2009 scientific congress on martial arts and combat sports

Transcrição

2009 SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS ON MARTIAL ARTS
AND COMBAT SPORTS
Viseu – Portugal
16th and 17th May 2009
PROCEEDINGS
Scientific Editor
Abel A. Figueiredo
PDF Edition
ISBN: 978-989-96227-0-8
Associação para o Desenvolvimento e Investigação de Viseu
Instituto Politécnico de Viseu
Escola Superior de Educação de Viseu
Viseu 2009
2009 SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS ON MARTIAL ARTS
AND COMBAT SPORTS
Viseu – Portugal
16th-17th May 2009
Objectives
1. To gather researchers to promote debate around the study object of the
contexts of ‗martial arts‘, ‗combat sports‘ or ‗self-defence‘: combat human
motricity;
2. To reflect on on-going national and foreign research work;
3. To promote the dissemination of projects in the fields concerned;
4. To call the attention to the need of developing different scientific approaches.
Main Target Groups
Researchers in the field of martial arts/combat sports (MA&CS);
Teaching and training participants in the area of MA&CS;
Higher education students and advanced level practitioners;
Heads of Organisations promoting MA&CS.
Organization
Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department
School of Education - Polytechnic Institute of Viseu
ADIV – Development and Research Association of Viseu
Organizing Committee
Prof. Coord. Fernando Sebastião –
Dean of the Polytechnic Institute of Viseu.
Cristina Gomes, Ph.D. – President of School of Education - Viseu
Dr. Carlos Alberto Ribeiro Rua – President of ADIV
Idalino Almeida, MSc. –
Coordinator of Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department.
Francisco Mendes, Ph.D., Antonino Pereira, Ph.D., Teresa Mateus, Ph.D., João
Esteves, MSc., Paulo Eira, MSc., António Azevedo, BSc., Filipe Amaral, BSc.,
Carlos Vasconcelos, BSc., Ricardo Almeida, MSc, Andrea Gonçalves, BSc.,
Carlos Sequeira, BSc.
Executive Committee
Coordination: Abel Figueiredo (ESEV – IPV) and Vítor Rosa (ISCTE).
Registration and Financial Management: Sandra Marques (ADIV).
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Scientific Committee
Abel Figueiredo, Ph.D. (Polytechnic Institute of Viseu – Portugal)
Alan Stoleroff, Ph.D. (H. Inst. of Work & Enterprise Sciences – Portugal)
Andrew M. Lane, Ph.D. (University of Wolverhampton – United Kingdom)
António Brito, Ph.D. (Polytechnic Institute of Santarém – Portugal)
Carlos Gutierrez, Ph.D. (University of León – Spain)
Cristiano Roque, Ph.D. (University of São Paulo – Brasil)
Emerson Franchini, Ph.D. (University of São Paulo – Brasil)
Eric Margnes, Ph.D. (University of Pau et des Pays de l‘Adour – France)
Fernando Torres, Ph. D. (University of Las Palmas – Spain)
Jose Bragada, Ph.D. (Polytechnic Institute of Bragança – Portugal)
Kazimierz Obodynski, Ph.D. (University of Rzeszów – Poland)
Michel Calmet, Ph.D. (Université Montepelier I – France)
Michela Turci, Ph.D. (Università degli Studi di Milano – Italy)
Osmar Pinto Neto, Ph.D. (Texas A & M University – USA)
Paulo Coelho Araújo, Ph.D. (University of Coimbra – Portugal)
Raquel Escobar Molina, Ph.D. (University of Granada – Spain)
Roman Kalina, Ph.D. (University of Rzeszów – Poland)
Roberto Haramboure, Ph.D. (Catholic University of Peru – Peru)
Samuel Julhe, Ph.D. (Université Toulouse III – France)
Sergio Raimondo. Ph. D. (University of Cassino – Italy)
Thomas Green, Ph.D. (Texas A & M University – USA)
Willy Pieter, Ph.D. (University of Asia and the Pacific – Philippines)
Wojciech Cynarski, Ph.D. (University of Rzeszów – Poland)
Editorial Patronage
Journal of Asian Martial Arts (US) (http://journalofasianmartialarts.com)
Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas (Spain)
(www.revistadeartesmarciales.com)
Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine – Combat Sports Special Issues
(Turkey) (http://jssm.org/combat.php)
Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences (http://ejmas.com)
IDO – Movement for Culture (Poland) (http://idokan.republika.pl/index_en.html)
Archives of Budo (Poland) (www.archbudo.com)
IRKRS Journal (Australia) (www.koryu-uchinadi.com/Journal.htm)
JORRESCAM (France) (www.jorrescam.fr)
Contribution
Physical Education and Sport Faculties and Schools.
National Sport Federations (MA&CS) and Coach Associations (MA&CS).
Research Units: CIDESD and CISA-AS
Sponsors
NICM – Motricity Sciences Research Nucleus (ESEV) integrated on:
CI&DETS – Centre for the Study of Education, Technology and Health.
Câmara Municipal de Viseu – City Hall of Viseu.
FCT – Foundation for Science and Technology – Portugal
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2009 SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS
ON MARTIAL ARTS AND COMBAT SPORTS
Viseu – Portugal
16th and 17th May 2009
POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF VISEU
MAIN AUDITORIUM
CONGRESS PROGRAM INRODUCTION
The Congress is divided into two main blocks: one concerning a global
approach and the other a multidimensional one. The global approach of
martial arts and combat sports will mainly focus on the common study
object, on systematics and on the corresponding research lines. The
other block will be based on the analysis of martial arts and combat
sports according to five dimensions:
i) Physical dimension – physiological conditioning factors in physical
training;
ii)
Technical dimension – biomechanical conditioning factors in
technical training;
iii) Tactical dimension – bioinformational conditioning factors in tactical
training;
iv) Psychological dimension – affective and emotional conditioning
factors in psychological training;
v) Socio-cultural and philosophical dimension – conditioning factors of
norms, values and symbols.
4
CONTENTS
EDITORIAL .................................................................................................... 7
Abel A. Figueiredo .......................................................................................... 8
Abel A. Figueiredo ........................................................................................ 10
Alan Stoleroff, Vítor Rosa.............................................................................. 12
Ana Rosa Fachardo Jaqueira........................................................................ 14
Andy Lane .................................................................................................... 17
António Vences Brito*, Pedro Pezarat-Correia** ............................................ 18
Brian R. Price ............................................................................................... 20
Bruno Avelar Rosa1, Abel Figueiredo2 ........................................................... 23
Carlos Gutiérrez1, Mikel Pérez1, José A. Tola2, Carmen del Campo2 .............. 26
1
1
2
2
Carlos Gutiérrez , Mikel Pérez , William Acevedo , Mei Cheung ................... 28
Conchi Bellorín Naranjo1, Raquel Hernández García1, Israel Contador Castillo2,
Emilio Pérez Pérez 1, Gema Torres Luque2, Raquel Escobar Molina3 ............. 30
Cristiano Roque Antunes Barreira Barreira .................................................... 31
Daniel Morgado Coelho ............................................................................... 33
Daniel Santos1, André Seabra, Rui Garganta, Rámon Lima, Emanuel Passos,
Luís Castro, Sónia Vidal, Rojapon Buranarugsa ............................................ 35
Filipe Pamplona de Castro Soeiro ................................................................. 37
Gabriel Fife, RA Harter ................................................................................. 38
Jikkemien Vertonghen, Marc Theeboom ........................................................ 40
John Clements ............................................................................................. 42
José Bragada ............................................................................................... 45
Luís Monteiro1,2, José García García3, Vicent Carratala4, Rui Peixoto1, Javier
Suarez ......................................................................................................... 46
Luís Monteiro1,2, José García García3, Vicent Carratala4 ................................ 49
Marc Theeboom °, Dong Zhu °°, and Jikkemien Vertonghen ° ........................ 51
Michael Hilpron............................................................................................. 53
Michal Vít, Zdenko Reguli ............................................................................. 55
Miodrag Drapšin*, Patrik Drid**, Damir Lukač*, Slavko Obadov** and Tatjana
Trivić** ......................................................................................................... 57
Patrik Drid*, Miodrag Drapšin**, Damir Lukač**, Slavko Obadov* and Tatjana
Trivić*........................................................................................................... 58
Paulo Coêlho de Araújo ................................................................................ 59
Paulo Coêlho de Araújo, Ana Rosa Fachardo Jaqueira, Evandro Ramos Lima 60
Pedro Henrique Martins Valério, Cristiano Roque Antunes Barreira ................ 61
Raquel Escobar Molina1, Sonia Rodríguez-Ruíz2, Mª Carmen FernándezSantaella Santana2, Vicente Carratalá Deval 3, Mª Isabel Piñar López1,Young
4
Lee ............................................................................................................. 63
1
2
Raquel Escobar Molina , Sonia Rodríguez-Ruíz , Mª Carmen Fernández2
3
Santaella Santana , Vicente Carratalá Deval , Raquel Hernández García4,
5
2
Gema Torres Luque , Mª José Girela Rejón ................................................. 65
5
1
2
1
Raquel Hernández García , Israel Contador Castillo , Conchi Bellorín Naranjo ,
Gema Torres Luque2, Raquel Escobar Molina3 .............................................. 67
Rebeca Cardozo Coelho, Susana Ramos...................................................... 68
Roman Maciej Kalina1, Bartłomiej Jan Barczyński 2 ........................................ 70
Sergio Raimondo .......................................................................................... 71
Willy Pieter ................................................................................................... 72
Willy Pieter, Luigi T. Bercades ....................................................................... 74
Willy Pieter1, Rebecca S. K. Wong2 ............................................................... 76
1
2
3
Willy Pieter , Rebecca S. K. Wong and Jin Seng Thung .............................. 78
Wojciech J. Cynarski .................................................................................... 80
Wojciech J. Cynarski, Kazimierz Obodyński................................................... 81
Zdenko Reguli, Michal Vít ............................................................................. 83
Ana Brilha .................................................................................................... 89
António Vences Brito*, Pedro Pezarat-Correia** ............................................ 93
Armando A. Neves dos Inocentes ................................................................. 95
Carlos Gutiérrez1, Mikel Pérez1, William Acevedo2, Mei Cheung2 ................... 97
Conchi Bellorín Naranjo1, Raquel Hernández García1, Israel Contador Castillo2,
1
2
3
Emilio Pérez Pérez , Gema Torres Luque , Raquel Escobar Molina ............. 99
Daniel Morgado Coelho ............................................................................. 100
Daniel Santos, André Seabra, Rui Garganta, Rámon Lima, Emanuel Passos,
Luís Castro, Sónia Vidal, Rojapon Buranarugsa .......................................... 102
Fernando Torres Baena .............................................................................. 104
Fernando Torres Baena, Juan Luis Benítez Cárdenes ................................. 106
Actividades: ................................................................................................ 108
José Bragada ............................................................................................. 109
Paulo Coêlho de Araújo .............................................................................. 111
Paulo Coêlho de Araújo, Ana Rosa Fachardo Jaqueira, Evandro Ramos Lima
.................................................................................................................. 112
Paulo Martins ............................................................................................. 113
Paulo Martins & Sérgio Raimundo ............................................................... 115
Pedro Henrique Martins Valério Cristiano Roque Antunes Barreira............... 117
Raquel Hernández García1, Israel Contador Castillo2, Conchi Bellorín Naranjo1,
Gema Torres Luque2, Raquel Escobar Molina3 ............................................ 119
Raquel Escobar Molina1, Sonia Rodríguez Ruíz1, Mª Carmen FernándezSantaella Santana1, Vicente Carratalá Deval2, Raquel Hernández García3,
Gema Torres Luque4, Mª José Girela Rejón1 ............................................... 120
Vicente Carratalá Deval, Raquel Escobar Molina, José Manuel García García
.................................................................................................................. 122
Vítor Rosa, Alan Stoleroff ............................................................................ 124
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EDITORIAL
The 2009 edition of the Scientific Congress on Martial Arts and Combat
Sports (SCMACS) will provide a valuable opportunity to promote, enlarge and
strengthen the scientific community gathered around martial arts and combat
sports.
The central issue of this Congress is the interpretation (explanation and
comprehension) of motricity in institutionalised human combat at the contextual
levels of Martial Arts (MA), Combat Sports (CS) and Self-Defence (SD), and
in relation to objectives usually associated with human educational development
(health, education and well-being).
Participation in this congress should be as wide as possible. Human resources
education and training, aiming at the development of skills throughout
Polytechnic and University higher education study cycles, is a clearly medium/long-term fundamental objective in Europe, with a growing presence in the
markets of physical activity (health, well-being and fitness), sports (from
education to sport practice) and school physical education (given the eclectic,
inclusive and multilateral context of this school subject). This trajectory,
however, should be followed in connection with empirical research developed at
practice centres.
Senior researchers, as well as undergraduate and post-graduate students
(covering the levels of bachelor‘s, master‘s and Ph.D.), in the field of martial arts
and combat sports, presented their research and share the richness of their
experiences. This contribute to strengthening the scientific community, which is
growing and acquiring importance as a forum for the social development of
Sports and Education at the European and worldwide levels, exploring its
multicultural nature (East/West), usually more explored in non-scientific
contexts.
All committed communities of technicians and advanced practitioners of martial
arts and combat sports demonstrated interest in participating on this congress,
and they can expect full support from us to do it.
In the Proccedings (abstracts book) all works are published in alphabetical
order, according to the first author.
Viseu, 15th May 2009
Abel A. Figueiredo
7
Abel A. Figueiredo
Polytechnic Institute of Viseu – Portugal
CI&DETS / CIDESD
[email protected]
The Multidimensions of Martial Arts and Combat Sports
Interpretation
Key Words: motrice fighting action, human motricity, martial arts.
Human interventions are not neutral because don‘t have necessary a
positive humanistic impact and, because of that, we must be always interpreting
hermeneutically human actions with plaint conscience of the human limits.
Sport, as broad context explained in actual European concept, is bio,
psycho and social. Sociology and philosophy, aside with other sciences,
contribute to the theoretical core of sport science studies as a multidisciplinary
explanation.
Interpretation needs a multidisciplinary explanation and a multidimention
understanding.
The fighting motricity situates the Human Motricity (HM) on its fighting
contexts. Usually we concentrate analysis on the context denominations such as
―fighting‖, ―combat‖ or ―martial‖, connected with ―arts‖, ―sports‖ or ―activities‖ to
give the major examples. We assumed them as told, and used on different
circumstances and that create models of institutionalization.
Some times we concentrate on cultural differences, such as ―Asian‖ or
―western‖, ―traditional‖ or ―modern‖, ―lethal‖ or ―non-lethal‖ when interpreting
martial arts or combat sports. Other times, clear institutional differences such as
―civil‖ or ―military‖ are made.
In this paper we will center analysis on the multidimensional interpretation
of the fighting motricity, more on its intrinsic nature than on extrinsic structure,
because they are these motrice actions that from utilitarian to non utilitarian
activities, transforms on contexts such as art and sport.
From the fight concept based on ―other‘s body‖ as target and objective of
actions (Figueiredo, 1997), we conclude that the fighting actions in sport and art,
transcend the utilitarian action of fight (idem, 2009), even if this is not
unanimously recognized (Croucher and Reid, 1983). This utility is there, but
surpassed. If you miss the basics of the action, is because you‘re not fighting
but dancing or only moving even in ―perfection‖ when compared to a pattern or a
measure of time and space.
Starting from HM concept (Sergio, 1979; 1987), and focusing on the
concept of motrice action (Figueiredo, 2006) based on E. Trigo (1999) and P.
Ricoeur (1977), the development of the concept of ―motrice action in ritualized
fighting‖ (Figueiredo, 2009) will be actualized on fighting motrice action.
8
Based on a micro-vision and using mesoscopic model, the intégratrice
(Lipovetsky, 2004) attitude stimulate us to identify the multidimentions of the
nature understanding of the action: bio-motricity; psycho-motricity; and sociomotricity.
We link these basic dimensions (bio-psycho-social) with five training factors
(Bompa, 1990; 1999) and, based on task realization conditionings (Famose,
1990), we developed them, on a way the dimensional training factors could be
crossed by task conditions based on disciplinary explanation.
The biomotricity dimension is developed on three main factors: physical
(biophysiological conditionings), technical (biomechanical conditionings) and
tactical (bioinformational conditionings). The psychomotricity dimension is
focused on psychological factor (affective and emotional conditionings) and the
sociomotricity one is on theoretical factor (socio-cultural conditionings).
These are the basics of the model for microscopic intervention – the tools
for teaching and training the human development. They are focused on the
study object of all martial arts and combat sports: motrice fighting action. The
inside of the model become transdimensional. The identification proecess is:
multidimentional – interdimentional – transdimentional.
References
Bompa, Tudor (1990) Theory and Methodology of Training - The Key to Athletic Performance,
Dubuque-Iowa, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 2ª Ed.
Bompa, Tudor (1999) Periodization: Theory and Methodology of Training, Champaign, Human Kinetics,
4ª Ed.
Famose, Jean-Pierre (1990) Apprentissage Moteur et Difficulté de la Tâche, Paris, INSEP.
Figueiredo, Abel (1997) ―Os Desportos de Combate nos Programas de Educação Física‖ [Combat
Sports in Physical Education Syllabus], Horizonte - Revista de Educação Física e Desporto,
Lisboa, XIV(80), pp. 36-39.
Figueiredo, Abel (2006) A Institucionalização do Karaté – Os Modelos Organizacionais do Karaté em
Portugal, [The Institutionalization of Karate – Karate Organizational Models in Portugal], PhD
Thesis, non published, Technical University of Lisbon.
Figueiredo, Abel (2009) ‗The Object of Study in Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research –
Contributions to a Complex Whole‘, in: Cynarski, Wojciech (ed.) Martial Arts and Combat Sports –
Humanistic Outlook, Rzeszów, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, ISBN
978-83-7338-439-2, pp. 20-34.
Lipovetsky, Gilles; Charles, Sébastien (2004) Les Temps Hypermodernes, Paris, Éditions Graseet &
Fasquelle.
Reid, Howard; Croucher, Michael (1983) The Way of the Warrior, London, Century Publishing.
Ricoeur, Paul (1977) ―Le Discours de l‘Action‖, in: La Sémantique de l’Action, Paris, Centre National de
La Recherche Scientifique, pp. 1-137.
Sérgio, Manuel (1979) ―Prolegómenos a uma Ciência do Homem‖, in: Ludens, 4(1), Instituto Superior
de Educação Física / in: Filosofia das Actividades Corporais, Lisboa, Compendium, 1981, pp.
115-143.
Sérgio, Manuel (1987) Para uma Epistemologia da Motricidade Humana, ―Educação Física e
Desporto‖, Lisboa, Compendium.
Trigo, Eugenia (1999) Creatividad y Motricidad, Barcelona, INDE Publicaciones.
9
Abel A. Figueiredo
CI&DETS / CIDESD
[email protected]
Portuguese contacts with Okinawan (Lequeos)
during XVI Century
Key Words: Ryukyu, Tode, Portuguese, Okinawan, Martial Arts.
The contacts between Asian and European increased strongly since 1500,
and in this paper we intend to contribute to an earlier moment of cross-roads
between ―Westernization‖ and ―Easternization‖ that was identified by Tokarski
and Sikorski (2009).
Portuguese arrived 1501 to Calecute and established in Kerala (India) the
―Estado Português da Ìndia‖ – Portuguese State of India (1503-1663). It was in
Kerala that originated Kalaripayat (practice in battle field) and narratives situated
it as base for Bodidharma‘s knowledge on Shaolin development (started in 520)
(Figueiredo, 2006). Portuguese arrived China in 1514 and almost touched
Okinawa but only stayed in Fukien. It was in Fukien, China, that important
Okinawans learn the essence of their art, firstly named tode (唐手), China hand,
thereafter Karate-do (空手道). Later, Portuguese arrived Japan in 1542 or 1543,
and, as we know, it is Japan the responsible for international expansion of
institutionalized karate-do.
Many contacts are registered and we could question: are there some
related impacts on the 1500 and 1600 Portuguese major registrations about
Eastern Martial Arts?
The methodology used will be basically to study the Portuguese
cartography about Okinawa and Japan, and the reports about Japanese and
Okinawan.
First registered contacts situated with Chinese and Gores (first given name
to Ryu Kyu people) on a letter from Rui de Araújo from 1510.
Some registration from commercial missions made by Okinawan as not
been destroyed and George Kerr (2000) make relevance with a Fernão Mendes
Pinto (1583) narrative about their captivation on Okinawa.
Tomé Pires (1512-15) is the first Portuguese to make reference to lequeos
as habitants of Liu-Kiu or Loochoo (Cortesão, 1978) (today‘s Ryu-kyu).
Cartographic representation is always posterior than narration registration
and we studied how Portuguese represented firstly a group of many islands as
lequeos (1535), after a rope of them (1550) on the same moment they represent
Japam, as a little part of Lequeos.
From this imaginary period we conclude that there were indicators of a
certain psychological impact on first Portuguese representation about Lequeos.
They wrote much more about Lequeos than about Japanese (1512-15); they
10
wrote Malasian saying Lequeos where like Portuguese, representing them as
with good virtues. Also they start to represent Lequeos on Cartography in
magnitude, even representing large amount of land as Lequeos (1554) as
expressions as Leucoru(m)provintia and Mareleucorum (1558).
It is interesting to note that the movement of imaginary magnificent
representation is concomitant with a certain real representation, separating
―Lequeo Pequeno‖ (little liuquiu) from ―Lequeo Grande‖ (great liu kiu) since
1550.
Only in 1561 we began to see a bigger Japam than Lequeos, but narratives
and imagination continues:
Fernão Mendes Pinto (1583) narrate his
experiences in captive with possibly Okinawan king.
No relates from any kind of different and better martial arts could be found
until now, consolidating the idea of an only post 1700 construction of the martial
tradition in Karate-do (Tan, 2004).
References
Araújo, Rui (1510) Notícia dos usos, costumes e número de gentes que havia em Malaca e outras
terras da Índia, in: As Gavetas da Torre do Tombo, Lisboa, Centro de Estudos Históricos
Ultramarinos, 1963, vol. III, pp. 789-796.
Boxer, Charles (orig: 1951; 1993) The Christian Century in Japan 1549-1650, Manchester, Carcanet.
Boxer, Charles (orig: 1953; 2004) South China In the Sixteenth Century, Bangkok, Orchid Press.
Boxer, Charles (orig: 1959; 1988) The Great Ship From Amacon, Macau, Instituto Cultural de Macau e
Centro de Estudos Marítimos de Macau.
Cortesão, Armando (1978), A Suma Oriental de Tomé Pires e o Livro de Francisco Rodrigues – Leitura
e Notas de Armando Cortesão, Coimbra, Universidade de Coimbra.
Cortesão, Armando (orig: 1960; 1987) Portugaliae Monumenta Cartographica, Lisboa, Imprensa
Nacional Casa da Moeda, 6 Vols + Plates.
Figueiredo, Abel (2006) A Institucionalização do Karaté – Os Modelos Organizacionais do Karaté em
Portugal, [The Institutionalization of Karate – Karate Organizational Models in Portugal], PhD
Thesis, non published, Technical University of Lisbon.
Hall, Basil (orig: 1818, 1975), Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea and the
Great Loo-Choo Island, Royal Asiatic Society – Korea Branch / Kyung-in Publishing.
Kerr, George; Sakihara, Mitsugu (2000) Okinawa The History of an Island People, Bóston, Rutlend
Tokyo, Tuttle, Revised Edition.
Perry, Commodore (orig: 1856; 2000), Narrative of the Expedition to the China Seas and Japan –
1852-1854, New York: Dover Publications (Vol I).
Pinto, Fernão Mendes (orig: 1583; 1989) The Travels of Mendes Pinto, Edited and Translated by
Rebecca Catz, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Pires, Tomé (1512-15) ―A Suma Oriental‖, in: Cortesão, Armando (1978), A Suma Oriental de Tomé
Pires e o Livro de Francisco Rodrigues – Leitura e Notas de Armando Cortesão, Coimbra,
Universidade de Coimbra, pp. 129-144.
Tan, Kevin (2004), ―Constructing a Martial Tradition: Rethinking a Popular History of Karate-dou‖,
Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 28(2), pp. 169-192
Tokarski, S.; Sikorski, W. (2009) ―Martial Arts at the Cross-Roads – ‗Asiatic Westernization or Western
Easternization‘‖, in: Cynarski, Wojciech (ed.) Martial Arts and Combat Sports – Humanistic
Outlook, Rzeszów, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, ISBN 978-83-7338-439-2, pp.
77-82.
11
Alan Stoleroff, Vítor Rosa
ISCTE - Portugal
[email protected]
[email protected]
Motivations and understandings of Portuguese karatecas:
Samurai in modernity?
The main objective of this communication will be to present an analysis of
participants‘ motivations for practicing karate. By motivation, we mean the
intentions and goals that inspire karate practice and involvement in
―communities‖ of karate participants. The expectations of karate participants
with regard to their activity are also relevant. Therefore we also refer to
participants‘ understandings for their practice. By understanding, we mean how
the participants ―frame‖ their practice.
Given the wide variety of sport options available, why do people choose to
do karate? Is this choice motivated by fitness and health goals or by recreation
or competition? Considering that karate is a very particular form of combat, are
there special motivations that go beyond the challenges of combat and the
physical activity in itself? Up to what point and how are such further motivations
related to the choice to practice karate as distinct from other choices for
exercise and sport?
The possible motives for the choosing to practice a given sport are normally
linked with other kinds of influences upon individuals‘ options of how to occupy
their leisure time. Given its character as a mode of combat and martial art
derived from the Japanese warrior culture, we hypothesize that the preference
for karate would involve a complex web of considerations.
Karate incorporates rituals and terminology that must be "adopted" by
participants. Moreover, Eastern martial arts, such as karate, tend to be holistic
systems, in which the training goals, while usually involving only controlled
simulation of martial violence, may be related to a lifestyle and even with a myth
of the martial ―warrior‖ life. In this sense, we are interested in how the
motivations and understandings of practitioners are integrated within the culture
constructed by the practice of karate. Have the reasons for training karate
something to do with an aspired identity with the original Eastern culture of
karate?
In this communication we consider the motivations for karate practice as an
indicator of the degree to which karate participants take on membership in a
karate culture. By posing the rhetorical question of whether karate participants
think they are "Samurai in modern Europe?" we are asking to what the extent do
practitioners of karate in today‘s Portugal (i.e., a modern European society)
assume martial aspirations whose reference points not only demarcate them
from the practitioners of other sports, but bring them into a community with its
12
own identity, that is, an identity associated with an ideology and a code of
―Budô‖.
The research for this paper on the practice and participants of karate in
Portugal is based upon a survey as well as the authors‘ participant-observation.
The survey questionnaire was administered to advanced grade practitioners of
karate (brown and black belts) of several traditional karate styles in Portugal.
Through a process of "snowball" sampling, 244 validated questionnaires were
accumulated (composing individuals of both sexes, between the ages of 13 and
71). This report deals only with questions that refer to the karate participants‘
motivations for their practice and their understandings of their practice.
13
Ana Rosa Fachardo Jaqueira
Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education
University of Coimbra
[email protected]
Aggressive behavior in the context of Capoeira
Key Words: Capoeira; Behavior; Aggressiveness
Understanding that the context of the Capoeira, in any of its expressions,
comes presenting a growing increase of the violence on the part of its
intervenients, we looked for to identify through a field research the main factors
that compete for its manifestation. Referred him study elaborated a constant
questionnaire of 30 subjects seeking to identify the elements that, in agreement
with its perception, they would compete for the manifestation of the violence in
the Capoeira, tends as sample main ninety apprentices of this play/fight present
in event of this modality. The results of this work to present four main points:
The posture of the individual capoeirista in the atmosphere; The individual's
corporal posture in the action (play/sport); The philosophy of the group; The
climate in the wheel. Other Result him that emanate of this study identify as
responsible for the violence in the context of the play/fight each apprentice's
individual expression and the philosophy of the group, being excluded any
responsibility to the Capoeira in particular.
14
[email protected]
Capoeira: contemporary settings and dynamics
Keywords: Capoeira; Dynamic; History; Contemporaneity.
This essay aims to highlight, in a general way, the state of the art of
Capoeira with regard to its group setting, taking into account its stylistic forms
called Capoeira Angola, Capoeira Regional, and other sub-practices, in both
Brazilian and European spaces, along with its social ratification within and
between groups. We also consider its technical aspects expressed in the last
decades of the twentieth century in an extremely standardized way and in
accordance with each group‘s stereotypes by imposition of the responsible
master (owner). Regarding the territorial advances of such groups, we noticed
the evidence of a strong extra-official organization, which have been
permanently consolidating under the banner of the Brazilian culture expansion
and apart from the instructions given by the central power of the groups and the
official bodies of Capoeira. As for the group setting, we verified that there is a
pretentious Capoeira philosophy in its different stylistic forms, and sometimes
this philosophy is translated more into economic aspects that favour the
mentors, owners of the main group, called matrix, and of the names (brand and
franchise) of all their subgroups, identified as branches. We understand that the
connecting thread of the settings and dynamics of the Capoeira groups, in Brazil
or in other countries, is the ability that their exponents have to entice and lead
others using a doctrinal tone, along with the lack of criticism that their ―followers”
have in what refers to the technical, historical, and philosophical aspects of
Capoeira, partially because this form of expression has a great magnetism over
people, thanks to its sui generis aspects of playfulness, musicality, and
rhythmicity.
15
[email protected]
Time for mastery in Capoeira
Keywords: Capoeira; Fight; Mastery; History; Sport; Graduation.
By analysing the documents related to the sportization process of Capoeira,
which contain information on the official period of practice required for a
Capoeira practitioner to become a master, we could notice huge discrepancies
and unreasonable changes that make clear the attempt to move the candidate
away from this graduation. Despite the fact that some groups disjoined the
national power centre of Capoeira during the sportization process, we can verify
that the official time for mastery was not different from the ones provided by the
dissident groups. Actually, these groups just produced new hierarchy and time
standards that reinforced the previous situation. From Bimba (third decade of
the 20th century), considered the first one to use categories to distinguish his
apprentices, until the 90‘s, we can find excessive variations in the time of
practice required for attaining the master degree, in the categories and names
created in this period, which make the highest degree in Capoeira available after
30 years, and also in the decisions established by the hierarchy of the group
owners.
16
Andy Lane
University of Wolverhampton – United Kingdom
[email protected]
Sport psychology and combat sport: A case study on work in
professional boxing
Introduction
The present paper describes work conducted in professional boxing over a
two-year period which included preparation of a boxer for two World
Championship contests and a non-title fight. It is based on consultancy work and
serves to illustrate issues related to bridging the gap between theory and
practice.
Methods
The participant was a professional boxer, aged 29, whom had previously
fought for a World Title fight some. Despite a generally accepted notion that
psychology is important to performance, very few boxers use professional sport
psychologists. The needs-analysis used several different methods including selfreport, video analysis, and coach analysis. Performance profiling was used to
identify constructs associated with the ideal and elite performer. Performance
profiling data signaled meaningful improvements in concepts identified by the
boxer as key aspects of an elite performer. The boxer, coach and sport
psychologist viewed videotaped sessions with goal setting stemming from
differences between observed and ideal states.Mood profiling was used to
monitor training adaptation and identify ideal performance states. Rigorous
analysis of the opponent‘s previous performance was conducted, leading to
developing fight plans for the opponent that were practised in training.
Results and Conclusions
Psychological data indicated improvements in key constructs of performance.
Mood monitoring provided useful insight into the extent to which the boxer
coped with training volume. Findings lend support for developing individualised
intervention programmes.
17
António Vences Brito*, Pedro Pezarat-Correia**
*Sport Sciences School – Portugal
**Faculty of Human Kinetics – Portugal
[email protected]
The kinesilogical pattern of a karate punching movement executed
with two different impact strategies
Introduction
The study is insert in the ambit of the analysis of the kinesilogical patterns
of sport movements through the characterization and comparison of the
cinematic and neuromuscular components of the execution of a punch (chokuzuki) when this is done by elite karatecas with impact (WI) and without impact
(NI) in a makiwara.
Methods
Ten male and eight female athletes of the Portuguese karate national team
done the choku-zuki starting from a typical positioning of the karate - Hachijidachi. Each athlete executed 10 repetitions of the punch with the right upper
limb for each condition. It was collected and registered the cinematic behaviour
of the thorax, arm and forearm, and the electric muscle activity of the muscles
deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, infraspinatus, biceps brachii, triceps
brachii, brachioradialis and pronador teres. To collected the cinematic signs we
used the electromagnetic system Flock of Birds (Ascension Technology Inc.,
Burlington, Vermont, USA), and surface electromyography was recorded using
bipolar electrodes placed on the muscles belly and connected to the system
DasyLab 6.0 (Biovision). In the statistical procedures the technique of
multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was applied, being considered a
degree of significance of p <0.05
Results
The execution time and sequence found in the realization of choku-zuki WI
shows that is done in an average time of 293 +69 ms beginning the punch
through the segmentary movement of forearm pronação followed by the arm
abduction, the rotation of the thorax to the left side, the internal rotation and the
flexion of the arm, finally appears the forearm extension. The muscular activity
takes place in a sense proximal-distal, starting the activation by the agonist
muscles of the arm movements, followed by the activation of the muscles with
agonist activity in the forearm, and in the last 100 ms of the movement were
activated the muscles with antagonistic action of the arm and forearm
movements.
18
The instants of occurrence of the picks of speed of the different segmentary
movements as well as of the picks of activation of the muscles studied it tends
to be framed with the sequence of initiation of movements and muscle
activation. The segmentary movements of the arm flexion, forearm extension
and thorax rotation to the left side are those with greater amplitude, however the
highest peak of speed of movement occur in internal rotation of the arm and in
the forearm extension. In the muscular activity, the muscles with motor action in
the arm shows a greater intensity of activation, it tends to be higher to 70% of
RMS of IMVC, standing out the intensity of activation of the muscles pectoralis
major and of deltoid in its posterior portion. The muscles with antagonistic motor
action in the forearm have an intensity of activation less of 50% of RMS of
IMVC. The temporal relations of overlap of agonist and antagonist muscle
activity (co contraction) it tends to time periods of 100 ms in the arm and of 70
ms in the forearm, identifying a phasic activity with characteristics of reciprocal
innervation.
In the comparison of the execution WI with the execution NI there are
significant differences in the length of time for implementing the punch, it takes
less time in NI implementation, there are also significant differences between
the two conditions regarding to the amplitude of the arm segmentary
movements and in the forearm that are made with greater amplitude in NI
execution (with the exception of the arm abduction). There is also significant
differences‘ regarding to the instant of occurrence of the pick of velocity
reflecting its anticipation in the NI execution.
Relatively to the muscular activity, presents a similar behaviour between the
two conditions of execution of the punch in most of the studied muscles and in
the different variables in analysis.
Conclusions
We conclude that motor action takes place in an average time less than 350
ms. The cinematic sequential pattern don‘t reflects a motor implementation with
proximal-distal characteristics, however the muscular activity reflects a proximaldistal activation. There are significant differences in the cinematic behaviour
among the executions WI and NI despite the muscular activity are in generally
similar between the two conditions for the implementation of the punch.
19
Brian R. Price
Ph.D Candidate in History, University of North Texas, USA
Principal Instructor, Schola Saint George Chivalric Martial Arts
[email protected]
Historical and Modern Pedagogies in
European Medieval Martial Arts
The ―resurrection‖ of European historical martial arts within Europe, North America, and
Australia has created a new branch of martial arts that remains in its infancy. But the
interpretation and reconstruction of the tactical and technical aspects of these arts are
difficult to distill. This paper will begin with an examination of the historical sources, then
propose a process through which historical arts may be brought into the corpus of active
martial arts, seeking to preserve the integrity of the historical record while molding
reconstructed arts through modern approaches to motor learning and tactical modeling.
This paper will begin with an introduction to and an examination of the
surviving fighting books from Italy and Germanic areas from the thirteenth –
fifteenth centuries. These treatises, including the Royal Armouries RA MS I.33,1
Fiore dei Liberi‘s Fior di Battaglia and Flos Duellatorum,2 and the many
manuscripts surviving from the Liechtenauer school,3 represent a rich historical
1
Jeffrey L. Forgeng, The Medieval Art of Swordsmanship: A Facsimile and Translation of Europe’s
Oldest Personal Combat Treatise, Royal Armouries RA MS I.33, Union City, CA: Chivalry Bookshelf,
2003.
2
The earliest of these treatises is dated 1409 from the treatise‘ prologue and was transcribed by
Francesco Novati , Flos duellatorum in armis, sine armis, equester, pedester: il Fior di battaglia : testo
inedito del 1410, Bergamo: Ist. Italiano d'Arti Grafiche, 1902. Recently this edition has seen numerous
reissues in Italy, notably by Giovanni Rhapsardi, Flos duellatorum in armis, sine armis equester et
pedester, Padova: Gladiatoria, 1998 ; by Marco Rubboli and Luca Cesari. Flos duellatorum: manuale di
arte del combattimento del XV. Secolo, Rimini: Il cerchio, 2002 ; and in the interpretation by Renzo
Nostini, Flos dvellatorvm in armis, sine armis, eqvester, pedester: il fior di battaglia di maestro Fiore dei
Liberi da Premariacco. Pisa: Giardini, 1982. The only other published version has also been done in
Italian by Massimo Malipero, an unequaled work published as Il fior di battaglia di Fiore dei Liberi da
Cividale: il codice Ludiwig XV 13 del J. Paul Getty Museum, Udine: Ribis, 2006. I have translated
sections of the Getty treatise also in Brian R. Price, The Sword in Two Hands: A Full-Color Training
Guide for the Medieval Longsword Based on Fiore dei Liberi’s Fior di Battaglia, Highland Village, TX:
Chivalry Bookshelf, 2008. Neither of the other two surviving manuscripts have yet been published, but
the originals are in the Morgan Pierpoint Library, New York, accession number M.0383 (known as the
―Morgan‖) and in the Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris, accession number MS Latin MS 11269 (only
recently identified but now known as the ―Florius‖).
3
The best work on Liechtenauer must be the 1985 dissertation by Hans-Peter Hils, Meister Johann
Liechtenauers Kunst des langen Schwertes. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1985. More recent work by
th
Christian Henry Tobler, especially the apparatus of In Service of the Duke: The 15 Century Fighting
Treatise of Paulus Kal, Highland Village, Tex: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2006. For a good survey of known
treatises see the above-mentioned In Service of the Duke, pp. xx-yy, or Christian Henry Tobler,
Fighting with the German Longsword, Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2004, pp. 2-4. See
also National Museum, Nüremberg, Hanko Döbringer, Fechtbuch, codex MS 3227a. Sigmund
Ringeck‘s codex has been translated by Christian Henry Tobler as Secrets of German Medieval
Swordsmanship: Sigmund Ringeck’s Commentaries on Johannes Liechtenauer’s Verse, Union City,
CA: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2002. The Paulus Kal has also been translated by Tobler and produced as a
full-sized color facsimile edition under the title In Service of the Duke: The Fifteenth Century Fighting
Treatise of Paulus Kal, Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2006. The Hans Talhoffer works have
been published by various authors, starting with the editions by Gustav Hergsell, Livre D’Escrime de
20
4
resource just coming to the attention of scholars and practitioners. Within each
of these treatises are highly sophisticated tactical approaches to personal self
defense including combat unarmed, with and against a knife, with the baton,
sword in one hand or two, with spear or pole-weapons, in and out of armour, on
foot and on horseback.
These systems are encoded within the manuscripts using mnemonic
devices similar those employed within ecclesiastical schools in order to preserve
knowledge for quick recall in a combat or martial arts environment and the paper
5
will briefly outline this encoding process.
Because these systems have been designed as mnemonic devices for
students already familiar with the Art, modern martial artists and scholars
seeking to reconstruct the systems must spend considerable time decoding and
reconstructing the techniques. This involves a complicated and difficult process
of linguistic and physical translation from the page by the interpreter. Although
reconstructions of individual techniques are difficult enough, interpreting the
underlying tactical systems is extremely complex.
To gain validation, these reconstructions must be tested for martial
efficiency. Techniques for validating reconstructions include competitions, timemotion studies, and consistency checks with respect to the original manuscripts,
associated iconographic records, and surviving equipment. Practical methods
using faithful reproductions must be undertaken, and the results from these
efforts must be demonstrated, published, and debated.
Once this process of validation has reached maturity, the reconstructed art
may be further developed using modern motor learning principles.6 Structured
drills designed to build specific skill-sets may be employed, with focused
sparring designed to integrate foundational skills with tactical systems. Modern
tactical analytical systems, such as the Boyd‘s OODA loop, may be usefully
employed to model and filter historical systems in order to provide additional
clarity in a modern sports setting.7
Talhoffer, 1459, Prague: 1867 (limited edition of 50 copies). The 1467 edition was then translated by
Mark Rector and published as Medieval Combat: A Fifteenth Century Illustrated Manual of
Swordfighting and Close-Quarter Combat, London: Greenhill Books, 2000. A recent French edition,
combining three earlier Hergsell facsimiles, has been published as Le Combat Médiéval: a travers le
duel judicaire (1443-1467), Noisy-Sur-École: Budo Editions, 2006. Joachim Meyer‘s 1547 treatise,
Grundtlichte beschreibung der freyen ritterlichen und adelichen kunst des fechtens was published in
Strasbourg, and an English translation has recently been done by Jeffrey L. Forgeng and published as
The Art of Combat: A German Martial Arts Treatise of 1570, London: Greenhill Books, 2008. The ―von
Danzig‖ and Hans von Speyer manuscripts have not yet been published.
4
The only academic work to be published in recent years is Sydney Anglo‘s The Martial Arts of
Renaissance Europe, New Have: Yale University Press, 1999. This work is superb, but it focuses on
the rapier treatises. The earlier medieval treatises are included, but they are not emphasized and their
interpretation suffers, characterized as they are as ―collections of tricks.‖
5
See especially Mary J. Carruthers, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture.
Cambridge studies in medieval literature, 10. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
6
The literature on modern kinesiological development is too broad to survey here, but principles of
psychological preparation, conditioning, biomechanical function, biochemistry, and power development
should be of interest to advanced interpreters.
7
Lt. Col. John Boyd, USAF, in analyzing conflict theory, created the OODA loop (observe, orient,
decide, act ). Although Boyd himself conveyed his work primarily through slide-based briefings, his
theory has been usefully examined by Frans Osinga, Science, Strategy and War: The Strategic Theory
21
Thus, the process of translation/interpretation, reconstruction, and
validating may be married with modern pedagogical methods in order to
rationalize the establishment of reconstructed European martial arts. These arts
offer practitioners new approaches which are historical, efficient, and useful
additions to the international community of martial arts.
Brian R. Price, a Ph.D candidate in the Department of History at the University of North
Texas, is also a publisher for key works on European Medieval and Renaissance martial
arts via his press, the Chivalry Bookshelf (http://www.chivalrybookshelf.com). He has been
a practitioner of European medieval martial arts since 1981, and has been focused on
interpretations of the historical fighting treatises and historical tournament forms since
1992 and also has experience in Hapkido, Akido, Karate, fencing, and Judo. He is the
author of several books, including The Book of the Tournament (1996), Techniques of
Medieval Armour Reproduction (1998), Ramon Lull’s Book of Knighthood & Chivalry
(2001), Fiore dei Liberi’s Sword in Two Hands (2007), and the forthcoming Masters of the
Crossed Swords, amongst others. In addition, he is principal instructor for the Schola Saint
George, a school of chivalric martial arts focusing on the works of the late fourteenth and
early fifteenth century Italian master, Fiore dei Liberi. The Schola has study groups
following the school‘s approach in the United States, Canada, Britain, and Latvia and may
be found on the web, http://www.scholasaintgeorge.org. He is also involved in the
development of carbon-kevlar based training swords and modern protective equipment
designed to allow modern practice of historical techniques with modern standards of
safety through his company Revival Martial Arts, http://www.revival.us. He may be
reached through email at [email protected].
of John Boyd. Strategy and history. London: Routledge, 2006. While intended for larger-scale military
conflict, the theory applies equally well as a tactical model for martial arts. In the Italian system, for
example, ―getting inside‖ the opponent‘s weapon and his decision-cycle accurately describes Fiore‘s
approach.
22
1
2
Bruno Avelar Rosa , Abel Figueiredo
1
Girona University - Spain
2
[email protected]
[email protected]
Initiation on combat sports Didactics for the global fighting knowledge
The goal of this essay, with theoretic nature, is the exhibition of some
guidelines, on a didactic model, for the pedagogy of combat sports based on an
integrated and cross-curricular treatment of the fighting subjects.
We used various recourses and models from authors referenced, some more
linked with one sport, others with a more mixed and broad ways, to construct an
approach that decreases the restrictions characterizing different modalities, and,
focusing on safety rules, give special emphasis to a ―global fighting knowledge‖
(Terrisse, 1991; Terrisse, 1996; Terrisse et al., 1995), which is the skill that
allows the fighter to arrange different solutions for the several situation that
occur during a fight.
The ―motor meeting distance‖ assumes a leading role on various approaches
(Parlebas, Parlebas, 1988; Figueiredo 1997, 2009b). The distance (maai)
dimension that represents the space between the participants, structure the fight
actions with two more dimensions: perception and rhythm. The perception of the
different distances produce actions (techniques) with a particular speed control
(rhythm). Introduce different exercises for different distances and consequent
techniques stimulate the global fighting knowledge.
PERCEPTION OF
Long Distance
Middle Distance
Short Distance
STRIKES WITH
STRIKES WITH THE
STRIKES AND GRAPS
IMPLEMENTS
EXTREMETIES
To grasp, To strike, To touch, To stop, To
Pull, Push, to Project, to Turn, To fall, To fix,
block, To Evade
To exclude, To control, To touch, To strike
However, the motion actions unchained don‘t have necessary to be recognized
under the sign of the technical execution. On the contrary, the interactions take
place represent the generic bases of the fighting actions (Torres, 1989, 1990)
23
called motive power basic units (strike and grap, touch, stop, evade, pull,
push…) those, subsequentment, may evolve in the way to materialize
themselves in sports techniques institutionalized (Figueiredo, 1998) recognized
as combat situations (projections, strikings immobilizations, strangling and
luxations).
In this way, is the perception of the distances by the fighters on a game
situation, that allow to decide the rhythm and strategy that must take place,
appearing the displacements as determinant actions on the distance rupture.
So, is considered that the one called ―Transition Process‖ occurrant or
subsequent of the offensive and defensive phases is the most important
moment in the fighting game, once that it is in this process that is determinate
the guarding distance, but it is also when it takes place the decision of the
actions to trigger or strengthen. From this emerges the ―Tactical Intention‖
(Terrisse et al., 1995), which invokes the necessity to reduce the uncertainty
due to fight, this is, anticipate and trigger the after motion actions. The
expression of a ―motrice fighting action‖ (Figueiredo, 2009a) observed as a
technical execution with a rhythm on a distance, demonstrates the ―Tactical
Intention‖ and represents the bases of the ―global fighting knowledge‖.
By the other hand, the teaching-learning process must promote the construction
of learning structured situations, if not identical, at least comparable, allowing
the approach on the common and permanent characters of the nearby activities
(Terrisse, 1991).
The process of initiation on combat sports, as affirms Brousse (1993), must be
based on the progression of the difficulty of the approach contents (degree of
opposition) and in the complexity (hierarchization of the technical-tactical
sequences), resulting this conception, strengthened by several authors, the
following proposal organized by Molina & Castarlenas (2002):
From the treatment in a big group to the pair work proposals;
From the contact in cooperation to the contact in opposition;
From the generic fighting skills to the specific ones;
From the fight for objects and places to the fight for catching/ controlling the
body or some of its parts;
From big spaces to reduced ones.
On the employment of this directives, with didactic character, are assumed
methodologies based on the resolution of the problems as most appropriated,
since they promote the creativity and make easier to find solutions to the several
situations.
Concomitantly, we consider of extreme importance the incidence around the
cooperation-opposition axis. According to this, we defend an approach that
promotes the opposition trough the cooperation – process called ―Cooperative
Opposition‖ (Prieto et al., 2001). According to Calmet & Patinet (1993), this
process allows not only the ―do with‖ instead the ―do against‖ but also the
differentiated work of a same object (for instances, a dual work face to a work in
duel). This reality allows the development of the sense of opposition trough the
cooperative tasks without, however, to lose the agonistic spirit that represents
the essence of fighting action.
24
References
AMADOR, F. (1997). ―Clasificación de los juegos y deportes de lucha‖. El Judo y las
Ciencias de la Educación Física y el Deporte. Bilbao: Instituto Vasco de Educación
Física, 5-22.
BROUSSE, M. (1993). ―Quel programme en sports d‘opposition?―. Revue E.PS, 242, 5053.
CALMET, M.; PATINET, C. (1993). ―Duos-Duels―. Revue E.PS, 239, 64-67.
CARRATALÀ, V. (1998). ―Los juegos y deportes de lucha en el marco de la Educación
Física escolar―. In Villamón, M. (edit.). La Educación Física en el Currículum de
Primaria. Valencia: Consellería de Cultura, Educació i Ciència, 269-316.
FIGUEIREDO, A. (1997). ―Os Desportos de Combate nos Programas de Educação
Física―. Horizonte, XIV, (80), 36-39.
FIGUEIREDO, A. (1998). ―Os Desportos de Combate nas Aulas de Educação Física―.
Horizonte, XIV (81), Dossier
FIGUEIREDO, A. (2009a). ―The Object of Study in Martial Arts and Combat Sports
Research – Contributions to a Complex Whole‖, in: Cynarski, Wojciech (ed.)
Martial Arts and Combat Sports – Humanistic Outlook, Rzeszów, Wydawnictwo
Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, pp. 20-34
FIGUEIREDO, A. (2009b). ―The combat sports in physical education classes – a basic
perspective‖, in: Cynarski, W. (ed.) Martial Arts and Combat Sports – Humanistic
Outlook, Rzeszów, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, pp. 145-149.
MOLINA, J.; CASTARLENAS, J. (2002). ―Bases para una propuesta para la enseñanza
del Judo en el contexto escolar―. I Castarlenas, J. & Molina, J. (edi.). El Judo en la
Educación Física Escolar. Barcelona: Editorial Hispano-Europea, 29-44.
PARLEBAS, P. (1988): Elementos de Sociología del Deporte. Málaga: Unisport.
PRIETO, J.; GUTIÉRREZ, C.; ESPARTERO, J.; BRICIO, G.; CORUJO, L.; FERNÁNDEZ,
A. (2001). ―El judo como actividad cooperativa. Algunas reflexiones en torno a una
propuesta didáctica‖. Comunicación presentada en el I Congreso Estatal de
Actividades Cooperativas, Junta de Castilla y León, Medina del Campo
(Valladolid), 9 a de 12 de julio.
TERRISSE, A. (1991). ―Pour un enseignement dialectique des sports de combat―. Revue
EPS, 229, 23-26.
TERRISSE, A. (1996). ―Analyse de la transposition didactique du Judo: evolution du
‗savoir combattre‘ dans l‘enseignement du Judo à l‘école à travers la Revue EPS
de 1950 a 1993―, Revue Française de Pédagogie, 116, 65-76.
TERRISSE, A.; QUESADA, Y.; SAUVEGRAIN, J.; HIEGEL, P. (1995). ―Le Savoir
Combattre: Essai d‘Élucidation―. Revue EPS, 252, 26-29.
TORRES, G. (1989). ―Activitats de Lluita. Caracterització―. Apunts: Educació Física i
Esports, 18, 71-74.
TORRES, G. (1990). ―Las unidades motrices básicas luctatorias y su aplicación en la
Educación Física‖. Apunts: Educació Física i Esports, 24, 45-56.
25
1
1
2
Carlos Gutiérrez , Mikel Pérez , José A. Tola , Carmen del Campo
2
1
Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad de León
(España),
2
Gimnasio Energym, Zamora (España).
[email protected].
Women, risk, and self-defence: about a women’s
self-defence course
Objectives: The present study aims to recognize the profile, motives, risk
experiences and perceptions of a group of women attending a women‘s selfdefense course taking place in Zamora (Spain), a small city town of 65000
citizens.
Methodology: A specific, anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was
validated in two phases by 3 experts and 6 women, respectively. Finally, the
questionnaire was composed by 16 closed and/or half-open ended items,
focused on the characterization of the sample, course attendance reasons, and
risk experiences and perceptions relating to physical violence. The
questionnaire was administered at the beginning of the course and filled in by all
the participants (n=10). The main researcher was present during the course for
solving any question. Data were categorized and statistically processed by a
descriptive analysis based on the frequency and percentage distribution. Other
statistical analyses were not conducted due to the limited sample.
Results: The age of the participants was between 13 and 38 years old
(27,4±6,4). All the participants were Spanish; seven of them lived in Zamora.
The education profile of the sample was varied, including 50% university
graduates. Two of the participants were studying official degrees, while the rest
were workers. Eight of them were single. Only one woman had practised selfdefence and four of them some martial arts. On the contrary, all of them had
practised some sport or physical activity at least during six months along their
life, and 50% of them kept active. With regard to the reasons for the attendance
to the course, six participants alleged as their main aim learning to defend
themselves. Curiosity was quoted in three cases, other less frequent reasons
were self-improvement, feel safe, sport for pleasure, and getting a job. Finally,
none of the surveyed women had suffered a physical assault. One of the
participants stated that she had been involved in some situations with physical
violence during the last three years. On the contrary, six of the surveyed women
considered themselves as belonging to a ―risk group‖ that could suffer some
kind of aggression, three of them pointing out that anyone could be the target of
such kind of attack, one of them cited her own weakness, and the last one
mentioned the increasing violence in the society.
26
Discussion: Due to the limited sample and the lack of similar studies in Spain,
the discussion of the results was presented with an exploratory and
interpretative character. The profile of the participants was a woman about 2035 years old, with higher studies, worker, single, with experience in physical
activities but not in sef-defense. From our point of view, the key of the
discussion turned around the apparent paradox of attending to a women‘s selfdefence course, with the improvement of personal defence ability as the first
aim, and the display of a reality in which none of the surveyed women had
suffered any type of physical assault, and just one and three women
respectively stated to be involved in some violent situation or known someone of
their environment who had suffered it. The feeling of being a ―risk group‖
seemed to be the key factor for understanding their training interest. This feeling
can be placed in the context of the so-called ―risk society theory‖ developed by
sociologists Ulrich Beck and Anthony Giddens, among others.
Conclusions: The present study points out the existence of a risk perception
related to personal safety which is different from the physical violence situations
cited by the surveyed women. Then, the acquisition of self-defence knowledge
and skills seems to be a way for transcending or lightening this insecurity
feeling, rather than a set of techniques which will be probably put in practice in
the future. The exploratory character of the research is also concluded. A wider
sample and new complementary research techniques are necessary for a better
understanding of the complex issues surrounding women‘s self-defence
courses.
Bibliography
Brecklin, L.R. (2004). Self-defense/assertiveness training, women‘s victimization
history, and psychological characteristics. Violence against women, 10 (5),
479-497.
Brecklin, L.R. (2007). Evaluation outcomes of self-defense training for women: a
review. Agression and violent behaviour, 13, 60-76.
Hollander, J.A. (2004). ―I can take care of myself‖: the impact of self-defense
training on women‘s lives. Violence against women, 10 (3), 205-235.
Instituto de la Mujer (2008). Las mujeres en cifras: 1983-2008. Madrid:
Ministerio de Igualdad.
Looser, D. (2006). The ―Risk Society‖ and martial arts training in New Zealand.
Journal of Asian Martial Arts, 15(1), 8-23.
Ministerio del Interior (2007). Anuario estadístico del Ministerio del Interior.
Madrid: Secretaria Técnica General, Ministerio del Interior.
27
1
1
2
Carlos Gutiérrez , Mikel Pérez , William Acevedo , Mei Cheung
2
1
Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad de León
(España),
2
Academia Northern Chinese Martial Arts (Alberta, Canadá)
[email protected].
The japanese figthers are more skillful than their
chinese counterparts, or when the context is more important than
the text
Objectives: The present study proposes a reflection over different elements
such as: politics, economy, military, social, cultural etc. that condition the
perception, introduction and acceptance of the martial arts in other cultures.
Particularly, the study analyses the first Chinese and Japanese martial arts
articles that were published in different Spanish illustrated magazines starting
from 1899 to the beginning of the 20th century.
Methodology: First Chinese and Japanese martial arts articles published in
th
different Spanish illustrated magazines from 1899 to the beginning of the 20
century were used. The search for articles was done in centers of such as the
Spain‘s National Library, Madrid Municipal Newspaper Library, and Digital
Newspaper Library of the Spain‘s National Library. An analysis of the content
found was followed by an interpretation based on the different historical
backgrounds that were remnant in China and Japan during that period.
Results and discussion: Despite the scarce of information, the information
founded is significant due to the media where it was published –illustrated
magazines– and the information that was presented from practices that did not
arrive to Spain yet. Japanese martial arts articles are more numerous; they
show a practice –jujutsu– defined by its scientific approach, practicality, esoteric,
elegance, invincibility, its ancient roots and its characteristics as a self defense,
gymnastic and sport system. At the same time this practice started to be
strongly introduced in the western powers, in the civil as well as military fields.
On the contrary, the very limited references to Chinese martial arts presented
them as ancient but effective fighting systems, without using in this description a
more decorative style as was the case with jujutsu. Did the Japanese fighters
demonstrated, as described by the articles, more skill than the Chinese
counterparts? Rather, the reason for these perceptions should be found in the
historic background, where Japan incorporated modernity at gigantic steps,
demonstrating to be a vital country in the world by the Sino-Japanese War
(1894–1895), and its participation in the Boxer Rebellion (1900–1901). On the
contrary, the status and international image of China, a country colonized and
overpowered by the military superiority of western nations and Japan during the
First and Second Opium Wars (1839–1842 and 1856–1860 respectively), the
Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864), the first Sino-Japanese War and the Boxer
Rebellion, found itself at a level much inferior than Japan. In fact, the Chinese
28
people were given the derogative name of ―the sick men of Asia‖. Under this
conditions, the social image transmitted of the Chinese martial arts were placed
in the field of the exotic and anecdotic, without an effective transfer to the West.
Conclusions: This study emphasizes the importance of the study of contextual
factors in the comprehension of the historical evolution of the martial arts, as
well as the social images in their transmission. In the case that was analyzed,
this contextual factors explain the construction of images used to differentiate
the Chinese and Japanese martial arts, and also the many reason the Japanese
martial arts were introduced in the west and no-Asian countries ahead of the
Chinese martial arts. In sum the observers wrote about the level of skill of the
Japanese fighters when compared with their Chinese counterparts based their
conclusions by extrapolating the reality (the Japanese military superiority) to a
different level (the efficacy of the traditional combat skills), polluting the
information that was presented to the readers of such magazines (and possibly
these art‘s future followers).
References
Articles related to China, Japan and their martial arts published in several Spanish
illustrated magazines (Por esos mundos, Alrededor del Mundo, Nuevo Mundo, Gran Vida)
from 1899 to 1907.
Almazán, V.D. (2001). Japón y el japonismo en las revistas ilustradas españolas (18701935): introducción a las revistas ilustradas como fuente de documentación de
Japón y el “Japonismo”. Zaragoza: Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza.
Draeger, D.F. (1996). The Martial Arts and Ways of Japan. 3 vols. New York: Weatherhill.
Gewu, K. (1995). The Spring and Autumn of Chinese Martial Arts, 5000 Years. Santa
Cruz, CA: Plum Publications.
Gutiérrez, C. (2006). ―Soldados, samuráis y sportmen: el Japonismo Deportivo llega a
Europa‖. En Aquesolo, J.A. (Ed.). Sport and Violence. Cádiz: Universidad Pablo de
Olavide, pp. 115-123.
Henning, S. (1981). ―The Chinese Martial Arts in Historical Perspective‖. Military Affairs,
45(4), 173-179.
Patterson, W.R. (2008). ―El papel del Bushido en el auge del nacionalismo japonés previo
a la Segunda Guerra Mundial‖. Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas, 3(4), 8-21.
Rodao, F. (2002). Franco y el imperio japonés. Barcelona: Plaza Janés.
Wingard, G. (2003). ―Sport, Industrialism, and the Japanese ‗Gentle Way‘: Judo in Late
Victorian England‖. Journal of Asian Martial Arts, 12 (2), 16-25.
29
1
1
Conchi Bellorín Naranjo , Raquel Hernández García , Israel Contador
Castillo2, Emilio Pérez Pérez 1, Gema Torres Luque2, Raquel Escobar
Molina3
1
Judo Federation of Extremadura and Associate Sports
University of Évora
3
University of Jaén
4
University of Granada
conchibellorin @hotmail.com
2
Proposed course: military personnel to the female gender violence
Keywords: self defense, violence, abuse
Gender-based violence is one of the most important problems of our
society. In Spain alone, 121 people died in 2008 from causes related to
domestic violence. In this regard, various initiatives have been created to deal
not only to speak about the consequences of violence but also its prevention.
The aim of this paper is to present a course of "self defense", developed at the
Instituto de la Mujer de Extremadura during the year 2008, women between 18
and 60 years of age with a duration of 20 hours. This course aims to give
women the confidence and skills to prevent and respond to situations of
violence in the most appropriate manner possible. The activities of the course
were divided into three blocks: personal defense, psychological workshops and
legislative workshops. The results on the level of satisfaction of participants, and
other indicators, we can justify the importance of such actions on the prevention
of gender violence. Assuming thus that the activity described could be a
potential tool for addressing social issues of gender violence in society today.
Bibliography:
Hoffer, B. (2004). Curso de Autodefensa Femenina. Edi: ESM. Madrid
30
Cristiano Roque Antunes Barreira Barreira
University of São Paulo
[email protected]
An intentional analysis of Karate-do: Kime and Sun-dome between
unveiling and veiling toward the Path of Emptiness
This work attempts to carry out a phenomenological analysis of karate- do,
a martial art originated in the Island of Okinawa, which spread out to the rest of
Japan and worldwide during the last century. What is karate, from an intentional
perspective, that is, from the perspective of those who experience the practice
itself and are conscious about it along the years? That is the guiding question of
the digging process used in this paper in the searching of the fundaments of this
existential tradition: the karate. Such analytical digging, which is far from being
merely underlined by a conceptual investigation, seeks its determinations within
the lived experience emerged directly from the moment of practice. In addition to
the obvious corporal realm, the strength of this experience is revealed through
its moral and psychological realms: the lived experience is thus transformed into
a kind of conceptual experience. We start from the surface like in any
archaeological digging – that is, it is from this conceptual facet that our analytical
process starts when determining the foundations of the karate deeply
experienced. This work has counted on the analysis of referential bibliographic
sources of the shotokan karate school and on the analysis of four in-depth
interviews with Japanese masters living in Brazil who have trained in karate for
more than forty years.
We believe that our results and conclusion transcend the boundaries of the
different schools of karate. In the related literature, kime is considered the core
of karate, this phenomenological archeology (Ales Bello, 2005) advances toward
a typification of a new type of model in which the access and the unveiling of
this core would establish a new worldview and a new view of the human being.
On the other hand, a typification based on a different concept is carried out – a
typification of which paradoxical aspect in relation to the kime is highlighted,
while kime itself is overshadowed. Such typification suggests a different view of
men and a different worldview: the sun-dome. A deep meaning in relation to the
combative technical aspect of the word karate-do is attributed to it and
synthetically expresses lived fundaments. Empty (kara), hands (te), and path
(do) are conjugated as the path in which through the combative technique a
state of emptiness is reached – emptiness as a state of mind, an ideal condition
also found in the Zen Buddhism. However, this requisite for the character
formation, an objective of the karate-do, is not disconnected from the character
when in real life, neither from the necessity of an efficient physical reaction
against threat and danger – necessity that finds in the kime the best answer.
Kime is the confluence action of all physical and spiritual capacities at the blow‘s
31
point of impact. Every karate technique, whether elementary or advanced, has
to be completed with kime. The goal of kime is to eliminate the opponent with a
single blow (ikken-hisatsu). The fact that every karate exercise carries such
intention permanently imposes moral presets since the beginning. The implicit
ethics is that karate should only be used when saving lives. Seeking to restrict
combative training with kime, which should also be prudent, the sun-dome
emerges. The goal of sun-dome is to arrest a technique just before the impact
with the target. The growth of competitive sports practice, unknown to the
original karate, intensified the role of the sun-dome which determines a new
intentionality, a new sentiment, and moral to karate differently from simple
prudence.
Bibliography
ALES BELLO, A. (2005). Phenomenological hyletics and the lifeworld. Analecta
Husserliana, LXXXIV, 293-301.
BARREIRA, C.R.A.; MASSIMI, M. (2008). O combate subtrativo: a espiritualidade do
esvaziamento como norte da filosofia corporal no Karate-Do. Psicol. Reflex. Crit.,
Porto
Alegre,
v.
21,
n.
2,
2008
.
Disponível
em:
<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S010279722008000200014&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 04 Mar. 2009.
Revitalization of Galhofa - an attractive project
32
Daniel Morgado Coelho
União ShitoRyu Portugal
[email protected]
Case Study: Motor Performance of Karate trainees from 6 to 12
years old in Loulé Municipality: sports habits and life styles.
Key-words: Karate; Child motor development;
Paedagogics; Physical Activity; Healthy Life Styles.
Life
Quality;
Karate
The original study has been developed in the context of a monographic
thesis to complete the degree in Sports and Physics Education and had the goal
of analysing the sports habits and life styles of children between 6 and 12 years
old Karate trainees in Loulé Municipality and evaluating the levels of motor
performance in motor coordination exercises, through a motor tests examination
where the independence of higher and lower muscle groups and their
independence in right/left, as per the studies developed by Sobral (2006).
46 children, 21 girls and 25 boys, have been questioned and observed
(6-12 years old), which have been practicing Karate in several clubs in Loulé
Municipality. The sample has been divided in two age groups, from 6 to 9 and
10 to 12 years old.
The collection of data has been performed through an enquiry and the
application of the exercises comprised in the motor tests examination and the
data processing has been performed through the statistical analysis program
SPSS (version 15.0). After this process, a global and detailed analysis has been
done and the conclusions have been made from the gathered data.
The study has revealed that the practice of Karate in a long period of
time (more than 3 years) and with higher frequencey (more than 3 times a week)
leads to a better performance of the trainees in the tests for motor coordination,
either on the higher and lower limbs.
It has been made clear that the children in the sample have a life style
that is according to the results of other similar populations, existing healthy and
recommended patterns in food, sleep, free time activities and physical activity.
Bibliography
BOMPA, T. O., Periodização: Teoria e Metodologia do Treinamento. Phorte Editora,
São Paulo, 2002.
FIGUEIREDO, A. A., O Karaté Infantil e o Desenvolvimento Lúdico: Bases
Metodológicas para uma Intervenção Didáctica, Lisboa, 1994
FIGUEIREDO, A. A., Bases Fisiológicas para o Treino da Criança, Lisboa, 1994
NETO, C., Motricidade e jogo na infância. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Sprint, 1996.
33
SOBRAL, F. O estilo de vida e a actividade física habitual. In F Sobral; A Marques
(editors). FACDEX – Desenvolvimento somato-motor e factores de excelência
desportiva na população escolar portuguesa: relatório parcelar da área do grande
Porto. Ministério da Educação – Gabinete Coordenador do Desporto Escolar.
Lisboa, 1992.
WHOQOL Group. The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment
(WHOQOL): position paper from the World Health Organization. 1995, 41: 140310.
GALLAHUE, D. L. & OZMUN, J. C., Compreendendo o desenvolvimento motor:
bebês, crianças, adolescentes e adultos. Phorte Editora, São Paulo, 2003.
OKANO, A. H. et al., Comparação entre o desempenho motor de crianças de
diferentes sexos e grupos étnicos. Revista Brasileira de Ciência e Movimento,
Brasília, 2001, v. 9, n. 3, p. 39-44.
GALLAHUE, D. L.,Motor development in early childhood education. In B. Spodek &
Saracho, O. (Eds.). Handbook of Research on the Education of Young Children,
pp. 105-120. Mahwah: NJ. Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers, 2006
34
Daniel Santos1, André Seabra, Rui Garganta, Rámon Lima, Emanuel
Passos, Luís Castro, Sónia Vidal, Rojapon Buranarugsa
Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
[email protected]
Anthropometric, morphological and muscle power indicators.
A study with Kata and Kumite athletes of the Portuguese National
Team
The present study had the following purposes: (i) to submit information
describing the profile of national level kumite and kata practitioners (male and
female), in anthropometric, somtatotype and body composition ways (ii) to
describe and compare the levels of muscle power of lower limbs of athletes of
kata and kumite (National Team); (iii) to assess the balance in the production of
strength between the ipsi and contralateral muscles, during the movement of
flexion / extension of the knee, through isokinetic evaluation. The sample was
constituted by 28 athletes (12 female and 16 male) of the National Team of
Karate, aged between 16 and 30 years old. The assessment of somatic
indicators was carried out by the protocol proposed by the International Working
Group on Kinanthropometry. Muscle strength of the flexors and extensors of the
knee was assessed in isokinetic dynamometer. The assessment of explosive
strength and power was conducted according to the protocol described by
Bosco et al. (1983).
The results obtained have identified: (i) a déficit of female‘s physycal
preparation; (ii) a well developed mesomorphic component in males, in either
Kata (5,90 ± 0,20 ) or Kumite (5,46 ± 0,87) strand; (iii) impossibility to define a
type athlete profile in the two strands, (iv) on average, the ratio H/Q is slightly
lower than the value suggested as appropriate, especially for athletes from Kata
(Right - 45.0 ± 4.0% and Left - 46.0 ± 2, 0%) and Kumite (Right - 49.0 ± 3.3%
and Left - 50.0 ± 1.8%); (v) Kumite male athletes are characterized by an
external morphology dominated by the mesomorphic
component, which seems to indicate that the portuguese model of competitive
Kumite should be a demand for short distance and implementation of maximum
power actions.
References
Baker, J. S. and B. Davies (2006). "Variation in resistive force selection during brief high
intensity cycle ergometry: Implications for power assessment and production in
elite karate practitioners." Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 5: 42-46.
Beekley, M. D., T. Abe, et al. (2006). "Comparison of normalized maximum aerobic
capacity and body composition of SUMO wrestlers to athletes in combat and other
sports." Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 5: 13-20.
Beneke, R., T. Beyer, et al. (2004). "Energetics of karate kumite." European Journal of
Applied Physiology 92(4-5): 518-523.
Beunen, G. and M. Thomis (2000). "Muscular strength development in children and
adolescents." Pediatric Exercise Science 12(2): 174-197.
35
Figueiredo, A. (2006). A INSTITUCIONALIZAÇÃO DO KARATÉ - Os Modelos
Organizacionais do Karaté em Portugal. Lisboa: Dissertação de Douturamento
apresentada à Faculdade de Motricidade Humana - UTL.
Francescato, M. P., T. Talon, et al. (1995). "Energy-Cost and Energy-Sources in Karate."
European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 71(4): 355361.
Fritzschel, J. and C. Raschka (2007). "Sports anthropological investigations on
somatotypology of elite karateka." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 65(3): 317-329.
Imamura, H., Y. Yoshimura, et al. (1998). "Maximal oxygen uptake, body composition and
strength of highly competitive and novice karate practitioners." Appl Human Sci
17(5): 215-8.
Kazemi, M., J. Waalen, et al. (2006). "A profile of Olympic Taekwondo competitors."
Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 5: 114-121.
Malina, R. M., W. H. Mueller, et al. (1982). "Fatness and Fat Patterning among Athletes at
the Montreal Olympic Games, 1976." Medicine and Science in Sports and
Exercise 14(6): 445-452.
Nunan, D. (2006). "Development of a sports specific aerobic capacity test for karate - A
pilot study." Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 5: 47-53.
Pieter, W., L. T. Bercades, et al. (2006). "Relative total body fat and skinfold patterning in
Filipino national combat sport athletes." Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 5:
35-41.
Pieter, W. and D. Taaffe (1990). Peak torque and strength ratios of elite taekwondo
athletes. Commonwealth and International Conference Proceedings, Auckland,
New Zealand, NZAHPER.
Pieter, W., D. Taaffe, et al. (1990). "Heart-Rate Response to Taekwondo Forms and
Technique Combinations - a Pilot-Study." Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical
Fitness 30(1): 97-102.
Pieter, W., D. Taaffe, et al. (1989). "Isokinetic Peak Torque of the Quadriceps and
Hamstrings of College Age Taekwondo Athletes." Journal of Human Movement
Studies 16(1): 17-25.
Probst, M. M., R. Fletcher, et al. (2007). "A comparison of lower-body flexibility, strengths
and knee stability between karate athletes and active controls." Journal of Strength
and Conditioning Research 21(2): 451-455.
Ravier, G., F. Grappe, et al. (2004). "Application of force-velocity cycle ergometer test and
vertical jump tests in the functional assessment of karate competitor." Journal of
Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 44(4): 349-355.
Zehr, E. P. and D. G. Sale (1993). "Oxygen-Uptake, Heartrate and Blood Lactate
Responses to the Chito-Ryu Seisan Kata in Skilled Karate Practitioners."
International Journal of Sports Medicine 14(5): 269-274
36
Filipe Pamplona de Castro Soeiro
UNL | AKDK
[email protected]
An Holistic Pedagogical Model - Symbols, Values and Attitudes
There is an opportunity in the present Portuguese and global context coming
from the next generations‘ interests and vision and from present regulatory
environment, resulting on several academic researches.
There is a possibility of developing an university program, by capturing
governmental, sport, federative and regulatory entities‘ interest and capabilities.
However, there is a huge lack of university qualified martial art and combat
sport‘s agents, meaning an opportunity to develop teaching and learning
capabilities for professors and students.[2]
The vision of an holistic pedagogical method, considering core values and
behaviours [3, 4 and 8] in the Martial Arts and Combat Sport, as starting point,
and grappling inputs and insights from other scientific areas, as for example,
natural, human and management sciences represents an innovative and added
value opportunity of teaching and learning for professors and students.
Abstract is directly supported by the following Bibliographic References:
[2]. Chinese Culture, Organizational Behaviour, and International Business
Management, Ilan Alon, Praeger Publishers, 2003;
[3]. Contemporary Issues in Sociology of Sport, Andrew Yiannakis, Merril J.
Melnick, 2001;
[4]. Curriculum, Pedagogy, and Values: Revealing the Invisible, Prema Gaikwad,
Feature – InFo, Vol. 7, Nº 2, 2004;
[8]. Maslow on Management, Abraham H. Maslow, Published by John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 1998;
Other research paper‘s Bibliography References:
[1]. A Arte da Guerra para uso dos Gestores, Sun Tzu, Livio Buttignol, 2005;
[5]. Guerreiro – A Alma do Soldado, Cadernos Históricos, Philippe Renault, 2008;
[6]. Guia de Estudos de Sociologia, Tese de Mestrado, Cláudio Silva, 2000;
[7]. Hapkido: Traditions, Philosophy, Technique, Mark Tedeschi, Weatherhill
Publishing, 2000;
[9]. Studies in Sociology: Symbols, Theory and Society, Institute of sociology, Warsaw
University, Elizabeta Halas and Risto Heiskala, book series, 2007;
[10]. The Complete Book of Martial Arts. David Mitchell, Hamlyn Publishing, 1989;
[11]. The Ultimate Book of Martial Arts, Fay Goodman, Hermes House Publishing, 2004
37
Gabriel Fife, RA Harter
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
(541) 908-1051; (541) 737-6801 [email protected] [email protected]
A Comparison of Concussion Assessment and Management
Protocols Used at Elite Taekwondo Tournaments in the Republic of
Korea and the United States
Context: In the Olympic sport of taekwondo (TKD), the incidence of
concussion has been reported to be 3 times greater than that found in American
football and other sports. In a martial art in which high velocity kicks and
punches to the head are essential components of TKD tournament competition,
little is known about the assessment and management protocols currently used
by medical personnel to evaluate concussions. In the USA, the National Athletic
Trainers‘ Association recently published new recommendations for the
management of the concussed athlete, and has suggested protocols for medical
teams to follow after the occurrence of a concussion.
Objectives: To identify and compare the concussion management and
assessment protocols used by medical personnel at TKD tournaments in the
USA and the Republic of Korea (South Korea). A secondary objective was to
gain further understanding of the qualifications and professional experience of
medical personnel providing medical care at selected elite TKD tournaments.
Design: Cross-sectional qualitative survey.
Setting:
Questionnaires were administered to tournament medical
personnel in South Korea, specifically, at the 41 st National President‘s
Taekwondo Cup in 2006, the 2007 Elite Industrial Taekwondo Championship
th
and the 30 Korean National Collegiate Taekwondo Championships in 2007,
and in the United States at the 2008 U.S. National Taekwondo Championships.
Patients or Other Participants:
Eighteen TKD tournament medical personnel of either Korean (n = 11) and
American (n = 7) nationality.
Interventions: We administered paper-and-pencil questionnaires to all
volunteers, with Korean or English language versions of the questionnaire
provided as appropriate. The questionnaire required participants to quantify the
extent of their personal experiences providing medical care at TKD
tournaments, as well as indicate the methods they currently used to assess and
manage concussions.
Main Outcome Measures: We employed frequency analysis and descriptive
statistics to summarize the level of professional experience in the medical field,
the number of years worked in TKD tournament settings, and the type of
medical/allied health credential that the respondents held. Medical personnel
were asked to indicate whether they used any of 10 different methods used to
assess and make return-to-play decisions, e.g., ImPACT, Sideline Assessment
of Concussion (SAC) test.
38
Results: Four of the 11 Korean medical personnel surveyed (36%) held
registered nursing (RN) credentials, while 4 were physical therapists (PT) (36%),
and 3 (27%) were emergency medical technicians (EMTs). In comparison, the
credentials of medical personnel at the 2008 U.S. National Taekwondo
Championships included 2 physicians (29%), 2 certified athletic trainers (ATCs)
(29%), 2 EMTs (29%), and 1 PT (14%). Of the South Korean respondents, 55%
(n = 6) had less than one year of experience serving as medical care provider at
TKD tournaments, with 46% of participants (n = 5) indicating that the
tournament in which this survey was conducted was the first time he/she
provided medical coverage at a TKD tournament. Five of 7 (71%) American
respondents indicated that they had > 5 years experience serving as medical
personnel at TKD tournaments, with 4 of 7 reporting that they had > 10 years
experience at national level TKD tournaments. Six of the Korean medical
personnel (55%) reported treating < 2 concussions at TKD tournaments within
the past year. Four of 7 (57%) American medical personnel surveyed indicated
they had provided care for an average of 15 concussions at TKD tournaments
within the past year; the remaining medical staff provided care for an average of
3 concussions within the past year. All South Korean and American medical
personnel reported using two or more concussion assessment protocols, e.g.,
symptoms checklist, clinical evaluation.
Conclusions: The taekwondo tournament medical personnel in South
Korea and the USA who were surveyed encountered substantially different
numbers of concussions during elite TKD tournaments, a result that may be
partially explained by differences in medical training and years of experience
between the groups. We recommend that TKD national governing bodies assign
only medical personnel who have direct, significant work experience with the
sport of TKD to provide medical care at national-level taekwondo tournaments.
Given the recent worldwide concern about long-term consequences for athletes
who have sustained multiple concussions, TKD national governing bodies would
do well to review current concussion management and assessment protocols
used by medical personnel in their countries, and identify a standard of care for
concussion assessment and management that accommodates the unique
physical and neurocognitive demands placed on national-level taekwondo
tournament competitors.
Referencies:
1. Zemper E, Pieter W. Cerebral concussions in Taekwondo athletes. In: Hoerner, E.F.
(Ed). Head and Neck Injuries in Sports. 1994; 116-123.
2. Koh J.O, Incidence Study of Head Blows and Concussions in Competition Taekwondo.
Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14:72-79.
3. Kevin M. Guskiewicz, Scott L. Bruce, Robert C. Cantu, Michael S. Ferrara, James P.
Kelly, Michael McCrea, Margot Putukian, and Tamara C. Valovich McLeod.
National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Management of Sport-Related
Concussion. J Athl Train. 2004 Jul–Sep; 39(3): 280–297.
39
Jikkemien Vertonghen, Marc Theeboom
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - Department of Sport Policy and Management – Belgium
([email protected])
Social-psychological outcomes of martial arts practice among
children
Introduction
To date, little is known about the way children experience the involvement in
martial arts. It is interesting to note that research findings regarding the effect of
martial arts on young participants are contradictory. While some studies
reported an increase of antisocial behaviour among young martial artists (e.g.
Delva-Tauiliili, 1995; Reynes & Lorant, 2002), others described positive socialpsychological effects (e.g., an increased self-care and self-awareness: Wall,
2005; a higher level of self-regulation: Lakes & Hoyt, 2004; a decreased
violence: Zivin et al., 2001; …).
However, as indicated by Shields and Bredemeier (1995), it is often too difficult
to make general statements with regard to the socio-psychological effects of
sports participation without taking some influential factors into account.
The present study will focus on the influence of the structural qualities of the
sport itself, the participants‘ characteristics, type of guidance and the social
contex while analysing the experiences of young martial artists.
Methods
The aim of the present study, which is part of a larger research on children‘s
martial arts involvement, was to analyse the views and experiences of young
martial artists and compare the results between three different martial arts (judo,
aikido and kick- /thaiboxing). Ninety children between the age of 8 and 13 years,
as well as their parents and trainers, were interviewed in-depth about children‘s
social background and participation motives, as well as the characteristics of the
specific martial art, the aim and the approach used by the trainer were taken into
account.
Discussion
In general, findings seem to support the relationship between martial arts
practice and positive socio-psychological responses.
However, it is concluded that several factors need to be taken into consideration
when trying to determine the social-psychological outcomes of martial arts
practice among children.
40
References
Delva-Tauiliili, J. (1995). Does brief Aikido training reduce aggression of youth?
Perceptual and Motor Skills. 80(1), 297-298.
Lakes, K.D., & Hoyt, W.T. (2004). Promoting self-regulation through school-based martial
arts training. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25(3), 283-302.
Reynes, E., & Lorant, J. (2002). Effect of traditional judo training on aggressiveness
among young boys. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 94(1), 21-25.
Shields, D.L.L., & Bredemeier, B.J.L. (1995). Character development and physical activity.
Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Wall, R.B. (2005). Tai Chi and mindfulness-based stress reduction in a Boston public
middle school. Journal of Pediatric Heath Care, 19(4), 230-237.
Zivin, G., et al. (2001). An effective approach to violence prevention: Traditional martial
arts in middle school. Adolescence, 36, 443-459.
41
John Clements
ARMA Director. 105 Gainesborough Walk Dallas, Georgia 30157
[email protected]
Form from Function:
Motion and Movement Within Renaissance Fighting Disciplines
There can be little argument that different people move differently when
fighting. In fencing, with assorted weaponry, a person‘s movement style reflects
not just the patterns of actions they have been taught, but also reflects their
physicality. That is, it reflects their conditioning and their body shape (which is
itself a result of their diet, exercise, and physical activity). Additionally, motion in
armed close-combat is shaped directly by the nature of the tools wielded—the
handling characteristics of weapons that are themselves a direct product of their
function. Personal movement style can also be influenced by the habits acquired
by practice of whatever actions and techniques are permitted during mock
fighting bouts. Thus, motion and movement within a fighting discipline can be
said to represent the totality of a person‘s personal martial culture.
Analysis of the images and instructions on motion contained within
Renaissance fighting treatises of the 15th to 16th centuries is self-evident and
revealing. Movement was recognized early on as a core element of
Renaissance combative discipline. For example, the grand-Fechtmeister
Johannes Liechtenauer, in circa 1389 instructed: ―Motus (motion or movement),
this beautiful word, is the heart of swordsmanship and the crown of the whole
matter of swordsmanship...‖ (Lindholm, 2004). The element known as Vaage,
meaning ―balance,‖ was expressed in the German teachings to refer to the
posture of stable equilibrium necessary to employ motion and leverage. While
the Italian master, Fiore dei Liberi, in his fighting treatise of 1410 described,
―there are four things in the Art, which are passing, turning, advancing and
retreating‖ (Clements, 2008). Similarly, the master of arms, Giacomo Di Grassi,
in 1570 wrote, ―there is no doubt but he vanquisheth which is most nimble, and
this nimbleness is not obtained by handling of great hefts or weights, but by
often moving.‖ (Di Grassi, 1594). A generation later the Italian rapier master
Vincentio Saviolo, in 1594 guide noted that a fighter ―had need to understand
well his times and proportions, and to know how with skill to shift and move his
body, and to be ready and nimble as well with his foot as hand.‖ (Saviolo, 1594).
Establishing just how fighting men moved with their various arms and
armors in close-combat encounters lies at the heart of Renaissance martial arts
study. Historically, the student of knightly combat arts in Europe during the
Medieval and Renaissance eras was taught fundamentals core movements,
such as defensive wards and offensive striking motions. This was the basic
―motionality‖ vital to physically developing the necessary coordination and
proficiency for self-defense actions, as well as sharpening the combatant‘s
sense of timing, range, leverage, and perception of intent. Essentially, to put it
into modern terms, they stepped forward and back, traverse-stepped, cross42
stepped, pivot-stepped, and lunged all while aware of foot, hip, and shoulder
movement.
Yet, in contrast somewhat to the Medieval idea of overtly displaying
chivalric prowess, was the idea developing in 15th century Italy that a
nobleman‘s accomplishments, whether physical or intellectual, should appear to
be performed with ease (sprezzatura). For example, the renowned humanist
educator, Leon Battista Alberti, in the 1430s was ―assiduous in the science and
skill of dealing with arms‖ but against the knightly tournament and decried public
performance of physical skill as too ostentatious. A century later, the influential
courtier, Baldesar Castiglione, expressed that in physical skills the courtier was
also to avoid being ostentatious while still remaining graceful. The concept does
not actually refer to the energy or violence of any action but to how one pretends
to know it and be able to execute it (i.e., casually from innate talent as opposed
to hard work and practice). Castiglione described the term sprezzatura in
reference not to fighting skills but social interactions. As his Count Ludovico
explains the meaning of grace he calls it, ―an art which does not seem to be an
art.‖ The idea they had in mind was to avoid affectation and the appearance of
practice by showing a certain disdain or carelessness, so as to conceal ones
training. The intention was to make what you did (or spoke) appear to be casual,
unrehearsed, and achieved without deliberate conscious effort. The nature of
such deceptive performance is that if you try too hard to achieve it you will fail to
look natural and at ease. It was not that sprezzatura was false modesty or an
attempt to look stylish when doing something. It was the idea of nonchalance,
not panache. The fencing master Antonio Manciolino in his 1531, Opera Nova,
expressed that ―not only should the good fencer make himself skilled at attack
and defence, he should moreover give a beautiful form to his blows, mingled
with sweet movements of the body.‖ Roger Ascham, in his Toxophilus of 1545,
similarly described how, ―in learning all other matters, nothing is brought to the
most profitable use, which is not handled after the most comely fashion. As
masters of fence have no stroke fit ether to hit another or else to defend himself,
which is not joined with a wonderful comeliness.‖
There is no denying that our understanding of the history and context of
Renaissance combatives is deepened as we recognize what regional or
nationalistic differences were perceived by different instructors of fighting
disciplines among various lands and countries at the time. What their core
movements once were is now contentious and conjectural. Latin Europe during
the Medieval and Renaissance eras contained a general body of martial arts
knowledge that was recorded in considerable technical training literature.
Though this knowledge differed over time, there is as of yet no compelling
evidence for any national or ethnic styles of movement as being significantly
distinct and separate from one other. Whatever such differences might once
have been in any given geographic, area accurately discerning them now is no
easy task. While this may change as more is learned, modern students
ultimately have no real way of knowing to what degree different fighting methods
actually reflected truly distinct manners of motion corresponding to divergent
technique. While among all human beings in close-combat there are certain
universal commonalities of ―motionality,‖ there are not unanimous modes for
43
doing so. There are many factors that work to ensure differences of form
regardless of similar function of movements. Just as there are innumerable
styles of dance among world culture, so too are there distinct fighting styles.
Some of these demand motions and actions that others do not, and some have
developed movement patterns that others have no use for.
44
José Bragada
Polytechnic Institute of Bragança – Portugal
CIDESD
[email protected]
Revitalization of Galhofa - an attractive project
The preservation of our historical, cultural and sport heritage, is the
responsibility of all citizens, and a duty of several institutions.
Among a variety of characteristics of the Northeast region of Portugal, the
traditional game of fight - Galhofa is a unique cultural and sport phenomenon in
our country, which has persisted for decades, in some villages near Bragança,
in namely in Grijo, Freixedelo, Coelhoso, Paredes, and Carocedo. This
traditional and recreational activity has remained without any regulation or
systematisation over time. The rules and techniques passed from generation to
generation by oral and practical ways.
The standardization of social life and sports in modern society promote the
disappearance of many of traditional activities. However, the revitalization of the
Galhofa is still possible. The practice of traditional games, the knowledge of its
origins is a tribute to our ancestors and it is an obligation of all of us.
In this context, the Department of Sport of ESE-Polytechnic Institute of
Bragança (IPB) are developing a project to revitalize Galhofa, which began in
2007. A more detailed knowledge can be found at http://galhofa.bcd.pt/.
The project includes several phases, most of which have already undertaken:
•Describe and contextualize the traditional game - Galhofa
• Insert the game into the curriculum of the degree in Sports in IPB
•Publicise Galhofa with the community
•Establish the rules
•Create a Galhofa‘ symbol
•Create a web page
•Conduct periodic tournaments
•Publicise in schools
• Conduct training courses at the Physical Education‘ teachers
•Create a club of Galhofa.
Until present time, this revitalization process has exceeded our
expectations. Adherence to this initiative has been very good for the players,
sign that our cultural heritage and sport is a source of pride and will not be
forgotten. Thus, our communication will illustrate the activities already
undertaken in this project and noted the future intentions.
45
1,2
3
4
1
Luís Monteiro , José García García , Vicent Carratala , Rui Peixoto ,
Javier Suarez1
1
Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University Lusofona, Portugal
3
Portuguese Judo Federation; Universitad Catilla-La-Mancha;
Universidad de Valencia - Spain
luí[email protected],
2
4
Physiological and Strength Sport Success Indicators on Portugal
Judo Junior Team
Introduction: The success in Judo requires perfect physical, tactic and
psychological preparation (Thomas, 1989; Franchini et al., 2007). Excelling in
the performance of his or her chosen sports event, is the major aim of any elite
athlete (Reilly, 2001). To predict performance in a sport, techniques and tactics
are essential, but physical, physiological and strength variables are also
essential elements for success. The maximal explosive strength and power
output of legs and arms are indicative of the athlete´s training level and applied
training loads (Busko et al., 2008). They may provide some guidelines for
developing judo players with information on where training might be directed to
compensate for areas where the athlete is below average for successful judo
players (Franchini et al., 2007).
The purpose of this study was to verify the influence of the physical and
physiological components in success in competition. However, this study is a
contribution to the knowledge of the principal variables of the strength and
power in performance in Judo. In other words the aim of this study was: (i) to
compare the physiological, strength and power characteristics of judoka; (ii) to
verify the association between the variables measured; (iii) to build an
explicative model of successful junior judoka.
Method: To achieve this purpose, 22 athletes from the junior Portuguese Team
(15 males and 7 females) were submitted to: (i) Body composition evaluation);
(ii) Strength tests (handgrip test; legs and back-strength test; squat jump and
countermovement jump tests); (iii) Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) and bench
press. The athletes were classified by points, according two important
competitions: national championships and International Portugal Tournament.
The software (Quasar Control 5.1, Madrid, Spain) was used to calculate the
output of each repetition of the bench press performed. The strength and power
of the legs was performed in a force plate ISONET 500.
The following statistical procedures were used: (i) Mann-Whitney Test
(Nonparametric test) was used to compare the groups; (ii) Pearson coefficient
correlation to determine relationships between results in competition and
physical variables; (iii). The significance level was fixed at 5%.
Results: Based on results, we can conclude that: (i) Gender-groups were
different in height, weight, body fat, handgrip, legs-back-strength, vertical and
power jump (CMJ), bench press maximal strength and maximal power output
and in throw in bout (SJFT).
46
Table 1. Subject characteristics and the variables of bench press in males and
female junior judo national team
Subject
Characteristics
Bench Press
Grip Strength
SJFT (Throw)
Age (Years)
Height (m)
Body Fat (%)
Body mass (Kg)
1RM (Kg)
Vmax (m/s)
Power Load (Kg)
Maximal Power (W)
Maximal Power/mass (W/kg)
Maximal Force (N)
Maximal Force/mass (N/kg)
RFD (N/s)
(Right + Left) (Kg)
Male (n=15)
17,1±1,03
Female (n=7)
17±1,4
1,73±8,6
9,6±2,0
68,2±11,9
81,2±23
5,2±0,27
37±10,4
686,8±197,9
10±1,5
1108±303,5
16,2±3,2
83303±52159
92,9±9,2
11,7±1,3
1,61±2,6
14,1±1,07
57,7±4,8
46,3±5
4,49±0,31
20,6±4,6
448,8±104,4
7,9±1,2
698±168,9
12,5±3,6
58584±39788
65,3±4,2
12,4±0,7
Table 2. The Countermovement Jump and the variables Higth(cm), Vmax(ms),
Maximal Strength(N), Maximal Power(W) and RFD in males and female junior
judo national team
Countermovement
Jump
Heigth (cm)
Vmax (m/s)
Rel 2/3
Maximal Ccc Power (W)
Maximal Ccc Power/mass (W/kg)
Maximal Ccc Force (N)
Maximal Ccc Force/mass (N/kg)
RFD (N/s)
Male (n=15)
44,5±7,6
Female (n=7)
46,3±5
3,27±0,43
0,29±0,11
2179±593,1
31,9±8,7
1068±373
15,7±5,47
21528±7783,2
2,97±0,37
0,27±0,09
1588±323,3
27,5±5,6
808,2±168,5
14,0±32,9
16985±4328,4
(ii) The male competition results showed positive correlations between: Bench
Press - maximal power output (PmaxBP), (r=0,540; p<0,05), relative maximal
power output (PmaxBP/massW/kg), (r=0,554; p<0,05), rate force development
(RFD), (r=0,568; p<0,05) relative rate force development (RFD/mass W/kg),
(r=0,564; p<0,05), strength till in maximal power output (F_Pmax), (r=0,563;
p<0,05); Handgrip – left strength handgrip (Kg), (r=0,563; p<0,05) and explosive
strength CMJ – hCMJ (r=0,618; p<0,02) and relative concentric force
(FR_Ccc_CMJ), (r=0,523; p<0,05).
(iii) No significant differences were remarked between SJFT and strength tests
for male and female athletes;
(iv) The female competition results present positive correlations between: Bench
Press - maximal speed without load (VmaxBP), (r=0,720; p<0,05), difference
between the time till maximal power and the time of 350ms, (r=-0,795; p<0,03),
time to maximal power output (T_PmaxBP), (r=0,795; p<0,03); Squat Jump –
maximal Strength(Fmax_SJ), (r=0,751; p<0,05) and negative correlations
between competition results and CMJ – difference between time to maximal
power and time to maximal strength(D_TPP-TPF) (r=-0,726; p<0,05) and rate of
force development (RFD_CMJ), (r=-0,705; p<0,05).
47
Discussion / Conclusions: Training woman for Judo performance follows the
identical process as for men. Specific sex differences do exist. The average
woman´s maximal mean total body strength is 63.5% of that of a man. Isometric
upper body strength averages 55.8% of that of a man; isometric lower body
strength averages 71.9% that of man (Kraemer & Hakkinen, 2002). In our study
the results are similar, but in arms, the dynamic strength of a bench press of a
woman is 63% of that a judoka man; handgrip 70%; back-strength 71.8%; Squat
jump maximal strength 66% and Countermovement jump maximal strength
75.7%. In lower body the large variation is caused by the large number of
different single joint (elbow extension, shoulder flexion, hip extension) and
multiple joint (squat, bench press, shoulder press) movements possible with
both the upper and lower body. The data indicate that, in general, absolute
(body weight not considered) lower body strength of women is closer to that of
men than is absolute upper body strength (Kraemer & Hakkinen, 2002).
(v) In male model, the predict probability of being a successful judoka was the
predictors are: maximal power output, relative maximal power output, rate force
development strength, less time to maximal power output handgrip strength and
height of CMJ and relative concentric strength of CMJ.
(vi) In female model, the predict probability of being a successful judoka was the
predictors: maximal speed without load in arms, difference between the time till
maximal power and the time of 350ms, less time to maximal power output and
less time to maximal strength; Squat Jump – maximal Strength and; CMJ – rate
of force development (RFD), and difference between time to maximal power and
time to maximal strength.
Bibliography
Amtmann, J.; Cotton, A. (2005). Strength and conditioning for Judo. Strength and Conditioning Journal
v27(2); p.26-31.
Busko et al., (2008) Changes of maximal muscle torque and maximal power output of lower extremities
in male judoists during training. Human Movement, vol. 9(2), p.111-115.
Franchini , E., (2007). Specific fitness test developed in Brazilian judoists. Journal of Orthopaedic &
Sports Physical Therapy v37(11), p.688-693.
Gonzalez Badillo JJ; Gorostiaga,E. (1995) Fundamentos del entrenamiento para el desarrollo de la
fuerza. INDE. Barcelona.
Gonzalez Badillo JJ; García García JM. (2002). Introducción a la teoría y práctica del alto rendimiento
deportivo. UCLM, COE.
Hakkinen, K; Komi P. (1985). Effects of explosive type strength training on isometric force and relaxion
time. Acta physiol Scand 125: 587-600.
Kraemer, W.J. & Hakkinen, K. (2002). Strength Training for Sport. An IOC Medical Commission
Publication. Blackwell Science Ltd.
Pulkkinen, Wayland (2001). The Sport Science of Elite Judo Athletes. A review & application for
training. National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data.
Reilly, T., & Eston, R. (2001). Kinanthropometry and Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual: Tests,
Procedures and Data. Routledge Publication.
Thomas, J.M., (1989). Physiological Profiles of the Canadian Judo Team, Canadian Journal of Sport
Sciences, 14(3): 142-147.
48
1,2
3
Luís Monteiro , José García García , Vicent Carratala
4
1
Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University Lusofona, Portugal
2
3
Portuguese Judo Federation; Universitad Catilla-La-Mancha;
4
Universidad de Valencia - Spain
luí[email protected],
The Strength and Power in Male Judoists: Comparative Study
between Juniors and Seniors of the National Portuguese Team
Introduction
The maximal explosive strength and power output of legs and arms are
indicative of the athlete‘s training level and is considered one of main
determinants of athletic performance that require the explosive production of
force such as throwing and jumping (Busko et al., 2008; Kawamori et al., 2004;
Cormie et al., 2009). The purpose of this study was to compare the
characteristics of the strength and power in male judokas juniors and seniors of
the national Portuguese team. Forty men judokas of Portuguese junior and
senior teams (mean and sd body mass, Jun=73,6±19,4 and Seniors= 73,9±
11,1; age, J=17,3±1,03 and S=22,8±3,1; and height, J=1,65±9,3 and
S=1,74±6,3 were evaluated.
Method
The power-load relationship of the arm extensor muscles were tested in a
bench-press position using progressive relative loads till 100% 1RM. During the
upper extremity test actions, bar displacement, average velocity (metres per
second) and peak power (watts) were recorded by linking a rotary encoder to
the end part of the bar. The rotary encoder recorded the position and direction of
the bar with an accuracy of 0.0002 m. Customized software (Quasar Control
5.1, Madrid, Spain) was used to calculate the output of each repetition of the
bench press performed throughout the whole range motion. The strength and
power of the legs was performed in a force plate ISONET 500.
Standard statistical methods were used to calculate the means and standard
deviations (SD). The average of Junior and Senior‘s results, were compared
using one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA). The P=0.05 criterion was used to
establish statistical significance.
Results
The strength characteristics of the athletes of the upper extremity muscles
(bench press) are presented in Table 1, Peak force, one repetition concentric
maximum, peak power and power load, were significantly higher in senior
athletes than in junior. No significant differences were observed in maximal
speed and rate force development (RFD). In Table 2, force till maximal speed,
maximal eccentric power, relative maximal power and elasticity indices were
significantly higher in senior athletes than in junior.
49
Table 1. Subject characteristics and the variables of bench press in male junior
and senior judo national team
Bench Press
Junior (n=20)
80,6±17,1
5,08±0,25
37±10,4
692,7±150,5
9,53±1,1
1130±343,8
16±5,4
76560±35818
1RM (Kg)
Vmax(m/s)
Power Load (Kg)
Maximal Power (W)
Maximal Power/mass (W/kg)
Maximal Force (N)
Maximal Force/mass (N/kg)
RFD (N/s)
Senior (n=20)
105,1±24,3
5,09±0,66
50,5±11,1
1091±546,8
14,8±7,9
1649,1±610,7
22±6,3
93080±54613
Sig
***
ns
***
**
**
**
**
ns
Significant *p=0.05; Very Significant **p≤0.01
Table 2. The Countermovement Jump and the variables CMJ Height(cm),
Vmax(ms), Maximal Strength(N), Maximal Power(W) and RFD in Junior and
Senior male judo national team
C.movement Jump
Junior (n=20)
43,9±6,3
3,29±0,4
0,276±0,114
16078±4567
849,3±415,6
11,5±5,9
2258±597,4
30±6,3
1102±180,2
14,9±5,47
25350±7783,2
-1,0±15,9
Heigth (cm)
Vmax(m/s)
Rel 2/3
Force-Vmax (N)
Maximal Ecc Power (W)
Maximal EccP/mass (W/kg)
Maximal Ccc Power (W)
Maximal CccP/mass (W/kg)
Maximal Ccc Force (N)
Maximal Ccc F/mass (N/kg)
RFD (N/s)
Elasticity. Indices
Senior (n=20)
43,8±5,4
3,35±0,35
0,307±0,135
20268±3709
967,8±304
13,5±3,9
2411±596,2
32,9±5,8
1125±238,8
15,3±2,3
25530±9007
8,3±10,1
Sig
ns
ns
ns
**
**
**
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
*
Significant *p=0.05; Very Significant **p≤0.01
Discussion / Conclusions
Significantly differences were presented in the tests of explosive power output
and strength of legs and arms between Junior and Senior judoists.
In summary, the results of this study indicated that absolute maximal strength,
muscle power output in the bench press and in countermovement jump
performance are significantly different in senior and junior athletes, but there
were no differences concerning the rate of force development and maximal
speed.
Bibliografy
Abernethy, P; Wilson,G; Logan,P. (1995). Strength and power assesment; issues, controversies and
challeges. Sport medicine 19 (6) 401-417
Bompa, T.O. , Phd. (1999). Periodization: Training for sports. Champain: Human Kinetics Publishers.
Busko B., Nowak, A., (2008) Changes of maximal muscle torque and maximal power output of lower
extremities in male judoists during training. Human Movement, vol. 9(2), p.111-115.
Cormie, P., McBride, JM., and McCaulley, GO, (2009). Power-time, force-time, and velocity-time curve
analysis of the CMJ: impact of training. J Strength Cond Res 23(1): 177-186.
Kawamori, N., Haff, G., (2004). The optimal training load for the development of muscular power. J
Strength Cond Res 18(3): 675-684.
50
Marc Theeboom °, Dong Zhu °°, and Jikkemien Vertonghen °
°Vrije Universiteit Brussel - Department of Sport Policy and Management – Belgium
([email protected])
°°Shanghai University of Sport - P.R. China ([email protected])
Experiences of young chinese wushu players
Wushu, the collective noun for the Chinese martial arts, has a long and rich
history and is characterised by a wide variety of offensive and defensive fighting
techniques that are divided in numerous styles and schools (Wu et al., 1992).
Estimates indicate that there are well over 60 million Chinese that are involved
in regular wushu practice in China (Cai, 2005), with more than 12,000 wushu
schools (Jiang & Huang, 2005). Recently, the use of wushu has been advocated
in an attempt to improve the morality of Chinese youngsters of today (Wang &
Zhou, 2005) or as a way to introduce ‗quality education‘ in Chinese middle and
primary schools (Yang, 2001). As a number of authors have referred to the
changed self-identity and behaviour of many of today‘s youth in China with a
shift from oriental traditions towards western modernalism (McNeal & Yeh,
1997; Weber, 2002), it is interesting to see how today‘s children in China deal
with the specific characteristics of the traditional teaching process within the
Asian martial arts in general and wushu in particular.
Data were collected among 150 children from the city of Chengdu, the capital of
China‘s Sichuan Province, regarding their participation motives, training,
competition and behaviour. The group consisted of 109 boys and 41 girls, with
their age ranging from 6 to 17 years (average = 11.89 yrs., SD = 2.76 yrs.). The
experiences of youngsters were registered through the use of an adapted and
translated version of the written semi-structured questionnaire that was used in
a previous study on children‘s experiences in martial arts (Theeboom, 2001).
Data were statistically analysed using chi-square and mann withney tests.
Findings indicated that experiences of Chinese children do not differ much from
views among their counterparts in the West. Among other things, results
showed that Chinese children also primarily focus on health improving aspects
(‗staying in shape‘) and the acquisition of technical skills (‗learning to defend
myself‘). Also, the subjects‘ perception of the difference between wushu and
other sports relates only to the self-defence component. This is not in line with
what could have been expected as a result of the specific characteristics of the
traditional wushu teaching practice, in which emphasis is put on pointing
students in the way to reach ‗spiritual maturity‘. The results of the present study
seem therefore more in line with what has been indicated as an evolution
towards a changed identity and behavior among Chinese youth shifting from
oriental traditions towards western modernism. Furthermore, it is interesting to
note that a number of Chinese authors have indicated that wushu practice and
its teaching methods are outdated and need to be modernized. It is therefore
concluded that more research is needed which also looks at today‘s wushu
teaching approaches in China. Finally, as many have described the potential
values of traditional martial arts, it can be regarded as a challenge to organise
51
martial arts practice, which at the same time attracts contemporary youth, but is
also characterised by specific traditional elements.
References
Cai, Z. (2005). Present situation and development tendency of the research on wushu
teaching in school. Journal of Guangzhou Physical Education Institute, 3, 9-12.
Jiang, B. L., & Huang, Z. W. (2005). Sociological analysis of the rising of privately owned
Wushu schools in China. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, 2, 70-73.
McNeal, J. U., & Yeh, C. H. (1997). Development of consumer behaviour patterns among
Chinese children. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 14(1), 45-59.
Theeboom, M. (2001). Martial arts and children. In J. Steenbergen, P. De Knop, & A. H. F.
Elling (Eds.), Values and norms in sport. Critical reflections on the position and
meanings of sport in society (pp. 337-353). Aachen: Meyer & Meyer Sport.
Wang, Z. H., Zhou, Y. Y. (2005). On the training theories for children‘s wushu and the
relevant problems in practice. Journal of Wenzhou normal college, 26(5), 102-107.
Weber, I. (2002). Shanghai Baby: Negotiating Youth Self-Identity in Urban China. Social
Identities, 8(2), 347-368.
Wu, B., Li, X., & Yu, G. (1992). Essentials of Chinese wushu. Beijing, People‘s Republic of
China: Foreign Languages Press.
Yang, A. H. (2001). Status and Role of Wushu in Putting Quality Education into Effect
Middle and Primary Schools. Shandong Sports Science and Technology, 23(1), 5152.
52
Michael Hilpron
Laboratoire A.MA.P.P., UFR STAPS d‘Orléans
[email protected]
Eating builds up a motor culture: the « making judo »
Since1952 the institution of weight categories at the international level for
judo has been developing step by step to become what it stands for today : an
international sport where athletes are better and better prepared technically,
physically, tactically and mentally.
Training methods have been modernized, knowledge‘s have been
multiplied and spread, just like the distribution of medals at international
championships.
This classification by weight categories sometimes incites athletes to go on
strict diets in order to keep the proper weight. This weight classification is for
judo as well as for boxing an important stake since it directly influences the
practice itself (Wacquant, 2000). Little by little, physical strength has taken a
bigger importance in the fight to such a point that some athletes neglect
technique.
The belief of Kano Jigoro and the purists according to which technique
must prevail over power (Kano, 2005) has been questioned and the weight
issue has become primordial nowadays (Brousse, 1996; Thibault, 2000). To
understand and analyse these losses of weight, diets must be replaced within
the practice in general, therefore within the nutrition issue of the judo fighter in
particular.
What justifies these behaviours (choice of a weight category, diet...)? How
do these losses of weight take place? What does it generate in the athletes? I‘ll
try to answer these questions on the nutrition issue of judoka by using an
anthropological approach. To do so, I‘ll base myself on what I have watched,
heard and written through my field experiences and that I‘ll analyse in the light of
bibliographical references drawn from the field of sociology and STAPS
(Sciences and Technology of the Physical and Sporting Activities). I‘ve made a
seven year ethnographic field at two high level training structures where I‘ve
mainly worked by observing participation. These are the Pole France Orleans
Judo in which I have been practising for seven years and the judo section of
Tenri University (Japan) where I have made three stays (training sessions), the
longest one lasted one year.
Eating builds up the body (De Mondenard, 1995; Wacquant, 2003). My
hypothesis is that a common nutrition programme shared by sportsmen
contributes to create sporting cultures, body cultures and especially motor
cultures. In fact the aim is to understand how a specific nutrition program
influences the practice of judo and the « making judo » (Hilpron, 2005) which is
the expression of the collective incorporated into the individual, symbol of the
53
appropriation of the practice as a common property shared by all, essential
element to define a Culture (Candau, 2000).
Bibliographical references
BELLARD, F. (2003). Ma diététique de judoka. Paris : Editions Amphora.
BROUSSE, M. (1996). Le judo, son histoire, ses succès. Genève : Editions Liber.
CANDAU, J. (2000). Mémoire et expériences olfactives, anthropologie d’un savoir-faire sensoriel.
Paris : PUF.
De MONDENARD, J-P. (1995). Le régime champion. Paris : Editions Amphora.
HILPRON, M. (2005). De « faire du judo » à « faire judo », analyse comparative du judo de
compétition (Tenri et Orléans), Mémoire de Master 1.
KANO, J. (2005). Mind over muscle, writings from the founder of Judo. Tokyo: Kodansha.
KUNNINEN, T. (2004). « Bodybuilding et sacralisation de l’identité », in Ethnologie française
2004/2, Tome XXXVII, pp. 319-326.
THIBAULT, C. (2000). Entretiens avec les pionniers du judo français. Paris : Editions Résidence.
WACQUANT, L. (2000). Corps et âme, carnets ethnographiques d’un apprenti boxeur. Marseille :
Agone.
WACQUANT, L. (2003). « La fabrique de la cogne », in Modifications corporelles, Quasimodo
n°7, pp. 181-202.
WEISS, S. (2007). Tout savoir sur le judo de compétition. Paris : Chiron.
54
Michal Vít, Zdenko Reguli
Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Faculty of Sport Studies
Email: [email protected]
Combatives evolution in the Czech Republic and inclusion of
combatives into physical education
Combatives in human philogeny
Fighting has always been connected with humanity. If we consider the
prehistoric origin of fighting we must come to the conclusion that, without
developed martial arts, man was facing death and his tribe was in danger. Basic
fight techniques and tactics came into being through hunting. The opinions of
some palaeo-anthropologists (Leakey, 1996) even suggest that hunting is as old
as mankind, since man is the only ―animal‖ on the Earth that has no special
natural organs adapted for hunting as the primary source of acquiring
nourishment (Morris, 1971). Simple combative exercises are grounded in human
phylogeny. I have already mentioned that combatives have long and shared
roots with the development of mankind. They seem to be an integral part of the
deepest subconscious drives of humanity even though they are often
suppressed during the educational process.
Combatives in middle ages
Combative tradition of Czech ancestors comes with first Slavic tribes in the
region in about 6th and 7th century in Common Era. They had no permanent
army, so in case of needs all men had to fight (Perútka, 1980). Medieval Europe
had the knightly septem probitates = the seven cardinal virtues. From the
ideological standpoint, we could say that it was consecrating military strength
and martial ability. Therefore, fighting skills were not taught solely as military
practice, but as a part of a general education (i.e. to the majority of the male
population).
Combatives in the 19th century
The 19th century gave rise to various sport groups in many places, among
whom fighting exercises were much utilised. In Schnepfenthal philanthropinum
(friends of man), there was between 1785-1839 a Johann Friedrich Guts Muths
who used a system inspired by the ancient Greeks and based his training on the
disciplines of the Olympic pentathlon. In the days of 19th century also basics for
modern sports were given (Olivová, 1989). Such sports as different schools of
wrestling, fencing, and boxing are part of European cultural heritage.
55
Czech „Sokol“ (Falcon) and Physical education system of Sokol
In the second half of 19th century, Czech land was part of Austro - Hungarian
Monarchy. After fall of Bach‘s absolutism, there was big expansion of Czech
national movement. Many institutions were established, among them Sokol (feb.
16th, 1862 in Prague) under leadership of Miroslav Tyrš and Jindřich Fügner
(Waldauf, 2007). In the year 1873 Miroslav Tyrš published basic work of Sokol
movement „Základové tělocviku― (Basics of physical education). Combatives
were placed as the highest point of physical education.
Combatives in the 20th century
After the Czechoslovak Republic came into being (in 1918) there was a rapid
development in fighting arts. The turning point seems to be the ―discovery‖ of ju
jutsu or judo. People interested in specific martial arts usually practised together
and were interested in expanding their knowledge of other, at the time perhaps
all, available disciplines. Wrestlers and weight-lifters were organised in clubs of
track or field athletics.
Even after WW2 martial arts were included in the regular programmes of various
groups of interest. The communist ideology, too, emphasised them, as they
believed such could become the tools for the class struggle. Physical education
reached its peak in the area of the National Service.
Combatives in the physical education
Nowadays, martial arts are rightfully included in the programmes of physical
education at primary as well as secondary schools. There have been several
studies demonstrating the beneficial effect of martial arts for the general health
and fitness of students. Many a college (not only teacher training colleges,
where martial arts form an essential component of the curriculum) also
incorporates such martial arts into their courses of physical education.
Bibliografie:
LEAKEY, R. Pôvod ľudstva. Bratislava : Archa, 1996. ISBN 80-7115-103-3
MORRIS, D. Nahá opice. Praha : Mladá fronta – Naše vojsko – Smena, 1971.
OLIVOVÁ, V. Odvěké kouzlo sportu. Praha : Olympia, 1989.
PERÚTKA, J. Dejiny telesnej výchovy a športu na Slovensku. Bratislava : Šport, 1980.
TYRŠ, M. Základové tělocviku. Praha : MSM 1873
WALDAUF, J. Sokol : malé dějiny velké myšlenky. Luhačovice : Atelier IM, 2007. ISBN
978-80-85948-67-7
56
Miodrag Drapšin*, Patrik Drid**, Damir Lukač*, Slavko Obadov** and
Tatjana Trivić**
* Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
** Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
[email protected]
National level judokas anaerobic capacity
Key words: Wingate test, Heart rate, peak power
In our paper we showed the results of testing of anaerobic capacity in the
group of 41 national ranked, male judo player. During training and competition
human body yield energy for the activities according to the intensity and duration
of it. In Judo coach choose training methods and tools according to weight
category and fighting style of each competitor. Functional diagnostics in sports
means determining and measuring the abbilities which are important and
influences the sport result itself. In our research the aim was to determine the
level of anaerobic capacity in the group of judo players. All testing procedures
were done in the Laboratory for Functional diagnostics, Department for
physiology, Medical Faculty in Novi Sad. Testings were done according to the
standard protocol – Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT), for measuring anaerobic
capacity. Relative values of the peak power are highest in the categories under
73 kg, 90 kg and 100 kg. The judokas in the category under 73 kg highest
relative values of peak power and explosiveness were found. Obtained values
will be used as a referal in future training activities of our judokas.
57
Patrik Drid*, Miodrag Drapšin**, Damir Lukač**, Slavko Obadov* and
Tatjana Trivić*
* Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
** Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
[email protected]
Disbalances of muscle strength in top level athletes Scientists
Key words: Muscle strength – Functional asymmetry – Peak torque – Judo –
Wrestling
To determine muscle strength variables in elite judoists and wrestlers since
thigh muscle strength and bilaterally balanced flexor-to-extensor ratio minimise
injury risk and are desirable for achieving sport successes.
Judoists, wrestlers and untrained subjects, 10 each, were subjected to
isokinetic strength measurements of relative peak torques of knee flexor and
extensor muscles on ―Easy-Tech‖ dynamometer in concentric-concentric mode.
Mean relative peak muscle torques for knee flexors ranged from 1.14  0.27
(untrained) to 1.57  0.40 (judoists) N·m/kg and for knee extensors from 2.77 
0.34 (untrained) to 3.60  0.64 (wrestlers) N·m/kg. The flexor-to-extensor ratios
ranged from 39.3  6.0 to 47.8  10.8% and did not differ significantly between
groups. Absolute right/left asymmetry for knee flexors ranged from 14.6  10.4
to 17.4  11.8% and was significantly (p<0.01) higher than for knee extensors
(7.2  6.8 to 8.6  7.7%). All asymmetry indices were significant (p<0.01), no
significant between group differences being detected.
Group of judokas was practice technique on weak side three times a week, for
two months. After that, statistically significance improving (p<0.01) of judokas
performance were found.
58
Paulo Coêlho de Araújo
Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education – Portugal
[email protected]
A new theoretical approach to the name origin of the fight/game
called Capoeira
Key Words: Capoeira; Origin; Fight; Game
There are several theories about the origins of the name Capoeira, a
Brazilian fight/game. A new interpretation of these identifies scientific
inconsistencies. There appear to be similarities between the name Capoeira
given to the fight/game called capoeira(s) meaning outsider(s) or critical villains
in Brazilian society during its colonial, imperial and republican ages of history.
On these bases, a new multifaceted theory has been developed.
59
Paulo Coêlho de Araújo, Ana Rosa Fachardo Jaqueira, Evandro Ramos
Lima
Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education – Portugal
[email protected]
th
th
Profiles of practitioners of Capoeira fight during the 19 and 20
centuries
Keywords: Capoeira; Profile; Game; Fight.
Assuming that Capoeira was an invention of the many cultural matrices present
in Brazil at a certain period – being, therefore, a Brazilian invention –, we infer
that the social behaviors of its practitioners showed during the 19 th and 20th
centuries derived primarily from sociocultural characteristics of their native
countries and, subsequently, from the enculturation/acculturation processes that
took place throughout Brazil‘s history – when it was a colony, an empire and
finally a republic. Those processes shaped the identity profiles of Capoeira
practitioners of other times. Through a bibliographical and documentary study
gathering multiple perspectives, we sought to identify the many references that
outlined the physical, social, and psychological profiles of the practitioners of
this game/fight during Brazil‘s history. This study led us to conclude that such
profiles underwent meaningful changes that reinforce the maintenance of the
stigma that has followed Capoeira practitioners.
60
Pedro Henrique Martins Valério, Cristiano Roque Antunes Barreira
College of Arts, Science, and Humanities - Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
School of Physical Education of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
[email protected]
[email protected]
A phenomenology of Capoeira: community, alterity
and inner self
Capoeira is a manifestation which involves music, poetry, dance, fighting, game,
religion, tradition, and a history shrouded in obscurity and marked by orality.
Such variety is the matter of debate mainly because these are elements that
when all, or a few, occur simultaneous, or alternating, give the Capoeira a
unique, fluid, and multifaceted character. That is, if ―from one side there is the
fun game and the lack of seriousness,‖ from the other ―there is an integrated
practice of fighting, dancing, singing, touching, and a way of thinking the world‖
(Sodré, 2002, p. 22). Consequently, a method that deeply gets involved in the
lived culture is necessary as a mean to comprehend the Capoeira from the
inside out. Such purpose is part of the phenomenology which ―is efficient due its
capacity to reassemble even the origins of phenomena‖ (Ales Bello, 1998, p.12).
For that reason, it allows greater elucidation of Capoeira through the study of
the matrixes from lived experiences of capoeristas (practitioners). The related
literature offers several approaches through the historical (Dias, 2006), cultural
(Reis, 2000), and educational (Abib, 2007) perspectives. For phenomenological
purposes we mention the investigation of the sense of belonging among
practitioners (Reis, 2006), although it is not specifically about Capoeira as
intentional structure or as the vector of its specific lived experiences. The
capoeirista being is the object of research in this work and we intend to identify
who is the capoeirista through narratives that allow us to access their
constitutive lived experiences. Through in-depth interviews with open questions
we collect information from four masters of Capoeira, practitioners for more than
twenty eight years. The goal is to apprehend the intentional content of the
narratives related to the topic under study seeking to enter the lived fundaments.
The analysis of the narratives – which deserves to be continuously investigated
– brings up as partial results on the centrality of the modes of presence of each
other within the constitution of the capoeirista. Such constitutive facet, pointed
out by our result, is outlined by community experiences related to the
acknowledgement of the capoeirista as to the discovery of his cultural and/or
religious identity made up of shared and promoted experiences, tensions,
values and means of relating with one another that during the roda de Capoeira
(circle of Capoeira) are conducted and influenced by musicality. Such
musicality, in turn, leads to an affective and lived dynamic which is shared
among all members – this is the moment in which we see the emergence of
dissenting promoters of knowledge and self and each other‘s acknowledgment
as well as of lived experiences with the other. Before one another, with
61
perceived and discerned actions, the search for achievement, self-confidence,
and for mutual respect surrounded by active movements toward a form of
dialogue appears in the middle of the roda. At the same time, once in the circle,
it is possible to annul and/or to surrender itself or the other, that is to say that
different doses of violence are possible. The immersion into these experiences
demand reactions when facing a threat and it is the propelling force behind the
necessity for self-confidence, which entails less receptivity to one another.
When a capoeirista opt to withdraw from the ongoing dialogue in the game, he is
actually refusing to act in disagreement with himself. The lived experience of
alterity, therefore, evokes the lived experience of him, which, among his own
community experiences stands out, differentiates, and unveils from what is in
fact the self. For that reason, we conclude that through the relationship of those
lived experiences the modes of alterity manifested by masters of Capoeira with
dynamic peculiarities will reveal the capoeirista being.
Bibliography
ABIB, P.R.J. (2007). Cultura Popular e Educação: um estudo sobre a Capoeira
Angola. Revista da FACED, v. 11.
ALES BELLO, A. (1998). Culturas e Religiões: uma leitura fenomenológica. (A.
Angonesi, Trad.). Bauru: Edusc.
BARREIRA, C.R.A. (2006). A alteridade subtraída: o outro no esvaziamento do
karate e na redução fenomenológica. Mnemosine, 2, 2. Available at:
http://www.cliopsyche.cjb.net/mnemo/index.php/mnemo/article/viewFile/109/180
. Acessed on March 5th, 2008.
DIAS, A.(2006). Mandinga, manha & malícia: uma história sobre os capoeiras
na capital da Bahia (1910-1925). Salvador: EDUFBA.
REIS, A.L.T.(2006) Capoeira: saúde & bem-estar social. Brasília: thesaurus.
62
1
2
Raquel Escobar Molina , Sonia Rodríguez-Ruíz , Mª Carmen FernándezSantaella Santana2, Vicente Carratalá Deval3, Mª Isabel Piñar
López1,Young Lee4
1
University of Granada (Spain). Research Group HUM844
University of Granada (Spain).
3
University of Valencia (Spain).
Member of Spanish Judo Federation and Associate Sports.
4
Member of Spanish Judo Federation and Associate Sports.
[email protected]
Phone: +0034699317840
2
Methodology used by elite judoists to reduce body weight before a
competition
Key words: Judo, weight control, food restriction, sports setting.
Introduction. In sports where competition is in weight categories, such as judo,
the competitors are predisposed to use method to reduce body weight either to
maintain it to fight in lower weight categories and so to start with an advantage
in physical performance. To do that they fall back on drastic slimming methods
days or moment before the weigh-in, which causes physiological alterations and
possible eating disorders which have a negative repercussion both in the
competition results and the judoists‘ health.
Objectives. To determine the methods used by elite judoists to reduce body
weigh days or moments before competition weigh-in.
To evaluate the possible influence exercised by the sports setting on the
judoists to submit themselves to weight reduction methods.
Material and Method. In the study 105 elite judoists participated, 57 male and
48 female, aged between 15 and 29. The sample was made up of a youth group
(n= 45), a second under-23 (n=37) and an adult group (n= 23). A broad battery
of psychological evaluation tests was administrated to all of them, including
Restrained Eating Scale (Polivy, Herman and Warsh, 1978), which was adapted
to the food habits and weight changes observed in judoists days or moments
before competition weigh-in. In turn information was obtained about
recommendations and influences that the sport setting exercises on the use of
weight control methods.
Results. Only in the adult category did the recommendations from the sports
setting on weight reduction result in food restriction (F[1, 21]=9.263, p<0.006),
whose immediate consequences was an increase in weigh fluctuations (F[1,
21]=12.770, p<0.002) in the days before weigh-in. The methodology employed
63
by 50% of the youth group and 70% of the under-23 and adult groups was to
restrict food and drink intake on the competition day itself.
Conclusions. Judoists in all categories, youth, under-23 and adults used body
weight reduction methods days or moments before weigh-in by restricting food
and drink. This restriction caused fluctuations in body weight which may have a
negative influence in energy metabolism and as a consequence sporting
performance and health of judoists.
References
BLAYDON, M. & LINDNER, K. (2002). Eating disorders and exercise dependence in
triathletes. Eating Disorders, 10:49–60, 2002.
DÍAZ, I. (2005). Propuesta de un programa de prevención de trastornos de la conducta
alimentaria para entrenadores. Cuadernos de psicología del deporte, 5, 1y2.
KORAL, J. & DOSSEVILLE, F. (2009). Combination of gradual and rapid weight loss:
Effects on physical performance and psychological state of elite judo athletes.
Journal of Sports Sciences, 27:2,115-120.
POLIVY, J., HERMAN, C.P. & WARSH, S. (1978). Internal and external components of
emotionality in restrained and unrestrained eaters. Journal of Abnormal Psychology
87: 497-504.
UMEDA, T., SUZUKAWA, K., TAKAHASHI, I., YAMAMOTO, Y., TANABE, M., KOJIMA,
A., KATAGIRI, T., MATSUZAKA, M., TOTSUKA, M., NAKAJI, S. & SUGAWARA, N.
(2008). Effects of intense exercise on the physiological and mental condition of
female university judoists during a training camp. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(9):
897-904.
64
1
2
Raquel Escobar Molina , Sonia Rodríguez-Ruíz , Mª Carmen FernándezSantaella Santana2, Vicente Carratalá Deval3, Raquel Hernández García4,
Gema Torres Luque5, Mª José Girela Rejón2
1
University of Granada (Spain). Research Group HUM844
University of Granada (Spain).
3
University of Valencia (Spain) Spanish Judo Federation and Associate Sports.
4
Extremeña Judo Federation and Associate Sports (Spain)
5
University of Jaén (Spain).
[email protected]
Phone: +0034699317840
2
Determination of food habits and weight changes in elite judoists
by the restrained eating scale
Key words: Judo, food habits, diet, food restriction.
Introduction. In sports where competition is in weight categories, such as judo,
judoists use drastic weight reduction methods in order to compete in the desired
category. Through out the year of training and competitions unhealthy eating
habits are established which although they unable the judoists to rich the ideal
weight and negative effects on the sporting result and the competitive health
care.
Objectives. To determine the eating habits of elite judoists to reduce body
weigh days or moment before competition weigh-in.
To evaluate the effect of gender on the used methods to reduce weigh in
judoists.
Material and Method. In the study 105 elite judoists participated, 57 male and
48 female, aged between 15 and 29. The sample was made up of a youth group
(n= 45), a second under-23 (n=37) and an adult group (n= 23). A broad battery
of psychological evaluation tests was administrated to all of them, including
Restrained Eating Scale (Polivy, Herman and Warsh, 1978), which was adapted
to the food habits and weight changes observed in judoists days or moments
before competition weigh-in. In turn the influence of gender on eating habits was
analyzed.
Results. The 3 groups of female were involved to a greater extend in carried in
making diets (F[1,101]=6.239, p<0.014) and this presenting but the males
presented grater weigh fluctuations than female (F[1,101]=7.058, p<0.009) in
the days before weigh-in. On the other hand, the adults and under-23 group
showed greater involvement in making diet (F[1,101]=8.011, p<0.006), in food
restriction (F[1,101]=11.245, p<0.001) and weigh fluctuations (F[1,101]=7.591,
p<0.007) than the used group in the days before weigh-in.
65
Conclusions. The female in the 3 categories controlled the body weight more
through the diet than male who used more food restriction so causing great
weigh fluctuations and possible negative repercussions in performance and
health. On the other hand, both adults and under-23 categories were more
interested in controlling the body weight and doing restricting food, increasing
fluctuations in their body weight.
References
POLIVY, J., HERMAN, C.P. & WARSH, S. (1978). Internal and external components of
emotionality in restrained and unrestrained eaters. Journal of Abnormal Psychology
87: 497-504.
A., KATAGIRI, T., MATSUZAKA, M., TOTSUKA, M., NAKAJI, S. & SUGAWARA, N
(2008). Effects of intense exercise on the physiological and mental condition of
female university judoists during a training camp. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(9):
897 – 904.
66
1
2
Raquel Hernández García , Israel Contador Castillo , Conchi Bellorín
Naranjo1, Gema Torres Luque2, Raquel Escobar Molina3
1
University of Jaén
4
2
3
A proposal for assessment motor control and lateralization in
young judoists
Key-words: Judo, Lateralization, Motor Skills; High performance.
Motor lateralization is considered a critical aspect of the performance in
highly qualified Judo wrestlers. However, many coaches and technicians not
only unaware the importance of this variable, but also have not available tools to
identify motor lateralization in these athletes. The aim of this work is the
adaptation of one scale that provides as an instrument to detect the motor
lateralization of young judoists. The sample was composed by one group of 8
young Judo wrestlers (mean age = 14.4). All of them were part of the
specialization program developed by the Judo Federation of Extremadura and
Associate Sports. The motor laterality scale was translated from Mikheev et al.
(2002). The test consists of various motor tasks divided into three blocks:
wrestling stand position (SP), handedness (H) and footedness (F). The results
showed that all judoists were right handedness and footedness. Besides, 75%
of judoists showed a perfect congruence between the measures of laterality;
however, 25% of them preferred to perform their special techniques to the
contralateral direction from the dominant wrestling stand side. These data show
that this tool can help us to optimize the technical and tactical skills specific to
young judoists.
References
Mikheev, M., Mohr, C., Afanasiev, S., Landis, T. & Thut, G. (2002). Motor control and
cerebral hemispheric specialization in highly qualified wrestlers. Neuropsychologia, 40,
1209-1219.
67
Rebeca Cardozo Coelho, Susana Ramos
U. de Coimbra
[email protected]
[email protected]
The Social Profile and the Values of Young Athletes of Taekwondo
The aim of this study is to know the social profile and values of young
athletes practitioners of Taekwondo. We started from the presumption that
Taekwondo, while sporting practice of educational characteristics, can give the
individual the possibility to find out a body balance that will favor the harmonious
development of his/her biopsychosocial potentialities, absorbing, at the same
time, values that followed the philosophy of this art of fight.
Taking into consideration the scarcity of existing studies on this modality,
we think that this work will possibly bring contributions to the studies of the
psychosocial aspects of the body of young practitioners of this modality, opening
space so that we can know this millennial fight art better, while sporting practice.
We delimited our study to young athletes of taekwondo, in the 18 to 25 age
group, of both genders. In the methodology, we consider as the most
appropriate approach the one, which would regard the study of principles of
ethnographic, descriptive and exploratory nature. We used two instruments of
measurement to the development of this work: ―Questionnaire of Social Profile‖
and ―Questionnaire of Social and Personal Values‖.
Based on the social profile of these young athletes of taekwondo we have
studied, we identified that the majority of them are male, students, with the
average age of 21,76 and lead us to a transition phase. In general, this
individuals live in an environment where the familiar income can be consider
good, they train at night, three or more times a week and they took note of
Taekwondo by relatives and friends.
In order to identify the values, as Garcia & Lemos (2005) claims, the way of
being or of performing of these individuals, we analyzed (10) ten categories:
social power and public image; honesty and fair play; personal realization; fight
spirit; expression of feelings and fun; conquest; friendship; sporting attitude;
health and fitness.
The data analysis allowed us to conclude that Taekwondo is a sport, which
contributes to the development of values of social characteristics and to the
structure of the young‘s personality involved in its practice. In addition, it
improves a variety of physical capacities and abilities, as well as, it benefits
positively the formation of ―body-of-man-solitary-citizen‖, a body that is
biological, psychological and social.
68
References
Araújo, P. C. (1998). Análise sociométrica dos praticantes da luta/jogo
Capoeira nas regiões norte e centro de Portugal. Galícia: VI Congresso
de Educación Física e Ciências do Deporte dos Países de Língua
Portuguesa, VII Congresso Galego de Educación Física. "Deporte e
Humanismo en claave de Futuro", p. 88.
Bernardi, B. (1974). Introdução aos estudos etno-antropológicos. Lisboa:
Edições 70.
Garcia, R. P.; & Lemos, K. (2005). Temas (quase éticos) de desporto. Belo
Horizonte: Casa da Educação Física.
Gonçalves, C.; Cardoso, L.; Freitas, F.; Lourenço, J.; & Silva, M. J. (2005).
Valores no desporto de jovens: Concepções, instrumentos e limitações.
Sociedade Portuguesa de Educação Física, 30/31, 93-110.
Ramirez, F. A. (2002) Los valores sociales y personales en los deportes de
lucha y en la lucha canaria. In: Dimensión Histórica, Cultural y Deportiva
de Las Luchas. Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.
Sanmartín, M. G. (1995) Valores sociales y deporte: La actividad física y el
deporte como transmisores de valores sociales y personales. Madrid:
Gymnos Editorial.
Titiev, M. (1982). Introdução à antropologia cultural. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste
Gulbenkian.
69
1
Roman Maciej Kalina , Bartłomiej Jan Barczyński
2
1
Faculty of Physical Education, Rzeszow University, Rzeszow – Poland
2
Index Copernicus International S.A., Warsaw – Poland
Scientists Index Copernicus as a web-based communication
platform for effective collaboration and promotion of universal and
utilitarian values of martial arts
The popularity of combat sports and martial arts in a global scale is
undeniable and concerns people of all ages – both men and women.
Disproportionately minor – than in other areas – is the number of highly qualified
researchers (professors & doctors) specialising in martial arts. Medicine is a
good example of the opposite of this situation. Medicine concerns all people but
most do not adapt to its basic recommendations. Dominate the behaviours
against health which result is escalation in diseases associated with the
progress of civilization. Medical knowledge is published in numerous scientific
and popular scientific journals. Scientific knowledge about the martial arts
cannot compete with medical knowledge. The attractiveness of martial arts uses
especially electronic media. Unfortunately very often in the incompetent way.
The aim of this paper is recommendation of Index Copernicus for
networking on different levels researchers, theoreticians and managers of
martial arts.
Index Copernicus is multi-parametric system of evaluation, which idea was
born in Poland (1998) and originally concerned only evaluation of scientific
journals. With time developed separate methodology for multi-parametric
evaluation system of scientific achievements, which world premiere took a place
in 2005 during international conference in Beijing (dedicated research
parameterization). Index Copernicus consequently developed separate
evaluation system for research institutions (2006) creating the scientific system
supporting the science management what fulfils the vision of inventors.
Among many thousands scientists from around the world who evaluated
own scientific, educational and administrative achievements in the Index
Copernicus there is only 32 person who identified themselves (specialties,
scientific disciplines, skills, key words) using phrases "combat sports" and
"martial arts". It is not a universal principle that this kind of achievements is the
domain of scientists representing sport sciences. By the way, there are 536
journals which in the title refer to the word „medicine‖, in Index Copernicus
Journals Master List. However, there is only one periodical (Archives of Budo)
which in the title refers to martial arts.
70
Sergio Raimondo
University of Cassino – Italy
[email protected]
Martial arts and modernity crisis in the age of information.
Guidelines for research
All of the oriental disciplines - either martial arts or static and meditative
techniques or
even therapeutic manipulations – are nowadays called by
contemporary turmoil to a challenge that is rich in suggestions, due to the
massive social changes which are running over the very roots of contemporary
society and the meaning of human presence on this planet.
The ability of assuming as an immediate condition the dynamic unity of
body and mind, emotions and rational thought, technique and creativity, typical
for these disciplines - thereby more often defined as arts - is today called to
confront on wider basis, compared to those that have been put on trial till recent
times and that can be referred to areas that are more properly connected with
sports, or some deeper and meditated aspects which have had very little
diffusion.
With the above in mind, the oriental martial arts assimilation in
contemporary society can be studied taking people who practise those arts as
social actors, who can be asked the following three questions:
1 - How do actors produce themselves as subjects with identities that are
non-reducible to the frameworks of institutions and legitimate forms of social
life?
2 - How do individuals define themselves as groups, classes, communities
and human beings?
3 - How do they produce cultural critiques that are also associated with
definition of the Self?
It is hereby suggested the need of answering these questions considering
that peculiar meaning acquired by the body for people who practice martial arts,
as it becomes a manifold system of significances, social construction rather than
a defined identity-making pattern.
71
Willy Pieter
Department of Physical Education,
University of Asia and the Pacific, Pasig City, MM – Philippines
[email protected]
Performance Profiling of Young Taekwondo Athletes
Introduction
Even though many children and youth participate in taekwondo around the
world, scientific research on this age group has only recently started. The
current review highlights research that has been conducted on young
taekwondo practitioners (taekwondo-in).
Methods
This review summarizes some of the research done on selected
characteristics that are believed to be related to competition performance and
injuries. It focuses on those areas, in which most of the research has been
conducted to date and is predominantly based on the literature in English.
Results
Much of the research on young taekwondo proponents is in the area of
exercise physiology. For instance, in one of the earliest studies on heart rate
and lactate dynamics in young taekwondo-in secondary to a simulated match,
Bercades, Hilbert et al. (1994) and Bercades, Ferrin et al. (1994), reported the
heart rate 5 minutes after the match to be higher (120.92 bpm) than at 10
minutes (109.08 bpm). However, blood lactate was not statistically different (4.34
vs. 3.35 mmol/L).
Epidemiological studies on competition injuries revealed girls were more
likely to sustain an injury compared to boys: RR=1.2 (95% CI: 1.1-1.5 (Pieter,
2009). Koh and Cassidy (2004) reported that those who had a history of
receiving a head blow leading to a concussion were at a reduced risk of getting
one at the competition covered during the study period (OR=0.6, 95% CI: 0.50.8).
Pieter et al. (2006) revealed that in 15-year old boys, general taekwondo
experience (r = 0.71) and anger (r = 0.67) were most influential in distinguishing
between winners and losers. In 14-year old girls, competition experience (r =
0.86) and anger (r = 0.44) were most influential.
72
Discussion
Research is urgently needed to identify injury risk factors in young
taekwondo-in as is research on preventive measures. More research is also
needed to identify multi-dimensional performance characteristics.
References
Bercades, L. T., Hilbert, C., Ferrin, A., Bricken, H., Lochner, L. and Pieter, W., 1994. Heart
rate response to a simulated taekwondo competition, International Conference on
Current Research Into Sport Sciences, St. Petersburg Research Institute of
Physical Culture, St. Petersburg, Russia, July 28-30.
Bercades, L. T., Ferrin, A., Hilbert, C., Bricken, H., Lochner, L. and Pieter, W., 1994.
Lactate kinetics during a simulated taekwondo match, International Conference on
Current Research Into Sport Sciences, St. Petersburg Research Institute of
Physical Culture, St. Petersburg, Russia, July 28-30.
Koh, J. O. and Cassidy, J. D., 2004. Incidence study of head blows and concussions in
competition taekwondo, Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 14 (1), pp.72-79.
Melhim, A. F., 2001. Aerobic and anaerobic power responses to the practice of taekwondo, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 35 (4), pp. 231-235.
Pieter, W., 2009. Taekwondo, In: D. Caine, P. Harmer, P. and M. Schiff, eds.,
Epidemiology of Injury in Olympic Sports. International Olympic Committee
Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell (in press).
Pieter, W., Wong, R. S. K. and Ampongan, C., 2006, Mood and experience as correlates
of performance in young Filipino taekwondo athletes, Acta
Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis, 11, pp. 64-72.
73
Willy Pieter, Luigi T. Bercades
Department of Physical Education,
University of Asia and the Pacific, Pasig City, MM – Philippines
[email protected]
Physical Fitness of Filipino Varsity Taekwondo and Arnis Athletes
Introduction: Physical fitness is a key component for success in competitive
sports across the full range of ability, including at the varsity level. Examples of
studies to demonstrate this effect include Taaffe and Pieter (1990), who profiled
elite American taekwondo athletes from a physiological perspective and found
men to have a higher VO2 max than women. More recently, Toskovic et al.
(2004) assessed the fitness characteristics of American recreational taekwondo
participants and reported male athletes to score higher than their female
counterparts in absolute explosive leg power in recreational taekwondo-in, and
that collapsed over gender, experienced athletes performed better.
Studies on Asian taekwondo practitioners are scarce. Pieter et al. (2002)
investigated selected determinants of performance in Filipino varsity athletes,
while Noorul et al. (2008) assessed the physiological characteristics of
adolescent Malaysian recreational taekwondo-in (taekwondo practitioners).
However, no information is available on the Filipino sport of arnis, which is an
indigenous Filipino combat sport using short rattan sticks. The purpose of this
study was to assess selected physical fitness components of Filipino varsity
taekwondo and arnis athletes.
Methods: Participants were male (n=5, 19.4±1.5 years, 1.7±0.1 m, 84.0±24.3
kg) and female (n=6, 18.8±1.7 years, 1.6±0.1 m, 50.8±7.1 kg) taekwondo as
well as male (n=14, 19.1±1.2 years, 1.7±0.1 m, 67.7±14.5 kg) and female (n=8,
18.8±0.8 years, 1.6±0.1 m, 62.1±6.4 kg) arnis varsity athletes from a private
university in the Philippines. Body composition was assessed by the formula
suggested by Deurenberg-Yap et al. (2000).
Due to the characteristics of taekwondo and arnis (emphasis on the arms
in arnis and legs in taekwondo) some of the tests were specific to the sport. In
addition to VO2 peak (20 m multi-stage fitness test), the fitness components
assessed consisted of flexibility (modified sit-and-reach for the taekwondo-in
and the zipper for the arnis athletes), leg strength (leg press for the taekwondoin only), upper body strength (bench press for arnis athletes only) and explosive
power (vertical jump for the taekwondo-in only ). To determine differences in
fitness between males and females within sport, the Mann-Whitney U Test was
employed. Upper and lower body strength and power were scaled using the
theoretical exponents for height and lean body mass. The level of significance
was set to 0.05.
Results:
The male taekwondo-in were taller than their female
colleagues (p=0.028, ES=0.662) as well as heavier (p=0.010, ES=0.773). There
was a significant difference in flexibility of the left leg (p=0.028, ES=0.664) with
the females scoring higher (38.3±6.8 cm vs. 29.0±5.9 cm). There was no
74
significant difference in absolute leg power (32.5±5.3 cm and 40.6±9.7 cm for
the females and males, respectively, p=0.269, ES=0.302). There also was no
significant difference in VO 2 peak (37.3±3.9 ml.kg-1.min-1 and 35.8±7.3 ml.kg1
.min-1 for the women and men, respectively, p=0.784, ES=0.081). The men had
more leg strength when scaled for lean body mass (kg 0.67): 9.9±1.3 lbs.kg0.67 vs.
6.6±1.0 lbs.kg0.67, p=0.004, ES=0.307).
The arnis men were taller than their female teammates (p=0.001,
ES=0.715). The men were aerobically fitter (39.1±5.3 ml.kg -1.min-1 vs. 30.4±5.4
-1
-1
ml.kg .min , p=0.005, ES=0.597). The difference in upper body strength
between gender decreased slightly when scaled to height (m 2) (p<0.001,
ES=0.802 vs. p<0.001, ES=0.757). There was no significant difference in
shoulder flexibility (p=0.657, ES=0.095 and p=0.272, ES=0.234 for the right and
left shoulder, respectively).
Discussion: Although not tested for statistical significance, Filipino male
taekwondo-in scored lower than Malaysian adolescent recreational
counterparts, while their female colleagues recorded higher aerobic fitness (42.2
ml.kg-1.min-1 and 30.7 ml.kg-1.min-1 for Malaysian boys and girls, respectively)
(Noorul et al., 2008). However, the difference in the Malaysians did not
disappear but was reduced from moderate (eta2 = 0.453) to small (eta2 = 0.375).
Differences in training status, training frequency and intensity as well as level of
competition may have contributed to these findings.
It is suggested that strength increases at a higher rate than predicted by
geometric similarity theory (Rowland, 2005), while athletic and sedentary
humans were found not to be geometrically similar in strength (Nevill et al.,
2004), which may explain the results of the current study for both taekwondo
and arnis athletes, although the small sample size is a limitation of the study.
However, the aforementioned considerations are based on empirically derived
exponents. Future research on Filipino athletes should employ both theoretical
and empirically derived exponents to assess differences in physiological
function between genders as well as a larger sample size.
References
Deurenberg-Yap, M., G Schmidt, G., Van Staveren, W. A. and Deurenberg, P. (2000), The paradox of
low body mass index and high body fat percentage among Chinese, Malays and Indians in
Singapore, International Journal of Obesity, 24, 8: 1011-1017.
Nevill A. M., Stewart A. D., Olds T., Holder R. (2004) Are adult physiques geometrically similar? The
dangers of allometric scaling using body mass power laws. Am J Phys Anthropol. 124 (2): 177182.
Noorul, H. R., Pieter, W. and Erie, Z. Z. (2008), Physical fitness of recreational adolescent taekwondo
athletes, Brazilian Journal of Biomotricity, 2, 4: 230-240.
nd
Rowland, T. (2005) Children's Exercise Physiology, 2 ed., Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Taaffe, D. & Pieter, W., (1990). Physical and physiological characteristic of elite taekwondo athlete, In:
Commonwealth and international Conference Proceedings. Volume 3. Sport science Part 1
(pp.80-88), Auckland, New Zealand: NZAHPER
Toskovic, N. N., Blessing, D., Williford, H. N. (2004), Physiologic profile of recreational male and female
novice and experienced tae kwon do practitioners, Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical
Fitness, 44, 2: 164-172.
75
1
Willy Pieter , Rebecca S. K. Wong
2
1
Department of Physical Education, University of Asia and the Pacific, Pasig City, MM –
Philippines
2
Sports Psychology Centre, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
[email protected]
Somatotypes of International Junior Elite Wushu Athletes
Introduction
Although physical characteristics are suggested to contribute to sports
performance in martial arts and combat sports (e.g., Pieter, 1991), research on
somatotype, proportionality and other anthropometric characteristics are scarce.
For instance, German adult male elite karateka had a Heath-Carter somatotype
of 2.0-3.7-2.7 and their female counterparts, of 3.4-2.4-2.4 (Fritzsche and
Raschke, 2007). Adult wushu athletes have been investigated before (Pieter
and Gagonin, 1994), but there is no information available on junior counterparts.
The purpose of this study, then, was to describe and compare the somatotypes
of elite junior wushu athletes.
Methods
Subjects (31 boys, 15.0±2.0 years, 160.3±10.2 cm, 52.2±9.9 kg and 31 girls,
14.9±2.0 years, 156.2±6.6 cm, 49.1±7.6 kg) participated in the Junior Wushu
World Championship in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Somatotype was assessed
according to the Heath-Carter method and measurements taken according to
the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK)
protocol. To determine differences in body build between boys and girls, a 1way MANOVA was used. The level of significance was set at 0.05.
Results
2
The boys were taller, but the difference was trivial (p=0.007, eta =0.117). There
was no difference in somatotype in 2 dimensional space: the SDM for boys and
girls was 3.2±2.1 and 2.8±1.7, respectively (p=0.438, eta 2=0.010). However, the
2
girls were more endomorphic (3.0 vs. 1.9, p<0.001, eta =0.474) and less
2
mesomorphic (3.9 vs. 4.9, p<0.001, eta = 0.229) with no difference in
ectomorphy (2.8 vs. 3.0, p=0.362, eta2=0.014).
Discussion
The body build of the wushu athletes are comparable in endomorphy to their
counterparts of similar age in taekwondo. Pieter (2008) reported international
junior female American taekwondo athletes to have a somatotype of 2.9-3.2-3.4,
while the boys had a somatotype of 2.2-4.0-3.8. The differences in mesomorphy
and ectomorphy may be due to differences in sport as well as training and
maturation status of the athletes.
76
References
Fritzsche J., Raschka C. (2007) Sportanthropologische Untersuchungen zur
Konstitutionstypologie von Elitekarateka, Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 65 (3), pp. 113.
Pieter, W. (2008), Body build of elite junior taekwondo athletes, Acta Kinesiologiae
Universitatis Tartuensis, 13: 99-106.
Pieter, W. and Gagonin, S., 1994, Somatotypes of Russian wushu and sanda athletes,
International Conference on Current Research Into Sport Sciences, St. Petersburg
Research Institute of Physical Culture, St. Petersburg, Russia, July 28-30.
Pieter, W., 1991, Performance characteristics of elite taekwondo athletes, Korean Journal
of Sport Science, 3, pp. 94-117.
77
1
2
Willy Pieter , Rebecca S. K. Wong and Jin Seng Thung
3
1
Department of Physical Education, University of Asia and the Pacific, Pasig City, MM –
Philippines
2
Sports Psychology Centre, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
3
National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
[email protected]
Psychological Injury Risks in Adolescent Karate Athletes
Introduction
Although research on karate injuries as well as on psychological characteristics
of karateka has been conducted (e.g., Macan et al., 2006; Wong et al., 2006), to
the best of our knowledge, no information is available on mood states as risk
factors for karate competition injuries. The purpose of this study, therefore, was
to assess to what extent psychological mood can predict injuries in adolescent
recreational karate athletes.
Methods
Subjects (89 boys, 19.12±1.29 years and 44 girls, 18.80±1.01 years)
participated in the Malaysian Games. The Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS, Terry
and Lane, 2003) was used to assess mood during the weigh-in. Injury data were
collected with simple check-off forms developed by Zemper and Pieter (1989)
that describe the athlete, nature, location and severity of the injury. The athletes
were divided into injured and non-injured groups.
To determine the differences in mood between injured and non-injured athletes
within gender, a 1-way ANOVA was employed. Discriminant analysis was then
used for the presence or absence of injury with the mood dimensions as risk
factors within gender. The level of significance was set at 0.05.
Results
2
Fatigue was lower in injured females (0.86 vs. 3.37, p = 0.011, eta = 0.144),
while injured boys showed lower anger (0.50 vs. 1.33, p = 0.43 = 0.046). In the
girls, 81.8% were correctly classified as injured or not injured (Eigenvalue =
0.469, Canonical R = 0.565, Wilks‘  = 0.681, χ2 = 15.004, p = 0.020) with
3
71.4% as injured and 83.8% as non-injured. In the boys, 66.3% were correctly
classified as injured or not injured (Eigenvalue = 0.111, Canonical R = 0.316,
2
Wilks‘  = 0.900, χ = 8.864), which was not significant (p = 0.181): 63.2% were
3
classified as injured and 61.7% as non-injured.
Discussion
Wong et al. (2006) reported high anger to be related to winning performances in
female karateka, while Pieter et al. (2005) revealed that anger was associated
with injuries in depressed female taekwondo athletes. In males, fatigue was
related to injuries. The present study seems to suggest that low fatigue may
78
lead to injuries in female karateka, although the reason for this association is not
clear. In the males, low anger may lead to injury. It may be that low fatigue is
accompanied by more risk taking, which then could lead to injury. Low anger
could lead to injury if it is related to lower psychological readiness, which was
found to be positively related to winning performance (Wong et al., 2006).
References
Macan, J., Bundalo-Vrbanac, D. and Romic, G., 2006, Effects of the new karate rules on
the incidence and distribution of injuries, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40 (4),
pp. 326-330.
Pieter, W., Wong, R. S. K., Zairatulnas, W. and Thung, J. S. (2005), Mood dimensions as
predictors of injury in taekwondo, International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP)
th
11 World Congress of Sport Psychology, Sydney, Australia, August 15-19.
Terry, P. C. and Lane, A. M., 2003, User Guide for the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS).
Wong, R. S. K., Thung, J. S. and Pieter, W., 2006, Mood and performance in young
Malaysian karateka, Journal of Sport Science and Medicine, 5, Combat Sports
Special Issue, pp. 54-59.
Zemper, E. D. and Pieter, W., 1989, Injury rates during the 1988 US Olympic Team Trials
for taekwondo, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 23 (3), pp. 161-164.
79
Wojciech J. Cynarski
Faculty of Physical Education, University of Rzeszów – Poland
[email protected]
Social research of far-eastern martial arts in Poland
Key words: martial arts, scientific research, theoreticians, main directions
Looking from the perspective of the hundred-year-history of Asian martial
arts in Poland and the prolonged local traditions of martial art forms, as well as
using the experience of his thirty-year-practice of martial arts and many years of
his own systematic research, the author outlines the achievements of Polish
researchers of the socio-cultural phenomenon of martial arts. The author takes
into account the main directions of the multidisciplinary, sociological, historical
and pedagogical research. He refers to the institutionalization of scientific
activities, such as organizing periodic conferences and publishing periodicals.
The author concentrates on describing the achievements of the research and
development centre in Rzeszów, which is becoming a supranational center and
is aspiring to become a scientific school.
Sports sociology along with the sociology of physical activity and recreation
together constitute the sociology of physical culture. This influences the sociocultural outlook on martial arts, creating a sociology of martial arts which is
influenced by the results of the research and theses deriving from other
sociological sub-disciplines or related areas (such as cultural anthropology,
cultural sociology, spatial sociology, organizational sociology, social philosophy,
social psychology).
The leading directions of socio-cultural research comprise of: history and
evolution of various martial arts; axiomatic analyses (including value and
lifestyle issues); reception and understanding of martial arts; institutions and
institutionalization; social participation; cultural dialogues; social space;
interpersonal relations in the practicing groups; connections with marketing and
businesses, as well as tourism of martial arts.
Numerous issues are described and explained in great detail. Others
are elaborated on in a preliminary form or are just signaled. Thus, there are
some tasks awaiting sociology of martial arts, both in a range defined briefly in
the following study, as well as in the directions requiring more precise definition.
The following work features considerable achievements of Polish
theoreticians and researchers who participate actively in the European
sociological society and in the international group associated with Scientific
Yearly Issue. the Ido-Movement for Culture. The main directions of scientific
penetration are defined and some further interesting areas of scientific research
are pointed out. The most important organizational and institutional
achievements are also presented.
80
Wojciech J. Cynarski, Kazimierz Obodyński
Faculty of Physical Education, University of Rzeszów – Poland
[email protected]
A Lifestyle of Martial Arts Teachers – Example from Poland
Key words: philosophy of life, martial arts, social determinants, health, selfrealization
The main issue of the thesis is the determination of the impact of practiced form
of physical activity on the health aspects of the participants‘ lifestyle. The
authors investigate the relation between martial arts practicing and healthy
lifestyle on the basis of the idokan budo system that comprises such elements of
Japanese martial arts as karate, jujutsu, kobudo, iaido and ido. They undertake
a reflection on recreational and wholesome values of the system, that has been
tought in the Idokan Budo. They do it in the perspective of the humanistic theory
of martial arts and scientific reflection about martial arts‘ medicine. The martial
arts essentially addition an offer of physical culture in the domain of motor
recreation and health related fitness. Teaching of Idokan Poland Association is
particularly interesting for human health and suitable style of life. It concerns to
area of Poland, what confirms 15-years observation in sections of one of the
associations. The ways of martial arts are worthy for widely dissemination and
application in recreation (Cynarski, 2008).
The second is a problem of social and axiological conditionings of practicing
martial arts in the aspect of their influence on the practitioners – their mentality
and lifestyle. The authors try to define determinants, resulting from the
philosophy of martial arts and other beliefs of students of martial arts,
influencing their attitude towards the values of physical or also spiritual culture.
Contemporary martial arts practiced nowadays in Europe are not exactly
connected with religions of the Far East but rather undergo determination of
social-cultural factors and philosophy or religion dominating here. The authors
present the analysis of the influence of values of martial arts or of yet other
values (social, religious) on the philosophy of life and the lifestyle of the
instructors and advanced students of martial arts. The analyzed persons
perceive and internalize numerous values of the ways of martial arts, but very
often, among the highest values, they mention Christian values. Practicing
martial arts engages the practitioners as a life passion, a hobby or also as a
professional job (Obodyński & Cynarski, 2005).
The analysis was conducted mainly on the basis of published and unpublished
results of research of W. J. Cynarski, K. Obodyński and A. Litwiniuk. They
concern mainly the martial arts practitioners‘ perception of self-realization
values, perceiving by instructors and masters the moral-spiritual dimension of
practice and the meaning of ―philosophy of the way‖ (of martial arts) for the
instructors. The analyzed instructors of martial arts and combat sport
81
represented different varieties, methods, styles and schools (22 varieties) of
martial arts and combat sport and they were coming from six countries of
Central Europe. Among the teachers of martial arts only one of the respondents
defined his belief as Buddhist. Yet, in the group of instructors and coaches there
were 48% of declared Christians (including 38 % of Catholics).
The influence of axiology of modern Budo on instructors‘ mentality is apparent.
Teachers of martial arts recognize their principles as valid ―every time and
everywhere‖ (Cynarski, 2006). High level of internalization of axiology of martial
arts is transferred onto the lifestyle in which a great part of time and energy,
attention and emotions is directed to the matters of dojo - the place of learning
the ―way‖, training (psychophysical practice) and studies, especially intuitive
experiencing, of martial arts. Very often one‘s own training or teaching is
everyday activity which is supplemented by training leaves – specific ―tourism of
martial arts‖.
References
Cynarski W.J. (2006), Recepcja i internalizacja etosu dalekowschodnich sztuk walki przez
osoby ćwiczące. Rzeszów: Rzeszów University Press.
Cynarski W.J. (2008), Healthy lifestyle by the means of martial arts [in:] M. Kuczyński, B.
st
Wojciechowska-Maszkowska [eds.], 1 International Conference Science for Sport
and Health. Proceedings. Opole: Opole University of Technology, December 15-16,
2008, pp. 59-60.
Obodyński K., Cynarski W.J. (2005), Social and Philosophical Determinants of the
Lifestyle of a Contemporary Student of Martial Arts [in:] B. Hodaň [ed.], Tĕlesná
vychova, sport a rekreace v procesu současné globalizace. Olomouc (Czech
Republic): Univerzita Palackeho v Olomouci, pp. 271-281.
82
Zdenko Reguli, Michal Vít
Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Faculty of Sport Studies
Email: [email protected]
Change from individual work to teamwork during the sangongeiko
practice
Introduction
Japanese martial art aikido belongs to modern martial arts budo. Aikido is a
non-competitive martial art. No effort is made to search for opponents for mutual
combat. Aikido is practised with someone rather than against someone. It is
possible to say that the aim of aikido is to achieve the state of sumikiri (perfect
clarity). All the powers must be balanced. One of way how to achieve sumikiri is
misogi, ritual purification (Ueshiba, 2004). Although there are some specific
exercises for misogi practice, such as breathing exercises, in point of fact, every
aspect of aikido training may be looked upon as misogi. This, however, is a
matter of one's attitude or approach to training, rather than an objective feature
of the training itself. This is the usual approach in so-called new Japanese
martial arts budo. As judo founder Kano has said (2005) that seiryoku zenyo has
not to lead to selfishness, but rather to jita kyoei as state of mutual prosperity.
Sanbongeiko (literary triplicate training) is one method of misogi. It is based on
one hour sword practice. Budokas are practising simple sword cut as a drill
(renzoku waza).
Materials and methods
Sanbongeiko was practised in martial arts dojo. All of 23 (18 males, 5 females)
present people were standing in the circle. Experienced teacher was standing in
the circle too and was setting frequency of sword cutting. All the persons were
pushed to cut in the same frequency as teacher did (near 1200 cuts were done).
Aikido group did jodan shomen uchi cut, aikibudo group did maki uchi cut.
Although these cuts are common in aikido/aikibudo sword practice, most of
persons were not very experienced. Persons were not instructed about aim and
form of practice. It had to be a surprise also for missing clock in the gym. They
were instructed that anybody can stop his practice, but in that case he cannot
come back. Practice was divided in four 15 minutes periods separated with 20
cuts in deep squat position (sonkyo). Immediately after practice were all persons
asked to fill up specific questionnaire. Some of questions were aimed to find out
thoughts and feeling right after exercise. Other questions were asking for
thoughts and feeling for each quarter of exercise. Questions for each quarter
83
were aimed to find out thoughts about themselves (inner thoughts) and about
their perceiving of others.
Conclusions
To be more precise, we know that educational values of martial arts are
influenced by many determinants, major role play teachers (Cynarski, 2006). We
can study few changes in sanbongeiko aimed on purification of new warrior
mind. Students turned their thoughts in the one hour monotony and tiring
exercise. We can say that changes were from external to internal feeling, from
individual to team practice, and from motor control to mind control. We can fulfil
all four dimensions of development as bio-psycho-socio-spiritual integrity during
the martial arts training. Although we examined only aikido and aikibudo
students, it will be probably the same in all other Japanese martial arts (or
martial arts as whole). The basic aim is nearly the same in all today‘s martial
arts: to know nature of humankind and to develop all dimensions of person as
much as possible.
References
CYNARSKI, W.J. Recepcja i internalizacja etosu dalekowschodnich sztuk walki przez
osoby ćwiczące. Rzeszów : 2006. 420 s. ISBN 978-83-7338-244-2
KANO, Jigoro. Mind over muscle : writings from the founder of judo. Jigoro Kano ; with a
foreword by Yukimitsu Kano ; compiled by Naoki Murata ; translated by Nancy H.
Ross. 1st ed. Tokyo : Kodansha International, c2005. 155 s. ISBN 9784770030153.
UESHIBA, Kisshomaru. The art of aikido : principles and essential techniques. by
Kisshomaru Ueshiba ; preface by Moriteru Ueshiba ; translated by John Stevens. 1st
ed. Tokyo : Kodansha International, 2004. 174 s, fot. ISBN 4770029454.
84
CONGRESSO CIENTÍFICO DE ARTES MARCIAIS E
DESPORTOS DE COMBATE
VISEU - 2009
16 e 17 de Maio de 2009
RESUMOS
EM PORTUGUÊS E ESPANHOL
Editor Científico
Abel A. Figueiredo
ISBN: 978-989-96227-0-8
Associação para o Desenvolvimento e Investigação de Viseu
Instituto Politécnico de Viseu
Escola Superior de Educação de Viseu
Viseu 2009
85
APRESENTAÇÃO
A edição de 2009 do Congresso Científico de Artes Marciais e Desportos de
Combate [CCAMDC], permite robustecer cientificamente a comunidade
inerente às artes marciais e desportos de combate no contexto das Ciências do
Desporto.
A temática central incide na interpretação (explicação e compreensão) da
motricidade de combate humano institucionalizado aos níveis contextuais das
Artes Marciais (AM), Desportos de Combate (DC) e Defesa Pessoal (DP),
sob domínios de objectivos actualmente vinculados ao desenvolvimento
educativo do Homem (educação, treino, saúde e bem-estar).
A investigação em Artes Marciais e Desportos de Combate tem cada vez maior
relevância científica. Tal como aconteceu na primeira edição, estamos certos
que os investigadores, professores e estudantes ao nível das licenciaturas,
mestrados e doutoramentos, com estudos em Artes Marciais e Desportos de
Combate, demonstrarão estar prontos a apresentar parte das suas
investigações, partilhando-as entre si e com todos os praticantes, treinadores e
restantes interessados. Desta forma, sairá mais robustecida uma comunidade
científica que, cada vez mais, se afirma como um espaço importante na
construção social do desporto e da educação na Europa e no Mundo, com
elogio da sua característica multicultural Oriente/Ocidente.
Os objectivos de internacionalização deste congresso são claros. Para facilitar
a chegada a alguns agentes desportivos nacionais, nesta parte do livro de
resumos alargados (Proceedings), colocamos os trabalhos em Português e
Espanhol, em ordem alfabética de acordo com o nome do primeiro autor.
Abel A. Figueiredo
86
CONGRESSO CIENTÍFICO DE ARTES MARCIAIS E
DESPORTOS DE COMBATE
VISEU - 2009
16 e 17 de Maio de 2009
Objectivos
1. Reunir investigadores e especialistas para debater o objecto de estudo dos
contextos das ―artes marciais‖, ―desportos de combate‖ ou ―defesa
pessoal‖: a motricidade humana de combate;
2. Reflectir sobre os resultados das investigações (nacionais e estrangeiras)
em curso;
3. Divulgar projectos no âmbito das áreas em causa;
4. Sensibilizar para a necessidade de diferentes abordagens científicas.
Destinatários Principais
Investigadores de artes marciais/desportos de combate;
Técnicos de ensino e treino de artes marciais/desportos de combate;
Estudantes do Ensino Superior;
Praticantes de nível avançado;
Dirigentes de organizações promotoras de AM/DC.
Comissão Organizadora
Prof. Coordenador Fernando Sebastião – Presidente do Instituto Politécnico de
Viseu.
Prof.ª Cristina Gomes – Presidente da Escola Superior de Educação de Viseu.
Dr. Carlos Alberto Ribeiro Rua – Presidente da ADIV.
Dr. Idalino Almeida – Coordenador da Área Científica de Educação Física e
Desporto da ESEV.
Doutores: Francisco Mendes, Antonino Pereira, Teresa Mateus;
Mestres: João Esteves, Paulo Eira, Ricardo Almeida;
Licenciados: António Azevedo, Filipe Amaral, Carlos Vasconcelos, Andrea
Gonçalves, Carlos Sequeira
Coordenação Executiva
Geral: Abel Figueiredo (ESEV-IPV) e Vítor Rosa (ISCTE).
Financeira e Inscrições: Maria do Carmo (ADIV)
Unidade de Investigação Envolvida na Organização - Portugal
CI&DETS – Centro de Estudos em Educação, Tecnologias e Saúde.
(Através do NICM – Núcleo de Investigação em Ciências da Motricidade da
ESEV)
87
Comissão Científica
Abel Figueiredo, Ph.D. (Instituto Politécnico de Viseu – Portugal)
Alan Stoleroff, Ph.D. (Inst. Sup. de C. do Trabalho e da Empresa – Portugal)
Andrew M. Lane, Ph.D. (University of Wolverhampton – United Kingdom)
António Brito, Ph.D. (Instituto Politécnico de Santarém – Portugal)
Carlos Gutierrez, Ph.D. (Universidade de León – Spain)
Cristiano Roque, Ph.D. (Universidade de São Paulo – Brasil)
Emerson Franchini, Ph.D. (Universidade de São Paulo – Brasil)
Eric Margnes, Ph.D. (Université de Pau et des Pays de l‘Adour – France)
Fernando Torres Baena, Ph. D. (U. Las Palmas – Gran Canaria – Espanha)
Jose Bragada, Ph.D. (Instituto Politécnico de Bragança – Portugal)
Kazimierz Obodynski, Ph.D. (University of Rzeszów – Poland)
Michel Calmet, Ph.D. (Université Montepelier I – France)
Michela Turci, Ph.D. (Università degli Studi di Milano – Italy)
Osmar Pinto Neto, Ph.D. (Texas A & M University – USA)
Paulo Coelho Araújo, Ph.D. (Universidade de Coimbra – Portugal)
Raquel Escobar Molina, Ph.D. (University of Granada – Spain)
Roman Kalina, Ph.D. (University of Rzeszów – Poland)
Roberto Haramboure, Ph.D. (Catholic University of Peru – Peru)
Samuel Julhe, Ph.D. (Université Toulouse III – France)
Sergio Raimondo. Ph. D. (University of Cassino – Italy)
Thomas Green, Ph.D. (Texas A & M University – USA)
Willy Pieter, Ph.D. ((University of Asia and the Pacific – Philippines)
Wojciech Cynarski, Ph.D. (University of Rzeszów – Poland)
Editorial Patronage de Revistas Científicas Internacionais
Journal of Asian Martial Arts (US) (http://journalofasianmartialarts.com)
Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas (Spain)
(www.revistadeartesmarciales.com)
Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine – Combat Sports Special Issues
(Turkey) (http://jssm.org/combat.php)
Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences (http://ejmas.com)
IDO – Movement for Culture (Poland) (http://idokan.republika.pl/index_en.html)
Archives of Budo (Poland) (www.archbudo.com)
IRKRS Journal (Australia) (www.koryu-uchinadi.com/Journal.htm)
JORRESCAM (France) (www.jorrescam.fr)
Colaboração
Instituições do Ensino Superior com cursos de Educação Física e Desporto.
Federações Nacionais e Associações Nacionais de Treinadores (AM&DC).
Unidades de Investigação: CIDESD e CISA-AS
Patrocínios
FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia.
CI&DETS – Centro de Estudos em Educação, Tecnologias e Saúde.
Câmara Municipal de Viseu.
88
Ana Brilha
Alcides Martins & Associados Sociedade de Advogados, RL
[email protected]
O novo regime do seguro desportivo – verdadeira inovação?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Noção e objecto de seguro desportivo
Eventualidades cobertas
Classificação
Objectivos da reestruturação legislativa
Alterações ao âmbito subjectivo
Entidades prestadoras de serviços desportivos
O seguro dos praticantes de alto rendimento e do praticante desportivo
profissional
O seguro desportivo de grupo
Consequências da falta de seguro
Referências Bibliográficas
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Decreto-lei n.º 146/93, de 26 de Abril;
Decreto-lei n.º 176/95, de 26 de Julho;
Decreto-lei nº 385/99, de 28 de Setembro;
Decreto-lei n.º 142/2000, de 15 de Julho;
Decreto-lei n.º 72/2008, de 16 de Abril;
Decreto-lei n.º 10/2009, de 12 de Janeiro;
Portaria n.º 757/93, de 26 de Agosto;
Portaria n.º 392/98, de 11 de Julho.
89
[email protected]
Tempo para a mestria na Capoeira
Palavras-chave: Capoeira; Luta; Mestria; História; Esporte; Graduação.
Ao examinarmos os documentos referentes ao processo de
desportivização da Capoeira, os quais registram em nível institucional o tempo
de exercitação exigido para que um praticante da luta brasileira torne-se
mestre, pudemos perceber enormes discrepâncias e infundadas alterações que
evidenciam claramente a tentativa de afastar o aspirante a esta graduação.
Com a desvinculação de parte dos grupos de Capoeira do centro nacional de
poder dessa modalidade no decurso do seu processo de desportivização,
verificamos não ser distinto o enquadramento oficial para o tempo de mestria
daqueles promovidos pelos grupos dissidentes, que mais não fizeram do que
produzir novas organizações hierárquicas e temporais, responsáveis por
acentuar ainda mais essa situação. Partindo do tempo de Bimba (década de 30
do século XX), tido como o primeiro no meio a diferenciar por categorias os
seus aprendizes, até chegarmos à década de 90 do referido século,
encontramos variações extravagantes no tempo de prática exigido para o grau
de mestre, nas categorias e suas nomenclaturas criadas no decorrer desse
período, que demandam a possibilidade da graduação máxima na Capoeira no
tempo de 30 anos, e também nas decisões dos itinerários hierárquicos traçados
pelos donos dos grupos.
90
[email protected]
Capoeira: configurações e dinâmicas contemporâneas
Palavras-chave: Capoeira; Dinamica; História; Contemporaneidade.
Este ensaio busca evidenciar, de maneira geral, o estado da arte da
Capoeira no que diz respeito à sua configuração grupal, considerando-se as
suas formas estilísticas denominadas Capoeira Angola, Capoeira Regional e
subpráticas, nos espaços brasileiro e europeu, e a sua confirmação social intra
e intergrupos. Consideramos também os seus aspectos técnicos expressos nas
últimas décadas do século XX, de forma extremamente padronizada e
conforme os clichês de cada grupo em particular por imposição do mestre
responsável (dono). No tocante aos seus avanços territoriais, observamos a
evidência de uma forte organização extraoficial, que, de forma paralela e
indiferente às orientações ditadas do poder do central do grupo instituído e dos
organismos oficiais da Capoeira, vem se consolidando indelevelmente sob a
bandeira da expansão da cultura brasileira. Quanto à sua configuração grupal,
constatamos residir nas suas distintas formas expressivas uma pretensa
filosofia da Capoeira, que às vezes se traduz mais em aspectos económicos e
favoráveis aos seus mentores, donos do grupo principal, denominado matriz, e
do nome (marca e franquia) de todos os seus subgrupos, identificados por
filiais. Entende-se que o fio condutor e mantenedor desta configuração e
dinâmica dos grupos de Capoeira, quer no Brasil, quer no estrangeiro, é a
capacidade de aliciamento e liderança em tom doutrinário dos seus expoentes
e a incapacidade crítica dos seus ―seguidores‖ quanto aos aspectos técnicos,
históricos e filosóficos da Capoeira, em parte devido ao próprio magnetismo
que esta expressão exerce sobre as pessoas, dados os seus aspectos sui
generis de ludicidade, musicalidade e ritmicidade.
91
[email protected]
O comportamento agressivo no contexto da Capoeira
Palavras-chave: Capoeira, comportamento, agressividade.
Entendendo que o contexto da Capoeira, em qualquer das suas
expressões, vem apresentando um aumento crescente da violência por parte
de seus intervenientes, buscamos identificar através de uma pesquisa de
campo os principais fatores que concorrem para a sua manifestação. O referido
estudo elaborou um questionário constante de 30 questões visando identificar
os elementos que, de acordo com a sua percepção, concorreriam para a
manifestação da violência na Capoeira, tendo como amostra principal noventa
praticantes deste jogo/luta presentes no Open desta modalidade realizado na
cidade de Curitiba. Os resultados deste trabalho apresentam-se fundamentados
em três pontos principais que são: a) A postura do indivíduo capoeirista no
ambiente; A postura corporal do indivíduo na ação (jogo/desporto); A filosofia
do grupo; O clima na roda. Os resultados que emanam deste estudo
evidenciam como responsáveis pela violência no contexto da manifestação de
jogo/luta brasileira a expressão individual de cada praticante com as suas
características psicosociais e a filosofia do grupo, excluindo-se qualquer
responsabilidade à Capoeira enquanto vetor de violência.
92
António Vences Brito*, Pedro Pezarat-Correia**
*Escola Superior de Desporto de Rio Maior – Portugal
**Faculdade de Motricidade Humana – Portugal
[email protected]
O padrão cinesiológico de um movimento de socar do karate
executado com duas estratégias de impacto diferentes.
Introdução
O estudo insere-se no âmbito da análise dos padrões cinésiologicos dos
movimentos desportivos através da caracterização e comparação das
componentes cinemáticas e neuromusculares da execução de um soco (chokuzuki) quando este é realizado por karatecas de elite com impacto (CI) e sem
impacto (SI) numa makiwara.
Métodos
Dez atletas masculinos e oito femininos da selecção nacional de karate
portuguesa realizaram o choku-zuki a partir de um posicionamento típico do
karate - Hachiji-dachi. Cada atleta executou 10 repetições do soco com o
membro superior direito em cada uma das condições. Foi recolhido e registado
o comportamento cinemático do tórax, braço e antebraço, e a actividade
mioeléctrica dos músculos deltóide, grande peitoral, grande dorsal,
infraespinhoso bicípite braquial, tricípite braquial, longo supinador e redondo
pronador. Na recolha de sinais cinemáticos foi utilizado o sistema
electromagnético Flock of Birds System (Ascension Technology Inc., Burlington,
Vermont, USA), e a electromiografia de superfície foi registada com o uso de
eléctrodos bipolares colocados nos ventres musculares e ligados a um sistema
da Biovision. Nos procedimentos estatísticos foi aplicada a técnica estatística
de análise de variância multifactorial MANOVA, sendo considerado um grau de
significância de p< 0.05
Resultados
A execução temporal e sequencial encontrada na realização do choku-zuki
CI mostra que este é realizado num tempo médio de 293 +69 ms iniciando-se o
soco através do movimento segmentar de pronação do antebraço seguindo-se
a abdução do braço, a rotação do tórax para o lado esquerdo, a rotação interna
e a flexão do braço surgindo por último a extensão do antebraço. A actividade
muscular desenvolve-se num sentido próximo-distal relativamente ao instante
de início de activação dos músculos, iniciando-se a activação pelos músculos
com actividade agonista nos movimentos do braço, seguidos pela activação dos
músculos com actividade agonista no antebraço, e nos últimos 100 ms do
93
movimento surge a activação dos músculos com acção antagonista dos
movimentos do braço e antebraço.
Os instantes de ocorrência dos picos de velocidade dos diferentes
movimentos segmentares assim como dos picos de activação dos músculos
estudados tende a estar enquadrado com a sequência de início dos
movimentos e de activação muscular. Os movimentos segmentares de flexão
do braço, extensão do antebraço e de rotação do tórax para o lado esquerdo
são os que apresentam maior amplitude, todavia os maiores picos de
velocidade acontecem nos movimentos de rotação interna do braço e de
extensão do antebraço. Na actividade muscular são os músculos com acção
motora no braço os que apresenta uma intensidade de activação maior,
tendencialmente superior a 70% do RMS da CVMI, destacando-se a
intensidade de activação do músculo grande peitoral e do deltóide na sua
porção posterior. Os músculos com acção antagonista no antebraço têm uma
intensidade de activação inferior a 50% do RMS da CVMI. As relações
temporais de sobreposição da actividade muscular agonista e antagonista
(cocontracção) tende para períodos temporais de 100 ms no braço e de 70 ms
no antebraço, identificando-se uma actividade fásica de características de
inervação recíproca.
Na comparação da execução CI com a execução SI verificam-se existir
diferenças significativas no tempo de duração de execução do soco,
demorando este menos tempo na execução SI, há também diferenças
significativas quanto à amplitude dos movimentos segmentares do braço
(exceptuando a abdução) e do antebraço que na execução SI são realizados
com maior amplitude. Regista-se também diferenças significativas quanto ao
instante de ocorrência do pico de velocidade reflectindo a sua antecipação na
execução SI.
Relativamente à actividade muscular esta apresenta um comportamento
semelhante entre as duas condições de execução do soco na generalidade dos
músculos estudados e nas diferentes variáveis em análise.
Conclusões
Conclui-se que a acção motora decorre num tempo médio inferior a 350
ms. O padrão sequencial cinemático não reflecte uma implementação motora
de características próximo-distal, contudo a actividade mioeléctrica reflecte uma
activação próximo-distal. Há diferenças significativas no comportamento
cinemático entre as execuções CI e sem SI apesar da actividade mioeléctrica
ser na generalidade semelhante entre as duas condições de execução do soco.
94
Armando A. Neves dos Inocentes
Federação Nacional de Karaté – Portugal
[email protected]
Repensar a sistemática do karaté
A associação de ideias e/ou de imagens entre Artes Marciais e Karaté,
Kung-Fu, Kickboxing, Taekwon-do ou mesmo Judo é imediata. Ao falarmos de
Artes Marciais colocamos a tónica numa dimensão espacial (geográfica)
oriental que nos conduz a uma dimensão temporal, nomeadamente à época
feudal japonesa.
Não é comum referirmo-nos às Artes Marciais do ocidente nem
reportarmo-nos à Idade Média, período igualmente feudal, embora já existam
investigadores a debruçarem-se sobre esta problemática – Torres (2005) e
Price (2009) –, mas é corrente o realce dado à passagem de uma ―arte marcial
oriental‖ a ―desporto de combate‖.
São conhecidas as posições extremistas de vários agentes desportivos
em relação mais à classificação que à definição do «Karaté»: para uns marcial,
sem competição, para outros desporto de combate, visando a obtenção da
vitória em campeonatos.
Podemos pois equacionar se será o mais correcto classificar o Karaté
institucionalizado em termos federativos como ―arte marcial‖ ou como ―desporto
de combate‖ ou se poderemos avançar para uma melhor nomenclatura, tendo
em conta que a sistemática, mais do que sobre uma taxonomia, deverá reflectir
sobre o relacionamento entre os diferentes modos de prática/competição (e
respectivos objectivos) segundo um sistema institucional, ajudando a
compreender o global e a inter-relação entre as suas partes assim coo a interacção das suas partes no todo.
Pretendemos assim abordar as classificações mais correntes para a
actividade denominada «Karaté» sem estarmos preocupados em primeiro lugar
com uma classificação rígida, determinista; em segundo lugar, sem darmos
grande relevo ao facto do Karaté poder ser praticado em termos competitivos –
acção motrícia de combate ritualizado, segundo Figueiredo (2006) – ou
somente em termos de prática motora (actividade física); em terceiro lugar
analisar mais o conteúdo e os objectivos desta actividade em detrimento da sua
forma (relação entre a sua essência e o meio envolvente no momento actual
tendo em conta o fim com que se pratica e os efeitos que poderá ter na
sociedade de hoje); e em último lugar, tentarmos chegar a uma conclusão
sobre uma melhor caracterização nomenclatural da mesma.
Enquanto na grande maioria das modalidades o praticante domina um
objecto, nos ―desportos de combate‖ o dominar o adversário é o fim último – o
objecto é neste caso um ser que age e reage, um ser que pensa e que sente.
Nos ―desportos de combate‖ não há um elemento dinâmico (ser humano) e um
elemento físico (objecto), pois existem dois elementos dinâmicos, autónomos,
95
criativos, dispondo de uma motricidade intencional, que se opõem e confrontam
até se designar um superior ao outro segundo certos parâmetros. O facto de
um procurar submeter o outro confinado pelos critérios pré-determinados, o
facto de um procurar dominar o outro segundo certas regras, o facto de um ter
de se superiorizar ao outro para ser declarado vencedor encontra, de facto, a
sua origem no universo guerreiro. O contacto corporal que existe nos desportos
colectivos não se confunde com o contacto corporal directo intencional nos
―desportos de combate‖. Nestes, o corpo do outro é objecto e objectivo da
acção. Centramo-nos aqui no Kumite, sendo a Kata, como representação, a
estilização do mesmo.
Exércitos e forças paramilitares podem praticar Karaté como Arte
Marcial. Mas ninguém pratica Karaté, como modalidade desportiva
institucionalizada, para ―ir à guerra‖, assim como ninguém pratica Karaté para
combater (no sentido literal do termo, pois no combate não há regras, a morte é
real, enquanto que no ritual desportivo a morte é simbólica) com o adversário,
pois este não é o inimigo. Como diz Yonnet (2004), ―não a natureza material
duma actividade que decide o seu carácter extremo, é o uso feito desse
material no quadro de uma actividade possível‖.
Não podemos pois classificar o Karaté ―civil‖ actual, federativo, como
uma ―arte marcial‖ nem como um ―desporto de combate‖, pois ―é o uso do
utensílio que faz a classificação da actividade, não o utensílio por si próprio‖
(Yonnet, 2004).
Parece-nos mais correcto falar num e de um ―desporto de contacto
corporal directo‖ (intencional e objectivo), à semelhança do Judo, do Taekwondo e do Boxe, em alternativa à Esgrima ou ao Kendo, desportos de contacto
corporal indirecto.
O objectivo primário desta comunicação é o de repensarmos a
sistemática do Karaté, apresentando a fundamentação em que nos baseamos,
exorcizando fantasmas sempre presentes e abrindo espaço para um debate
sobre o assunto.
Bibliografia
FIGUEIREDO, Abel, 2006, ―A Institucionalização do Karaté – os modelos
organizacionais em Portugal‖, Cruz Quebrada, Lisboa, FMH-UTL, Dissertação
de Doutoramento, doc. não publicado.
PRICE, Brian R., 2009, ―Historical and Modern Pedagogies in European Medieval
Martial Arts‖, comunicação a ser apresentada ao 2º CCAMDC, 16 e 17 de Maio,
ESE-IPV & ADIV, Viseu.
TORRES, José A. Maciel, 2005, ―Artes Marciais no Ocidente‖, Fighter Magazine, n.º 10,
on line em http://bugeiko.vilabol.uol.com.br/artigos/arteoci/arteoci.html, consultado
a 31 de Julho de 2007.
YONNET, Paul, 2004, ―Huit leçons sur le sport‖, Paris, Éditions Gallimard.
96
1
1
2
Carlos Gutiérrez , Mikel Pérez , William Acevedo , Mei Cheung
2
1
Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte,
Universidad de León (León, España).
2
Academia Northern Chinese Martial Arts (Alberta, Canadá)
E-mail: [email protected]. Teléfono: +34 987293058
Los luchadores japoneses tienen más destreza y arte que los
luchadores chinos, o cuando el contexto importa más que el texto
Objetivo: Este estudio propone una reflexión sobre el modo en que los
factores contextuales (políticos, económicos, militares, sociales, culturales, etc.)
han condicionado el conocimiento, percepción, introducción e implantación de
las artes marciales asiáticas en Occidente. Particularmente, el estudio toma
como ejemplo las primeras noticias sobre artes marciales chinas y japonesas
aparecidas en diversas revistas ilustradas españolas a partir de 1899 y durante
los primeros años del s. XX.
Metodología: Para la realización del estudio se han buscado los primeros
artículos sobre artes marciales asiáticas publicados en revistas ilustradas
españolas de finales del s. XIX y principios del s. XX. La búsqueda se ha
realizado en centros de documentación como la Biblioteca Nacional de España
o la Hemeroteca Municipal de Madrid, y en la Hemeroteca Digital de la
Biblioteca Nacional de España. Seguidamente se ha realizado un análisis de
contenidos del material encontrado, interpretándolo sobre la base de las
diferentes circunstancias históricas que atravesaron China y Japón durante esta
época.
Resultados y discusión: Aunque escaso en cantidad, el material
encontrado es relevante tanto por la propia difusión del soporte donde se
publicaba –revistas ilustradas– como por las informaciones que se transmitían
de unas disciplinas que aún no habían llegado de un modo efectivo a España.
Los artículos sobre artes marciales japonesas, más abundantes, muestran una
práctica –el jiu jitsu– definida por sus raíces nobles y ancestrales, su
efectividad, y su carácter científico, esotérico, elegante, deportivo y gimnástico.
Se trataba, asimismo, de una práctica que estaba penetrando con fuerza en las
principales potencias occidentales, siendo importada tanto en el ámbito civil
como en el militar. En contraste, las muy escasas referencias a las artes
marciales chinas las presentan meramente como sistemas efectivos de
combate, incluso terribles, sin adornarlas con los atributos asignados al jiu jitsu.
¿Demostraban los luchadores japoneses, como se afirmaba en uno de los
artículos analizados, más destreza y arte que los luchadores chinos? Más bien,
las raíces de estas percepciones hay que buscarlas en unas circunstancias
históricas donde Japón se seguía incorporando a pasos de gigante al tren de
los valores y comportamientos propios de la modernidad, demostrando su
fuerza al mundo en conflictos como la Guerra Chino-Japonesa (1894–1895) o
en la participación junto con otras potencias aliadas en la Rebelión Bóxer
97
(1899–1901). Por el contrario, la consideración de China, un país colonizado
que había sufrido contundentes demostraciones de la superioridad militar de las
potencias occidentales en la Primera y Segunda Guerra del Opio (1839–1842 y
1856–1860 respectivamente), Rebelión Taiping (1850–1864), Guerra ChinoJaponesa (1894–1895) y Rebelión Bóxer (1899–1901), se situaba muchos
escalones por debajo de Japón en su estatus internacional; de hecho, los
chinos eran considerados de un modo despectivo como ―los hombres enfermos
de Asia‖. Bajo estos condicionantes, la imagen social que se transmitía de las
artes marciales chinas quedaba en el terreno de lo exótico y anecdótico, sin que
tuviese una trascendencia efectiva en su importación a Occidente.
Conclusiones: El estudio realizado destaca la importancia del estudio de
los factores contextuales en la comprensión de la evolución histórica de las
artes marciales, así como sobre la percepción que a nivel social se tiene de las
mismas. En el caso analizado, estos factores contextuales explican los motivos
por los que las artes marciales japonesas fueron importadas a Occidente con
anterioridad a las artes marciales chinas.
Referencias básicas:
Artículos publicados en diversas revistas ilustradas españolas (Por esos
mundos, Alrededor del Mundo, Nuevo Mundo, Gran Vida) entre 1899 y 1907
relativos a China, Japón y sus artes marciales.
Almazán, V.D. (2001). Japón y el japonismo en las revistas ilustradas españolas (1870-1935):
introducción a las revistas ilustradas como fuente de documentación de Japón y el ―Japonismo‖.
Zaragoza: Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza.
Draeger, D.F. (1996). The Martial Arts and Ways of Japan. 3 vols. New York: Weatherhill.
Gewu, K. (1995). The Spring and Autumn of Chinese Martial Arts, 5000 Years. Santa Cruz, CA: Plum
Publications.
Gutiérrez, C. (2006). ―Soldados, samuráis y sportmen: el Japonismo Deportivo llega a Europa‖. En
Aquesolo, J.A. (Ed.). Sport and Violence. Cádiz: Universidad Pablo de Olavide, pp. 115-123.
Henning, S. (1981). ―The Chinese Martial Arts in Historical Perspective‖. Military Affairs, 45(4), 173179.
Patterson, W.R. (2008). ―El papel del Bushido en el auge del nacionalismo japonés previo a la
Segunda Guerra Mundial‖. Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas, 3(4), 8-21
Rodao, F. (2002). Franco y el imperio japonés. Barcelona: Plaza Janés.
Wingard, G. (2003). ―Sport, Industrialism, and the Japanese ‗Gentle Way‘: Judo in Late Victorian
England‖. Journal of Asian Martial Arts, 12 (2), 16-25.
98
1
1
Conchi Bellorín Naranjo , Raquel Hernández García , Israel Contador
Castillo2, Emilio Pérez Pérez 1, Gema Torres Luque2, Raquel Escobar
Molina3
1
3
University of Jaén
4
2
Propuesta del curso: defensa personal femenina ante la violencia
de género
Palabras clave: defensa personal, violencia de género, maltrato
La violencia de género es una de las problemáticas más importantes de
nuestra sociedad. Sólo en España, 121 personas murieron en el año 2008 por
causas relacionadas con la violencia doméstica. En este sentido, se han creado
diferentes iniciativas que tratan no sólo de intervenir sobre las consecuencias
de la violencia, sino también de su prevención. El objetivo de este trabajo es
presentar un curso de ―Defensa Personal‖, desarrollado en el Instituto de la
Mujer de Extremadura durante el año 2008, para mujeres entre los 18 y 60 años
de edad y con una duración de 20 horas lectivas. Con este curso pretendimos
dotar a la mujer de la confianza y las habilidades necesarias para prevenir y
afrontar las situaciones de violencia de la manera más adecuada posible. Las
actividades del curso fueron divididas en tres bloques: defensa personal,
talleres psicológicos y talleres legislativos. Los resultados obtenidos sobre el
grado de satisfacción de las participantes, y otros indicadores, nos permiten
justificar la importancia de este tipo de actuaciones sobre la prevención en la
violencia de género. Suponiendo de este modo, que esta actividad descrita
podría ser una posible herramienta social para afrontar la problemática de la
violencia de género en la sociedad actual.
Bibliografía
Hoffer, B. (2004). Curso de Autodefensa Femenina. Edi: ESM. Madrid
99
Daniel Morgado Coelho
União ShitoRyu Portugal
[email protected]
Estudo Prático: Desempenho motor de praticantes de Karate dos 6
aos 12 anos no Concelho de Loulé: hábitos desportivos e estilos
de vida.
Palavras-chaves: Karate; Desenvolvimento Motor Infantil; Qualidade de Vida;
Pedagogia do Karate; Actividade Física; Estilos de Vida Saudáveis.
O estudo original foi efectuado no âmbito de uma monografia de final de
Licenciatura em Educação Física e Desporto teve como finalidade analisar os
hábitos desportivos e estilos de vida de crianças dos 6 aos 12 anos praticantes
de Karate no concelho de Loulé e avaliar os níveis de desempenho em
exercícios de coordenação motora, através de uma bateria de testes motores
onde foram avaliadas a independência dos grupos musculares superiores e
inferiores e a independência direita/esquerda dos mesmos, bateria de testes
esta anteriormente desenvolvida por Sobral (2006).
Foram questionadas e observadas 46 crianças, 21 raparigas e 25 rapazes
(6-12 anos de idade), que praticam Karate em clubes do concelho de Loulé. A
amostra foi dividida em dois grupos etários, dos 6 aos 9 e dos 10 aos 12 anos.
A recolha de dados foi feita através de um inquérito e da aplicação dos
exercícios da bateria de testes e o tratamento de dados foi feito através do
programa de análise estatística SPSS (versão 15.0). Após este processo, foi
feita uma análise global e detalhada e foram retiradas as respectivas
conclusões dos dados recolhidos.
O estudo revelou que a prática do Karate a longo prazo (mais de 3 anos) e
com maior frequência (mais de 3 vezes por semana) leva a um melhor
desempenho dos praticantes nos testes de coordenação motora, quer dos
membros superiores quer dos membros inferiores.
Verificou-se que o estilo de vida das crianças da amostra vai de encontro
ao estudado noutras populações semelhantes, sendo que se verificam padrões
saudáveis e recomendados na alimentação, sono, actividades de tempos livres
e actividade física.
Bibliografia
BOMPA, T. O., Periodização: Teoria e Metodologia do Treinamento. Phorte Editora,
São Paulo, 2002.
FIGUEIREDO, A. A., O Karaté Infantil e o Desenvolvimento Lúdico: Bases
Metodológicas para uma Intervenção Didáctica, Lisboa, 1994
100
FIGUEIREDO, A. A., Bases Fisiológicas para o Treino da Criança, Lisboa, 1994
NETO, C., Motricidade e jogo na infância. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Sprint, 1996.
SOBRAL, F. O estilo de vida e a actividade física habitual. In F Sobral; A Marques
(editors). FACDEX – Desenvolvimento somato-motor e factores de excelência
desportiva na população escolar portuguesa: relatório parcelar da área do grande
Porto. Ministério da Educação – Gabinete Coordenador do Desporto Escolar.
Lisboa, 1992.
WHOQOL Group. The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment
(WHOQOL): position paper from the World Health Organization. 1995, 41: 140310.
GALLAHUE, D. L. & OZMUN, J. C., Compreendendo o desenvolvimento motor:
bebês, crianças, adolescentes e adultos. Phorte Editora, São Paulo, 2003.
OKANO, A. H. et al., Comparação entre o desempenho motor de crianças de
diferentes sexos e grupos étnicos. Revista Brasileira de Ciência e Movimento,
Brasília, 2001, v. 9, n. 3, p. 39-44.
GALLAHUE, D. L.,Motor development in early childhood education. In B. Spodek &
Saracho, O. (Eds.). Handbook of Research on the Education of Young Children,
pp. 105-120. Mahwah: NJ. Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers, 2006
101
Daniel Santos, André Seabra, Rui Garganta, Rámon Lima, Emanuel
Passos, Luís Castro, Sónia Vidal, Rojapon Buranarugsa
Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
[email protected]
Indicadores antropométricos, morfológicos e de
potência muscular. Um estudo em atletas de Kata e de Kumité da
Selecção Nacional de Karaté.
O presente estudo teve os seguintes propósitos: (Baker and Davies) apresentar
informação descritiva do perfil do jogador de kumité e kata de nível nacional
(masculino e feminino), em termos antropométricos, somatótipológicos e de
composição corporal; (ii) descrever e comparar os níveis de potência muscular
dos membros inferiores dos atletas de kata e kumité (Selecção Nacional); (iii)
avaliar o equilíbrio na produção de força entre os músculos ipsi-laterais e
contra-laterais, durante o movimento de flexão/extensão do joelho, através da
avaliação isocinética. A amostra foi constituída por 28 atletas (12 do sexo
feminino e 16 do sexo masculino) da Selecção Nacional de Karaté, com idades
compreendidas entre os 16 e os 30 anos. A avaliação dos indicadores
somáticos foi realizada através do protocolo proposto pelo International Working
Group on Kinanthropometry. A força muscular dos músculos flexores e
extensores do joelho foi avaliada em dinamómetro isocinético. A avaliação da
força explosiva e da potência foi realizada de acordo com o protocolo descrito
por Bosco et al. (1983)
Os resultados que obtivemos identificaram: (i) défices de preparação física do
sexo feminino; (ii) componente mesomórfica bem desenvolvida no sexo
masculino quer na prova de Kata (5,90 ± 0,20 ) como de Kumité (5,46 ± 0,87);
(iii) impossibilidade de definir um perfil configuracional do(a) atleta tipo nas duas
provas; (iv) em termos médios, o rácio Quadricipete/Isquiotibial encontra-se
ligeiramente abaixo dos valores sugeridos como adequados, principalmente nas
atletas de Kata (Dir.- 45,0 ± 4,0 % e Esq. - 46,0 ± 2,0 %) e de Kumité (Dir. 49,0 ± 3,3 % e Esq. - 50,0 ± 1,8 %); (v) os atletas de kumité caracterizam-se por
uma morfologia externa onde predomina a componente do mesomorfismo, o
que parece indiciar que o modelo de jogo de Kumité do competidor português
deve consistir na procura da distância curta e realização de acções de máxima
potência.
Bibliografia
Baker, J. S. and B. Davies (2006). "Variation in resistive force selection during brief high
intensity cycle ergometry: Implications for power assessment and production in
elite karate practitioners." Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 5: 42-46.
Beekley, M. D., T. Abe, et al. (2006). "Comparison of normalized maximum aerobic
capacity and body composition of SUMO wrestlers to athletes in combat and other
sports." Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 5: 13-20.
102
Beneke, R., T. Beyer, et al. (2004). "Energetics of karate kumite." European Journal of
Applied Physiology 92(4-5): 518-523.
Beunen, G. and M. Thomis (2000). "Muscular strength development in children and
adolescents." Pediatric Exercise Science 12(2): 174-197.
Figueiredo, A. (2006). A INSTITUCIONALIZAÇÃO DO KARATÉ - Os Modelos
Organizacionais do Karaté em Portugal. Lisboa: Dissertação de Douturamento
apresentada à Faculdade de Motricidade Humana - UTL.
Francescato, M. P., T. Talon, et al. (1995). "Energy-Cost and Energy-Sources in Karate."
European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 71(4): 355361.
Fritzschel, J. and C. Raschka (2007). "Sports anthropological investigations on
somatotypology of elite karateka." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 65(3): 317-329.
Imamura, H., Y. Yoshimura, et al. (1998). "Maximal oxygen uptake, body composition and
strength of highly competitive and novice karate practitioners." Appl Human Sci
17(5): 215-8.
Kazemi, M., J. Waalen, et al. (2006). "A profile of Olympic Taekwondo competitors."
Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 5: 114-121.
Malina, R. M., W. H. Mueller, et al. (1982). "Fatness and Fat Patterning among Athletes at
the Montreal Olympic Games, 1976." Medicine and Science in Sports and
Exercise 14(6): 445-452.
Nunan, D. (2006). "Development of a sports specific aerobic capacity test for karate - A
pilot study." Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 5: 47-53.
Pieter, W., L. T. Bercades, et al. (2006). "Relative total body fat and skinfold patterning in
Filipino national combat sport athletes." Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 5:
35-41.
Pieter, W. and D. Taaffe (1990). Peak torque and strength ratios of elite taekwondo
athletes. Commonwealth and International Conference Proceedings, Auckland,
New Zealand, NZAHPER.
Pieter, W., D. Taaffe, et al. (1990). "Heart-Rate Response to Taekwondo Forms and
Technique Combinations - a Pilot-Study." Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical
Fitness 30(1): 97-102.
Pieter, W., D. Taaffe, et al. (1989). "Isokinetic Peak Torque of the Quadriceps and
Hamstrings of College Age Taekwondo Athletes." Journal of Human Movement
Studies 16(1): 17-25.
Probst, M. M., R. Fletcher, et al. (2007). "A comparison of lower-body flexibility, strengths
and knee stability between karate athletes and active controls." Journal of Strength
and Conditioning Research 21(2): 451-455.
Ravier, G., F. Grappe, et al. (2004). "Application of force-velocity cycle ergometer test and
vertical jump tests in the functional assessment of karate competitor." Journal of
Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 44(4): 349-355.
Zehr, E. P. and D. G. Sale (1993). "Oxygen-Uptake, Heartrate and Blood Lactate
Responses to the Chito-Ryu Seisan Kata in Skilled Karate Practitioners."
International Journal of Sports Medicine 14(5): 269-274
103
Fernando Torres Baena
Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte de la Universidad de Las Palmas de G.C
Director del Departamento I+D+I de la R.F.E.K
Página Web: www.adc81.com
Correo electrónico: [email protected]
Tel y Fax: club: 928-247267 / personal: 928-785069 / móvil: 616.214.482
Modelo para la creación de un departamento de investigación más
desarrollo más innovación en federaciones deportivas
Los planes nacionales de I+D+I se han estructurado, tradicionalmente,
sobre el eje temático, es decir, sobre las áreas científico-técnicas y sobre
programas nacionales, la mayoría de ellos de carácter temático, que han
condicionado el modelo y el diseño de las políticas y los programas de ayudas.
Este modelo, sin embargo, antepone en primer plano los instrumentos,
agrupados en líneas o ejes, para que los actores y agentes del Sistema
Español de Ciencia y Tecnología interioricen los objetivos colectivos, a través
de los objetivos estratégicos y operativos, y desarrollen su contribución a los
mismos.
La posibilidad, cada vez más cercana, de que el Karate sea deporte
Olímpico hace que la R.F.E.K. asuma la responsabilidad de crear un
Departamento de acuerdo a su lugar en el mundo. La R.F.E.K. será pionera en
esta legislatura 2008-2012, en la creación y desarrollo de un Departamento que
se preocupará de la investigación, documentación e innovación, utilizando la
vanguardia de la tecnología y saber actual.
Se justifica este Departamento en la necesidad de;

Coordinar las inquietudes de investigación del colectivo de Karate.

Crear un lugar donde la documentación científica sobre Karate esté
ordenada y clasificada.

Organizar, estimular y establecer las distintas corrientes de
investigación sobre Karate.

Crear un sistema fácil de comunicación a través de la red que integre a
todos. Debemos fomentar la investigación, el estudio y la inquietud por
el conocimiento.

Coordinar, colaborar con otras I+D+I de otras Federaciones de Karate
a nivel nacional o internacional.

Aprovechar las distintas convocatorias públicas sobre investigación
desarrollo e innovación de los distintos entes públicos nacionales e
internacionales.
OBJETIVOS:


Promover la investigación específica del KARATE.
Utilizar un sistema externo asociado (una página web y un blog
llamado Karate investiga.com/es/org propiedad del Director del
104





Departamento I+d+I Fernando Torres Baena con una base documental
seria y responsable.
Organizar y desarrollar las distintas corrientes de investigación.
Realizar Proyectos de Investigación siguiendo los modelos actuales en
España.
Dirigir, colaborar, y llevar a cabo un seguimiento de aquellos Proyectos
de investigación que nos lleguen de otros Departamentos de la
R.F.E.K. y de otras Federaciones de Karate a nivel Nacional o
Internacional.
Estimular, apoyar y llevar a cabo un seguimiento de aquellos
interesados en desarrollar tesis doctorales, ensayos, tesinas,
comunicaciones o estudios sobre Karate.
Fomentar la lectura de documentación científica específica de Karate
entre sus afiliados.
METODOLOGÍA;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
El diseño de una página web moderna fácil de utilizar pero con un gran
contenido documental.
La integración en la R.F.E.K. de una página web que desarrolle la idea
del Departamento I+D+I a través de un sistema asociado externo (ver
punto anterior).
La integración de un Blog, unido a esta página web, donde todos los
amantes del Karate puedan acudir a presentar sus inquietudes, ensayos,
artículos o trabajos de Karate.
La vinculación (enlace o link) de éstas a la web y blog a la Federación
Española de Karate y a la Federación Iberoamericana de Karate.
Colocación en la web del departamento, todos aquellos trabajos, tesinas
y documentos de carácter científico, que tiene la R.F.E.K. en sus
archivos documentales, y que por su gran valor educativo y formativo
merecen ser conocidos y estudiados por los afiliados.
ESTRUCTURA
El Departamento de I+D+I de la R.F.E.K. se estructura en cuatro Áreas
directamente relacionadas con los objetivos generales, ligadas éstas a
programas instrumentales que persiguen objetivos concretos y específicos.
Áreas estructurales;

Área de generación de la actividad.

Área de control documental.

Área de fomento de la cooperación.

Área de acciones estratégicas.
105
Fernando Torres Baena, Juan Luis Benítez Cárdenes
Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte de la Universidad de Las Palmas de G.C
Página Web: www.adc81.com
Correo electrónico: [email protected]
Tel y Fax: club: 928-247267 / personal: 928-785069 / móvil: 616.214.482
Programa de tecnificación de karate de canarias
ESTRUCTURA TÉCNICA.
Para desarrollar adecuadamente el P.T.K. la Federación Canaria de Kárate ha
desarrollado la siguiente estructura técnica:
Departamento de Selección Regional de la F.C.K.
Direcciones Técnicas Insulares.
Departamento de Selección Regional de la F.C.K.
Es el Departamento encargado de seleccionar a los miembros, deportistas y técnicos, que
representarán a la F.C.K en los distintos campeonatos nacionales e internacionales.
Composición:
Coordinador P.T.K
Director Técnico F.C.K
Seleccionador Regional de Kumite
Seleccionador Regional de Kata
Funciones:
Proponer a la F.C.K. los deportistas que representarán a las distintas selecciones; Alevín,
Infantil, Juvenil, Cadete, Júnior y Senior. En modalidades de kumite y Katas, así como
individual y equipos.
Proponer a la F.C.K. los técnicos que colaborarán participando en los distintos
campeonatos nacionales de las distintas selecciones; Alevín, Infantil, Juvenil, Cadete,
Júnior y Senior. En modalidades de kumite y Katas, así como individual y equipos.
Direcciones Técnicas Insulares.
Las Federaciones Insulares colaboraran con el P.T.K a través de las Direcciones
Técnicas Insulares y de las estructuras de Seleccionadores insulares que cada una
tengan en su organigrama federativo.
Las Federaciones Insulares a través de las Direcciones Técnicas Insulares propondrán
los técnicos de las selecciones Insulares para el Programa de Tecnificación de Kárate
(P.T.K.).
Los Técnicos de las Federaciones Insulares colaboraran en el P.T.K. en las funciones que
se establezcan según sus características, funciones o necesidades del programa.
Las Federaciones Insulares adaptaran los calendarios de actividades al calendario de la
F.C.K.
OBJETIVOS GENERALES
1. Establecer objetivos técnicos a corto, medio y largo plazo, que sean de posible
realización Con objetivos cuantificables y de fácil medición
2. Colaborar en el estudio y valoración de los deportistas incluidos en el Programa de
Tecnificación Deportiva por parte del Centro Canario de Apoyo al Deportista.
3. Situar al mayor número posible de karatecas en los ―Programas de Tecnificación
Deportiva‖ de la Federación Española de Kárate.
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4. Colocar al mayor número posible de karatecas en las distintas selecciones españolas.
5. Obtener mejores resultados en los Campeonatos Nacionales.
6. Establecer entre los distintos técnicos regionales una línea mejor y mayor colaboración
para la transmisión de conocimientos y datos.
OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS
1. La Mejora, Desarrollo y Perfeccionamiento de forma integral de los Karatecas en los
siguientes niveles;
2. Dar la posibilidad a los mejores talentos deportivos de un mejor desarrollo integral de
los deportistas.
3. Fortalecer el concepto equipo de cara a las competiciones estatales e internacionales.
DESTINATARIOS
El Programa irá dirigido a deportistas de las siguientes edades:
 Categoría Infantil: (11, 12 y 13 años)
 Categoría Juvenil: (14 y 15 años)
 Categoría Cadete: (16 y 17 años)
 (con la posibilidad de realizar un seguimiento de 18 a 20 años categoría júnior)
METODOLOGÍA.
Las Concentraciones se harán con un número de deportistas limitado, de tal forma que la
calidad del trabajo a realizar quede garantizada.
Se impartirán las clases y actividades en grupos reducidos.
Se realizaran entrenamientos lo más individualizados posible.
Con grupos por modalidades Kumite y Kata
Por categorías, edades, niveles de capacidad y conocimientos.
Habrá técnicos especializados en;
Las distintas categorías establecidas por edades.
En las dos modalidades de kumite y kata.
Por conocimientos de Técnica, Táctica y Estrategia.
Por conocimientos del reglamento y normas de convivencia.
PROCESO DE SELECCIÓN.
El proceso de selección obedece a unos criterios técnicos objetivos, y a valoraciones
complementarias. Criterios:
 La clasificación en el ranking regional (clasificado en los primeros puestos;
Campeonatos insulares, regionales, nacionales e internacionales).
 Historial deportivo de los karatecas.
 Criterios de valoración de los técnicos basados en la proyección deportiva del
deportista.
 Informes: de la Federación Insular, Delegación, del Centro Canario de Apoyo al
Deportista o certificado médico de aptitud y del consentimiento paterno.
Valoraciones complementarias:
 La actitud y comportamiento del deportista en las concentraciones.
 Los estudios que cursa; su estado actual, y su intento por mejorar los mismos.
ACTUACIONES Y ACTIVIDADES A DESARROLLAR
Actuaciones:
Valoración técnico – táctica – estratégica – y competitiva.
Valoración de las capacidades físicas y específicas de la modalidad.
Valoración funcional y reconocimientos médicos de los participantes.
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Valoración y evolución psicológica y del comportamiento general.
Actividades:
Entrenamientos dirigidos a mejorar la calidad de la práctica deportiva y competitiva.
Coloquios y demostraciones prácticas con deportistas y técnicos de élite, con la
posibilidad de realizar Cursos Técnicos.
Elaboración de informes que sirvan para orientar a los clubes y/o entrenadores de origen
de los deportistas.
Creación de una base de datos de deportistas y técnicos.
MODALIDAD DE LAS CONCENTRACIONES P.T.K.
Las Concentraciones Temporales.
Las Temporales preferentemente en período no lectivo.
Se realizarán en lugares que tengan la infraestructura, tanto residencial como deportiva
adecuada. Prevalecerá el aspecto de Rentabilidad Económica.
CLASES DE CONCENTRACIONES P.T.K.
Se realizarán distintos tipos de concentraciones anuales.
1. Concentración de evaluación y captación inicial.
2. Concentración de determinación de talentos.
3. Concentración de rendimiento.
4. Concentración de selección definitiva.
TEST DE VALORACIÓN, EVALUACIÓN Y CONTROL.
Habrá dos tipos de valoración;
1. Valoración propuesta y realizada por Programa de Tecnificación Deportiva en Kárate
(PTK).
2. Valoración propuesta y realizada por la Dirección General de Deportes y Programa
Nacional.
PROGRAMA DE CONTROL DE LA CALIDAD.
 Sistemas de control de los técnicos, deportistas y personal auxiliar.
 Sistemas de control de las actividades directas.
 Sistema de control de actividades indirectas.
PRESENTACIÓN DE LA MEMORIA DE ACTIVIDADES
La Federación Canaria de Kárate remitirá a la Dirección General de Deportes las
siguientes memorias:
 Una memoria básica de cada concentración realizada, dentro de un plazo máximo de 7
días, desde la finalización de la actividad
 Una memoria final del programa en los 15-20 días siguientes a la finalización del
semestre o año del que se presenta.
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José Bragada
Polytechnic Institute of Bragança – Portugal
CIDESD
[email protected]
Revitalização da Galhofa - um projecto que dá “luta”
A preservação do nosso património histórico, cultural, desportivo ou outro,
é da responsabilidade de todos os cidadãos, e um dever fundamental de
diversas instituições.
De entre uma grande variedade de características próprias da região
transmontana, o jogo tradicional de luta corpo a corpo - Galhofa, era, e é, um
fenómeno cultural e desportivo único no nosso país, que tem persistido ao
longo de décadas, em algumas aldeias do concelho de Bragança,
nomeadamente em Grijó de Parada, Parada, Freixedelo, Coelhoso, Paredes, e
Carocedo. Esta forma de luta típica e exclusiva, praticamente em
desaparecimento, tem-se mantido sem qualquer regulamentação ou
sistematização ao longo do tempo. As regras e as técnicas passaram de
geração em geração pela oralidade e pela prática.
O problema da preservação deste jogo coloca-se agora, numa época de
grande mudança no estilo de vida das populações rurais. Neste contexto, de
uniformização da vida social e desportiva, algumas actividades, antigamente
populares, tendem a desaparecer, empobrecendo a nossa cultura.
A transformação da Galhofa numa actividade atractiva, saudável e
fomentadora do desenvolvimento harmónico das capacidades físicas das
crianças, jovens e adultos ainda é possível. A prática do Jogo Tradicional, o
conhecimento das suas origens e do contexto em que era praticado, para além
de uma homenagem aos nossos antepassados é uma obrigação de todos.
Neste contexto estamos a desenvolver um projecto de revitalização da
Galhofa, que começou em 2007, tendo como pólo dinamizador o Departamento
de Desporto da ESE-IPBragança. Um conhecimento mais pormenorizado pode
ser consultado em http://galhofa.bcd.pt/.
O projecto contempla várias fases, a maioria das quais já realizadas:
Descrever e contextualizar o jogo da Galhofa
Inserir este jogo no currículo da licenciatura em Desporto do IPB
Divulgar a Galhofa junto da comunidade
Elaborar o regulamento
Criar um símbolo
Criar uma página na Internet
Realizar torneios periódicos
Divulgar nas escolas
Realizar acções de formação junto dos Professores de Educação Física
Criar um clube de Galhofa
De uma forma global esta revitalização tem superado as nossas
expectativas. A adesão a esta iniciativa tem sido muito boa por parte dos
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diversos intervenientes, sinal que o nosso património cultural e desportivo é
motivo de orgulho e não vai ser esquecido. Assim, a nossa comunicação vai
ilustrar as actividades já desenvolvidas neste projecto e referir as intenções
futuras.
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Paulo Coêlho de Araújo
Faculdade Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física
Universidade de Coimbra – Portugal
[email protected]
Uma nova abordagem teórica sobre a origem do nome da luta/jogo
brasileira – Capoeira
Palavras-chave: Capoeira; Origem; Luta; Jogo.
Existem várias teorias sobre a origem do nome "Capoeira", a luta/jogo
brasileira. Uma nova interpretação decorre das muitas incoerências
identificadas cientificamente, permitindo-nos identificar semelhanças entre o
nome "Capoeira" dada à luta/jogo e aos chamados indivíduos capoeira (s),
significado marginais ou vilões, muito perseguido na sociedade brasileira
durante os períodos colonial, imperial e republicano. Com estes fundamentos,
apresentamos uma nova teoria multifacetada para justificar esta atribuição
nominal à luta/jogo nacional do Brasil.
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Paulo Coêlho de Araújo, Ana Rosa Fachardo Jaqueira, Evandro Ramos
Lima
Faculdade Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física
Universidade de Coimbra – Portugal
[email protected]
Os perfis dos praticantes da luta da Capoeira no decurso dos séculos XIX
e XX Uma nova abordagem teórica sobre a origem
Palavras-chave: Capoeira; Perfil; Jogo; Luta.
Partindo da premissa de que a Capoeira foi uma invenção das várias matrizes
culturais presentes num momento histórico brasileiro, logo, brasileira,
concluímos que os comportamentos sociais dos seus praticantes evidenciados
ao longo dos séculos XIX e XX derivaram primeiramente das características
socioculturais particulares dos seus países de origem e, posteriormente, dos
processos enculturativos/aculturativos ocorridos nos Brasis colonial, imperial e
republicano, os quais determinaram a configuração de perfis identitários dos
capoeiras de outros tempos. Através de um estudo de revisão bibliográfica e
documental de naturezas diversas, buscamos identificar as muitas referências
que traçaram os perfis físicos, sociais e psicológicos dos praticantes deste
jogo/luta ao longo dos períodos históricos brasileiros, o que nos permitiu
concluir pela evidência de significativas alterações dos perfis referidos, que
mais reforçaram a manutenção do estigma que acompanhou os capoeiras ao
longo dos tempos.
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Paulo Martins
Faculdade de Motricidade Humana
[email protected]
Instrução e observação directa, que aprendizagem?
É reconhecido que a actividade do treinador é, enquanto função, uma missão
que exige um conhecimento profundo de todo o processo de preparação
desportiva e portanto, os atletas constroem o seu próprio conhecimento da
matéria, estruturando-a e interpretando-a à luz do conhecimento que já
possuem e em função da apresentação do conteúdo (Vickers 1990; Rosado
and Mesquita 2009).
Se da interpretação dos exercícios resulta o desempenho dos atletas, significa
que a apresentação deve conter informações que esclareçam o atleta sobre o
significado e importância do que vai ser aprendido, e a explicação dos
exercícios deve, de forma clara, ajudar o atleta a compreender a aplicabilidade
do exercício em situação de jogo
(Rink 1993). Embora várias estratégias sejam concorrentes para uma correcta e
eficaz apresentação de exercícios, aquelas que se destacam na investigação
além da explicação, são as demonstrações contextualizadas representadas de
forma completa em oposição à forma parcial e demasiado descritiva, permitindo
uma apropriação quer do ritmo de execução quer dos aspectos críticos da sua
execução. Também, a utilização de palavras-chave que direccionam a atenção
do atleta para o que é essencial no desempenho dos exercícios (Rink 1994).
Pretende-se com este estudo identificar e descrever o conjunto de práticas
adoptadas pelos treinadores no escalão masculinos de classe elite.
Observámos 4 sessões de treino da selecção nacional de Lutas Amadoras,
especialidade de Greco-Romana. O grupo de treino que observámos era
constituído por dois treinadores e sete lutadores.
Os instrumentos utilizados durante a observação foram variados. Foram
aplicadas duas grelhas de registo para a observação das sessões de treino e
discriminação dos feedbacks. Para além dos instrumentos já mencionados,
recorremos também à observação directa e à entrevista informal. Na grelha de
registo dos Feedbacks estes serão classificados quanto à direcção, forma e
canal.
As entrevistas informais foram realizadas ao longo das sessões junto dos
lutadores e dos treinadores. Ao nível dos lutadores pretendeu-se identificar
algumas das suas especificidades para se realizar uma caracterização em
termos individuais. Aos treinadores, foram colocadas várias questões para
esclarecer várias situações, nomeadamente no que diz respeito a aspectos do
treino e da modalidade.
A perspectiva emergente e que parece explicar de modo consistente o carácter
efectivo das metodologias adoptadas, é a abordagem ecológica, que tem
mostrado como a informação contextual (e não apenas a que está na memória)
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constrange as acções do atleta durante o treino ou competição, i. e., a resposta
do atleta às situações de treino ou competição não se resume a uma selecção
de respostas previamente armazenadas,
constituindo como padrões de resposta quando seleccionadas .
Obviamente que o desporto apresenta, em cada modalidade, contextos muito
ricos de análise, pelo que a ecologia da competição é determinante para a
compreensão do desempenho eficaz dos indivíduos em acção. Mesmo assim,
será útil procurar compreender como os atletas elaboram mentalmente as suas
decisões, quando submetidos a diferentes programas de treino, com diferentes
níveis de interferência contextual.
Em desportos de destrezas abertas e contexto imprevisível como é o caso da
Luta, a decisão está assente em saber que técnicas a utilizar a cada momento
que o combate se realiza, dado que este se modifica em função do adversário e
das suas acções, do árbitro e até dos aspectos envolventes à competição.
Rink, J. (1994). "Task Presentation in Pedagogy." Quest 46(3): 270-280.
Rink, J. E. (1993). Teaching Physical Education for Learning. St. Louis, Missouri, Mosby Year Book, Inc.
Rosado, A. and I. Mesquita (2009). Melhorar a aprendizagem optimizando a instrução.
Pedagogia do Desporto. A. Rosado and I. Mesquita. Lisboa, FMH - Edições: 69130.
Vickers, J. N. (1990). Instructional Design for Teaching Physical Activities: A knowledge
structures approch. Champaign, Human Kinectics Publishers.
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Paulo Martins & Sérgio Raimundo
Faculdade de Motricidade Humana
[email protected]
Empenhamento no Desporto – Um estudo na Luta
A importância do desenvolvimento pessoal e social está bem estabelecida em
diversos domínios (Hellison and Martineck 2006). Os estudos sobre estas
problemáticas são escassos e nalguns casos mesmo inexistentes importando
destacar, ainda, a sua importância para os diversos agentes desportivos nos
seus contactos com os praticantes e, em particular, para os treinadores do
ponto de vista da sua intervenção pedagógica (Catalano, Berglund et al. 1999).
No contexto desportivo tem vindo a crescer a necessidade de estudar os efeitos
das práticas desportivas sobre diversos aspectos do desenvolvimento pessoal.
A percepção da necessidade de promover o desenvolvimento de competências
socialmente positivas cresceu enormemente (Sandford, Armour et al. 2006).
Entre as variáveis explicativas
desta competência, a literatura (Duda and Hall 2001) tem referenciado a
motivação desportiva, nomeadamente a orientação para o ego e para a tarefa a
motivação intrínseca e o nível de empenhamento, fortes indicadores de
envolvimento com o desporto e com a adopção de atitudes e comportamentos
socialmente positivos. No entanto, parece claro, na revisão da literatura, não só
a necessidade de robustecer os instrumentos de avaliação bem como a
necessidade de fortalecer os modelos teóricos que se referem à relação desta
identidade com diversas atitudes e comportamentos dos desportistas. Importa,
ainda, perceber as relações entre os níveis de responsabilidade pessoal e
social e as atitudes e valores face ao desporto, esclarecendo não só os factores
determinantes da responsabilidade pessoal e social, mapeando as suas
relações como
estabelecer as consequências, para a vida do atleta, de diversos níveis de
responsabilidade pessoal e social.
A construção de um modelo holístico que esclareça a totalidade das relações
entre estas variáveis, não foi ainda tentada, parecendo-nos claro que sem esta
tentativa de explicação das diversas relações entre estas variáveis, a reflexão
sobre o desenvolvimeto do sentido da responsabilidade pessoal e social está
muito limitada.
O presente estudo enquadra-se na linha dos estudos sobre Formação Pessoal
e Social no contexto desportivo. Tem por objectivo global estudar o nível de
empenhamento dos lutadores face à prática desportiva, explorando, ainda, as
relações entre estas variáveis e variáveis demográficas como género, idade,
nível de escolaridade, e nível de prática na modalidade.
Utilizando metodologias quantitativas, usámos o Athlete Engagement
Questionnaire (Lonsdale, Hodge et al. 2007)– 1ª versão, que se encontra em
fase de validação para a população portuguesa. Após uma análise exploratória
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e confirmatória combinada, o modelo tem 16 itens e 4 factores (confiança,
dedicação, vigor e entusiasmo). Este estudo é parte de um trabalho alargado de
validação aplicado em diferentes modalidades.
Esperamos contribuir para o enriquecimento do campo científico e de
intervenção no contexto do desporto, realizando um estudo que permita
interpretar e intervir no desenvolvimento de competências socialmente positivas
dos atletas, como é o caso da responsabilidade pessoal e social em contextos
desportivos.
Desta forma pretendemos dar corpo a construção do conhecimento sobre os
processos que conduzem ao compromisso dos atletas com a sua actividade
desportiva, bem como, como nas suas relações com outras variáveis influentes.
Referências bibliográficas
Catalano, R. F., M. L. Berglund, et al. (1999). "Positive youth developmental in United
States: Research findings on evaluations of positive youth developmental programs."
from http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/PositiveYouthDev99.
Duda, J. and H. Hall (2001). Achivement goal theory in sport: recent extensions and future
directions. Handbook of Sport Psychology. R. Singer, H. Hausenblas and C. Janelle.
New York, Wiley: 417-443.
Hellison, D. and T. Martineck (2006). Social and individual responsability programs. The
handbook of physical education. D. Kirk, D. Macdonald and M. O'Sullivan. Thousand
Oaks, CA, Sages: 610-626.
Lonsdale, C., K. Hodge, et al. (2007). "Athlete engagement: Development and initial
validation of the Athtelete Engagement Questionnaire." International Journal of Sport
Psychology 38: 471-492.
Sandford, R. A., K. M. Armour, et al. (2006). "Re-engaging disaffected youth through
physical activity programmes." British Educational Research Journal 32: 251-271.
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Pedro Henrique Martins Valério Cristiano Roque Antunes Barreira
Escola de Artes Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades – Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
[email protected]
[email protected]
Uma fenomenologia da capoeira: comunidade, alteridade e si
mesmo.
A Capoeira é uma manifestação que envolve elementos como música, poesia,
dança, luta, jogo, religião, tradição e uma história envolta por certa obscuridade
e marcada pela oralidade. Isto faz dela motivo de opiniões divergentes
relacionadas a esta variedade de elementos que, ocorrendo alguns ou todos,
simultaneamente ou não, dão a ela um caráter singular, fluido e multifacetado.
Assim, há ―de um lado, a brincadeira, o descompromisso com a seriedade‖,
porém, ―de outro, uma prática integrada de luta, dança, canto, toque e forma de
pensar o mundo‖ (Sodré, 2002, p.22). Desta forma, demanda-se a utilização de
um método que entre de modo mais profundo na cultura vivida de maneira a
compreendê-la interiormente. Este propósito envia à fenomenologia que ―se
mostra eficaz pela sua capacidade de remontar até as origens dos fenômenos‖
(Ales Bello, 1998, p.12). Assim, é possível obter um esclarecimento maior sobre
a capoeira através do estudo das matrizes da vivência do capoeirista. A
literatura oferece relevantes abordagens pela perspectiva histórica (Dias, 2006),
cultural (Reis, 2000), educacional (Abib, 2007); quando mais próxima à
fenomenologia, destaca-se a exploração do senso de pertencimento entre
praticantes (Reis 2006), porém não da Capoeira enquanto estrutura intencional
ou vetor das vivências específicas que a constituem. Sendo o objeto desta
pesquisa as vivências presentes nos relatos do capoeirista, identificadas a partir
da coleta de depoimentos de quatro Mestres de Capoeira praticantes há no
mínimo 28 anos, aplica-se a entrevista fenomenológica, ou seja, entrevistas
abertas em profundidade que visam apreender o conteúdo intencional do
depoimento a respeito do tema estudado, buscando penetrar em seus
fundamentos vividos. A análise dos relatos concedidos – que merecerá
contínuos aprofundamentos – traz como destaque à centralidade dos modos de
presença do outro na constituição da capoeira. Nesse sentido as vivências
comunitárias realizam-se ligadas ao reconhecimento do capoeirista, à
descoberta de sua identidade cultural e/ou religiosa, compostas pelo
compartilhamento e promoção de experiências, valores e modos de relacionarse que, durante a roda de capoeira, são conduzidas e influenciadas pela
musicalidade. Esta por sua vez, conduz uma dinâmica afetiva vivenciada e
compartilhada entre todos integrantes, ocorrendo aí, dissensos promotores de
conhecimento e reconhecimento de si e do outro, bem como vivências que se
dão com o outro propriamente dito. Frente ao posicionamento diante do outro
com suas ações percebidas e discernidas, possibilita-se uma busca pela
realização, autoconfiança e pelo respeitar mútuo em meio à troca de
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movimentos, rumo a uma espécie de diálogo. Ao mesmo tempo, há
possibilidades de anulação e submissão de si ou do outro, isto é, de diferentes
dosagens da violência. A imersão nestas experiências força reações diante da
ameaça, sendo propulsora da necessidade de auto-afirmação, ocorrendo o
estreitamento da abertura de si ao outro. Optar pela ruptura do diálogo próprio
ao jogo é decisão que tem o sentido de evitar agir em discordância consigo
mesmo. A vivência da alteridade, portanto, evoca a vivência de si mesmo que,
em meio às próprias experiências comunitárias, se destaca e se diferencia num
desvelamento daquilo que é propriamente experiência dita de si mesmo.
Portanto, conclui-se que é pelo relacionamento através destas vivências, que
se constituem os modos de alteridade manifestos pelos mestres com
peculiaridades dinâmicas que revelarão o ser capoeira.
Referências Bibliográficas
ABIB, P.R.J. (2007). Cultura Popular e Educação: um estudo sobre a Capoeira Angola.
Revista da FACED, v. 11.
ALES BELLO, A. (1998). Culturas e Religiões: uma leitura fenomenológica. (A. Angonesi,
Trad.). Bauru: Edusc.
BARREIRA, C.R.A. (2006). A alteridade subtraída: o outro no esvaziamento do karate e
na
redução
fenomenológica.
Mnemosine,
2,
2.
Disponível
em:
http://www.cliopsyche.cjb.net/mnemo/index.php/mnemo/article/viewFile/109/180.
Acesso em 05 março de 2008.
DIAS, A.(2006). Mandinga, manha & malícia: uma história sobre os capoeiras na capital
da Bahia (1910-1925). Salvador: EDUFBA.
REIS, A.L.T.(2006) Capoeira: saúde & bem-estar social. Brasília: thesaurus.
REIS, L.V.S. (2000). O mundo de pernas para o ar: a capoeira no Brasil, São Paulo:
Publisher Brasil.
SODRÉ, M. (2002). Mestre Bimba: corpo de mandinga. Rio de Janeiro: Manati.
118
1
2
Raquel Hernández García , Israel Contador Castillo , Conchi Bellorín
Naranjo1, Gema Torres Luque2, Raquel Escobar Molina3
1
University of Jaén
4
2
3
PROPUESTA DE VALORACIÓN DE LA LATERALIDAD MOTORA EN
JÓVENES JUDOKAS
Palabras clave: Judo, lateralidad, la motricidad, de alto rendimiento.
La lateralidad motora se considera un aspecto crítico en el rendimiento
deportivo de los judokas de élite. Sin embargo, muchos entrenadores y técnicos
no sólo desconocen la importancia de esta variable, sino que además no tienen
las herramientas disponibles para identificar motor lateralización en estos
atletas. El objetivo de este trabajo es la adaptación de una escala que ofrece
como instrumento para detectar el motor lateralización de jóvenes judocas. La
muestra estaba compuesta por un grupo de 8 jóvenes judokas (edad media =
14,4). Todos ellos formaban parte del programa de tecnificación deportiva
desarrollado por la Federación de Judo de Extremadura y Deportes Asociados.
La escala de lateralidad motora Mikheev et al. (2002) fue traducida. La prueba
consta de varias tareas motoras divididas en tres bloques: la posición de pies
en el enfrentamiento (SP), de manos (H) y de pies (F). Los resultados muestran
que todos los judocas son diestros de manos y pies. Además, el 75% de los
judocas mostraron una perfecta congruencia entre las medidas de lateralidad,
sin embargo, el 25% de ellos preferían realizar sus técnicas especiales a la
dirección contralateral de la posición dominante de lucha lado. Estos datos
demuestran que esta herramienta nos puede ayudar a optimizar las habilidades
técnicas y tácticas específicas de los jóvenes judocas.
Referencias
Mikheev, M., Mohr, C., Afanasiev, S., Landis, T. & Thut, G. (2002). Motor control
and cerebral hemispheric specialization in highly qualified wrestlers.
Neuropsychologia, 40, 1209-1219.
119
1
1
Raquel Escobar Molina , Sonia Rodríguez Ruíz , Mª Carmen FernándezSantaella Santana1, Vicente Carratalá Deval2, Raquel Hernández García3,
Gema Torres Luque4, Mª José Girela Rejón1
1
Universidad de Granada (España).
Universidad de Valencia (España) y Miembro Real Federación Española de Judo.
3
Federación Extremeña de Judo y DDAA (España).
4
Universidad de Jaén (España).
[email protected]
2
Determinación de hábitos alimenticios y cambios de peso en
judocas de élite mediante la escala de restricción alimentaria
Palabras clave: Judo, hábitos alimenticios, dieta, restricción alimentaria.
Introducción. En las modalidades deportivas donde el peso determina la
categoría donde se compite, como en el judo, los judocas utilizan métodos
drásticos de reducción de peso, con el objetivo de competir en la categoría
deseada. A lo largo de los años de entrenamiento y competición, se instauran
hábitos alimentarios no saludables, que si bien permiten alcanzar el peso ideal,
repercuten negativamente sobre el resultado deportivo y la salud del
competidor.
Objetivo. Determinar los hábitos alimentarios en judocas de élite para reducir el
peso corporal días y/o instantes previos al pesaje de una competición.
Evaluar la incidencia del género en la utilización de métodos para reducir el
peso corporal en judocas de élite.
Método. En el estudio participaron 105 judocas de élite, 57 chicos y 48 chicas,
con edades comprendidas entre los 15 y 29 años. La muestra estuvo
compuesta por un grupo cadete (n= 45), otro sub-23 (n=37) y un último senior
(n= 23). A todos se les administró una amplia batería de instrumentos de
evaluación psicológica, entre ellos, la Escala de Restricción Alimentaria
(Herman, Polivy y Warsh, 1978), que fue adaptada a los hábitos alimenticios y a
los cambios de peso observados en judocas días y/o instantes previos al pesaje
de una competición. A su vez, se analizó la influencia del sexo sobre las
conductas alimentarias.
Resultados. Las chicas, de los tres grupos, estaban implicadas en mayor
proporción que los chicos en la realización de dietas (F[1,101]=6.239, p<0.014),
y éstos presentaron fluctuaciones de peso superiores que las féminas
(F[1,101]=7.058, p<0.009) en los días previos al pesaje. Por otro lado, los
senior y sub23 mostraron mayor implicación tanto en la realización de dietas
(F[1,101]=8.011, p<0.006), en las restricciones alimentarias (F[1,101]=11.245,
120
p<0.001) como en las fluctuaciones de peso (F[1,101]=7.591, p<0.007) que los
cadetes en los días previos al pesaje.
Conclusiones. Las mujeres, en las tres categorías analizadas, realizan un
mayor control del peso corporal mediante dietas que los hombres, los cuales
emplean más restricciones alimentarias que provocan fluctuaciones de peso
superiores y posibles repercusiones negativas en lo que al rendimiento y salud
se refiere.
Por otro lado, en las categorías sub-23 y senior se observa un mayor interés
por controlar el peso corporal mediante el seguimiento de dietas y de restricción
alimentaria, con el consiguiente incremento en las fluctuaciones del peso.
Palabras clave: Judo, hábitos alimenticios, dieta, restricción alimentaria.
Bibliografía
A., KATAGIRI, T., MATSUZAKA, M., TOTSUKA, M., NAKAJI, S. & SUGAWARA,
N (2008). Effects of intense exercise on the physiological and mental condition of
female university judoists during a training camp. Journal of Sports Sciences,
26(9): 897 – 904.
121
Vicente Carratalá Deval, Raquel Escobar Molina, José Manuel García
García
Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte. Universidad de Valencia.
Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte. Universidad de Granada. España
Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte. Universidad de Castilla La Mancha. España
Vicent.Carratalá@uv.es
Análisis de las acciones técnicas de las judokas cadetes
españolas de nivel nacional
1.- Resumen
La presente investigación tiene como objetivo el análisis de las
acciones técnicas más eficaces utilizadas por las judokas cadetes españolas
de nivel nacional, en cada una de las categorías de peso, las ventajas y
sanciones conseguidas a lo largo del desarrollo de los combates y la
distribución de los resultados conseguidos en cada uno de los cuatro minutos
del combate. La muestra esta formada 116 por judokas cadetes femenino, de
los que se analizaron sus 166 combates en el Campeonato de España. Los
datos se procesaron con el programa estadístico SPSS 11.0. Los resultados
muestras que las técnicas más utilizadas por las judokas cadetes, la estructura
dinámica del combate y el número de sanciones, son similares a las utilizadas
por las judokas de alto nivel.
Palabras clave: judo, técnica, competición.
2.- Método
Identificar las características técnicas y tácticas de los deportistas de
nivel nacional y establecer los perfiles técnicos-tácticos de las judokas cadetes
de nivel nacional en función de la categoría de peso.
3.- Procedimiento
La muestra la componen 116 mujeres judokas de 15 y 16 años de
edad, que realizaron un total de 166 combates distribuidos en siete categorías
de peso.
4.- Resultados
El perfil de las judokas de la categoría cadete de nivel nacional se
caracteriza por conseguir mediante sanciones el 22,1% de los resultados. El
17,5% se consigue a través de las técnicas de sutemi- waza, el 16,7% por
medio de ashi-waza y te- waza respectivamente. El 49% de las acciones
técnicas se producen durante el primer minuto. El 24% de las acciones se
realizan en el segundo minuto. Durante el tercer y cuarto minuto las ventajas
disminuyen predominando las sanciones.
El dominio del trabajo en nage-waza, sobre el trabajo en ne-waza es
claro en todos los pesos, superando el 82% de las técnicas empleadas en los
diferentes combates.
122
5.- Discusión
Las técnicas más eficaces utilizadas por las judocas cadetes
españolas son coincidentes con las utilizadas por las judokas participantes en
los Juegos Olímpicos de Barcelona 92 y en los de Atlanta 96, que aplicaron con
mayor eficacia las técnicas de seoi-nage, ko-ouchi- gari, o-ouchi- gari, ko-sotogari, ko-soto.gake, harai-goshi y tani-otoshi. (Brown y McMurray, 1997;
Sterkorwicz, y Maslej, 1999; Sterkowicz y García, 2002; Carratalá y col 2007)
Muchas son las ventajas obtenidas por sanción del adversario a lo
largo del desarrollo de una competición. En los Juegos Olímpicos de Atlanta, el
segundo factor decisivo en las victorias fueron las sanciones arbítrales.
Resultados que se encuentran en la línea de los obtenidos en el presente
estudio, donde se obtienen un elevado número de ventajas técnicas mediante
sanciones arbítrales por pasividad y falso ataque del adversario.
6.- Conclusiones
Las judokas se caracterizan por utilizar en mayor medida las técnicas
de seoi-nage, ko-ouchi- gari, o-ouchi- gari, ko-sotogari, ko-soto.gake, haraigoshi y tani-otoshi.
Se obtienen un elevado número de ventajas técnicas mediante
sanciones arbítrales por pasividad y falso ataque.
A lo largo del desarrollo de los combates y en función del tiempo, es
durante el primer y segundo minuto donde se producen el mayor número de
ventajas técnicas.
Hay un claro dominio del trabajo de judo pie (nage-waza) sobre el
trabajo de judo suelo (ne-waza), en todos los pesos.
La preparación de las judokas hacia el alto nivel ha de pasar por un
amplio conocimiento de las técnicas evolucionadas como los pick-ups o
versiones modernas de sukui-nage, los twist down, versiones competitivas de
uki-otoshi, la nueva versión de kata-guruma, el koshiki-taoshi, y un dominio de
al menos cuatro técnicas de proyección, siendo una de ellas ko-uchi-gari y dos
técnicas de suelo, una forma de inmovilizar una de luxar, juji-gatame.
Bibliografía
Brown
y McMurray (1997). ―Olimpic judo statistics-Technique utization and
effectivenness‖. In:http://www.engr.orst.edu/-odoms/statistics.htm Judo page: http:
//www.engr..orst.edu/-osims/judo.htm.
Carratalá, V., García, J., Fernandes, L. y Calvo, B. (2007). Perfil técnico táctico de los
judokas infantiles finalistas en el campeonato de España. 5th International Judo
Federation World Research Symposium. Rio de Janeiro. Brazil
Sterkorwicz, S y Maslej, P. (1999). An evaluation of the technical and tactical aspects of
judo matches at the senior level.
Sterkowicz, S.; García, J. M. (2002) Current problems of Judo coach education.
Wychowanie Fizyczne i Sport Vol 46 supplement nº1 Part 1 June 2002 pp 612-613.
Poland
123
Vítor Rosa, Alan Stoleroff
ISCTE - Portugal
[email protected]
[email protected]
Motivações e entendimentos dos karatecas portugueses: Samurais
na modernidade?
O principal objectivo desta comunicação será apresentar uma análise das
motivações para a prática do karaté. Por motivações, queremos dizer as
intenções e os fins que levam à prática do karaté e à inserção em comunidades
de praticantes. Pode-se também referir às expectativas dos praticantes para
com a sua prática. Por isso, falamos dos entendimentos dos praticantes.
Porém, por entendimento queremos dizer a forma como os praticantes
enquadram a sua prática.
Existindo tantos desportos, por que é que se pratica karaté? Será por
motivos associados com a manutenção corporal e saúde ou motivos
desportivos lúdicos ou de competição? Além das motivações possíveis
associadas com a actividade física e desporto em geral, considerando que o
karaté é uma actividade particular de combate, haverá motivações não só
associadas a essa finalidade combativa, que ultrapassam a actividade motor e
corporal em si? E até que ponto e por que é que se dedicam à prática do
karaté?
Ao elenco de possíveis motivações para a prática de qualquer desporto,
em princípio há motivações particulares, bem como influências, que levam os
indivíduos a tomarem opções específicas quanto à ocupação do seu tempo de
lazer. A preferência pelo karaté, enquanto arte de combate e arte marcial
derivada da cultura guerreira japonesa, pode implicar uma complexidade de
considerações.
O karaté é repleto de rituais e terminologia que necessitam ser ―adoptados‖
pelos praticantes. Além disso, as artes marciais orientais, como o karaté, são
sistemas de natureza tendencialmente holística, ou seja, a finalidade do treino,
embora envolvendo geralmente apenas simulação de violência guerreira ou
controlo de golpes, pode relacionar-se com um estilo de vida e, até certo ponto,
com um imaginário de vida guerreira. Neste sentido, interessa-nos a forma
como as motivações e entendimentos dos praticantes integram a cultura
associada com o karaté. Terão as motivações para o treino do karaté algo a ver
com a origem do karaté numa cultura radicalmente diferente da cultura
originária dos praticantes? Por isso, a interrogação do título da nossa
comunicação e projecto se refere aos ―Samurais‖ na modernidade europeia.
Assim, nesta comunicação queremos abordar as motivações para a prática
do karaté enquanto indicadores da adesão a uma cultura de praticantes, uma
cultura karateca associada com a identidade de Budô. ―Samurais na
124
modernidade europeia?‖: perguntamo-nos até que ponto os praticantes do
karaté em Portugal na actualidade (ou seja, numa sociedade europeia
moderna) aderem a uma aspiração marcial cujas referências os demarcam não
só de outros praticantes de desporto, mas enquanto comunidade identitária.
Para desenvolver esta investigação sobre a prática e os praticantes do
karaté em Portugal, para além da nossa observação-participante, recorreu-se a
um inquérito por questionário a praticantes avançados de karaté (cintos
castanhos e negros de vários estilos presentes em Portugal). Através de um
processo de amostragem do tipo ―bola de neve‖, acumulamos 244
questionários validados (indivíduos de ambos os sexos, entre os 13 e os 71
anos). Nesta comunicação, trataremos apenas de perguntas que revelam as
motivações dos karatecas para a sua prática e algumas perguntas que
abordam explicitamente a concepção que os karatecas têm da sua prática.
125

2009 scientific congress on martial arts and combat sports

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