% of
probability. In the test 1, the treatments that were pointed out through rooting period were
Vectobac AS 560 ml / 100 l (T2) and Decis 25 CE 40 ml / 100 l (T6), exhibiting
respectively at the final control evaluation 77,9 % and 62,3 % of efficiency. In the test 2
pointed out Vectobac AS (T2) and Decis 25 CE (T6) again, reaching 100% of control in
the evaluations after 9 and 12 days (T6) and 12 and 15 days (T2), of the beginning of the
test. In the final evaluation (28 days into greenhouse) was detected the importance of the
second application, showing how efficient are the biological insecticide BTi (E = 97,2 %)
and deltamethrin (E = 95,5 %).
Index terms: nursery fly, forest nursery, greenhouse, chemical control, biological control.
492
J. M. M. Pereira, T. V. Zanuncio, J. C Zanuncio. & M. A. Guimarães, Dep. de
Biologia Animal, Univ. Federal de Viçosa, 36.571-000, Viçosa, MG, BRASIL. E-mail:
[email protected].
Population fluctuation of Lepidoptera primary and secondary pests of Eucalyptus was
studied in Niquelândia, State of Goiás, Brazil from May 1991 to April 1996. Every fifteen
days Lepidoptera species were collected with light traps powered by twelve volt batteries.
Ten primary pest species with 3,846.90 individuals and 13 secondary pests with 137.85
individuals per light trap were collected. Most abundant pest species were: primary pests Thyrinteina arnobia (Geometridae), Sarsina violascens (Lymantriidae), Psorocampa
denticulata (Notodontidae); secondary pest species - Idalus admirabilis (Arctiidae) and
Citheronia marion (Saturniidae); with 2,021.18; 842.27; 421.24; 44.16 and 28.92
individuals per light trap, respectivelly. Highest numbers of individuals of primary pest
species were registered from May to June while secondary pest species were more
abundant in January and October. For this reason, monitoring of these species should be
done during this period which can be made with different methods such as cloths under
Eucalyptus plants, light traps or counting the number of caterpillars per branch of those
trees. Population of pest species can be detected with these methods allowing a better
control of them with less damage to Eucalyptus trees.
Index terms: Eucalyptus, Lepidoptera defoliators, monitoring
[1951] MANAGEMENT OF HEADWATER FOREST STREAMS: ISSUES OF
INSECT DIVERSITY AND BIOMASS PRODUCTION FOR VERTEBRATE
PREDATORS
[1953] DEVELOPMENT OF PSILOPTERA SP. (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE)
IN STUMPS OF PINUS CARIBAEA, IN THE NORTHEAST REGION OF THE
STATE OF BAHIA, BRAZIL
R. A. Progar & A. R. Moldenke, Dept. of Entomology, Cordley Hall 2046, Oregon State
Univ, Corvallis, OR, USA 97331 E-mail: [email protected].
The riparian areas encompassing headwater streams comprise over fifty percent of
federally managed land in the Pacific Northwest. Forest management practices and their
consequences (for example, compaction or disturbance) are likely to have direct effects on
the abundance and diversity of arthropods in these sensitive habitats, and indirect effects
through the foodweb on vertebrates of concern. We examined the effect of stream flow
(perennial vs. dry-season temporary), and canopy presence on the pre-harvest insect fauna
collected from emergence traps in headwater streams at three sites in the conifer forests of
western Oregon. Density and biomass of aquatic insects were higher in temporary streams
in the spring, but higher in perennial streams during the summer. Taxon richness was
continuously higher in perennial streams. The abundance of Chironomidae exceeded all
other taxa during the spring, but was largely replaced by Mycetophilidae as the most
abundant taxon during the summer, especially in temporary streams. Trichoptera and
Ephemeroptera emerged in higher numbers from perennial than from temporary streams.
These results are consistent with our hypothesis that the absence of vertebrate predators
(fish and giant salamanders) allows the density of arthropods in temporary streams to
flourish, serving as: (1) a potential source of colonization for perennial streams and (2) an
important role in the terrestrial food web as an abundant food source for insectivorous
vertebrates. We also examined the effect of canopy presence vs. clearcut on the insect
fauna. Headwater streams flowing through clearcut uplands support higher densities,
biomass and richness than forested streams. The proliferation of aquatic insects in
headwater streams flowing through clearcuts is presumably due to the increased primary
production from increased insolation, and higher diversity of allochthonous detritus. Pitfall
sampling on transects perpendicularly across these streams clearly indicated that diversity
and abundance are significantly greater at the immediate creek edge and 1-3 meters away
within the riparian vegetation zone; all species characteristic of the upland forest floor
occurred within the riparian zone as well.
Index terms: riparian management, emergence trapping, temporary stream, aquatic insects
Psiloptera sp. has been constantly damaging Eucalyptus seedlings of several species in
many places of Brazil. Feeding of this insect occurs on the bark, on lateral branches and
also on stems of young plants thus reducing their normal growth. Females of Psiloptera
usually lay their eggs on the upper extremity of Eucalyptus stumps. After the incubation
period larvae of this pest hatch and migrate to the roots or to deeper parts of the stumps.
After emergence from the stumps adults of this pest prefer to attack young plants of
Eucalyptus. Stumps of Pinus trees are preferred by P. semipunctata for egg laying and
larval development in the northeast area of Bahia where constant attacks and damage by
this pest on recently planted seedlings have been recorded. Occurrence of this beetle is,
most of the time, associated to areas where Pinus trees were cut. Monitoring in areas with
different types of vegetation near to areas with plants attacked or to places where Pinus
trees were cut confirmed the presence of pupae and larvae of Psiloptera in stumps of this
plant. Recently planted areas showed that the number of beetles increased near areas
planted with Pinus. This indicates that plantations with Eucalyptus in areas previously
planted with Pinus or close to plantations of this tree group are more likely to be attacked
by Psiloptera. It is suggested that researches should be done aiming to quantify the
number of stumps with larvae and the number of larvae of Psiloptera per stump before the
use of land for planting. This could identify the occurrence and potential damage by
Psiloptera in the area. These studies and others about the biological cycle of this insect can
lead to development of better control methods of this pest in the field.
Words key: Wood borer of Eucalyptus and Pinus stumps; Psiloptera; larval development.
[1952] VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CLOUD FOREST PRONOPHILINAE
BUTTERFLIES IN MONTE ZERPA, CORDILLERA DE MERIDA, VENEZUELA
[1954] OCCURRENCE OF PSILOPTERA SP. (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE)
DAMAGING PLANTS OF EUCALYPTUS SPP., IN THE NORTHEAST REGION
OF BAHIA, BRAZIL
T. W. Pyrcz¹, J. Wojtusiak¹, ¹Zoological Museum, Inst. of Zoology, Jagiellonian Univ.,
R. Ingardena 6, 30-060 Kraków, Poland. E-mail: [email protected]
A method of sampling along elevational transects has been used to study vertical
distribution of Pronophilinae butterflies (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) on southern slopes of
the Serrania de La Culata in Central part of the Cordillera de Merida, Venezuela, known as
Monte Zerpa. Ranges of vertical distribution have been estimated for 20 species on the
basis of 1100 records obtained from a series of collection sites set every 25 m from 2250
up to 3050 m. The ranges of only two species, Steromia bega and Erethris porphyria were
as wide as the width of the entire cloud forest zone. The ranges of all the other were about
400 m on average. When superimposed on an altitude scale, ranges of Pronophilini
revealed a characteristic pattern with the lover pool of species distributed within the zone
of 2250-2750 m and the upper pool in the zone of 2500-3050 m. The highest biodiversity
was found at middle elevation where ranges of the two pools overlap. Parapatric
distribution was found for three pairs of closely related species, where Lymanopoda
obsoleta, Pedaliodes montagna and Corades chelonis occured at lower elevations, whilst
Lymanopoda dietzi, Pedaliodes ferratilis and Corades pax were replacing them at higher
elevations. Possible factors which may play a possible role in the process of vertical range
formation and maintainance of parapatric distribution in Pronophilini butterflies are
discussed.
Index terms: Andes, altitudinal zones, cloud forest, butterflies, parapatry.
Successive attacks by the beetle Psiloptera sp. has been recorded in the last years in
plantations of Eucalyptus in the northeast region of the State of Bahia, Brazil mainly in
recently planted seedlings. Adults of this species feeds on bark, on lateral branches and
also on young stems of Eucalyptus seedlings causing losses of the apical meristem and
thus avoiding the normal development of the plant. Due to the severity of damage, which
are not in many cases well evaluated companies with similar problem are adopting hand
picking of this insect as a control strategy. During 1998 a total of 592.94 beetles/ha were
collected in an area of 1012 hectares. This number was much higher than that of 1999
with 211.0 beetles/ha in an area of 1620 hectares. Such difference between 1998 and 1999
could be related to a higher rainfall during this last year. This could have represented a
shorter period after planting for the bug to attack Eucalyptus seedlings. A faster
development of seedlings in the field could also reduce the action of the beetles and to
decrease damage to plants besides difficulting its location. During hand picking a total of
4.21% of the Eucalyptus blocks showed more than 1,000 beetles/ha being 1,215/ha the
largest number of beetles collected per hectare; 14.74% of these blocks showed between
500 and 1000 beetles/ha; 42.26% of them had between 100 and 500 beetles/ha; and the
remaining 35.79% of the blocks had less than 100 beetles/ha. Hand picking seems to be
the best and more viable strategy to control this pest. Besides reducing damage by this pest
when they are occurring in the area it can, also reduce risks of future outbreaks due to a
sharp reduction of adults of this pest in the area and thus reducing population in the
subsequent years. Even though hand picking presents satisfactory results it demands an
intense labor activity which can turn it non-viable for large areas.
Words key: Psiloptera; damages in Eucalyptus, Control.
493
[1955] DESCRIPTION OF LARVAL TUNNELS AND PUPAL CHAMBERS OF
CALYDON SUBMETALLICUM IN ROBLE PELLIN OF PATAGONIA,
ARGENTINA
S. Rizzuto1, 1Cátedra de Zoología Forestal, Facultad de Ingeniería. Univ. Nac. de la
Patagonia, Sede Esquel, Sarmiento 849, 9200 Esquel, Chubut, Argentina. E-mail:
[email protected]
Cerambycids are one of the main groups of forest insects because of the damage they
cause to the wood. During their development they make tunnels and galleries in the host
plant, reaching vital tissues. Nothofagus forests (Deciduous Forest District, Sub-Antarctic
Domain) range from Neuquén to Tierra del Fuego, and several species have economic
interest; N. antarctica (ñire) and N. pumilio (lenga) are widely distributed. In the north of
the district there are N. procera (raulí) and N. obliqua (roble pellín) forests; these species
have very precious wood. N. dombeyi (coihue) is found in the more humid zones in a
narrow fringe close to Chile, in Neuquén, Río Negro and Chubut. These species are used
for buildings, furniture or sometimes in posts and as firewood. Although some species of
Nothofagus in Patagonia are attacked by cerambycids, there are no inventories and the
biology of this group is unknown. This study describes larval tunnels and pupal chambers
of Calydon submetallicum in N. obliqua. Dead wood of roble pellín was collected in
Trevelin city (42º 06' S, 71º 28' W). It was put into wire cages outdoors for twelve weeks.
Imaginal emergence was recorded in summer. Pupal chamber construction in cerambycids
is a complex behavior that requires many succesive steps before the larva moves into
pupa. Galleries produced by C. submetallicum are subcortical and pupal chambers are
internal, constituting part of the sapwood.
Index terms: Cerambycids, Nothofagus obliqua, wood boring insects, Patagonia.
[1956] CONSERVE OR NOT TO CONSERVE FOREST FRAGMENTS: CASE
STUDY USING BUTTERFLIES AT THE KENYA COAST
L. M. Rogo, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772,
Nairobi, Kenya. Email: [email protected].
Throughout the tropics, deforestation is destroying the forest resource base, leaving only
fragments of forests. A case in point is the eastern coastal forest of Africa, which once
stretched from northern Natal to southern Somali. In Kenya only a few large tracks of
this forest remain, such as the Arabuko-Sokoke (4,000 hecters) and Shimba Hills (14,000
hecters) forests. More common are the very small fragments like the Muhaka (180
hecters) and Mrima (350 hecters) forests. Species richness, diversity and composition of
butterflies in two Kenya coastal forest remnants of Muhaka and Mrima hill were
investigated to demonstrate the importance that forest fragments play in maintaining
biodiversity. Sixty-three species were recorded from each forest remnant from a total of
1329 individuals. Species accumulation curves for both forests did not reach an asymptote
with the likelihood that additional sampling effort could yield more butterfly species. High
species similarity was recorded between the forest interior and the surrounding matrix,
primarily due to invasion of the forest interior clearings by the savanna species. Despite
their small sizes, these forest remnants were found to maintain viable populations of true
forest butterflies. However, the number of species was less than half of that recorded from
larger forest reserves of Shimba hills and Arabuko-Sokoke, located in the same
geographical area. Records from Muhaka forest show species unique to it, not found in
the larger forest reserves, underscoring the importance of small remnants in the
preservation of forest biodiversity. However, in the event that conservation priorities were
to be set, conservation efforts should be directed to larger forest reserves since they
maintain more biodiversity. The high species similarity between the forest remnants
implied that if habitat corridors were created, gene flow between these remnants and other
larger forest reserves, would be possible. This would reduce the isolation of true forest
butterfly populations within the remnants and potential local extinction.
Index terms: Forest remnants, species richness, species diversity, species composition,
conservation.
494
[1957] APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE: LACHNINAE: CINARINI) ON
PINUS SPP. AND CUPRESSUS SP. IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL
S. M. N. Lazzari & R. C. Zonta de Carvalho, Depto. de Zoologia, Universidade Federal
do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, BR. E-mail [email protected]
Recent aphid outbreaks have been registered on Coniferae in southern Brazil, causing
significant losses to the forestry, lumbering, and paper mill industry. The Cinarina Cinara
pinivora (Wilson) and Cinara atlantica (Wilson) have been collected on Pinus elliotti, P.
taeda, and P. caribaea. C. pinivora was first recorded in 1994, feeding preferentially on
thicker branches, during the cooler months of the year. It spread from Santa Catarina to
Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, and São Paulo. C. atlantica was first collected in 1998,
especially at the branch tips and buds. It has been found year round, in the South Region,
São Paulo, and Minas Gerais. These Cinara species differ in a number of ways including
the shape of the siphuncular sclerite and sclerotinization of abdominal terga. Other Cinara
species on Pinus have been cited for Brazil: Cinara piniformosana (Takahashi), which has
not been found lately and Cinara maritimae (Dufour). On Cupressaceae, two specie have
been collected: Cinara tujafilina (del Guercio) on Thuja sp. and Cinara cupressi
(Buckton) on Cupressus sp. The later was first collected in 1999, in Paraná, and can be
distinguished from C. tujafilina by the color of the femur and tibia, and number and
distribution of the hairs on the base of the antennal segment VI. The Eulachnina Essigella
californica (Essig) and Eulachnus rileyi (Williams) have been observed associated with
Cinara colonies on Pinus spp. The Californian pine needle aphid, E. californica, was first
recorded in early June 1999, on slash pine P. elliotti and on Mexican weeping pine P.
patula, in Paraná. It is characterized by the 5-segmented antennae, tarsal claws with
double tips, and lime green color in life. E. rileyi has 6-segmented antennae, normal claws,
color varying from dark olive green to gray, with a dusting of bluish-gray wax. Alate and
apterous viviparae and nymphs of both species can be found on branch tips feeding on the
needles, and moving quite rapidly. The damages of these Cinara species, and probably of
the other associated pine species, are more visible after a couple of years of infestation.
Chlorosis and premature needle dropping, stunting and malformation of trees, and
extensive growing of sooty mold on the honeydew produced by the aphids, have been
observed. Another indirect damage of Cinara is caused by the great amount of aphids that
stick on collecting panels staining the resin with a reddish pigment. This damage results in
loss of commercial value and credibility. Cinara eggs have been collected, although sexual
morphs have not been found until the moment. More studies on biology, distribution, host
plant-aphid-natural enemies relationships and control strategies are needed.
Index terms: Aphid outbreak; pine aphids; Cinara spp.; Essigella californica; Eulachnus
rileyi.
[1958] BIOLOGICAL DATA AND POPULATION ABUNDANCE OF THREE
SPECIES OF CASSIDINAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN A
TROPICAL FOREST AREA IN BRAZIL
F.N. Sá1 & J. Vasconcellos-Neto1, 1 Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Inst. Biologia Depto. Zoologia. Campinas, SP, Brasil, 13083-970. E-mail: [email protected].
Few information is available on the biology and phenology of Chrysomelidae, unless if
they are of economic interest. In this work we have followed the populations of Stolas
chalybea, S. areolata and Anacassis phaeopoda for two years in order to obtain basic
biological data on them and to know their occurrence throughout the year. We collected
the data in fortnightly visits at the studied site by censusing host plants of studied
Cassidinae. During each census, we have recorded the group sizes and position of egg and
larval clusters and adults on their host plants. We also recorded their numbers. In an
attempt to recognize the factors that influence the abundance of Cassidinae, we correlated
that with temperature and rainfall at the study area, with some plant size parameters and
also considered the relative abundance of different pheno-phases of the host plants. We
observed that after emerging from the eggs, larvae of the three studied species remained
aggregated, although the size of the groups decreased as the larvae developed. Egg clusters
and larvae of the two Stolas species were more frequently found on the underside of leaves
of their host plants; nevertheless, mature larvae of S. areolata were only observed on the
upper side of leaves. Adults of the three species were always isolated and both Stolas
species were more frequently found on the upper side of leaves. S. chalybea and S.
areolata seemed to have the same pattern of occurrence throughout the year: they became
active with the end of the dry season, reproduced more intensely during the rainy season
and reduced their activity around June, during the beginning of the period of lower
temperature and rainfall. A. phaeopoda showed a similar pattern, but it could be observed
at the field earlier than the other two species. The three species also showed a lower peak
of egg laying at the end of diapause of adults, what can suggest that females overwinter
fertilized already. Larvae could be observed approximately from november until April or
May. This pattern of occurrence was very similar to the occurrence of leaves on their host
plants. Significant positive correlations between Cassidinae numbers and temperature
showed that this parameter can influence ovipositing and mating activities. The number of
new branches on the host plant was the most common trait that was significantly related to
Cassidinae presence. Other parameters like number of branches and number of leaves
were also related to the abundance of Cassidinae.
[1959] SCOLYTIDAE AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS IN PONDEROSA PINE
STANDS UNDER DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL CONDITIONS IN NORTHERN
ARIZONA
G. Sanchez-Martinez1 & M.R. Wagner1, 1School of Forestry, College of Ecosystem
Science and Management, Northern Arizona University P. O. Box 15018, Flagstaff, AZ
86011-5018, USA, E-mail [email protected]
[1961] INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH SEEDS OF THREE NATIVE SPECIES OF
BRAZILIAN ATLANTIC FOREST
D. L. Q. Santana 1, A. C. S. Medeiros 1, C. S. Ribeiro-Costa 2 & A. F. Santos1,
Embrapa Florestas, Estrada da Ribeira, Km 111, Colombo, Paraná, Brasil, E-mail
[email protected]; 2Departamento de Zoologia, Univ. Federal do Paraná, C.
P. 19020, 81.531-990, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. E-mail [email protected].
1
Bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) outbreaks are commonly associated with unhealthy
forest conditions. In general, overstocked stands are considered more susceptible than
open grown stands. However, because epidemic levels represent extreme values, bark
beetle outbreaks may indicate unhealthy forest condition mostly from just one perspective.
Forest management today requires more understanding of ecosystem components and
ecological processes. Different bark beetle species create a variety of structural conditions
within a given forest which, according to our management objectives and forest values,
may be classified as healthy or unhealthy. Thus, from an ecosystem-oriented approach, a
forest with high bark beetle infestations can be as unhealthy as a similar forest, but with no
infestations at all. The objective of this study was to explore the association between the
structure of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Lawson) forests of the Coconino
Plateau in northern Arizona and the diversity of Scolytidae and other important bark
inhabiting insects. Although many dense stands with unhealthy conditions occur in this
area, no significant bark beetle outbreaks have occurred for several decades. Four stand
conditions were evaluated: 1) Dense stands with no management during the past 20-30
years, 2) Thinned mature even-age stands with >30% of basal area (BA) removed between
1987-94, 3) Thinned mature even age stands with >30% of BA area removed by thinning
with a prescribed burn 3 to 4 years after thinning, and 4) Formerly dense stands with no
management which had been burned by stand replacing wildfires with >90% of BA
removed by fire. Bark beetles and associated insects were sampled with Lindgren funnel
traps baited with attractants (1998-1999). Dendroctonus brevicomis was the only
aggressive species found in this study. It was more abundant in thinned stands and barely
present in unmanaged stands; however, population levels of this species seem to be
insufficient to cause outbreaks. D. valens was present in low levels in all stand types as
well as Ips pini. Wood borers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) were more abundant in
unmanaged and thinned only stands. Sevaral insect predators were well represented in all
stands. Our preliminary results indicate a low diversity of bark inhabiting insects and
suggest either: lack of suitable hosts or high efficiency of natural enemies. The lack of
bark beetle attacks on susceptible stands could mean tree stagnation, interruption of
natural disturbances, and poor habitat diversity.
Index terms: Pinus ponderosa, forest health, bark beetles.
A Brazilian Institution, Embrapa Florestas placed at Colombo (Paraná), created in 1999 an
active seed bank for the species of native forests in order to provide seeds for uses such as
refforestation programs, reclamation of degraded ecosystems, etc. Fruits of three brasilian
native species (Enterolobium contotisiliquum, Bauhinia forficata and Cordia trichotoma)
were collected from Capitão Leônidas Marques, Paraná State. In order to evaluate the
quality of seeds for storage in the Embrapa seed bank, 100 fruits for each species were
processed and the seeds dissected to examine damages. Relating to Enterolobium
contotisiliquum (timbaúva) presented average of 3.7 seeds per fruit and 21.8 % of them
were damaged by a bruchid beetle, Merobruchus bicoloripes. In this plant it was also
observed specimens of an Hymenoptera parasitoid belonging to the subfamily Braconinae.
The fruit of Bauhinia forficata (pata-de-vaca) showed average of 4.5 seeds per fruit and
31.3% of the total number of seeds consumed by the bruchid Gibbobruchus speculifer.
5.1% specimens of G.speculifer were parasitized by the Eulophidae, Horismenus
missouriensis and Pteromalidae sp. The damage in seeds of Cordia trichotoma was
variable depending on the lots. One sample of Rio Grande do Sul had 95% of seeds
damaged by the bruchid Amblycerus profaupar. Specimens of an unidentified
Hymenoptera were also observed parasiting larvae of this bruchid. Considering the
diversity and abundance of the insects species observed on these seeds lots it is necessary
to conduct a careful observation of the seeds of the quoted species of plants to prevent
infestation in the seed bank.
Index terms: Merobruchus bicoloripes, Gibbobruchus speculifer, Horismenus
missouriensis, Amblycerus profaupar, seed pests
[1960] CTENARYTAINA
EVALUATION
HOST
[1962] INFLUENCE OF STRIPS OF NATIVE VEGETATION IN PLANTATIONS
OF EUCALYPTUS CLOËZIANA ON POPULATION OF OXYDIA VESULIA
D. L. Q. Santana & R. V. C. Higa, Embrapa Florestas, Estrada da Ribeira, Km111,
Colombo, PR. E-mail [email protected] .
G.P. Santos1, T.V. Zanuncio2, J.C. Zanuncio2 & R. Pinto2, 1EPAMIG/CTZM, Vila
Gianetti, 47, C. Postal, 216, 36570-000 Viçosa-MG, Brasil, E-mail: [email protected];
2
Dept. de Biologia Animal, Univ. Federal de Viçosa, 36571-000 Viçosa-MG, Brasil, Email: [email protected].
EUCALYPTI
(HEMIPTERA,
PSYLLIDAE)
On its natural environment (Australia) Eucalyptus is a host of several insects from
Psyllidae family. Ctenarytaina eucalypti has a large distribution and it is considered
among then, the most harmful. The species was first observed in Brazil in 1988 in
Eucalyptus dunnii in a nursery. Leaf and stem deformity, growth delay, apical bud death,
accessory bud development and seedling lost have been recorded. In order to evaluated C.
eucalypti host preferential 1534 seedlings of 20 Eucalyptus species were produced in
plastic tube, placed next to each other and they were infested with the pest. Insects number
per plant was count when seedlings were around 20 cm high. E. camaldulensis, E. nitens,
E. dunnii, E. benthamii, E. cinerea and E. viminalis had 100% of seedlings infested by C.
eucalypti, on the other hand, E. grandis, E. pilularis, E. maculata, E. saligna, E. pellita, E.
tereticornis, E. citriodora, E. resinifera, E. robusta, E. deanei, E. urophylla, E. microcorys
and an hybrid (“Cambiju”) were not infested. It was found an average of 6, 5, 20, 12, 20
and 3 C. eucalypti nimphs on E. camaldulensis, E. nitens, E. dunnii, E. benthamii, E.
cinerea e E. viminalis respectively. It was observed that glaucous leaves were more
susceptible to the insect attack.
Index terms: Eucalyptus spp., eucalypts pests
Eucalyptus species are planted in the majority of reforested areas in Brazil. These species
of the Myrtaceae family are being damaged by insects from native hosts including
Lepidoptera such as Oxydia vesulia (Lep.: Geometridae). This species is a primary pest of
Eucalyptus being responsible for significant damage to this plant in reforested areas of
Brazil. Eucalyptus plantations are characterized by extensive and contiguous areas which
offers abundance of food and shelter for harmful insects and creates conditions for more
frequent and harmful outbreaks of Lepidoptera pests. The establishment and preservation
of native remnants of vegetation have been proposed as a strategy for pest management
because it can increase ecological diversity and, consequently, favors the development and
reproduction of natural enemies. Such strategy has been used in regions of the Savannah in
the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, where 25 meters wide strips of Savannah linked to each
other and to forest remnants are used every 500 meters of Eucalyptus plantation.
Lepidoptera individuals were collected in two different situations representing a
Eucalyptus plantation with strips of native vegetation and another one without such strips.
Five light traps were used in each plantation at two meters height and turned on at 6:00 to
7:00 P.M. and turned off between 8:00 and 9:00 A.M. the following day. These traps were
located as: number 1- inside an area of Savannah at 100 meters from its border; 2- in the
transition between the Savannah and the Eucalyptus plantation; 3- inside the Eucalyptus
plantation at 250 meters from the Savannah; 4- in the center of a Savannah strip at
approximately 500 meters from the border of the Savannah or between two blocks of
Eucalyptus in the system without strips; and 5- inside the Eucalyptus plantation at 750
meters from the Savannah border. A faunistic analysis was made using frequency,
constancy and diversity indexes for O. vesulia. A total of 329 individuals of this pest were
collected with higher abundance in the plantation without strips where 266 individuals
were collected and only 63 individuals were collected in the other system. This species
was constant in the system without strips and accessory in the one with strips with
frequency of 1.15 and 1.66% in these two systems, respectively. A large number of
individuals of O. vesulia were collected in both plantations from the second period of
February. The plantation with strips showed higher number of individuals of this pest
inside the Eucalyptus plantation at 250 meters from the border of the Savannah with 31
individuals while in the one without strips O. vesulia showed higher number of individuals
in the point at 750 meters from the border of the Savannah.
Index terms: insect monitoring, defoliator Lepidoptera, native forest
495
[1963]
SEED
PREDATION
(COLEOPTERA:BRUCHIDAE) IN
(LEGUMINOSAE)
BY
CTENOCOLUM
CROTONAE
LONCHOCARPUS MUEHLBERGIANUS
[1965] WOOD BORING BEETLES IN PLANTATION OF SAPUCAIA, LECYTHIS
PISONIS (LECYTHIDACEAE), IN THE NATIONAL FOREST MÁRIO XAVIER,
SEROPÉDICA, RJ, BRASIL
L.T.Sari 1, C.S.Ribeiro-Costa1, A.C.S.Medeiros2 & D.L.Q. Santana2 , 1Dept. of
Zoology, Univ. Fed. of Parana, P.O.Box 19020, 81531-990, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil, Email [email protected]; 2 EMBRAPA Florestas, Estrada da Ribeira, Km 111, Colombo,
Parana, Brazil, E-mail [email protected].
V. M. Schermack1, A. G. Carvalho1, A. M. Lunz1 & S. R. S. Ventura1, 1Depto. de
Produtos Florestais, Univ. Fed. Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica RJ. 23851-970, Brasil.
E-mail: [email protected].
Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus (rabo-de-bugio) is a Brazilian native tree recorded from
Minas gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul until Rio Grande do Sul. The beautiful lilac flowers
arising from October until January are the reason for their use as an ornamental tree. In
order to evaluate the seed predation by insects, fruits were collected from two specimens
of this plant placed at Tres Barras, Parana, Brazil. A sample of 500 g of fruits was selected
and processed in laboratory resulting in 2353 seeds. Usually the fruits are composed by
two seeds, rarely by three or four seeds. It was registered 77.39 % of healthy seeds, 10.24
% of shriveled and 12.36 % damaged by insects. A bruchid species, Ctenocolum crotonae,
was detected in this material. The genus Ctenocolum is composed by eight species
registered from South and Central America; C. crotonae is the only recorded from Brazil.
Species of Lonchocarpus are commom host plants of this genus. The host plants of C.
crotonae are L. hondurensis, L. margaritensis, L. nitidus, L. pentaphyllus, L. rugosus and
Piscidia carthagenensis. In fact, this is the first record of L. muehlbergianus as a host plant
of C. crotonae. This species was registered from Mato Grosso and, in this paper, the
geographical distribution is amplified including the Parana state. Other immatures of
Tenebrionidae and Curculionidae were detected feeding the seed contents but theirs
damages were indistinguishable; both groups represented a loss of 2.84 % of the total
number of seeds. A parasitoid belonging to the family Eulophidae, Horismenus
missouriensis, was observed inside seeds probably developing in larvae or pupae of the
Coleoptera species. This Hymenoptera was already recorded parasitizing bruchid species,
as Amblycerus submaculatus, A. hoffmanseggi and Gibbobruchus speculifer. As the hole
left by the adult bruchid in the seed is larger than the hole of the parasitoid, it was possible
to differentiate both species. The parasite emmerged from 4.63 % and C.crotonae from
4.88 % of the total number of seeds.
Index terms: beetle, biology, damage.
Seeking to establish the incidence and the frequency of the families of wood degrading
beetles that happen in homogeneous plantations with native essences, three snares model
Carvalho-47 were used, in a area of Lecythis pisonis (Lecythidaceae), in the National
Forest Mário Xavier, Seropédica, RJ, in the period of July of 1999 to January of 2000. The
snares were installed to a height of 1,30 m of the soil, being used as attractiveness the
alcohol 96% that it was renewed weekly, after the collection of the insects. The samples,
in a total of thirty, were taken to the laboratory of Forest Entomology of the Institute of
Forests, Department of Forest Products (DPF) of UFRRJ, where the insects were
quantified and identified the family level. The total of wood degrading beetles collected
belonged to 773 individuals, and the frequency of the family Scolytidae corresponds to
725 individuals (93,79%), with a population pick in the month of August of 1999,
frequently of 159 (20,57%); proceeded by the family Cerambycidae with 32 (4,14%) and
family Bostrichidae with a 16 (2,07%), both reached population pick in the month of
September of 1999 with 11 (1,47%) and 8 (1,03%), respectively. Doubled attention should
be given to these families, once its species presents quite varied alimentary habits, feeding
of medullas, phloems and xylems. It was ended that there is incidence of wood degrading
beetles in sapucaia, Lecythis pisonis, represented by the families Scolytidae,
Cerambycidae and Bostrichidae, in decreasing degree of frequency, respectively.
Index terms: Scolytidae, Cerambycidae, Bostrichidae, Window-traps.
[1964] OCCURRENCE OF WOOD BORING BEETLES IN THE NATIONAL
FOREST MÁRIO XAVIER, RJ, BRASIL
[1966] NON-HOST SIGNALS INHIBITING FEEDING IN HYLOBIUS PINE
WEEVILS: LABORATORY ASSAYS AND FIELD TESTS
V. M. Schermack1, A. G. Carvalho1, A. M. Lunz1, J. G. N. Wendt1, J. M. Pinto2 & S.
R. S. Ventura1, 1Depto. Produtos Florestais, Univ. Fed. Rural do Rio de Janeiro,
Seropédica, RJ 23851-970, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]; 2Depto. Fitotecnia, Univ.
Fed. Rural do Rio de Janeiro.
F. Schlyter, E. Marling, P. Månsson & J. Löfqvist, Chemical Ecology, Plant Protection
Science,
SLU,
P.O.
Box
44,
SE-230
53
ALNARP,
Sweden.
http://www.vsv.slu.se/cec/ce.htm
For counting with a wide diversity of species, the order Coleoptera is associated to several
alimentary habits among its representatives. Considering the economic importance, they
stand out in this order the wood-boring species that caused damages to the forest species,
making perforations and galleries that degrade and they serve as entrance for agents
degradadores of the wood, as the mushrooms Ambrosia. The families Scolytidae and
Platypodidae are common in alive, reviled or recently abated trees; the family Bostrichidae
is seen in wood in drying process, and the family Cerambycidae lives in several wood
types embracing alive trees, even deteriorated logs. Seeking to establish the incidence and
the frequency of the families of Coleoptera above-mentioned in the area of the National
Forest Mário Xavier, km 50, Seropédica, RJ, twelve impact window-traps were installed,
model Carvalho-47, made with recyclable material and adapted starting from the model
Marques-Pedrosa, to a height of 1,5 m of the soil. The collections are weekly being
accomplished starting from July of 1999, with end forecast for July of 2001. Three types
of snares were distributed by vegetation, in the following areas: native vegetation, mixed
plantation, "sapucaia" and Eucalyptus spp. Until January of 2000, 30 collections were
accomplished. Of the 4694 collected insects, 4447 (94,74%) belong to the family
Scolytidae, 190 (4,05%) Cerambycidae, 53 (1,13%) Bostrichidae and 4 (0,09%)
Platypodidae. For the different vegetation types, the area of mixed plantation indicated the
largest incidence with 2373 (50,55%) collected individuals, proceeded by the native forest
with 805 (17,15%), Eucalyptus spp, 743 (15,83%) and "sapucaia", 773 (16,47%).
Index terms: Scolytidae, Cerambycidae, Bostrichidae, Platypodidae, Window-traps.
496
Anti-feedants as a protection against herbivores have been described in many plants, wellknown is the ‘neem’ tree Azadiractica indica. In conifers, defense is quantitative, based on
less toxic oleoresin compounds. In small, stressed conifers like the seedlings planted on
clear-cuts in forestry, the quantitative defense is weak. These seedlings have been
proected by insecticides like DDT and pyrethroids against the feeding by pine weevils
Hylobius abietis (causing a 100 million US$/year damage in Sweden), but use of
insecticides will finally be banned in 2003. Our work follows two lines: 1) The screening
of synthetically available anti-feedant compounds and related structures, mainly of plant
origin. 2) The search for antifeedants in non-host plants. The development of laboratory
bioassays has been a prerequisite for the project. Initially, Klepzig & Schlyter (1999)
modified a twig technique of Salom et al. (1994). Later, to test small amounts of
synthetics and extracts, we developed a micro feeding assay using TLC-plates. Presently,
we are modifying an olfactometer to investigate the mode of action (taste/smell) of
synthetics. For one active compound, carvone, a mainly olfactory mode of action is
indicated. Field tests in 1997 and 1998 demonstrate that formulated carvone may protect
seedlings for months. The long-term formulation of antifeedants, their mode of action,
and finding of lower volatility compounds remain our goals. Index terms: Hylobius abietis,
pine weevil, antifeedant, DDT.
[1967] ECOLOGY OF SCOLYTIDAE (COLEOPTERA) IN FORESTRY
REMNANTS BELONGING TO CHAMPION Co. IN MOGI GUAÇU, SP, BRASIL
[1969] USE OF ATTRACTANTS FOR SURVEYING DIPTERAN POPULATIONS
IN A RAINFOREST AREA IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL
C. A. M. Silva1 & A. G. Carvalho1, 1Depto. de Produtos Florestais, Univ. Fed. Rural do
Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23851-970, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] and
[email protected].
D. F. Silva1, A E. Eiras2 & S. D. Vasconcelos1, 1. Mestrado em Biologia Animal, Depto.
de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, RecifePE, 50670-420, BRAZIL. E-mail: [email protected]. 2. Depto. de Biologia,
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
This work investigated the populations of bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera:
Scolytidae) in three belonging native forestry remnants belonging to the Agricultural
Chamflora Ltda., in the municipal district of Mogi Guaçu, Itapira and Martinho Prado
Júnior, state of São Paulo. In the period of January of 1998 to January of 1999 was studied
the composition of the scolytids species, by means of biweekly collections in nine snares
ethanol's model Carvalho-47, being obtained the fluctuation for each specie in the three
native forest fragments of different sizes, forms and historical of disturbance. It was used
the index faunistics: frequency, constancy, individual dominance of the species, richness,
association among the species, similarity between communities and diversity. Thirty-eight
species were collected, where four of them were not identified, only one was identified at
the genus level. The 34 identified species are distributed in 12 genus and 5 tribes.
Hypothenemus eruditus, Microcorthylus minimus, H. obscurus, Xyleborus retusus,
Corthylus schaufussi and Premnobius cavipennis were the most abundant species. Six
species were represented, each one, with just a specimen in the collections. H. eruditus
was just aimed as constant and dominant in the three studied forest fragments. It was
ended that there were differences in the composition of the species among the studied
forest fragments, such differences suggest that the measure that the habitats suffers
alterations, they happen changes in the density patterns and in the composition of the
species, however the scolytids diversity was larger in the fragments with larger level of
environmental interference. This suggests that some species of this family can be used as
indicative of wide environmental changes and of long reach.
Index terms: Indicators, Bark beetles, Ambrosia beetles.
Chemical communication is one of the most remarkable ways of information transmission
among members of the Class Insecta. Despite the importance of chemical compounds in
triggering specific behaviour such as aggregation, escape, oviposition and sexual
attraction, there are few field studies which investigated the substances involved in insect
attraction. In this study, a set of substances combined with CDC light traps were tested for
the attraction and capture of Culicidae and Psychodidae adults in a remainder of rain forest
in the State of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. The following treatments were used:
octenol (in an open glass vial); octenol with a single wick; octenol with double-folded
wick; CO2 (released as commercial bread yeast); living bait (mouse), and deionized water
(control). Four traps separated from each other for 100m were placed in the forest for 12
hours, from 5pm-5am, during which the temperature in the sampled area was about 30oC
and the relative humidity around 84%. Four replicates were used, in separate days; each
replicate being considered the capture of the four traps combined. From all the
Phlebotominae collected, 56% were collected in the CO2 traps, 19% with the octenol and
25% were caught in the control traps. From all the Culicidae collected, 65% were
collected in the control traps, 20% in the bait trap and 15% in the octenol traps. The
different proportions of adults of Culicidae and Phlebotominae captured suggest
differential responses in germs of substances involved in their attraction and
communication.
[1968] COMPOSITION OF SCOLYTIDAE (COLEOPTERA) IN THREE FOREST
MACROHABITATS OF SEROPÉDICA, RJ, BRASIL
[1970] A POPULATION SURVEY OF PHLEBOTOMINAE IN REMAINDERS OF
RAINFOREST IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL
C. A. M. Silva1, A. G. Carvalho1 & L. A. Pereira2, 1Depto. de Produtos Florestais, Univ.
Fed. Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23851-970, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]
and [email protected]; 2Depto. de Ciências Ambientais, Univ. Fed. Rural do Rio
de Janeiro.
D. F. Silva & S. D. Vasconcelos, Mestrado em Biologia Animal, Depto. de Zoologia,
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Recife - PE, 50670420, BRAZIL. E-mail: [email protected]
This study compared the composition of bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera:
Scolytidae) in three different forest macrohabitats in the municipal district of Seropédica,
RJ: Pinnus elliotti (Pe), Eucalyptus citriodora (Ec) and Secondary Forest (Ms). Those
three areas frequently suffer the action of the fire. In each macrohabitat it was installed, to
40 cm of height of the soil, an impact snare, being used ethanol 96% as attractive. The
collections were accomplished during the months of April of 1988 to January of 1989,
totaling eleven samplings. With relationship to the preferences for macrohabitats of the
two more abundant species, 60% of the Xyleborus hagedorni happened in on Pe, 32% in
Ec and 8% in the Ms ones. Those preferences were shown significant for the Test X2 (P
<0,05). X. affinis showed preferences in the occurrence of 52% of the total of its species in
the Ms ones, remaining 26% in Ec and 22% in the Pe. Of the total of 8221 analyzed
Scolytidae, 38% happened in the Pe, 33% in Ec and 29% in the Ms ones. Seven species
were shown more abundant in on Pe: X. hagedorni, X. obliquus, X. ferrugineus, X.
brasiliensis, Hypothenemus opacus, H. bolivianus and Coccotripes palmarum. Other six
were more abundant in Ec: Premnobius cavipennis, Cryptocarenus hevea, C. seriatus, C.
diadematus, X. spinulosos and H. obscurus and the two species X. affinis and H. eruditus
were only shown more abundant in the Ms. Using the Index of Percentile Similarity in the
comparisons among the three communities were obtained in decreasing order: Pe x Ec =
75,24%; Ec x Ms = 53,90% and Pe x Ms = 46,40%. The largest value obtained among the
two researched vegetable monocultures suggests a habitat-specific tendency of most of the
species of boring-beetles occurred in those three macrohabitats. The diversity of
Scolytidae for macrohabitat, evaluated through Shannon Weaver Index (H', with log of
base 10) it shows, in decreasing order: H'Ec = 0,77 (H'máx. = 1,18 and J' = H' / H'máx.
=0,65); H'Ms = 0,65 (H'máx. = 1,14 and J' = 0,57); and H'Pe = 0,63 (H'máx. = 1,18 and J'
= 0,53). There was not significancia (P>0,05) in the differences among the diversities
through the Test t of Student, applied in the comparisons of the variances of the three
researched macrohabitats.
Index terms: Diversity, Macrohabitat, Ambrosia beetles, Bark beetles.
Insects from the genus Lutzomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae) occur in the neotropical region
and have great medical importance for they are vectors of leishmaniasis. Around 350
species of this genus are found in Brazil, from which around 30 have been registered in the
State of Pernambuco, in the Northeast of Brazil. Apparently, few of these play a role in
disease transmission, although the extent to which this is related to their abundance is still
unclear. The objective of this study was to survey the Lutzomyia populations in areas of
rainforest conservation in Pernambuco. Additionally, the influence of temperature and
relative humidity on population fluctuations in a three month period was investigated.
Two areas were sampled, Mata do Curado and Mata de Dois Irmãos, both characterised by
high plant diversity and slight variations in altitude. Four traps separated from each other
for 100m were placed in the forest for 12 hours, from 5pm-5am. The Lutzomyia adults
collected were distributed as follows: 22% Lutzomyia choti, 14,6% Lutzomyia walkeri,
14,6% Lutzomyia anduzei, 14,6% Lutzomyia evandroi, 12,2% Lutzomyia sordelii, 9,8%
Lutzomyia umbratilis and 12,2% Lutzomyia sp. From all the insects identified to the
species level, none is referred to as a leishmaniasis vector.
497
[1971] SCOLYTIDAE ASSOCIATED EUCALYPTUS SPP. IN A FRAGMENT OF
DECIDUAL SEASONAL FOREST
T.E.F. da Silva1; E.C.Costa2; T.M.B. Vianna3; M.A.G.Costa2, 1 Rua Jorn. Maurício
Sirotski Sobrinho, 85 – CEP 97020-040 – Santa Maria, RS – Brasil, e-mail:
[email protected]. 2 Depto. de Defesa Fitossanitária, Centro de Ciências
Rurais – Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, prédio 42, 1º andar,
3225 – CEP 97105-900 – Santa Maria – RS – Brasil – e-mail: [email protected]; 3
Depto. de Biologia. Ciências Naturais e Exatas - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria.–
Santa Maria, RS – Brasil - e-mail: [email protected]. br.
A survey of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) insect was carried out, in an area covered by
Eucalyptus spp. in a fragment of Decidual Seasonal Forest in a District of Itaara, RS –
Brazil. The traps settled at a certain point of 1,3 meters of soil were “Marques/Pedrosa”
type. The quantitative and qualitative data was correlated with temperature, air relative
humidity and precipitation. The populational evaluation was done using frequency,
constancy, abundance, dominance and diversity rate. The delimitations of communities
was estimated by the quotient and similarity rate. The results revealed the existence in two
communities of 37 species Scolytidaes’s family belonging to 12 genus from 380 species
coleted. Corthylus antenarius, Microcorthylus minutissimus, Xyleborus gracilis and
Xyleborus paraguaiensis were the most frequent, abundant and dominant in both
communities. The quotient of similarity were 0,75 and the similarity rate whe 53,9%. The
diversity rate was the same to both communities. Genus Xyloborus presented a hight
species number in the two communities. The fluctuation of population in a total collected
of escolideos in Eucalyptus spp., showed a 99,95% correlation in the average of monthly
minimum relative humidity.
Key words: population avaliable; forest; insect
[1973] UTILIZATION OF FLORAL RESOURCES BY MELIPONINEOS
(APIDAE:MELIPONINI) IN A FOREST FRAGMENT, BELO HORIZONTE, MG,
BRAZIL
S. M. Soares, Y. Antonini & R. P. Martins, Laboratório de Ecologia e Comportamento
de Insetos, Departamento de Biologia Geral, ICB,UFMG, Cx Postal 486 CEP: 31140-390
Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil E-mail: [email protected]
The bees are flower visitors for excellence, and constitute the most important group of
pollinators. The meliponini are the most efficient pollinating bees in the tropical region.
To verify the diversity of meliponini in a forest fragment, the bees were searched on the
plants with flowers once a week from July to December/1999, between 6:00 and 13:00.
The bees were then collected with an entomological net. We collected 490 individuals
distributed among 11 different species. Of these, 198 were T. spinipes, 173 Trigona
fulviventris, 31 Tetragonisca angustula, 28 Paratrigona subnuda, 21 P. lineata, 21
Plebeia sp., 11 Melipona quadrifasciata, 5 Nannotrigona testacoicornis, 1 Paratrigona sp.
and 1 Leurotrigona mulleri. Trigona spinipes was the most abundant and generalist,
visiting 30% of the registered plants, however both species prefer to visit Malpighiaceae
and Melastomataceae. Paratrigona species visited mainly Solanaceae. We collected 53
species of plants in blossom. Among these only Byrsonima sp. (Malpighiaceae) was
visited by all 10 bee species. The other most visited plants were Hyptidendron sp.
(Labiata), Celtis sp. (Ulmaceae), Thunbergia sp. (Acanthaceae), Tibouchina sp.
(Melastomataceae), Aureliana velutina (Solanaceae). All bee species visited the
Malpighiaceae and Acanthaceae and the majority of them visited Sterculiaceae, Fabaceae,
Labiatae, Ulmaceae and Solanaceae. These data show that the different species of
meliponini use the nectar and available pollen in a similar mode.
[1972] UNDERSTANDING THE INTRODUCTION AND SPREAD OF SIREX
NOCTILIO IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE
[1974] TROPHIC PATTERNS IN AN INSECT COMMUNITY OF PINE FOREST
AND SAVANNA ECOSYSTEMS
B. Slippers¹, G. Hunter¹, T.A. Coutinho¹, B.D. Wingfield² & M.J. Wingfield¹, Dept. of
Microbiology & Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Inst. (FABI),
Univ. of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Republic of S. Africa, Dept. of Genetics, Univ. of
Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Republic of S. Africa
M. El Souki1, R. Candia1 & L. Bulla1, 1Inst. de Zoología Tropical, Fac. de Ciencias,
Univ. Central de Venezuela, Apdo. Postal 47058, Los Chaguaramos 1041-A, Caracas,
Venezuela. [email protected].
Exotic pine species have been established with great success in plantations in the tropics
and subtropics of the Southern Hemisphere. Part of this success can be attributed to the
separation of these trees from their native pathogens and pests. These pests are, however,
steadily being introduced and the introductions often lead to severe and damaging
outbreaks. An example of one such a pest is Sirex noctilio. It is not considered a primary
pest in the Northern Hemisphere, but has caused substantial losses to softwood plantations
in Southern Hemisphere countries, where it has been introduced. Understanding the
epidemiology and population dynamics of this insect is important in preventing further
spread and in controlling the pest where it has already become established. In this study
we report on the use of phenotypic and DNA-based studies of Amylostereum areolatum,
the obligate fungal symbiont of S. noctilio, to determine the diversity and relationship of
isolates from different countries in the Southern Hemisphere. Results show that the genetic
diversity of isolates of A. areolatum from Southern Hemisphere wasps is small and
uniform. This indicates that Sirex has spread between continents of the Southern
Hemisphere after initial introduction at the beginning of the 20th century. Fungal isolates
from South Africa and Brazil are the most closely related of all isolates, indicating a
common origin of Sirex in these two countries. These techniques and data now enable us
to monitor and characterise S. noctilio populations and to plan future biological control
strategies.
Key words: Sirex, Amylostereum, Insect/fungal interactions
498
Besides traditional land use of Venezuelan savannas for agriculture and cattle, a recent
impact on the natural savannas being increasingly employed during the last 30 years is the
cultivation of timber species of Pinus caribaea and Eucalyptus sp. The area cultivated in
the southeastern savannas covers today more than 5,000 km2 and is currently expanding.
Our research is about the impact assessment of pine forests on the native arthropod
community of the savanna. The present study focuses on the most relevant temporal
(seasonal and successional) changes occurring in the savanna insect community. The
sampled plots representing natural savannas were three uncultivated plots: S1,
Trachypogon sp. dominant; S2, Trachypogon sp dominant, but surrounded by mature
pines (island); and S3, Axonopus sp. dominant. The cultivated plots were: P1, 4 year old
pines; P2, 12 year old mature pines; B1, recently harvested pines, and B4, 4 year old field
(last two are set-aside). Insects were captured using attraction yellow plates (6 per plot)
and were divided into five trophic groups: herbivores, predators, parasitoids, saprophytes,
and omnivores. The relation between species number and abundance from a total of 789
species and 6,927 individuals, respectively, was herbivores 277:3,435, predators
113:2,011, parasitoids 280:602, saprophytes 68:733, and omnivores 51:147. Herbivores,
predators, and parasitoids showed their greatest richnesses in the pine plots and their
lowest in B1; with slight variations, their richnesses in B4 are similar to those in the
savannas. Saprophytes and omnivores showed few between-plot differences. Abundances
of herbivores and parasitoids showed a preference for pines. Predator abundance in pines
was similar to that in savannas, except in S3. Almost all trophic groups showed similar
abundances between set-aside plots and savannas, except in S1. During the wet season,
total, green, and green/dry rate biomasses, and vegetation cover showed a significant
positive correlation with total insect, omnivore, herbivore and saprophyte richnesses and
abundances, whereas vegetation evenness showed a significant positive correlation with
both total insect and predator abundances. During the dry season, vegetation richness,
evenness, and diversity showed a significant positive correlation with total insect,
herbivore, predator and parasitoid richnesses and abundances. These results suggest that
richness and abundance patterns are determined by the quantity of resources in the wet
season, but by the variety (diversity) of vegetation resources in the dry season. The more
important trophic group relationships found were between herbivore and parasitoid
richnesses and abundances in both seasons. This work was financed by the ISC
Programme of the European Commission, Project CT 94-0099 VE.
[1975] DISTRIBUTION OF BARK AND WOOD-BORING INSECTS IN
MARITIME PINE TREES INFECTED WITH BURSAPHELENCHUS
XYLOPHILUS IN PORTUGAL
E. M. Sousa, P. M. Naves & L. P. Bonifácio, Dept. Prot. Florestal, EFN, Quinta do
Marquês, 2780 Oeiras, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected]
The Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda; Aphelenchoididae)
was found for the first time in Portugal and Europe in 1999, being confined to Setúbal
peninsula, south of Tagus river. The biology and behaviour of the nematode and its insect
vectors is not known in Europe, although some cerambycid and scolytid species that occur
in this region are considered potential vectors. Maritime Pine (Pinus pinaster) trees
infected with B. xylophylus were found to be quickly colonised by several bark and woodboring beetles and an intensive survey was conducted on 30 recently infected adult trees
with an average 97,4 cm DBH, involving all trunk and branches debarking with capture of
all insect development stages present. The results revealed a big under-bark insect
diversity formed by scolytid (7 species), cerambycid (3), curculionid (1) and buprestid (1)
beetle species. The scolytids were the most frequent group, particularly Orthotomicus
erosus being present in the trunk and branches of all studied trees in high densities.
Hylurgus ligniperda was found on 50% of the pines, while the other five scolytid species
(Hylastes ater, H. linearis, H. attenuatus, Ips sexdentatus and Tomicus piniperda) were
present in less than 33% of the pines. Regarding the cerambycid family, the three longhorn beetle species were common (more than 50% infested trees): Arhopalus syriacus
larvae were present in all surveyed trees in high densities; Acanthocinus griseus was
detected in 83% of the trees while larvae of Monochamus galloprovinciallis, the most
probable nematode vector in Portugal, appeared in 50% of the pines. The only curculionid
species, the pine weevil Pissodes castaneus was collected from 75% of the trees and the
buprestid Chrysobothris chrysostigma in 33% of the pines. The within tree distribution
revealed a spatial competitive exclusion pattern between the different species, with special
emphasis to A. syriacus, H. ligniperda, H. ater, I. sexdentatus and T. piniperda in the
lower sections of the trunk, while M. galloprovinciallis and P. castaneus were found
mainly in the branches and in the upper part of the trunk. Regarding O. erosus and A.
griseus no spatial distribution pattern was found, with this species present throughout all
the trunk and branches.
Index terms: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Pinus pinaster, bark and wood-boring beetles,
Portugal
[1977] DEAD WOOD AND BEETLES: A CASE STUDY IN FLANDERS
(BELGIUM)
V. Versteirt , K. Desender , G. Geudens & P. Grootaert, Dept. of Entomology,
RBINSc., Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussel. E-mail: [email protected]
There are only few data available on xylobiont beetles associated to dead wood in
Flanders. In this contribution we present the first results from detailed samplings,
performed in four forests in the surroundings of Brussels and Tongeren, within the
framework of a study on terrestrial invertebrates in woodlands of the region of Flanders.
Special attention was paid to sampling methodology. The following techniques were used
on each sampling site: three pitfall traps, three white and three yellow pan traps, a large
window trap, a dung baited trap and a tree eklektor, completely enveloping a large
standing dead beech tree between 1.5m and 2m of height. Sampling was performed during
a complete year cycle. On the whole, about 200 beetle species were obtained (some 8000
individuals), many of which are of high faunistic value. Preliminary analysis of the beetle
diversity suggests lower values for a large and rather homogeneous forest. This pattern can
also be explained by the presence of many additional species from surrounding open
landscapes in smaller forests. The importance of dead wood for xylobiont arthropods is
well known. Dying and dead trees provide essential habitats for a number of animals (like
insects). In order to maintain this biodiversity it is important to consider the aspect of dead
wood in managed forests. The quality of the species thereby seems more important than
the observed number of species, because species richness not only is influenced by habitat
quality but also, especially in small forests, by edge effects due to accidental immigration
of species with a high dispersal power.
Index terms: woodland, beetle diversity, forest management.
[1976] DEADWOOD IN COMMERCIAL FORESTS: A SOURCE OF INCREASED
BIODIVERSITY AND OF OUTBREAKS OF PEST SPECIES?
[1978] LEPIDOPTEROUS ASSOCIATED TO TWO FOREST COMMUNITIES IN
ITAÁRA, RS - BRAZIL
W. Topp & R. Haeusler, Dep. of Zoology, Univ. of Cologne, D-50923 Koeln, Germany
T.M.B. Viana1; E.C.Costa2, 1 Depto. de Biologia. Ciências Naturais e Exatas.
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria.– Santa Maria, RS – Brasil - e-mail:
[email protected]. br. 2 Depto. de Defesa Fitossanitária, Centro de Ciências Rurais –
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, prédio 42, 1º andar, 3225 –
CEP 97105-900 – Santa Maria – RS – Brasil – e-mail: [email protected].
This study examines the saproxylic insect fauna of a commercial mixed oak-beech forest
situated in the Westerwald of Germany (50° 26’N / 07° 50’E, 325m above sea level) in
which nature-oriented forestry has been practiced for the last 10 ten years. Using eclectors,
insects were collected from the deadwood of oak and beech trees. Our studies concentrated
on different types of decaying wood: 1. Deadwood, which has accumulated near the forest
floor in the center of the forest in shady areas and which was different in respect to
dimension (twigs, branches, logs) and phase of decomposition. 2. Living wood, which
prior to sampling had been freshly cut and exposed either to sunny or shady areas for the
length of one year. In total we collected insects from 8.5 m3 wood, equaling about 170 m2.
About 140,000 insects were found. The most dominant groups were dipterans (61,000
ind.) and coleopterans (25,000 ind.). Each “milieu type” of dead wood supported
characteristic species. However, the fauna of decomposed logs was most diverse. In the
shady area bark beetles but also predators of bark beetles were the most common
coleopterans, so that there is no fear of mass occurrence of pest species in the center of the
forest. Based on our data we recommend for this forest type an accumulation of 40 m3
dead wood per ha, which is enough to supply the prerequisites for a diverse fauna and
even for rare and endangered species, which live in shaded areas near the forest floor. In
the area of study this amounts to about 5% of the amount of living wood. The actual
numbers of the different beetles species were always higher in areas exposed to more
sunlight compared to shaded areas. However, the abundance of individuals in the sunny
areas outnumbered those of the shaded areas, but only when their development has taken
place in branches with diameters > 7 cm. Remarkably high emergences were found for
bark beetles (i.e. 850 ind./m2 for Taphrorychus bicolor) from branches which have been
exposed to strong sunlight. In a commercial forest in which nature-oriented forestry is
practiced and an accumulation of dead wood will occur, the cultivation of graded forest
edges is also recommended. This will reduce the amount of deadwood exposed to strong
sunlight and thus minimize the outbreak of pest species.
This study was supported by Forstliche Versuchsanstalt Rheinland-Pfalz.
Aiming at analyzing the behavior of lepdopterous population in two communities, are
constituited of planting field of Eucalyptus spp. with small plants in formation and another
of a fragment of Decidual Seasonal Forest, weekly collections were made by using light
trap. This work was develop in Itaára, RS – Brazil, from May 1997 to May 1998. In order
to study the populations, lepidopterous fluctuations were analyzed, according, to the
meteorological elements (temperature, air relative humidity, pluviometric precipitation)
and faunal rates represented by frequency, constancy, abundance, dominance and
diversity. In the communities delimitations were apply the quotient and similarity rate.
Were collected 73 species of the large planting field of Eucalyptus spp., being 63,01%
species of identified as infrequent and, in the fragment of Decidual Seasonal Forest 77
specieswere collected being 57,14% of them infrequent. The constant species, dominance
and very abundance were: Sarcina violascens (Lymantriidae) found in the planting field of
Eucalyptus spp. and Bronchelia puellaria (Geometridae) and Iscadia aperta (Noctuidae)
in the fragment of Decidual Seasonal Forest. With relation of diversity rate to lepdopterous
family, this higher in the fragment of Decidual Seasonal Forest, than in a large planting
field of Eucalyptus spp. The quotient and percent of similarity changing with the studied
ecossistem and with the species. In both forest communities the fluctuation of
lepdopterous species influenced of the meteorological elements.
Key words: light trap; forest; insect; faunal rates
499
[1979]
EVALUATION
OF
THIAMETHOXAM
ON
FERRUGINEA
(COLEOPTERA:
CHRYSOMELIDAE)
EUCALYPTUS PLANTATIONS
COSTALIMAITA
CONTROL
IN
[1981] PRELIMINAR OBSERVATIONS OF CULICIDS (DIPTERA:CULICIDAE)
ASSOCIATED TO PHYTOTELMATA IN A VERY HYMUD TROPICAL FOREST
IN CHOCO-COLOMBIA
C.F. Wilcken1 , N.S. Bezerra Jr.1, E.B. Couto1 & C. Orlato1, Dept. Plant Production FCA / UNESP - Campus of Botucatu – P.O. box 237 - 18603-970, Botucatu – SP. E-mail:
[email protected]
M. Wolff1, S. Perez1, J. Betancur2, P. Duque1, & C. Porter3, 1 Dept. Biology, Univ. Of
Antioquia, AA 1226. Medellín-Colombia, E-mail: [email protected]; 2
Ins. Ciencias Naturales, Univ. Nacional of Colombia, AA 7495 Santafe de Bogotá
Colombia; 3 Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 4770 Buford Highway
Atlanta, Ga 30341-3724 USA.
The eucalyptus yellow beetle Costalimaita ferruginea is one of the eucalyptus main pests
in Brazil, occurring at October - December and limiting the plants growth up to 1 year old.
Nowadays, there is a total absence of insecticides for forest use to control of this pest and
the need to new products is pressing. This work was carried out to verify the insecticide
thiamethoxam efficiency on C. ferruginea control in eucalyptus plantings. The experiment
was installed in planting area of Eucalyptus hybrid, in Itapeva - SP – Brazil. The
experimental design was in randomized blocks, with 5 treatments and 4 blocks, with 50
plants per plot. The treatments were: thiamethoxam (Actara) in dosages of 12.5; 25 and 50
g a.i./ha, deltamethrin (Decis 25 CE) in dosage of 5 ml of a.i. /ha and check. The number
of insects / plant was evaluated at 1, 3 and 6 days after application, and the plant height at
10 and 55 days. The results indicated that thiamethoxam was efficient in C. ferruginea
control in all tested dosages, being comparable to the control provided by deltamethrin.
However, thiamethoxam control residual period was superior compared with deltamethrin,
could imply in reduction in spraying quantity in eucalyptus plantings attacked by
eucalyptus yellow beetle. It was not observed phytotoxicity symptom in treated plants.
Index terms: Forest pest, chemical control, insecticide, eucalyptus yellow beetle
[1980] EVALUATION OF TWO TRAP CARDS TO MONITORING OF
SCYTHROPOCHROA SP. (DIPTERA: SCIARIDAE) IN EUCALYPTUS
SEEDLINGS NURSERY
C. F. Wilcken1, C. Orlato1, C. C. Ortiz2 & J. C. Augusti2, 1Dept. of Crop Production,
FCA / UNESP – Campus of Botucatu, P. O. Box 237, Botucatu, SP, 18603-970, BR, Email [email protected]; 2Bahia Sul Celulose S.A., Rod. BR 101, Km 880, Teixeira
de Freitas, BA, 45995-000, BR.
The nursery flies of the family Sciaridae (genera Bradysia, Sciara and Scythropochroa)
have been causing damages in nurseries and greenhouses where is carrying out the
vegetative multiplication of eucalyptus seedlings. The monitoring of flies infestations at
greenhouses had origin in Europe and North America, where these insects are important
pests in cultivation of ornamental plants. The monitoring was installed in 10 greenhouses
at the eucalyptus nursery of Bahia Sul Celulose S.A., in Mucuri – BA – Brazil. Were
tested two types of trap cards with useful area of 100 cm2: 1) acetate plates, recovering
both sides with a mixture of engine oil + grease, on proportion of 50% each, 2) yellow
stick cards (AgriSense? ) especially developed to capture small insects. Were shared 6
cards for each greenhouse, been installed 5 cm high above stalks and 8.90 m distant
among the cards. Evaluations were made in 7th, 14th, 21th and 28th days in the rooting
period, counting the fly number per card and calculating the average for each greenhouse.
Different dates concerning the 2 rooting cycles for each of 10 greenhouses were evaluated.
The results showed that the best option to monitoring the Scythropochroa sp. population
was the use of yellow stick cards. The high advantage of these traps, beyond the capture
efficiency, was the durability of your glue, what allowed the fulfillment of 4 evaluations in
the same card. The limit (accumulated) of good visualization to the counting of fly
numbers was 200 adults per card. When this number was exceeded, the card was changed.
The monitoring must be done during the whole year, suspending the activity only when
were observed constant low infestations in every greenhouses, showing number below 10
flies per greenhouse in each weekly evaluation. The operational cost of both trap cards
was also evaluated, been observed that the yellow stick card cost was much lower than
acetate card, turning its utilization economically viable.
Index terms: Forest pest, nursery fly, greenhouse, rooting period, operational cost.
500
The association between Diptera of the Culicidae family and phytotelmata in the
department of Chocó (Colombia) was studied in the Ensenada de Utría National Park
(bmh-T) in the understorey of mangrove swamps and heterogeneous forest. 18 species of
phytotelmata were collected in seven families; Bromeliaceae, Maranthaceae,
Heliconiaceae, Bignoniaceae, Rubiaceae, Palmae-Arecaceae and Caesalpinaceae. 1661
culicids were found in the above plants and were classified in the following genera:
Wyeomyia, Culex, Anopheles, Trichoprosopon, Orthopodomyia, Toxorhynchites and
Haemagogus. 10 new morphospecies belonging to the genus Wyeomyia and the subgenera
Hystatomyia and Microculex were found as well as a new species report for Colombia,
Anoedioporpa corrigani. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on a presence absence matrix showed two groups of plants that gather the hosts according to the species
sheltered by them, and two groups of insects: the first one more generalist and the second
a more selective group.
[1982] SPECIES MIXTURE OF BIRCH AND CONIFERS DECREASES DAMAGE
BY A DIPTERAN MINER OF BIRCH STEMS
T. Ylioja1 & T. Lapveteläinen2, 1Punkaharju Research Station, Finnish Forest Research
Institute, Finlandiantie 18, FIN-58450 Punkaharju, Finland, E-mail [email protected];
2
European Forest Institute, Torikatu 34, FIN-80100 Joensuu, Finland.
Females of Phytobia betulae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) lay eggs within the soft tissue of
young shoots in the crowns of birch (Betula pendula and Betula pubescens). The larvae
mine downward for several meters through the zone of differentiating xylem in the birch
stems. The resulting tunnels become filled with brown parenchyma tissue, which reduces
the aesthetic value of the light coloured birch wood and causes considerable expense to the
forest products industry. There are presently no known ways to control Phytobia. We
hypothesized that growing birch mixed with conifers would decrease Phytobia infestations
by interfering with their ability to locate hosts. This hypothesis was tested by comparing
infestation levels in stands of pure birch and stands that were a mix of birch and conifers
(Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris). We sampled four birch stands (15 - 25 years of age)
within each of six municipalities in southeastern Finland: one pure birch stand and three
stands with about 20%, 60% and 80% of coniferous trees (altogether 24 stands). We
established eight circular sample plots along systematic survey lines in each stand and
counted the percentage of coniferous and birch trees. For one focal tree within each
sample plot, we measured tree height, diameter, the number and length of branches, and
canopy crown class (dominant, co-dominant, or intermediate). We also measured distances
to the five nearest coniferous and birch trees (or ten birch trees in pure birch stands) and
the canopy crown class and diameters of these neighboring trees. We collected two stem
disks per sample tree. A disk from ground level was used to measure the age of the tree
and a disk from 1.3 m height was used to count larval tunnels in five latest annual rings
and measure the corresponding radial growth. There were fewer larval tunnels in birch
trees in stands that included only about 20% of birch. The number of larval tunnels was
almost the same in stands that included 60% of birch as the number of larval tunnels in
pure birch stands. Fast growing trees in dominant canopy classes had the greatest number
of larval tunnels. The stands with only 20% of birch trees contained more co-dominant and
intermediate birch trees than the other stands. Silvicultural practices that favor mixed
stands might limit birch infestations by Phytobia, but the proportion of coniferous trees
must be high (at least 70%), which limits the total volume of birch that can be harvested.
Index terms: Phytobia betulae, Diptera, Agromyzidae, Betula, species composition.
[1983] STEM BORING AND PUPATION OF A DIPTERAN MINER OF BIRCH
STEMS
T. Ylioja, Punkaharju Research Station, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Finlandiantie
18, FIN-58450 Punkaharju, Finland, E-mail: [email protected].
Larvae of Phytobia betulae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) bore within the differentiating xylem
tissue of birch trees (Betula pendula and Betula pubescens). Larvae (three instars) mine
several meters within the stem, from the crown to the base of the tree. Larval tunnels are
filled with brown parenchyma tissue that causes pronounced degradation of the birch
wood used for furnishing. However, the biology of Phytobia is not well known and there
are no known methods for control. In late summer, larvae exit the tree (through the bark at
the base or in the roots) and pupate in the soil. In this study, we aimed to determine how
fast larvae of Phytobia move through the differentiating xylem during the growing season
and how much time the pupation takes. Every other day beginning on 10 June 1997, we
examined randomly selected branches and small trees (up to 3 m high) from an open
sunny birch stand to determine when the first eggs were laid. The first egg was found on
23 June 23. On 3 - 7 July, the first larval tunnels were 3 - 17 cm long. Beginning at this
time, we conducted repeated sampling of 12 taller trees (11 - 16 m ). On 9 July, tunnel
lengths varied from 0.01 - 2.5 m. By 14 July, second instars had created tunnels that were
8 - 10 meters in length. The mining speed of Phytobia seems to be tremendous. Tunnels of
the largest diameter (presumably created by the largest larvae) usually continued to the
roots. In August, we carefully removed the outer bark from the base and the roots of young
birch trees (158 trees) and collected the larvae found under the bark (22 larvae on 13
August from Betula pendula, and 34 larvae on August 15 from Betula pubescens and B.
pendula). Each larva was placed within an individual vial containing a mixture of sand
and peat. Nearly half (46%) burrowed into the soil within 10 hours (at room temperature)
and began to pupate. Altogether 59% of the larvae pupated. Our study revealed no times
during the life history when insecticide application is likely to be effective. Larvae are
protected within their host trees while feeding and are only exposed for a few hours prior
to burrowing into the soil for pupation. Potential control measures are further complicated
by asynchrony in the timing of larval development and pupation.
Index terms: Phytobia betulae, Diptera, Agromyzidae, Betula, larval tunnel.
[1984] LEPIDOPTERAN COLLECTED IN AN EUCALYPTUS PLANTATION IN
GOIÁS, BRAZIL, FROM MAY 1995 TO APRIL 1996 - EFFECT OF
TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL ON POPULATION DYNAMICS
J. C. Zanuncio1, E. T. Lopes2, T. V. Zanuncio1 & J. F. Gonçalves1, 1 Dep. de Biologia
Animal, Univ. Federal de Viçosa, 36.571-000 Viçosa, MG, BRAZIL. E-mail:
[email protected]; 2 Dep. de Engenharia Florestal, Univ. Federal de Viçosa, 36.571000, Viçosa, MG, BRAZIL.
Lepidopterans are considered in Brazil as an important group of Eucalyptus pests due to
severe losses in wood production. Biweekly collections were made in the State of Goiás,
Brazil aiming to study population dynamics and the effect of temperature and rainfall on
Lepidoptera pests of Eucalyptus. Lepidopteran were collected with five light traps
installed at two meters high with black light and powered by 12 volt batteries. These
insects were divided in groups according to their importance as pests to Eucalyptus: group
1: 11 primary pests; group 2: 10 secondary pests; group 3: 64 species without defined
importance to Eucalyptus; and group 4: non-identified species. Among the primary pests,
Thyrinteina arnobia (Geometridae), Eupseudosoma aberrans (Arctiidae) and Sarsina
violascens (Lymantriidae) were the most frequent ones, the last two being constant and the
first one accessory. Idalus admirabilis (Arctiidae) and Eacles imperialis magnifica
(Saturniidae) were the most frequent secondary pests, the first being constant and the
second accessory. Most of the Lepidoptera species were collected during the coldest and
driest months, which shows that these conditions could favour the occurrence of
Lepidoptera outbreaks. For this reason, population monitoring of these species should be
intensified during these periods.
Index terms: Lepidopteran defoliators, Eucalyptus, insect monitoring
[1985] EFFECT OF FEEDING ON THREE EUCALYPTUS SPECIES ON THE
DEVELOPMENT OF BRONTOCORIS TABIDUS (HET.: PENTATOMIDAE) FED
WITH TENEBRIO MOLITOR (COL.: TENEBRIONIDAE)
J. C. Zanuncio1, T. V. Zanuncio1, R. N. C. Guedes1 & F. S. Ramalho2, 1Dep. de
Biologia Animal, Univ. Federal de Viçosa, 36.571-000 Viçosa, MG, BRAZIL, E-mail:
[email protected]; 2Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecu·ria – EMBRAPA,
Caixa Postal 174. 58.107-720 – Campina Grande, PB, BRAZIL.
Brontocoris tabidus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) is an important predator of defoliating
Lepidoptera in Brazil, which has been mass produced and released against defoliating
caterpillars in Eucalyptus plantations. We aimed to improve the mass production of this
predator by providing eucalypt seedlings, besides an alternative prey, for its development.
The effect of three Eucalyptus species on the development of B. tabidus fed with
Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) pupae was studied at a temperature of
25.0 ? 2.5 ?C; a relative humidity of 70.0 ? 10.0% and a photophase of 12:12 hours (light:
dark). Pupae of T. molitor was provided in each of the following feeding treatments:
treatment 1- Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings; treatment 2 - Eucalyptus camaldulensis
seedlings; treatment 3 - Eucalyptus grandis seedlings; and treatment 4 - no seedling (only
pupae of T. molitor). Duration of the nymphal phase of the predator was similar in all
treatments with plant and prey. It was observed that adults developed from nymphs fed on
T. molitor only had deformed wings and a small abdomen. B. tabidus fed during their
nymphal and adult stages with prey together with Eucalyptus seedlings, had improved
longevity, higher egg viability and a larger number of eggs and nymphs, than those insects
fed only with prey. Therefore, it seems advisable to rear B. tabidus with prey and
seedlings of one of the Eucalyptus species studied to improve the mass production of this
predator for biological control of defoliating caterpillars of eucalypt plantations.
Index terms: Plant feeding, predatory bug, alternative prey
[1986]
KEY
FACTORS
AFFECTING
POPULATIONS
OF
SCHIZOTETRANYCHUS NANJINGENSIS, APONYCHUS CORPUZAE AND
ACULUS BAMBUSAE IN FUJIAN BAMBOO FORESTS DURING DIFFERENT
SEASONS: AN ANALYSIS USING METHODS OF GREY SEQUENCE
Y. X. Zhang1, J. Z. Lin1, Z. Q. Zhang2, M. G. Song3, J. Ji1 & Q. Y. Liu4, 1Institute of
Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013 China, E-mail
[email protected]; 2Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand;
3
Nanping City Forest Protection Office, Nanping, Fujian, China; 4Laboratory of Forest
Protection, Fujian Forestry Bureau, Fuzhou 350002, China.
The key factors affecting the population dynamics of mite pests on the moso bambooin
Fujian, China. Schizotetranychus nanjingensis Ma & Yuan. In spring, temperature was an
important factor influencing mite population growth in a big harvest year, but in a small
harvest year predation was the key factor. In Summer, Relative humidity was most
important to the population development of this species in a big harvest year, but in a
small harvest year, predation was the key factor (except in 1996 when rainfall was the key
factor). In Autumn, temperature was the key factor for mite population development in a
big harvest year, but in a small harvest key factor was either rainfall or relative humidity.
In Winter, temperature and predation were more important than other factors in a big
harvest year, but relative humidity was the key factor in a small harvest year. Aponychus
corpuzae Rimando. In Spring, The relative humidity was an important factor in a big
harvest year, but in a small harvest year, predation was the key factor. In Summer,
predation was the key factor in a big harvest year, but in a small harvest year, temperature
was the most important factor. In Autumn, relative humidity was the key factor
influencing its population in a big harvest year, but in small harvest year, rainfall was the
most important factor. In Winter predation was the key factor in a big harvest year, but
rainfall was the most important factor in a small harvest year. Aculus bambusae Kuang. In
Spring, relative humidity was the key factor influencing its population in a big harvest
year, but in a small harvest year, predation was the key factor. In Summer, predation was
the key factor influencing its population in both big and small harvest years. In Autumn,
relative humidity was the key factor in a small harvest year of 1996 and big harvest year of
1997, but predation was the key factor in the small harvest year of 1998. In Winter,
rainfall was the key factor in a small harvest year, but predation was the key factor in a big
harvest year.
Index terms: Pest mites, climatic factors, Typhlodromus bambusae, Grey Sequence.
501
[1987] OPHIOSTOMATOID FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH THREE BARK
BEETLES IN SOUTH AFRICA
X. D. Zhou1, Z. W. de Beer2, M. J. Wingfield1& B. D. Wingfield1, Dept. of Genetics,
Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Inst. (FABI), Univ. of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002,
Republic of S. Africa; Dept. of Microbiology & Plant Pathology. Univ. of Pretoria,
Pretoria, 0002, Republic of S. Africa
Ophiostomatoid fungi, for example, Ophiostoma, Ceratocystis and Ceratocystiopsis, are
economically important because they cause blue stain in lumber and logs, thus reducing
the value of export wood. These fungi are often associated with bark beetles (Coleoptera:
Scolytidae). Three species of exotic bark beetles, Hylastes angustatus, Hylurgus
ligniperda and Orthotomicus erosus occur on mature Pinus spp. in South Africa. Hylastes
angustatus also damages pine seedlings during its maturation feeding stage. Despite
extensive research on these three bark beetle species in South Africa, little is known about
the fungi associated with them. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which
these three bark beetles contribute to the blue stain problem, and to identify their fungal
associates. During the past year, fungal isolations were made from about 2000 beetles and
1000 beetle galleries from trapping logs, infested stumps and root collars of Pinus patula
and P. elliottii trees in the eastern parts of South Africa, and about 600 fungal isolates were
collected. Forty additional isolates were collected in the Western Cape Province of South
Africa. All these isolates were identified based on morphology, rDNA sequencing and
mating studies. At least 12 different ophiostomatoid species have been found to be
associated with these three bark beetles.
The dominant fungal associates were
Leptographium serpens, L. lundbergii, Ophiostoma ips, and Graphium sp. Ophiostoma
galeiformis and L. procerum are reported here for the first time from South Africa.
Keywords: Bark beetles, Ceratocystis, Ophiostoma, Pinus spp.
502

Session 10 – FOREST ENTOMOLOGY Symposium and Poster

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