wminda markoz efeseli da florenciis unia

Transcrição

wminda markoz efeseli
da
florenciis unia
ibeWdeba misi maRalyovladusamRvdeloesobis
mestiisa da zemo svaneTis mTavarepiskoposis
ilarionis locva kurTxeviT.
iTargmna wignidan:
protopresviteri ambrosi pogodini –
wm. markoz efeseli da florenciis unia.
(Протопресвитер Амбросий Погодин –
Св. Марк Ефеский и флорентийская уния).
mTargmneli: naTia maRalaSvili
redaqtori: mRvdeli vaxtangi daviTaSvili
damkabadonebeli: makrine anTaZe
garekanze gamosaxulia wm. markoz efeselis xati,
gragnilze warweriT: `gaeqeci papizms, rogorc gvels~.
sarCevi
winasityvaoba........................................................... 5
Tavi pirveli......................................................... 10
Tavi meore............................................................. 20
Tavi mesame.............................................................. 27
Tavi meoTxe........................................................... 71
Tavi mexuTe............................................................. 77
Tavi meeqvse............................................................. 83
Tavi meSvide........................................................... 97
Tavi merve............................................................. 111
Tavi mecxre.......................................................... 122
Tavi meaTe............................................................. 133
epilogi................................................................ 139
winasityvaoba
Cveni mizania vTargmnoT wminda markoz efeselis, efesos
mitropolitis Sromebi, Rvawli da misi brZola marTlmadideblobisaTvis florenciis uniis winaaRmdeg.
wminda markoz efeselis Sromebis Targmna ZlivsZlivobiT
moxerxda, radgan wmindanis xelnawerebi inaxeba daxurul
da nawilobriv xelmiuwvdomel saxelmwifo biblioTekebSi,
romelic `rkinis fardis~ miRma mdebareobs.
kacobriobis istoriis adreul periodSi, romelsac samarTlianad SeiZleba ewodos moraluri kompromisebis saukune,
CvenTvis aucilebelia gavacnobieroT marTlmadidebluri dogmatebisa da swavlebis Rirebuleba. am Rirebulebebidan Cven
arafris gacema ar SegviZlia, arafris msxverplad Sewirva an
kompromisze wasvla. ar unda davuSvaT im WeSmaritebidan gandgoma, romelic dagvaSorebs maradiul cxovrebas da simarTles.
Cven ganuwyvetliv gvesmis, rom erTis mxriv marTlmadidebluri
eklesiis mimdevrebs da meores mxriv, romis kaTolikuri eklesiis warmomadgenlebs Soris unda Sedges Sexvedrebi da ganxilva
eklesiebis gaerTianebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. romis kaTolikuri presa xSirad saubrobs amis Sesaxeb, xolo romis kaTo5
likur samRvdeloebaSi warmoebs muSaoba marTlmadidebluri
cxovrebis stilTan gacnobisa da maTTan daaxloebisaTvis1.
eklesiebis gaerTianebis sakiTxi, uZvelesi ganxeTqileba –
vis ar awuxebs es sakiTxi, vin iqneba amis mimarT gulgrili? Cven
gvesmis amavdroulad marTlmadidebluri eklesiis warmomadgenelTa bageebidan, romelTac xSir SemTxvevaSi maRali Tanamdebobebi ukaviaT, rom mzad arian gawiron marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis dogmatebi. mudmivad gvesmis kompromisuli gamoTqmebi, vkiTxulobT statiebs, romlebic gvTavazoben dogmaturi
xasiaTis sakiTxebis kompromisul gadawyvetas.
Cven upirveles yovlisa, unda gavarkvioT Tu ra gangvasxvavebs laTinebisgan. erTni aRniSnaven sxvas, meoreni sxvas.
zogierTebi amboben, rom Cven gvyofs papis ucodvelobis dogmati gansakuTrebuli privilegiebiT, romelsac iCemebs romis
papis taxti. meoreni fiqroben rom, Cven erTmaneTisgan gvyofs
eklesiologia, magram amave dros dogmaturi swavlebac, saerTod ki erTi da igive gvwams. sxvani aRniSnaven, rom Cven gvyofs
qristianuli cxovrebis gageba, qristianuli eTika. da bolos,
zogni amboben da weren, rom Cven gvyofs wminda istoriularsobrivi mizezebi, romelTagan mTavari aris metoqeoba romis
papebsa da konstantinopolis patriarqebs Soris, romelic
saTaves poulobs elinurisa da romauli kulturebis fesvebSi.
1. ganxeTqileba – `didi sqizma~ – ra aris ganxeTqileba da gaiyo Tu ara erTiani
eklesia 2 nawilad – marTlmadideblurad da kaTolikurad, amis Sesaxeb wers
wminda iustine popoviCi: `rogorc TviT RmerTkacs – ufal ieso qristes ar
SeiZleba ramdenime sxeuli hqondes, aseve SeuZlebelia mas ramdenime eklesia
hqondes; aqedan gamomdinare eklesiis ganyofa, misi danawevreba arsebiTad
da ontologiurad SeuZlebeli ramaa, eklesiis ganyofa-danawevrebani arasdros ar momxdara da arc SeiZleba moxdes. xolo Tuki rame iyo, rasac zogni
eklesiis ganyofas uwodebdnen, sinamdvileSi es mxolod mowyveta da moSoreba
iyo WeSmariti marTlmadidebeli eklesiisgan... ase moswydnen eklesias jer
gnostikosebi, mere ariozis mwvaleblobis mimdevarni, maT kvalad ki sulis
mbrZolnic, monofizitebi, xatmbrZolni, kaTolikeni (papistebi), momavali
protestantebis CaTvliT, uniatebi... erTi sityviT, yvela wevri mwvalebluri
da ganxeTqilebiseuli legionisa“ (mTarg. SeniSvna).
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TumcaRa es gamoTqmebi da mosazrebebi nawilobriv samarTliania, magram ar unda dagvaviwydes da unda vaRiaroT, rom
mTavari rac gangvasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan, aris dogmaturi
sakiTxebi: swored romis eklesiis gandgoma im dogmatebisgan,
romelnic adre saerTo iyo, rogorc aRmosavleTis ise dasavleTis eklesiebisTvis. swored aman migviyvana eklesiebs Soris
ganxeTqilebamde da aRmoCnda is winaaRmdegoba, romelmac
xeli SeuSala WeSmarit erTianobas romis kaTolikur da marTlmadidebel eklesiebs Soris. gaerTianeba SesaZlebelia
mxolod erTaderT dogmatze dayrdnobiT – es aris safuZveli,
romelsac eklesiis sxeuli emyareba. gamovacliT mas dogmatebs
da eklesia aRar iqneba eklesia. erTi da imave eklesiaSi ori gansxvavebuli dogmaturi principis arseboba, an raime kompromisi
EerT-erTi am dogmatis xarjze – uazrobaa, romelic daangrevs
eklesias.
ramedenadac Zvirfasi ar unda iyos CvenTvis romis eklesiasTan SeerTeba, arc SegviZlia da verc gavbedavT davTmoT raime
Cveni dogmatebidan, im wminda dogmatebidan, romelic miiRes
wminda mociqulebma, daurRveveli da sruli, nakarnaxevi suli
wmidisagan.
vin Segvaswavlis im dogmaturi sakiTxebis WeSmarit arss,
romlebic gvyofen romis kaTolikur eklesiasTan?2 vis mivmarToT? – revoluciamdel seminarielebs, saRvTismetyvelo
debatebis wignebs – isini daZveldnen da damarwmunebelni veRar
arian. mivmarToT Tanamedrove RvTismetyvelebs? – magram isini
xom adamianebi arian, maT SeuZliaT mogvcen zusti mosazrebebi,
magram aseTebic cdebian da ibnevian, rogorc adamis yvela STamomavali.
cocxali magaliTis aReba SeiZleba wminda mamebisagan, romlebic eyrdnobian ara mxolod pirad gamocdilebas, aramed
2. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, wminda iustine popoviCis sityvebisamebr, kaTolikuri eklesia realobaSi aris erT-erTi religiuri jgufi da ara WeSmariti
macxovnebeli eklesia. (mTarg. SeniSvna)
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siwmindes, miniWebuls suli wmidisagan, weren da saubroben
wminda samebis STagonebiT.
wminda mamebi ekuTvnian ZiriTadad meoTxe saukunes, an periods `did sqizmamde~. iSviaTad arseboben iseTebic, romlebic
ekuTvnian mogvianebiT periods, rogorc magaliTad wminda
grigol palama, maT naSromebSi ver vipoviT siRrmiseul pasuxs
esoden mniSvnelovan sakiTxze. calkeuli avtorebi (rogorc
magaliTad patriarqi foti) nawilobriv exebian zemoxsenebul
sakiTxebs, romlebic yofen marTlmadideblur eklesias kaTolikurisgan, Tumca maTi swavleba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arc
Tanamedrovea da arc damakmayofilebeli.
erTaderTi visac Cveni damoZRvra SeuZlia Aaris wminda markoz efeseli. is aris wminda mamaTa goneba, `suliwmidis taZari~,
romelic Tavisi saTnoebiT anaTebda qveyanas. is gvmoZRvravs
da gvaswavlis marTlmadideblobis WeSmaritebas, aseve mkafiod
gviCvenebs, Tu ratom ar unda miviRoT romis kaTolikuri swavleba, gviCvenebs brZolas marTlmadideblobisaTvis, romelsac
nakli ar gaaCnia. wminda markozis TvalTaxedviT, yoveli marTlmadidebeli Tvalis CiniviT unda ufrTxildebodes rwmenas,
radgan amqveynidan wasvlis Semdeg Tu sxva saTnoeba ar movipoveT `WeSmariti rwmena mainc waviRoT saiqioSi~.
sakiTxTa umravlesoba, romlebic Cven gvyofen romis eklesiasTan da arsebobdnen wminda markozis drosac, gaSuqebul iqna
wminda markoz efeselis mier, amitom aucilebelia gamovaqveynoT es Sromebi.
ukve droa mis Sromebs gadaewmindos mtveri, romlebic
inaxeba moskovSi, parizSi, venaSi, oqsfordSi, aTonze, milansa
da sxva adgilebSi. droa, rom isini xelmisawvdomi gaxdes ara
mxolod dainteresebul pirTaTvis, aramed yvelasTvis. droa,
rom marTlmadidebelma xalxma gaigos maT Sesaxeb, raTa ukeT
gaacnobieron marTlmadideblobis srulyofileba, ukompromisoba Cvens srulqmnil dogmatebTan dakavSirebiT, gaigon wminda
markoz efeselis Rvawlis Sesaxeb, am rwmenis gmirze, romelmac
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eklesiisTvis im mZime periodSi daicva marTlmadidebloba.
warmogvedgina wminda markoz efeselis Sromebi qarTul
enaze3, misi brZola marTlmadideblobisaTvis, garkveuli
dokumentebi, romlebic exeba amave epoqas, maTi sawinaaRmdego
komentarebis CaTvliT – es iyo Cveni ZiriTadi mizani.
amdenad, Tavidanve gaxda cnobili, rom Sromebis pirdapiri
Targmanis gadmocema ar iqneboda sakmarisi. aucilebeli iyo
gveCvenebina is suraTi, Tu rogor iqmneboda, warmoiSveboda
wminda markozis Sromebi da riT iyo es gamowveuli. aucilebeli iyo mTeli im istoriuli suraTis warmodgena, romelic
win uZRoda krebis mowvevas da daskvnas.
ar unda agvevlo gverdi ferara-florenciis krebisa da
mrwamsis miRebisaTvis. es TavisTavad sainteresoa, istoria
xom warsulis ubralo Txroba araa, is momavlis maswavlebelia.
florenciis uniis gadmocema iyo mxolod da mxolod wminda markoz efeselis Sromebis ilustrirebis saSualeba, raTa
mkiTxveli garkveuliyo yvelaze arsebiT faqtebsa da dokumentebSi.
winamdebare naSromSi SevecdebiT gadmovceT sami ZiriTadi
sagani: wminda markoz efeselis Sromebi, florenciis uniis
istoria da wminda markoz efeselis cxovreba.
wyaroebi, romlebic gamoviyeneT, mieTiTeba ZiriTad teqstsa
da aRniSvnebSi.
3. wignis avtori wers, rom misi mizani iyo wminda markoz efeselis moRvaweobis
Targmna rusul enaze, Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki, mizanSewonilia davweroT qarTul
enaze (mTarg.SeniSvna)
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Tavi pirveli
bizantiis am epoqis mdgomareoba iyo winapiroba uniis krebis
mowvevisa. am TavSive vexebiT wminda markoz efeselis cxovrebas
dabadebidan mis moRvaweobamde florenciis krebaze.
ukanaskneli 50 weli warmoadgens bizantiis imperiis tragikul suraTs, rogorc misi arsebobis, am erT dros didebuli da
ayvavebuli saxelmwifos aRsasruls. konstantinopolis dacema
iyo ufro tragikuli kacobriobis kulturisaTvis, vidre TviT
romis dacema. romi didxans da ganuwyvetliv ecemoda da bolos
mainc mivida im epoqamde, roca man Sewyvita ara mxolod msoflios dedaqalaqoba, aramed kulturis centrobac. es bizantias
ar exeboda, is iyo ayvavebuli, misi kultura viTardeboda da
sulieri Zliereba idga ufro maRla dasavleTTan SedarebiT.
bizantiis gviandeli periodi xasiaTdeba ara imdenad elinisturi sulis Semoqmedebad, aramed uZvelesi eladis istoriuli
warsulisa da kulturuli memkvidreobis gadataniT, SecnobiTa
da gaTavisebiT. is sulieri saganZuri bizantiam gaiTavisa ufro
adre, vidre TviT dasavleTma. filosofiuri skolebi ivseba
xalxiT, romelTac gaacnobieres im drois konstantinopolis
filosofosebis naazrevi. platoni da aristotele meTauroben
ganaTlebuli adamianebis siaSi. imperatorebi cdiloben mkacrad
reglamintirebuli ceremoniebiT Semoifarglon. politikuri
partiebi TamaSoben mniSvnelovan rols saxelmwifos cxovrebaSi. sulieri cxovreba ki mainc yvelaze maRla dgas. marTlmadidebloba iyo Seucvleli, maTi cxovrebis bunebrivi nawili,
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bizantielis azrovnebis nayofi. es epoqa xasiaTdeba Sinagani
simSvidiT, xolo eklesia Tavisufalia eresebisagan da ganxeTqilebisagan. eklesia, saxelmwifo da eri – es yvelaferi bizantiis
imperiaSi erTi, mTliani da ganuyofelia. es yvelaferi bizantielis gulisTvis usazRvrod Zvirfasi, unda daiRupos, Tu ver
vipoviT gamosavals uRmerToebis gansadevnad marTlmadidebluri samyaros sazRvrebidan. bizantiis mdgomareoba am epoqaSi marTlac tragikuli iyo. erT dros udidesi da uZlieresi
imperiisgan darCa mxolod da mxolod konstantinopoli garSemo
mciredi miwiT, ramdenime kunZuliT saberZneTsa da mcire azias
Soris da miwis patara naWriT samxreT saberZneTSi. sxva yvela
danarCeni Turqebs hqondaT dakavebuli, xolo rac ar hqondaT
dakavebuli, iyo italielebis xelSi. bizantiis imperatori
sulTnis mier iyo dakninebuli da misi uwyebis gareSe araviTari
politikuri nabijis gadagma ar SeeZlo. bizantiis naxevradTavisufali arseboba iyo ara-mtkice, xolo konstantinopolis
dReebi daTvlili. Turqebma ukve daipyres serbeTi, bulgareTi,
daamarcxes jvarosnebi nikopolisTan da rac yvelaze mTavari da
mtkivneuli iyo bizantielebisaTvis 1430 wels daipyres bizantiis imperiaSi mniSvnelobiT meore qalaqi – Tesaloniki.
bizantiis mmarTveli wreebi gamosavals eZebdnen. mokavSiris
Zebna da dasavleTTan gaerTianeba saerTo mtris – Turqebis
winaaRmdeg gaxda mizani da sagani bizantiuri diplomatiisa.
imperatorma manuil II ver miaRwia veranair warmatebas, TumcaRa
dasavleTTan mokavSireobis ZebnaSi Semoiara mTeli evropa da
sicocxlis bolos skeptikurad ganewyo laTinuri eklesiis da
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis uniis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
sasikvdilo sarecelze man gaafrTxila Tavisi vaJi – momavali
imperatori ioane VIII, rom ar hqoniyo aranairi uniis imedi, misi
azriT, yovelgvari morigeba laTinebsa da berZnebs Soris, an
ramenairi mcdeloba, mxolod da mxolod gaaRrmavebda arsebul
ganxeTqilebas.
marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis romTan uniis safrTxe mar11
Tlmadidebelma ierarqebma gacilebiT adre ganWvrites. maT
icodnen, rom amis ukan vatikanis mier marTlmadidebeli eklesiis damonebis gegmebi imaleboda. bizantiis imperator manuil
II-is dros, roca imperatori evedreboda konstantinopolis
patriarqs daqvemdebareboda roms saxelmwifos interesebis
gamo, man upasuxa, rom upiratesobas aniWebs daemorCilos
vinme urjulos, vidre wardges romSi, radganac maTze damorCileba iqneboda mxolod garegani, xolo romisadmi daqvemdebareba niSnavs `RmerTis dakargvas~. Tumca imperatori ioane
paleologi, romelic namyofi iyo dasavleTSi da ase Tu ise
icnobda dasavleli mmarTvelisa da politikuri wris ganwyobas, Tvlida rom maTTan molaparakeba ara mxolod SesaZlebelia, aramed aucilebelic. saeklesio uniis daskvnaSi is
Turqebisagan bizantiis imperiis saSvels xedavda. im epoqaSi
uniis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT vxedavT or mimdinareobas, ase
vTqvaT or partias: erTni uniis mtkice momxreebi; es partia
imperatoris meTaurobiT, mxardaWerilia ramodenime saeklesio piris mier, sxva ki Sedgenili `fanatikosebiT~4, romelTac
ar surT raimenairi uniis gagoneba romTan, ara mxolod sarwmunoebis siwmindis gamo, aramed imitomac rom daikargeba berZnuli memkvidreoba da daayenebs bizantias ukana planze. XV
saukunis dasawyisSi bizantieli polemikosi ioseb brinieli
werda: àravin motyuvdes momxiblveli imedebiT, rom italieli mokavSireebis samxedroebi movlen CvenTan. TumcaRa isini
iqcevian ise TiTqos dagvicaven, isini aiReben iaraRs mxolod
imitom rom daangrion Cveni qalaqi, eri da saxeli~. XV saukuneSi es saSiSroeba gamarTlda alfons `sulgrZelis~5 gegmebSi
4. avtors naxsenebi aqvs termini `fanatikosi~, magram mas aniWebs Sebrunebul
mniSvnelobas, raSic gulisxmobs eklesiis marTebul pozicias uniisa da mwvaleblobis mimarT.
5. alfonso V (1394-1458, 27 ivlisi) aragonis da siciliis mefe 1416-1458 wlebSi.
ferdinand I da eleonora albukerkes vaJi. 1415 wels iqorwina mariaze, kastiliis mefis enrike III-is asulze. mas Zalian uyvarda fufuneba da saxeli gaiTqva
sasiyvarulo TavgadasavlebiT.
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aRmosavleTis winaaRmdeg. rogorc ar unda yofiliyo imperatorma ioanem gadadga uniis misaRwevad garkveuli nabijebi.
is rom unias ise aRiqvamda, rogorc politikur aqts, mowmobs
faqtebis wyeba. amas ar malavs da naTels hfens didi ritoriki
manuili, romelic ambobs: ìoane dasamaxsovrebeli mmarTvelia,
meeqvse paleologi, igi Zalian SorsmWvreteli aRmoCnda, gaiTvaliswina ra Turqebis mier mopovebuli samxedro gamarjveba,
aucileblad miiCnia kavSiri italielebTan, amisTvis ki aucilebeli iyo krebis mowveva~. siropulosi, romelmac TiTqmis sami
naSromi miuZRvna italiaSi krebis mowvevis istorias, yveba, rom
erTi Sekrebis dros imperatorTan uniis sakiTxze, imperatoris
mdivanma – giorgi sqolariusma Riad ganucxada imperators,
rom Tu unia aris mxolod politikuri aqti, is ar iqneba gamZle
da grZelvadiani. savaraudoa, rom amgvari midgoma gamoavlina
ramdenime sxva adamianmac, konstantinopolis patriarqis CaTvliT, vxedavT rom imperatori mtkiced ucxadebs patriarqs,
rom yvelaferi gaTvala da yvelanair pasuxismgeblobas uniis
sakiTxze iRebs Tavis Tavze. krebaze imperatoris moqmedebebic
zemoTqmuls adasturebs. Tu bizantiis mmarTveli wreebi dasavleTis eklesiasTan SeerTebis faqts ganixilavdnen, rogorc
wmindad politikur aqts, sxvagvarad arc dasavleTSi aRiqvamdnen am sakiTxs. swored am dros romis kaTolikur eklesiaSi iyo
cnobili krizisi: bazelis kreba6 – gaerTiandnen dasavleTis
progresuli moazrovneebi, romelTac eniWebodaT ufro meti
6. bazelis kreba – kaTolikuri eklesiis kreba, romelic moiwvies Tavdapirvelad bazelSi, SveicariaSi (1431-1449), xolo Semdeg lozanaSi. kreba moiwvia
papma martin V 1431 wels, eklesiis reformirebisTvis, husitebTan samxedro
konfliqtis regulirebisa da aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis eklesiebis
SeerTebisTvis. cota xanSi kreba gaxda brZolis arena papsa da krebis umaRles
ierarqebs Soris, krebis gaxsnamde martin mexuTe gardaicvala. papma evgeni
IV, romelsac ar cnobdnen bazelis krebis ierarqebi, scada krebis sxdomebis
gadatana jer feraraSi, xolo mogvianebiT ki florenciaSi. bazelis krebis
mamebma sabolood uaryves papi evgeni IV da papad airCies vinme feliqs V. zogierTi evropeli lideris mxardaWeram Seasusta bazelis krebis avtoriteti da
sabolood umoqmedod iqca.
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mniSvneloba da ar cnobdnen pap evgeni IV-s (romSi arCeuls).
Ggarda amisa papi evgeni IV iyo didi politikosi – icoda saqmis warmoeba da cdilobda `gaesrisa~ krebis mowinaaRmdegeebi
yvelanairi saSualebiT. krebis mowvevasa da uniis daskvnas
didi mniSvneloba hqonda misi prestiJisaTvis. m
A is Sesaxeb wers
bisiue: `wavikiTxavT ra bazelis krebis istorias, ar SeiZleba
ar gagvakvirvos CaxlarTulma gzebma, papis mier miRebulma
mravalma gadawyvetilebam, romelic aZlevda mas saSualebas
Tavidan moeSorebina is mmarTvelebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebodnen krebis mowvevas. Tavisi miznebis miRwevisaTvis fexqveS
Telavda yvelafer wmindas, rac iyo religiaSi da roca yvela
mcdeloba uimedod eCvena, mimarTa sxva oins – gamoavlina eWvi
berZnebTan SeerTebis sisworeSi~.
pap evgeni IV-is Semdgomi moqmedebebi mimarTuli iyo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis damorCilebisaken. ase rom, Tu bizantiaSi
unias uyurebdnen, rogorc wmindad politikur aqts saxelmwifos sasargeblod dasavleTis saxelmwifoebTan samxedro
kavSiris damyarebisaTvis, vatikanSic florenciis unias aRiqvamdnen politikur aqtad, oRond jer vatikanis prestiJis ganmtkicebisaTvis, romelic Seryeuli iyo bazelis krebis mier,
xolo Semdeg papis mier marTlmadidebeli eklesiis daqvemdebarebisaTvis, romelic gasaWirSi iyo politikuri mizezebis
gamo. samarTlinad aRniSna es mdgomareoba erTma istorikosma:
`feraraSi TiTqmis mTeli berZnebis motivi iyo politikuri,
amave dros papis motivi iyo `wminda taxtis~ prestiJis amaRleba da ramdenime DdaTmobis dacincvla~ mowinaaRmdegeebisTvis bazelSi, usamarTloba iqneba ar avRniSnoT, rom mxolod
cotani Tu fiqrobdnen qristianobis sasargeblod~.
berZnebma gadawyvites gaerTianeba, magram ar icodnen visTvis miemarTaT. vin warmoadgenda dasavleTis eklesias – bazelis kreba, Tu papi evgeni IV? erTic da meorec mzad iyvnen qristianuli samyaros gaerTianebisaTvis. berZnebis warmomadgenlebSi iyo konstantinopolis monastris iRumeni – isidore. Ees
14
isidore male gaxda kievis mitropoliti7 da rusuli eklesiis
umaRlesi ierarqi, amave dros gulmodgine ekumenisti, romelic
bolos gamoaZeves ruseTidan, igi avlenda did enTuziazms uniisadmi. Tavisi aRfrTovaneba uniisadmi gamoxata ase: ùnis Seqmnis didebul Zegls, romelic SeSurdeba rodosis koloss, misi
simaRle miaRwevs zecas da brwyinvaleba aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs~. magram bazelis krebis mamebma dauSves didi taqtikuri
Secdoma, romelmac gamoiwvia aRSfoTeba konstantinopolSi da
gadawyda sakiTxi ise `rom berZnebma miiRes papis SeTavazeba da
mxari dauWires pap evgeni IV-s bazelis krebis mamebTan kamaTSi.
Secdoma mdgomareobda imaSi, rac maT ganucxades berZnebs,
rom isini berZnebTan uniis sakiTxis ganxilvaze Tanaxmani arian
imave doneze, rac hqondaT husitebTan8. erT doneze moTavseba
marTlmadideblobisa da husituri eresisa ar SeiZleboda ar
Seuracxeyo berZnebi. sxva mxriv, papma ar dauSva amdagvari Secdomebi da miiRo berZnebis warmomadgenlebi, dasTanxmda daewyoT molaparakebebi uniis daskvnisaTvis. SesTavaza, rom kreba
Semdgariyo feraraSi da daaimeda berZnebi. rogorc avRniSneT
berZnebma miiRes papis winadadeba da daiwyes italiaSi, kre7. 1441 wels, krebis dasrulebidan ori wlis Semdeg, rodesac kievis mitropoliti isidore moskovis kremlis miZinebis taZarSi wirvas aRavlenda,
RmrTismsaxurebisas papis saxels ixseniebda da romTan gaerTianebis aqtic
waikiTxa. imjerad episkoposebs da didgvarovnebs protesti ar gamouTqvamT,
magram ukve sami dRis Semdeg moskovis didma mTavarma vasili vasilis Zem igi
eretikosad gamoacxada da misi dapatimreba brZana. bolos isidore romSi
gaiqca, sadac kardinalis wodeba miiRo. amrigad, saero ZalaufalTa nebiT
ruseTis eklesiam uaryo ferara-florenciis unia. konstantinepolis dacemis
win qalaqSi isidore (axla ukve kardinali) Camovida. imperatoris nebarTviT man
wmida sofiis taZarSi wirva aRavlina. rodesac Turqebma qalaqs alya Semoartyes, maTi jari bevrad aRemateboda bizantielTa jars, magram es ukanasknelni
mainc inarCunebdnen qalaqs ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi. 1453 wlis 28 maiss
wmida sofiis taZarSi ukanasknelad aRevlina qristianuli RmrTismsaxureba,
29 maiss ki qalaqi daemxo. bizantiis ukanaskneli imperatori konstantine XI
paleologosi qalaqis dacvisas daiRupa.
8. husitebi – CexeTSi me-15 s.-Si: erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli da antikaTolikuri moZraobis beladis ian husis (J. u
H s) mimdevrebi.
15
baze gamgzavrebisaTvis mzadeba. krebaze, romelmac bizantiis
imperiis dasasruls Savi laqa datova. 1437 wlis 24 nombers
mravalricxovani berZnuli delegacia, romelic Sedgeboda 600
adamianisagan imperator ioane paleologis meTaurobiT misi
Zmis – dimitris TanxlebiT, 22 eposkoposiT, maT Soris konstantinopolis patriarqis – iosebis meTaurobiT, sxva sasuliero
pirebic, romelTac hqondaT aRmosavleTis sxva patriarqebisgan uflebamosileba krebaze wardgenisa. feraraSi gaemgazvrnen Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebic, romelTac ekavaTA esa Tu is
saero Tanamdeboba, delegacia gaemgzavra jer veneciaSi, iqidan
ki feraraSi. aA q wminda markoz efesels hqonda uflebamosileba
aleqsandriis da antioqiis patriarqebisagan.
imperatori saxelmwifos gadarCenas uniiT fiqrobda.
swored am uniam TiTqmis daRupa imperia. rogorc sulTnis
vasals, imperators misTvis unda ecnobebina italiaSi gamgzavrebis Sesaxeb, ioanem auwya mas, rom misi gamgzavrebis mizani
iyo wmindad saeklesio xasiaTis, magram sulTani murad II ar
iyo imdenad miamiti, rom ver mimxvadriyo vizitis politikur
miznebs da uTxra ioanes, rom dasavleTs ki ara, sulTans unda
sTxovo daxmareba, xolo laTinebisagan Tavi Sors daiWiroo.
sulTans surda konstantinopolisaTvis alyis Semortyma,
magram es ganzraxva erTi didebuli adamianis Segonebam gadaafiqrebina.
sanam delegacia italiaSi gaemgazvreboda, imperatorma konstantinopolSi arcTu didi kreba gamarTa, moiwvia sasuliero
da saero pirebi. am krebas eswreboda Tavisi codniTa da wminda
cxovrebiT cnobili efesos mitropoliti markozi – wminda markoz efeseli, `suliwmindis taZari~, romelic gamoirCa marTlmadideblobisTvis mebrZolad da romlis winaSec davalebulni
varT samudamod da visi xsovnis winaSec qeds vidrekT. aA xla ki,
rodesac pirvelad SevxvdiT am RvTis mier kurTxeul saxels
florenciis uniis istoriis Txrobis dros, droulia movyveT
Tavad am ganmanaTleblis Sesaxeb, misi cxovrebisa da marTl16
madideblobisTvis brZolis Sesaxeb, visac eZRvneba es wigni.
wyaroebi markoz efeselis cxovrebis Sesaxeb, mwiria. wminda markoz efeselis cxovrebis Sesaxeb mogviTxroben Semdegs: wminda
markoz efeseli – efesos mitropoliti da marTlmadideblobis
didebuli aRmsarebeli daibada 1391-1392 wlebSi konstantinopolSi. am qalaqSi miiRo ganaTleba, aq gaatara Tavisi cxovrebis
umetesi nawili da aqve aResrula. amis Sesaxeb ase wers ioane
evgenikosi: ès didebuli ganmanaTlebeli, `marili ama soflisa~, qristes eklesias moevlina, rogorc mebrZoli WeSmaritebisaTvis, gabrwyinda konstantinopolidan, iq daibada, aRizarda
da bolos RmerTs aqve miabara Tavisi wminda suli~. wminda markoz efeselis mamas ekava maRali saeklesio Tanamdeboba, ebara
konstantinopolis wmida sofias taZari. is iyo aseve profesori.
wminda markozis deda iyo eqimis Svili. orive warmodgebodnen
cnobili da didebuli ojaxebidan. wminda markoz efeselis mSoblebze mogviTxrobs ioane evgenikosi: `misi mSoblebi – mama iyo
diakvani didebuli taZrisa da deda pativcemuli eqimis Svili.
aseT patiosan ojaxSi daibada eklesiis momavali mcveli. naTlobisas ymawvilma miiRo saxeli manueli, rac TargmanSi niSnavs
`CvenTan ars RmerTi~. ymawvili markozi sibrZniT gamoirCeoda,
axalgazrda mamasTan erTad Seiswavlida ritorikul da maTematikur mecnierebebs. 13 wlis iyo, rodesac mama gardaecvala.
ymawvilis goneba ar kmayofildeboda axlis da axlis SecnobiT.
24 wlis asakSi is iRebs ritorTa moZRvris wodebas. rogorc gaiara misma mSvenierma bavSvobam, ise mamacurad galia Tavisi axalgazrdobis wlebi. is cxovrobda mkacri qristianuli cxovrebis
wesiT. yoveldRe eswreboda saRmrTo liturgias. wlis nebismier dros, gonebas inaTebda wminda weriliTa da sxvadasxva
mecnierebebiT, miaRwia umaRles sulier srulyofilebas. wminda
markozi cxovrobda erSi monazoniviT. ar datova raime Seuswavleli, arasodes uxvevda uflisken mimavali gzidan da mudam
qristes mcnebebs mihyveboda. sikvdilamde SeinarCuna siyvaruli da erTguleba Tavisi uflisadmi. cxovrobda dedaqalaqSi,
17
magram igi ucxo iyo misTvis, araferi akavSirebda am cxovrebasTan. wmindanis es Tvisebebi ar darCeboda SeumCneveli da
namdvilad, Cven vxedavT, rom wminda markoz efeseli gaxda sayvareli sulieri Svili konstantinopolis patriarqisa da misi
gardacvalebis Semdeg swored wminda markozi ugebs wess, rac
metyvelebs maT siaxlovesa da siyvarulze. imperatori manuil
II iaxlovebs mas, wmindani xdeba axlobeli da mrCeveli imperatorisa. manuilis memkvidre ioane VIII pativs scemda mas, amis Sesaxeb
mowmobs is, rom mTeli rigi Sromebi wminda markoz efeselma
dawera imperatoris TxovniT. mefe sTxovda aexsna markozs
misTvis rTuli saRvTismetyvelo sakiTxebi. swored imperator
ioane VIII-s surviliT wminda markozi iniSneba efesos kaTedris
mitropolitad da ikavebs gansakuTrebul adgils italiis krebaze mimaval saberZneTis delegaciaSi. imperatoris udides
siyvarulsa da pativiscemas migvaniSnebs is, rom wmindani monawileobs did saRvTismetyvelo ganxilvebSi ferarasa da florenciaSi da aseve ar aZlevs laTinebs misi Seuracxyofis uflebas,
roca wminda markozi gamodis uniis winaaRmdeg. imperatorTan
mis siaxloves SeiZleboda ganepirobebina misi karieruli winsvla, magram igi uaryofs yvelafers da iRebs monazvnobas. 1418
wels, roca wmindans Seusrulda 26 weli, igi tovebs dedaqalaqs da miemgzavreba kunZul antigonze, romelsac jer kidev
bizantia flobda. misi sulieri moZRvari da damrigebeli gaxda
iRumeni svimeoni, romelmac aRkveca igi. is iyo didebuli sulieri xelmZRvaneli, romlis Sesaxebac samwuxarod cnobebi ar
mogvepoveba.
Turqebi warmoadgendnen did safrTxes mosaxleobisaTvis,
amitom isini tovebdnen kunZuls da mirbodnen konstantinopolSi. aseT SiSSi da Turqebis Tavdasxmis mudmiv molodinSi
rTuli iyo simSvidis SenarCuneba, amitom wminda markozi
sulier moZRvarTan erTad brundeba konstantinopolSi da iq
manganis savaneSi iwyebs cxovrebas. aq aResrula misi sulieri
moZRvari da Tavadac, galia ra Zvirfasi wlebi, aqve daikrZala.
18
1437 wels efesos mitropolit iosebis gardacvalebis Semdeg wminda markozis survilis sawinaaRmdegod igi iniSneba
efesos mitropolitad. didxans ar yofila is Tavis kaTedraze,
radgan maleve gaemgzavra italiaSi krebaze. wminda markoz
efeselis Sromebis Sesaxeb ki gvesmis mxolod misi italiidan
dabrunebis Semdeg.
ase rom, wminda markozi mravalricxovan berZnul delegaciasTan erTad miemgzavreba italiaSi. sjeroda ki mas uniis
warmatebis? is mTlianad RmerTze sasoebda da fiqrobda,rom
unda mieRwiaT raime RirseulisaTvis.
patriarqi florenciaSi gardaicvala da Sesabamisad veRar
dabrunda konstantinopolSi. marTlmadidebloba ki gaiyida,
berZnebi dabrundnen Sercxvenilebi, wminda markozs ki mouwia martos brZola sarwmunoebisaTvis, razec wuxda kidec.
wyaroebi mas uwodeben `sxva maqsime aRmsarebels~.
19
Tavi meore
1. berZnebis yofna italiaSi;
2. feraras krebis gaxsna da krebis uwyebis ganxilva;
3. wminda markoz efeselis saubari pap evgeni IV-sTan.
florenciis krebis Sesaxeb wyaroebi arc ise bevria. ferara
– florenciis krebis qmedebebi, romelic laTinur da berZnul enaze mimdinareobda – dakargulia. berZnebsa da laTinebs
Soris saidumlo molaparakebebis istoriis anonimuri Txroba
dawerilia berZnul enaze, is samarTlianad miewereba doroTeis, miTelenis mitropolits. florenciis uniis istoriis
meore wyaro ekuTvnis amave doroTeis. avtori iyo uniis momxre,
Tavisi SromisaTvis miiRo papisagan fuladi jildo, amgvarad
es wyaro ar aris mTlad miukerZoebeli.
mesame ZiriTadi wyaro, florenciis uniis istoriis kidev
erTi mTxrobeli, berZeni diakvani silvestri siropulosia.
florenciis uniis istoriis mokle gadmocema ekuTvniT aseve
svimeon suzdals, ioane evgenikoss da did ritors manuils.
1437 wels berZnebma datoves konstantinopoli da Cavidnen
veneciaSi 1438 wlis 8 Tebervals. veneciaSi berZnebi didi pativiT miiRes, laTinebs surdaT eCvenebinaT TavianTi gulmodgineba. siropulosi (iseve rogorc sxva wyaroebi) gadmogvcems Sexvedris zeims, magram mainc ambobs, Tu rogori safrTxeebiTa
da siZneleebiT gamoiares berZnebma gza italiamde da rogor
qariSxlebSi gamocures. amiT mas TiTqos surda eTqva, rom
20
Tavad bunebac winaaRmdegi iyo im saqmisa, ris gamoc Cavidnen
berZnebi italiaSi.
berZnebis dasaxvedrad papma Tavis mxriv gauSva umaRlesi warmomadgeneli – targvini, romelic Sexvda maT da ramdenime dRis
Semdeg gadasca imperators da patriarqs mniSvnelovani Tanxa,
berZnebis mier moTxovnilze meti, veneciaSi Camosasvleli xarjebis gasastumreblad. siropulosi yveba, rom berZnebs ver
gadaewyvitaT, gamgzavrebuliyvnen feraraSi, sadac epatiJeboda
papi, Tu bazelSi, sadac maT eZaxdnen bazelis krebis mamebi, romlebic ar cnobdnen pap evgeni IV-s. veneciis xelisuflebas surda
berZnebis aq SenarCuneba da cdilobdnen krebac aq CaetarebinaT. mxolod mniSvnelovanma Tanxam gadawyvita berZnebis feraraSi gamgzavreba da papTan molaparakebebis warmoeba. hefils9
eWvi Seaqvs siropulosis mtkicebebSi da imowmebs targvinis
angariSebs. igi auwyebs pap evgeni IV-s imis Sesaxeb, rom berZnebi
midrekilni arian papisaken da rom Tavad imperatori ioane paleologi 25 Tebervals ugzavnis werils bazelis krebis mamebs,
rom Tavad Camovidnen feraraSi uniis damtkicebisaTvis.
28 Tebervals berZnebma miatoves venecia da 4 marts Cavidnen
feraraSi. imperatorma saswrafod gadawyvita moewyo viziti
pap evgeni IV-sTan, papma is da misi garemocva ara mxolod didi
zeimiT miiRo, aramed megobrulad da gulmxurvaledac. konstantinopolis patriarqi feraraSi Cavida mxolod 7 marts.
is wuxda imis gamo, rom ar daemcirebina arc Tavisi Tavi da arc
sakuTari kverTxis Rirseba. ase rom papTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb ambobda: `Tu papi Cemze ufrosia asakiT, miviReb rogorc
mamas, Tu Tanatolia ise davelaparakebi, rogorc Zmas, xolo
Tu umcrosia, rogorc vaJs~.
maTi urTierTSexvedra mdgomareobda SemdegSi: papma gadahkocna patriarqi, sxva berZeni episkoposebi, amis Semdeg ki xelze emTxvivnen paps. protokoliT gaTvaliswinebuli Sexvedris
Semdeg berZnebi miaciles sacxovreblamde. papma neba darTo
9. Hefele – istorikosi.
21
CaetarebinaT marTlmadidebluri RvTismsaxureba, xolo oTxi
dRis Semdeg gamoxata survili, rom uniis Sesaxeb molaparakebebi dawyebuliyo swrafad. berZnebma ki gamoTqves survili,
rom krebas daswrebodnen ara mxolod episkoposebi, aramed
dasavleTis mmarTvelebi. radgan imperatoris italiaSi Camosvlis ZiriTadi mizani xom mainc maTTan samxedro kavSiri iyo.
miuxedavad papis piraduli ganwyobilebisa, romelic im dros
iyo papsa da dasavlel mmarTvelebs Soris, man miwera maT, rom
daswrebodnen feraras krebas. berZnebma, romlebic xelmZRvanelobdnen uZvelesi tradiciebiT, gamoxates survili, rom
imperatori ioane yofiliyo krebis Tavmjdomare. laTinebma ki
ipoves gamosavali TavianT sasargeblod. taxtebi, sadac unda
Semdgariyo krebis gaxsna marTlmadideblebsa da laTinebs
Soris uniis sakiTxze Semdegnairad ganawilda: im mxares, sadac
dabrZanebuli iyo saxareba, moTavsdnen laTinebi. im mxares,
sadac dabrZanebuli iyo samociqulo – berZnebis warmomadgenlebi. papis taxti idga yvelaze maRal adgilas, mis qvemoT idga
germaniis imperatoris taxti, romelic carieli iyo, radgan
is cocxlebSi aRar iTvleboda. imave doneze idga imperator
ioane paleologis taxti, patriarqis taxti iseve iyo morTuli,
rogorc papis, Tumca ufro dabla idga. uniis sakiTxze mowveuli kreba gaixsna feraraSi 1438 wlis 9 aprils. konstantinopolis patriarqi avadmyofobis gamo gaxsnas ver daeswro. iyo
patriarqis avadmyofoba namdvili, Tu diplomatiuri xasiaTis,
rogorc amas amtkicebs siropulosi, rTuli saTqmelia. erTis
mxriv, cnobilia rom patriarqi krebis dros xSirad avadmyofobda da gardaicvala kidec. sxva mxriv, patriarqi iWvneulad
iyo krebisadmi ganwyobili da Tanac SeiZleboda misi taxtis
papis taxts qvemoT dadgmasac gaenawyenebina. marTalia, is ar
eswreboda krebas, magram waikiTxes misi mimarTva, sadac is oficialurad saubrobs krebis gaxsnaze, amis Semdeg waikiTxes papis
bula laTinur da berZnul enebze. bolos ki imReres wminda
himnebi.
22
krebis gaxsnis Semdeg dadga umoqmedobis periodi. papi
mtkiced sTavazobda, rom Camoyalibebuliyo komisia – orive
eklesiis warmomadgenlebisgan Semdgari, romelic gamoikvlevda eklesiebs Soris gacalkevebis punqtebs, Camoayalibebda uniis daskvnis gzas. komisia airCies, berZnebis mxridan am
komisiaSi monawileobdnen: markoz efeseli, besarioni – nikeis
mitropoliti, kidev sami episkoposi, ori iRumeni da erTi monazoni. am warmomadgenlebidan mxolod ori iyo uflebamosili
sazogadod gamosuliyo debatebSi laTinebTan: wminda markoz
efeseli da besarion nikeeli. am ori warmomadgenlidan Tavisi codniT, rogorc Cans pirvelxarisxovani adgili markoz
efesels ekava. es mtkicdeba iqidan, rom is yovelTvis gamodis
pirveli da pirveli iRebs Tavis Tavze disputebis dros dasmul
SekiTxvebze pasuxs. laTinebis warmomadgeneli iyo kardinali
iulian cezarini – gamocdili diplomati, ganTqmuli didi
codniTa da mWermetyvelebiT, kardinali nikolai albergati,
romelic miekuTvneboda im drois vatikanis diplomatiis gvirgvins, andrei – rodoseli arqiepiskoposi, ioane de torkvemada10, cnobili espaneli RvTismetyveli, WeSmaritad ufro
gulmxurvale, vidre andrei rodoseli, papis kidev sxva eqvsi
warmomadgeneli. komisiaSi dainiSnen Tarjimnebi da mdivnebi.
protokoli unda warmarTuliyo berZnulad da laTinurad.
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, es monaTxrobebi dakargulia.
WeSmariti meTauri laTinebis mxridan iyo papi – evgeni IV,
adamiani gansakuTrebuli ZalauflebiTa da politikurobiT,
romelmac icis Tavisi gegmebis ganxorcieleba Tu ara alersiT,
maSin ZaliT. es iyo erT-erTi yvelaze uZlieresi kaci `petres
samociqulo taxtze~ papizmis istoriaSi. berZnebis mxridan
Tavi iyo imperatori ioane paleologi, romelic xSirad xelmZ10. ioane de torkvemada – cnobili espaneli inkvizitoris tomas torkvemadas
mama, dominikos ordenis msaxuri, monawileobda konstancis krebaSi, es kreba
mowveuli iyo 1414 wlis 16 noembridan, 1418 wlis 22 aprilamde. am krebis mTavari amocana iyo saeklesio sqizmis Sewyveta. 23
Rvanelobda miRebebs da xSirad gamoxatavda sakuTar azrs.
unias is uyurebda, rogorc wmindad politikurs, saeklesio
mxare misTvis iyo meorexarixsovani. roca yvelaferi gacxadda
man yovelgvari Sinagani brZolis gareSe gadawyvita gaewira
marTlmadidebloba bizantiis interesebis gamo. ufro dawvrilebiT imperator ioanes saxeze visaubrebT momdevno TavebSi.
sanam konkretulad gadavalT saRvTismetyvelo sakiTxebis
Txrobaze, an movyvebiT dogmaturi xarisxis punqtebs, romlebmac gayves marTlmadidebluri da romis kaTolikuri eklesiebi, droulia moviyvanoT Rirebuli saxsovari – wminda markoz
efeselis sityva pap evgenisadmi, romelic miekuTvneba krebis
periods.
wminda markoz efeselis am sityvas aqvs Semdegi warmomavloba: Camovidnen ra italiaSi, berZeni delegatebi miwveul
iqnen banketze, romelic mowyobili iyo maT pativsacemad dasavleTis eklesiis warmomadgenlebis mier. Cveulebriv am banketze
ewyoboda saubrebi filosofiur Temebze. siropulosi yveba,
rom erT-erT aseT banketze, kardinalma iuliane cezarinma
sTxova wminda markoz efesels warmoeTqva papTan sityva berZnebis magivrad, romelSic gamoxatavda imeds krebis sasargeblod mimdinareobaze. wminda markoz efeselma Tavdapirvelad uari ganacxada, magram Semdeg dasTanxmda. Seadgina ra es
sityva, misi werilobiTi varianti gadasca kardinal iulianes.
igi swrafad gaeSura imperatorTan.
wminda markoz efeselis mimarTva amtkicebs, rom mas ar hqonda uaryofiTi damokidebuleba uniisadmi jer kidev molaparakebebis dawyebamde, mosazreba, TiTqos man miznad daisaxa
molaparakebebis Sewyveta, aris savsebiT usafuZvlo. piriqiT,
wminda markoz efesels surda eklesiis erTianoba gegmazomierad, sjeroda uniis SesaZleblobisa, eZebda erTianobas
laTinebTan, oRond WeSmarit erTianobas, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneboda rwmenis erTianobasa da RvTismetyvelebis uZveles
praqtikaze. es saubari mniSvnelovania, imitom, rom wminda mar24
koz efeselma saWirod CaTvala gaeTviTcnobierebina papi imaSi,
rom marTlmadidebeli ierarqebi Cavidnen italiaSi ara kapitulaciisaTvis, saxelmwifos interesebis gamo marTlmadidebloba gaeyidaT, aramed WeSmariti swavlebis dasamtkiceblad.
amave dros wminda markozma ganmarta, rom marTlmadideblobis
siwminde unda iqnes SenarCunebuli. aseve acnoba, rom SesaZlebeli iyo molaparakebebis warumatebloba, Tu romi ar wavidoda
garekveul daTmobebze, kerZod uars ar ityoda dasavleTis
eklesiis RvTismasaxurebasa da dogmatikaSi Setanil eklesiisTvis ucxo elementebze, romlebmac safuZveli Cauyara maT
Soris ganxeTqilebas. mogvianebiT wminda markozma mianiSna imaze, rom qristianobis mtris – Turqebis winaaRmdeg gaerTianeba
iseve aucilebelia bizantiisaTvis, rogorc dasavleTisaTvis.
Zalian amaRelvebelia is faqti, rom florenciis krebaze erTmaneTs ukanasknelad Sexvdnen dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis
eklesiebis warmomadgenlebi. eklesiaTa erTianoba ki Zalian
axlos iyo.
wminda markozi mimarTavs paps, rom qristianobis mtris
winaaRmdeg eklesiaTa gaerTianeba yvelaze optimaluri gzaa. is
winaaRmdegobebi ki romlebic erTianobas uSlis xels, papisTvis advili gadasalaxia, riTic Seaxorcebs `ganxeTqilebis Wrilobas~.
es saRvTismetyvelo sityva iwyeba erTgvari rwmeniT, rom
warmatebuli iqneba es Sekreba. igi Tavdapirvelad evedreba
yovladmowyale RmerTs, Tumca dro da dro imedi uqreba, ganxeTqilebis boroti Zalebi zeimoben, misi sityva ki mTavrdeba,
ufro sworad, rom vTqvaT, wydeba ganawyenebiT. ai, es werilic:
romis paps efesos episkoposi markozi
d
D Res msoflios sixarulis d
D Rea, dRes msoflios mzis sulieri sxivebi mTel xmeleTs efineba. dRes RvTis sxeulis adre
gacalkevebuli da danawevrebuli nawilebi iswrafvian TviTSeerTebisaken. Cvens meTaurs, ieso qristes, ar surs wagvarTvas
siyvarulis jaWvi. amitom STagagonaT Tqven mogewvieT aq. nuTu
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naTeli ar aris, rom es moxda RvTis nebiT da gangebiT, Sesabamisad Sedegic unda iyos uflisTvis saTno. ase rom wmidao mamao,
miiRe Soreuli stumrebi aRmosavleTidan: Caixute isini, amdeni
xnis daSorebulni. yvelaferi bneli da winaaRmdegobrivi, rac
SeiZleba daemuqros msoflios mSvidobas, moiSore! ra mizeziT
unda vavnoT, Cven qristes da erTmaneTs? ratom unda mivceT
mtrebs ufleba gagvanadguron? dae, gaimarjvos qristes samarTalma. RmerTs vevedrebi, dagvexmaros da aaxdinos is locva,
romelic Tavad warmosTqva gansacdelis dros: `daicven eseni saxeliTa SeniTa, romelni momcen me, raiTa iyvnen erTobiT,
viTarca Cven~ (iovane. 17, 11) Cven gavxdiT codvaTa monani, uflis
daxmarebiT ki yvelaferi advili dasaZlevi iqneba.
axla ki, wmidao mamao, neba miboZeT warmovTqva ramodenime
sityva Tqvens mimarT. ratom vasamarTlebT mamebs, roca maTi
naazrevis sawinaaRmdegod vmoqmedebT? ratom gavxadeT maTi
rwmena cdomili da Cvensas WeSmaritad vTvliT? ratom vmoqmedebT saxarebis winaaRmdeg? vin an ratom wagvarTva Zmuri
siyvaruli? gaiazre es yvelaferi, yovladwminda samebis gamo,
romelzec vsasoebT, ar dauSva, rom warmatebis gareSe wavideT
aqedan. `gevedrebiT qristesTvis, daegeniT RmerTsa~ (2 kor.
5, 20) ar SeasruloT mtrebis survili, ar misceT satanas Cvenze sicilis ufleba, Relavs yoveli suli, elodeba ra Tqvens
gadawyvetilebas. iyos neba RmrTisa, aw da maradis da ukuniTi
ukunisamde, amin!!!
26
Tavi mesame
1. laTinuri dogmatis – gansawmendelis ganxilva;
2. wminda markoz efeselis Sromebi am sakiTxze da dokumentebi, romlebic exeba am sakiTxis ganxilvas feraras krebaze.
komisiam Sedgenili laTini da marTlmadidebeli RvTismetyvelebisgan, romelic imisTvis iyo dadgenili, rom ganexila
eklesiis ganyofis punqtebi da romelzec vsaubrobdiT wina
TavSi, didxans ver SeZlo am punqtebis gamokvleva.
komisiis pirveli sxdoma, romelic mimdinareobda wminda
francisis taZarSi (feraraSi) gaixsna kardinal iuliane cezarinis mier. is aqebda unias da moiTxovda Tavganwirvas misi
miRwevisaTvis. mas upasuxa wminda markoz efeselma, magram ise
uxalisod da daeWvebiT uniis warmatebaSi, rom ara mxolod
laTinebi, aramed komisiis marTlmadidebeli wevrebic ukmayofiloni darCnen. cnobilia, rom wminda markozi iyo SesaniSnavi
oratori. amis Sesaxeb mowmobs wmindanis Sromebi, aseve giorgi
sqolaris Sefaseba, romelsac hqonda SesaZlebloba sakuTari
yurebiT gaego wminda markozis saubrebi, mis qadagebebs Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. ase ambobs is wmindanis Tanamedroveebis mimarTvisas: `Tumca Cven ar ganvicdiT brZenTa simcires,
magram is iyo Cvens Soris umaRlesi – amaSi davrwmundebiT,
Tu SevadarebT uZvelesi mwerlebis da mis Sromebs. WeSmaritad ucodinari unda iyos adamiani, an misTvis ucxo unda iyos
elinuri muzebi, rom Seadaron wminda markoz efeselis Srome27
bi da mWermetyveleba zemoT aRniSnulebTan da ar dainaxon
mis sityvebSi – sityva TviT suliwmindisa~. pirvel sxdomaze
wmindanis gamosvla unda mivaweroT markoz efeselis gonebis
suliwmindiT gasxivosnebas, romelmac mas daanaxa ara mxolod
warumatebloba da usargebloba, aramed zianic ki marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis. am molaparakebebidan wminda eklesias
safrTxe emuqreboda. sainteresoa avRniSnoT – wminda markoz
efeselma Tavis sityvaSi isic aRniSna, rom imperatorma ioanem aukrZala Tavis warmomadgenlebs sarwmunoebis sakiTxebs
Sexebodnen, gansakuTrebiT im punqtebs, romlebic aris dasavlur da aRmosavlur eklesiebs Soris ganxeTqilebis mizezebi.
imperatoris azriT, dawvrilebiTi gamoZiebebi gaarTulebda
uniis damtkicebas. gamodioda absurdi: saRvTismetyvelo
komisia, romelic dadgenili iyo, raTa eklesiebs Soris ganxeTiqilebis mizezebi gamoeZia, ar unda Sexeboda saRvTismetyvelo sakiTxebs. unda gavigoT, rogorc ukve avRniSneT,
rom imperatori uyurebda unias, rogorc mxolod politikur aqts da surda, rom molaparakebebi gaerTianebaze miRweuliyo bundovani, zogadi Sinaarsis frazebze daydnobiT
da eSinoda, rom gamocdili RvTismetyvelebis diskusiebi,
rogorc aRmosavleTis, ise dasavleTis mxridan gamoarkvevs,
rom eklesiebs Soris gansxvaveba imdenad didia, rom zogadi
da bundovani frazebi ver dafaraven.
komisiis pirveli sxdoma dasrulda uSedegod. aseve dasrulda meorec. garda amisa, ramdenadac imperatori sTxovda
Tavis warmomadgenlebs ar Sexebodnen gansxvavebis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs, imdenad kardinali moiTxovda papis saxeliT berZnebi dakonkretebuliyvnen. mesame sxdomaze berZnebs Tavadve
warudgina is punqtebi, romlebic laTinuri eklesiis azriT,
aris fuZemdebluri mizezebi romis da marTlmadidebluri
eklesiebis ganxeTqilebisa. es punqtebi Semdegia:
1) suliwmindis gamomavloba;
2) evqaristiisTvis xmiadis gamoyeneba dasavleTis eklesiaSi;
28
3) gansawmendelis doqtrina;
4) romis papis primati.
amaze wminda markozma upasuxa, rom imperatorma aukrZala Tavis warmomadgenlebs ganexilaT laTinebTan es sakiTxi
(suliwmindis gamomavloba), xolo rac Seexeba danarCenebs,
is maT pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs imperators. imperatori,
iseve rogorc berZnebis zogierTi warmomadgeneli, miiCnevda,
rom gansawmendelis sakiTxi warmoadgens imdenad martivs, rom
SeuZlebelia amaze dafuZnebiT romis kaTolikeebsa da marTlmadideblebs Soris `xidis aSeneba~. es sakiTxi `didi sqizmis~ dros arc arsebobda, amdenad arc yofila ganxeTqilebis
mizezi. garda amisa, gansawmendeli exeba sikvdilis Semdgom
cxovrebas da aqamdec ar zis marTlmadidebluri cxovrebis
mkacr CarCoebSi. amitom berZnebi Tvlidnen, rom gansawmendelis sakiTxi arc arsebobda da arc yvelasTvis iyo cnobili. gansawmendeli ar iyo imdenad romis eklesiis dogmatikis
mkacri nawili, ramdenadac laTini RvTismetyvelebis axali
skolis nawilis naazrevi. berZnebi miiCnevdnen, rom am sakiTxis
garSemo advilad miaRweven SeTanxmebas. Tu laTinebi marTlebi
aRmoCndebian, maSin berZnebi miiReben gansawmendelis Sesaxeb
swavlebas, xolo Tu miukerZoebeli komisiis gamoZieba daadgens, rom es dogmaturi cdomilebaa, maSin aucilebeli iqneba
misi uaryofa. SeTanxmdebian ra pirvel sakiTxze, isini SemdgomSi ufro advilad gamonaxaven saerTo enas. ase rom imperatorma misca Tanxmoba, rom berZnebi Sedgomodnen gansawmendelis sakiTxis ganxilvas, ris Sesaxebac mouwodebda komisiaSi
laTinebis warmomadgenlebsac.
romis kaTolikeebsa da marTlmadideblebs Soris meoTxe
sxdoma daiwyo gansawmendelis Sesaxeb molaparakebebiT. Tavdapirvelad Canda, TiTqos sikvdilis Semdgom sulis mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb swavlebebs Soris gansxvaveba laTinebsa da marTlmadideblebs Soris Zalian umniSvneloa, rac gamoxata kidec wminda markoz efeselma Tavis sityvaSi, magram nel-nela isic da berZnebis
29
sxva warmomadgenlebic mividnen daskvnamde, rom es gansxvavebebi
miuRebeli da Seurigebelia marTlmadideblebisTvis.
wyaroebi gvawvdian Zalze mcire cnobebs laTinebsa da marTlmadidebelebs Soris molaparakebebis Sesaxeb gansawmendelis Taobaze, samagierod Semonaxulia wminda markoz efeselis
sityvebi, besarion nikeelis, kardinal iulianes da torkvemadas gamosvlebi. isini gviCveneben rogor mimdinareobda
molaparakebebi, rogori gulmodginebiT iyo es sakiTxi gamokvleuli. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania wminda markoz
efeselis Sromebi gansawmendelis arsebobis sawinaaRmdegod.
diskusia gansawmendelis Sesaxeb daiwyo wminda markoz efeselma, romelmac ganucxada laTin delegatebs, rom marTlmadideblebi ar icnoben gansawmendelis Sesaxeb laTinebis swavlebas da mosTxova, waredginaT cnobebi am sakiTxze, Tavis mxriv
ki Sepirda, rom warudgenda marTlmadidebluri swavlebis
damamtkicebel `sabuTebs~ sulis cxovrebis Sesaxeb sikvdilis
Semdgom. miiRo ra laTinebis cnobebi, wminda markozma Seadgina
Tavisi pasuxi, romelic ar atarebda oficialur xasiaTs. amas
mosdevda imperator ioanes mier warmodgenili Sroma, romelic
Sedgeboda wminda markozis da besarion nikeelis cnobebisgan.
swored es iyo oficialuri pasuxi gansawmendelis sakiTxze da
romelic waikiTxa besarion nikeelma komisiis erT-erT sxdomaze. Semdgom modioda traqtati, romelic ekuTvnoda ioane de
torkvemadas, sadac uaryofili iyo berZenTa argumentebi. amas
mohyveboda wminda markoz efeselis pasuxi, sadac man gaabaTila
traqtatis argumentebi da werilobiTi saxiT gadasca marTlmadidebluri swavleba sulis cxovrebis Sesaxeb.
gansawmendelis sakiTxze bWoba marTlmadideblebsa da
laTinebs Soris araferTan midioda da dasrulda 1438 wlis
17 ivliss, roca marTlmadidebelTa warmomadgenlebma (Sida
TaTbirebis Semdeg) imperatoris mowveviT gamoitanes Semdegi
ganacxadi marTlmadidebluri rwmenis Sesaxeb sikvdilis Semdgom cxovrebaze: `marTalTa sulebi tkbebian yvela im SesaZle30
bobebiT, rac ki suls SeuZlia miiRos sxeulis gareSe, magram
aRdgomis Semdeg mxolod marTlmadidebelTa sulebi arian
amis SemZlebelni, romelnic mzesaviT anaTeben~. laTinebi ki
aswavlian, rom marTalTa sulebi sikvdilis Semdeg, maSinve
tkbebian, ganisveneben, sxeulis aRdgomisagan damoukideblad.
gansawmendelis sakiTxSic ver SeeTvisnen berZnebi da laTinebi.
ase rom pirveli cda – epovaT punqti, romelic xels Seuwyobda dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis eklesiebis gaerTianebas,
kraxiT dasrulda. am sakiTxs ar daubrundebian manam, sanam
laTinebi moiTxoven berZnebisgan usityvo miRebas gansawmendelis swavlebisa, maSin roca xels moaweren uniis aqts. gansawmendelis Sesaxeb molaparakebebSi xangrZlivi Sesvenebis
dro dadga. imperatori ucdida, rodis Camovidodnen bazelis krebis mamebi da dasavleTis mmarTvelebi, romlebTanac is SeZlebda kavSiris damyarebas. Tveebi umoqmedobaSi
gadioda. am drois ganmavlobaSi bevri marTlmadidebeli mixvda, rom eklesiebis SeerTeba am pirobebiT savsebiT dauSvebelia da saidumlod garbodnen italiidan, radgan samSobloSi
dabrunebuliyvnen11. maT ricxvSi iyvnen wminda markoz efese11. siropulosis cnobiT, ferara-florenciis krebaze aseve imyofebodnen
saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis warmomadgenlebi. igi Tavis memuarebSi
wers: ìberiis xalxTa sami elCi konstantinopolidan Cvens amalaSi Camovida.
erTi episkoposia, meore Tavadi – eriskaci. (manglel-Tbilelma) episkoposma
(ioanem) sinodis sesiebi miatova... iberiis meore elCi Tavadi eriskaci imave
dReebSi, roca moismina, rom gaerTianebas ukve beWedi aqvs dasmulio, romSi
Cavida. ase, rom roca iberiis neitralur elCs gaerTianebis xmis mimcemTa
sia uCvenes, isic Cumad wavida. mesame ki iyo – iveriis mitropoliti grigoli,
markoz efeselis mier papis mxilebis Semdeg, zemoT xsenebuli ierarqi masTan erTad imyofeboda bevr sxva ierarqTan erTad. maT iq myof yvela laTins mimarTes: `hoi wyeulo laTTinno, ganvediT RvTis wmidaTa wmidaTadan!~
rogorc Cans samive qarTveli uniaze xelis armomwerTa Soris yofila. es ki
niSnavs imas, rom am samma adamianma wminda markoz efeselTan erTad daicves
marTlmadidebloba. qarTveli Tavadi warmoadgenda imdroindeli qarTuli
inteligenciis sarwmunoebriv orientacias, religiis sakiTxebSi ganswavlulobasa da ukompromisobas. (ìverTagan aravin dasTanxmebia unias; maT amas
Tavi aarides“) – siropulosi.
31
li da mitropoliti antoni heraklieli. maT gzaSi daewivnen
imperatoris mdevrebi da ubrZanes feraraSi dabrunebuliyvnen, markozma da antonma Seasrules imperatoris neba.
garda amisa, papi iTxovda, rom molaparakebebi gagrZelebuliyo axali pirebis molodinis gareSe, radgan maTi Camosvla
mxolod gaarTulebda molaparakebebis process. 1438 wlis
oqtomberSi molaparakebebi Sewyda.
sanam gadavidodeT molaparakebebis procesis Txrobaze,
mkiTxveli gvinda gavarkvioT ramdenime saintereso da mniSvnelovan saRvTismetyvelo dokumentebSi, romelTagan mravali didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ucnobi iyo. yvela es dokumenti
(bolos garda) warmoadgens erTmaneTze gadabmul movlenaTa
jaWvs. udavod CvenTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs wminda markoz
efeselis Sromebs. swored es Sromebi mogvyavs. Tumca isini
gaugebari iqneba, Tu laTinur dokumentebsac ar warmovadgenT.
isini exebian am periods.
laTinebis moxseneba gansawmendelis Sesaxeb
laTinebsa da berZnebs Soris molaparakebaTa meoTxe sxdomaze feraraSi wminda markoz efeselma mimarTa laTinebs
warmoedginaT swavleba gansawmendelis Sesaxeb da amasTanave
mieTiTebinaT, Tu raze amyarebdnen mas. Tavis mxriv, gamoxata mzadyofna warmoedgina sikvdilis Semdgomi sulis mdgomareoba marTlmadidebluri swavlebis mixedviT. berZnebis mier
moTxovnili moxseneba komisiis mexuTe sxdomaze kardinalma
iuliane cezarinim warmoadgina. upirveles yovlisa, moxsenebaSi gansawmendeli warmodgenili iyo im saxiT, rogoriTac is
ganisazRvra lionis krebaze. Semdeg mohyva gansawmendelis
Sesaxeb teqstebi wminda werilidan da wminda mamaTa Segonebebidan. kardinali cezarinis am moxsenebiT gaixsna diskusia
gansawmendelis Sesaxeb.
SeuZlebelia imis gamorkveva, iyo Tu ara es dokumenti Sed32
genili laTinurad Tu berZnulad. laTinur enaze Sedgenil
teqstTan SedarebiT, kardinal cezarinis berZnuli teqsti,
romelic inaxeba milanis xelnawerebSi, aris sruli da Sesabamisad ufro mniSvnelovani. Targmanisas visargebleb berZnuli
teqstiT, xolo rac Seexeba laTin wminda mamebs, citireba moxdeba laTinuridan.
laTinTa meTaurebi berZnebisadmi gansawmendelis Sesaxeb
roca erTmaneTs Sexvdnen Cveni da Tqveni warmomadgenlebi aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis eklesiebidan – daiwyo imis
ganxilva, Tu rogor unda aRmdgariyo erToba laTinebsa da
berZnebs Soris da Tqven gvTxoveT, rom kvleva gansxvavebebis
Sesaxeb dawyebuliyo gansawmendelis sakiTxiT. imdenad, ramdenadac Tqven gvTxoveT gadmogveca romis eklesiis rwmena am
sakiTxze, Cvenc rac SeiZleba mokled gacnobebT: Tu marTali
adamiani cxovrobs RvTis siyvaruliT, magram gardacvalebamde
ver moaswrebs monaniebas, maTi sulebi sikvdilis Semdeg ganiwmindeba tanjviT. maTi gaTavisufleba vnebisgan SesaZlebelia morwmune cocxlebis locviT, liturgiiT, mowyalebis
gacemiTa da qvelmoqmedebiT. imaTi sulebi, vinc naTlisRebis
Semdeg ar daeca codviT, maSinve aRiyvaneba zecad da adgils
imkvidrebs maT Soris, vinc aseTive wmindania. maTi sulebi ki,
vinc codvisaken arian midrekilni, midian jojoxeTSi. saSineli
samsjavros dros yvela adamiani Tavisi sxeuliT, warsdgeba
qristes winaSe da pasuxs agebs Tavis qmedebaze.
Tqven ambobT, rom aRmosavleTis eklesias amgvari swavleba
ar gaaCnia da gsurT gaigoT, wminda werilis da wminda mamaTa
swavlebebidan ras vefuZnebiT, mzad varT warmogidginoT wminda
petres swavleba.
vamtkicebT, rom Cveni mtkiceba safuZvels poulobs makabelTa meore wignis me-12 TavSi, sadac naTqvamia: `wmidao mxsnelo – mokvdavTa locviT mogveci codvaTagan gaTavisufleba;
33
vinc samoTxeSia, maTTvis locva saWiro araa, radgan es maTTvis
umniSvneloa, xolo romelnic jojoxeTSi arian, maT ar SeuZliaT
Tavad ixsnan sakuTari Tavi tanjvisagan. ase, rom aris amqveynad
raRac, risi daSvebac ar SeiZleba, magram aris isic, risgan gaTavisufleba da gamosyidva daSvebulia.
meore, es mtkiceba axali aRTqmis wignSi, maTes saxarebis
me-12 TavSi, roca mxsnelma Tqva: `xolo romelman Tquas sulisa
wmidisaTvis, ara mieteos mas arca amas sofelsa, arca mermesa
mas~. ( maT. 12, 32) am citataSi naTqvamia, rom arsebobs iseTi
Secodebebi, romlebic mieteveba am sofelSi, arsebobs iseTebic, romlebic SeiZleba im sofelSic mogeteos.
mesamec, es kargad vlindeba pavles pirvel epistoleSi
korinTelTa mimarT, mesame TavSi: ùkueTu vinme aSenebedes
safuZvelsa amas zeda oqrosa, vecxlsa, anTrakTa patiosanTa,
Zelsa, Tivasa, lerwamsa, kacad-kacadisa saqme gamocxadnes,
rameTu dReman man gamoacxados, rameTu cecxliTa gamoCinebad
ars; da kacad-kacadisa igi saqme, viTar-rai iyos, cecxlman gamocados... romlisa igi saqme daiwues, izRvios; xolo igi ganeres
da egreT ganeres, viTarca cecxlisagan~. (1kor. 3, 12-15) naTlad SegviZlia davinaxoT, rom es sityvebi RaRadeben gansawmendelis cecxlze momaval cxovrebaSi. es sityvebi ar miewerebaT
jojoxeTSi myofT, radganac isini maradiulad daitanjebian.
meoTxe, es warmoadgens eklesiis sayovelTao adaTs, rogorc
laTinuri ise berZnuli, romlebic loculoben micvalebulTaTvis.
mexuTe, es mtkicdeba romis wminda kaTolikuri eklesiis
avtoritetiT, wminda mociqulebis – petres da pavles dadgi
nebiT, mas yovelTvis ise swamda da ise sjeroda, rogorc eklesiaTa erTianobis dros, sanam moxdeboda `didi sqizma~.
meeqvse, Cveni sarwmunoebis WeSmaritebis damadasturebelia
wminda mamaTa avtoriteti, rogorc berZnenTa, aseve laTinTa mxridan, moviyvanT mexuTe saeklesio krebis mamaTa sias:
aTanase, ilarioni, basili, grigol RvTismetyveli, grigol
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noseli, ambrosi, avgustine, Teofile, kirile, leoni – maT
miiRes sarwmunoebis WeSmariteba da gaasamarTles eretikosebi.
pirvelad, daviwyoT netari avgustineTi. is ambobs: arian
mravalni, romelTac cudad esmiT es sityvebi, atyueben erTmaneTs. sjeraT, rom ganwmendas cecxliT SeZleben. amis Semdeg ki
SeZleben saukuno cxovrebis miRwevas. aseTi gageba, sayvarelo
Zmebo, unda gamoswordes, atyuebT erTmaneTs da Tqvens Tavs im
cecxliT, romelzedac ambobs mociquli `cecxliT ganiwmindeba ara mZime codvebi, aramed msubuqi~, Tavadve daisjebian.
netari avgustine wignSi `RvTis saCuqari~-s mecamete Tav
Si, ase ambobs: `droebiTi sasjelebi – zogierTi aqve unda
daviTminoT, zogierTi sikvdilis Semdeg, zogierTi ki aqac
da iqac, magram unda daviTmonoT saSinel da saboloo samsjavromde. yvela ar daitanjeba samudamod, zogierTebi gaTavisufldebian satanjvelisgan~. amave Sromis 24-e
TavSi is ambobs: `namdvilad naTqvamia, rom zogierTebi ver
gaTavisufldebian verc aq da verc im sofelSi~. netari
avgustine gvarigebs: àr SeiZleba uyuradRebod mivatovoT
gardacvalebulTa sulebi, maTTvisac unda vloculobdeT,
visac ar hyavs naTesavi, mSobeli, vinc misTvis ilocebs. Tu
locva gulmodgined ar iqneba aRvlenili, Sveba maT sulebs
ar miecema~. igive avgustine wers: `Tu sinanuli mova sicocxlis bolo wuTebSi, gagaTavisuflebs naTlisReba, ase rom vinc
moinaTleba sicocxlis bolos, ver ganicdis gansawmendels,
isini saCuqrdebian wmida eklesiis jildoebiT, iReben namdvil ganRmrTobas~. Semdeg kidev wers: `sinanulis dayovneba
bevrs acdunebs, magram ramdenadac RmerTi yovlis SemZlea,
mas SeuZlia nebismier dros gadaarCinos is, vinc surs, ase rom
nayofieri sinanuli – es adamianis saqme araa, aramed RmerTis, mas SeuZlia STaagonos adamians, rogorc moisurvebs misi
kacTmoyvareoba, Secvalos SemwynareblobiT isini, vinc SeeZlo `sasamarTloze~ ganekiTxa. arsebobs mravali sacduri,
romelTac SeuZliaT sinanulis gadadeba aiZulon suls, ami35
tom safrTxis Semcvelia gadavdoT sinanuli da gankurneba. im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu codvili icocxlebs da mokvdeba, Cven mainc
ver vaZlevT pirobas, rom Tavs daixsnis tanjvisgan; is, vinc am
cxovrebaSi ver SeZlebs codvaTa gamosyidvas, unda ganiwmindos cecxliT. marTalia es cecxli maradiuli ar iqneba, rTuli
ki namdvilad iqneba. mogvayenebs iseT tanjvas, romelic adamians cxovrebaSi ar ganucdia. erT-erT winaswarmetyvelebaSi
naTqvamia: `yvela qristianis imedia eklesiis locva, romelic
aRevlineba maTi sulebisTvis, isini miiReben codvaTa Sendobas RvTis gulmowyalebis gamo, radgan TavianTi qcevebiT maT
tanjva ufro daimsaxures vidre netareba~. wminda ambrosi ase
ganmartavs am gamoTqmas: `Tu Tavad ver uSvelis sakuTar Tavs,
maSin cecxliT eSvelebao~. eSveleba, magram ara tanjvis gareSe, amiT is ambobs, rom ganiwmindeba, magram cecxlSi tanjvis
gavliT, Seuwyveteli vnebiT, aseTebs mxolod is uSvelis, rom
swamdaT ieso qristesi. wminda grigols Tavis meoTxe wignSi
`saubrebi~ mohyavs uamravi magaliTi gansawmendelis arsebobis dasadastureblad da sxvaTa Soris wers kidec: `rogoric
xar sinamdvileSi, iseTi warsdgebi samsjavros winaSe, magram
unda gjerodes, rom sayovelTao samsjavromde arsebobs gansawmendeli cecxli, romelic zogierTi codvis gamosyidvisTvis aris daSvebuli, amitom ambobs ufali – `yoveli codvai da
gmobai mieteos kacTa, xolo sulisa wmidisa gmobai ara mieteos
kacTa~ (maT. 3,31) am citataSi warmodgenilia, rom raRac codvaTa miteveba daSvebulia àm sofelSi~, raRac codvebi ki im
sofelSic~. aseve basili didi loculobda gardacvalebulTa
sulebis xsnisTvis. amaSi cxadia igulisxmeboda gansawmendeli.
grigol noseli Tavis saubarSi `gardacvalebis Semdeg sulis
mdgomareobisa da xsnisaTvis~ hyveba wminda basili didis dis
– wminda makrines da Tavis saubars – rogorc cecxliT wmenden
oqros sxva materiebisgan, raTa darCes mxolod wminda oqro,
aseve gansawmendelis cecxlSi nadgurdeba usargeblo, aucilebelia, rom suli SeerTebuli saZagelTan ganiwmindos cecxliT,
36
sanam ar moSordeba binZuri da usargeblo~. is Tavisive sityvaSi
gardacvalebaze ambobs: `RvTis sibrZnem daadgina – dauSva rom
adamians Seecoda, Semdeg moenaniebina, gamocdilebiT Seecno,
Tu ratom itanjeboda, an amqveyanaSive gamoesyida, an aqedan
gasvlis Semdeg ganmwmendeli cecxliT~. am gansawmendelze
saubrobs aseve wminda dionise `saeklesio ierarqiis~ meSvide
TavSi: `RvTismetyveli ierarqi Seswiravs locvas gardacvalebulisTvis, locvis dros ierarqi SesTxovs ufals, rom micvalebuls mieteos sicocxleSi Cadenili, mounaniebeli codvebi,
Seiyvanos cocxalTa Soris, abrahamis, iakobis da isaakis wiaRSi,
sadac ara ars Wiri, mwuxareba da urva~.
damaskeli eTanxmeba zemoTqmuls, ambobs Tavis sityvaSi
gardacvlilebze: `saidumloTa mowmeebi, swavlulebi da wminda mociqulebi uflisa amtkiceben, rom saSineli saidumlos
aRsrulebis dros Sesawiri aRevlineba rwmenaSi aRsrulebulTaTvis~.
kidev uamravi argumentis moyvana SeiZleboda, magram vTvliT rom savsebiT sakmarisia pasuxis gasacemad. axla Tqven
gTxovT, rom ganixiloT zemoT naTqvami da gadmogvceT Tqveni
swavleba werilobiTi saxiT~.
minda markoz efeselis pirveli sityva gansawmendel
w
cecxlze
es aris wminda markoz efeselis pirveli sityva gansawmendel cecxlze kardinal cezarinis mier laTinuri dogmatis
– ganmwmendeli cecxlis Sesaxeb warmoTqmul Tezisebze. wminda markozi gadamwyvetad uaryofs laTinebis mosazrebebs da
Tavis mxriv, mohyavs rigi argumentebisa, gansakuTrebiT sityvis bolos, gansawmendelis arsebobis sawinaaRmdegod. es iyo
wminda markozis kerZo sityva da ara oficialuri pasuxi berZnebisa laTinebis mimarT. oficialuri pasuxi mosdevs Semdeg.
ucnobia, iyo Tu ara es sityva wakiTxuli komisiis sxdomaze,
37
romelic Sedgeboda laTini da berZeni warmomadgenlebisgan.
albaT ara, radgan jer erTi ar gvaqvs sabuTi, rom krebis dadgenilebebSi, sadme ixsenieba wminda markozis sityva, da meorec,
imperators uTanxmoebisa Zalian eSinoda saimisod, rom daeSva
dogmaturi diskusiebi laTin warmomadgenlebTan. da bolos,
ar iqneboda is moxseneba wakiTxuli, romelic mosdevda wminda
markozis sityvas, Tu wmindanis sityvas waikiTxavdnen. ueWvelia, rom wminda markozis moxseneba ganixiles berZnebma, radgan
maT oficialur pasuxSi warmodgenilia nawili wmindanis moxsenebidan, es sityva inaxeba mTel rig xelnawerebSi, daibeWda
berZnul JurnalSic.
minda markoz evgenikosis – efesos mitropolitis mier
w
laTinuri gansawmendelis uaryofis damamtkicebeli
Tezisebi
ramdenadac Cven valdebulni varT davicvaT marTlmadidebloba da miviRoT marTlmadidebeli wminda mamebis mier damtkicebuli dogmatebi, amdenad siyvaruliT gipasuxebT Tqvens
TiToeul argumentze da mowmobaze, romelic mogvewoda werilobiTi formiT. Tqven moxsenebis dasawyisSi werT `Tu WeSmaritad morwmune adamianebi gadauxveven swori gzidan da ver
moaswreben monaniebas, maTi sulebi ganiwmindebian sikvdilis
Semdeg ganmwmendeli vnebebiT, magram tanjvis Semsubuqebis
gamo sWirdebaT daxmareba, romelic unda ganaxorcielon morwmune cocxlebma locvebiT, liturgiiT da qvelmoqmedebiT~.
amaze gipasuxebT Semdegs: ìs rom rwmenaSi aRsrulebulisaTvis aucilebelia locvebi, maTi sulebisTvis aRvlenili liturgiebi, iyo uZvelesi Cveuleba, romlebsac amtkicebs bevri wminda mama, rogorc laTinTa aseve berZenTa mxridan. rac
Seexeba imas, rom sulebi tanjvisagan Tavisufldebian raRac
daxmarebis xasiaTis mqone ganmwmendeli tanjviT da droebiTi cecxlisagan – amas ver vpoulobT verc werilebSi, verc
38
locvebsa da sagaloblebSi, romlebic aRevlineba maTi sulebisTvis. Cvenc vaRiarebT, rom jojoxeTSi moxvedrili sulebis
daxmareba SesaZlebelia, magram imedi imisa, rom samudamod
gavaTavisuflebT, uazrobaa. Cven mxolod tanjvis Semsubuqeba SegviZlia maTTvis. es vlindeba wminda makari megviptelis
sityvebidan, aseve basili didic sityva-sityviT wers Semdegs:
`yovlisSemZle da mxsneli ganwmendis mqone locva dResaswaulia jojoxeTSi myofTaTvis, rogorc imedi da tanjvis Semsubuqebis nugeSi. Tu suli wavida am qveynidan garkveuli rwmeniT,
magram ver moaswro codvaTa monanieba, romlebic SeiZleba
mcire yofiliyo da arc ki gvisaubria maTze. SeiZleba iyos
didi codvebic, magram maT gamosasyidad araferi mogimoqmedia, aseTi mdgomareobis mqone sulebi, vfiqrob unda ganiwmindon codvaTagan, magram ara raRac ganmwmendeli cecxliT, an
gansazRvrul adgilas maTi moTavsebiT, isini ganiwmindebian
mxolod RvTis SiSiT sxeulisagan sulis gansvlis Jams. amaze
saubrobs wminda grigol dialoRosi: `zogierTebi SeiZleba
ganiwmindon sxeulidan sulis gansvlis Semdeg, an jer kidev
dedamiwaze yofnis dros. Tu codvebi gacilebiT mZime iyo, isini
moxvdebian jojoxeTSi, magram ara imitom rom mudmivad iyvnen
cecxlsa da tanjvaSi, aramed saboloo ganaCenis gamotanamde.“
Cven vamtkicebT, rom aseT suls exmareba misTvis aRsrulebuli
locvebi da liturgiebi, WeSmariti RvTismosaobiT da kacTmoyvareobiT aRvlenili, isini Seamsubuqeben maT mdgomareobas
`sayovelTao saSinel samsjavromde~. amas gvimtkicebs wminda
ioane oqropiri. wminda grigol RvTismetyveli ambobs: `zogs
elodeba gamouTqmeli sinaTle da wminda samebis xilvis bedniereba, zogierTs – tanjva. adamianis bedi bolomde ar aris
gansazRvruli, amitom vloculobT da gvwams, rom gavaTavisufloT gardacvalebulebi tanjvisa da cecxlisagan. wminda
Teodore studielic wers: `yvelam SevTxovoT qriste RmerTs,
romelic aTavisuflebs micvalebulebs mokvdavTa locvebiT,
morwmuneTa mondomebiT, saukuno cxovrebis imediT~. ase rom,
39
amgvari adamianebisTvis aRevlineba locvebi da liturgiebi.
is rom am locvaTa Zala da gansakuTrebiT saidumlo msxverpli midis RvTis wiaRSi myofebamde, naCvenebia wminda ioane
oqropiris mier Sedgenil saRvTismsaxuro tipikonSi. amgvarad
roca usisxlo msxverplSewirva aResruleba, daxmareba, nugeSi,
Sveba yvelasTvis aris gankuTvnili, amisTvis araviTar saWiroebas ar wamoadgens ganmwmendeli cecxli.
amis Semdeg, gsurdaT dagemtkicebinaT dogmati gansawmendelis Sesaxeb. Tavidan gaiJRera makabelTa wignma, Semdeg ki
maTes saxarebis im adgilma, sadac naTqvamia, rom `suliwmindis gmoba adamians ar mieteveba arc am da arc im sofelSi~.
Tqven ambobT, rom am yvelafridan SeiZleba imis mtkiceba,
rom arsebobs codvaTa miteveba momaval cxovrebaSi, raRac
ganmwmendeli cecxliT. Tumca aqedan ar Cans ganmwmendeli
cecxlis gageba. es mzesaviT naTelia: ra aqvs saerTo mitevebas, gansawmendel cecxlsa da sasjels? Tu codvebi mogeteveba locvis, an RvTis usazRvro kacTmoyvareobis gamo, maSin
saWiro araa sasjeli da ganwmenda. Tu sasjeli, iseve rogorc
ganwmenda dadgenilia RvTis mier – ramdenadac pirvelis damsaxurebiT aResruleba meore, isini iqneboda uazro, Tu maT
Sedegad ar warmoiSveboda ganwmenda, maSin locva micvalebulisTvis aRevlineba tyuilad da Cven xotbas vasxamT mxolod
uflis kacTmoyvareobas. aseve am sityvebiT mtkicdeba gansawmendelis arseboba, iseve rogorc uaryofa. Tqven yuradRebas
amaxvilebT wminda pavles epistoleze korinTelTa mimarT,
sadac wers mociquli: ùkueTu vinme aSenebdes safuZvelsa amasa
zeda oqrosa, vecxlsa, anTrakTa patiosanTa, Zelsa, Tivasa,
lerwamsa, kacad-kacadisa igi saqme gamocxadnes, rameTu dReman
man gamoacxados, rameTu cecxliTa gamoCinebad ars; da kacadkacadisa igi saqme egos, romel aReSena, sasyideli moiRos. romlisa igi saqme daiwues, izRvios; xolo igi ganeres da egreT
ganeres, viTarca cecxlisagan~ (1 kor. 3. 12-15). rogorc Cans
gansawmendelis arsebobas swored am sityvebze amyarebT, magram
40
yvelaze metad swored es sityvebi uaryofs mis arsebobas. jer
erTi wminda mociqulma mas uwoda ara ganmwmendeli, aramed
gamomcdeli. Semdeg man gaaxmovana, rom unda gqondes keTili
da patiosani saqmeebi, Torem veranair ganwmendas miiReb. Semdeg ambobs, rom isini vinc borotmoqmedeben, maTi saqmeebis
gamocdis Semdeg, daecemian. garda amisa wminda mociquli aRniSnavs, rom es moxdeba ìm dRes~, swored saSineli samsjavros
dRes, xolo gansawmendelis arsebobis mtkiceba saSineli samsjavrosa da saboloo gankiTxvamde – sruli sibrmavea! xolo
ufalma, rodesac dahyo `gansasjelebi~ or nawilad – erTs
uwoda cxvrebi, xolo meores mglebi, ar uxsenebia aranairi
gansawmendeli. Cans, rom is cecxli, romelzec mociquli saubrobs aris saboloo. ase origenesac ar mouyvania argumentad
mociqulis sityvebi, masac ki ar miuyenebia amgvari boroteba
wminda eklesiisTvis. amdenad sityvebi `ganiwmindos cecxliT~
niSnavs, rom is daitanjeba cecxlSi da ar nadgurdeba Tavis
borot saqmeebTan erTad. `cecxlis~ ganmarteba gviCvenebs, rom
cecxli iqneba maSin, rodesac keTili da naTeli kidev ufro
ganaTldeba, misi matareblebi iqnebian sinaTlis memkvidreebi
da miiReben saukuno jildos, xolo borot saqmeTa Camdenebi
miiReben saukuno satanjvels. am mamaTa msgavsad sxva mamebmac
gaiges es gamonaTqvami amgvarad. Tu vinmem sxvagvarad ganmarta
da es gamonaTqvami ganmarta rogorc `Svela~, `gadarCena~, an
`sasjelisagan gaTavisufleba~, `cecxlis gavliT xsna~ – igive
gansawmendelis gavliT, SegviZlia vuTxraT, rom es mociqulis
sityvebis damaxinjebaa. gasakviric araa, radgan is adamiania da
TviT wminda mamebmac ver miaRwies wminda werilis srulyofil
gagebas. SeuZlebelia erTi da igive teqstis sxvadasxva gaazreba eTanxmebodes erTmaneTs. Tumca Cven valdebulni varT,
amovkriboT mniSvnelovani da eklesiis dogmatebTan SesabamisobaSi myofi, xolo sxva azrebi davayenoT meore adgilze.
Tundac es iyos, rogorc Tqven imowmebT netari avgustine, an
grigol dialoRosi. amgvari swavleba naklebad sasargebloa.
41
es aris Cveni pasuxi Tqvens argumentebze wminda werilidan.
manam sanam wminda mamebis ganmartebas moiyvandiT, romlebic
saubroben am dogmatis sasargeblod, Tqven upirveles yovlisa SeexeT mexuTe krebis sityvebs, ganmarteT, rom is mamebi,
romelTa Sorisac iyo netari avgustine, mkafiod usvamen xazs
gansawmendel cecxls. es sityvebi CvenTvis ucnobia, ramdenadac
saerTod ar mogvepoveba wignebi am krebis qmedebebis Sesaxeb,
amitomac gTxovT warmogvidginoT isini, Tu gaqvT berZnulad.
Cven Zalian gagvikvirda, rom am mamebs miaTvaleT Teofanec,
romelsac aranairi naSromi gaaCnia, xolo misi sigiJiT cnobili
sityva ioane oqropirs yvelgan hyavs moyvanili, xolo es Teofane
mkvlelobisTvis da ukanono qmedebebisTvis (Tumca sikvdilis
Semdeg) anaTemas gadaeca. sanam ganvixilavdeT netar avgustines,
upirvels yovlisa yuradReba mivaqcioT mociqulis sityvebs
`saqmeni misni cecxliT gamouwurTnes~ – Tu ìm dRes~ (igulisxmeba ukanaskneli samsjavro) gaixsneba is cecxli da iqneba droebiTi da dasrulebadi, razec mociquli arsad saubrobs, maSin
sad aris sinamdvileSi is ganmwmendeli cecxli, romelsac Tqven
gvaswavliT da romelic iRebs codvilebs sikvdilis Semdeg? da
ramdenad didxans gagrZeldeba am cecxlSi tanjva? cnobilia,
rom isini vinc sikvdilis Semdeg gadaitanes droebiTi tanjva,
ar wavlen jojoxeTSi, mxolod saSineli samsjavros Semdego~.
aqedan Tu sikvdilis Semdgomi droebiTi tanjva maSinve icvleba `saSineli samsjavros “ Semdeg mudmivi satanjveliT, rodis
da sad ganwmends masSi moxvedrilT gansawmendeli? ai, grigol
RvTismetyveli da ioane oqropiric weren mociqulis sityvebis
Sesaxeb: `swored is cecxli, romelzec saubrobs mociquli, ar
iqneba droebiTi da wyvetili, is iqneba bevrad xangrZlivi da
mtanjveli, romelic gaanadgurebs yovelgvar borot materias~.
xedavT ra zereled exebian Tqveni maswavleblebi azrs, romelic
gadmogvces wminda ioane oqropirma da grigoli RvTismetyvelma.
rac Seexeba amonaridebs netari avgustines qadagebebidan,
isini ar usvamen xazs mkafiod ganmwmendel cecxls. sxvebi –
42
Tumca konkretulad usvamen xazs gansawmendels, magram Cven
maT ar vendobiT. rogorc mravali wmindanis naSromis SemTxvevaSi SesaZleblia isinic Secvlilia da morgebuli romelime
mimdinareobis swavlebas. SesaZlebelia, rom teqsti specialurad gaanadgures, rom Semdeg aRdgenaSi, an TargmanSi SeecvalaT misi WeSmariti azri.
namdvilad ki, `mcire da msubuqi codvebi~ unda ganiwmindos
sicocxleSi, zogierTi ki sikvdilis Semdeg maTTvis gaRebuli
mowyalebis da aRsrulebuli liturRiebis Sedegad. ase rom ra
nugeSia gansawmendelSi, roca arsebobs aseTi saSualebebi da
cecxlis gareSec SesaZlebelia ganwmenda? es aris Cveni pasuxi
Tqveni maswavleblebis mimarT, isini ver Tanxmdebian Cvens mamebTan, rac rasakvirvelia arc unda gagvikvirdes. rac Seexeba
basili dids, romelic loculobs seqtantisTvis, is iTxovs
misTvis Sewyalebas da tanjvis Semsubuqebas, magram arafers
ambobs gansawmendel cecxlze. rac Seexeba Tqvens mier moyvanil
sityvebs, romlebic ekuTvnis grigol nosels, ukeTesi iqneba
upasuxod davtovoT, radganac es maswavlebeli rogorc Cans
eTanxmeba origenes swavlebas sikvdilis Semdgom tanjvasTan
dakavSirebiT. Tu romelime mamis swavleba ar eTanxmeba wminda werils, es maTi piradi mosazrebaa da valdebulni ar varT
gaviTvaliswinoT. arc wminda werili, arc mexuTe saeklesio
krebis kanonebi ar warmogvidgenen ori saxis cecxliT dasjis
argumentebs. amis Semdeg moyvanili gqondaT dionises, epifanes
da damaskelis sityvebi, romlebic arafers amboben ganmwmendeli cecxlis arsebobaze, ukeT rom vTqvaT ewinaaRmdegebian
mas da gamoxataven, rom gardacvalebulTa sulebs exmarebian
maTTvis aRsrulebuli locvebi. Tqvens mier moyvanili iyo aseve
Teodorita, romelic CvenTvis ucnobia da gTxovT, gvacnoboT
saidan moitaneT da misi romeli wigniT msjelobT? da bolos
Tqven amtkicebT, rom radgan RvTis samarTlianoba dausjels ar
tovebs aravis, vinc daaSavebs, aqedan ueWvelad gamomdinareobs,
rom maTTvis vinc ar daisajnen aq da arc gamosyidva ZaluZT,
43
gvrCeba gamosavali davuSvaT mesame adgilis arseboba, romelic
yvelafers ganwmends. amaze gipasuxebT da yuradReba gaamaxvileT: zogadad miRebulia, rom codvaTa miteveba warmoadgens
sasjelisagan gaTavisuflebas. vinc iRebs Sewyalebas, amasTanave Tavisufldeba sasjelisagan. miteveba adamians eniWeba sam
gansxvavebul dros:
1) naTlobis dros;
2) naTlobis Semdeg ufalTan urTierTobis dros;
3) sikvdilis Semdeg, locvebis da eklesiis mier sulebisTvis
aRvlenili keTili saqmis Sedegad.
codvaTagan pirveli saxis gaTavisufleba ar ukavSirdeba
Sromas da saerToa yvelasTvis, rogorc mzis amosvla da naTelis mofena, radganac es mxolod wyalobaa da Cvengan mxolod
rwmena moiTxoveba. meore saxis SedarebiT mtanjvelia, rogorc
aRsruleba sityvebisa `ganmbane me cremliTa CemiTa~, aseTebisTvis avadmyofobebi da tanjva codvis Sedegia. mesamec mtanjvelia, igi dakavSirebulia sindisis qenjnasTan, RmerTisadmi
SiSTan. pirvel da bolo SemTxvevebSi didi umravlesoba warmoadgens RvTisadmi madlobis aRvlenas, locvebis warmoTqmiT.
meore SemTxvevaSi codvaTa miteveba damokidebulia Cvens Sromaze da ara qvelmoqmedebaze. pirvelsa da mesames Soris is gansxvavebaa, rom pirvelis, anu naTlobis SemTxvevaSi warixoceba
yvela codva, xolo sikvdilis Semdeg eklesiis mier aRvlenili
keTili saqmeebis SemTxvevaSi is codvebi, romlebic araa sasikvdilo da sicocxleSi TiTqmis yvela Sexebia. ase ganmartavs
RvTis Semoqmedis eklesia, viTxovT gardacvelebulTaTvis
Sendobas da gvwams, rom miemadlebaT igi, is ar ganisazRvreba,
rogorc kanoni, raime saxis sasjeli, RvTis samarTalgangebas
aseT SemTxvevebSi aRemateba misi kacTmoyvareoba da mowyaleba.
1. naTelia, rom maT vinc miiswrafvian RvTiurobisaken, Tavad
es swrafva, rogorc siyvaruli ganwmends, grigol RvTismetyvelis sityvebiT – ganwmenda xdis RvTis msgavss. RmerTi maT
eqceva, rogorc Tavisianebs. ratom aris es swrafva sikvdilis
44
Semdeg gacilebiT unariani ganwmindos isini, romlebic Tavisufldebian materiisagan, magram aris kidev nugeSi ganmwmendel
cecxlSi? Tu RvTis Wvreta da misi Secnoba aris sufTa, keTili
gulis unari da niWi, igi yvelas ar ZaluZs, maSin gamodis, rom
yvela ar aris dajildoebuli siwmindiT, Sesabamisad araviTar
nugeSs warmoadgens gansawmendeli cecxli, radgan siwmindis
miRweva yvelas ar SeuZlia. am cecxlis arseboba romc davuSvaT,
maSin ra moxda sinas mTaze, sadac ebraelebs miecaT aTi mcneba,
ratom aRmoCnda im dros RvTis rCeuli mose da ara sxva? grigol
RvTismetyveli wers: àr daviwyeb imaze saubars, rogoria maTTvis, vinc aq ar iRwvis, tanjva saiqioSi, magram vityvi imas, rom
ukeTesia daisajo da ganiwmindo aq, vidre iq miece tanjvas.
ganwmendis dro àm sofelSi~ gvaqvs, ìm sofelSi~ ki mxolod
pasuxi unda vagoT~ – es sityvebi naTlad adasturebs, rom saiqioSi ar arsebobs raime nugeSi ganwmendisa, aramed arsebobs
saukuno satanjveli. waikiTxeT saxareba lukasagan, is adgili
sadac moTxrobilia mdidarsa da lazareze. aq naTqvamia, rom
gardacvalebisTanave angelozebma waiyvanes àbraamis wiaRSi~,
xolo mdidaris suli jojoxeTSi imyofeba. aqedan gamomdinare
àbraamis wiaRi~ warmoadgens umaRlesi, araamqveyniuri simSvidis adgils, xolo jojoxeTi warmoadgens codvilTa mudmivi dasjis adgils. mas ar dautovebia raime adgili, romelic
droebiT satanjvels moicavs, aramed ganacxada, rom marTlebsa
da codvilebs Soris arsebobs uzarmazari ufskruli, gauvali
da gamyofi erTi meorisagan, mas ar gaaCnia raime Sualeduri
mdgomareoba.
gansawmendelis idea ekuTvnis origenes `filosofias~ gardacvalebis Semdgomi sulis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, rac uaryves
da anaTemas gadasces mexuTe saeklesio krebaze. eklesiam uwoda
mas mavne da damRupveli idea yoveli qristianisTvis. ase rom,
vecadoT da aqve ganviwmindoT da ar vinugeSoT Tavi saiqioSi
arsebuli, raimenairi ganmwmendeli cecxliT.
45
berZnebis oficialuri pasuxi laTinTa moxsenebaze
wminda markoz efeselis zemoT moyvanili sityva, rogorc
avRniSneT ar yofila ofiacialuri pasuxi laTinebis moxsenebaze. es iyo nawilobrivi xasiaTis werili. Cven viciT, rom
imperator ioanes waredgina ori moxseneba gansawmendelis Sesaxeb – erTi wminda markoz efeselis da meore besarion nikeelis. am ori moxsenebidan imparatorma Seadgina erTi, romelic
waikiTxa besarion nikeelma 1438 wlis 14 ivniss. am moxsenebis
stili savsebiT gansxvavdeba wminda markoz efeselis stilisagan. Tumca amis danaxva SesaZlebelia dedanSi – berZnul
enaze, TargmanSi amis SemCneva SeuZlebelia. besarion nikeelis
sityvebi bevrad met diplomatias Seicavs, Tumca moxsenebis
nawili aRebulia swored wmindanis sityvidan. garda amisa,
bolo nawili – aTi argumenti ueWvelad wminda markozs ekuTvnis. am aTi argumentidan erTi warmoadgens axals – ekuTvnis
Tu ara is wmindans? – miviCnevT, rom ki, radgan logikuri msjeloba da stili misi kuTvnilebaa. zogierTi nawili am moxsenebisa Tumca ki eTanxmeba wminda markozs, magram dawerilia
besarionis mier.
erZnebis ofiacialuri pasuxi laTinebis moxsenebaze
b
gansawmendelis cecxlze, romelic waikiTxa besarion
nikeelma 1438 wlis 14 ivniss
urTierToba im saganTa, ris Sesaxebac gaimarTa disputi,
didad pativcemuli mamebis naazrevia. gamarjveba ar aris Cveni
mizani, es sityva imisTvis ar Segvidgenia, rom gamarjveba mogvepovebina. es rom Cveni mizani yofiliyo, veranair daxmarebas ver
miviRebdiT zeciurisgan. gvqondes didi imedi da nugeSi, rom
gavSordebiT erTmaneTs RvTis daxmarebiT, urTierTSeTanxmebulni. `SeuZlebeli kacTaTvis SesaZlebeli ars RvTisTvis~ –
ambobs RvTiuri sityva. erTobisTvis izrunebs ufali, romelic
ar dauSvebs imas, rom Cveni Sroma iyos uSedego. axla ki droa,
46
SevexoT im sakiTxs, romelic warmoadgens `ganxeTqilebis vaSls~ Cvens Soris.
gansawmenedelis cecxlsa da amgvar droebiT sasjels Cveni
wminda mamebis swavlebebi saerTod ar cnoben da aRmosavleTis
eklesia ar aRiarebs. imis Sesaxeb, rom eklesia gardacvalebuls
exmareba. amaSi geTanxmebiT, aseTive mosazreba aqvT Cvens wminda
mamebsac. is rom wmidaTa da im adamianTa sulebi, romelTac
aranairi boroteba ar CaudeniaT, Rirsni xdebian maradiuli
cxovrebisa da boroti, moraluri sikeTis ar mqone adamianebi,
vardebian saukuno satanjvelSi – amas vaRiarebT. rac Seexeba
Sualeduri mdgomareobis adamianebs, ar miecemian saukuno
satajvels, magram ar gaxdebian uflis xilvis Rirsni, sanam ar
daisjebian gansawmendelis cecxliT imis gamo, rac Caidines –
aq gansxvavebaa Tqvensa da Cvens swavlebas Soris. is, rom aseTi
sulebi saukunod ar daitanjebian – marTalia, magram gansawmendelis cecxlze sasoeba sruli uazrobaa.
gansawmendelis sakiTxi iyofa or nawilad, TiToeuli ki Tavis
mxriv SeiZleba davyoT or nawilad: pirveli – gamokvleul unda
iqnes: sikvdilis Semdeg romeli codvebi mieteveba adamians
da meore: eZleva Tu ar adamians am codvaTa miteveba mxolod
uflis kacTmoyvareobis damsaxurebiT, eklesiis mier aRvlenili locvebis Sedegad.
ar geTanxmebiT, rom maradiul cxovrebaSi gadasasvlelad
adamianma unda gaiaros gansawmendeli cecxli. roca Cveni ufali da Cveni mxsneli saubrobs imis Sesaxeb, rom codvilni wavlen maradiul cecxlSi, valdebulni varT vifiqroT maradiul
cecxlze. Tu Cven miviRebT ramenairi droebiTi cecxlis arsebobas, morwmuneni daibnevian da ifiqreben droebiT cecxlze,
rac iqneba `dasneuleba origenes swavlebiT~, is ki aRmofxvris
Cveni sulebidan WeSmarit, maradiul cecxls, saboloo samsjavros. maradiuli satanjvelis xsovna mimarTavs Cvens cxovrebas
keTili saqmisaken. amitom valdebulni varT gavacnoT morwmuneebs WeSmariteba.
47
imas, rom codvaTa mitevebas sikvdilis Semdegac vRebulobT
– amas vismenT da vkiTxulobT eklesiis maswavlebelTa SromebSic. rCeba is sakiTxi, Tu ra saxis sasjeliT mogveteveba, raimenairi cecxliT, wyvdiadiT, Tu RvTis kacTmoyvareobiT, eklesiis locvebiT. eklesiis mamebi aranair gansawmendels ar axseneben. Tqveni argumentebi unda gavabaTiloT. rac Seexeba Tqvens
mier moyvanil mowmobebs makabelTa wignidan da maTes saxarebidan, tyuilad ar visaubrebT. yvelasTvis isedac naTelia, rom,
codvaTa miteveba sikvdilis Semdeg ar mieniWeba adamians raimenairi cecxlis saSualebiT. qristem brZana: `suliwmidis gmoba
ara mieteos kacsa, arc aq, arc momaval cxovrebaSi~. araferi mas
am sityvebisaTvis ar miumatebia. verc makabelTa wignSi vpoulobT gansawmendelis arsebobis damadasturebel arguments.
am wignSi mxolod da mxolod locvaa gardacvalebulTaTvis
da imedi, rom miiReben codvaTa mitevebas.
axla gadavideT pavle mociqulis ganmartebaze da gamovikvlioT, ras niSnavs mis mier gamoTqmuli. safuZvelSive ambobs
wminda pavle: `safuZveli sxuai vervis xel-ewifebis dadebad
gareSe missa, romeli- igi, dadebul ars, romel ars iesu qriste.
ukueTu vinme aSenebdes safuZvelsa amas zeda oqrosa, vecxlsa,
anTrakTa patiosanTa, Zelsa, Tivasa, lerwamsa, kacad-kacadisa
igi saqme gamocxadnes, rameTu dReman man gamoacxados, rameTu
cecxliTa gamoCinebad ars; da kacad- kacadisa igi saqme, viTarrai iyos, cecxlman gamocados... romlisa igi saqme daiwues, izRvios; xolo igi ganeres da egreT ganeres, viTarca cecxlisagan~
(1 kor. 12-13, 15).
jer erTi, Cven gvsurs CagayenoT saqmis kursSi da dagayenoT WeSmarit gzaze, rom netarma ioanem, Tavisi oqros suliT
da piriT, aiRo Tavis Tavze pasuxismgebloba ganemarta RvTis
piriT metyveli wminda mociqulis epistole. iseve rogorc
Zveli da axali aRTqma. Cven ki gvjera misi WeSmariti bageebis.
TviT wminda ioane oqropiric daibna, radgan Caixeda mociqulis
tvinis siRrmeSi da meorec imitom, rom SeeSinda, vaiTu, piriqiT
48
ganemarta mociqulis naazrevi. amitom is loculobda, loculobda dRe da Rame, rom daxmareboda aseT sapasuxismgeblo
saqmeSi, amis Semdeg ki Seudga saqmes. netar pavle mociquls
surda, rom ioane yofiliyo misi nebis gadmomcemi. gamoecxada
Tu ara mociquli ioanes? da rogor moxda es? – èrT Rames monasterSi mcxovrebma erT-erTma berma, evsuqim ixila, rom ioanes
ewvia spetak samoselSi gamowyobili ori mociquli – ioane da
petre. ioanes xelT gragnili epyra, xolo petres gasaRebi.
ioanem gadasca gragnili da uTxra:
– ufali ganiWebs uRrmes sibrZnes, raTa dahmoZRvro qristes
samwyso, da daadumo mwvaleblebi!
wminda petrem ki gasaRebi Caabara: me var petre, sasufevlis
karis gasaRebis mpyrobeli, ufali Senc gaZlevs eklesiis gasaRebs, raTa visac ganxsni, ganixsnas da visac Sehkrav, Sekrul
iyos.
ioane muxlebSi Cauvarda mociqulebs da SehRaRada: `vina
var me, kacTa Soris ukanaskneli, rom Tavs vido aseTi didi da
Zneli saqme? wminda mociqulebma wamoayenes igi da uTxres:
adeqi, gamxnevdi da Seasrule is, riskenac ufali ieso qriste
mogiwodebs~. wminda ioanec gulmodgined ganumartavda xalxs
wminda werils, radgan es saqme metad saWirod da aucileblad
miaCnda. man dagvitova Zveli aRTqmis wignebis, maTes da ioanes
saxarebis, `saqme mociqulTas~ ganmartebebi. gansakuTrebiT
uyvarda pavle mociqulis epistoleebi da xSirad ganmartavda
maT. aqedan gamomdinare wminda ioane oqropiris naazrevi metad
mniSvnelovania. sityva rom aRar gavagrZeloT, vityviT, rom
imis msgavsi, rasac Tqven amtkicebT, verc moifiqrebda wminda
ioane. wminda ioane verc moifiqrebda, rom droebiTi da raRac
ganmwmendeli cecxli, daikavebda mudmivi da saukuno satanjvelis adgils. wminda ioane fiqrobda, rom mociquli saubrobda maradiul cecxlze. da vai, mas, vinc cecxls gaigebs
ise, rogorc laTinebs esmiT. àse ar iqneba, is iqneba mudmivad.
veravin gamoisyidis iq codvebs~. ai, rogor gaigo mociqulis
49
naazrevi wmindanma, romelsac SeuZlebelia ar vendoT.
Tu Tqven axdenT netari avgustines da sxva laTin mamaTa
citirebas, romelTac sxvagvarad gaiazres mociqulis sityvebi
da miiRes, rogorc gansawmendelis damadasturebeli, pirvel
rigSi vetyviT – rac marTalia, berZnebs ukeT esmiT is, rac berZnulia da Tqvenc eTanxmebiT, rom berZnuli ena ukeT aRiqmeba
maT mier, visTvisac axlosaa. laTinebi Targmnis dros ver poulobdnen Sesabamis sityvebs, romlebic zustad gamoxatavda
berZnul naazrevs, meores mxriv, Tavidan rom aecilebinaT didi
boroteba – Caidines `patara~. rogorc aRniSna netarma avgustinem, iyvnen zogierTebi, romlebsac es sityvebi mohyavdaT
TavianTi codvebis gasamarTleblad, rom yvela codva mogeteveba da rom maradiul satanjvelsac aqvs dasasruli.
sxvagvarad ganmartes igi wminda ioane oqropirma da berZenma
wmindanebma da sxvagvarad avgustinem da laTinebma. Cven Tavad
CavuRrmavdeT mociqulis sityvebs, mivyveT maT da davinaxavT,
Tu ra surda WeSmaritad mociquls. wminda mociquli ambobs,
rom `safuZveli dadebul ars da sxuai vervis xel-ewifebis
dadebad gareSe missa, romeli igi dadebul ars, romel ars iesu
qriste~. (1 kor. 3,11) aqamde saubari iyo dogmatebze, xolo rac
mas unda mohyves, aris saqmeebi. uflis rwmenis Secvla aravis
SeuZlia, sarwmunoebis safuZveli ucvlelia. saqmeni sarwmunoebis gareSe mkvdaria da `sarwmunoeba Tvinier saqmeTasa mkudar ars~, – ambobs wminda mociquli da saubrobs cxovrebiseul
sagnebze. es sagnebi iyofa or nawilad, mesame nawilze arsad
miuTiTeben, swored òqrod, vercxlad da Zvirfas Tvlebad
moixseniebs is keTilismyofelebs, xolo xe, Tiva da bze, maTi
sapirispiroTi – borot saqmeebs. namdvilad, Cvens mier moyvanili msjelobidan gamomdinare, mesame variants ar asaxelebs.
Tqveni naazrevs safuZveli rom hqondes, maSin mociquli adamianis mdgomareobas gayofda ara or, aramed sam nawilad. mas
Semdeg rac miiTvala keTilismyofelebi da codvilebi, amatebs
rom TiToeulis saqmeni gamoaSkaravdeba: `kacad-kacadisa igi
50
saqme gamocxadnes,~ (1 kor. 3, 12), amave dros amatebs, rodis
moxdeba es `rameTu dReman man gamoacxados~. (1kor.3,12) `dRe~
aRniSnavs im bolo dRes, roca RmerTi miagebs yvelas `saqmeTaebr misTa~. im `dRes~ man gamoacxados, rameTu cecxliTa
gamoCinebad ars;~ (1kor. 3, 12) eWvi ar aris, rom es `dRe~ iqneba
uflis meored mosvlis dRe, roca ufali mova Tavisi didebiT. cecxlis mdinareTa nakadi wamova, amaze saubrobs daniel
winaswarmetyvelic. `cecxlovani mdinareebi midiodnen mis
win~. swored am mowmobebidan da Txrobidan gamomdinareobs,
rom saubaria sayovelTao gankiTxvis DdReze. im cecxlze igi
ambobs: `da kacad-kacadisa igi saqme, viTar – rai iyois cecxlman
gamoscados~, erTni gabrwyindebian, meoreni (codvili saqmeebi)
daiwvebian. imas, rom am cecxls axasiaTebs ormagi moqmedeba amtkiceben eklesiis maswavleblebi. xvdeba masSi marTali,
xdeba naTlis matarebeli, xolo boroti iwveba da maradiulad
itanjeba. am epistoleSi warmoTqmulia is rac WeSmaritebas
warmoadgens Cveulebriv cxovrebaSic. nebismier cecxlSi moxvedrisas xe, Tiva da bze iwveba, aseve iqneba boroti saqmeni.
mociqulma ar moaxdina codvaTa dayofa sasikvdilod da ara
sasikvdilod, aramed dahyo isini mxolod keTilad da borotad;
meore imaze dayrdnobiT, rom man es yvelaferi bolo dRisTvis
aRwera. wminda mociquli ar saubrobs gansawmendelze.
ramdenadac Tqven mogyavT magaliTebi ramdenime mamis naazrevidan, romlebic rogorc Cans eTanxmebian garkveulwilad
Tqvens mosazrebas, amdenad Cven vityviT maT Sesaxeb mokled.
Tavdapirvelad mogyavT basili didi, Semdeg ioane damaskeli,
dionise, romlebic sxvas aras amtkiceben, Tu ara imas, rom gardacvalebulTaTvis locvas maTTvis moaqvs sargebeli, raSic
Cvenc geTanxmebiT da saubars azri aqvs. Semdeg Tqven axdenT,
vinme Teodorites citirebas, romelsac Tu mivagnebdiT, ganvixilavdiT, misi Sromebi arsad mogvepoveba. rCeba grigol
noseli, romlis Sesaxebac sjobda mdumareba SegvenarCunebina,
Tumca valdebulni varT, vTqvaT – is iyo adamiani da adamian51
isTvis (miuxedavad imisa, rom miaRwia siwmindis maRal dones)
SeuZlebelia ar Secdes. gansakuTrebiT im sakiTxebSi, romlebic ar iyo gamokvleuli. am sakiTxSi ki mniSvnelovania umravlesobis azri da ara am erTi mamisa.
ramdenadac Tqvens moxsenebebSi xSirad iyenebT da imowmebT
RvTis kacTmoyvareobis gagebas, unda CagayenoT saqmis kursSi
da `gaganaTloT~, rom Cvenc SegviZlia garkveuli daskvnebis
gakeTeba RvTis kacTmoyvareobis Tvisebidan da dagarwmunoT,
rom ar xarT ganwmendili da yvela codva ar ganiwmindeba. axla
ramodenime sityvasac am sakiTxze mogaxsenebT da davasrulebT
amiT.
getyviT, rom bevrad mizanSewonili iqneba Tu vityviT, rom
RvTis kacTmoyvareoba adamianis mcire sikeTesac ar tovebs
uyuradRebod. amave dros arc mcire codva rCeba dausjeli.
mcirea maTSi sikeTe, vinc Caidines didi codvebi, isini ver
miiReben jildos borotebis flobis gamo. Tu keTili saqmeni
umravlesia, maSin cxadia tanjvas ar ganvicdi. ase rom ar unda
davujeroT ganmwmendel cecxls.
Tu RvTis Wvreta aris srulyofili da ganwmendili gulis
unari, gamodis yvela ver SeZlebs amiT tkbobas. àmas naTlad
gviCvenebs aTi mcnebis mocema `sinas mTaze~, am dros yvela ar
iyo misi miRebis Rirsi, aramed erTi. sxva SemTxvevaSi sxva da
a.S. yvelas siwminde sxvadasxvagvaria~, – ambobs grigol RvTismetyveli. igive grigol RvTismetyveli Tavis sityvaSi paseqze,
midis im adgilamde, sadac ambobs: `yvelaferi gamovitanoT
saaSkaraoze, dilisTvis araferi davtovoT~. es sityvebi mkafiod usvamen xazs, rom `Rame~ ar arsebobs araviTari ganwmenda,
`Rame~ ewodeba adamianis namdvil cxovrebas, xolo `dilas~, anu
maradiul cxovrebas Semzadebulni unda SevxvdeT.
igive grigoli RvTismetyveli wers: àrafers vambobT imaze,
ra tanjva moeliT maT, vinc amqveynad ar moemzadnen. vetyvi
mxolod imas, rom sjobs aqve daisajon, vidre iq miecnen tanjvas. is aris dro sasjelisa da ara gamosyidvisa~. am sityve52
biT kidev erTxel mtkicdeba, rom aqedan gasvlis Semdeg ar
arsebobs ganwmenda, aramed arsebobs mxolod mudmivi tanjva~.
Semdeg ufali lukas saxarebaSi lazaresa da mdidris Sesaxeb
monakveTSi aRwers, rom lazare sikvdilisTanave angelozebma
abraamis wiaRSi waiyvanes, xolo mdidari jojoxeTSi wavida.
àbraamis wiaRi~ iyo umaRlesi siamovneba da simSvide, sadac
xvdebodnen jvarcmamde da aRdgomamde RvTisTvis sayvarelni,
xolo jojoxeTSi midioda yvela codvili. ufals ar dautovebia raime Sualeduri, romelic droebiTi tanjvis Semdeg ganwmendda. ufalma ganacxada, rom marTlebisa da codvilebis
mdgomareobebs Soris uzarmazari da gauvali ufskrulia.
Cveni wminda mamebi, romlebic amqveynad angelozebrivi
cxovrebiT cxovrobdnen xSirad xedavdnen saiqios, sadac zustad aRwerdnen samoTxesa da jojoxeTs, arsad moixsenieba Tundac gakvriT gansawmendeli cecxli.
da bolos, saukuno tanjvis dasrulebis da aRdgomis swavleba momdinareobs origenesgan, romelic gadaeca anaTemas
mexuTe msoflio saeklesio krebaze. es swavleba STaagonebs
adamianebs sulis sisustes, radgan am swavlebiT yovelgvari
Sromis gareSe droebiT cecxlSi isedac ganiwmindebi. am zemoT
moyvanilze dafuZnebiT gansawmendelis dogmati unda ganidevnos eklesiidan, rogorc eresi imisken mimarTuli, rom dagvaviwyos amqveynad Cveni movlinebis WeSmariti misia. Cveni SesaZleblobis yvela farglebSi vibrZoloT ganmRrTobisaTvis da
arafriT davimeddeT sikvdilis Semdgom ganwmendaze.
laTinebis pasuxi berZnebis moxsenebaze
laTinebma miiRes berZnebis moxseneba gansawmendelis Sesaxeb, romelSic isini uaryofen mis arsebobas da mohyavT amis
damadasturebeli argumentebi. laTinebi Tavis mxriv ar darCnen valSi da warmoadgines misi arsebobis soliduri da safuZvliani moxseneba.
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isini sastikad ewinaaRmdegebian berZnebis winadadebas,
dasTanxmdnen gardacvalebulTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb marTlmadidebeli mamebis da aRmosavleTis eklesiis swavlebas. siropulosis mtkicebiT, es moxseneba ekuTvnis espaneli
RvTismetyvelis – ioane de torkvemadas kalams. am traqtatis
laTinuri originali ar arsebobs, an jer kidev ver upoviaT,
magram SenarCunda berZnuli teqsti da xelnaweri, romelic
ekuTvnis florenciis krebis istorias.
aTinebis sapasuxo Tezisebi gansawmendelis Sesaxeb
l
berZenTa mier warmodgenil moxsenebaze
didi madloba yovlisSemZle RmerTs, rom mogvaniWa moTmineba da Zala. Tqvens pasuxze dayrdnobiT gaizarda Cveni rwmena,
ara mxolod am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, aramed sxva mravalSic. qristes
daxmarebiT ueWvelad mivalT SeTanxmebamde. ramdenadac Tqveni
pasuxidan davinaxeT, mTeli rwmeniT aRiarebT, rom cocxali
rwmeniTa da eklesiis locvebiT exmarebiT gardacvalebulebs,
romelnic wavidnen am qveynidan ise, rom ar iyvnen Rirsni maSinve samoTxeSi moxvedrisa, meores mxriv, Zalian cudadac ar
ucxovria, rom moxvedriliyo jojoxeTSi maradiul tanjvaSi.
mxolod aseTi adamianisTvis, romelic Sualedur mdgomareobaSia, SeiZleba xsna morwmuneTa locviTa da eklesiis SewveniT.
Tqven cdilobT Tqveni mosazrebis ganmtkicebas da Cveni mosazrebis uaryofas. Tqven valdebulni xarT, rom daicvaT sakuTari
rwmena. winasityvaobaSi aRniSneT, rom iRwviT ara gamarjvebisTvis, aramed WeSmaritebis dadgenisTvis. amave dros, brZaneT,
rom gansawmendels arasodes aRiarebdiT da arc aRiarebT. arc
vinmes daeTanxmebiT, garda WeSmaritebisa. ase, rom aucilebelia gulmxurvaled vilocoT, rom Tavad WeSmaritebam gaimarjvos. swored RvTis WeSmariteba isaubrebs kaTolikuri eklesiis
sasargeblod. axla ki gadavdivarT TqvenTvis pasuxis gacemaze.
Tqven dayaviT sakiTxi oTx nawilad, pirveli nawili – gardacva54
lebulTa sulebi, dayaviT sam nawilad, romlis or nawilSic
geTanxmebiT. ramdenadac Cven SevikribeT erTianobis miRwevisaTvis, amdenad aucilebelia gavarkvioT yvela uTanxmoeba
da RvTis daxmarebiT aRmovfxvraT igi. pirvel rigSi, gTxovT
ufro gasagebad warmoadginoT Tqveni swavleba marTali adamianebis Sesaxeb. gvainteresebs rogoria Tqveni swavleba am soflidan sasikvdilo codviT gasulTa Sesaxeb? sulebi jojoxeTSi
midian, Tu rogorc marTalTa aseve ara marTalTa sulebi elodebian saboloo samsjavrosa da sayovelTao aRdgomas? da rac
Seexeba Sualedur mdgomareobas, ra formiT Tavisufldebian
aseTi sulebi? iTmenen isini droebiT tanjvas, da Tu diax, maSin
raSi mdgomareobs sasjeli? es mxolod uflis Wvretis uunarobaa, Tu mtanjveli mdgomareoba? da ganwmendis Semdeg isini
maSinve gadainacvleben zecaSi? Tqveni pasuxis meore nawilSi
ambobT, rom Sualeduri mdgomareobis sulebi ar xvdebian gansawmendelSi da amtkicebT, rom amis Sesaxeb arc erTi wminda mama
ar migviTiTebda. Tqveni moxsenebis mesame nawilSi pasuxobT
im wminda mamaTa Sromebidan, romelnic Cven moviyvaneT Cveni
WeSmaritebis damadastureblad. bolo nawilSi ki moyvanilia
argumentebi, romlebic amyareben Tqvens swavlebas. amaze ufal
ieso qristes meSveobiT nawil-nawil gipasuxebT.
gadavdivarT meore nawilze, sadac Tqven ambobT, rom `gansawmendelis arsebobas imis SiSiT uaryofT, rom droebiTi tanjvis
rwmenis SemTxvevaSi qristianebs SeiZleba CaenergoT origenes
swavleba aRdgomaze, amis Sedegad ki adamianebs CamouyalibdebaT uunaroba moipovon caTa sasufeveli~. mamebma ise Camoayalibes droebiTi cecxlis arseboba, rom ar uareyoT maradiuli.
saukeTeso meTodiT da dakvirvebiT gansazRvres gansawmendeli
mcire codvebisaTvis, xolo maradiuli miusajes dawyevlilebs
da sasikvdilo codvis CamdenT. is rom amas eklesiisTvis ziani
ar moutania mtkicdeba iqidan, rom romis eklesia yovelTvis
ganeyofoda origenes swavlebas. visac sjera gansawmendelis,
mas eSinia Tundac droebiTi tanjvis, vidre imas, visac ar sjera
55
da arc is icis, rom ra saxis tanjva unda gadaxdes. ase rom gansawmendelis Sesaxeb swavlebiT didi Sveba eZlevaT cocxlebs,
loculoben ara mxolod TavianTi sulebisTvis, aramed gardacvalebulTaTvis, es tradicia ki ara mxolod dasavleTis
eklesias, aramed aRmosavleTis eklesiasac gaaCnia.
Tqven TqviT, rom aseTi saxis swavleba arc erT maswavlebelTagans ar hqonia. warmovadgenT basili didis locvas, sadac is
evedreba ufals, gadaiyvanos suli `gasagrilebel adgilas~.
es teqsti miuTiTebs, rom sulebi itanjebian cecxliT, xolo
wmindani evedreba maT sapirispiro mdgomareobaSi gadayvanas, rogorc cecxlidan yinvaSi. grigol noselic, ueWvelad
udidesi maswavlebeli, mkafiod gadmogvcems gansawmendelis
Sesaxeb swavlebas makrinesTan saubarSi. xolo Tqveni azri, rom
igi SeiZleba adamianobis gamo Semcdariyo, gagvikvirda, radgan
petre, pavle da sxva mociqulebic iyvnen adamianebi, arafers
vambobT aTanase didze da eklesiis yvela udides moRvaweze. ar
fiqrobT, rom es azri yovelgvar zRvars scildeba? maSin mTeli
Zveli da axali aRTqma, gadmocemulia adamianebis mier da SeuZlebelia Seumcdari iyos. Cven vaRiarebT, rom adamiani cdeba,
magram ramdenad moqmedebs is Tavisi azriT da ramdenad suliwmindis STagonebiT, gasaTvaliswinebelia. Cven ar gvjera imis
Sesaxeb, rom basili didis, wminda makrines da grigol RvTismetyvelis megobari advilad Secdeboda. davamatebT, rom mexuTe saekleiso kreba, Sekrebili origenes winaaRmdeg, grigol
noselis Sromebs iwonebs. es kreba ar moiwonebda da miiRebda
imas, raSic origenes raime wertils aRmoaCenda. grigol noseli
aRiarebda maradiuli cecxlis arsebobas, magram ar uaryofda
gansawmendelis droebiT cecxlis arsebobasac. misi Sromebi
srulad SenarCunebulia. rasac Tqven ambobT, rom wignebi origenes momxreebma Secvales, usafuZvloa, maSin mexuTe saeklesio kreba amas mixvdeboda. sakmarisia grigol noselze. magaliTad, netari avgustine, romelic mravali saekleiso krebis
mier aris Seqebuli. SeuZlebelia warmodgena ar gqondeT mis
56
dogmatur swavlebaze. isic aRiarebs gansawmendelis arsebobas. Tqven ambobT, rom makabelTa wignidan da maTes saxarebidan moyvanili magaliTebi amtkicebs ara ganmwmendel tanjavs,
aramed Semsubuqebas da codvaTa ganxsnas. amaze gpasuxobT,
rom nebismier codvis SemTxvevaSi saWiroa or ZiriTad saganze
dakvirveba, saxeldobr: danaSauli, gamovlenili raRac cudiT
da uaryofa codvebisa, rac ganwmends pirovnebas. namdvilad
ufali patiobs danaSauls, Tu adamiani sikeTisken Semobrundeba. Tqven bevrs saubrobT im damsaxurebebze da sibrZneze, rac
gaaCnia wminda ioane oqropirs, Semdeg ki miuTiTebT laTinebis
mier berZnuli enis ucodinrobaze, rac SeiZleboda yofiliyo
mociqulis naazrevis zusti azrisgan gadaxvevis mizezi. Tqven
gvimtkicebT, rom `xe, Tiva da bze~ warmoadgens mounaniebel
codvebs, xolo `dRe~ aRniSnavs saboloo dRes, roca daiwyeba
samudamo tanjva. am yvelaferze Tanmimdevrulad gipasuxebT.
upirvels yovlisa getyviT, rom ubralod ulamazoa – Seadaro, romeli wmindani met codnas flobs, es mxolod SemoqmedisTvisaa cnobili. Tqven gvimtkicebT, rom ioane oqropiri flobs
gansakuTrebul unars, Caixedos Rrmad mociqulis naazrevSi.
Cvenc pativs vcemT mis Rirsebas, unars da aRfrTovanebulni
varT misiT. amave dros vfiqrobT, rom arc netari avgustine
Camouvardeba ioanes, xolo zogierT sakiTxSi sjobs kidec.
Tqven ambobT, rom didebuli avgustine da sxva bevri laTini
maswavlebeli ver flobda berZnul enas kargad da Tanac bevri
laTinuri sityva ar Seesabameba berZnuls, xolo netarma avgustinem uamravjer zustad gadmosca saRmrTo werilis teqsti.
miuxedavad mravali mamis siwmindisa, Cven valdebulni varT,
rom Tavad rwmena iyos principi da sawyisi wertili Cveni sulieri cxovrebisa. igi dagvakavSirebs erTmaneTTan siyvaruliTa
da mSvidobiT. swored siyvaruli uflisa gandevnis Cvengan
sasikvdilo codvebs. mociqulma `xe, Tiva da bze~ Seadara im
msubuq codvebs, romelic cecxliT advilad ganiwmindeba.
rac Seexeba sityvebs `rameTu DdReman man gamoacxados, rameTu
57
cecxliTa gamoCinebad ars~ (1kor. 3,12) Tqven amtkicebT, rom es
`dRe~ aris saSineli samsjavros dRe, magram am sityvebSi araferia amgvari gagebis safuZveli. romc dageTanxmoT, aqedan mainc
ver davaskvniT, rom sikvdilis Semdeg ganwmenda SeuZlebelia.
Tqven amtkicebT, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba TviT sasjelebsa
da netarebebs Soris. aqedan gamomdinare RvTis Wvreta aris
mxolod srulyofili gulis unari. amitom yvela ver ixilavs
uflis didebas. Cven ar vamtkicebT, rom uflis xilvis Rirsi
yvela gaxdeba, es droebiTi cecxli saSualebas aZlevs adamians
SemdgomSi gaTavisufldes saukuno satanjvelisgan, aucilebelia rom adamianma moinanios da gamoisyidos yvela codva.
rac Seexeba grigoli RvTismetyvelis sityvas, rom saboloo
dRisTvis ar unda SemovitovoT codvebi, Tqveni nebarTviT
gipasuxebT, rom es sityva srulebiTac ar ewinaaRmdegeba gansawmendelis arsebobas. roca vambobT ori saxis ganxsnaze, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs rogorc erTi – ganxsna epitimiiT, romelsac
codvili Tavisi surviliT itvirTavs da meore – ganxsna,
romelic xdeba sikvdilis Semdeg. pirveli saxis ar xdeba sikvdilis Semdeg, radgan igi adamianis Rvawls iTvaliswinebs, meore
saxis ganxsna aRevlineba sulis sxeulidan gansvlis Semdeg.
Tqven amtkicebT, grigol RvTismetyvelis sityvebiT, romelic
aRwers saukuno satanjvels, rom ar arsebobs ganwmenda, anu ar
arsebobs ori saxis tanjva. Tqvenis nebarTviT gpasuxobT, rom
wmindani saubrobs pirveli saxis ganwmendaze, romelic aRevlineba simSvidis, wminda saqmeTa aRsrulebis Semdgom, amgvari
saxis gaTavisufleba gardacvalebis Semdeg ar xdeba. misive
sityvebis gagrZelebaSi naxavT: `ra Znelia maTi sikvdili, visac
aq ar axsovda RmerTi, ra mSvenivrad brZnad metyvelebs mefsalmune, roca ambobs, rom jojoxeTSi ar arsebobs aRmsarebloba da gamosworeba, radganac RmerTma daadgina rom aq iyos
cxovreba da moqmedeba, xolo iq saqmeTa gamocda~.
argumentad mogyavT lazaresa da mdidris gardacvalebis
movlenebi imis mtkicebulebad rom RmerTs ar dautovebia
58
Sualeduri sulebisTvis neitraluri, ase vTqvaT, gamosasworebeli adgili. gpasuxobT, rom teqstis da Tanac wminda werilis
teqstis ase TviTneburad moxmoba da ganmarteba savsebiT dauSvebelia. ieso qriste am SemTxvevaSi saubrobs ori adgilze,
magram ar uaryofs gansawmendels. aucilebelia vivaraudoT,
rom arsebobs mesame adgili, sadac xdeba codvaTagan ganwmenda.
yofila iseTi saxis Cvenebebi da xilvebi, sadac namdvilad
mtkicdeba gansawmendelis arseboba. amas amtkicebs didi
grigoli da damaskelic. garda amisa, Cven bevri mowmobebi warmovadgineT am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. rac Seexeba imas, rom
amgvari swavleba safuZvels iRebs origenes naazrevidan, gipasuxebT, rom es dogmati rom origeneseuli yofiliyo saeklesio
krebebi masac iseve uaryofda, rogorc origene. Cveni azriT,
sakmarisi mogaxseneT, axla ki droa, Tqveni argumentebi movisminoT.
wminda markoz efeselis meore sityva gansawmendelis Sesaxeb
qvemore moyvanili `meore sityva wminda markoz efeselisa
gansawmendelis Sesaxeb~ warmoadgens uZlieres naSroms wmindanis Semoqmedebidan dogmatikis sferoSi. Cven kargad davinaxeT, rom torkvemadam uaryo berZenTa argumentebi da piriqiT,
warmoudgina sapirispiro, rac ar iyo advilad pasuxgasacemi,
magram wminda markozma `suliwmindis taZarma~ aiRo Tavis Tavze
marTlmadidebluri rwmenis meored dacva da rogorc qvemoT
wavikiTxavT, ara mxolod uaryo laTinTa Tezisebi, aramed
mokled da imavdroulad konkretulad warmoaCina marTlmadidebluri swavleba sikvdilis Semdgomi sulis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. amitom qvemoT moyvanili naSromi Zvirfasia ara
mxolod polemikuri RvTismetyvelebis mxriv, aramed dogmaturi TavlTaxedviTac. am Sromebs ar mohyolia (SesaZloa ar
aRmouCeniaT) laTinTa pasuxi. Cven vfiqrobT, rom sapasuxoc
araferi iyo wminda markozis am mosazrebebze. wmindanis naSro59
mis mizani mxolod is ar yofila, rom daerwmunebina laTinebi
gansawmendelis rogorc dogmatur, ise eTikur cdomilebaSi,
aramed misi warmoSobis da miRebis istoriac warmoedgina. wmindans SeeZlo ufro farTod esaubra imaze, rom gansawmendelis
swavleba iyo gviandeli da ekuTvnoda buenaventuras, romelic
qadagebda cecxlze. laTini RvTismetyvelebis cnobiT, gansawmendelis Sesaxeb swavleba formirebul iqna rogorc eklesiis
oficialuri swavleba mxolod florenciis da tridenis krebebze, bolo krebaze ki is daamtkices, magram mxolod zogad CarCoebSi. SeeZlo wminda markozs esaubra imave netari avgustines
sityvebiT, sadac ambobs, rom verasodes flobda berZnul enas.
nuTu SeeZlo wminda markozs ar epasuxa imaze, rom laTinebs
mohyavT argumentebad kiriles Sromebi ieronimes cxovrebasa
da aRsasrulze, maSin roca kirile ufro adre gardaicvala,
vidre ieronime. wminda markozis mizani rom polemikaSi gamarjveba yofiliyo, SeeZlo mieTiTebina im uzustobebze. magram
mas hqonda erTaderTi mizani – epova da sxvebisTvisac gadaeca
WeSmariteba.
minda markozis pasuxi, romelSic warmoadgens berZnuli
w
eklesiis WeSmarit swavlebas
WeSmaritad, aucilebelia uamravi kvleva dogmatur sakiTxebze msjelobamde, maSin roca erTi da meore mxridan arsebobs
seriozuli argumentebi. Cven rodesac kamaTs viwyebdiT, ar gvifiqria, rom gamovsuliyaviT gamarjvebulni, veguebodiT, rom
SesaZloa davmarcxebuliyaviT. eWvi ar mepareba, rom aseTive
azrze iyvnen Tavad ufali ieso qristes mowafeebic. Tu maSin
moitana suliwmindis STagonebam moqmedeba, maSin aris imedi
rom Cvenc WeSmaritebis ZebnaSi ar ganvicdiT warumateblobas. Tqven ambobT, rom Cven vcdilobT Cveni azris gamyarebas
da Tqvenis uaryofas. amaze gipasuxebT, rom rogoric ar unda
yofiliyo Cveni swavleba, sruliadac ar mogviyolia da arc
60
ganmtkiceba gvicdia. vecdebiT, ar uarvyoT Tqveni mosazreba
da giCvenoT mxolod is, Tu raoden usargebloa igi. radgan
arc wminda werilSi da arc mamaTa SromebSi masze gasagebad
da mkafiod araferi weria. warmovadgenT Cvens swavlebas da
vimedovneb, rom masSi aRmoCenili WeSmariteba mogxsniT mZime
tvirTs da gvixsnis Semdgomi uTanxmoebisagan.
Cven vamtkicebT, rom arc marTlebs miuRiaT TavianTi xvedri
da is RvTaebrivi mdgomareoba, romelic nadvilad daimsaxures. arc codvilebi moxvedrilan jer samudamo satanjvelSi,
sadac saukunod igvemebian. erTic da meorec moxdeba saboloo
gankiTxvis da saSineli samsjavros Semdeg. arc pirvels, anu
marTalT miuRiaT damsaxurebisamebr, arc meoreT damsaxurebuli tanjva. amgvari swavleba gadmogveca wminda mamaTagan da
advilad SegviZlia maTi dadasturebis povna wminda werilSic.
aTanase didisadmi kiTxvaSi vkiTxulobT: `ras gvetyvi mamao,
miiRes marTlebma jildo da codvilebma – sasjeli? pasuxi: jer
ara. is sixaruli, rac ukve miiRes, nawilobrivia, iseve rogorc
codvilTa sasjeli, maSin roca meufe moiwvevs Tavis megobarTaTvis nadims, xolo gasamarTlebulebi daisjebian – nadimis
wevrebi imxiaruleben. uaryofilni gaemarTebian wyvdiadsa da
tanjva-vaebaSi. rogorc ukve iTqva, Tu jer aravin moxvedrila
srulyofil RvTaebriv sixarulSi, an geeniaSi, maSin rogor gesmis mdidrisa da lazares ambavi? – rac Seexeba lazares, RmerTma
gasagebad Tqva, aTi qalwulis igavSi da mraval sxva igavebSic.
sinamdvileSi lazares SemTxveva xom ar momxdara, radganac
codvilebi, jojoxeTSi myofni, ver xedaven marTlebs, abraamis wiaRSi myofT. wyvdiadSi myofi sakuTar mezobelsac ver
xedavs~. Cveni eklesiis am mosazrebebs rigi argumentebic gaaCnia. magaliTad maTes saxarebidan, sadac weria: `movida dromde
Cveni wameba~. aq naTelia, rom isini jer kidev ar itanjebian. Tu
aqedanve gasuli adamiani maSinve iRebs damsaxurebisamebr, maSin
raRa imedia saSinel samsjavrosa da sayovelTao aRdgomaSi?
RvTaebrivi mociquli pavlec Tavis meore epistoleSi korin61
TelTa mimarT brZanebs: `rameTu Cuen yovelni gancxadebad
varT winaSe saydarTa qristesTa, raiTa moiRos kacad-kacadman xorcTa amaTgan, raica igi qmna, gina Tu keTili, gina Tu
boroti~ (2kor. 5,10) xedavT, rom im sasamarTlomde da yvelas
wardgomamde aravin miiRebs damsaxurebisamebr. meore epistoleSi TesalonikelTa mimarT is ambobs: ùkueTu samarTali ars
RmrTisa mier mogebad maWirvebelTa TquenTa Wiri, da Tquen,
WirveulTa, lxini Cuen Tana gamoCinebasa mas uflisa Cuenisa
iesu qristessa zeciT, angelozTa Tana Zlierebisa misisaTa,
cecxliTa alisaiTa migebad Suris-gebisa, romelTa igi ara
ician RmerTi da romelni-igi ara daemorCilebian saxarebasa
mas uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristessa. romelTa igi sasjeli moexados, momsvreli saukunoi, pirisagan uflisa da didebisagan
Zlierebisa misisa. raJams movides didebad Soris wmidaTa misTa
da sakvirvelebad yovelTa Soris morwmuneTa misTa, rameTu
sarwmuno iqmna wamebai Cueni Tquenda mimarT mas dResa Sina~. (2
Tes. 1, 6-10). am monakveTebidan kargad Cans, rom arc wmindanebs
miuRiaT is jildoebi da arc codvilebs sasjelebi. dagvrCa
wminda mamaTa naTqvamebi am mosazrebis gasamyareblad, magaliTad wminda grigol RvTismetyveli ambobs: `brZenTa sityvebiT
darwmunebuli var, rom yoveli keTili da RvTismoyvare suli
midis misTvis gankuTvnili jildos SegrZnebamde, xarobs da
meufebs Tavis samflobeloSi, radgan gaeqca aqaur cxovrebas,
TiTqos frTebi gaSala da gainavarda. is ukve xvdeba, ra eloda
Turme~. imave grigolisave TqmiT: `gjerodes upirveles yovlisa aRdgomisa, samsjavros da yvelas saqmeTaebr migebisa~
amiT naTel yofs, rom yvelaferi es unda moxdes saSineli samsjavros Semdeg da ara manamde. ase rom Cven mier moyvanili
argumentebis mixedviT, arc codvilebs miuRiaT sasjeli da
arc marTlebs – gansveneba.
rac Seexeba gardacvalebulTaTvis locvas – gadmocemuli
wminda mociqulTa da mamaTagan, eklesia aRasrulebs mas – Cven
vamtkicebT, rom mas moaqvs didi sargebloba maTi sulebisTvis.
62
Tu ar ganxsnian umsubuqeben mainc tanjvas. araferia gasakviri
imaSi, rom Cven maTi sulebisTvis vloculobT, maSin roca mravali adamianis locva ufalma Seiwynara. marTlmadidebluri
eklesia ar vardeba sasowarkveTilebaSi da yvelaze codvilTaTvisac ki iZleva xsnis nugeSs, amis damamtkicebelia wminda
ioane oqropiris ganmarteba ioanes saxarebisa: `Tu gardacvalebuli iyo codvili da Seuracxyo RmerTi, unda vitiroT. ukeTesia ara mxolod vitiroT, aramed gavakeToT raime maTTvis,
rogorc magaliTad mowyaleba da locvaa~. aseve filipelTa
mimarT epistoles ganmartebaSi weria: `Tu codvili gardaicvala, unda uxarodes, rom Sewyda misi codvili qmedebebi,
ki ar unda vitiroT, unda davexmaroT RvTivsaTno saqmeebiT~.
Tu locvebs da saidumlo msxverplSewirvas moaqvs sargebeli
gardacvalebulTaTvis, maSin raRa saWiroa gansawmendelis
arsebobis dajereba?
zogierTebs gansawmendelis arsebobis iluzia advilad
azrovnebas aCvevs. bevrisgan gamigonia: `visurvebdi, rom
sikvdilis Semdeg yofiliyo gansawmendeli cecxli, imisTvis, rom am sofelSi SiSis gareSe Camedina codvebi~. kidev ra
giTxraT? amgvari swavleba arcerT maswavlebelTagans ar gadmoucia. CvenTvis gasakviria, rom amis dasamtkiceblad mogyavT
basili didis sityvebi, romelic loculobs RvTis winaSe, rom
codvili da tanjuli suli gadiyvanos `sagrilebelSi~, Tqven
amtkicebT, rom sulebi itanjebian cecxliT da basili didi
evedreba sapirispiro mdgomareobaSi. Cven amgvari daskvna
gvikvirs, radgan am wmindans arsad miuTiTebia gansawmendelis
arseboba.
rac Seexeba grigol nosels – Tqven gikvirT, rom Cven
vfiqrobT masze, rogorc adamianze rom SeiZleboda Semcdariyo, da rom Cveni amgvari azri damRupvelia dogmatikis da wminda
werilisTvis. amaze gpasuxobT, rom didi gansxvavebaa eklesiis
gadmocemul da kanonikur mwerlobas da mamaTa pirad naazrevs Soris. pirvelis, rogorc RvTis dadgenilis unda gvje63
rodes usityvod, meore ki unda SevusabamoT wminda werils
da gamovikvlioT Seesabameba Tu ara mas. maSin eklesiis krebebs azri ar eqneboda, Tu yvela mamaTagani arasodes cdeboda.
ase rom amgvari mowiweba, morCileba da pativiscema gvmarTebs
mxolod wminda werilis mimarT. grigol noseli ki, rogorc
adamiani Secda ramdenime swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT, maSin
roca es sakiTxi jer kidev ar iyo gamokvleuli.
wminda markoz efeselis pasuxi laTinebis kiTxvebze
wminda markoz efeselis am mSvenieri sityvis Semdeg,
romelSic is uaryofs laTinur argumentebs da amtkicebs
laTinuri gansawmendelis miuReblobas, laTinma RvTismetyvelebma sTxoves wminda markozs epasuxa mTeli rigi kiTxvebisTvis, romlebic ukavSirdeba gardacvalebis Semdgomi sulis
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb marTlmadideblur swavlebas. laTinebis
am moTxovnis teqsti ar SemorCenila, magram mTeli es kiTxvebi
SemorCenilia wminda markoz efeselis SromaSi. wminda markozis
es naSromi ar atarebs polemikur xasiaTs, magram atarebs dogmatur elfers, romelic iWreba RvTismetyvelebis siRrmeebSi
da kristaluri logikis nimuSia. TviT laTini RvTismetyvelebic maRali azris iyvnen wminda markozis am naSromze.
mindanis pasuxebi kiTxvebze, romlebic mas dausves
w
kardinalebma da RvTismetyvelebma
ramdenadac Tqven gvTxoveT gacilebiT naTlad da Tanmimdevrulad gvepasuxa im kiTxvebze, amdenad gpasuxobT mokled
Tqvens pirvel SekiTxvaze: ra mizeziT vfiqrobT, rom marTalTa
sulebs jer ar miuRiaT maTTvis gankuTvnili netareba? Cven
ukve avRniSneT, rom marTlebi ki Wvreten ufals, magram ara im
srulyofilebiT, rogoradac es gacxaddeba meored mosvlis
Semdeg.
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meorec, Tqven gvkiTxeT – ra gvsurs giTxraT imaze, rom
marTlani netareben zecaSi angelozebTan? Cven gpasuxobT:
zecaSi igulisxmeba ara materialuri adgili, sadac myofoben
angelozebi, aramed zegrZnobismieri, ukeT rom vTqvaT – sulieri adgili. igi iwodeba uflis adgilad. ase ioane damaskeli
ambobs Tavis saRvTismetyvelo ganxilvebis me-13 TavSi: ùflis
adgilad iwodeba is adgili, sadac cxadad vlindeba misi moqmedeba (energia), amitom zeca uflis taxtia – is mis survils
aRasruleben angelozebi. adgili – sulieri, sadac vlindeba
sulieri da usxeulo WeSmariteba~. Cveulebriv ki amgvar adgils vuwodebT zecas, es mtkicdeba Semdegi sityvebiTac: mamao
Cveno, romeli xar caTa Sina~, aseve maSinac, roca ufals surda
Tavisi Semoqmedeba da moqmedeba adamianTaTvis naTeleyo, yovelTvis zecidan, zeciuri sferodan evlineboda. Cven vamtkicebT, rom RvTis mier angelozebi swored iqidan igzavnebian. wminda ioane damaskelis TqmiT: àngelozi sxeulebrivad
adgiliT ar aris garemoculi, ise TiTqos gamoisaxebodes da
aRnagobis mqone iyos igi, magram mainc iTqmis adgilis SigniT
misi yofna, imdenad ramdenadac goniseulad Tanamyofobs igi
da moqmedebs sakuTari bunebis Sesabamisad, ar aris ra sxvagan,
aramed gareSemoiwereba goniseulad iq, sadac moqmedebs kidec.
ar ZaluZs mas, erTdroulad moqmedebdes sxvadasxva adgilas.
mxolod RmerTs eTviseba, erTdroulad moqmedebdes yvelgan.
angelozi bunebiseuli siswrafiTa da dauyovnebeli anu swrafi
gadanacvlebiT moqmedebs sxvadasxva adgilas, xolo yvelganmyofi da yovlis uzenaesi RvTaeba erT da imave dros sxvadasxvagvarad moqmedebs erTi da martivi moqmedebiT~.
dionise Tavisi wignis me-15 TavSi `zeciur ierarqiaze~ aRwers angelozebis sam sxvadasxva moqmedebas: pirveli aris is,
romelic maradis RvTis garSemoa da gadmocemisamebr, uaxloesad da uSualod SeerTebulia masTan. esaa eqvsfrTiani
serafimebis, mravalTvala qerubimebisa da uwmindes saydarTa
mwyobri. meorea uflebaTa, ZalTa da xelmwifebaTa mwyobri,
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xolo mesame – mTavrobaTa, mTavarangelozTa da angelozTa
mwyobri. igive dionise brZanebs: `roca gavxdebiT ukvdavni, rac
momaval cxovrebaSi, werilis Tanaxmad viqnebiT mudam ufalTan~. ase rom momaval cxovrebaSi, anu am samyaros Semdeg, gvelis RvTis Wvreta da mudam masTan myofoba~.
mesame sirTule – ras vuwodebT RvTis Wvretis netarebas, anu
rogor esaxebaT wmindanebs ufali? amaze gpasuxobT, rom aranair
sxeulebriv arsebas ar ZaluZs dainaxos, warmoidginos an Seicnos RvTiuri bunebrioba, TviT pirveli Cinis wmindanebsac ki.
Tqveni Semdegi SekiTxva exeboda imas, Tu ras warmoadgens uflis
mier movlenili kaSkaSi, romliTac netareben zecaSi marTalni?
– amis Sesaxeb gipasuxeT, imaze mets verafers getyviT, rac wmidaTagan gadmogveca. kibis brZeni àmgebi~ ioane kibis aRmwereli
ambobs: `gabrwyineba aris sityviT gadmoucemeli moqmedeba, uxilavi gonebiT da azrovnebiT, araferi msgavsi ar gamigonia, xolo
uxilavsa da ucnobze verc da arc SegviZlia saubari~.
Tqveni mexuTe SekiTxva: – ras vgulisxmobT RvTis meufebaSi
da im srulyofil netarebaSi, romliTac jer marTlebic ki
ar damtkbaran? uflis meufebis gansazRvreba mdgomareobs
SemdegSi, rogorc wminda maqsime aRmsarebeli ambobs: ùflis
meufeba aris im madlSi monawileoba, romelic aResruleba
uflis bunebrivad iq myofobiT~. rac Seexeba im madls, romelic
rogorc mociquli ambobs, Tvals ar unaxavs, yurs ar mousmenia
da adamians azradac ar mouvidoda, gpirdebiT gulmodgined da
didi cnobismoyvareobiT gamovikvlevT. ise arsebobs mravali
zebunebrivi ram, rac ubralod unda irwmuno da axsna ar aqvs.
logikuria, rom Tu codvilebs eliT ara mxolod uflisgan
Sors yofna, aramed geenia da tanjva, marTlebi ara mxolod
uflis WvretiT datkbebian, aramed sxva netarebebiTac.
meeqvse SekiTxvaze pasuxia, rom sasikvdilo codviT gardacvalebulTa sulebi imyofebian jojoxeTSi, magram jer
kidev ar itanjebian geenis cecxlSi, Tumca arc axla akliaT
vneba.
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meSvide kiTxva: – rogor imkian marTlebi sixaruls, roca
jer kidev ar netareben srulyofili keTildReobiT? amaze
gpasuxobT, rom im sixarulis, keTildReobis nawili maT ukve
axarebs, roca isini uSualod xedaven ufals, rogorc angelozebi. Cven SegaxsenebT im sam saTnoebas: rwmenas, imeds da
siyvaruls, rogorc adamianis arsobis sam mdgomareobas. pirveli (rwmena) – am cxovrebaSi, meore (imedi) im cxovrebaSi da
mesame (siyvaruli) momaval cxovrebaSi. rwmena warmoadgens am
cxovrebis saqmes. rwmeniT aq davdivarT da yvela wmindans sjeroda, swamda uflis. imedi aqedan gasvlis Semdeg, vimedovnebT
gadarCenas, xolo siyvaruli srulyofili keTildReobaa da
suliwmindis yvelaze aRmatebuli niWia. mxolod misiT SeuerTdebian marTalni ufals.
merve kiTxva: – warmoadgens Tu ara uflis Wvretis uunaroba
did tanjvas da codvilebi ukve itanjebian misiT? – uflis
Wvretis uunaroba warmoadgens udides da umZimes tanjvas.
rodesac isini ufals ixilaven erTxel da SemdgomSi veRar ixilaven da arc amis raimenairi imedi eqnebaT, yvelaze mtanjveli
mdgomaroba es iqneba maTTvis.
mecxre kiTxva: – gansxvavdeba Tu ara tanjvis saxeebi sxvada
sxva codvaTaTvis? – zogierTs mZime sasjeli xvda wilad, zogs
ufro msubuqi, cxadia is Seesabameba adamianis mier Cadenili
codvebis simZimes.
gafrTxilebT, rom yoveli codva, romelic ar iyo monaniebuli aRsarebis dros, tanjavs da sindisis qenjnas iwvevs. ioane
oqropiris mixedviT, sindisi Segvaxsenebs codvebs da moiTxovs
maT `Camobanas~. Tu aRsareba gulmodgine da yuradRebiTia,
codva ganixsneba da am soflidan gasvlis Semdeg ar mogvekiTxeba. xolo Tu aRsareba ar iqneba gulwrfeli, ar mogveteveba. swored daviwyebuli codvebi SeiZleba gvepatios uflis
udidesi sikeTis damsaxurebiT. Tqven gainteresebT – ra Sveba
moaqvs adamianis sulisTvis eklesiis mier aRvlenil locvebs?
– amas vamyarebT wminda mamaTa swavlebebze, romelnic erTxmad
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aRiareben rom tanjuli sulisTvis es erTaderTi nugeSia.
gadavdivarT `mrwamsze~ danamatis Sesaxeb kiTxvebze. laTini:
mikvirs, rom gvkicxavT Cven “mrwamsis~ Sevsebis gamo, maSin, roca
meore msoflio krebam pirveli krebis mTeli mrwamsi Secvala,
rodesac damatebebi SesZina mas da rodesac meti sicxadisaTvis
gazarda kidec da ganavrco igi. ase rom, sityvieri cvlileba
arafers avnebs maT, romlebic zedmiwevniT icaven dogmatebs.
berZeni: vaRiarebT, rom asea da viciT, rom meore krebis
`mrwamsi~ warmoadgens pirvelis sityvier cvlilebas, Tumca
amiT imas rodi vambobT, rom xsenebul mamaTa msgavsad, Tqvenc
gaqvT ufleba SecvaloT `mrwamsi~.
laTini: ratom?
berZeni: upirvelsad, imitom, rom is krebebi msoflio krebebi iyo, xolo Seni Semateba amgvari ar aris, Tumca didad iqadi
papiT da misi pirvelobiT. garda amisa, maSin SeiZleboda Semateba, radganac jer kidev ar iyo es akrZaluli, xolo Sen, romelic
akrZalvis Semdeg bedav sityvis darTvas, Tanamdebi xar mamaTa
mier aRmoTqmuli wyevlisa.
laTini: rodis da ra mizeziT moxda akrZalva?
berZeni: dawvrilebiT getyvi: pirveli krebis mier gadmocemuli `mrwamsis~ Semdeg sxvadasxva krebebze Camoayalibes bevri
sxvadasxva `mrwamsi~, sadac uaryofil iyo èrTarseba~. yvela
maTgani gauqmda, xolo meore krebam, romelic msoflio iyo da
zedmiwevniT icavda pirveli mrwamsis Sinaarss, TviTve Camoayaliba igi, rasac amJamad Cven vflobT Sematebis gareSe, Tqven ki
– SematebiTurT. am krebaTagan arc erTs ar dauwesebia akrZalva
Secvlaze. Semdeg, mesame msoflio krebis dros, nestoris Tanamoazreebma waikiTxes maT mier Sedgenili `mrwamsi~, rac Seicavda
eretikul azrs, da riTac lidiaSi viRacis monaTvlac gaebedaT
maT; rodesac mamebma moismines wakiTxuli, Seuwynareblad miiC68
nies `mrwamsis~ nebisamebr Secvla da myisve ganaCines kanoni,
rom arasodes aravis gaebeda Secvla mamaTa mier gadmocemuli
`mrwamsisa~, (anu, rac igivea, `sarwmunoebis simbolosi~). amitom,
netarma kirilem, romelic TviT Tavmjdomareobda xsenebul
did krebas da, romelmac, cxadia, kargad uwyoda Tavisive ganCineba, ioane antioqielisadmi miweril epistoleSi es gvamcno:
àranairad ar SeviwynarebT mamaTa CvenTa mier gadmocemuli
mrwamsis, anu sarwmunoebis simbolos Seryevas, arcTu nebas
mivcemT sakuTar Tavs Tu vinme sxvas, sityva Secvalos iq dadgenil teqstSi anda gadauxvios Tundac erT marcvals, radganac
gvaxsovs igi, vinc gvamcnebda: `nu cvaleb sazRvarTa saukuneTa,
romeli dadves mamaTa SenTa~ (igav. 22, 28). rameTu araTu TviT
isini iyvnen metyvelni, aramed suli mamisa, romelic misgan gamodis da romelic arsobrivad ucxo ar aris Zisa~.
gesmis? araTu azris, aramed sityvisa da marcvlis Secvlasa
da gardasvlasac ki krZalavs wm. kirile, radganac ambobs: àrcTu nebas mivcemT sakuTar Tavs Tu vinme sxvas...~ amas ambobs mTeli krebis piriT da Tumca es krebac msoflio iyo, man mxolod
akrZalvis kanoni ganawesa...
laTini: es ganCineba exeba `sxva mrwamss~, anu iseT mrwamss,
romelic `sawinaaRmdegoa~ saeklesio dogmatebisa da gansxvavdeba maTgan, xolo is `mrwamsi~, romelic gavrcobilia sicxadis mizniT, sruliad ar aris `sxva~, Tundac, rom sxvaobdes
pirveli `mrwamsisagan~ erTi an mravali sityviT.
berZeni: mikvirs, ratom ver wvdebi sityvebis azrs, da
ratom ganmartav maT Seni survilis mixedviT, radganac sityva
`sxvas~ mxolod iseTi ugunuri kaci gaigebs `sawinaaRmdegos~
SinaarsiT, romelmac ar icis, Tu rogor Seufardos saqmeTa
bunebas Sesabamisi sityva. cxadia, didad gansxvavdeba sityva
`sxva~ sityvisagan `sawinaaRmdego~, radganac yvelaferi is,
rac `sxvaa~ raimesagan, misi `sawinaaRmdego~ rodia! magaliTad,
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adamiani saxiT sxvaobs cxenisagan, magram ar aris sawinaaRmdego
misi, radganac arsebis mixedviT arafriT ewinaaRmdegeba mas.
ase rom, zemore krebis ganCinebas `sxva mrwamsi~ `sawinaaRmdego
mrwamsis~ azriT ar uTqvams, rogorc magaliTad `cxoveli~ ar
iTqmis àdamianis~ azriT...
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Tavi meoTxe
1. `filiokves~ (`da Zisagan~) laTinebis dogmatis rwmenis
simboloSi damatebis daSvebis ganxilva;
2. am sakiTxze wminda markoz efeselis naSromi.
marTlmadideblebsa da laTin kaTolikeebs Soris aranairi
SeTanxmeba ar Sedga pirvel gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT – gansawmendelis Sesaxeb. pirvelma cdam, epovaT maT Soris
dogmatur gansxvavebebSi siaxlove, WeSmariti uniis miRwevisaTvis ganicada kraxi. mas Semdeg, rac gavida umoqmedobaSi
ramdenime Tve, bolos da bolos, molaparakebebi ganaxlda
da gadawyda, or eklesias Soris gansxvavebis da gacalkevebis
umTavres punqtze – `filiokveze~ (`da Zisagan~) gadasuliyvnen. es sakiTxi mdgomareobda SemdegSi: marTlmadidebel
eklesiaSi sarwmunoebis simbolos is wevri, romelic gadmogvcems suliwmindis gamosvlis Sesaxeb, ucvlelad ikiTxeba
ise, rogorc gadmogveca meore msoflio saeklesio krebis
mamebis mier: `da suli wminda... romeli mamisagan gamovals...“
laTinebma miamates am wevrs dogmaturi xasiaTis sakiTxi.
dasavleTis eklesiaSi `mrwamsi~ gamoiTqmis Semdegnairad:
`romeli gamovals mamisagan da Zisagan~ (laT. filiokve –
Filioque). es danamati saTaves iRebs arianelobidan, romelic
dasavleTSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Zlieri iyo, romis bevri
RvTismsaxuris mier miuRebelic iyo es swavleba. Tumca XII
saukuneSi is xdeba laTinuri dogmatikis ganuyofeli nawili
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da mTavari punqti marTlmadidebluri da kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis ganyofisa. marTlmadideblebs miaCndaT, rom dogmaturia suliwmindis gamomavlobis es swavleba, savsebiT
miuRebeli da sibrmavea TviT faqtic – TviTneburi Setana
sarwmunoebis wminda simboloSic garkveuli danamatebisa –
savsebiT ukanonoa. wminda markoz efeseli Tavis werilSi pap
evgeni IV-s wers, rom es ara mxolod ukanonobaa, aramed eklesiaTa SeerTebis xelisSemSleli faqtoric. axla es sakiTxi
wamoiWra gansaxilvelad marTlmadidebeli da kaTolikeebis
warmomadgenlebs Soris. am sakiTxze berZnebs Soris Camoyalibda ori jgufi; erTni miiCnevdnen, rom jer unda gamoekvliaT
Tavad dogmati – suliwmindis gamomavloba, xolo meore jgufi, romelic warmoadgenda umravlesobas da romelsac meTaurobdnen wminda markoz efeseli da hemist pliToni, Tvlida,
rom Tavdapirvelad unda ganexilaT sarwmunoebis simboloSi
danamatis Setanis kanoniereba da siswore. isini miiCnevdnen,
rom Tu laTinebs daarwmunebdnen amoeRoT sarwmunoebis simbolodan es danamati, romelic esoden emuqreboda da xels
uSlida eklesiaTa SeerTebas, maSin am swavlebis Sesaxeb dogmaturi swavlebac warsuls BCabardeboda.
am sakiTxis gamosakvlevad kvlav Seadgines komisia laTini
da berZeni RvTismetyvelebisagan. marTlmadideblebs warmoadgendnen: wminda markoz efeseli, besarion nikeeli, isidore
kievis mitropoliti (romelic feraraSi Cavida 1438 wlis 13
agvistos mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi ruseTSi mogzaurobis Semdeg, meTaurobda 200 kacisagan Semdgar ruseTis delegacias.
Tavad isidores garda iyo erTi episkoposi, maT Soris erTi monazoni svimeon suzdaleli, romelmac dagvitova mokle Canaweri
florenciis krebaze, mas aqvs istoriuli Rirebuleba). maTgan
mxolod wminda markoz efesels da besarion nikeels hqondaT
uflebamosileba gamosuliyvnen sityviT debatebSi laTinebTan. laTinebis mxridan iyvnen: kardinali iuliane cezarini da
nikolai albergati, arqiepiskoposi andrei rodoseli da kidev
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ramdenime RvTismetyveli, romelTa Soris mniSvnelovani adgili ekava ioane ragusels.
axali molaparakebebi daiwyo 1438 wlis 8 oqtombers sazeimo
viTarebaSi, kreba ar gaxsnila taZarSi, rogorc surdaT berZnebs, aramed gaixsna papis samlocveloSi. garda amisa, imperator ioanes ar ergo es pativi, romelic bizantiuri kanonmdeblobiT misi prerogativa iyo. aman imperatori gaanawyena.
pirveli sxdoma gaixsna besarion nikeelis xangrZlivi sityviT, romelic istoriam Semogvinaxa. Tavis sityvaSi besarionma
ganadida kreba da aqo unia. mas mohyva wminda markoz efeselis
sityva da mokle diskusia arqiepiskopos – andrei rodoselTan,
romelic rogorc aRmoCnda maincdamainc kargad ver erkveoda
Teologiur sakiTxebSi. imave dRes papma indulgenciis bula
gadasca maT, vinc materialur daxmarebas gauwevda krebas.
sanam Txrobas ganvagrZobT, SevCerdeT erT detalze, saxeldobr: besarionis sityvis Semdeg laTinebma gamoxates qeba
da daeTanxmnen orators, Semdeg kardinalma iulianem hkiTxa
berZnebs:`ra gsurT, rom movimoqmedoT?~, markoz efeselma
maSinve miugo:`gsurT gaigoT, ra gvinda?gipasuxebT, rogorc
ki viTareba moiTxovs! getyviT, rom ar unda dagematebinaT sarwmunoebis simbolosaTvis raime, es arasarwmunoebrivia, arafriT ar SeiZleba masSi raime cvlilebis Setana, araTu dogmati,
aramed raime bgeris, an raime sityvis Secvlac ki dauSvebelia~.
aseTi iyo berZnebis pozicia am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi.
meore Sekrebaze, 13 oqtombers, mTeli sxdoma mieZRvna
andrei rodoselis sityvas. mesame sxdomaze, 14 oqtombers
wminda markoz efeselma warmosTqva mokle mimarTva. laTinuri
eklesia ewinaaRmdegeba im werils da saeklesio krebebs, daumata mrwamss dogmati da arasodes flobda aRmosavleTis eklesiis siyvaruls. unda amoviRoT es danamati, rac warmoadgens
ganxeTqilebis mizezs. andrei rodoseli SeekamaTa da Tqva, rom
romis eklesia yovelTvis megobrulad iyo ganwyobili marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mimarT da epatiJeboda SesaerTeblad, rac
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Seexeba `filiokve~-s, igi marTldeba dogmaturi swavlebiT.
amaze wminda markozma ganucxada, rom dauSvebeli iyo rwmenis
simboloSi raime cvlilebis Setana.
diskusiam wmindansa da arqiepiskoposs Soris daikava mTeli
sxdoma da meore dRes besarion nikeelmac da isisdore kievelmac mxari dauWires wminda markozs (netav sul ase momxdariyo)
da isurves warmoedginaT mtkicebulebebi, rom mrwamsis cvlileba ukanono iyo.
mexuTe sxdomaze wminda markoz efeselma moiyvana monacemebi Tavisi mtkicebulebebis gasamyareblad, rom `filiokves~
damateba mrwamsSi iyo dauSvebeli. man moiyvana is argumentebi,
rac miiRes mesame msoflio krebis mamebma. rac Seexeba imas,
rom meore saeklesio krebam Seavso pirveli saeklesio krebis
miRebuli mrwamsi (rasac laTinebi iyenebdnen Tavisi danamatis
gasamarTleblad), pirvel rigSi es moxda manam, sanam miiRebdnen
danamatis akrZalvis uflebas, es kanoni miiRes mesame saeklesio
krebaze, radgan meore krebis Semdeg daiwyo eretikosebis mier
danamatebis SemTxvevebi; meorec, kreba iyo msoflio da hqonda
gansakuTrebuli uflebamosileba. laTinebma warmoadgines
xelnaweri, romelic Seicavda meSvide saeklesio krebis qmedebebs, romelSic mrwamsi flobda `filiokves~, amtkicebdnen,
rom cvlilebis Setanis dauSvebloba Seitanes meSvide saeklesio krebis mamebma. am dokumentze ki hemist pliTonma upasuxa:
Tu es simarTlea, laTini RvTismetyvelebi da gansakuTrebiT,
Toma aqvineli12 didi xnis win dageTanxmebodaT da ar daxar12. Toma aqvineli (d. daaxl. 1225, rokaseka (neapolTan) – g. 7 marti, 1274,
fosanova (CrdiloeT italia), maRali Sua saukuneebis yvelaze gavleniani
filosofosi da RvTismetyveli. dominikanelTa ordenis wevri. parizis universitetis profesori, Tomizmis fuZemdebeli, romelic dRemde kaTolicizmis central filosofiur moZRvrebad iTvleba. Toma aqvinelis mTavar
damsaxurebad iTvleba mkacri mecnieruli – aristoteleseuli – meTodis
qristianul WeSmaritebaTa damtkicebis samsaxurSi Cayeneba. aqvinelis moZRrebis qvakuTxedad SeiZleba CaiTvalos rwmenisa da gonebis harmoniuli
Tanxvedra.
74
javda sityvebis òkeanes~ `filiokves~ gasamarTleblad. amis
Sesaxeb ixsenebs wminda markozi Tavis `sarwmunoebis aRmsareblobaSi~: `rac Seexeba dasavleli mamebis mtkicebebs, me vatyob
rom aqvT mravali SeniSvna yvela wignSi~
meeqvse da meSvide sxdomebi daikava andrei rodoselis gamosvlebma, romelic cdilobda markoz efeselis Sromebis uaryofas. kardinali cezarini amtkicebda, rom Tu danamati Sevida
mrwamsSi, rogorc dogmatis ganmarteba, kanonieria. diskusiebSi
miiRo monawileoba imperatorma ioane paleologma, mxars uWerda Tavis ierarqebs. maT Soris, andrei rodoseli amarTlebda
`filiokves~ imiT, rom viTom igi gamoxatavda swor dogmatur
azrs, amave dros Tavs aridebda mrwamsis Secvlis ukanonobis
braldebas. misi mosazrebebis safuZveli iyo Semdegi:
1. `filiokve~ ar aris danamati, is aris ganmarteba;
2. mrwamsis ganmarteba ki akrZaluli ar aris;
3. romis eklesias hqonda ufleba da avtoriteti `filiokves~
damatebisa, radgan damateba dogmaturad sworia.
Tavisi sityvis bolos xazi gausva imas, rom `filiokve~-s
Sesaxeb marTlmadideblebma adrec icodnen da pretenzia ar
gamouxatavT.
merve sxdomaze besarion nikeelma ganacxada, rom Tundac
`filiokve~ dogmaturad swori iyos, mainc ar unda daematebinaT. Tu daSvebulia ganmarteba, igi daSvebuli ar aris ZiriTad
teqstze, rogorc misi Sinagani. amgvari ganmarteba sxva araferia, Tu ara damateba. es dauSvebelia yvela saeklesio krebis
mixedviT, vkiTxulobT, rom ganmartebebi warmoadgenda sxva
dokumentebs. rogorc dauSvebelia wminda werilisTvis danamatebi, aseve ar SeiZleba es mrwamsisTvis.
mecxre krebaze, 4 noembers saubrobda isev besarion nikeeli, romelic miuTiTebda kvlav damatebis dauSveblobaze.
rogori avtoritetic ar unda hqondes romis eklesias, mas ar
hqonda mrwamsis Secvlis ufleba. daasrula ra sityva, sTxova
75
laTinebs epasuxaT. andrei rodoselma upasuxa: `Cven ar vsaubrobT mis ukanonobaze, Cven vsaubrobT `filiokves~-s, `dogmatur sisworeze~-o.
kidev mTeli rigi (sul 15) sxdoma Catarda, romelzec gamodiodnen oratorebi. meore sxdomaze gaimarTa disputi wminda markoz efeselsa da kardinal cezarinis Soris (es teqsti
istorias ar Semounaxavs). samagierod wminda markoz efeseli
yvelgan wers am disputebis unayofobaze. rogori naTelic ar
unda yofiliyo WeSmariteba, laTinebs misi danaxva ar surdaT.
siropulosi yveba, rom `WeSmaritad berZnebi floben namdvil
rwmenas da Semoinaxes ucvleli dogmebi~.
garda amisa, laTinebma oficialurad sTxoves berZnebs aevloT gverdi `filiokves~ damatebis ukanonobisTvis da ganexilaT Tavad dogmatis Sinaarsi.
amave dros, zogierTi berZeni mivida daskvnamde, rom momavali molaparakebebi laTinebTan arafris momcemi iyo da
arCies konstantinopolSi dabruneba. berZnebi Seikribnen,
imperatorma gamoTqva Tavisi da papis survili molaparakebebis gagrZelebis Sesaxeb. masze ki ganxiluli iyo suliwmindis
gamomavlobis sakiTxi. amave dros, paps surda molaparakebebis
gagrZeleba florenciaSi, rac berZnebs ar moewonaT, magram
rodesac papma uTxra, rom finansebi ar hqonda, xolo florenciaSi materialur daxmarebas dahpirdnen, Tanac feraraSi
epidemia mZvinvarebs, berZnebis azrebi gaiyo. imperatori, besarion nikeeli da anatoli herakleli mxars uWerdnen molaparakebebis florenciaSi gagrZelebas. wminda markoz efeseli,
siropulosi da hemist pliToni konstantinopolSi dabrunebas
uWerda mxars. patriarqi iosebi yoymanobda. gaimarjva pirveli
jgufis azrma, romelsac ekuTvnoda imperatori.
76
Tavi mexuTe
1. suliwmindis gamomavlobis dogmatis ganxilva florenciis krebaze;
2. wminda markoz efeselis Sromebi, romelSic Sekriba ganmar
tebebi, krebebis da mamebis qmedebebi, imis mowmobebi wminda
werilidan, rom suliwminda gamodis mxolod mamis hipostasidan.
mas Semdeg, rac molaparakebebma gadainacvles feraradan
florenciaSi, dgeba mkveTri gardatexis dro laTinebisa da
berZnebis urTierTobaSi, berZnebis sulier mdgomareobaSi,
gardatexam, warmatebis moCvenebis miuxedavad miiyvana mTeli
molaparakebebi tragikul unayofobamde da gaxada florenciis kreba im imedebis sasaflaod, romelSic amyarebda imedebs
mTeli qristianuli samyaro.
ferara – es iyo adgili laTinebsa da berZnebs Soris urTierTisTvis pativiscemis, saerTo trapezebisa da saRvTismetyvelo kamaTebis adgili. florencia gaxda adgili, sadac
wminda markozis TqmiT, laTinebma moixsnes niRbebi marTlmadideblebTan urTierTobaSi. marTlmadideblebis damorCileba
gaxda vatikanis politika berZnebis mimarT florenciis krebaze. mogvianebiT davinaxavT, rom berZeni warmomadgenlebi
sTavazoben laTinebs cnobili dogmatiuri xasiaTis kompromisul gadawyvetas, romelze dafuZnebiTac isini Tanxmdebodnen
uniis miRwevas romTan. magram laTinebs arc surdaT da arc
77
momavalSi isurveben kompromisul gadawyvetilebebs. laTinebi moiTxovdnen da moiTxoven berZnebisagan laTinuri swavlebis srul miRebas da vatikanisadmi srul administraciul
daqvemdebarebas, uSvebdnen mxolod RvTismsaxurebis da wesCveulebebis damoukideblobas, imasac SezRudul farglebSi.
florenciis krebaze laTinebi cdilobdnen ara SeTanxmebis
miRwevas, aramed marTlmadideblobis srul kapitulacias. papi
evgeni IV iyo gamorCeulad Zlieri xasiaTis adamiani, romelmac
icoda, rogor daeqvemdebarebina da gaetexa opozicia. vatikanis sxva warmomadgenlebi iyvnen: kardinali iuliane cezarini
da nikolai albergati, espaneli RvTismetyveli ioane raguski
da sxvebi. imis Tqma, rom marTlmadideblebi da laTinebi Tanaswor sawyisze awarmoebdnen molaparakebas, niSnavs WeSmaritebaze uaris Tqmas. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, marTlmadideblebis
mdgomareoba iyo Zalian mZime zewolis qveS, samSobloSi dabrunebis saSualeba ar hqondaT, rac mTavaria, acnobierebdnen
Tu ra saSinel mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda bizantia, idga daRupvis zRurblze da grZnobda pasuxismgeblobas marTlmadideblobis winaSe, Tavisi xalxis winaSe, Tavisi saxelmwifos winaSe.
isini ar iyvnen laTinebTan Tanasworni, laTinebi iyvnen TavianT
samSobloSi, gaaCndaT sruli politikuri da ekonomikuri upiratesoba. SeeZloT èyidaT~ marTlmadidebluri eklesia bizantiis imperiisaTvis mniSvnelovani daxmarebis sanacvlod, Tu
ara da miemarTaT Turqebi maTken, romlebic didi siamovnebiT
gaivlidnen konstantinopolze.
am yvelafris gavleniT vxedavT, rom berZen warmomadgenlebs Soris aRar iyo is erToba, romelic hqondaT feraraSi
da maT aZlevda Zalas. Tu manamde vxedavT, rom wminda markoz
efesels zurgs umagrebda nikeis mitropoliti besarioni, Semdeg isidore kievis mitropoliti da Tavad imperatori icavs
marTlmadideblobas. mTeli es berZnuli delegacia warmoadgenda erT mTlian saRvTismetyvelo `mdidar birTvs~ – suraTi
Seicvala. erTaderT damcvelad marTlmadideblobisa rCeba
78
wminda markoz efeseli. mis winaaRmdeg gamodian laTinebis kardinalobis kandidatebi da marTlmadideblobis moRalateebi –
besarion nikeeli da isidore. pirveli ibrZvis Tavisi saRvTismetyvelo codniTa da ganaTlebiT, meoreni ki energiiTa da mzad
yofniT – yvelaferze wavidnen uniis miRwevisaTvis. adreuli
megobrebi da Tanamoazreebi xdebian ara mxolod wmindanis
piradi mtrebi, aramed yvelaze Zvirfasi – marTlmadideblobis
mtrebi. sarwmunoeba wminda markozisaTvis sicocxleze Zvirfasia. imperatori xedavda, rom unia, romelic miaCnda saxelmwifos erTaderT xsnad, SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod vatikanis
winaSe dausrulebeli daTmobebis Sedegad. amitom igi emuqreba
wminda markozs Tavisuflebis aRkveTiTa da dasjiT, romelic
ar cnobda aranair daTmobas marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis
mxridan. wminda markozi gadaeca sasamarTlos. mas aukrZales
marTlmadideblobis dasacavad sityviT gamosvla. Tavis brZolaSi is martoa, mas TanaugrZnobdnen, undaT mis gvredze dgoma
magram eSinodaT imperatorisa, romelic marTlmadideblobis
saxelmwifos interesebisTvis Sewirvas cdilobda. patriarqis
mxardaWeris imedi mas ar unda hqonoda.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom florenciis krebis mTeli sxdomebi
mxolod erT sakiTxs eZRvneboda: suliwmindis gamomavlobas.
marTlmadidebluri swavlebis mixedviT, romelic dafuZnebulia saxarebis da wminda mamebis sityvebze, suliwminda gamodis
mxolod mamisagan, Zis mier ki evlineba samyaros. laTinebis
swavlebiT ki – suliwminda Tavis sawyiss poulobs mamaSic
da ZeSic, am or hipostasSi, magram rogorc erT safuZvelSi.
swored am sakiTxis ganxilvas eZRvneboda ara mxolod sxdomebi,
aramed Sida sxdomebic marTlmadideblebsa da kaTolikeebs
Soris. droa, marTlmadideblebsa da laTinebs Soris movlenebis ganviTarebas davubrundeT.
roca berZnebi 1439 wels Cavidnen florenciaSi, patriarqsa
da imperators araCveulebrivi pativiT Sexvdnen xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebi. krebis me-17 sesiaze (florenciaSi 1-li) papis
79
sasaxleSi sityviT gamovida kardinali cezarini, romlis Semdeg imperatorma ganacxada, rom berZnebi mzad arian, papis survilisamebr, gadavidnen Tavad dogmatis ganxilvaze.
papis surviliT, airCa delegatebi, romlebic krebis mamebis
winaSe sityviT gamovidodnen. berZnebs ar surdaT dogmaturi
xasiaTis sazogado diskusiebi, Tumca maTi survili ar iqna
dakmayofilebuli.
2 marts, me-18 krebaze, laTinebis mxridan gamovidnen ioane
raguski, xolo berZnebis mxridan, wminda markoz efeseli. ioane
raguski cdilobda daemtkicebina, rom suliwminda gamodis
Zisaganac. amis argumentad ki mohyavda wminda epifane. magram
wminda markozma uaryo es argumenti, Tavad ki daasabuTa basili
didis sityvebiT, romelic ambobda, rom suliwminda gamodis
mxolod mamis arsebidan. ioane raguskim moiyvana basili didis
is sityvebi, sadac viTom naTqvamia, rom suliwminda gamodis
Zisaganac.
am sakiTxze diskusia gagrZelda Semdeg sxdomaze, 5 marts.
am krebaze wminda markoz efeselma da raguskim ganixiles ori
teqsti basili didis sityvebidan. 22-e sxdomaze ganixileboda
isev basili didis teqstebi. 23-e sxdomaze wminda markozma moiyvana sityva wminda werilidan: `xolo raJams movides nugeSinismcemeli igi, romeli me movavlino Tquenda mamisa Cemisa mier,
suli WeSmaritebisai, romeli mamisagan gamovals, man wamos
CemTvis~ (ioan. 15, 26) daasrula sityva imis mowodebiT, rom amoeRoT `filiokve~ mrwamsidan. ioane raguski ki isev basili didis
sityvebiT manipulirebda. wminda markozma dainaxa ra, rom disputi uSedego iyo, am sakiTxze kamaTze uari ganacxada: `florenciaSi yofnis dros, laTinuri dogmatis ganxilvisas maT mohyavdaT citatebi an ucnobi wignebidan, an gadasworebulidan,
romelsac maTi xeli etyoboda. me kvlav CaverTe diskusiaSi,
naTlad warmovaCine maTi swavlebis cdomileba, razec dro
tyuil-ubralod davkarge. erTi sityva icvleboda meoreTi,
diskusia badebda diskusias, rogorc maT sCveviaT. me davas80
rule sityva da gadavwyvite, an sxdomaze ar mivide, an gavCumde,
magram gviwvevdnen. mzad iyvnen sicruiTac ki dagvpirispirebodnen, oRond ki bolos gamarjvebiT damtkbariyvnen~ –, wers
wminda markoz efeseli.
wmindanis sityvis Semdeg vkiTxulobT ioane raguskis sityvas
florenciaSi: `me visurvebdi, rom markoz efeselic CvenTan
iyos am disputSi, raTa moesmina Tavisi sityvebi, imis mxilvels,
Tu rogor vimarjvebT, ganawyendeba da inanebs imas, rasac krebaze ambobda~. wminda markoz efeselma gadawyvita aRar mieRo
monawileoba Ria diskusiebSi. Tu aqamde krebis aqtebi savsea
wminda markozis sityvebiT, amis Semdeg misi saxeli TiTqos am
krebis aqtebidanac qreba. berZnebi wminda markozis wasvlis
Semdeg kargaven Tavis gansazRvrul saxes da papis sityvebs
emorCilebian.
davubrundeT Cvens Txrobas. laTinebma dainaxes ra, rom
berZenTa mxare iqneboda mdumare opozicia – ioane raguskim
ganacxada, rom laTinuri eklesia aRiarebs mxolod Tavis swavlebas, es gancxadeba daakmayofila berZnebis umravlesobam,
romelTac uniis miRwevisaTvis mxolod es gza dainaxes. maTi
Sefaruli zraxvebi igrZnes mxolod wminda markoz efeselma da antoni heraklielma. rac Seexeba imperators, is ioane
raguskis sityvebs yurad ar iRebda, radgan surda mxolod unia
laTinebTan. Semdgom sxdomebze wminda markoz efeselsa da
antoni herakliels aekrZalaT daswreba, radgan imperators
maTi winaaRmdegobis da Tavisi gegmebis CaSlis eSinoda. laTinebi ar uaryofdnen Tavis swavlebas, romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda
wminda werils da dogmaturad araswori iyo. ioane raguskis
sityvam mTeli sxdoma daikava, berZnebma masze verafris Tqma
SeZles. isidore kievelma aRniSna: `Tu arenaze gamodis mxolod
erTi mebrZoli, maSin rasakvirvelia gamarjvebulic is iqneba~.
es iyo erTaderTi sityva, rac isidorem marTlmadideblobis
sasargeblod warmosTqva. am gamosvlebis Semdeg sxdomebi Sewyda, dadga xangrZlivi Sesvenebis periodi. dainiSna komisia,
81
romelsac unda gamoekvlia is xelnawerebi, romelTaganac moiyvanes citatebi wminda mamebis naSromebidan, rogorc marTlmadidebluridan, ise laTinuridan.
82
Tavi meeqvse
1. suliwmindis gamomavlobis Semdgomi ganxilva;
2. gadamwyveti nabijebi uniis damtkicebisaTvis;
3. wminda markoz efeselis traqtati (`silogisturi Tavebi~)
imis Sesaxeb, rom suliwminda gamodis mxolod mamis hipostasidan;
4. `sarwmunoebis aRmsarebloba~ wm. markoz efeselisa.
did orSabaTs, 1439 wlis 30 marts berZnebi Seikribnen patriarqTan, raTa ganexilaT sakiTxi: SeZlebdnen Tu ara raime gamosavlis povnas, Tu ukeTesi iqneboda SeewyvitaT molaparakebebi
da dabrunebuliyvnen konstantinopolSi. besarion nikeeli da
isidore kieveli gamovidnen uniis sasargeblod. maT Soris erTerTma ierarqma ganacxada, rom misTvis umjobesia mokvdes, vidre
laTini gaxdes. isidorem ki upasuxa, rom arc maT surT laTinizireba. magram naTelia, rom aRmosavleTis mamebis naazrevia suliwmindis mamisgan da Zisagan gamosvlao. isidore ar iyo
RvTismetyveli da Sesabamisad, misi mtkiceba yuradsaRebi arc
aris. amis Semdeg berZnebs Soris dgeba mkveTri gardatexis periodi, romlis Sesaxebac V Tavis dasawyisSic visaubreT. ramdenime
berZenma ierarqma – isidorem, besarionma, mitelenis mitropolitma da lakodimosis episkoposma ganucxades imperators, rom
Tu mas surs unia, isini mzad arian Tavad daemtkicebinaT igi.
magram imperators ar surda Ria ganxeTqileba berZen ierarqebs
Soris, amitom ar daakmayofila maTi gegma. 28 maiss, Sida sxdo83
maze man mimarTa berZnebs, mouwoda rom swrafad daemtkicebinaT
unia, Tu amas ar ewinaaRmdegeboda maTi sindisi. imperatoris
azriT ki, sindisi uniis winaaRmdegi ar unda yofiliyo. daamTavra sityviT, rom unia aris saxelmwifos gadarCenis erTaderTi saSualeba. Semdeg, ori dRis ganmavlobaSi isidore da
besarioni kiTxulobdnen wminda mamaTa citatebs, rom rogorme
miesadagebinaT berZenTa swavleba laTinurTan suliwmindis
gamomavlobis Sesaxeb. tyuilad irjeboda wminda markoz efeseli, romelic miuTiTebda rom maT mier moyvanili adgilebi
xelnawerebSi laTinebis mier aris falsificirebuli. 30 maiss,
giorgi sqolarim Tavis sityvebs gaukeTa danamati, gadasca krebas imis sasargeblod, rom suli wminda gamodis mamisagan da Zisagan. SesaZlebelia, rom es naSromi iyo imperatoris brZaneba da
ara misi piradi mosazreba.
im dros xdeboda Sinagani zewola berZeni ierarqebis cnobierebaSi, raTa momxdariyo jer kidev daumorCilebelis
damorCileba. berZnebi iTmendnen ara mxolod sulier gaWirvebas, aramed SimSilsac, razec mowmoben wminda markoz efeseli da siropulosi. es gaWirveba momdinareobda iqidan, rom
laTinebis mier dapirebuli Tanxa maT ar eZleodaT, an ugviandebodaT. wminda markoz efeseli amas axsenebs Tavis avtobiografiul naSromSi: `bevri dro daikarga, Cvenebi mZimed ganicdidnen dayovnebas da dardobdnen, amave dros usaxsrobis
gamo SimSilobdnen. aravis araferi eZleoda molaparakebuli
Tanxidan, cdilobdnen ZaldatanebiT daemorCilebinaT~. papis
gasamarTleblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am dros Tavad vatikanic iTmenda gaWirvebas. davubrundeT Cvens monaTxrobs.
imperatorma moiwvia didi Sida sxdoma da moiTxova mosazrebis
gamoTqma uniis damtkicebaze. patriarqma ganacxada, rom is
mzad aris miiRos unia da Tanaxmaa miiRos suliwmindis rogorc
mamisagan, aseve Zisagan gamomavlobis dogmati, magram `filiokve~ ar unda daematebinaT mrwamsze da vatikans ar unda moeTxova cvlilebebi marTlmadideblur RvTismsaxurebaSi. patri84
arqi miiCnevda unias saxelmwifos interesebis sargeblad ùnia
da eklesiis Tanxmoba warmoadgens CvenTvis aucileblobas da
valdebulebas, Tu Cven vaamebT laTinebs, es iqneba udidesi
daxmareba mamulisaTvis~. amis Semdeg imperatori gamovida
sityviT, romelmac Tqva, rom florenciis krebas is miiCnevs
msofliod, romelic arafriT Camouvardeba yofil saeklesio
krebebs. Tu aseTia krebis gadawyvetileba, maSin is, rogorc
moqalaqe, emorCileba mas, xolo rogorc imperatori iqneba misi
meTvalyure~. man aseve ganacxada, rom `filiokve~ ar unda iyos
mrwamsSi Setanili da marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis wesebi
ucvlelad unda darCes. isidorem, besarionma da mitelenis
episkoposma doroTem ganacxades, rom isini dganan im mosazrebaze, rom suliwminda gamodis Zisganac. wminda markoz efeseli,
antoni heraklieli da sofroni gadaWriT gamodiodnen uniis
winaaRmdeg da acxadebdnen, rom isini arasodes daujereben
imas, rom Ze aris suliwmindis `venaxi~. sxva ierarqebis pozicia mkafio ar iyo, Tumca aseT pirobebze uniis mowinaaRmdege
umravlesoba aRmoCnda. rodesac dainaxa imperatorma, rom unia
SeiZleba Cavardnoda, imperatorma gadadga Semdegi nabiji.
miatova sxva mosazrebebi da isidore kievelis SuamavlobiT,
romelic laTinebisTvis iyo misaRebi piri, radganac iyo uprincipo marTlmadideblobis rwmenasTan mimarTebaSi, hkiTxa paps:
`ras miiReben berZnebi, Tu unias daamtkiceben?~ kiTxva iyo
pirdapir dasmuli; paps sTavazobda eyida marTlmadidebloba.
es iyo marTlmadidebluri eklesiis istoriis saSineli momenti, saSineli Tavisi cinizmiTa da sibilwiT. uneburad azri
gageqceva im momentisaken, roca iudam mimarTa sinedrions:
`rai gnebavs mocemad Cemda, da me migce igi? xolo maT mouwones
mas 30 vecxli~ (maT. 26, 15).
papi miuxvda saqmis namdvili arss da gaugzavna berZnebs sami
kardinali, romlebic papis saxeliT Sehpirdnen, rom Tu unia
Sedgeboda, Semdeg `jildoebs~ miiRebdnen:
1) papi iRebs Tavis Tavze berZeni warmomadgenlebis dabrune85
bas, cxadia, materialurs, radgan berZnebs konstantinopolSi dabrunebis xarjebi ar hqondaT;
2) papisave saSualebiT konstantinopolSi daayenebdnen 300
jariskacs Turqebisagan qalaqis dasacavad;
3) jvarosnuli laSqroba ierusalimSi Caivlida konstantinopolze;
4) Tu saWiro iqneba, papi gaugzavnis imperators 20 did samxedro gems;
5) Tu saWiro iqneba, papi berZnebis dasaxmareblad moixmobs
dasavleTis saxelmwifoebs.
papma SesTavaza oficialurad mieRoT es pirobebi.
istoriam gviCvena, rom es dapirebebi darCa qaRaldze da
saqmeSi ver ganxorcielda.
3 ivniss berZnebi Seikribnen gadawyvetilebis sabolood
misaRebad da xmis misacemad. TiToeul monawiles SeeZlo warmoedgina Tavisi werilobiTi gancxadeba rwmenaze. pirveli
gamovida patriarqi, romelmac ganacxada, rom mas ar aqvs ganzraxuli Secvalos wminda mamebis mier damtkicebuli dogmati, magram ramdenadac laTinebma, ara Tavisze, aramed wminda
werilze dayrdnobiT daamtkices, rom suliwminda gamodis
Zisganac. is amtkicebs unias maTTan. amis Semdeg yvela berZenma
ganucxada patriarqs Tanxmoba. wminda markoz efeselma, antoni
heraklielma da orma episkoposma uari ganacxada Tanxmobaze
amis Sesaxeb. wminda markozi iyo erTaderTi, romelic mtkiced
gamodioda im dros, roca irRveoda suliwmindis gamomavlobis
marTlmadidebluri swavlebis Zafebi.
igi darCa marto. Tavisi `sarwmunoebis aRmsarebloba~ – moxseneba, arc Caubarebia, radgan Tvlida, rom unayofo iyo. es
werili man warudgina qristianul samyaros konstantinopolSi
da is gaxda rwmenisTvis mebrZolTa nimuSi. Tumca ki ar Caabara
moxseneba, magram krebas ganucxada, rom ar iRebs da ar eTanxmeba
suliwmindis gamomavlobis laTinebiseul versias da uaryofs
`filiokves~. amis Sesaxeb wers: àr damSviddnen Tavis gadarCe86
nis mizniT sarwmunoebis gamyidvelebi, ar datoves arc erTi qva
gadaubrunebeli, manam sanam ar miaRwies laTinizirebas~.
siropulosi yveba, rom patriarqma Sekriba Tavisi episkoposebi, romelTac ganucxades, rom isini eTanxmebian patriarqs.
erTaderTi wminda markoz efeseli iyo winaaRmdegi. siropulosi yveba: àmis Semdeg patriarqma isaubra wmindanTan da yvela
SesaZleblobebiT arwmunebda, evedreboda, rom daTanxmeboda
unias da rogorc Cans `man qvac ki ver Searyia~.
wminda markoz efeseli ar uSvebda kompromisebs sarwmunoebis saqmeSi. mas uyvirodnen: `gviTxari gamosavali~-o, razec
pasuxobda: `sarwmunoebis saqme ar uSvebs kompromisebs. es
igivea, rac Tqva: moiWeri Tavi da sadac ginda iare~. Tavdapirvelad berZeni ierarqebi cdilobdnen mTeli Tavisi siwmindiT
SeenarCunebinaT marTlmadidebloba da moetexaT laTinebi,
daerwmunebinaT TavianTi dogmatebis mcdarobaSi, axla ki
rogorc vxedavT es mimarTuleba Secvales kompromisebma –
`vipovoT raime Sualeduri~ – xdeba berZeni RvTismetyvelebis
safuZveli. `magram es SeuZlebeli iyo, rac wminda markozmac
ganacxada. igi xedavda, rom unia iyo udidesi safrTxe marTlmadideblobisaTvis. SeiZleba iyos raime Sualeduri WeSmaritebasa da tyuils Soris? naTelsa da bnels Soris? ar SeiZleba!~ imperatoris qceva mas miaCnda ukanonod, sarwmunoebis
sakiTxSi kompromiss is Tvlida sikvdilad. Tavis Tavze aiRo
udidesi misia, ebrZola marTlmadideblobisaTvis da SeiZleba
iTqvas, am brZolaSi iyo marto. uniis winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis wminda markozma gadaitana bevri wuxili. berZnebs Soris
marTlmadideblobis mtrebi uwodebdnen salanZRav sityvebs,
saxelwodebebs, erT-erTi moiTxovda, rom wminda markozs
ar mieRo Tanxa sakvebisaTvis. wmindans adarebdnen iudas, es
didebuli mama ki ismenda borot gamoTqmebs mis mimarT da
miiCnevda, rom WeSmaritebisaTvis brZolaSi es damaxasiaTebelia. `TviT Cveni ufalic dasajes, cili daswames, ra tanjva
ar gadaitana da arcerTma Cvenganma daxmareba ar aRmouCina,
87
mec Cumad viyavio~, – werda is. davubrundeT Cvens monaTxrobs.
1439 wlis 4 ivliss Seadgines Semdegi gancxadeba, romelic
gadasces laTinebs: `Cven veTanxmebiT Tqvens swavlebas da
Tqvens damatebas mrwamsze, romelic amoRebulia da damtkicebuli wminda mamebis mixedviT. Cven vamtkicebT TqvenTan unias
da vaRiarebT, rom suliwminda gamodis mamisagan da Zisagan~.
imperatorma SeZlo yvela ierarqis modreka, garda erTisa. es
ki iyo wminda markoz efeseli. papma da kardinalebma miiRes berZnebis gancxadeba da saboloo redaqcia, romelSic Setanili
iyo suliwmindis gamomavlobis laTinebiseuli versia, uniis
teqstis es saboloo versia berZnebma miiRes 7 ivliss.
laTinuri dogmatis miReba iyo marTlmadidebluri delegaciis usityvo damarcxeba. naTqvamia, rom Tu vinme ityvis à~-s,
is uneburad miayolebs `b,g,d~-s da a. S. asec moxda berZnebTan
mimarTebaSi florenciis krebaze. miiRes suliwmindis gamomavlobis laTinebiseuli versia, axla unda mieRoT kaTolikebis
mier SeTavazebuli bevri sxva ramec. mxolod erTi – wminda
markozi iyo marTlmadideblobis `xelSeuxebeli sveti~.
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis warmomadgenlebs fexi erTxel
rom daucdaT, veRar adgnen. rac vatikans mSvenivrad moexseneboda. roca 9 ivniss imperatorma gagzavna papTan 4 mitropoliti – kievis, nikeis, mitelenis da trapezuntis – yvelaze didi
momxreebi uniisa, papma maT uTxra Semdegi: `RvTis wyalobiT Cven
SevTanxmdiT erT-erT mniSvnelovan dogmatze, magram dabneulobis Tavidan asacileblad, erTad unda gamovikvlioT gansawmendelis, papis primatis, evqaristiisTvis xmiadis gamoyenebis
sakiTxebi. amis Semdeg iqneba damtkicebuli unia~. rodesac
miiRes papis moTxovnebi, berZnebi Seudgnen papis mier miTiTebul sakiTxebis gamokvlevas da Seadgines Semdegi gancxadeba: èvqaristiisTvis puri SeiZleba iyos xmiadi, an ara, magram
msaxuri unda iyos xeldasxmuli da adgili liturRiisTvis
nakurTxi. bolos da bolos, sulerTia, puri xmiadi iqneba Tu
ara~. rac Seexeba `gansawmendels~, berZnebma srulad miiRes
88
laTinuri swavleba. `marTalTa sulebi netareben, codvilTa
sulebi srulad itanjebian. rac Seexeba Sualeduri mdgomarebis
sulebs, isini imyofebian gamosacdel adgilas – iqneba es wyvdiadi, boli, amas aRar ganvixilavT~. wminda markoz efeselis
yvela Sroma, besarionis oficialuri gancxadebebi feraraSi,
TavisTavad gabaTilda. marTlmadideblobis simdidreze (wminda
mamaTa Sromebi) gaimarjves oqrom da Zalam. magram WeSmaritebas
ver daamarcxeb da verc iyidi. mova dro da is gabwyindeba ise,
rom Tavis sxivebs yvelas mohfens da gaanaTebs!
Semdeg ganixileboda sakiTxi papis primatis Sesaxeb, berZnebma daweres diplomatiuri pasuxi: `papma kvlav unda daibrunos
is privilegiebi, romlebic hqonda ganxeTqilebamde~. rogorc
Semdgom davinaxavT, laTinebma daazustes raSi mdgomareobda
es privilegiebi da moiTxoves maTi marTlmadideblebad cnoba.
rac Seexeba RvTismsaxurebas, diskusia iyo imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rodis gardaiqceva Rvino da puri uflis sisxlad da xorcad,
roca warmoiTqmis sityvebi `miiReT da hWameT~, Tu roca warmoiTqmis `suT amisagan yovelTa~, rogorc dasavleTis eklesiaSia, Tu ise rogorc aRmosavleTis eklesiaSi sityvebisagan
damoukideblad. berZnebs am punqtSic unda mieRoT laTinuri
swavleba. maT ganacxades: èse ars xorci Cemi~ – am sityvebiT
gardaiqceva uflis sxeulad puri da Rvino. amaze vityviT, rom
amgvari ganmarteba marTlmadidebluri swavlebisaTvis ucxoa.
marTlmadideblur eklesias swams, rom es saswauli ar aris
damokidebuli mRvdelmsaxuris sityvebze, mis pirovnul Tu
kanonier movaleobaze.
ase rom, erTis daTmobas mohyva yvelas daTmoba. laTinebi
unda dakmayofilebuliyvnen TavianTi warmatebiT, magram maTTvis es cota iyo. sWirdebodaT marTlmadidebluri eklesiis
damcireba. Semdeg dRes, 10 ivniss, berZnebi Seikribnen papTan,
romelmac uTxra Semdegi: àxla SeverTdiT, darCa mxolod
ramodenime punqti, Tu es punqtebic miiReba Tqvens mier, unias
davamtkicebT~.
89
es postulati iyo Semdegi:
1) samociqulo (romis) eklesia, taxti, ieso qristes nacvali,
umaRlesi ierarqi, flobs prerogativas da Zalas, rom paps
mieniWos ufleba daumatos mrwamss `filiokve~;
2) aris gardacvalebulTa sami jgufi: marTalni, codvilni
da Sualeduri. pirveli jgufi, marTalni xedaven ufals
pirispir. codvilni –isini romelnic miecnen samudamo
tanjvas. da bolos, isini vinc Sescodes, moinanies, an ver
moaswres monanieba. isini midian gansawmendelSi, roca
ganiwmindebian, miecemaT uflis Wvretis unari;
3) umniSvneloa, xmiadis Tu sxva puris gamoyeneba evqaristiisaTvis, is unda iyos nakurTxi. moismines papis ganacxadi,
berZenma mitropolitebma b
B rZanes, rom isini ar arian uflebamosilni pasuxis gacemisa, magram SeuZliaT Tqvan, rom
pirveli punqti SeiZleba berZnebma ar miiRon, Semdeg ki
wavidnen, raTa imperatorisaTvis ecnobebinaT.
sanam gavagrZelebT florenciis krebis movlenebis Txrobas,
moviyvanT wminda markozis ramdenime naSroms, romlebic exeba
am periods.
1) `silogisturi Tavebi laTinebis winaaRmdeg suliwmindis
mxolod mamisagan gamomavlobis Taobaze~;
2) sarwmunoebis aRmsarebloba, dawerili florenciaSi.
pirveli naSromi warmoadgens zogad saRvTismetyvelo –
filosofiur traqtats, romelic eZRvneba suliwmindis
gamomavlobis marTlmadideblur swavlebas. wminda markozi
gviCvenebs, rom laTinebis swavlebiT, romlebsac miaCniaT, rom
suliwminda gamodis mamisagan da Zisagan da orivesgan gamodis,
rogorc erTi sawyisidan – aris uazro. aqedan gardauvlad
gamodis, rom saxeze gvaqvs ori sawyisi. garda amisa, wminda markozs aqvs sxva mtkicebulebebic suliwmindis gamomavlobaze
mxolod mamis hipostasidan. Tanmimdevrulad, nabij-nabij,
wmindani abaTilebs laTinebis swavlebas. es naSromi rTulia.
agebulia, ar mxolod saRvTismetyvelo, aramed filisofiur
90
sawyisebze. azri rTulad gasagebia. originali ufro rTuli,
amitom moviyvanT ramdenime sityvis ganmartebas:
1) sawyiss, safuZvels, wyaros dogmatikaSi warmoadgens is
risganac ibadeba;
2) RmerTi, mama RmerTi aris sawyisi suliwmindisa, romlisganac gamodis;
3) energia – igive moqmedeba, qmedeba, energiis gamovlenaa.
arkoz evgenikosis silogisturi Tavebi laTinebis
m
swavlebis winaaRmdeg
Tu namdvilad, wminda suli gamodis mamisagan da Zisagan,
maSin is maTgan unda gamodiodes:
1) rogorc ori hipostasidan;
2) an maTi saerTo bunebidan;
3) maTi Zalebis saerTo warmoSobidan.
Tu suliwminda gamodis mamisagan da Zisagan, rogorc ori
hipostasidan, maSin naTelia, rom saxeze gvaqvs ori sawyisi, ori
wyaro, ori safuZveli RvTaebriv samebaSi. amiT ki irRveva erTi
sawyisis dogmati da is faqti, rom mama RmerTi warmoadgens
erTaderT wyaros gaarsebiTebuli RvTaebisa.
Tu suliwminda gamodis mamisagan da Zisagan rogorc maTi
saerTo bunebidan, maSin aravis Tqvenamde ar uTqvams, arc
gaugonia, rom vinmes moesazrebina, TiTqos ori hipostasidan
gamosuli mesame hipostasi gamodis ara maTgan, aramed raRac
maTi saerTosagan. amgvarad vubrundebiT pirvel mdgomareobas. hipostasi warmoadgens bunebas, romelsac gaaCnia piradi
Tviseba. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom rac gamodis erTi, an ori
bunebisagan, aseve Tanmimdevrulad unda gamodiodes misi, an
maTi hipostasebidan. amave dros, RvTaebrivi bunebis Tviseba ar warmoadgens simartives. is aris suli. Tu suliwminda
gamodis mamisagan da Zisagan, rogorc maTi Zalebis saerTo
warmoSobidan, romelic ekuTvnis orives, maSin Cndeba kiTx91
va: ra aris Tavad Zalebis warmomSobi? gansxvavdeba Tu ara is
bunebisagan, Tu igivea? Tu igivea, maSin imave argumentebs, rac
adre wamovWeri, SeaqvT gaugebroba – Tu davuSvebT, rom igi
bunebisgan gansxvavdeba, amiT RmerTs mivawerT raRac gansxvavebuls Tavisi bunebisagan, rac ciliswamebaa. ukeTesi iqneboda laTinebs am SemTxvevaSic ganemartaT es sityvebi, vidre
mieRoT rogorc rwmenis sagani. nuTu sibrmave ar aris miviCnioT raRac gansxvavebuli RvTaebrivi bunebisagan, rac warmoSobs TviT RvTaebriv bunebas, an hipostass?! am azriTac isini
ver gaurbian or sawyiss: mas, rac warmoiSveba, uxeSi Sedareba
rom moviyvanoT, mamisgan da dedisgan warmoiSveba maTi warmomSobi Zalebisagan, romelic saerToa orivesTvis, magram isini
gansxvavdebian formiT. ori hipostasidan gamomavlobas gaaCnia
ori sawyisi, amas aravin uaryofs. ase gamodis suli wmindazec
– Tu igi gamodis mamis da Zis warmomSobi Zalebisagan, flobs
Tavisi arsobis or sawyiss.
laTinebi amboben: àrsebac xom warmoiqmneba mamisagan, Zisagan da suliwmindisagan, maTi Zalebis SemoqmedebiT, erTi RmerTis da samebis, erTi sawyisi aqvT – mama, Ze da suliwminda. maSin
ra dabrkolebaa imaSi rom suliwmindac gamodiodes mamisagan
da Zisagan, iyos erTi RmerTisgan da erTi Semoqmedisgan da
hqondes erTi sawyisi – mama da Ze?~ ase martivad xdeba arsebasTan dakavSirebiT, xolo suli wminda sxvaa. roca vsaubrobT
adamianis Semoqmedebaze, sxva saqmea, es igivea, rac xelovneba sxvadasxva waxnagebidan, xom mainc xelovnebaa? magram rac
Seexeba imas, rom bunebrivia ori sawyisi, SeuZlebelia, imis
Tqmac warmoudgenelia, rom am or sawyiss aqvs erTi da igive
SesaZlebloba sawyisis warmoSobisa. Tavad laTinebic amboben,
rom suliwmindis gamomavloba sxvadasxvaa – mamisagan sxvaa
da Zisagan sxva, pirvel SemTxvevaSi (amboben isini) – is uSualoa, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – saSualo. am azris mixedviT ver
gaveqceviT or sawyiss.
`ra problemaa imaSi, rom namdvilad iyos ori sawyisi, magram
92
rasakvirvelia erTi maTgani meoris qveS, amiT ki gamxdariyo –
erTi. es igivea, rasac grigoli RvTismetyveli `sawyisidan sawyiss~ uwodebs~ – amboben laTinebi. Tu am mxriv vimsjelebT sawyisebze, rom erTi axlos da meore Sors, maSin ar vici, Seadgenen
isini Tu ara erT sawyiss – erTis mier meoris daqvemdebarebiT ar iqnebian orni, imitom rom isini gansxvavebulebi arian.
dafiqrdiT amaze! rogor unda viTminoT maTi sisaZagle, vinc
sawyisebTan dakavSirebiT sakiTxs ase svams, acalkeveben suls
(Sors) mamis hipostasidan da uwodeben, moixsenieben rogorc
mamis `SviliSvils~, Tan garda amisa naTqvami aqvT, rom `mamisagan gamovals~-o.
`suli~ – ambobs noseli RvTismetyveli – `gamodis mamis
hipostasidan, Tu is gamodis Zisaganac, rogorc laTinebi amtkiceben, ar niSnavs es imas, rom igi gamodis ori hipostasidan?
xolo Tu is gamodis ori hipostasidan, es ar niSnavs rom mas aqvs
ori sawyisi?~ am mxriv, sanam laTinebi amtkiceben suliwmindis
Zisganac gamosvlis Teorias, ver gaeqcevian or sawyiss.
Tu sulic da Zec mamisaganaa, maSin ratom ar iqneba sulic
Ze? imitom rom isini gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. RvTismetyvelebis swavlebiT, Ze im saxiT ar gamodis mamisagan, ra saxiTac suliwminda, anu SobiT. Tu suli, gamosuli mamisagan, ar
aris Ze, maSin ra gansxvavebaa Zesa da suls Soris, maT damokidebulebaSi mamasTan da erTmaneTTan? radgan mamisagan gamodis,
rogorc Ze, aseve ara – Ze, es amtkicebs, rom mamasTan mimarTebaSi isini gansxvavdebian mdgomareobis gagebiT.
ar msurda RvTismetyvelebis zogad miRebul principebs
mivyolodi, magram laTinebi Tavisi swavlebis gansamtkiceblad, ar ansxvaveben RvTisTvis damaxasiaTebels (Cven vambobT,
rom erTi saerToa samebis yvela wevrisaTvis, xolo sxva piradia, sakuTaria misi TiToeuli wevrisaTvis) isini ase ansxvaveben: `rac erTia – pirovnulia~, sxva saerToa samisTvis. rac
damaxasiaTebelia erTi pirisaTvis, ewodeba piradi, rac damaxasiaTebelia ori pirisTvis – saerToa, xolo samisTvis sazi93
aro~. vnaxoT ras uwodeben isini saerTos da ara saziaros? iyo
mamisagan swored is aris, iyo `mizezisgan~, aseve iTvlebi mis
gamogzavnilad. Zis SemTxvevaSi mizezia – Soba, xolo meoreSi
– warmoSoba, gamomavloba. mizezi erTi saxelwodebiT warmoadgens or sagans: Sobas da gamomavlobas. xolo am or Tvisebas
vuwodebT TiToeulis Tvisebas. sxva araferi gaaCnia am ors
saerTo, mamasTan mimarTebaSi, Tu ara swored is Tvisebebi,
romlebiTac isini gansxvavdebian mamasTanac da erTmaneTTan
urTierTobaSic. saxarebaSic sxva arafris mtkicebulebebi
moipoveba, Tu ara imis, rom mama aris usawyiso, xolo Zec da
sulic aris saerTo sawyisidan – mamisagan. rasac Cven mivawerT
mamas da Zes, is sulisTvisac damaxasiaTebeli ar aris? dionise didi mkafiod gamoTqvams, rom `rac saerToa mamisTvis da
ZisTvis, is saerToa da damaxasaiTebeli suli wmindisTvissac~,
rogorc grigoli RvTismetyveli brZanebs: `yvelaferi rac aqvs
mamas, aqvs Zesac, sawyisis Tvisebis garda, xolo rac aqvs Zes,
aqvs sulsac, Sobis Tvisebis garda~.
gamovikvlioT yuradRebiT epistole. mama gvevlineba Zvel
aRTqmaSi, Ze ki axal aRTqmaSi. amitom mimarTva Zisa aris igive
mimarTva mamisa samyarosadmi. roca Zes – Seimecneb, Seimecneb
suli wmindasac. Ze RvTisa moevlina samyaros xorciT. epistole wers: `moavlina RmerTman Ze Tvisi, Sobili dedakacisagan~
(galat. 4,4) roca naxsenebia suli wminda epistoleSi, qriste
gulisxmobs mis qmedebas (energias) da ara hipostass. ioane
oqropiri iovanes saxarebis ganmartebisas ambobs: `suli wmindis madli werilSi iwodeba xandaxan cecxlad, xandaxan wylad, es
araa saxelwodeba, aramed misi moqmedeba (energia). aq suli wminda
unda warmovidginoT energiad. is igzavneba dedamiwaze mamisagan
Zis saSualebiT, avlens ra samebis erT moqmedebas. `suli gamodis
mamis hipostasidan~, – ambobs noseli RvTismetyveli. visTvis
aris gaugebari, rom suliwmindis warmoSoba aris mamis hipostasis Tviseba. vambobT ra, rom mamis hipostasi avlens suliwmindas, arsad mivawerT mas Zesac. ase rom laTinebma an migviTiTon
94
romelime RvTismetyveli, romelic ityvis, rom es momdinareobs
Zisganac, an aqedan naTelia, rom suli wminda gamodis mamisgan.
warmogidgenT basili didis sityvebs: `suliwminda, romlisaganac adamians eniWeba yovelgvari niWi, damokidebulia Zeze,
romliTac is Seicnoba, aseve mamaze, rogorc mis sawyisze, romlisganac gamovals. misi damaxasiaTebeli niSanic is aris, rom
iyos Zis Semdeg da mis mier iyos Secnobili da mamaSi poulobdes
sawyiss~. aq naTlad aris miTiTebuli, rom Seicnoba misiT da ara
misgan, ra SeiZleba iyos amaze mkafio da brZnad gamoTqmuli, an
ufro SeTanxmebuli Cvens swavlebasTan?!
imas, rom aRdgomis Semdeg ufali suls mohfens mociqulebs,
laTinebi imowmeben imis damadastureblad, rom suli wminda
gamodis Zisganac.is rom suli ar iyo is, rac miecaT maT qaris
qrolviT, vlindeba imaSi, rom maSin suliwminda ar iyo mosuli.
qristem brZana: ùkueTu me ara warvide, nugeSinis-mcemeli igi
ara movides Tquenda; ukueTu me warvide, movavlino igi Tquenda~
(iov. 16,7) suli wminda aris Zis gamosaxuleba im azriT, rom is
warmoadgens misi Secnobis saSualebas, rogorc samociquloSi
weria: `rameTu aravis suliTa RmrTisaiTa ityodis da Tquas:
SeCuenebul iesu; da aravis xel-ewifebis Tqumad ufali iesu,
garna suliTa wmidiTa~ (1kor. 12,13) Semdeg: `man me madidos, rameTu Cemgan miiRos da giTxras Tquen~ (iov. 16, 14) Ze movida, raTa
Seevso Zveli aRTqma, sruleyo igi da daematebina is, rac akurTxa
mamam. `me gadide Sen queyanasa zeda, saqme aRvasrule, romeli
momec me, raiTa vyo~ (iov.17,4) – ambobs ufali ieso qriste. ase
suliwmindamac Seasrula Zis saqme, qriste eubneba mowafeebs:
`friadRa maqus sityuad Tquenda, aramed aw arRara Zal-gic
tvirTvad~ (iov. 16,12), kidev: `yoveli, raodeni aqus mamasa, Cemi
ars, da amisTvis garqu Tquen, rameTu: Cemgan miiRos da giTxras
Tquen~ (iov.16,15) ase rom suliwmindamac Seasrula mamis saqmeni,
iseve rogorc Zem da maT samivem, rogorc yovladwminda samebam.
rac Seexeba RvTiur bunebas, yovelTvis moiazreba erTaderTobis gagebiT. Tumca ki ganixileba sami saxiT, samebiT. Cven
95
vambobT: èrTi RmerTi, erTi sameba, erTi meufe~ – anu mama, Ze
da suliwminda. xolo sxva yovelTvis warmoadgens mravlobiTs,
Tundac vsaubrobdeT orTan mimarTebaSi – Zis da suliwmindis
Sesaxeb, vambobT, orni gamodian erTi mizezisgan da ara erTi
gamodis. Tu laTinebi miaweren amas or saxes – mamas da Zes –
aseve RvTaebriobis Tvisebebsac, vekiTxebi: amaTgan romels
akuTvneben am Tvisebas? Tu gvetyvian, rom meores ( anu Zes), Cans,
rom es sisulelea, radgan maSin iqneboda ori sawyisi, aseve ori
mizezi, riTic erTi sawyisis idea irRveva. Tu pirvels, maSin ra
saxiT?am SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs ori sawyisi.
RmerTi saubrobda ra saRmrTo werilSi, winaswarmetyvelebda aseve kacobriv eWvebs, romlebic Seitandnen bzars mis swavlebaSi, amitom ar datova erTi gamonaTqvamic ki, romelic
iqneboda gaugebari, an bundovani, ise rom ar Seesworebina igi,
magaliTad: `mamai Cemi ufrois Cemsa ars~ (iov. 14,28) amave dros
azustebs: `me da mamai Cemi erT varT~ (iov. 10,30), kidev: `rameTu mamai CemTana ars, da me mamisa Tana~ (iov. 10,38) mociqulic
wers: àra natacebad Seiracxa yofad igi sworebad RmrTisa~
(fil. 2,6) saxarebaSi qriste Tavis mamas uwodebs èrTaderT
da WeSmarit RmerTs~: `raiTa gicodian Sen mxoloi WeSmariti
RmerTi da romeli moavline iesu qriste~ (iov. 17, 3). maS ase,
moviqceT ise rogorc wminda mociquli gvaswavlis: `gina Tu
angelozi zeciT gaxarebdes Tquen gareSe missa, romeli-igi
gaxareT Tquen, SeCuenebul iyavn!~ (gal.1, 8).
meore dokumenti, romelic exeba am periods, rogorc zemoT
aRvniSneT, wmindanma dawera florenciaSi da unda gadaeca
imperator ioane paleologisTvis Sida krebebze. am dokumentis nawili SemogTavazeT zemoT da aRar gavimeorebT, radgan
exeba imave sakiTxs, razec saubaria `silogisturi Tavebis~
muxlebis nawilSi. sityvas wminda markozi amTavrebs isev Tavisi
WeSmariti rwmeniT, rom swams erTi RmerTi, erTi sameba da rom
suliwminda `mamisagan gamovals~, usurvebs laTinebs maradiul
cxovrebas.
96
Tavi meSvide
1. konstantinopolis patriarqis – iosebis gardacvaleba;
2. papis primatis ganxilva da sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
momentSi `gardmoedineba~ suliwmindis madli saRmrTo
liturRiaze;
3. wminda markoz efeselis traqtati suliwmindis gardamosvlaze.
wina Tavebidan da wminda markoz efeselis moyvanili Sromebidan, SegviZlia davinaxoT, Tu rogori daZabuli xasiaTi miiRo
movlenebma. sakiTxi ukve exeboda ara eklesiebis SeerTebas,
aramed marTlmadidebluri eklesiis sikvdil-sicocxles.
erTis mxriv Cven vxedavT gamyidvelebs marTlmadideblobisa,
romelTac zurgs umagreben rogorc laTinebi, aseve imperatori, meores mxriv ki – vxedavT ganwirul brZolas, romelic
mihyavs erTaderT adamians – wminda markoz efesels, romelsac
xandaxan exmarebian. marTlmadideblobisTvis brZolaSi igi
marto iyo.
am TavSi warmogidgenT movlenebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis
Txrobas. 1439 wlis 10 ivniss berZenma warmomadgenlebma Seit
yves TavianTi sasuliero meTauris – patriarqis gardacvalebis
Sesaxeb. patriarqi iyo daberebuli da avadmyofobda, iseve
rogorc krebaze myofi berZeni ierarqebis umravlesoba. krebis
istoriaSi gakvriT aris kidec xazgasmuli patriarqis avadmyofobis Sesaxeb. mas ar SeeZlo daswreboda ramodenime krebas
97
avadmyofobis gamo. da mainc berZnebisaTvis misi sikvdili iyo
moulodneli. is Tavis oTaxSi gardacvlili ipoves, magidaze
ki misi anderZi ido, romelSic ukanasknelad iyo gamoxatuli
patriarqis azri; mas erqva Èxtrema Sentencia~. am dokumentSi
ewera: iosebi, RvTis wyalobiT, konstantinopolis arqiepiskoposi, axali romis da msoflios patriarqi. mivedi ra sicocxlis
bolos, ukve mis sazRvarze myofi valdebuli var gadavuxado
vali kacobriobisTvis. me visurveb, rom RvTis wyalobiT, naTlad gamovxato Cemi rwmena, romlisac mjera da mivekuTvnebi.
yvelaferi, rasac gvaswavlis da aRiarebs Cveni uflis ieso
qristes kaTolikuri da samociqulo eklesia, myofobs Zvel
romSi da aseve vaRiareb da sazeimod vamtkiceb, rom veTanxmebi
yvelafers: wminda mamebs, ieso qristes nacvals – romis paps,
vaRiareb gansawmendels. 1439 wlis 9 ivnisi~.
miuxedavad mravali laTini RvTismetyvelis cdisa, daemtkicebinaT am dokumentis utyuaroba, SeuZlebelia ar davinaxoT
rom igi warmoadgens mowyobil saqmes, ara mxolod uniis momxre
berZnebis mier, aramed laTinebis mierac.
upirveles yovlisa, Èxtrema Sentencia~-s saerTod ar
axsenebs siropulosi, romelic cudad iyo ganwyobili patriarqis mimarT. siropulosi masze iseT wvrilmanebs axsenebs, rom
SeuZlebelia es dokumenti arsebuliyo da ar exsenebina. amgvar
dokuments arc wminda markoz efeseli axsenebs, sxvadasxva
istorikosebi kamaToben imaze, rom patriarqi xels ar awers
unias, aqedan gamomdinare, es dokumenti sinamdvileSi rom
arsebuliyo, amaze aRar idavebdnen. gardacvalebis TariRad
miTiTebulia 10 ivnisi, xolo werilSi weria 9 ivnisi.
is faqtic ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom krebis Sesaxeb oficialur wyaroebSi araferia naTqvami amgvari werilis arsebobaze. masze arafers amboben laTinebic ki, arc uniis momxre
berZnebi, ara da maT sasargeblod es mniSvnelovani argumenti
iqneboda misi arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. garda amisa, es werili
iqneboda uniaze patriarqis xelmoweris Semcvleli. es saqmis
98
erTi mxarea, meore mxarea Tavad teqsti. sakmarisia mxolod
teqstis wakiTxva, rom davinaxoT Rrma absurdi. SeuZlebelia, rom patriarqi iosebi, romelic rogorc gvaxsovs didi
sifrTxiliT ekideba Tavis Cins da papis taxtze aranaklebad
miiCnevs Tavisas, moexsenebina papi, rogorc `mamaTa mama da
qristes nacvali~. SeuZlebelia mis mier gansawmendelis cnobac. ueWvelad es dokumenti aris gacilebiT gviandeli naSromi
– uniWo SeTqmulebis Sedegi13.
Cven didxans SevCerdiT am sakiTxze im mizniT, rom cotaTi
mainc gagvenaTebina patriarqis xsovna. Tanamedrove istorikosebi miakuTvneben mas uniis farul mowinaaRmdegeebs.
erT-erTi maTgani wers: `patriarq iosebs saxelmwifos gamo
surda unia, magram yovelTvis ibrZoda marTlmadideblobasTan erTad, swored am brZolam miiyvana is saflavis karamde,
romelmac ixna is uniaze xelmowerisagan~. marTlac, Tu gadavxedavT krebis istorias, patriarqi yovelTvis gamoxatavda eWvs
uniisadmi, krebis gaxsnas is ar eswreboda, gaurboda krebis sxva
sxdomebze daswrebasac.
marTalia, is Seagonebda ramdenime ierarqs (gansakuTrebiT
wminda markoz efesels) wasuliyo laTinebTan Tanxmobaze,
magram roca uniis momxreebi da laTinebi sTxovdnen mas
zewola moexdina wminda markoz efeselze, an gadaeca is sinodis sasamarTlosTvis, patriarqma mtkiced ganucxada uari. imis
Taobaze, gaegrZelebinaT molaparakebebi feraraSi, Tu gadaenacvlebinaT florenciaSi, iosebs Tavisi pozicia ar gamouxatavs. roca ganixileboda `filiokves~ sakiTxi, is mzad iyo
mieRo dogmati, magram pirobiTad da ara faqtiurad. is ambobda,
rom dauSvebelia, sarwmunoebis somboloze raimes damateba.
wminda markoz efeseli ase saubrobs am adamianze: `maT miemataT patriarqi, romelsac Zalian undoda aqedan wasvla, magarm
bedma sikvdili arguna~. patriarqSi Cven vxedavT or xazs: susti
xasiaTi da loialoba imperatoris nebisadmi, meores mxriv ki
13. rogorc sCveviaT laTinebs dokumentebis gayalbeba
99
– survili, ziani ar mieyenebina marTlmadideblobisa da misi
RirsebisaTvis. Tumca is iyo sasuliero meTauri mTavari delegaciisa. ar avlenda aqtiurobas, xan avadmyofobis da siberis
mizeziT, xan ki uniisadmi eWviTi damokidebulebis mizeziT.
misi gardacvaleba iyo Zlieri dartyma uniisaTvis, mis aqtze,
romelic esoden samwuxaroa marTlmadideblobisaTvis, ar aris
arcerTi xelmowera marTlmadidebeli patriarqisa, miTumetes
konstantinopolis patriarqisa.
patriarqis gardacvalebiT, rogorc wers siropulosi, imperatori eklesiis marTvaSi darCa marto da pasuxismgebloba aiRo
Tavis Tavze.
patriarqis dakrZalvis Semdeg santa marias taZarSi (florenciaSi) berZnebma acnobes paps, rom surT unia rac SeiZleba
swrafad daasrulon, radgan ar SeuZliaT patriarqis gareSe
didxans darCena. papma daibara sami mitropoliti: nikeis, kievis, mitelenis da sTxova maT, rom SeTanxmebuliyvnen uTanxmoebis punqtebSi, radgan `filiokve~-ze miaRwies Tanxmobas.
am mitropolitebma upasuxes, rom ar arian uflebamosilni
oficialuri pasuxis gacemisa, Tumca maTi piradi azri aseTia:
`CvenTan mamebis droidan moyolebuli ixmareba sxvadasxva saxis
puri evqaristiisTvis. orive Cveuleba kargia. gansawmendelis
Sesaxeb ki vfiqrobT, rom igi ar yofila ganxeTqilebis mizezi,
amitom misi ganxilva uniis Semdegac SeiZleba. uniis Semdeg
papi SeinarCunebs Tavis primats imdenad, ramdenadac es iqneba
kanonieri. Cvens mrwamsSi ar gavakeTebT danamats, TqvensaSi Tu
gnebavT, gaakeTeT. da bolos, Cven vuSvebT rom suliwmindis
niWebis gardamosvla xdeba uflis sityvebis Semdeg, roca Cven
vloculobT maT xorcad da sisxlad gardaqcevaze~. TumcaRa am
sityvebSi, moipoveba uari im yvelaferze, ris gamoc amden xans
ibrZoda wminda markoz efeseli. miuxedavad imisa, rom berZnebma Seitanes bevri cdomileba marTlmadideblur swavlebaSi,
es vatikans ar yofnida, mas surda marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
sruli da ùsityvo kapitulacia~. gaigo, moismina mitropo100
litebis pasuxi da papma moiTxova berZnebisgan oficialuri
(Tumca maTi pasuxi ukve oficialuri iyo) pasuxi.
13 ivniss imperatorma Sekriba berZnebi, radgan ar surdaT
usityvod mieRoT laTinebis yvela punqti. Semdeg dRes, imperatori, misi Zma – dimitri da ramdenime mitropoliti ewvivnen
paps da ganucxades, rom laTinebTan gansawmendelis Taobaze
ver Tanxmdebian. maT pasuxad papma warudgina adrindeli moxseneba laTinebisa (is moxseneba, romelic wminda markoz efeselma SesaniSnavad gaabaTila), amis Semdeg ki qartia, romelic
Seicavda punqtebs. berZnebs isini swrafad unda mieRoT, Tu
surdaT unia romTan. qartia Seicavda or punqts:
1) papis primati;
2) liturgikuli sakiTxebi: suliwmindis gardamosvla da
xmiadis gamoyeneba evqaristiuli msxverplSewirvisTvis. papis
primatze saubrisas, qartia Seicavda Semdeg sityvebs, romlebic unda Sesuliyo uniis aqtSi: `ganvsazRvravT, rom wminda
samociqulo taxti da romis pontifikati warmoadgens petres
memkvidres da qristes nacvals, Tavs yvela eklesiisa, mamas da
maswavlebels yvela qristianisa, aqvs primati mTels dedamiwaze, aqvs ufleba moiwvios kreba, imefos da marTos eklesia~.
evqaristiasTan dakavSirebiT qartia Seicavda Semdeg punqtebs:
1) ar aqvs xmiadis gamoyenebas mniSvneloba evqaristiisTvis;
2) suliwmindis moqmedeba xdeba zustad im dros, roca
mRvdelmsaxuri ambobs mxsnelis evqaristiul sityvebs.
sxdoma daixura papis sityviT, romelmac berZnebi gakicxa
imaSi, rom suliwminda maTi azriT moqmedebs ara macxovris
sityvebiT, aramed sityvebisgan damoukideblad, mouwoda berZnebs mieRoT qartia ise rogorc aris. ùnia rom davamtkicoT,
aucilebelia oTxi punqtis gansazRvra: suliwmindis gamomavloba, xmiadis gamoyeneba, romis papis primati da gansawmendeli~.
papi varaudobda, rom berZnebi mas usityvod miiRebdnen.
Tavad imperatoric Seuracxyofili iyo marTlmadideblobis
101
esoden damcirebiT. imperators surda berZnebis ukan dabruneba, magram papma mSvenivrad icoda, rom jer unia unda daemtkicebina da Semdeg mieRo maTi gamgzavrebis zomebi. amis Semdeg
papma molaparakebis warmarTvis uflebamosileba gadaabara
kardinal cezarinis, rogorc gamocdil diplomats.
imperatori vardeboda ukiduresobidan ukiduresobaSi.
gadawyvita Seewyvita molaparakebebi da ukvalod wasuliyo
konstantinopolSi. kardinalma da uniis momxre berZnebma daarwmunes, rom mieRo qartiis punqtebi da daemtkicebinaT unia.
adamiani, romelsac imperatori afasebda da ewinaaRmdegeboda unias, iyo wminda markoz efeseli. wmindani marto ibrZoda
uniis winaaRmdeg da aRniSnavda: `me vxedavdi, rom isini qronikulad miiswrafvodnen uniisaken, isini vinc adre Cems gverdiT
iyvnen, axla maTTan arian~. mas ar SeeZlo lavireba sarwmunoebis
saqmeSi.
17 ivniss, imperatorma Sekriba 3 patriarqi da 10 episkoposi,
im mizniT, rom daerwmunebinaT wminda markoz efeseli, mieRo
unia., magram is mtkiced idga Tavis poziciaze da kvlav da kvlav
uaryofda laTinur dogmatebs. amis Semdeg wmindanis saxeli
arsad gvxvdeba florenciis krebis wyaroebSi. magram Cven mas
SevxvdebiT im dRes, roca xelmoiwereba unia, an ukeT rom vTqvaT,
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis kapitulacia. movlenebi swrafad
viTardeboda. 18 ivniss, wminda markoz efeselis warumatebeli
gadarwmunebis cdis Semdeg, berZnebi Seikribnen papTan, romelic
esaubreboda maT Tavisi mdivnis saSualebiT.
florenciis uniis istorikosma, andrei de santa kroCem
Semogvinaxa gacilebiT dawvrilebiTi movlenebis suraTi saboloo molaparakebebisa. misi Txrobis mixedviT, papis saubris Semdeg ori kardinali Cavida imperatorTan, romelmac
besarion nikeelis saSualebiT acnoba maT ramdenime sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli mosazrebebi. amas mohyva disputi besarion
nikeelsa da andrei raguskis Soris, romelic gagrZelda or
dRes. igi gansakuTrebiT exeboda meoTxe saeklesio krebas,
102
razec besarionma upasuxa, rom isini gamoxataven papis mimarT
gansakuTrebul Tvisebas, Torem arafers miuTiTeben papis gansakuTrebul privilegiebze da sTxova mieTiTebina raime wyaro,
sadac es iqneboda xazgasmuli. besarionma kargad icoda, rom
amgvari wyaro ar arsebobda. raguskim upasuxa, rom papis werili
gacilebiT upiratesia, vidre kanonebi da mosazrebebi. karga
xans mimdinareobda debatebi papis privilegiebTan dakavSirebiT besarionsa da raguskis Soris. raguskim Tavisi sityva daasrula Semdegi sityvebiT: `nikeis krebis meeqvse kanoni brZanebs,
rom romis eklesia yovelTvis flobda primats~. berZnebma upasuxes, rom nikeis krebas amgvari kanoni arasodes miuRia.
amiT berZnebs pirdapir ganecxadaT, rom unda ecnoT ara
mxolod romis papis pirveloba, aramed marTlmadidebluri
eklesia unda damorCileboda paps, rogorc administraciulad,
ise dogmaturad. mas ufleba unda hqonoda, Careuliyo marTlmadidebluri eklesiis saqmeSi. marTlmadideblur eklesias
unda uareyo Tavisi eklesiologia. papisTvis mmarTvelobis
gadabareba daarRvevda im harmonias, rac iyo saxelmwifosa da
eklesias Soris.
raguskis sityvebis Semdeg, gamovida ioane de torkvemada,
suliwmindis niWebis gardamovlenis sakiTxze. imperatorma
sTxova amoeRoT es sakiTxi qartiidan, magram torkvemadam upasuxa, rom is ar amoiReba qartiidan. amiT sxdoma dasrulda.
berZnebma gamoikvlies xelnawerebi papis primatTan dakavSirebiT, magram veraferi aRmoaCines. sami dRis krebebis Semdeg
paps berZnebma werilobiT auwyes, rom isini mzad arian miiRon
da cnon papis yvela privilegia, oris garda:
1) paps imperatoris da ori patriarqis gareSe ar SeuZlia
msoflio krebis mowveva;
2) da rom patriarqi piradad unda wardges papis winaSe, Tu
is mas moiwvevs. berZnebi mzad iyvnen, rom paps gaegzavna
Tavisi mosamarTleebi patriarqis teritoriaze.
22 ivniss papma evgeni IV-m berZnebs ganucxada, rom is daicavs
103
Tavisi eklesiis yvela privilegias da rom patriarqebi mas unda
daemorCilon. amis gamgone imperators esRa aRmoxda: ìzruneT
Cvens gamgzavrebaze, Tu gnebavT~.
kidev rCeboda ukanaskneli Sansi eSvelaT marTlmadideb
lobisaTvis da dabrunebuliyvnen konstantinopolSi, ise rom
ar gaeyidaT marTlmadidebloba. uniis momxreebi movlenebis
amgvari ganviTarebiT ukmayofiloni iyvnen. erT-erTi maTgani
– mitelenis mitropoliti doroTei werda: `Cven suli gvtkioda, roca mivxvdiT, rom uniis imedi ar unda gvqonoda~. ra
Tqma unda, am dReebSi wminda markoz efesels gauCnda imedi,
rom marTlmadideblobis WeSmaritebas SeinarCunebda da misi
damcvelebi Rirseulad dabrundebodnen samSobloSi, ise rom
ar gayididnen eklesias.
uniis momxreTa da wmindanis imedic tyuili iyo, radgan ramdenime dRis Semdeg marTlmadidebeli imperatori da ierarqebi,
xels aweren uniis aqts, romelsac moaqvs mxolod boroteba da
tovebs Sav laqas bizantiis istoriis ukanasknel gverdze.
ra Tqma unda, wminda markoz efeselis mier daiwera Sroma
imis Sesaxeb, rom suliwminda gardamodis ara mxolod mxsnelis
ukansakneli sityvebis Semdeg, aramed mRvdelmsaxuris locvis
da kurTxevis Semdegac. iyo Tu ara es traqtati dawerili uniis
aqtze xelmoweris dros, ucnobia, magram saWirod miviCnevT mis
aq moyvanas. wminda markozi miuTiTebs ara mxolod macxovris
sityvebsa da saidumlo msxverpls Soris kavSirze, aramed, mohyavs uZvelesi wyaroebi imis Sesaxeb, rom araTu martoden sauflo
sityvaTa warmoTqma, aramed, agreTve, maT Semdeg mRvdlis locva
da kurTxeva, suliwmindis ZaliT, wmindayofs saRvTo ZRvens.
Cven, romlebsac samRvdelo mociqulTagan da mociqulTa
monacvle eklesiis moZRvarTagan migviRia gadmocema saidumlo liturgiisa, versad vpoulobT maTTan, rom evqaristiuli
ZRvenis ganwmenda da srulyofa, agreTve, misi gardaqmna uflis
xorcad da sisxlad xdebodes martoden sauflo sityvaTa mier.
yvela maTgani erTsulovnad ganawesebs am sityvaTa windawin
104
warmoTqmas uwyebis saxiT, rom aRvavlinoT xsenebuli sityvebi
imJamindel saqmeTa mosagoneblad. am dros, winadagebulTa
wiaRSi TiTqosda Cadis gardaqmnis Zala, Semdeg zemoTqmuls
mosdevs samRvdelo locva da kurTxeva, rac ukve namdvilad
gardaqmnis ZRvens pirvelsaxed, – uflis xorcad da sisxlad.
amas swamebs yvela gadmocema, romlebic erTxmovanni arian.
es qadagebac maT SeerTvis.
samRvdelo mociqulTa liturgiaSi, rac dagviwera klimentim, sauflo sakvirvelebaTa da saqmeTa, agreTve, vnebis, aRdgomisa da zecad amaRlebis Sesaxeb uwyebis Semdeg garkveviT
weria, „movixsenebT yovelives, rac man Cvens gamo daiTmina da
samadlobels aRvavlenT Sendami, RmerTo yovlismpyrobelo,
ara imguarad, rogorc gvmarTebs, aramed ise, rogorc ZalgviZs,
da aRvasrulebT mis ganCinebas, radganac im Rames, odes gancemul iqna igi, aiRo man puri Tavis wminda da Seuryvnel xelTa
mier, aRixila Sendami, misive RvTisa da mamisadmi, gantexa igi,
mogvca Cven, mis mowafeebs da Tqva: „miiReT amisgan da WameT. es
aris xorci Cemi, mravalTaTvis gantexili misateveblad cidvaTa“. msgavsadve, ganazava man, agreTve, sasmisi RviniT da wyliT,
wmindayo igi, misca maTve da Tqva: „sviT amisgan yovelTa. es aris
sisxli Cemi mravalTaTvis danTxeuli misateveblad coduaTa“.
amitom, movixsenebT ra vnebas misas da sikvdils, aRdgomas da
cad amaRlebas, agreTve samomavlod mis meored mosvlas, raJams
mova igi, rom gansajos cocxalni da mkvdarni da miagos yovel
kacs saqmeTa misTaebr, amis Semdeg SevwiravT Sendami, meufeo
da RmerTo, Tanaxmad misi ganCinebisa, winamdebare pursa da
sasmiss; mis mier gmadlobT Sen, rameTu Rirsgvyav wardgomad
Sens winaSe da mRvdelmsaxurebad Senda mimarT. gevedrebiT Sen,
mowyaled moxede Sens winaSe dagebul am ZRvens, Sen, uWirvelo
RmerTo, saTnoiCine igi pativad Seni qristesi, gadmoavline
winamdebare msxverplze wminda suli, – mowame ufal iesus
vnebisa, rom gaacxados man es puri Seni qristes sxeulad, da es
sasmisi Seni qristes sisxlad“.
105
ai, amgvari ram gadasces eklesias saRvTo mociqulebma
netari klimentis xeliT.
saidumlo liturgia gadmogvca, agreTve, saRvTo iakobma,
ierusalimis pirvelma episkoposma, pirveli da didi mRvdelTmTavris Zmam da monacvlem, romelic sauflo sityvaTa
uwyebis Semdeg amas gviwers: „movixsenebT ra Cvenc, codvilni,
mis cxovelmyofel vnebebs, macxovnebel jvarsa da sikvdils,
saflavsa da mesame dRes mkvdreTiT aRdgomas, cad amaRlebas
misas da dajdomas, RvTisa da mamis, marjvniv, mis didebul da
saSinel meored mosvlas, raJams didebiT mova igi, rom gansajos
cocxalni da mkvdarni da miagos yovel kacs saqmeTa misTaebr,
– amis Semdeg SevwiravT Sendami, ufalo, am saSinel da usisxlo
msxverpls“. da cota Semdeg: „gviwyale Cven, RmerTo, didiTa
wyalobiTa SeniTa da moavline Cvenze da winadagebul wminda
ZRvenze yovladwminda suli Seni, ufali da cxovelmyofeli,
Tanamosaydre Seni, RvTisa da mamisa, da Tanamosaydre Seni
mxolodSobili Zisa, Tanameufe, Tanaarsi da Tanamaradiuli,
romelic ityoda rjulisa da winaswarmetyvelTa mier, agreTve,
Seni axali aRTqmis wiaRi, romelic mtredis saxiT gadmovida
Cvens ufal iesu qristeze mdinare iordaneSi da daadgra masze
romelic, agreTve, gadmovida Sens wminda mociqulebze cecxlovan enaTa saxiT wminda da didebuli sionis qorSi wminda
martviliis Jams. gadmoavline es yovladwminda suli Seni, ufalo, Cvenze da winadagebul wminda ZRvenze, rom moiwios igi da
Tavisi wminda, keTili da didebuli movlinebiT ganwmindos da
hyos es puri Seni qristes wminda sxeulad, xolo es sasmisi –
Seni qristes patiosan sisxlad“.
amaT Seudga didi basili da mis Semdeg ioane oqropiri, romlebmac Sekveces xsenebuli liturgia. basilic, rodesac midis
igi liturgiis am nawilTan, mogviTxrobs uflis mier gadmocemuli im pirveli mRdelmoqmedebis Sesaxeb da ambobs: „dagvitova man mosagonari Tavisi cxovelmyofeli vnebisa, rasac winadavagebT mcnebaTa misTaebr, radganac ganizraxavda ra ufali
106
miaxlebas Tavis nebayoflobiT, didebul da cxovelmyofel
sikvdilTan, im Rames, odes gaiRo man Tavi Tvisi qveyniurebis
cxonebisaTvis, aiRo puri wminda da uxrwnel xelTa mier, warmoaCina Sens winaSe, – RvTisa da mamisa, samadlobelhyo, akurTxa
wmindahyo, gantexa, misca Tavis wminda mowafeebsa da mociqulebs da uTxra maT: „miiReT da WameT. es aris xorci Cemi TqvenTvis gantexili misateveblad codvaTa“. msgavsadve, aiRo man
sasmisi venaxis nayofisagan, ganazava, samadlobelhyo, akurTxa,
wmindahyo, misca Tavis wminda mowafeebsa da mociqulebs da
uTxra maT, „sviT amisgan yovelTa. es aris sisxli Cemi axlisa
aRTqmisa, TqvenTvis da mravalTaTvis danTxeuli misateveblad codvaTa, amas hyofdiT mosaxseneblad Cemda“. da cota
Semdeg „amitom, ufalo yovladwmindao, Cvenc, codvilni, da
Seni uRirsi monebi, romlebic Rirs viCineT vmsaxurebdeT Sens
wminda sakurTxevels, araTu Cveni simarTlisa gamo, radgan
araferi gviqmnia kargi amqveynad, aramed Seni mowyalebiTa
da monawileobiT, rac uSurvelad gadmoRvare Cvenze, mxned
miveaxlebiT Sens wminda sakurTxevels, davagebT Seni qristes
wmida xorcisa da sisxlis winasaxeebs, – gevedrebiT da gevedrebiT Sen, wmindao wmindaTao, Seneuli sikeTis saTnoyofiT
gadmovides Seni wminda suli Cvenze da winadagebul ZRvenze
da akurTxos da wmindahyos isini da gamoaCinos es puri TviT
uflisa da macxovris iesu qristes patiosan xorcad, xolo es
sasmisi TviT uflisa da macxovris iesu qristes patiosan sisxlad, danTxeulad qveynierebis cxonebisaTvis“.
saRvTo oqropiric amasve gvauwyebs ufro mokled: „raJams
movida ufali da aRasrula Cvens gamo yoveli gangebuleba, im
Rames, odes gancemul iqna igi, ufro ki, odes TviT gansca Tavi
Tvisi qveynierebis cxonebisaTvis, aiRo man puri Tavis wminda,
uxrwnel da Seuryvnel xelTa mier, samadlobelhyo, akurTxa,
wmindahyo, gantexa, misca mis wminda mowafeebsa da mociqulebs
da uTxra maT: „miiReT da WameT. es aris xorci Cemi TqvenTvis gantexili misateveblad codvaTa“. msgavsadve, sasmisis
107
Sesaxebac serobis Semdeg ase Tqva: „sviT amisgan yovelTa, es
aris sisxli Cemi axlisa aRTqmisa TqvenTvis da mravalTaTvis
daTxeuli misateveblad codvaTa“. cota Semdeg ki amas dasZens:
„Sevwirav Sendami suliersa da usisxlo msxverpls. gevedrebiT,
gadamoavline Seni wminda suli Cvenze da winadagebul ZRvenze
da qmen es puri Seni qristes patiosan xorcad, xolo is, rac
am sasmisSia, gardaqmen Seni suliwmindis mier Senive qristes
patiosan sisxlad“.
amgvarad, yvela maTgani Tanaxmierad ambobs windawin sauflo
sityvebs, romelTa mier imJamindel saqmeTa xsovnas acocxleben Cvens winaSe da SesawiravTa wiaRSi wmindamyofel Zalas
STanergaven, Semdeg locvas aRavlenen da gardamoiwveven suliwmindis madls, rom misma mosvlam imJamindeli sityvebi awindel
msaxurebas Seutkbos, srulyos winadagebulni da sauflo xorcad da sisxlad gardaqmnas isini, radgan swored amave madlma
Semzada qalwulis saSoSi RvTismtvirTveli xorci Tanaxmad
angelozis sityvisa: „suliwminda mova Senze da maRlis Zala
mogiCrdilebs Sen“. amitom, rodesac didi basili uwyebis saxiT warmoTqvams uflis sityvas, rogorc uflisganve Tqmuls
wminda xorcisa da sisxlis Sesaxeb, „winasaxeebad“ saxeldebs
igi winadagebulT, cxadia, imis gamo, rom zemore sityvaTa mier
jer kidev ar srulqmnilan isini. aramed kvlavac saxe da xati
arian. Semdeg myisve locvas aRavlens igi, rom moivlinos suliwminda da gamoaCinos es puri TviT patiosan xorcad, xolo es
sasmisi TviT patiosan sisxlad. amgvari ram friad marTebulia,
radgan rogorc im pirveli Sesaqmis Jams miiRo miwam, saRvTo
ganCinebiT, Zala nayofTa aRmocenebisa, xolo es ganCineba, TviT
moZRvris TqmiT, STanergilia miwaSi da maradJams aniWebs mas
aRmocenebis unars, magram miuxedavad amisa, saWiroa mainc Cvenmieri gulmodgineba da miwaTmoqmedTa xelebi, rom sruliqmnes
nayofi, aseve, zemore sityvac, erTgzis Tqmuli macxovris mier,
maradJams moqmedebs, rogorc amas ambobs saRvTo oqropiri,
magram Tanamoqmedebs masTan, agreTve, saRvTo mRvdlobis
108
Zalac, rac locvisa da kurTxevis gziT srulyofs winadagebulT. igive Zala, saRvTo sulis uxilavi TanamsrbolobiT,
naTlisRebisas, garegnulad liton wyalsac yovelgvari codvis gamwmendad gardaqmnis. igive Zala, yovladwminda sulis
madliT, srulyofs mironcxebas, TviT mRvdlebsac da, agreTve,
sxva saeklesio saidumloTac, Tumca es rodi niSnavs, rom mivendoT mxolod Cveneul locvas, sauflo sityvebs ki uZlureba
davdoT bralad, aramed unda vilocoT winadagebulTaTvis da
gvwamdes, rom am gziT sruliqmnebian isini, magram, erTis mxriv,
vaRiaroT, rom uflis sityvebi maTTvis niSneul Zalmosilebas
imarxaven, meore mxriv ki, saRvTo mRvdlobis Zalac warmovaCinoT, rac srulyofs yovel saidumlos mis mier moqmedi suliwmindis gardamowveviT. saRvTo oqropiric amasve ambobs mesame
nawilSi Tavisi Sromisa „mRvdlobis Sesaxeb“: „dgas mRvdeli;
araTu cecxls gascems igi, aramed suliwmindas; aRavlens friad vedrebas, Tumca ara imitom, rom sanTelma, zeanTebulma,
STanTqas winadagebuli ZRveni, aramed imitom, rom Sesawiravze
gadmosulma madlma am msxverplis mier aanTos yoveli suli
da gavarvarebul vercxlze metad gaabrwyinos igi; gvmarTebs,
rom locvis Jams ar miveceT gaurkvevel eWvsa da undoblobas, radgan TviT ganmaRmrTobelma da ziarmyofelma ufalma
mcnebad dagvido amis aRsruleba: „iqmodeT Cems mosagoneblad“,
– gviTxra man da manve aRgviTqva, rom suliwmindas mimadlebda
yovel mvedrebels, araTu – martoden mRvdlebs. friad eneba ufals, rom yoveldRiurad aRgvesrulebina mosagonari,
rogorc es srulad saCinovdeba SemdgomSi. Sen ki, am madlSi
Tu daeWvdebi, eWvs Seitan, naTlisRebaSic, radgan isic locvaTa da gardamowvevaTa mier sruliqmneba. dagaeWvebs isic,
WeSmaritad migeteva Tu ara Secodebani, radganac samRvdelo
madliT gveniWeba mitevebac. ase TandaTan gaaqarwyleb yvela
saeklesio saidumlos magram ar aris es amgvarad, diax, ar aris,
radgan Rirssarwmunoa, vinc aRTqma mogvca imisa, rom CvenTan
erTad daivanebda „dResa yovelsa“ saukuneTa aRsasrulamde.
109
es yovelive gadmogveca wminda samRvdelo mociqulebisa da
mociqulTa monacvle mamebis mier, maT vimarxavT Seucvlelad
da maTSi Cadebul azrs gadmogcemT.
110
Tavi merve
1. uniis damtkiceba;
2. vatikanis Semdegi moTxovnebi;
3. florenciidan berZenTa wasvla;
4. wminda markoz efeselis monaTxrobi florenciis krebaze
da masSi misi monawileoba.
wina TavSi Cven SevCerdiT imaze, rom movlenebis ganviTareba
marTlmadideblobas uqadda gadarCenas. papis Ria gancxadebis
Semdeg, rom mas surs aRmosavleTis eklesiis da imperatoris
damorCileba, rac gamoxatuli iyo pirdapir formulirebebsa
da kategoriul moTxovnebSi, ris Semdegac warmodgeneli iyo
marTlmadidebluri eklesiisTvis Seuracxmyofeli moTxovnebi
vatikanisa. imperatorma, Rrmad Seuracxyofilma ganacxada,
rom uniis Sesaxeb molaparakebebs wyvets da brundeba konstantinopolSi. Tumca es ar iyo kargad gaTvlili gadawyvetileba,
romelic ar miuRiaT wina movlenebis gamocdilebidan, aramed
iyo grZnobaze damyarebuli ucabedi gamoRviZeba. amgvari
gadawyvetileba adrec miuRia, roca emuqreboda molaparakebebis SewyvetiTa da konstantinopolSi dabrunebiT, magram
sabolood meore dRes molaparakebebi isev grZeldeboda da
berZnebi midiodnen Semdgom daTmobebze marTlmadidebluri
eklesiis xarjze. axlac ase moxda. gansakuTrebuli momxreebi
uniisa, saxeldobr: isidore, besarioni da doroTei iRebdnen
sakuTar Tavze Suamavlobis funqcias imperatorsa da paps
111
Soris. mTeli es saqme dasrulda didi maspinZlobiT, romelic
papma moawyo berZeni stumrebisaTvis Tavis sasaxleSi. aq moewyo disputi samociqulo taxtis privilegiebze, istoriam ar
Semogvinaxa es teqstebi, Tumca albaT ar iyo maTSi raime mniSvnelovani. mitelenis episkoposi gvacnobebs, rom amis Semdeg
berZnebs hqondaT Sida sxdoma, romelic SeimuSaves primatis
da romis taxtis Sesaxeb gancxadeba: `rac Seexeba papis mTavrobas, Cven vcnobT, rom is aris umaRlesi ierarqi da mflobeli,
nacvali qristes taxtisa, maswavlebeli yvela qristianisa,
romelic marTavs aRmosavleTis patriarqebis privilegiebs
maTi uflebebis darRvevis gareSe~. es formulireba ueWvelad
iyo Zalian diplomatiuri. pirobiTad iyo SenarCunebuli yvela
is tituli da saxelwodeba, romelTac vatikani berZnebisgan
iTxovda. Cven ukve mogaxseneT, magram saWiroa gavimeoroT,
Tu rogor ganicdida amas wminda markoz efeseli, eklesiis
simarTlis matarebeli da misi dogmatebis damcveli. icoda
rac xdeboda sinamdvileSi florenciis krebaze. mas gaaCnda
piradi mosazreba papis mdgomareobaze, romelic wmindanma
gamoaxata gzavnilSi, es mosazreba ase JRerda: `CvenTvis papi
warmoadgens erT-erT patrairqTagans, Tundac marTlmadidebeli iyos, miuxedvad imisa, rom uniatebi mas qristes nacvlad
da yvela qristianis mamad moixsenieben. “ papis primatTan dakavSirebiT Seadgines ra zemoT moyvanili formula, berZnebma
mtkiced gadawyvites ar wasuliyvnen amaze Sors. Tu laTinebi
ar dasTanxmdebian, SeewyvitaT molaparakebebi da dabrunebuliyvnen konstantinopolSi, miTumetes, rom gemebi maT samSobloSi dasabruneblad es-esaa napirs moadgnen. 27 ivniss isidore
da doroTei mividnen papTan da Seagones, rom mieRo berZnuli
formulireba, rac SeiZleba swrafad daemtkicebinaT uniis
aqti, xolo petre-pavlobis xsenebis dRes sazeimod aReniSnaT
uniis damtkiceba.
paps im dros hqonda didi Sekreba, magram berZnebi didi
keTilganwyobiT miiRo da imave dRes acnoba Tavisi oficial112
uri Tanxmoba. andrei de santa mokled gvatyobinebs, rom kardinalma cezarinim papis brZanebiT Seadgina mTeli moxseneba molaparakebebis Sesaxeb, romelic Catarda berZnebsa da
laTinebs Soris da mis Sedegebze. misi cnobiT, suliwmindis
dogmatis Sesaxeb SemoeTavazaT mTeli rigi formulirebebi,
ar SeCerdnen erTze, romelic unda Sesuliyo krebis gansazRvrebaSi. rac Seexeba imas, rom suliwminda gadmodis macxovris
evqaristiuli sityvebis Semdeg, Tundac es Seuracxmyofeli
yofiliyo berZnebisaTvis, aranairi mniSvneloba ar hqonda,
radgan berZnebma oficialurad ganacxades, rom iReben mas da
gaakeTes Semdegi gancxadeba: `mokled, Cven mzad varT vcnoT,
rom suliwminda gadmodis macxovris evqaristiuli sityvebis
Semdeg~. kardinalma cezarinma ganacxada, rom uniis saqme
swrafad unda davasruloT, radgan berZnebs wasvla eCqarebaTo.
papis davalebiT dadgenili iqna komisia, romelsac unda Seedgina krebis aqti laTinur da berZnul enaze. saboloo redaqcia,
warmodgenili orive enaze, erTxmad iqna miRebuli berZnebisa
da laTinebis mier 1439 wlis 4 ivliss.
krebis gansazRvreba anu uniis aqti
mas Semdeg, rac vaqeT da vadideT ufali imis gamo, rom xangrZlivi da rTuli gancalkevebis, ganxeTqilebis Semdeg SevikribeT da ganvixileT suliwmindis dogmati didi moTminebiTa
da mzaobiT, sityva-sityviT gadmogcemT: moyvanil iqna mowmobebi saRmrTo werilidan, amave dros dasavleli da aRmosavleTis
wminda mamebis naazrevi. maTgan zogni amboben, rom suliwminda
gamodis mamisagan da Zisagan. sxvebi – rom gamodis mamisagan Zis
saSualebiT. es azrebi amtkiceben erTi da igives sxvadasxva
gziT. aqedan gamomdinare berZnebi ar arian valdebulni uaryon
misi Zisagan gamomavloba, radgan Cven erTi da imaves vambobdiT
sxvadasxvanairad, amitom yvela mivediT Tanxmobamde da vamtkicebT saerTo nebas, rac gamoxatulia uniis aqtSi.
113
maSasadame, wminda samebis saxeliT – mamis, Zis da suliwmindis saxeliT, Cven ganvsazRvravT, rom yvela qristians unda
sjerodes, swamdes, miiRos da aRiaros Semdegi WeSmariteba,
rom suliwminda iRebs Tavis wyaros mamis da Zis arsebidan, is
gamodis orivesgan, rogorc erTi sawyisidan da erTi wyarodan.
Cven vacxadebT, rom im wminda mamaTa swavleba, romlebic amtkiceben, rom suliwminda gamodis, gvevlineba mamisagan Zis saSualebiT, unda gavigoT Semdegnairad – Zec iwodeba suliwmindis
wyarod, radganac rac gaaCnia mamas, gaaCnia Zesac, garda mamad
arsobisa. es unari man miiRo mamisagan. Cven ganvsazRvravT, rom
`filiokve~ warmoadgens am sityvebis ganmartebas, rac samarTlianad da kanonierad miemata mrwamss. Cven aseve vacxadebT,
rom qristes sxeulad gardaiqmneba nebismieri puri, iqneba is
xmiadi, Tu ara. Semdeg ganvsazRvravT, rom gardacvalebulTa
sulebi, romelTac swamdaT RvTis da gavidnen am soflidan
garkveuli msubuqi codvebis mounanieblad, unda ganiwmindon gardacvalebis Semdgom ganmwmendeli tanjviT. imisTvis
rom maT SeumsubuqdeT tanjva, cocxal morwmuneTa locvebi,
liturRiuli msxverpli, mowyaleba exmareba mas. maTi sulebi
ki, vinc ar Sescodes, an SromiT gamoisyides codva, gardacvalebisTanave xvdebian zecaSi da Wvreten yovladwminda samebas.
xedven mas, rogorc aris, magram zogni metad, zogni naklebad
`saqmeTaebr misTa~. isini ki, vinc sasikvdilo codviT gavidnen,
maSinve xvdebian jojoxeTSi. Semdeg vamtkicebT, rom wminda
samociqulo taxti da romis papi warmoadgens primats mTels
samyaroSi, igi aris mociqulTa Tavis – petres memkvidre da
qristes nacvali, eklesiebis Tavi, qristianTa maswavlebeli,
garda amisa, konstantinopolis patriarqi aris rigiT meore
romis papis Semdeg, aleqsandriis – mesame, antioqiis – meoTxe
da ierusalimis mexuTe. unarCundebaT amave dros yvela ufleba
da privilegia~.
marTalia, es dokumenti Sedgenilia Zalze diplomatiurad,
imperatorma da laTinebma bevri Sroma daxarjes imaSi, rom mar114
Tlmadidebluri eklesiisTvis sayovelTao Seuracxyofa ar
mieyenebinaT da ar daesvaT mwvave sakiTxebi. da mainc de faqto es
teqsti iyo Seuracxmyofelic da Seicavda marTlmadidebluri
eklesiis kapitulacias. berZnebs unda mieRoT laTinuri dogmati `filiokve~, xolo wminda mamaTa swavleba suliwmindis
gamomavlobaze, unda gaegoT ise, rogorc laTinebs awyobdaT.
daemtkicebinaT `filiokve~ ara mxolod momavali sargeblisaTvis, aramed imitomac rom yofiliyo kanonieri. Semdeg maT unda
mieRoT gansawmendelis dogmatic da gardacvalebulTa sulis
Semdgomi mdgomareoba. wminda markozis yvela Sroma da mtkiceba,
argumenti uaryves. da bolos, maT unda mieRoT papis primatis,
ara mxolod Rirseba, aramed misi Zalauflebac, romelic viTom
qristem uanderZa.
5 ivliss – kviras berZnebma xeli moaweres unias. mogiyvanT
movlenebis gadmocemas florenciis krebidan Tu rogor moxda
uniis xelmowera: ùniis aqti waikiTxa laTinurad kardinalma
sabini iulianem, xolo berZnulad – arqiepiskoposma besarionma, Cven veamboreT papis muxls da sakuTari xelebiT movawereT
xeli imas, rac gaJRerda~. xeli moawera imperatorma, aRmosavleTis patriarqebma, eklesiis sxva ierarqebma. marTlmadidebelTa 33 warmomadgenlis xelmowerebs Soris iyo ruseTis episkoposis xelmowerac, xeli moaweres maTac, vinc uniis winaaRmdegi iyo. stavropolis episkoposi gaiqca florenciidan uniis
damtkicebamde14.
erTi, mxolod erTi, erTaderTi ierarqi mtkiced idga Tavis
poziciaze da xels ar awerda uniis aqtze, TumcaRa es sicocxlis
fasad ujdeboda. es ierarqi iyo rasakvirvelia, wminda markoz
efeseli. uniis momxreebi moiTxovdnen eiZulebinaT wminda markozi xelmoweraze, magram imperators ar surda mis winaaRmdeg
xisti saSualebebis gamoyeneba. maSin isidorem moiTxova, rom
wminda markozi ganekveTaT eklesiidan, magram am SemTxvevaSi
14. iseve rogorc, qarTulma delegaciam Tavi aarida uniis aqtze xelmoweras
115
berZeni ierarqebis xmebi orad gaiyo. Zalian bevrma xeli imitom
moawera, rom eSinodaT imperatoris da laTinebis. siropulosi,
romelic gvxvdeba xelmomwerTa Soris werda, rom ver itanda mas
da mxolod imperatoris SiSiT moawera xeli uniis aqts. igive
siropulosi gvacnobebs, rom bevrni moisyides laTinebma, raTa
xeli moeweraT uniaze. imas, rom fulis faqtorma iTamaSa gadamwyveti, mniSvnelovani roli uniis damtkicebaze, mowmobs wminda
markozi Tavis gzavnilSi, sadac werda rom zogierTi xels ise
brmad awerda, rom arc icoda misi Sinaarsi. imas ver daveTanxmebiT, rom berZnebma icodnen winamdebare dokumentis Sinaarsi.
wminda markoz efeselis xelis armowera iyo fataluri dartyma
uniisaTvis. xeli moaweres imperatorma, mitropolitebma da
eklesiis sxva ierarqebma, administraciulad mTelma marTlmadidebelma eklesiam – Tumca maTi xelmowera araferi iyo im erT
xelmowerasTan – wminda markoz efeselis rom erqva.
Tavidanve aRvniSneT, rom wminda markoz efeseli TamaSobda gadamwyvet rols berZen warmomadgenlebs Soris da rasakvirvelia, laTinebi amas xvdebodnen da acnobierebdnen. bolos,
rodesac berZenTa erTianoba Seirya, wminda markoz efeseli
gaxda erTaderTi `moudrekeli sveti~ marTlmadidebluri
eklesiisa, misi mniSvneloba metad gaizarda. gaizarda imdenad, rom yvelas udrida. giorgi sqolari wmindanis dakrZalvis sityvaSi ambobs: ìs iyo adamiani, romelsac Cven yvelanic
ki ver SevcvliTo~ aseTebi Cndebian mxolod RvTis umaRlesi
gangebulebiT.
florenciaSi yofnis im mZime dReebSi marTlmadideblebma
ver Seafases wminda markoz efeselis mniSvneloba da arc moismines, miTumetes arc gaiTvaliswines wmindanis Segonebebi da
rCevebi uniasTan dakavSirebiT. gacilebiT metad Seafasa misi
mniSvneloba papma evgeni meoTxem, romelic WeSmaritad saxelmwifoebrivad moazrovne adamiani iyo. amitom uniis aqtze misi
xelmoweris ar arseboba Seafasa, rogorc uniis sruli kraxi.
siropulosi yveba: `rodesac paps aCvenes zar-zeimiT aqti
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xelmowerebiT, papma ikiTxa, iyo Tu ara masze wminda markoz efeselis xelmowera, ver dainaxa ra xelmowera, brZana: maSasadame,
Cven verafers mivaRwieT~. uniis xelmoweris dResve berZnebs
bevri sirTulis gadalaxva mouwiaT. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, laTinebs surdaT unia ara imitom, rom orive eklesia
Tanasworuflebiani yofiliyo, arc kompromisis gamo, aramed
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis sruli damorCileba romisadmi.
uniis xelmoweris meore dRes sazeimod waikiTxes aqti. es moxda
florenciis taZarSi. kardinalma cezarinim waikiTxa krebis
dadgenileba laTinur enaze, xolo besarionma – berZnulad.
amis Semdeg papma aRavlina sazeimo mesa. uniis aqtis xelmoweris
Semdeg berZnebi cdilobdnen rac SeiZleba male dabrunebuliyvnen florenciaSi. pirveli gaemgzavra imperatoris Zma,
dimitri paleologi, antoni heraklieli da giorgi sqolari.
amaze didi damcireba marTlmadidebluri eklesiisa arc
SeiZleboda, Tumca laTinebisTvis esec cota iyo. isini iTxovdnen `moxsenebas~ Semdeg sakiTxze: ratom ar airCies patriarqi
aq – florenciaSi?
ramdenime dRis Semdeg, 14 ivliss papma yvelas mouwoda
TavisTan da berZen episkoposebs uTxra: `mivediT ra rwmenis
erTianobamde, me rogorc Tqveni Tavi, unda mogceT ramdenime
rCeva:
1) wyvilebis ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebiT unda SecvaloT
Tqveni praqtika;
2) markozis damdableba, rogorc uniis buntisTavisa;
3) florenciaSive axali patriarqis arCeva.
berZeni episkoposebi, romlebic Sewuxdnen papis da
laTinebis moTxovnebisgan, pirvelad amboben uars papis
moTxovnebze. maT upasuxes, rom ar arian uflebamosilni gascen oficialuri pasuxi da daamates:
1) Tu wyvilebi ganqorwindebian, es unda moxdes mxolod ramdenime motiviT;
2) efeseli mitropoliti mxolod maSin ikisrebs pasuxismge117
blobas, roca sasamarTlo waradgens oficialur sasjels.
radganac markozi Cveni ierarqia, igi unda gadaeces Cvens
sasamarTlos;
3) tradiciulad, konstantinopolis patriarqi unda airCes
Tavis sapatriarqoSi da misi intronizacia xdeba wminda
sofias taZarSi. mogvianebiT acnobes, rom imperatori
aRar wava daTmobebze papTan. imperatorma gaafrTxila,
rom ar gaecaT ramenairi pasuxi papisTvis am sam punqtze.
siropulosi yveba, rom wminda markozi florenciidan wasvlamde miiwvia papma da hqonda masTan mcire saubari, originali
imdenad sainteresoa, rom gadmogcemT mas srulad: `papma sTxova imperators, rom markozi masTan misuliyo. imperatori wmindans Seagonebda: roca papi mogiwodebs orjer da samjer, unda
ewvio mas. unda mixvide da gaesaubro. ar SegeSindes, radgan
me ukve vesaubre paps da ar mogayenebs Seuracxyofas. wadi da
mousmine, ras getyvis, xolo upasuxe ise, rogorc saWirod CaTvli~. wminda markozi gaemarTa papTan. igi didxans saubrobda
wmindanTan. misi mizani iyo, daerwmunebina da aqtze xeli moewerebina. wminda markozma gasca pasuxi: eklesiis krebebi SfoTisTavebad Tvlida maT, vinc romelime dogmats daarRvevda.
Tavidan eklesia gansjida eress, xolo Semdeg eretikosebs. me
eklesiis swavlebaSi arc axali ram Semitania, arc Cemi mosazrebebi daminergavs, arc tyuils vemxrobodi da vicavdi. vemxrobodi mxolod im swavlebas, rasac aqamde mouRwevia. Tu saeklesio krebis kanonebs vicav da vemorCilebi, maSin ratom unda
damsajon? Semdeg paps mousmina da TavisTan dabrunda.
1439 wlis 26 agvistos imperatori wminda markoz efeselTan
erTad gaemgzavra veneciis gavliT konstantinopolSi. ase samwuxarod dasrulda istoriis is gverdi, romelsac ewodeba
`florenciis unia~. ferara da florencia unda gamxdariyo
eklesiaTa erTianobis mowme, axla ki asocirdeba dangreuli
imedebisa da iluziebis sasaflaod, romelzec daimarxa marTlmadidebluri Segneba.
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yvelgan iseTi SegrZneba iyo, TiTqos marTlmadidebloba
daingra, gaqra istoriidan – magram ès ase araa, araa ase~, –
vityviT wminda markozis sityvebiT. marTlmadideblobisaTvis
brZola grZeldeba. mas awarmoebs wminda markoz efeseli: erTi
– bevris winaaRmdeg, kiboTi daavadebuli – yvelas Zalauflebis
winaaRmdeg, TviT imperatoris Zalauflebis winaaRmdeg. giorgi
sqolaric wers: ìs imedovnebda gamarjvebas yvelas winaaRmdeg
Tavisi erTaderTi iaraRiT – WeSmaritebiT~. qvemoT moviyvanT
wminda markoz efeselis Sromas Tavis qmedebebze da florenciaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sesaxeb. pirvel da meore
TavSi visaubreT wminda markozis sacxovrebelze, marTalia is
mcire monacemebi iyo, magram CvenTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
brundeba ra efesoSi, yvelas uyveba WeSmaritebas florenciis
krebis Sesaxeb.
minda mitropolitis monaTxrobi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
w
moxda florenciis krebaze.
`qristianuli eklesiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli morCilebiTa da imedebiT miviRe mRvdelmTavruli msaxurebis ufleba,
romelic rasakvirvelia, aRemateboda Cems Rirsebasac da
Zalebsac. gavyevi msoflio patriarqsa da RvTivkurTxeul
mefes italiaSi krebaze, ar veyrdnobodi Cems uZlurebas, arc
saqmis sirTulisa da mniSvnelobis SemSinebia. vimedovnebdi
RmerTze da mjeroda, rom yvelaferi kargad iqneboda, mivaRwevdiT raime Rirseulsa da didebuls rac Seefereboda qristes
wminda eklesias. CavediT italiaSi, maSinve mivxvdiT laTinebis
damokidebulebas Cvendami. aranairi daTmobis imedi ar unda
gvqonoda. garda amisa, velodiT da viTmendiT dayovnebas im
saqmisa, romlis gamoc iq CavediT da SevikribeT. ai, lodinic
dasrulda da mravali dRis, garTulebebis Semdeg SevikribeT –
berZnebi da laTinebi – gavmarTeT diskusia mrwamsSi danamatis
Sesaxeb.
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disputis dasawyisSi, me vcdilobdi mimewera maTTvis ganxeTqilebis mizezi da damedanaSaulebina isini Cvendami aramegobrul damokidebulebaSi. isini piriqiT, Tavs icaven da
Cven gvadanaSaulebdnen, Tavs imarTlebdnen imiT, rom es maTi
eklesiis tradiciaa. Semdeg krebebze ki, warvadgineT msoflio
saeklesio krebebis dadgenilebebi, wavikiTxeT, rom im dadgenilebebis Secvlas wminda mamebi sastikad gvikrZalaven. maTSi
bgeris Secvlac ki dauSvebelia da adgenen saSinel sasjels am
dadgenilebis SemcvlelTaTvis: episkoposebsa da saeklesio
pirebs CamoerTmevaT Rirseba, xolo saero pirebi gadaecemian
anaTemas.
Cven davrwmundiT, rom laTinebma niRbebi moixsnes: maTi
mizani ar yofila WeSmaritebis povna, es arc ucdiaT, maTi
mizani iyo diskusiis gamarTva, raTa mogvCveneboda, rom
yvelaferi scades CvenTan mosalaparakeblad, Cven ki piriqiT, varwmunebdiT, rom mivsuliyaviT isev im Tanxmobamde, rac
gvqonda ganxeTqilebamde. amis Tqma igive iyo, rac yrusTvis
gemRera, an qva gexvrita. isini TavianT azrze iyvnen da aranairi
Sesworeba ar surdaT, gvTxovdnen raRac dogmaturi xasiaTis
sakiTxze gadavsuliyaviT ise, viTom maTi dogmatika jansaRi
yofiliyos. Cvenebi ukan ar ixevdnen, netav bolomde aseTi moudrekelni yofiliyvnen! Cemi azriT, araswori iyo dogmaturi
xasiaTis sakiTxis ganxilva, ar unda gadavsuliyaviT Semdeg
sakiTxebze da arc feraradan florenciaSi wavsuliyaviT.
CavediT ra iq, CaverTeT paeqrobaSi dogmatikis Sesaxeb.
laTinebma warmoadgines monaTxrobebi, daskvnebi, gadakeTebuli teqstebi ucnobi wignebidan, romlebSic gamyarebuli iyo
maTi swavleba. me kvlav CaverTe maTTan brZolaSi da savsebiT
davumtkice maTi swavlebis sibrmave. Tumca verafriT davarwmune da umiznod davkarge dro. erTi sityva icvleboda meoreTi, saubari warmoSobda saubars, WeSmariteba Zalas kargavda, davkarge moTmineba da davrwmundi am saubrebis uazrobaSi.
amis Semdeg davasrule maTTan saubari, gadavwyvite, rom maT120
Tan aRar mivsuliyavi sxdomaze, an Cumad vmjdariyavi. magram
gamogviwvies, bolo ori krebis ganmavlobaSi isini saubrobdnen,
pirvel sxdomaze warmoadgines Tavisi maswavleblebis Sromebi,
romlebic amtkiceben, rom suliwminda gamodis rogorc mamisagan, aseve Zisagan. meore sxdomaze moiyvanes viTomda Cveni swavlebis sawinaaRmdego argumentebi. me vdumdi, rogorc Canda
danarCenebs uTanxmoebisa eSinodaT da aravin ewinaaRmdegeboda.
Semdeg daiwyo kompromissa da daTmobebze saubari, TandaTanobiT daiwyo laTinizireba, xolo Semdeg muSaoba uniis
damtkicebisaTvis. Cvenebic, rogorc yovelTvis eTanxmebodnen
maT. bevri dro daikarga, Cvenebma mZimed gadaitanes Seuracxyofa da ganicdidnen uimedobas. aravis araferi eZleoda Sepirebulidan. bevri ratom visaubro? – ar daSoSmindnen marTlmadideblobis gamyidvelebi, sanam ar miaRwies unias, romelSic
monawileobdnen imperatori, patriarqi da eSmaki. me zepirad
ganvacxade, rom ar davuTmobdi laTinebs da ar miviRe unia~.
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Tavi mecxre
1. wminda markoz efeselis cxovreba florenciis uniis Semdeg;
2. misi ukanaskneli brZola marTlmadideblobisaTvis;
3. wminda markoz efeselis gzavnili.
imperatorTan da marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sxva warmomadgenlebTan erTad wminda markoz efeseli konstantinopolSi
1440 wlis 1 Tebervals dabrunda. berZenTa warmomadgenlebi
zar-zeimiT da sixaruliT ar brundebodnen mSobliur qalaqSi.
isini xvdebodnen, rom ver SeinarCunes WeSmariteba da `gayides~
marTlmadidebloba papis dapirebebze. uniis Tanamedrove, berZeni istorikosi xatavs konstantinopolis mosaxleobis Sexvedris suraTs: `roca gemebi Camovidnen, maT ekiTxebodnen – ra
xdeboda krebaze, gavimarjveT?~ isini ki pasuxobdnen: `gavyideT
Cveni sarwmunoeba, gavcvaleT Rirseba uRirsobaze, uarvyaviT
suliwmindis madli~. xalxi kvlav ekiTxeboda: `ratom moawereT
xeli, frankebis SiSis gamo, nuTu cixeSi Cagsves, dagvapatimres?
ara, magram Cvenma marjvenam moawera, sjobs movikveToT igi!
eniT gavyideT rwmena – dae, amogvglijon!~ dadga wyvdiadiseburi mdumareba, aravis surda maTi msaxureba da maTTan msaxureba. imperatorisTvis es yovelive advili ar yofila. isic
iyo marTlmadidebluri eklesiis Svili, romelic namdvilad
iyo dainteresebuli yvela saRvTismetyvelo sakiTxiT. ar
SeiZleboda mas ar egrZno sindisis qenjna da Rrma sinanuli
imis gamo, rom marTlmadidebluri eklesia aseT damamcirebel
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mdgomareobaSi Caayena. uniis saeklesio opozicia gamoixata
imaSi, rom mTelma rigma ierarqebisa, maT Soris wminda markoz
efeselma uari Tqva mieRo sapatriarqo Rirsebebi imis gamo, rom
ar emsaxura uniisTvis. Rrma zewolas da ukmayofilebas xalxSi
samoqalaqo omis inspirireba SeeZlo, romelic rasakvirevlia
imperatorzec imoqmedebda. siropulosi werda, rom imperatoris Zma – dimitri imdenad ewinaaRmdegeboda imperators
uniisadmi politikaSi, rom samoqalaqo omis safrTxe Seiqmna. imperatoris wuxils Tan misi piradi tragediac daerTo,
napirze gadmosvla verc ki moaswro, rom meuRlis gardacvaleba Seatyobines. am ukanasknelze siropulosi ityobineba,
rom imperatoris wuxili grZeldeboda didxans, TiTqmis sami
Tvis ganmavlobaSi. krebis yvela monawile grZnobda danaSauls
ama Tu im doziT. erTaderTi udanaSaulo am saqmeSi wminda markoz efeseli iyo. ioane evgenikosi masze ambobda: `mxolod is
erTaderTi iyo dasawyisSi, Sua periodSi da bolosac ki eklesiis dogmatebis xmalamoRebuli damcveli~. did ritors manuils,
Tavis mxriv mohyavs mTeli rigi aramarTlmadidebluri azrebi,
romlebic gamoTqves florenciis krebis monawileebma. àravin
ise, rogorc wminda markozi, suliwmindis es taZari, ar icavda
suliT da guliT marTlmadideblobas, aravin ase ar irjeboda!
amgavarad aravin iqceoda, aseTi sizustiT dogmatebs aravin
icnobda da icavda. maSin yvelam mefis gamo uaryo sarwmunoeba, is ki mmarTvelebis, imperatoris win Riad acxadebada WeSmaritebas da ar uSvebda SecdomiT Setanili damatebis uflebas mrwamsze. mamamcurad ebrZoda Tavdamsxmelebs da mtkiced
midioda wminda mamaTa nakvalevze, qristes swavlebis kvaldakval, yvelasTvis mkafiod acxadebda suliwmindis erTi sawyisis – mamis Sesaxeb da wminda samebis Sesaxeb, mama, romlisganac
iSva Ze da gamodis suliwminda. is iyo saRvTismetyvelo bageebi
da suliwmindis cecxlovani ena, romelmac ipova wminda bude,
daisadgura masSi da mTel samyaros ganucxada WeSmariteba~.
ioane evgenikosi amowmebs, rom wminda markozis saxeli, rogorc
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marTlmadideblobis damcvelisa, ganapiroba misma Tavganwirvam, wmindani hyveboda Tavis araTanaswor brZolaze, romelsac
warmarTavda martodmarto. ioane evgenikosi agrZelebs: ìs
saswaulebrivad usxlteboda safrTxes, naTeli, wminda wmindad
dabrunda da SeinarCuna pativiscema da aRfrTovaneba~.
marTlmadideblobis qomagebi, sadac iyvnen isini, sulierad
gaerTiandnen wminda markozis garSemo. saero didebulebi da
uZlieresebi mis garSemo ar gaerTianebulan. saepiskoposo –
patriarq mitrofaneTi saTaveSi, xolo Semdeg ki patriarqi
grigoliT – iyo uniatebis xelSi. Cven ver vxedavT romelime
episkoposis saxels wminda markoz efeselis gverdiT. verc
erTi maRalCinosanis saxels, patriarqis an imperatoris sasaxlis karidan. Tumca wminda markoz efeselis `mxedroba~ cota
mainc ar iyo. eseni iyvnen monazvnebi, upirveles yovlisa aTonis wminda mTidan, presviterebi – xSir SemTxvevaSi soflebidan da ucnobebi, romelTa Sesaxebac wyaroebSi weria `sxvani~,
diakvnebi da a.S. dideba da siyvaruli wminda markozisa izrdeboda dRiTidRe, im dros roca uniatebisadmi siZulvili matulobda. wminda markozis gavleniT bevri, xelmomwerTa Soris,
nanobda Tavis saqciels. rogorc gvatyobinebs ritori manuili,
imperatormac gaacnobiera wmindanis SegonebiT Tavisi Secdoma. gansakuTrebuli gavlena iqonia wminda markozma giorgi
sqolarize, romelzec Cveni naSromis Semdeg TavSi visaubrebT.
aToni wmindans yovelTvis Tavisianad Tvlida, aseve wmindansac
Zalian uyvarda aTonis wminda mTa da surda sicocxle iq daesrulebina. sityviTa da gzavnilebiT wminda markozi Tavdauzogavad ibrZvis marTlmadideblobis dasacavad. Cvenamde moaRwia
misma werilebma, romlebic mowmoben mis sarwmunoebaze, romliTac is sunTqavda da cocxlobda. wminda markozis Tanamedrove uniati iosebi werda: `konstantinopolSi dabrunebulma,
moiyvana mTeli rigi werilebi florenciis krebaze miRebuli
gadawyvetilebebis sapirispirod.“ romis istorikosi werda: ès
adamiani Wkviani, kulturuli, mWevrmetyveli iyo, samwuxarod
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uniis sakiTxSi naklebad loialuri.“ wminda markoz efeselis
cxovrebis Sesaxeb istorikosebis cnobebiT, wminda markozi
didxans ar darCenila dedaqalaqSi da ukve 15 maiss, imperatoris Cumad tovebs konstantinopols da midis efesoSi, romelic
Turqebis xelSia. wmindanis gamgzavrebis TariRs gvatyobinebs
siropulosi Tavis istoriaSi. wmida markoz efesels hqonda ori
mniSvnelovani mizezi konstantinopolidan gasamgzavreblad:
usasrulod rTuli sulieri atmosfero konstantinopolSi da
mamobrivi siyvaruli Tavisi samwysosadmi. konstantinopolSi
meufebdnen uniatebi. imperatori oficialurad uWerda mxars
maT da mefis karze yovelTvis iyo vatikanis warmomadgeneli
imis Sesamowmeblad, rom unia cxovrebaSic gatarebuliyo.
axlad arCeuli patriarqi mitrofane, manamade yazaxeTis
mitropoliti ar iTvleboda uniis momxred, magram suliT da
guliT uniati iyo da eqiSpeboda wminda markozs. mTeli eklesia
iyo uniatebis xelSi, uniis mowinaaRmdegeni ki iyvnen dedaqalaqSi, magram ar SeeZloT da verc bedavdnen Tavis gamovlenas.
iyvnen iseTebic, romlebic sargeblis gamo ver ewinaaRmdegebodnen unias. an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi ar gamoxatavdnen uniisadmi mtrul damokidebulebas. konstantinopolSi wminda
markozi aRmoCnda erTaderTi da martosuli mebrZoli marTlmadideblobisaTvis, rogorc es iyo italiaSi. is grZnobda, rom
konstantinopolSi yofnisas saSualeba ar hqonda Semoekriba
marTlmadideblobis damcvelni da brZola farTo speqtrSi
ewarmoebina. sxva mxriv, siyvaruli Tavisi samwysos mimarT
efesoSi, romelic axla Turqebis mier igvemeboda, ar aZlevda
wminda markozs uflebas darCeniliyo politikurad usafrTxo
konstantinopolSi da ar ecada efesoSi wasvla. amaSi iyo moZRvris Tavganwirva samwysosadmi, romelzec wamsvleli cota Tu
moiZebneba. istoriidan viciT, rom ramdenime ierarqi, romelTa
samwysoc imyofeboda Turqebis xelSi, agzavnida werilebs im
dros, roca Tavad isini usafrTxod iyvnen. wminda markozis
moZRvruli siyvaruli ufro siRrmiseuli iyo.
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mivubrundeT Cvenamde moRweuli wyaroebis ganxilvas. sanam
gavagrZelebdeT wminda markozis cxovrebis aRweras, moviyvanT
ioane evgenikosis cnobas: `ramdenime xans konstantinopolSi
myofi wminda markozi gaemgzavra Tavis saepiskoposoSi, raTa
mglebisgan daecva Tavisi cxvrebi, rogorc keTil mwyemss,
romelic sdebs Tavis suls cxovarTa TvisTaTvis. wminda markozi wers monazon Teofanes: vicodi, rom konstantinopolSi
dabrunebis da sapatriarqo taxtze erT-erTi uniatis asvlis
Semdeg, laTinizireba moxdeboda, amitom gavemgzavre Cems
eklesiaSi~.
wminda markozi efesoSi CasvlisTanave mieca Sromebis weras,
romelic mimarTuli iyo cdomilebaSi myofTaTvis. yvela es
Sroma ganmanaTleblisaTvis rTuli iyo. garda amisa misi avadmyofoba matulobda. ioane evgenikosi ase axasiaTebs wmindanis
cxovrebis am periods: ìoane maxareblis saxarebas ejda (kiTxulobda) saaTobiT, Tanac avadmyofi, Zalian rTuli Sroma xvda
wilad~. Semdgom ioane evgenikosi gvatyobinebs, rom ramdenadac
msxverplad Seswira Tavi marTlmadideblobis dacvasa da qadagebebs, amdenad surda yovelTvis mdumarebaSi ecxovra. amitom Caifiqra gadasuliyo wminda mTisaken, raTa iq daesrulebina darCenili sicocxle~. iyo sxva mizezic wminda markozis
efesodan wasvlisa. is amis Sesaxeb wers: ìq, efesoSi ver vpove
simSvide da mZimed davavaddi, aqedan gavemgzavre im mizniT,
rom wavsuliyavi da davmSvidebuliyavi wminda mTaze~. mogvianebiT ioane evgenikosi wers, rom roca wminda markozis gemi
miadga erT-erT kunZuls, romelic jer kidev bizantielebis
mmarTvelobis qveS iyo, icnes igi da imperatoris brZanebiT
daakaves da daapatimres. patimroba, romelSic wmindanma 2 weli
gaatara, misTvis gacilebiT rTuli iyo. igi itanjeboda rTuli klimatis gamo, sxvadasxva mravalgvari daavadebebisa da
Turqebis Tavdasxmisagan. wminda markozis patimrobaze ioane
evgenikosi wers: àq vinc ar unda movleniliyo, an eCvenebina
brZolis unari, mainc ver gviCvenebda imdagvar moTminebas,
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rogorc wminda markozma ubralod gviCvena ori wlis ganmavlobaSi~. Turqebis Tavdasxmaze ki ioane evgenikosi wers, rom
kunZulis binadrebi Tavis saswaulebriv gadarCenas umadlian
wminda markozis locvebs, radgan maTi xsna daiwyo im adgilidan, sadac wmindani imyofeboda.
vatopedis monastris iRumenisadmi werilSi 1440 wlis
bolos, an 1441 wlis dasawyisSi wminda markozi wers mcire,
magram misTvis udides Svebaze, romelic hpova ramdenime aTonel berTan urTierTobebis damsaxurebiT. es rogorc Cans
iyo erTaderTi naTeli wertili wminda markozis cxovrebaSi.
amis Sesaxeb wers: `didi Sveba miviRe Sens Zmebs Soris, maT dagvamSvides da gangvamtkices, miagos ufalma Tavisi Sromisa da
siyvarulisaTvis. “
wmindani gamoxatavs sixaruls Tavis werilebSi imis gamo,
rom xedavs sarwmunoebis simtkices da mouwodebs yvelas ar
uRalaton marTlmadideblobas. igi wers: ài, gadaviareT zRva
da mivaRwieT kunZuls, me damapatimres imperatoris brZanebiT,
magram WeSmaritebis Zala da RvTis sityva ver daknindeba,
aramed ufro Zlierad daiwyebs wveTas da ayvavebas~. wminda markozma icoda, rom mowameTa sisxliT Sendeba eklesia da mzad iyo
WeSmaritebis gamtkicebisaTvis Tavi Seewira. erT-erT werilSi
wers: `rom ar yofiliyvnen devnilni, mowameebi da tanjulni,
morwmuneni ver miiRebdnen qristes gamarjvebis sasmiss da ar
gaZlierdeboda marTlmadidebluri eklesia~. ase werda, xolo
cxovrebiT amowmebda, magaliTs gvaZlevda.
rogorc aRvniSneT, wmindanma patimrobaSi 2 weli dahyo, 1440
wlis agvistodan 1442 wlis agvistomde, (Tu oqtombramde). is
gaaTavisufles imperatoris brZanebiT Svidi efeseli mowamis
xsenebis DdRes, romelTac igi madlobs. maTi xseneba idResaswauleba 4 agvistodan 22 oqtombramde, amitom wminda markozis
gaTavisuflebac am dros ivaraudeba.
wminda markozma gadawyvita aTonze wasvla, rogorc wers
ioane evgenikosi, wmindans arafriT eRirsa aTonamde miRweva.
127
is gaWirvebiT dabrunda konstantinopolSi, sadac gaatara
Tavisi cxovrebis ukanaskneli dReebi, radgan RmerTi mas àvalebda~ marTlmadideblobisaTvis brZolas ukanasknel amosunTqvamde. giorgi sqolari werda mis brZolaze marTlmadideblobisaTvis, mis avadmyofobaze da asrulebs imis TqmiT, rom
imperatorma gauwoda `daxmarebis xeli~, Cveni azriT, wmindanis
gaTavisufleba iyo imis saSualeba, rom sadac surda iq gamgzavrebuliyo. wminda markozis werilebi ekuTvnis 2 wliani patimrobis periods, isini gviCveneben sarwmunoebisaTvis mebrZolis
didebul suls. SesaZlebelia, yofiliyo wminda markozis sxva
Sromebic, magram an ar Semogvinaxavs, an jer ver vipoveT. moviyvanT misi werilebis CamonaTvalsa da mokle winasityvaobas
TiToeuli maTganisas.
1. epistole (Epistola Encyclica);
2. giorgi sqolarisadmi da piriqiT;
3. presviter giorgisadmi;
4. konstantinopolis patriarqs;
5. vatopedis monasters;
6. ieronime Teofanes evbeis kunZulze;
7. ieronime Teofanes imbriis kunZulze;
8. ioane paleologisadmi werilis nawyveti.
Tavis upirveles valad wminda markozi Tvlida gaecnobierebina mTeli marTlmadidebluri samyaro WeSmaritebaSi da arafriT daeTmo sarwmunoebis gamyidvelebisTvis.
werilis Sinaarsidan SeuZlebelia imis gansazRvra, Tu rodis
daiwera igi. Cven vgrZnobT, rom is mimarTuli iyo mTeli marTlmadidebluri samyarosadmi jer kidev kunZulze gadasaxlebamde. pirvel rigSi, is mtkiced aris dakavSirebuli im dogmatur SromebTan, romlebic wminda markozma dawera florenciis
uniis dros. albaT es gzavnili dawera mas Semdeg, rac gaigo
uniis damtkicebis da patriarqis arCevis Semdeg. es moxda 1440
wlis ivlisSi, wmindani iyo am dros efesoSi. uniis saqveyno
gamocxadeba konstantinopolSi moiTxovda, rom vinme SewinaaR128
mdegeboda. Cven viciT, rom wminda markozi ar kargavda dros,
roca marTlmadideblur sarwmunoebas sWirdeboda. imperatoris mier wminda markozis devna, misi patimroba SeiZleba avxsnaT
imperatoris ukmayofilebiT wmindanis brZolis gamo uniis
winaaRmdeg. garda amisa, brZola mdgomareobda mis werilebSic,
romlebSic igi mouwodebda yvela morwmunes, ar mieRoT unia.
es werili wminda markozisa, marTalia ekuTvnis Zvel
periods, magram dResac ar daukargavs mniSvneloba, radgan
kristaluri siwmindiT gvixatavs uniis saSiSroebas, romelic
dafuZnebuli iqneboda eklesiis dogmatebis daTmobaze.
edamiwis yvela mcxovrebs da mTel qristianul samyaros –
d
markozi efesos mitropoliti qristesmieri sixaruliT
laTinuri dogmatebis da wes-Cveulebebis gacnobiereba srulad verc movaswariT, rom maSinve davinaxeT maTi Sesrulebis
SeuZlebloba. iseTi SegrZneba iyo, TiTqos SevCerdiT sadRac
SuagulSi: davtoveT ierusalimi, romelic iyo samyaros centri da sinas mTa, sadac miviReT WeSmariti sarwmunoebis dogmatebi, magram arc babiloneloba gvsurda, amitom davirqviT
`berZen-laTinebi~, xolo Cveulebrivi adamianebisTvis `laTinizirebulebi~. es naxevari xalxi, miTologiuri kentavrebis
msgavsni, laTinebTan erTad aRiareben, rom suliwminda gamodis
mamisagan da Zisagan, xolo CvenTan erTad aRiareben, rom suliwminda gamodis mamisagan. maTTan erTad aRiareben, rom mrwamsze
danamati iyo kanonieri, xolo CvenTan erTad – ar dauSveben
amdagvars. maTTan erTad amboben, rom ufuari puri qristes
sxeulia, xolo CvenTan erTad sZulT es dogmati. nuTu sakmarisi araa, rom davinaxoT maTi suli. WeSmariteba xelSi epyraT
da gayides, Seikribnen laTinebTan, moindomes gamdidreba da
daamtkices tyuili erToba.
aucilebelia gavarkvioT, rogor gaerTiandnen: is rac erTiandeba raRacaze dayrdnobiT, bolosdabolos erTiandeba
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raRac Sualedur safuZvlebze. ase rom, isini gaerTiandnen
suliwmindis gamomavlobis sakiTxze. maTTan erTad gamoTqvamen
mosazrebas, rom suliwmindis wyaro aris Zec, xolo yvelaferi
maT sxvadasxva aqvT, gamomdinareobs sxvadasxva mrwamsebi, rac
aqamdec iyo. sruldeba sxvadasxva liturRiebi, naTlobebi,
yvela Cveuleba sxvadasxvaa, marxvebic ki. maSin es ra erTobaa,
roca ar arsebobs raime erTnairi, rogor gaerTiandnen maTTan,
Tu Tavisi Cveulebac SeinarCunes?
ra `brZnulad~ metyveleben – àrasdros~ – amboben isini –
`berZnuli eklesia arasodes ambobda, rom suliwminda gamodis
mxolod mamisagan, aramed ambobda rom ubralod mamisagan gamodis, magram ar gamogviricxavs Zisagan gamomavlobac~. ra uazrobaa! ra sibrmavea! Tu berZnuli eklesia aRiarebda macxovridan,
wminda mociqulebidan moyolebuli, rom suliwminda ar gamodis Zisagan, maSin es ar niSnavs imas, rom igi gamodis mxolod
mamisagan?
àrasodes~ – amboben isini – `Cven arasodes vTvlidiT la
Tinebs eretikosebad, aramed vuwodebdiT maT sqizmatebs~. es
terminic ki aiRes laTinebisgan, radgan dogmatur swavlebaSi
ver gvdebdnen brals. ganxeTqilebis mizezi maT mogvces, Riad
daamates mrwamss Tavisi azri, imitom gamoveyaviT, rom maTi swavleba aris uazro da yovelgvar logikas moklebuli. mravali
wlis win dasavleTis eklesiis raRac nawili gamoeyo danarCen
4 wminda patriarqs, miatova maTi wes-Cveulebebi. gaigeT, rom
gacalkeveba moxda ara mxolod wesebSi, aramed Rrmad dogmatur
SinaarsSi. isini ucxo iyo marTlmadideblobisaTvis,xolo marTlmadideblobisaTvis ucxo warmoadgens eretikul swavlebas.
`Tu Cven vipovidiT raime Sualedurs dogmatebSi, maSin Cveni
saqme kargad iqneboda~. es swored is sityvebia, romlebmac bevri moatyua da WeSmariti gzidan aacdina, radgan daijeres, rom
arsebobs raime Sualeduri am or swavlebas Soris, roca isini
mkveTrad upirispirdebian erTmaneTs. SesaZlebelia vipovoT
raime Sualeduri, romelic gamoxatavs erTsac da meore azr130
sac. aris raime saerTo, an Sualeduri simarTles da tyuils
Soris? ra Tqma unda ara! ase rom, Tu sworia laTinuri swavleba, maSin tyuili gamodis Cveni swavleba da piriqiT. rogor
SeiZleba orives vuwodoT marTlmadidebluri? gsurs iswavlo
grigoli RvTismetyvelisgan? ai, ras wers Sualedurze: àzri,
romelsac yvela xedavs, fexsacmelia orive fexze, es igivea, rac
yvela mxares qaris qrolva~. es sakmarisia gamgebTaTvis. orive
azris mimRebis adgili sarwmunoebaSi araa.
ase rom, Zmebo gaiqeciT maTgan, maTi dapirebebisgan! isini
matyuara mociqulebi arian. Tavad satanasac SeuZlia gardaiqmnas angelozad (cxadia fizikurad), maTnairebis Sesaxeb mociquli erTgan wers: ègeviTarni igi ufalsa Cuensa iesu qristesa
ara hmoneben, aramed Tvissa mucelsa da tkbilad metyuelebiTa
miT da kurTxeviTa acTunnian gulni umankoTani~ (hrom.16,18),
sxavagan ki wers: èkrZalebodeT ZaRliTa maTgan, ekrZalebodeT borotTa maTgan muSakTa, xedavdiT gankueTilebasa mas~.
(fil. 3,2), kidev: àramed daRaTu Cuen, gina Tu angelozi zeciT
gaxarebdes Tquen, SeCuenebul iyavn~. (gal. 1,8). ase rom mtkiced
iyaviT da SeinarCuneT wminda mociqulebis droindeli swavleba, davicvaT Cveni dogmatebi `saxeliTa mamisaTa, ZisaTa da
sulisa wmidisaTa, amin!~
minda markoz efeselis gzavnili giorgi sqolarisadmi da
w
misi pasuxi wmindanisadmi
wminda markozis sxvadasxva gzavnilebidan es ukanaskneli
gacilebiT sainteresoa. dawerili iyo efesoSi. am gzavnilis
daweris mizezi iyo Semdegi: giorgi sqolari, rogorc Txrobis
dros davinaxeT, iyo uniis oficialuri mxardamWeri, namdvilad
imperatorisadmi loialobis gamo. igi misi mdivani iyo. roca
wminda markozi ibrZoda uniis winaaRmdeg, giorgi sqolari arc
wmindanis winaaRmdeg gamodioda, inarCunebda neitralitets.
wminda markozma icoda, rom giorgi sqolari iyo morwmune, sje131
roda marTlmadideblobis, man sTxova patieba wmindans Tavisi
yoymanis gamo. wminda markozis efesoSi yofnisas, uceb giorgi
sqolari gamodis sazogadoebis winaSe uniis Riad mxardasaWerad. misi qceviT Rrmad ganawyenebuli da imedgacruebuli
wmindani ugzavnis werils. didi siyvaruliTa da rwmeniT aris
dawerili es gzavnili, da Tu Cven es werili, axla, 500 wlis
Semdeg gvaRelvebs, maSin raoden gavlenas moaxdenda mis adresatze, romelsac wminda suli da keTili guli hqonda.
wminda markozis gzavnili sqolarisadmi
ùdideso, ubrZneso, swavlulo da sayvarelo Zmao da suliero Svilo – giorgi, vevedrebi RmerTs, rom gamyofos suliT
da xorciT janmrTelad. rogori sixaruliT asrulebdiT WeSmaritebis mebrZolis vals, axla gavige, rom Sen isev Secvale
mosazreba da saubrob suleluri formulirebebiT. nuTu es
sakadrisia filosofosis sulisaTvis? Sen ar gamogicdia raime
avadmyofoba, rom raRac damabneveli saCuqrebiT, jildoebis
gamo uaryaviT WeSmariteba! vin miscems Cems wyaros saTaves,
an Cems Tvalebs cremlis mizezs, Tu ara filosofosis suli,
`qaris mier waRebuli da gabneuli~?
geubnebi, rom – arasodes, adamiano, arasodes, rac exeba
eklesias ar gamoswordeba kompromisebiT: araferia Sualeduri
WeSmaritebasa da tyuils Soris, is rac ar aris sinaTleSi, aris
wyvdiadSi, WeSmaritebisagan gandgomili ucabedad xvdeba tyuilis gavlenis qveS, uniatebi rasac amtkiceben, aris tyuili,
romelic mimarTulia mravalTa dasaRupad~.
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Tavi meaTe
1. wminda markoz efeselis gamarjveba;
2. misi gardacvaleba;
3. wminda markozis ukanaskneli sityva megobrebisaTvis,
ganaskuTrebuli mimarTva giorgi sqolarisadmi da misi
pasuxi ganmanaTleblisadmi.
imperatoris brZanebiT dapatimrebuli wminda markozi didi
gaWirvebiT dabrunda 1442 wels konstantinopolSi. is ukve
cnobili iyo mTels marTlmadideblur samyaroSi sarwmunoebisaTvis brZolis gamo. igi Tavisi aRmsareblobis ZaliT ukve
aRiarebuli gmiri iyo. ioane evgenikosi ase wers: `radgan ar
iyo aranairi SesaZlebloba miaxloeboda aTonis wminda mTas,
amitom konstantinopolSi gaWirvebiT dabrunda, axla ukve
rogorc srulyofili aRmsarebeli, yvelas mier pativcemuli,
romlis winaSec qeds idrekdnen~. amave dros is ukve daavadebuli da sneulebisgan Zalian dauZlurebuli iyo, sikvdili uaxlovdeboda mis mSvenier sicocxles da is Tavdauzogav brZolas
asrulebda. igi miiRebda ganRmrTobasa da netarebas Tavisi aRmsareblobisaTvis. is, axlac Tavisi naxevrad jansaRi sxeuliT
bolomde agrZelebda brZolas marTlmadideblobis sisrulisaTvis. rogor gavida misi cxovrebis bolo wlebi, wyaroebi
amis Sesaxeb arafers amboben. Tu vimsjelebT misi werilebis
mixedviT ieronimesadmi, davinaxavT rom wmindanis cxovreba
mimdinareobda uniatebis mxridan ganuwyvetel devnasa da tan133
jvaSi. amave dro is ibrZoda dauRalavad WeSmaritebisaTvis
da im sulebis gadarCenisaTvis, romlebmac ama Tu im formiT
uaryo marTlmadidebloba. didi ritori manuili ambobs, rom
wminda markozis Sromebis gavleniT konstantinopolSi bevri
dabrunda marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wiaRSi.
imas, rom wminda markozi `gulze ar exatebodaT~ mmarTvelebs, ama qveynis Zlierebs uniisadmi damokidebulebis mizeziT,
amtkicebs rigi faqtebisa. upirvelesyovlisa, viciT, rom konstantinopolis patriarqi – grigoli, romelic ganmanaTleblis cxovrebis ukanaskneli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi Tavgamodebuli uniati iyo, iTvleboda wminda markozis pirad mowinaaRmdeged. meorec, Cven vxedavT, rom misi gardacvalebis dros
ar iyo wmindanis garSemo arcerTi warmomadgeneli sasaxlis
karidan, arcerTi umaRlesi piri, garda misi sulieri Svilisa
– giorgi sqolarisa. konstantinopolSi im dros batonobdnen
uniatebi. patriarqi, rogorc ukve vTqviT, iyo Tavgamodebuli
uniati. sapatriarqos ierarqia an emorCileboda mas, an kidev
daSinebuli hyavdaT uniis momxreebs, marTlmadideblobis damcvelebi am dros konstantinopolSi Zalian cotani iyvnen.
ganmanaTlebels mxolod Tavis brZolaSi SeeZlo simSvidis
mopoveba. viciT, rom is loculobda yvela im marTlmadidebeli
qristianisaTvis, romelTac SeubRalavad daicves sarwmunoeba.
visac surda florenciis kreba mietovebina da samSobloSi
sufTa sindisiT dabrunebuliyo, wminda markozma isini daloca.
wminda markozs ar SeiZleboda simSvide ar egrZno, roca mixvda
rom Tavis brZolaSi marto aRar iyo.
1442 wels ierusalimis krebaze aleqsandriis patriarqma,
antioqiis da ierusalimis patriarqebma, romelTa warmomadgenlebmac xeli moaweres unias, mtkiced uaryves unia da uwodes
florenciis krebas – binZuri, anti-kanonikuri da tiranuli.
amave dros, ganacxades, rom ar aRiareben uniis mier daniSnul
konstantinopolis patriarqs – mitrofanes, romelTanac Sewyvites kanonieri urTierToba da ganucxades imperators, rom
134
Tu is ar Sewyvets ùcxo dogmatebis~ miRebas, gamoeyofian mis
eklesias. uciloblad, es iyo didi dartyma uniis winaaRmdeg.
garda amisa, wminda markozi xedavda, rom unia ar miiReba
arc wmindanebis, arc monastrebis da arc bizantiis ubralo
xalxis mier, romelic qveynis mosaxleobis umravlesobas warmoadgenda. amitom dawera Tavis erT-erT werilSi, rom `RvTis
ZalTa da misi meoxebiT fsevdo-unia es-es aris Zalas kargavs~.
wminda markozis sityva iyo winaswarmetyveluri. Tumca Tavad
wmindani im moments ver moeswro, roca unia Tavad konstantinopolSi marTlmadideblurma eklesiam uaryo. es moxda bizantiis ukanaskneli imperatoris konstantine IX-s dros 1450 wels
sofias taZarSi krebaze. am dros aRmosavleTis sami patriarqis TandaswrebiT gadaayenes konstantinopolis patriarqi –
grigoli, besarioni da misi Tanamoazreebi gamocxaddnen moRalateebad, im dros roca wminda markozis saxeli amaRlda da
Seimko qebiT. am krebaze gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWa
laTinuri dogmatebis winaaRmdeg gamomsvlel pirovnebebs,
romlebic ibrZodnen wminda markoz efeselTan erTad, xolo
misi gardacvalebis Semdeg mis gareSe ibrZodnen marTlmadideblobisaTvis. am krebaze florenciis kreba gadaeca anaTemas.
1453 wels konstantinopoli daeca da bizantiis imperiam Sewyvita arseboba, amis Semdeg ki konstantinopoli gaqra istoriis
furclebidan, uaryo unia, SeinarCuna marTlmadideblobis
siwminde da Semogvinaxa marTlmadideblobisaTvis mebrZolis
xsovna, xsovna wminda markoz efeselisa.
konstantinopolis Semdgomi patriarqebi iyvnen Tavgamodebuli marTlmadideblebi, amitom florenciis uniam cota
xans iarseba.
wminda markozs simSvides hgvrida isic, rom misi keTilismyofeli gavleniT xalxi brundeboda marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wiaRSi. wminda markozis SegonebiTa da uflis ZaliT bevrma
aRiara Tavisi Secdoma, gansakuTrebiT ki imperatorma ioane
paleologma da giorgi sqolarim.
135
wminda markozma Tavisi cxovrebis ukanaskneli orweliwadnaxevari gaatara marTlmadideblobisaTvis brZolaSi da gzaabneuli sulebis sarwmunoebaze moqcevaSi. es ori weli savse iyo
uniatebis mxridan ganuwyveteli devniTa da SeviwroebiT. rac
Seexeba imperators, mis mier Secdomis savaraudo aRiarebas ar
mohyolia romTan kavSiris gawyveta. mis mier Secdomis gamosworebis cda mdgomareobda imaSi, rom ar aZlevda vinmes wminda
markozis kidev ufro meti devnis saSualebas.
ganmanaTleblis ori wlis cxovreba SeiZleba SevadaroT
bnel Rames, romelic Tavze adgas marTlmadideblobas, Tumca
Sors, horizontze sinaTlis sxivebi moCans. wmindanma icoda,
rom brZola romelsac meTaurobda, midioda gamarjvebisaken –
radgan es iyo WeSmaritebisTvis brZola, romelic daumarcxebelia. Tumca isic icoda, rom gamarjveba TavisiT ver movidoda.
saWiroa meti da meti Sroma marTlmadideblobisaTvis. wminda
markozi ki iyo avad, dasustebuli da dauZlurebuli. Tumca
RvTis Zala xom fizikur siZliereSi araa. Tavad wmindanis gardacvalebaze gacilebiT meti informacia gvaqvs, vidre misi
cxovrebis ukanasknel or welze.
didebuli da sastiki brZola marTlmadideblobisaTvis,
martooba am brZolaSi, saxelmwifoebrivi da saeklesio represiebi, romelsac ganicdida wmindani, rac yvelaze mTavaria misi
wuxili da dardi eklesiisa – am yvelafers ar SeeZlo gavlena
ar moexdina masze. gautexeli suli iyo sust sxeulSi, romelic
ganadgurebuli iyo sasikvdilo daavadebiT. ukve florenciaSi
is iyo avad, mis Semdeg ki metad dasustebuli. misi gardacvalebis drom miaRwia 23 ivniss. wminda markozi gardaicvala konstantinopolis dacemamde, wmindani gardaicvala 52 wlis asakSi. giorgi sqolari gveubneba: `Cveni wuxili Rrmavdeba imiTac,
rom man dagvtova manam, sanam misiT davtkbebodiT. wmindani 14
dRis ganmavlobaSi sasikvdilo, mtanjveli agoniiT itanjeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom avadmyofoba mtanjveli iyo, wmindanma
sixaruliT miabara Tavisi RvTaebrivi da wminda suli ufals.
136
wminda markoz efeselis ukanaskneli sityvebi iyo: ufal, ieso
qristes, cxovel RmerTs vabareb Cems suls~. ase warsdga uflis
winaSe. wminda markozi dakrZales manganis savaneSi konstantinopolSi.
SenarCunebulia Zalian Zvirfasi dokumenti da CvenTvis,
kacobriobisTvis umniSvnelovanesi. es aris momakvdavi wmindanis ukanaskneli sityva. es sityva warmodgenili iqneba Cvens
SromaSi. es udidesi mama sikvdilis winac fiqrobda marTlmadideblobasa da RmerTze, romelsac miabara Tavisi wminda
suli.
minda markozis – efesos arqiepiskoposis sityva, romelic
w
warmoTqva man uamravi sasuliero piris Tvalwin im dRes,
roca warsdga RvTis winaSe
`Tumca ukve sikvdili miaxlovdeba, msurs, rom ufro vrclad
gamovTqva Cemi azri, raTa dasabamidan aRsasrulamde TanxmobaSi viyo sakuTar TavTan. aravin ifiqros, TiTqos odesme sxvas
vambobdi, gonebaSi ki sxvas vfaravdi, risi gamxelac mmarTebda
micvalebis Jams.
patriarqis Sesaxeb vityvi: nu ganizraxavs igi, TiTqosda Cemi
dafasebis sababiT, moavlinos episkoposebi, anda mRvdlebi, an
Tu vinme iseTi, vinc Tanamoazrea misi, rom Cemi ubadruki sxeulis daflvis Jams, agreTve, rodesac Cems xsenebas srulyofen,
maTac erToblivad ilocon da TanaSeerTon Cemeul mRvdlebs,
romlebic msaxurebas aRasruleben; nurc imas ifiqrebs, TiTqos
raime saxiT, Tundac farulad, Seviwynareb mis ziarebas. im
mizniT, rom Cemi dumili Tanxmobad ar Seracxon maT, romlebmac jerovnad da Rrmad ar uwyian Cemi azri, vambob da vwameb
aq myofi yoveli Rirseuli kacis winaSe: ar msurs da arc Seviwynareb mis, anda vinme misTaganis, ziarebas; sruliad aranairad,
arc Cems sicocxleSi, arc sikvdilis Semdeg (ar Seviwynareb)
qmnil èrTobas~, arc laTinTa dogmatebs, rac Seiwynares
137
patriarqma da misma momxreebma, romlebmac daamtkices isini
da pirvelobisaken swrafviT daarRvies eklesiis marTebuli
dogmatebi. WeSmaritad mwams, rom ramdenadac ganveSorebi maT,
imdenad mivuaxlovdebi RmerTs, agreTve, morwmuneebsa da wmida
mamebs; anu, ramdenadac ganveyofi maT, imdenad SevuerTdebi
WeSmaritebas da eklesiis RvTismetyvel wmida mamebs. mjera,
rom maTi Tanamoazreni ganudgebian WeSmaritebasa da eklesiis
netar moZRvarT. amitom vambob: iseve, rogorc ganSorebuli
viyavi maTgan mTeli Cemi cxovrebis manZilze, aseve var amJamadac. aRsrulebisas, da aseve viqnebi sikvdilis Semdeg. ficiT
gamcnobT, rom arc erTi maTgani ar daeswros Cems dasaflavebas, arc Cems xsenebas; nurc Seecdeba vinme, maTi moazre, SemogierTdeT da TqvenTan erTad aRasrulon msaxureba, radganac es
iqneba SeuzavebelTa Sezaveba. saWiroa, rom isini yovelgvarad
ganeSoron Cveneul nawils, vidre RmerTi ar mohmadlis Cvens
eklesias jerovan ganmarTvasa da mSvidobas~.
138
epilogi
Cvens winaSe Caiara marTlmadideblobisaTvis brZolis didebulma epoqam.
aRdga rwmenisaTvis brZolis azri, marTlmadideblobis
manaTobeli – wminda markozi, efesos mitropoliti, romlis
winaSec qeds vixriT.
florenciis unia warmoadgenda iseT safrTxes marTlmadidebluri eklesiisTvis, rogoric mas arasodes damuqrebia.
1438-39 wlebSi iyo saSiSroeba misi gaqrobisa15, an romis kaTolikuri eklesiis tradiciebiT misi gadafarvisa. wminda mamaTa
memkvidreoba, marTlmadideblobis simdidre da misi sulierebis siRrme ikargeboda. florenciis unia, rogorc davinaxeT, mimdinareobda sruli damorCilebisaTvis marTlmadidebluri eklesiisa vatikanis politikisadmi ara mxolod administraciulad, aramed sulieradac. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
florenciis unias unda moexdina gavlena marTlmadidebluri
eklesiis arsebobis Sewyvetaze. Tumca RmerTma ar dauSva, rom
marTlmadidebloba daRupuliyo da moexdina imgvari sulieri
gavlena, romelsac aRmosavleTSi unda gadaeca sarwmunoeba
momavali TaobebisTvis da SeenarCunebina siwminde.
bevrma ver gauZlo zewolas, zogni iluziebiT da zogni
sargeblis gamo motyuvdnen. yvelam, wminda markoz efeselis
garda, xeli moawera unias – marTlmadideblobis likvidaciis
dokuments. marTlmadideblobisaTvis rTul periodSi ufali
15. saubaria marTlmadideblur eklesiaze.
139
irCevs erTeulebs, romlebic xdebian eklesiis azris gamomxatvelebi, misi siwmindis damcvelni. aseTebi iyvnen: wminda maqsime aRmsarebeli, moWrili marjveniTa da eniT, masTan erTad
Teofane da Teodore. aseTi iyo wminda markoz efeseli, martosuli mebrZoli, damTmeni yvelanairi devnisa, sasikvdilo
seniT daavadebuli. swored am erTeuli, gamorCeuli adamianebis garjiT narCundeboda marTlmadidebloba da WeSmariteba,
rom mis cecxls gaenaTebina morwmuneTa sulebi. RvTis Zala xom
fizikur ZlierebaSi araa.
msurs, Cveni naSromis bolos, cota mogaxsenoT wminda markozis sulier samyaroze. misi RvTismetyveleba, sulis siRrme,
siwminde, sakmarisad davinaxeT wmindanis Sromebidan. rogori
iyo is, rogorc adamiani, ratom uyvarda ase Zalian giorgi sqolaris, an aseT pativs ratom scemda imperatori?
wminda markozis avtoriteti eyrdnoboda mis siwmindesa da
sulier simaRleebs. siwmindis uwyveti maragi da simarTle mis
suls xdida ganaTebuls samyarosaTvis da `magnits~ yvelasTvis.
am wigns vasrulebT Semdegi sityvebiT, romliTac ioane evgenikosi asrulebs Tavis svinaqsars:
`locviTa wmidisa markozisaTa, wmidaTa mamaTa CvenTaTa da
yovelTa wmidaTa ufalo ieso qriste, daicven da gaaZliere
marTlmadidebluri eklesia.
wmidao mamao markoz, evedre RmerTsa Sewyalebad sulTa
CvenTaTvis, amin!~
140
Cven SevexeT wm. markoz efeselis cxovreba-moRvaweobis erT
mcire, magram mniSvnelovan periods. swored misma ukompromiso
brZolam WeSmaritebis dasacavad, Cvenamde umwikvlod moitana
marTali sarwmunoeba. misi Rvawli fasdaudebelia. Cven yovelTvis unda vmadlobdeT RmerTs, rom man eklesiisTvis mZime
periodSi aseTi mfarveli da mcveli mouvlina Tavis erTaderT
macxonebel eklesias da igi daifara papistur-laTinuri agresiisgan.
es Cveni pirveli Sexebaa am didebul wmindanTan, Tumca SemdgomSi vfiqrobT gacilebiT meti istoriuli wyaroebi moviZioT
mis Sesaxeb, raTa wm. markoz efeseli cnobili gaxdes qarTveli
mkiTxvelisTvis.
q. TbilisSi, Temqis me-11 m/r-Si xandazmulTa pansionatis
mimdebare teriotoriaze Sendeba am didebuli wmindanis saxelobis eklesia. wm. markoz efeselis saxelobis eklesia araTu
saqarTveloSi, aramed mTels marTlmadideblur samyaroSic
ki iSviaTia. am wignidan Semosuli Tanxa mTlianad moxmardeba
eklesiis mSeneblobas.
wignis Targmnis dros maqsimalurad vecadeT SegvenarCunebina avtoris weris srili da manera, Tumca Secdomisgan dazRveuli aravinaa da savaraudod daSvebuli SecdomebisTvis
gulwrfelad viTxovT Sendobas.
mTargmneli
141

wminda markoz efeseli da florenciis unia

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