Lawffechnology World Jurist Association
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Lawffechnology World Jurist Association
Lawffechnology 3Íd Quarter2007 Volumê40 / Number3 ux 0n8lsEt JIfiE WorldJuristAssociation WORI-Iì JURIST ASSOC]ÀTTON SectiÕnon LâN/Ì{nnoìogy 7910WôodDonrA!ènue,Suitelrr4o;Beúesda, MD 2O8l4jU_S.A. B O 4 R DO I C O \ L R I \ U R S O I l H E \ I O R T D J I R I S TA \ S O C T A T I O N ral8er ú Heuebã4, (U.s.Á.) ruis Eduadô80fii cui Pô@ (Àsa'ióâ) chro L ralk ehnjpp'ìa) wofFs r. s.huÌz(aemy) ,udg. Boha atibôti 0{jsene) d.xsdd BelobÌ'v* (ca.h RrpúÌic) kit-GeoÍs zirÌeú (cemy) SDC'ION ON T,AWTECIINOLOGY csinnii: sèphú sÌeuy, Q c (camda) rssN02783916 VOI-UME40 NUMBER3 Thd vqÌd i!ád Àsúiârìoô b.lic!q\ 1 MÀNAGINGEDITOR the prcsEs and sÌol1lì of CONTENTS New Technologiesdd Enployees B! D. João Ma4ta deÁÌnei.l,. bÃetube cíq F6 ú pdked +dtú Ío joÀ d! se'q, by u.s.À, rdlehÕe c@) 46êí23 ldiitur shutúN qc n io$esusfi@@Nüny cqlth. o rú br óc vond he ^lddotr io b - ( o n d r ì ô . e i ì v ô r . e dr í r T w o r t o r ú i s rÁ _ o c r a r , o 0 1 A F lrooúne : l o u . ntor s L $âjs.oj F9lr Jou ,in \oL, co t.Jsx". ,n ro.p Jc.r!ediâtoclêl Tìe -táw/T{hÍoloey S{riú of rhe\vortd Juist Associationwelcones apptic,tiotrfron membeG ro seno ìêadúship capxcitics for thc sectio.. as one of tnc otà6t md Dost d r.e .q'DN ú rhe q lA rh | "\'l e!h.btôg/ Se,rionprcvidB Ìimety. ourhonbx\e ãna-Ehürpe, pe!rrk . ü rtr rFr â, ronbq\ e ì rèchnotoÀicdt dê!elopmoL ândtegJ t N tà haatog, qatk , |,et, rrh ,tp wJA "uÍI ro deqsn ptuetsrnd prog@s ,o, pEsotatio., úd scl dnecdon úd objectivcsvnhin úe fÌaDeNork or lhe As@iation,s Venbs otì o wotd tu',. A.. ,crdrion Jre et,grbte b see[ooruMôo ro úe se.rD0 'nd .onh vÒu etigjh,jrryplqçe ookr úe world 'Mj {5$,úrrcn- sê.úor ttuoeBh,n dppoú,men,-slt be mâde by ú. Boardol úshoB rlolÂtol. úe yd nn.i pos.ô6 arc ,r ed. cpporbdls hI he mdÈ Òd\d on ê\ pennêjn üreÍ,"tJ JobJI drI ry .iy. sd Fcomm"nd,uoNoÍ couesü*. Fq ture ìn[Ònìotiohor ta .\przs ihterqí p]e6e contdt u a,: Ilìe World Júisr Aseciaiìon tá{/Tecbnology Sectio. ?910woodmontAvcóuejSuìre1440 Bd*sd4 Mârylând20814 E nail wia@worldiüií.oro hlemer w.sortdìunst.oiq NEWTECIINOLOGItrS AND EMPLOYDES! RIGHTTO PRTVACY Bv Dt. JoabMaruud deÁlneida I. INTRODUCTION Sincclíe endof 20lh cc.tury, the gÌ.bal commúiry nasbeenlivirs i. what hasben nãDedthe agêor iúÍomarion. Ihis digiúì Evolurioo or evm Ï1Ìnd hdüslrial Revoluliod the lml úd oveMhehnÌs lcch.ôlogicaì dèvelopnenlsnanÌjnd bs beenNirnessing. It is laqü€slio.ablc úâl infomation techmÌoeics cüeílly F$r@ed is basd on úc planct into â gìobalvilìase wheE úfomtior available to nosl p€ople hlye o.€ a prcious Net is row avãiladclo aeryone in an imDcni.tc nâmèr, râtherú!o €uinitrg a privilege ot only â few. This t rlúologicâl r€volution hõ changedpoloüódly oú ecìety in scvürl asp€cts.W€ do Íot iÌteoil to mlyse âll legal FpercussionÌesültine fron ihe provisìoó of new tccnnobgiB n] thc Nss-flowcver, we vill rocu on tbe issueof la6oú relâtiosnips atrd ils adjüslÌnentro the 2. REPERCUSSIONS OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTIONIN WORK PERIORMÀNCE No\.Àdârs,IT lools ârc onc of lhe rost inroÌtant elemmlsto ary @mpânytha!, in its sarch for elicimy lüd profiLlbiÌity, wâlls ro luvc úe rÒst suitablêreans !o wdertake ìrs âctiúty iô rhe Dosl dleditious and prcfit ble way posiblc by ftdÌcìne costs md incrcâsine proúLs. Nde cd thc fiÂI idsìnar Eyolurion0?60 h ì35o) âd rh. sond indBtiaÌ 0360 'ú le30) ousd by (t rhc dis@sry of.l*rÍicity, (ii) HenryFqd 3 N.úhly liG bd (iìi) Natio6ú a K4wd3. Rotd FfoÚt (leee) tta tot rnlúieak. contüi$. an,r co.sderâble invesrnentsir r€chnoloeicalnes bcìngDâdc, vhictì rúr tìe d$posâl of rhework forceefrìoyed by úê conpúy. Thus, it ìs in the companyÌ bÒsti.tèreí to prcvide its mpjoyes wÍh advmcedkchnical lools so tnât lhey can have imrcdjare â6es to al1 infomrrion ú€y need to cary ou! dreir vork. NdeÍneÌess, sü.h avâilàbiliry of tcchootogicatbeans d@snot core w,trÕlt nsks whic\ in d iócÌeasìnsly@npetitilc naÌker, all conrp,niestry to eÌinimÈ or, at least,múgate as mDchd on $e one hmd, lhe empìoyìngconìpânywânrs to g!ffiate tìat rnesienifiont lT inEtnot mde to p.ovide its cDployêeswilì adcqüatet@ls and e6ü,e. coDpetrr,veadmr,ge oy€r ils conperno^, is beins cfediveìy üscdin thê perloúece ofúeú iasts (úd nol for theú tsoml !se). On rÌìe othêrhand,sbnng infomarion iD a digital sÌppd cm€s rìe dúgd of€onÍdenúl infomarion Iakase (Nhercas rodây it is possible lo $oe mspe úoúts or dâtâ in incE6ìnslyÍeduccd andinconspicuonsinstÌÌÍenrs). Aìlboüeü n ì 6$nriaÌ ro prcvide e,nployeB wilò âpid ed efr€tive mcm of eesile ed exchâÍgineinromâlion, sMt cm shoüldbe râld ro êosm {Ft th6ê .eso@ e€ ued ú úe b6t rnt@r of the conpaoy lhal nade úc rT irvêsheDt od mt {or tne eDployè6, p@nat us or agahst rhe companyiiselt FoÌ ún iodoD, i* technologi6 ats brcügtu nw wars of monÍotug tbe coployeè,s acrivnis, wlich Fies pertindt lceât is* Àat we wilt add$s 3. MEANS OF MONITORINGEMPLO\TE'S ACTII,ITY Vwnb úe nnpknmtârionof $e ncw infomadonleclì,oÌosis, Èe snpd,6 now havear úeir drposâllhe possibilìtyof BÍèâreÌcontot overúe eDpÌoye,s ad,vrryod th€dptoyee himselt IheÌe areheús of dntaDccsuNciìlmccâvaitablelo aoycônpany, èletr $e mosrnodestone, lbatif takcnto eÌtre'nesallo* ac{$ in nì tiDc lo all enployêe.s .crrvrtr6,@eatinghis dêry môve*ithìn dre cÒmpâryB.s1crÌly,the NeÌì tnoh B€ rrdrel soütd kee?an eyc on òe emplor€eduritrs tlìc c.úè tine in whjch he k at Òmpìoyefsseryie. we rcfú not only to (ì âudiotud vide rccordsof rlìc cnìplolei acrivilx bur also10(ji) úe fits andlnlenet w€b sites xc a@ses rrough rhe compaDys .chrôrk, (iii) the rinc ne spendsyirh dch daily ksk, (iv) remrdsoftehpüo.e calh and(!) rhc coórênrúd add@sÉ6 ofhìs r za,t. To süú up, au olrhe Èoplor€es wodq exeoiscd 6y wh,lÒveÌ nems rnc employôrnaÌ6 awilable lo snch effer. Sore @nrpaóiesevenmoniror thc tinc nployees spcrd in the ba$r@D'. Árons all nonilorina nans of supèdÀins tbe soÌk pÚfÕúêd úithin the coDpãny, we will only fms o. rhe so callcd qóer rzrur.laÌ.. ,.a sDflêitìúe usins ompulãized tools. rÌr panidìì4, úe nonilodns clivity by Nhich, ihroushconpütcrircd nchmisri âìt work cúied out tbMgü th€ PCsis bÒnnoredandcontrollcdby lhe comptuy. Ihis lmitorìns nethod is probablyrhe nost intrusivc of all ne$ods @nlly availableto ú€ co6pm6. As a mâuêÌof fact, tlÌc adivâl ôf nêw infomation technotogi$ eúaced the @ntrot or úc work proccss ilreìl no lonser bci.g limited io merc l@âlior dd sctutiny ôf rhe enploFe\ physical prsence ând allowins diEct conrrol of rhe vo.k úat is (or mD heing p€rfoÌDcd. Ndqúcl6s, or aÌ1iclewill fms nâinly on the supwbing oI úc üse of úe .oDpeié ènploB' lot€net ed Ènân âccoun! Nhich râhes inportaDt qu6tio$ in Esp6r of úe neht to pnvad âswc shalìsêebeÌow. 4. MONITOIUNGTHE USEOF COMPANYINTXRNET AND E.MAIL Utrdq lhc âesisof defcndingenpìoye6' inrer€sts$ne acls of süReitldce rÌFt aíeDpt aeaiBt fundleptal nehls of enploves hxvô been pÌâcticcd. ft is aue thai ltF protection of th€ ènploy€s' bgnimate nÍercsts slìouìdnot be .eElectcd.If onè lâÌs into @osid€ÊtioDthat üe c'nplqtr is providing the lcs and crnail âcoounlsto tn€ mploy€*, p.ióg elelricity ed lntêóel comecrivity bills, in âddition lo prchâsirg all softw iBydI!€dlìì.Ndioíâlconmdqo dab (tuch üFdic sd) i'ì fonusa lôcnPóWy0dhl'ihd:c'y' rll Flat€d li@oses óecdsry tôr Ìhê F.fomancc of rheir tasksxnd suppoÌti.s úe cosrsofncrwort s.úlem.ce, he ccttainìy haslbc right 1ôdemandrnârrhesencms bê lsed in rheb€sri €r€slofrhe 6mpúy. Ií accod.ncc with its power oI dnedion (Anicìe t5O of rlre tortuglese ljbNr Code) the mployer is eótìlìèd to demaDdrnâr ns enployces le.fom rhejr tâsksin m appopriale nmcr, and ref6i. rtum lsing lhe ncâns âvrìlable to thcn (which ÊqliEd coósiddhle i.vslne.t) Lheirpe$o!âl èntenainmeDtor dunng woÍkins houB .t thc mpmy's lor expen$s.ThererE atso legitimalc @ncemsas to lhe lokâCe ofcontdentìâl iófomât'oô by rccssing cstain potdtialÌy dúgercus wêbsnesand beins exposedto auack by hackm. DoMloading illegal ontdts or nâtend non u.knoNn sourcesbq6 lìè risk ofvinl infatior witn dislrous cotreqüae lhe cosllny's IT systcn andrroluctivitr io tbuscaüsingeco&mic dánage CoroboBtine yhat hasbcc. saidâbove,we cmol fâil to enpndìze dìât the mjdity of studì€s suasestlhat htemet nse^ spc.d nôrê rine and norcy onlire at úen wo*llaú thm in my olhd ìocalio.r. Thèrè is also the d.nsú ofsending e nlil nssses üth semilive 6Í!è s to ünlnoh EipiÈnn underthe enployecs sìgnâluÍe,which 6üld leadDorooly to rh€ teâkrgeof insi.te iofomation but aho causedâ'naecsto rhird pârti6 (e.g. thNeh the dissemimtionof ompdter virues Õr inappopriate contoo vho nay in tum deDmd @np€tralid b lnc @mpmy for lhe aforcncntion€drLmases. Il h6 als bed statedlhat eoâblingênployees to üse úc.l,rãe, ed èún Id p.eúl recrÈatDmlpürpôsês,n in lnre wiú úc besl ìaìou pFctic6 (Ía thGe rulcs Ef.Íi.g @tio! or to rhe &d mainiÈnânccof â gôo<lwoÌkiDs eNircmeót ând, @nseqúently,ro rhe iloEase of úe dploy€6' produclivity ard busióest prcntability), as lÕngas úey do e Nirì approprüte ood@tior ond MsonableDess.Ìndccd, ìt sens prefenblc ro âllov ú€ efteclive Be of the Intemct and e-nails ro. pesonâl purposesúrher tbm bamiry tnm úti@lt whiú coutdÍesúr in â laboür conflict ânúôr discoüase and rcdÌcè rhe enplor€6' gldücriviry, wnicn woü14 of coN, dso afïect thc codpôny. a Nda rooìoeiõ . o c.nbh dos sÒdÒT'bíno", ÀìÍfíina, 2004,p. ln oth€r vords. norê than rhe fund.n.nral rislìts of dre enployes rul€d by PortuClesê ConstitutionalÌiw (c.g thè nght to pÍivacy atrd preseNarior of a private life), lhe nght b a pe*orallife âtwoi{ n âlsorr shkei. l. viw of lhè âbove, rhere È a ollision benïeen dre conpmy's nsht to dendd tlút $e perfomoce ol sork hy ils empìoyeesú caried out in a propernmer andthe nghl of lbe 1.t16 to pri@y müor !Ícseryation ofúen privat€life, which requnesa cúetul balancirg of inúerats. Thüs,lüe qücstionshouldbe wherherrhe conpany c.D be âllowed10conhol tìe âcc6s of iis ehploFet lo th. ìntemerânll the intenal e-mail lccounts md, ifso, ú vhich way. 5. CONIROL OF INTERNET AND tr-MÀIL USAGEIN INTERNATIONALLAW IÌtem.lioml hw includesa srie ofproyhions, such6 Anicle 8 {1) ofthe Emp.aí Conveition or Hüm Rishb (ECHR), Btablislìins rba! eveÌyon€has the nsht to then pnvab dd fanily life, theÌhme aódcoftspondence. On the otìer ndd, dE EÌúteâó Côln ór Huhxn Rigüls hó Dade Ne of tnc .for€úatio.ed ÁÌlicl€ 8 (ECfiR) in sevü.l cascsconúdióg cobnmicâtios ''rv'ìatid 6e 0992), úc Coun @nsideredúât úImdcial comuicalions) is inclüdedin rbe afoEnentionedÀ1iole,As fâr6 EU úw is oÀomc4 onc olrhè nost inpoídt tnhüen clsic nâil. Ìn the corespondene (èg. woÍk et Õfnlos is tÀeDnecdye 95/46lEC ollhc Búopeú Padianenl and oflbe CoünciÌ,vnich Ìegrlatesrhe prcte.tion of p6oml dalâ md úc GeeciEülation oI suchdat l DataÌrcteclion" Dn€dve'). This diEctive ackúôwledgB ihe n8h ro pn!âcy in rhe sme say à Aíicle 8 ofthe ECHRi. lLreí rcrk, s. Mriâ Rccjú R.dìiìr, in os Dircib dePe$malidad.no códigôdoTnbaìho]AcM|idid. e o9ofu i,r sô.i3rcr!Ey, $Pr N' 940,23+9. n o e i q o r è n Í ì | ô r F . b d â . y 2 0 0 6 ' a E i | a b ì ? i n n.ÍÒJbmüq.in'omiíiLtslÈchü}'lsi/fÍdi'ìddsh'n' The samcposition is trken by DiEcti!ê 2()0U58/Ec of rhe Europtu parliddr dd of lhe Counciì Ìccenrly nodilìêíl by Dnecrive 2006,24lECot úe Empem pdli,benl and of 1,)e CoÌncil,15 ofMâÌch 2006 conc€minsttÌc processing ofpcuoóatdatamd úe prcteciionof pnvacy in rhe elechonicconmunicârions*croi, wbich dqts üú lòe ftàrrnor ofpesonât daiâ ìn ü€ contexlof p.rfomins elecrronicconnunication sefliccs in püblic nelwoÍk r_ More recnrly, úc Dârâ Protectìoówork Croup cEated by Anicle 29 oí Dnetive 95/46/EC publisbedan opìnìonon the pcrfomxnce ofèmÀil filterins seryices,f@lsìng otr the fihe.ing of conte s ofe-nail ressases sent by lntener scdic4 (tsp ht€m€i Sdicê provideB) md by eleclroíic nail scnices (ESP Endiì Serice pro!id6). Accordìngro slch opúion, filterile è mih snh üe i ert ol findins viruscs rnd deledi.g spM (nas toM.rding ofnoo solicited eletonic r6sag6) üc, in pnnciple, âllowed sin€ it gÌenteG th€ smrity a,l púpd liuctiÕnina oI conputer syícns Nooeúctcss,thê @Didentiâtity oI rle illotmlion nüst be as$ed ed ìn lìe cass of aóri span onrrol ir is Ecolmdded rhar u6 re giveh úe pcsibilÍy to chooe whcrheror mt to sübmiÌthen mesg6 to süchfitterine. As 1o úe nlterins of nessâsesto dclecr dy olhü pEdêrmined cortdts, sh action is no loneer coNidered by úo Dâla trotcctioo Work Croup d a tecbnicd ed orgúized beú oI rrotec$ne the efery of sêryicesa.d, consequeort, is no lôneer ldnissible úd @nstituresatr âttack lo úe nelìr to pnvacv,ód the n@dôh of colmìnication. 6. CONTROL OF INTERNET AND E-MAIL USÁGEIN OTHER LEGÂL SYSTf,MS h the UnìredStatesof Arenca, thc Elecnonjc CannuicatiN prídcr/{cr (1986}rceülal€s,id ge.êúl t@i lhe nonìtonng a.d cônrúl of úe üse oI Intemcr (ed orher €l@lroíc connlnicalioos neaN) cilìêr by lhc cnplor€Í or any othú entiry. h úe US üF uo,Í,r,g âclivity is beiìg ued by mjor conpdies ândrhe enployú is @osidúed nor obly a rheoMer ol lhc lechlial meds at its mptoyees, difosal büt atsoposesses$e power ro coíhol rhesaid Io ,o/rld Ì ,v,ssa, (1993), twô cmployeeswcre dìshaÍged on accoud of nâvine exchúeÈd m*sges wnh sèxuâlcontentsthrôughrheir conpâry s c-nails. The enplor€es argü€dil 6üÌr llìat lìose Dssaecs hâd a pnvarc .âtrrè rnd ver€ itlegitimtety int@pred by lhe employú. Howevd, lhe conn sìdedwilh tlìe cnìtlôyeÍ, consideriq úrt úê conpurer sysremis ils properry t8l lh€ companyhõ tbe risht to accêssall conrcntsof rh€afoÉnertion€d conpìler systen. I.be couí alsodccidedrìlt the indilidDâÌs coníitürio.al nght b Dnvacy(€srabliúed i. Ámddnot 4 of the Anencan Constiturion)is onìy violarcd ìt úè pe on hs â t$onâbte dpecrarioDof piikcy which in ü's matter rvs nor rhe casesincc th€ subjectat húd was úe mployeis e At{ tn Mccla/en rs. Mìcro:oít | 1999),orc enploye€plqded ú.t nis rieht ro pÍjvacy bad beèn violãtedby üìs eDplo'€r wlìo, dunns an invesrìgationof a sexüalhalsnat claim, r.âd n's €úail msrges, sroredand passNordprotectedil a pdonâì foldú i! the uploy€e's cmpnr€r, diehâ.sjns nin based on th€ contcnts of those Dessag*. Ii tnis @e, the €mployÉ hâd prcviouly úfomcd thê êqììo'€r that thc said folde! conbiled p€6oMl inlomarim whìch w4 what inducedúe €nployer ro Ead ns cortc.h. The oud @üideEd ome ãgain tnat úft no @oable €xp€tation of pri€cy lìo.ì ihê employeesin€ th€ e-mil amút wa belongsto ihe Ìó viw of ús above, it is posiblÒ lo dÉw the corclusion úrt et@honic sweildce €nplo'6 of ürdo. úê US lesal systomìs gèómlly allowed. In the Froch I€sal systeD, it has been defended úai lìe @ployd Day üe mputer nechdisDs to cônlÌol ihe usaseof l,tÒmct a.d êDail, s lolg s ir is doneúlh Íespecrro rÌe ptncities ofloyâlty. lnnspmncy, rclcvmce andpoportiomüry foH*n id Ánicl€ L l2O 2 of úe Fmch bbour CodÒan.l as lons s infômâlion of prcfessional cnúacter is involved. Compz.j6 wil nâve to (ì) nFlún b $e CôúissìÒhNdìonÌe de I ldomtürc vhich co.trol hshanis$ comision thcy inrod ro acliyâte,(iD co4nh píevioüsly yith rhe €nploy6, (lDder Alticlc L. 4:122 I of Fremh Ijboür Code)and (iii) iDfom úe mptoy*s 'se ( br:qncBrciroe hfu /fuw-i eí d6 Lìboa süL.sL /fik.dnòú..íJ--dÚdÍÍõmdl/R*h"..*.rce.aq N.11!,or.d.r'r,lo vD'dl: oiqu àbout thê süpeFision nErsures to be Nr inro e1Ìecrjhtrt rtMys Ìesp€ctitrgrhe lidils of tbên In Ìespeclof EnglisbandwâìÒsLaN, TheReguktion oJIny5tiqatory Powìs Áct 2000,n1èsth. intqception of eleckonic connunications. subjedins all Donirorins dd iúerception actioN to the consentof lhe üsêr which can, howcvcr,be tÊsuned. On 24 Odober 2000,cúe inlo etrecr rhe La*íúl Business Prc.lice R.gtldbns, which Esulate lhe inleEepüôn of elecrronic conmumqtiôns by the employeÍcve. Nithoüt consent.TheseEEllations rule (i) rhe coolrol of e-mail m€ssâgêsexchmsed tlìc woÀphcè an4 (ii) lhe conrrol oI electronicconnunicârions by the sovemncnt In gencÍãìtems, inretc9tion ôf èlècrúnic messâg6is Êstricred exepL i) ir aüthonsedby thc Bovcmncm roÍ public saferyl%os, ii) ìf cotrdted, or iìi) í ir is a vo1Ì Dcsegc. Howqer, dÌe conccpt of wort n6sase" is op€! for difrcmt inl€Íp€taliús. O.e coÌld cveó dsue úat â11mcssâgcssèórth.ousb rhe coop.try èm.ü ad&esse work bsâgcs md are úmfÒrê subjst to its scnrti.y. Su.h inleÍfÊtation onsinatedsrrons reaclioü hon the Spdish lãw rulès tlìât âny meóures of $rcillm@ dd ôontrolof the oploye6' erivity areto be inprênenled bcúìng ìn nind then hnmd diiõ/ GeeÂíic1. 20 llJ of úè Estatuto.le IN Imòdr'drtord). ft is dEeforc acknowledsed10the conpãry úc pow€r ro adoptp@@dür6 of sureillece and control ol dìc cmployêês,üìh the ain oI emuring the tunlrnút of tnen oblisatiors ú<l duties under tnc cnpìolhêDr conhâct. Howevd, úe legislâtor $üe[t ro establishcerlaiúlinils, nanèìy rhosenúed by lnc spmìsh Coúsritutionwhioh guturee úe dsbt to E conlidentiality oI co,núDnicâtions(AÍicle 18 (3) ) ed tÀe dployeèt Íigli ro pÍivacy (Anicle 18 0 ) ). The aiolrtion of dìy or thee nshls h sübj€t to ciniml púishnot palmert ol seveEl fines,accordìncro Aíiole 19t (l) oI úe spmisn Peml côde. ard io the Spaúisbconís hâvè coDsideEdtlút dE 6t1ÕyêÍ cd, iÌ facl Do.ilor the dployct laboú âctivitig úd cveójuslity úe teminatìotr of the êopìoynot Elarionship on rte bsis of sa'd monÍome. However, $e poNeB of úc únphy wilÌ alMys be linited by ú ümlcntine rcspet ror lhe empìoyecÌ digniry ândprivacy, asdcscilbedabove. 7. COMROL OF INTERNET AND E.MAIL USAGEIN PORTUGAL BeJbÍeth€qterúg into forceof ther_abon. CodeappÌovcdby law 9DOO3,27 of Algust, rhse w6 rc ey speilic law o. rcguÌxrionin thc poÍtuauesc leg!Ì srslemo. theetecrronic coÍrÌot of As qplaired rhove,tle bige.sr obsractcto the nonnoringof lhe ìse of rbe Ìnhei ed the employec's em s consistson úe protc.tionof theindividuatriehrlo privacyasa nndânenral principlcof C@útltioml Lâwrhaianycrttoyer nust comptywith. Ànicle 26 of ú. C.nstiturionot rhe poÌtxgtrèsêRepubtìc(CpR)6r.blisn6 llle pnncipleof Espet for úê nsht lo pnvacyof t6onal and Íúily lifc ot alt pople. On úe otherhmd, Àíicr6 3{ and35 sârctionthe iIriólabititt ot "@espandúce and other nea6 ofpnyaÈ cotuicatìon" aú thc appropdâtcüse of i.fomârion teclrnotogi6tu the pÌo€ssine of ÉM!.I dâta.ï16e rutesrc ÒnsideÌedrs fundmcntal Íighrs,Ê€edonsõd gurdie6. As seh, tneycd orly be Eírictcd 'n cascscÌtesly providedfo. in úe Conslitutioq a&t all mtnotiotr büsÌ helinúed lo â ccÍtâin*tcnq in ordd to p,ot6r odEr constituiìoraltyprotectd righrsor i.rd6rs - s ÂÍiclc l3 (2) cpR. Fúttu M. "Ìieht to intihdty of ptìwte tìfe" is ackn*t€dged6 a riglt of pdsonâtiq. undd AÍticl6 ?0úd 80of lnePonxgudêCivil Code.It is weltknowÍ thatnshs otpcuo.âììty ongimledAon 6e plircìtlê of respccttor huDm dìgiry andpNnâlìry, â prúciple oI nâtu61 law wliú w@úes úe lcgisìâtoritsclt - eventhc consritutiomllcgistâtor-, th€judg*, the Iâ$16 úd aUindiúduls. ì_hispnncipleis appliqbleevoí jfnot Bationod ìn ú€ CoDsritllior or in odinry lâw ed rcgxrdtess of wüârnisnt be ruleddiÍïe!Õtly. Ihüs, we m tã@ro fâce v'lh â fom ofs,4rd legalgüaÌniansüìtlhlt delivcsÊoú thercry notionofbw'.. Srill oo [ìe súi6t of rignls of penomìiry and âs a ddelopndt of thê nstu lo iúiMcy ot pnyaiclifê, AÌriô1675to 30of rheÌortugüeseCivil Codeprcrectú. conlentof leten andotner Mitiogs. Any violâlionof óftspondencc or lele@lmüdetioG is cÒaideÍertd a cimi,al oífen c üRIs Anicle 194of ihê lotugncse penatCode,âsa waylo protectthe iDdiúdul rìú 10primcy.Acordi.s to lhis ^nicle t 94r ..(.. ) L Who$cvÚ opeN â prckasc, Ierlq or anyolher sealediren not addrssed to hiD, wilhoÌr conrnt. or beconÌcsâqâE of ils contentsrhoue! technic.l pmceouresjor prclenls xÌ any way thè lddEsee fron Èeivins it, wiu be pünishedâ.d sentencedto DìJto oneycar in prisonor fined. 2. The sme FnaÌry is also applicd to vh@ver neddl6 o. retriev6 lbe coólenlof conmunicatioDsrvnhouI conse.l. (...). Ìjw 67198,26 Õf Oclober,*hich adoptcdDnedtiye 95/46lECot úe Euopan pdlideDt md Coucil, 24 of October,on tlìe proldlion oI i.dividuâh úth Esard lo rhc po@$ing ofp€ndal data md tìe fre movènênrofsucn dah',, also€srâhlìslìêsó a sene€l principlc the prG$ing ofpesoMl <latâin úc íncr Espectfor individual prìvacytr Thêrêfore,the electronic contrôì of tlìe enpìoycet ãcriviry Ns aüèâdytúhibir€d, h€foE the n€w Lâbour Codê cme i.to clïeci, providcd eid conlrcl ú{tangercd $e mplovee,s riúr to (wiú Mglitude to òc ,ncâsuEdaccordingto rhe limirs iúpced by úe very na1!É of tìinesrr), Wit! lnê íew ?orlxpcse Lrboür Codc (rppúyed by dì€ ljw 99D0OI, 27 of A!gút, lrúêçl this DalÌcr is now cxprêssÌyresül.rcd in rheÌortugncseìâbourlaw. TÍe new t bou. Cdc ìncludesã sction oDnshs of pononâlily, althouebsone D.y coosidtr sücn sctio! úftBs.ry considerins lhat nghb of pesonalìry do nor Équne expEs leeal prevìsiondd wêre alreadyru1cdby Aíiclc ?o ândsôq.oltne Ciúl CÕitê,Io aúy ce, the trs kbou Codêexpr€sly sânctioDed ii) rìe tsht to pnvacyôf borhrhe enrrtoy€rad tne enploy@ (Aíiclê l6), (ij) rheprolÌìbnìoóoftbe Ne ofr@ote nm of sweillaú@ at rhewolk pkce wiú the ain of conrrollins dìe cmpìôyees profssiorâl D€rfom€ (Ánicte 20) dit (iü) úe confid€ótiality ôf nesases ed Òr rlÌe acc6s to ìnfomation (Aíiclc 2l). We co.sider thal by útroducing thesc cxprêssrules, rnc nÒw tortusücs Lâbolr Code had dE úrtüe of cldìfÍúg ertan prcviousdoulÍsin lhism.ícr. " À.oÍdìq b ch,Íú4 I abor r3,. p s 57 md pedtup.k d; ve**lG, i'. -a Ní* d.;-c"À*, drdedè Dìrcirdd, univ.Fidide d. We nnsl alsôpoinl out rlìd rhe prôtecrion sEnrcd by rhcserules NoIks both wars siíce it h cstabliúed tnd rhe said rulcs apply lo eDpìoyeeand emptoyú. Mor@ver, $c pGitior of rh€ cmaloyer À also prcrèdledlnder ú. coríiturio.al rutes (e.8. the rìght ro ircdon ol trade eúnred tÕall conp.ny u.dú Aíichs 6 t and 80 G) CpR) Siice the €nployee is tit€ly lo ,ìfler abüs6, coBid€rine lhal in hosr oses hdshe is the we.kcst tinÌ oflhe contÌâciDatretatiooship, úe le8iJãb.hadgr"â.er. o rem $rh t,. flure.ror ofhi"ri nshF,bu,úi. doê(norntuo úal lhos will pEvail orêr thc 'nterestsândrìghtsoftne enployèr. It is nsessary tÕnãk€ a cõe_by caseaetul a6snlt of úe inrú*rs in conlicr As iü a thc mes of reÌbte $roeiìiecc are concêmed,üe Lâbôú Code,,esrabtish6 tìat úe conpany mot 'npìeme.t rhèn. tÌìúugtÌ úê use of t€hnoloÈical @jpperr witì úc gaêLst conlrollinq tüc work pèdonìece of @pÌoves. HoNdü Í ,s altowed the üe of nus oí Ì c m o hs ú ^ e i l l á n e t o . n . u r et - . p r o r o | o n d d y | r r \ o f i l d i v d u a t ç . b d r o D e m . o r , t r o ú t r .Íicular @uiMenis ìnhêrentlô the nalurc of the actilitv. ìn úis 6e, iie comDmv dlsl not'ly rhe coploye in advancc of rhc iDpleDentãtiod ad püÌp6e oI dBe nms of suryeillúe wüicb include dôt only úe ilíâlatio. of aidco cú@s úd jn úe nimpho,* woÌl?I&e, ò!t ale the conrol of rhe tasks perfÕm€d úroush 9üúút tive md desúiptive conpüt@rds. Thu, tetcthooeúhnuniúìioB, rnremelcoúetios, aoy DovdeDls in ú€ wodaÌace, the eoployee\ eÌact eeôsEpnìc bmtì@, elc., ddydring @ be techÌically mônÍoEd How*er, thê ljw Òntv altows it fÕr dÌ€ protecdoí úd sâf€ty of údividuâls âtrd pn@Ív (e.9.úsultatìonofvidÒocancns oütsìde es íariont or jn orherspdirl Ìtoiene s pìmot lo th€&tiviv Íc.g úe supêrisioóoI casino enptor€6 or baoÌ cshi@), beüüe in hiÌd thatiì. e olthosencds nây notbeohiíed io iìe enDtov€e. we DustÉihmtr rhat,by virtucoflhe .èw infomationtechnoloei*,rl€s new foms ofc@trol of woú perfo@oceonenracb intolcÍlble lelels. nôl only tlwlsh úe j6posúg of sups_ nmú woÍk nlq buraho by rÒdinsdowntlÌc enployeè,sprivâtelife. Ì1Ì€ rul€sof lne tr* lj6o!. Codel@gniu tharemployees arèentirlcdro . pe omt lìIe ârwoÌk,r,6 a conltaÌy of ln dy câse,the cnptoycÍ,schoicE of nertìôdsof contÌoÌn .11",,,, -,i,. -,,,*_*,".",",.; ;;;; HH:ï:ï:ïï;:l""" m c r h o dr - q u . . d p r i ô .n o 1 ! e . or h e e ô p t o y d s rr A n r c ì e , , r0) o t ú e Unde. Anìcle 28 of Lâw 35,12004. 29 Júlx lhe use of t6e arÕEDdlioned nethods of Êmoie âe ór.{ o Íì È'or- du,honz4.ol h) úe potueu6e Dar, pmrdion lryerÌl,Te ' unDE ron.a, rcglL-d u) I i! b od ot)oO.lobe Ltr ot poBotutDd,àpóredionl. the appncdronreqü6iìns slch âúhôÍizârion Dust bc ac6np,.ied by úê opioionoflhe €mptoy€6, cÕlmìíee or, if rh€yfâìl to issuc $rch opjnionw hin t0 rlâvs' the initial m€sege reqücting úe,rôpDion PÍior to úe* .eGnt tâboüÍnles â.d ÍesülatioDscoDins iÍo etìecq the Daia pmtection Comoissio. had atrqdy derjnedrhepnnciplès on prjvacy in the workplace,..which @ bc belo.e cnsaginsin ey t'"e ofdâb pomjDe, _? be enpbyü Dusr infom de eDployees ôn (t úe tems and condìrìonsD *hich úey €e ue rhe @mpdyr tehìical ncâns for penoml puçoss, (ii) rle conüuicatios nonirorine procedúE uscd by dìe coDpxny ,!d rrs puÌpoes dd (iij) th€ consequences of innroper nseof saìdmeâs; it tlìe büsinc$ iileÌes thâtjüsrines scl oodlorijg shout.lb€ seÍiou a&t noF abüive, which camol bc dkproponioDare ro rhe ldel of pDretio! of ihe employèes privacyi iii) the implêmcnratìônorscnerìc Dethodsofcontrot rs to be privilegpd,avoidos indiv'duaì consurladonofpe&nar dâra. Thse pdncipÌes BtabÌnÌìed by rhè Dâra protccriooConnision r€oderrhe ioral resricrion of lnthel and usâsc in rlìè ÌvorkÌjÌacè fo. psonar pu,poses úèatislìc aód .e-Dail couìrerproductive. wc a8rceyirh rhis losnror Ììow*Òr, we nü$ nd roig€t rhat ÁÍictes 6l ând 80 (c) orüe PortugücsèConíinrtion dìso recoenìserhe nú to ircorpoÌ,tiôó of companies The Supmc CouÌl of 11ìêSúre, by rulins of 8 Febtuàry2006'', hs accoptedú4€ principt6 establiúsi by úc Datx PÍorectioÍ Coúnission and consideEdtnat úc crptÌring of imaseswiú vrd6 cÚe6 iníalled in rhevortplâcc rn{t direcredâr rheenployecsis ilìicìt and violal6 úen nsht io pnvacy by subjectins úc Frfomrancc ôf tbeü wot io continuous ãnd ohsidt suNeillúce Füfinemorq such nnsure wâs .ot consideredas m âpprcpriale m€ús of prolecllnglÍeoúpaóy s lssetsfrod .mpÌoyees tnen Od úe o{[cr Iìúd, Áíiclc 2l of thc kbour Code cíâblish6 a nsnt of,esde dd @Dfidmtialily of the empÌoyccrcgrrdins thc cônteDrof pesonal nêsaEes md rc€ss lo úe non-pbrê$i6d inromation tharis senr,Eceivcd or r6emned, mmety thúugh e!]3ü. tÌ orhtr words, lìe êmploycc'snsh to a pcdônâì life at NÒrk ú 6tlbliúed, wneth* ìn accAsins infolmlim amilablc Õntüe Intemct,oÍ ìn sendingúd rêceivinseÌfftronic nail. Howwcr!@sraph 2 ol ìhe s.Dc ^íicÌe sraDrslie dployer the posihility ôf 4iâblishils rules for l6c ue of úc conpâny s nrem of lonmudcrlìôn, naDely e,nâit. Ìtis ole r€stoFs th€ balue nquir€d by úc very natu€ ol tnì.gs, batmcing tle @ployeeÌ dshr b pnvacy wi$r tho mploys\ nghr ro the intcrcslsof nÌìeconÌpmy. So otr úc m hdd, tho cônfidelrialiry of thê eDptoyecs nêssagesof peBomt n,lìÌe (eiúer itr lhe fm ofthc t-aditio.al lcttÍ, oÌ by electronicfom, n.mcly e dails) dd tle oúdeniiâliry of tn€ iífo@lion accesseddmügh Inremerwcbsitesm prolecicd.On rhe orber hand,however, úè dploys'r nght to dtablish rules Ior rlìc uê of comünicâtìon and technolosiúl bed av.ilúle tor ils Ènployeesis also esrablished,being rhe empiotrr trêe to esrâblishtin€ úd acc* linils to cdâin predefincd conrents,âlwâys wirh du€ respccl to rhe principlB of prcpcliomlú andaptrcpriateD6s. The doclrinè,! lras sunpoícd rhat rh. viêwinA of rhe e'nployeetpèsonal nessâ96 by rhe employer is onÌyjuíincd in úolâÌedcases. when tÌnsliewin8 isjuslified,rheÈnployeenDstbe pr6cnt dd the s.id vièwioashoutdbc libied lo the rccipienl'sor rhe sndd's addrBs,úe subjcct, datexndtüncof rhemcsrge. Wh€n lìere aE .o groundsfor lhc conlroì of úe coúI)roy's emil, süchconrrolshouldt,Ìe placc h Bndom fom insteadof a lìe püÌpce of ensu.i.gr€twoÍk By rhe sane order of reaen, the co.aoì of lnrmer websitBto which the enployee a@es*d sborld b€ündertrÌen in a s.ncnc, T[e conte.h of the Aüìdinsprincipìess€r ÒÌt by lhe Dâlâ púreclion CobnissioÍ lre closcly foìÌoyed whicn, in rhesubjc.t ote-naiì .ont.ot, cslàbtÈhlhar: ú€ facl lbal the enrployerfoóids úê se ofènâil lor pnva,Epurpcs qoesnor .ulÕraticauy rìÌow dìe .ìght to opc. ènail ad.trcsedio rheenployeei : 'i) e-mìl cônhol should especìaììypmüc 16êsafeguâÌdof rhe conpuler sysr.n,s iiD üe need for dereclionôf virus doÈsrcr altow p€l re the Rding of recêiyedÈ dy conlroì bõed on tbe prcveótion or delecrioDofdisclosüre of prct6sional ú(tor @lmêrcial sccrls úoütd b€ qclusivety ttiÊted ãt p@pl€ vbo havc v) aee$ to lhcc s*Ers md ody wlÌco lhqe are eroündsfor süspicion;úd @css ro rhc chpìoyecs' e nail snoütdbe úe lst Íesoue to be uêd by th€ employcr, rnd such accessis to be pftteÉbly done i! rìe pr€s€ of rhe ehpÌoycexnd of â rèpEsenratileofthe cnÍ,toyees' olmin@. concemingúc pnociplcs rcgrrdingrhesupcflìsioDof tntmeÌ lsase: " fd,tsd,Át,,.d*..,00ap.ta a cenah desrecof tolcnncè tov!.ds Inlemel &ces for prilate puÍtGes úmld beallowed,spccirllyil itoccursaftervorti.g hous; the advmtagcsoa lnlemet accessare ro bc raÌo into consideÉtioí for boú úe compúy andthe emtloyeerand ii0 lhc pcraoming orsraristic md sencnc stÌdi6 shouìdbe €noueli to €srâUisnif produclivity 's beingalïectedby rclmtlBs Intemet!cc*s, being alloNeda sdh on which websiteswere accesscdfÍon ihe codpúy vnhoüt identirying specific Weâsrcevith thesesenenlprinciplcswhichseenadeqüâle ro solv€âld prelat tnercâl nshs of theenployeèsd<l employenin I rcasonâb]e ândprope!vay. We Düí a6€pr rhat rhc ènpìóyr cd, in cerrìin siturrìôns,súlêr .lânâg6 due to ihe Írelection emrtcd tô üen mpbyftc n8hr !o rÌjvacÍ Ì{owcvd, we úó.ot forgerlìâl rhis is jutiÍied due n] üc ìogâl dcgm of pútectiotr santed to tnc righl to priv&y N a nudúoral rìút of peMbãlily, h.vidg de legisl*or rstricled tlÌc laNtul ned of otpos'tìú to úis rieht io situatioN of rDsible abus, tâÌing inro @nsideFliotr ú'l úe dploycc n üsu[y tnc Dosr nasile €l€mêotú th€ enplolmcnt rlxtioDship. Thls Nhat eíèctive mechaoisnsdo6 úc cmployerhayeto prcteorits úv6rmert andto @s@ lhe prodrcliüly oI its busibcs? Ttô nct inportant onc woü1ilb€ úe necneis of ltrteül Resulation, *tabtsning clem ru16 foÍ the use of kcnnobgicâl n€ús n.ving in Dúd th€ âdequ€y oI theseru16 to úe comp3ny0:a its size ed d@ of opdaliotr), kee?úg âl$ úto @úi&nlion riüt €xc6sive rcstrìcrioÍ is hamtul, sine il del4es producrivity ald The tjnt adyantageofthú lÌreml Regülatìoóis tho dereÍdt etïecr of rhe Disúê of computer ft$m6 by the êmplor€es.On dÌe od!ú hând, beús rhe rulôs oler dd âppropriate,lbe enploycènay not juíify any disuseoi theseresoüôcswiú úo ignonnco of th6è nlês or sitì the fact lhal it is nor lesitinarc ro cxpècrrhlr he ys aEee thâl they could not be usd in $cn !vay. tn Nrut concemspossirììÒdarìâgêto ttnd paÍlies (for exanpte throush the spEadingof mopulc. vimcs) it rvitl be crsier for the chployú lo retue lo üó.tedake r€sporsjbiliry, inposirg n solcly lo lhc cmployccwho vìolaled rheconpâóyÌ intemal l)rcedu6. LòtÌy, âny oìario. ôf suctÌ ru16 wiÌl be â disciplìnâÌy iúrirgenenr, whicl nay juslily a disbissdwnhjust causc(beingruchiòfrinBemenr not cxisrdt if lhc cnploy€Ìd@snorEsuLt€ the uscofe-mâil üd lbremct) HowevÍ, rhedocfin€,i na âbo süpported that saidintineeme.r d@snot Èsniúxte rhc bÍclch by the cn oyer ofüe enptoyee,s rieht to privâcy. How to etve this appe conrradiction?Thc sotutiôn,owitl bê ro 66ider lhe empÌoyee,sâppot to his righr to piiv-y in ordor to jusrìti rhe wónsftt cônptianceofhis enpbrmed ontsâcr asa s,tuât,on of abuseol.ishls ruìed uMcr Anicte:ll4 of the ÌortuE!6e Civit Cod€. Once agâin,a cetul considèFtioóof lbe ìntêrestsi n .onfl ict pEvaih. R€8!Íding the inÍilurion of the abúseof nshh, Ànicle 3t4 of rhe portug!6e Civil Code 'Ihe ãercìse oí a Ìight is úìsiderut ilegitinate whek the púí| ìn question -nanídny ücezs the lìni1s iúpased by saodldìth, saú custo4s,o/ the s@ial oÌ rohÒnic p"ryare .ísuch rì8h1. Ilìe principlèof soodfaitlÌ jn conrmclual jnpl,cÍ ôn rheúditurior of theabüseof perrbmânce, nghb is exprcssêd i! Ánicìe I 19( l) ofúê ljòoú Codewlich starestÀaì)me enplorerandtt ê Mplolee ú61 proree.l in E@dÍai1has to thepeúome ÒÍúen rdprti,e obtilatiot 6 wu ^ to the q.rcise oí thcjt Bptliw lishls Ìïu, úe enpìoyecs ând rlìc enrployeeì sÌbjeclivc rights nut h€ qmjs€d honeslty, Co.equcnrly, úè enployèe m.y, in certàin circDDstúccs, xppql io his neht to pdvacy wiú bad failh io nird, in a. rÍempl lo conccal bis own bÌmevoíhy @odüct. Ìne 6ployú,s irler€í snoltd prèvaiI in thú kind ot.situation ;ij"1,1ï.Ìiï::""Ìi.ti:""J.ii'i.Jï:y:,ï:,*,teï.yr,ix"irï,:,* ResardiDsthe deisio.s of Ponxenesecourts on thG subj4! we stess the st€.ce SüpreneCourrofjusiice, dâted5 JDnc200?r'.Tnis Court foud lh€ folloüq th€ oployddidnol of rhe @úclúìors: (i) if règ ale the üsc oitlÌc conpmyÌ e-nail,lhe nseofil for peNDal pu(po*s cmot 6c @sideed â dncipìinâry infrâclìoóì (iì) thè ctcmslrnce of lhe addr6s and tn€ âddrNc rcleftióg 10 aspèclsôl lhc conpmy in lhe nssrge is nol suificient to gúnt it a prcfsio.rl mtoÍe; (iii) the ìrck ofcÌaÍ iÍdìcâlioó tlút lhe nessâgcis ofa p€6oml naluÉ do6 .or imp.{c ú€ prolêcrìonor Aíicìe 2l (2) ofrhe Lâbou Codci (iv) sid pÌot€ction inplies tlìat pmf obtãincd lhroügh vioìâtiôn oi úe enploye's nent lo pdvacy is cocideÉd null accordiDgtoArti€le 12 (8) oflhe PonÌ'sueseConslitulion. Ttììs @ú gG eva turrber by decidins thât it would be lêCltibaic Ior ú€ sup€.ior of ihe dploye who Nõ ühimteÌy disrised, to accessiüè e râil ofúe latter {es. üe eúployee is on vmlio! ú sick), ia ne bclìcvcd hc wâs acccssì4 i.formalion of ptuf6sioÍâl úhre but, in cascòc foundout lh|t tüe nesslgc wrs of r non-prolBsionalüture, ii would bê dÉ $t€rioas duly to stop€dióg lhe eid nêsegc rnd r.fnin fton disclosirg its @trtenls,not b€ingpossible lo üs ila didde id a discìplinarypr@ecdìne.h nìs appeal,lhe flplorq claioed úat lhe employe ilcuft€d iÍ a situalion of abuseof nsht who úe latberagpeâlêdlo lis rignt lo priEcy io ordã to jusriry nk illicil adion. Eo{eyer, onsidúi.s wha! we deenbed âbove,úe Suprúe Coud of rúti@ foütrdthat suchabusehd not oc@ftd. Ìn @rcluioq we oGider lhal the employerÌ posilion üll bê €trectively efeglard€d by the 6tablisünent of cl* itrlenal ru16 vhich, for exanple, fornid $e uê of coõpey e-Dail lor peMaì purpcên dlowina enployeesto lse e-mil lddÉssêsfor sucn?ürposs. ltr this Mx iI thê ebployd b6 goodrqsons lo suspecrtlìat an enployeô is Íot perfomì4 his dutr púpeÜ beÉM of lhe ue of @npant c mil addrèssíor nis owó pcnonal pnÌposes,he nty d€mmd tnÀtlhe lâ{lêriúdicrt6 if âny nèssâgêsèótiroú sâidâddrcssh of a pdso.al mtE. Feed wilì lhìs silìúlion, eiúôr the dtloy€è denGs úe nèrsoí.l mtre of lh€ nessage ând, .s a coDs.qüo@,búst âllÕq to thè cnpìor€r lne âccèssÕf the corteots of said Dssgq withoìl liolation 10his Ìisht to priEcy, or he connrns drat rb@ aE ind*d nessaeosof a p€Bosl naturc,which wouldr6rlr in I discipìinaÌ'inliâctionvithort ihe n*d fo. rheemptoydto a.ce$ to rhecontcnts ÒfsüchÌìcssges. It is oblious rhât rhê seÍiousnêssof Ìhe infractioó can only be dcrcmìned by acessiog lnc contenrsortìc nessase.Bc,nns thk in nrind,we betieyerhar,in cedaìnspeific 6es, tnc enployce nay hc in abuseof nghrsrtì.n hê appeatstô his risìt to prilacy ôt condüoiqtiotrs, namelywhen nle!âlt inlcr.ís of tlìe cônplny arc iólolved, such inimsh clpâble of haming the coinpmy s forure and ils consritìrional denl lo i6de (A,ticls 6l bd 80 (c) of thc PÕrlusucseCo.stitutiôn). llowcvcÍ, a c.rcfuì c6e-by-me @nsideFlior wil! alwnysbe Deeded, witb lhe úployee s Ìiaht to the rcscrveof nis dvate life as a ruìe Àny dwialion of tbis nle yru only bc adni$ed iú cxceptioral cxses.StilÌ, wheD sood f.ìth inpses it the emptoy€rs ' eBt ray prevxil with ccnâìnÍesrrictions TlÌus. rhe euís nuí ìn â considcúlc way be âNâÍe of posible mgÌouded claiN of úuse of .shts, whicü nusÌ alMys be of aDôxceprionalchâFcte,, bavióg in nind, thst lbe wcâLesrÌiú rDlhc core orlhe labonr rlàrionship is usuallyúc nployee. ft is sliìì inpo,tant however10be avaÈÌhlt, ir ó increâsingtyconrpctìtiveyorld, @mpaniesoay süstâinsenoüsdúage wilh lhe pqfomance ofthêiÍ employôa, alsocapâbleofdânâging rìe setrml pubtìc jí s Id 6 tney rcduce emtlolmed .nd wealú. Thus, tlìc ehployerÌ p,ôtectioDnay mt b. pür õide in aI cno6tanc6 sinply by i.lokiDe úrt rheytuc nôr lle onesh ó€d of prorection. SUBSCRIPIION ANDADVERÍISINGRATES2OO7.2OO8 ThcvoiÌd rú{ n.o di'ì! L! ioo. s'o,.. ed *q majoÍ rnw $hÒÒl; òc un Áisiarion n,,450.our."shd'.ê.kdbF rris bj nonrr! icwsìeG ú dnnúed bNrúd.d ji ffibdÌjp (ó kN) 2/3Pasc(4 i!"w x et3.1 rcnicdcoÌumt: l7"r x ó"1ì sqúrt): vrP4c (2z! x e5r3rÌ v.ni.âtcol@Bl (4e/r6ï r4 %ìÌ iiìüã.): r6P3sc (' r/3"w r 41\) Pncesrcltèôtthecostfor phcnÌgâ cânftâ rcdy, blactr/shit€adveíismcnt il ore isse ol ouÌ quartedyjomâì (rdfe.r,,1,9l or onèissueofou! bimonln1ynewsleíú (Thêtrond Jtìkò. Fúh.ÊÍ BüIq adsshouldbes€ntclcctrônicâììy in |lseMâker,won4 or PDI fomtt. Forcoloradvertimênb ot Ior stecialrequeshplcâsècontactus, rvcNill màkeêv(y efoÌ1 ro accomodat€you needs. Boú püblicatio$ cnjoy â s idè nationaltud intemâtionâlrcâde61ìipió noÉ thaú l4Onalions. 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