yÆ•±ÖÚ \ZÆë£ã

yÆ•±ÖÚ \ZÆë£ã
Áú£ã f ZØù }¨§ì
}£``¡ö£``ç xÚ xZ¬``Ü Á``øú ?dÆ``ò j¬``õZÆ``ï d¬``é Á``õ f¬``µå Æ``ãÚ /Á``¿ò j¬``õZÆ``ï Õ`` çZ Æ``•¡Ö ¨``¿û¬``ô Á``õ
Õ`ÜZÆ`ë£`ã ‰`ò ¨`¿û¬`ô Á`õ /dÆ`ò j¬`õZÆ`ï ‰`•ïf Õ`çd gZ ‚`ù ’`údÆ`ò ‹`ûÆ`∑Ü xZ¬`Ü Æ`Ωûd ‰`ò Zf y£`≈ç
Õ``§á “``ûf£``Ü fd £``Ü „``ò ‹``ûÆ`` ∑Ü Zf £``¡úÚ ,¨``úZ ydfzÚ \Æ``çÆ``Ö xZ¨``úg fd ‰``ò Zf Á``¢£`` ùÎ``Ö /‘``û¬``¿Ö Zf
‰≈æìÆÖ ÁÜ£û£¿â ‰å ¨≈ø¡πú _f£ã x£¡â ‰ò Á¢£`¡ö£`ç /¨`¿¿ò \z£`¥ñ xÚ df¬`õ fd x£`ô¨`¿ûÚ z d¬`é
/¨é ‰•éZd Zzf ÁúZÆûZ o¬ú gZ ÕûÆ≤Ö
gZ }Æ`≈ô¬`æâ }ZÆ`Ö \f¬`èÆ`¡Ö ‰`º¿ûZ }ZÆ`Ö /„`ò ’`é¬`õZÆ`ï ¨`¿û¬`ô Á`õ Í£`ä z /y£`≈ç y£`≈ç /d¬`Ö y£`≈ç
kÎ``ã Æ``≈Ü z xZÆ``ô ‰``®¿ºé }Z ‰``ú¬``ô ‰``Ö ¨``û£``Ö y¨``¿ûÚ }£`` `¡æ±ú ⁄``ï£``¿õ }ZÆ``Ö z Æ``•≤≈Ö }Ø`` `ûÆ``ú¬``ã
f£`` `≥úZ gZ Æ`` `•¡Ö £`` `¡¿ûZ /Õ`` `çZ ”`` `≈ù gZ Æ`` `•¡Ö /Õ`` `ïÆ`` `û≠`` `à Ã`` `æë aÎ`` `èZ Õ`` `À≈ù fd Zf ›`` `Ö£`` `ç }£`` `ù xg
} y¨``¿ûÚ ‰``Ö ˙``∑ï Õ``≈∑êz gZ ˘£`` `∫•úZ ¨``¿úZ¬``•Ö Æ``ôZ ¨``¿û¬``ô Á``õ /¨``¿•±ù Õ``çZf a£``¿â £``û ‰``æöZ [Ø``ä
/Õ±≈ú yZf xÚ £û yZf „ûZÆÖ }fZÆèZ /ÕçZ ‚¡õ ‰®≈•ú ?‰ú ‰ò ZÆå ¨¿ù¨Ö Æ•¿ézf
xzfd Zf „``ùÚÆ``≈Ü xdÆ``ò ˘£``ã }Z¨``è d¬``é Á``õ ‰``ú¬``Ωå /dÆ``ò j¬``õZÆ``ï Õ``çZ „``ºøõ }f¬``µå Æ``ãÚ
·``¶õ ‰``ú /Á``¢£``®úÚfd ¬``Ü z ¨``ú¨``é Á``õ ˘£``ã Á``à£``≈à z yf£``§ºû ‰``Ö „``ùÚÆ``≈Ü xZfZØ``ù /dÆ``ò j¬``õZÆ``ï £``¡ö¬``æç
/‚¿ò Áõ ‹ûÆ∑Ü Zf \ZÆë£ã wfZd }¨â }¨â ‰º¿ûZ
Á``ãÆ``Ö /‚``±û¬``¿Ö }df¬``âÍ £``ñÚ _£``ä x£``õg fd Zf ‚``ú¨``é Á``úZ¨``úg \ZÆ``ë£``ã ‰``ò ¨``¿•çZ¬``ã „``õ gZ £``ùf£``Ö
/¨``ùd „``≈º±Ü Zf £``ù Á``é¬``ã£``ú gZ Á``≤™Ö Õ``çZ „``ºøõ £``¡¿ûZ „``•é¬``ú Á``•ä ‰``ò ¨``¿û¬``ô Á``õ x£``≈ïZÆ``ëZ gZ
ÿ``ç¬``Ü „`` ûzZ ‚`` ≈ãhdÆ`` ç xÚ uÆ`` õ gZ ‘`` à }¬`` ≥™Ö /‚`` ¿ºÖ Zf f£`` ò „`` ûZ wdÆ`` ò Á`` ∑ç ‚`` ù f£`` Ö¨`` ¿å
/‚``úZ¬``Ü Á``øú £``õZ wfZd z ‚``•éZd „``•é¬``ú }ZÆ``Ö }f£``≈±Ö Ã``ö£``µõ /}Æ``§òZ Æ``§òZ ˙``ì ‰``ö£``ç 19 *x£``õÆ``¡ñ
gZ }f£≈±Ö z ,¨údÆ`ºú xZÆ`Ωûd Æ`Ωõ ¨`¿û¬`ô Á`õ /Õ`é¬`ú d¬`é Á`øú ZÆ`å ‰`ò dÆ`ò —`ûÆ`≤Ü xZ¬`•ú ¨`û£`é
‚`` `ù Zf x£`` `úÚ gZ Á`` `¢£`` `ܨ`` `¿å z ‚`` `úZd Á`` `õ /Õ`` `çZ y¨`` `é Æ`` `≤•¿õ z ‰`` `•é¬`` `ú xZ¨`` `úg \ZÆ`` `ë£`` `ã }£`` `¡Ö£`` `•ò
Á``ú¨``é Æ``ôZ ‘``à /‰``•ïf „``™ç \ZÆ``ò ‰``Ö o¬``ê¬``õ „``ûZ gZ ‚``ù Æ``Ωûd }£``ùf¬``≤ò \£``≈ÖdZ fd /wZ y¨``úZ¬``ã
/‚úZ¬Ü Áøú ZÆå „õ ÕçZ
}£``¡úZ¨``úg \ZÆ``ë£``ã df¬``õ fd ‰``ò }dZÆ``ïZ \ZÆ``ë£``ã z Á``âf£``ã }£``ùf¬``≤ò : Õ``çZ „``ûZ „``õ [Z¬``â z
‰`•é¬`ú Á`õÎ`çZ }f¬`¡øâ }£`¡úZ¨`úg df¬`õ fd x¬`¿ò£`Ü ‰`ò Á`¢£`ùØ`≈å ˘z ‚`úZd Á`øú Zf ¨`úZ ‰`•é¬``ú Æ``Ωûd
\ZÆ``ë£``ã „``ûZ x£``ô¨``¿±û¬``ú ‰``Ö Á``¿≈ù¬``Ü „``ûÆ``•ºå¬``ò ‚``ùZ¬``™Ö ‰``º¿ûZ xz¨``Ö /Õ``±≈ú Á``∑ñZz Õ``çZ y¨``é
fd / ‚``û¬``ô Á``õ Zf „``ûZ ,‚``é£``Ö ‰``•éZd x£``úÚ }ÍZz jgfZ gZ „``•ç£``ò ¨``≥ñ ‰``º¿ûZ £`` `û z ‚``é£``Ö ydÆ``ò
/Õ`` `çZ Ã`` `ö£`` `â ÿ`` `∫ï ˘z /Õ`` `çZ Ã`` `ö£`` `â f£`` `≈±Ö Á`` `úZÆ`` `ûZ x£`` `≈úZ¨`` `úg \ZÆ`` `ë£`` `ã }£`` `¡Ö£`` `•ò dfZ¬`` `õ Á`` `ã Æ`` `Ö
z Õ``≈∑ñZz „``≈Ö£``õ Õ``çZ ◊``ñ£``¿Ü „``≈øù z ¨``úd¬``§ú Ã``ö£``â £``õZ }df¬``âÍ z Á``õÎ``çZ }f¬``¡øâ }£``¡úZ¨``úg
/y¨õÚ d¬â¬Ö f£áÚ
y¨``¿úZ¬``ã }ZÆ``Ö Zf xÚ ¨``û£``Ö Á``ì¬``ê¬``õÆ``ù ‰``Ö ⁄``âZf „``•é¬``ú }ZÆ``Ö y¨``¿±û¬``ú fl``û ‰``ò wfZd v¬``§ñ Zf „``ûZ
\ZÆ``ë£``ã ‰``ò Õ``çZ „``ûZ dfd /Õ``±≈ú \ZÆ``ë£``ã „``ûZ x£``ô¨``¿±û¬``ú Æ``≈≥∫Ü „``ûZ z ¨``¿ò ‰``â¬``Ü Ã``ö£``â
/Á``ï£``ò£``ú ¨``¿åÆ``ù ,Õ``πô }Ø`` ≈å yÆ``ãÍ£``Ö ¨``û£``Ö ‚``úZd Á``õ /Õ``±≈ú Á``ì¬``ê¬``õ Æ``ù ‚``û hf „``ûZ fd xZ¨``úg
Æ`` Ö ‰`` ò ‰`` ´úÚ df¬`` õ fd „`` `•πô „`` ™ç }Zf£`` û Á`` ú£`` Ög ”`` `≈ù z \£`` ≈ÖdZ ”`` ≈ù ‰`` ò ‰`` ú£`` ¡Ö „`` ûZ ‰`` Ö ¨`` û£`` §ú
/ÕéZ≠ô \¬º±õ Zf o¬ê¬õ dfZ¨ú Zf ‰•ïf ¨∑Ö ‰Ö 60 v£ç gZ ‚ûhf Áç£≈ç x£≈úZ¨úg
i£±äZ Ù¨û¨é ‚±û¬¿Ö }Ø≈å df¬õ „ûZ fd £Ü ‚•ïÆô ‚•çd ‰Ö ‚æñ ‰ò x£õgÆù ‚úZd Áõ ‚úZd Áõ
xÚ gZ Æ``•∑≈çz f£``≈±Ö ydZd }zf Õ``≈∑ñZz £``õZ /‚``ú£``çÆ``Ö Zf Ã``æµõ Ã``ö £``Ü ‚``¿ò rZÆ``îZ ¨``û£``Ö ‰``ò wdÆ``ò
‰``Ö ‰``ú£``ôzd Á``•ö£``ä „``≈øù z ·``ø•©õ£``ú Æ``û≠``à£``ú ‹``èz }Z ‰``ú¬``ô ‰``Ö z ‚``¿ºÖ ‚``•çZ¬``ã Á``õ ‰``ò d¬``Ö Á``ñZÆ``îZ
Á``Ωú£``ôzd i£``±äZ Õ``çZ „``õ rZÆ``îZ gZ Æ``Ü „``≈Ω¿ç ‰``ò }Ø``≈å ‰``Ö ⁄``âZf ¨``û£``Ö „``õ ZÆ``å /dZd Á``õ „``õ
Á``ô¨``úg fd ‰``≈ú£``á Æ``ù z ‰``∂©ö Æ``ù fd Zf Á``Ωú£``ôzd ¨``û£``Ö xZÆ``ô ‰``®¿ºé /wZ y¨``é ‰``®¿ºé „``õ /‚``¿ºÖ
/¨¿¿ò ‰ÖÆ®Ü
}f£``â ≠``î£``ò Æ``Ö ‚``æñ Ÿ``πö fd ‰``ò ¨``ú£``õ Á``øú Á``ñ£``Ö }Ø``≈å Æ``Ωûd ‚``¿ºÖ rZÆ``îZ ‰``ò ‚``•çZ¬``ã Á``øú ‚``ù Æ``ôZ
\£`û£`¿â ‰`ò Á`¢¬`ô /wdZd Á`õ ‚`ûhf ‰`Ö ‚`ÜZÆ`ë£`ã „`•é¬`ú Æ`Ü fl`§ç £`Ö ‰`ò d¬`Ö }g£`≈•õZ x£`øù „`ûZ z ‚`¿ò
}f£`ò ¨`û£`Ö /¨`é£`Ö Á`ùZf ¨`û£`Ö ‚`úZd Á`õ /‚`¿ò ‰`å ‘`à /wdÆ`ò Á`õ Æ`Ü fl`§ç Á`±Ö ‚`ÜZÆ`ë£`ã fd Zf ‚`ûhf
z ¨``Ö£``ûfd Î``õ£``ò Zf xÚ y¨``¿ûÚ fd Æ``πú fl``û Æ``ôZ Á``•ä /dZd v£``∫•úZ ¨``û£``Ö Zf “``æÜ } ‰``ÖÆ``®Ü „``ûZ /dÆ``ò
/¨ø¡πÖ Zf „õ i£±äZ
fd xZ¬``•Ö ‰``ò Õ``±≈ú }Ø``≈å ⁄``≈®ï ⁄``û£``ñz xÚ df¬``õ fd „``õ } ‰``ÖÆ``®Ü ‰``ò ‚``•ï£``ûfd Á``ܨ``õ gZ ‘``à
/dZd }£â ‰ú£ûZÆô ⁄ñ Zz Áú£•çZd £û z }d£ì \ZÆë£ã Ãö£ñ
‰``Ö Æ``•≤≈Ö /Õ``±≈ú z yd¬``§ú }d£``ì Á``•≈∑ñZz Æ``ê£``ä x£``õg £``Ü Á``•ä Ø``ôÆ``ù „``õ }ZÆ``Ö , xZ¨``úg xZfzd
Æ``•≤≈Ö \ZÆ``ë£``ã /÷``™≤õ x£``ºõ z x£``õg fd y¨``é ⁄``ñZz }dZ¨``ûzf ‰``Ö £``Ü ¨``ú£``õ Á``õ i¬``Ö£``ò z [ZÆ``ç
Á``Üf¬``≥Ö Á``∑ñZz Á``õÆ``ï }ZfZd ‰`` º¿ûZ £`` Ü ¨`` ¿â¬`` ∑õ z –`` `ò m¬`` µã z £`` ¡æºé /¨`` ¿•±ù ‰`` •™ûf ‚`` ùfd
Æ``•≤≈Ö ‚``ÜZÆ``ë£``ã z ‰``ÖÆ``®Ü ‰``ò ‚``û¬``ΩÖ ‚``ù Z¬``ã Á``õ Õ``û£``¡ú fd /‚``¿≈Ö Á``õ x¬``õZÆ``≈à fd x¬``¿òZ ‰``ò Á``¢£``≈éZ
Á``ú£`` ≈Ö Ã`` ö£`` ñ fd £`` ¡¿Ü z £`` ¡¿Ü Zf xZfzd xÚ } ‰`` ÖÆ`` ®Ü v£`` ∫•úZ zÆ`` ¿ûZ gZ /Á`` `∑ñZz £`` Ü ¨`` ¿•±ù yÆ`` •±ÖÚ
ÕçZ „ºøõ ‰ò ‚¿ò Áõ ‘ä ‚ù Zf „ûZ ‰•§öZ /‰ú¬ô ⁄ñZz ÁÜZÆ`ë£`ã £`ïÆ`è £`Ü ‚`¿≈Ö Á`õ f¬`≥•õ yÆ`•±ÖÚ
‰``å £``õZ /¨``û£``ø¿Ö w¬``¡πõ£``ú }Z ‰``ú¬``ô Æ``Üf£``§®úf ‰``Ö ¨``û£``é d¬``ã Á``úͬ``ë xZfzd fl``û gZ „``õ }Z yÆ``•±ÖÚ x£``≈Ö
d¬`âz yÆ`•±ÖÚ Æ`¿ù Æ`ôZ Á`•çZf /wZ ‰`ú£`Ωû d¬`ã £`Ö ‚`ù z ‚`û¬`ô Á`õ Zf ‚`ç£`±äZ ‚`ù ›``ûÆ``ë „``ûZ gZ ‚``¿ò
z ¨``¿•±ù „``õ Æ``∂ú ‰``øù £``¡¿ûZ ‰``•§öZ z /¨``¿•ï£``û Á``õ v£``∫•úZ ‰``ú¬``Ωå £``¡ç£``±äZ gZ }f£``≈±Ö Õ``éZd Á``øú
‚``ú£``â r£``øìZ fd xZ¨``úg }£``ù ‰``∂©ö „``ûÆ``•ºûf£``Ü fd ‰``ò Á``è¬``≥ã xZØ``≈ õ x£``øù ‰``Ö /Á``è¬``≥ã f£``≈±Ö
/‚ú£é¬ßÖ xZdÎâ ‚≤å gZ Zf wd¬ã £Ü w¨é Áõ x£¡¿à
***
Á``ñ£``ÜZ /Õ``çZ ÿ``§ÜÆ``õ xzÆ``≈Ö ‰``Ö Á``¿ùÚ }£``ù ‰``æ≈õ £``Ö }Z yÆ``®¿à xÚ }Í£``Ö Õ``ø±ñ fd ‰``ò }fZ¬``ûd aÆ``ë
v£``ä fd „``ùÚ Æ``≈Ü f£``Ö }Z¨``è /¨``¿çf Á``õ j¬``ô ‰``Ö wzZ¨``õ £``ù ‰``ø¡øù /Æ``πú xZfZØ``ù } ‰``ø¡øù z Õ``çZ
Zf „``ùÚÆ``≈Ü f¨``∫å Æ``Ωõ £``ûZ¨``ã /f£``§ôf \f¬``≥Ö /¨``ú¬``é Á``õ ˘£``ã „``ùÚÆ``≈Ü xZfZØ``ù ¨``•øõ /x¨``é ˘£``ã
j¬``õ£``ã £``ù ‰``ø¡øù ‰``ò Õ``çZ Á``ú£``õg £``¡¿Ü „``ûZ /Æ``øì fl``û }ZgZfd ‰``Ö ?dÆ``ò ˘£``ã xZ¬``Ü Á``õ ¨``äZz xÚ fd
gZ ‘``à /¨``Ö£``û Á``õ x¬``ºç Õ``ú¬``õZÆ``≈à }£``â ‰``øù fd £``ù ‰``ø¡øù ‰``ò Õ``çZ Á``ú£``õg £``¡¿Ü z £``¡¿Ü z d¬``é Á``õ
f¨`` `∫å xZÆ`` `¡Ü Æ`` `¡é Æ`` `Ωõ £`` `ûZ¨`` `ã /Æ`` `øì xZfZØ`` `ù }ZgZfd ‰`` `Ö /kÎ`` `ã Æ`` `≈Ü /Æ`` `≈Ü fl`` `Ü }£`` `ùZ¨`` `è ,xÚ
}Z¨``è Ùd¨``®õ kÎ``ã Æ``≈Ü „``ûÆ``ãÚ gZ ‘``à /¨``¿Ö£``û Á``õ ‰``õZdZ f¬``µ¿ûZ £``ùÆ``≈Ü fl``Ü ‰`` ò dfZd Õ``≈∑øâ
„``•õ Æ``Ö xÚÆ``ñ Õ``¢ZÆ``ñ }Z¨``è z £``¡¿ûZ } ‰``¿≈õg fd £``ñÚ _£``ä ‰``ûÆ``ò } yÆ``¡å /dÆ``≈ô Á``õ Í£``Ö £``ù ‰``ø¡øù
x¨``é j¬``õ£``ã z Æ``Ωûd Á``¿ùÚ Æ``≈Ü f£``Ö x¨``é ˘£``ã £``Ü /‘``Öz Õ``çZ ‰``ø¡øù }Z¨``è ÿ``∫ïz /£``ù ‰``ø¡øù
/£â ‰øù gZ ‰ø¡øù }Z¨è ÿ∫ï z Á¿ùÚ }£ù ‰æ≈õ £Ö yÆ®¿à ‰Ö £¡ø≤å /£ù ‰ø¡øù
***
}Z¨`` `è z }Z ‰`` `æ≈õ } yÆ`` `®¿à z fZ¬`` `ûd d¬`` `é Á`` `õ j¬`` `õZÆ`` `ï f¬`` `µå Æ`` `ãÚ /„`` `ò j¬`` `õZÆ`` `ï ¨`` `¿û¬`` `ô Á`` `õ
⁄``ï£``¿õ }ZÆ``Ö /dÆ``ò j¬``õZÆ`` ï Zf d¬``é Á``õ ˘£``ã „``ùÚÆ``≈Ü f£``Ö ‰`` `ò Á``õ£``Ω¿ù , ‰``ø¡øù x¨``é j¬`` `õ£``ã
/dÆò j¬õZÆï Zf £¡¿ûZ ¨û£§ú y¨é ‰ò ‚ù y¨¿ûÚ }£¡æ±ú
: xZfz£ã —≈ê¬Ü *