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PEDAÇOS E DESPEDAÇOS DA GRANDE GUERRA (1914-1918)
Exposição Itinerante
BITS AND PIECES OF THE GREAT WAR (1914-1918)
PEDAÇOS E DESPEDAÇOS DA GRANDE GUERRA (1914-1918)
Exposição Itinerante
BITS AND PIECES OF THE GREAT WAR (1914-1918)
Itinerant Exhibition
Itinerant Exhibition
“A morrer sorrindo à Dor,
“Dying smiling at pain,
Ser soldado é ser Alguém,
To be a soldier is to be someone,
Que se bateu com ardor,
Who fought without complain,
Lá nas Terras de Ninguém.“
In No Man’s Land.”
Fonte: FERREIRA, Capitão Menezes, João Ninguém,
Soldado da Grande Guerra, 1919.
Source: FERREIRA, Capitão Menezes, João Ninguém,
Soldado da Grande Guerra, 1919.
Direção de História e Cultura Militar
Army Military History and Culture Directorate
Palácio dos Marqueses do Lavradio, Campo de Santa Clara, 1149-059 LISBOA
Email: [email protected]; telefone militar: 423 650; telefone civil: 218 815 700
Ficha Técnica/Technical Information:
Organização/Organization:
Apoios/Supports:
Direção de História e Cultura Militar/
Army Military History and Culture Directorate
Comissão para a Evocação do Centenário da Grande Guerra/World War I
Centennial Commission
Soldado Português em França (desenho de Sousa Lopes - s/d).
Coleção do Museu Militar de Lisboa (MML02407).
Portuguese soldier in France (drawing by Sousa Lopes - s/d).
Lisbon Military Museum Collection (MML02407).
Tradução/Translation:
Escola de Sargentos do Exército - Centro de Línguas do Exército/Army Sergeant School - Army Language Centre
2016
MENSAGEM - Diretor da Direção de História e Cultura Militar
3. PÓS GRANDE GUERRA 1914 – 1918
A Direção de História e Cultura Militar (DHCM), do Exército, com o apoio da Comissão para a Evocação
da Grande Guerra, do Ministério da Defesa, sob o contexto da evocação do centenário da Grande Guerra,
erigiu um vasto programa de exposições temporárias, de características itinerantes, pelo período temporal
balizado entre 2014 e 2018.
A exposição denominada “Pedaços e Despedaços da Grande Guerra (1914-1918)” é uma dessas exposições que tem circulado pelo país, a pedido de várias entidades, militares e civis, como por exemplo: as
unidades militares, as escolas e as autarquias.
Porquê “Pedaços” e “Despedaços”? Porque temos consciência que a história da Grande Guerra 19141918 é muito vasta, complexa, pluridisciplinar, e apenas se contribui com uma pequena narrativa, focalizada essencial e parcialmente nas coleções dos museus militares, do arquivo e da biblioteca. Também
porque existe uma memória desta guerra, assente numa narrativa histórico-militar com dispêndio de muito sangue, suor e lágrimas, de muitos jovens, famílias e sociedades, desfeitas pelos efeitos violentos introduzidos pelas novas máquinas de guerra.
Para além dos conteúdos, através de breves textos e imagens, nomeadamente de objetos, de fotografias e
de livros do acervo patrimonial do Exército, integram também esta exposição algumas peças museológicas de elevado significado e valor patrimonial, destacando-se as seguintes: capacetes, espingardas e
metralhadoras.
Interessa agora destacar o seguinte: a DHCM, através do excelente trabalho promovido pelos seus órgãos
dependentes, e as múltiplas entidades, militares e civis, pelo elevado interesse manifestado em usufruir
deste conhecimento histórico-militar, cultural e patrimonial, tem contribuído decisivamente para a divulgação e valorização do rico, vasto e heterogéneo acervo patrimonial do Exército, evocando um acontecimento dramático, de abrangência internacional, e que marcou sucessivas gerações da nossa memória
coletiva.
À memória pelos que tombaram, sofreram e sobreviveram aos horrores da Grande Guerra!
Major-General Aníbal Alves Flambó
3. POST-WAR 1914 – 1918
MESSAGE – Director of the Army Military History and Culture
Directorate
The Army Military History and Culture Directorate (DHCM) established a vast program of temporary
itinerant exhibitions in the period between 2014 and 2018, with the support of World War I Centennial
Commission and the Ministry of Defense, within the context of the commemorations of the centenary of
the Great War.
The exhibition named "Bits and Pieces of the Great War (1914-1918)" is one of those exhibitions that has
been shown throughout the country, at the request of several military and civilian entities, such as
military units, schools and local authorities.
Why “Bits” and “Pieces ”? We are aware that the story of the Great War 1914-1918 is huge and
extremely complex, multidisciplinary, and we can only contribute with a small narrative, essentially and
partially focused on the Military Museums archive and library collections. Considering also a memory of
this war, based on a historical military narrative written by blood, sweat and tears of many young people,
families and societies, ruined by the violent effects of the new war machines.
This exhibition displays brief texts and images of objects, photographs and a number of books from the
Army collection. There are also museum pieces of high significance and patrimonial value such as
helmets, rifles and machine guns.
A word of appreciation to the DHCM, for the excellent work promoted by its dependencies, and also to
the multiple entities, both military and civilian, for the high interest shown welcoming this militaryhistorical, cultural and patrimonial knowledge. It is our hope that this exhibition contributes to the
dissemination and enhancement of the rich, vast and heterogeneous Army collection, evoking a dramatic
event which has been marking generations and our collective memory.
To the memory for those who died, suffered and survived the horrors of the Great War!
Major-General Aníbal Alves Flambó
“To Portugal my mother gave
A son, a soldier.
Who gives the best one has
Nothing more can be asked”.
Source:
FERREIRA, Capitão
Menezes, “João Ninguém, Soldado
da Grande Guerra”, 1919.
Mothers
of
Unknown
soldiers.
Grieving women parading in front of a
cannon that sustains the casket of the
Unknown Soldier, covered with the
national flag.
Oil on canvas painting by Sousa
Lopes, 1924, size: 298 x 420cm.
Lisbon Military Museum Collection
(MML00589).
3. PÓS GRANDE GUERRA 1914 – 1918
3. POST-WAR 1914 – 1918
1. PÓS GRANDE GUERRA 1914 – 1918
1. PRE-WAR EVENTS 1914 - 1918
The Great War was preceded by multiple
factors, mainly by the following:
It also brought some important social changes
as:
-Exacerbated Nationalisms;
-Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand,
-The emancipation of women;
heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian
-The defence of the economic interests of the
Empire, on June 28, 1914.
working class, social claims became an
issue;
-Economic, health and social assistance to the
maimed and disabled of the Great War;
-Reinforcement of the role of soldiers in
society.
Women working in factories.
Bosnian-Serb student Gavrilo Princip, firing at
the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire and
Portuguese Illustration, nº608, 1919.
his wife, in Sarajevo/Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Source: http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/real-lifestories/archduke-franz-ferdinand-greatgrandfather-378489 , 1914.
2. GRANDE GUERRA 1914 – 1918
3. PÓS GRANDE GUERRA 1914 – 1918
2. THE GREAT WAR 1914 – 1918
3. POST-WAR 1914 – 1918
2.1 - ESTABLISHMENT
ALLIANCES
OF
In
Portugal
and
abroad,
several
monuments were built in tribute to the
The establishment of alliances led to the
emergence of two major blocks of
opposed interests:
Unknown Soldier of the Great War. The
most significant is in the Monastery of
Batalha.
-Tríplice Entente, constituída pelo Reino
Unido, Rússia e França;
Monument of the Unknown Soldier, Flame
-Triple Entente, composed by United
of the Mother Country, Votive Oil. Chapter
Kingdom, Russia and France;
House, Monastery of Batalha.
-Tríplice Aliança, composta pela Alemanha, Áustria-Hungria e Itália.
-Triple Alliance, composed by Germany,
Austria-Hungary and Italy, which was
initially neutral.
Map
of
Europe
with
corresponding
alliances.
S o u r c e :
h t t p : / /
onossopatrimonio.blogspot.pt/2009/04/osoldado-desconhecido.
S o u r c e : h t t p : / /
primeiraguerramundiall.blogspot.pt/2013
_05_01_archive.html
Portuguese
2.2 - WAR DECLARATIONS
On a global scale, War declarations
between the several countries, followed
one after the other.
1914
-On 28 July, Austria-Hungary declares
war on Serbia; August 06 on Russia;
August 22
on Belgium and
27 of
August on Japan.
-On August 04, the United Kingdom
declares war on Germany; 12 August
on Austria-Hungary; and November 05
on the Ottoman Empire.
Military
Cemetery
in
Richebourg-l ' Avoué, in France, where
1831 Portuguese Soldiers are buried.
Source: PT-AHM-FE-110-A11-PQ-30
(Archive of Military-History).
3. PÓS GRANDE GUERRA 1914 – 1918
2. GRANDE GUERRA 1914 – 1918
3. POST-WAR 1914 – 1918
2. THE GREAT WAR 1914 – 1918
2.2 - WAR DECLARATIONS
Some statistical data about the Portuguese
Army in the Great War 1914-1918:
1915
On 26 April 1915, Italy abandoned the
Triple Alliance and joined the Allies (Triple
DEPLOYED PERSONNEL
Entente).
On 23 May 1915, Italy declares war on
SOLDIERS
OPERATION
THEATRE
TOTAL
Europeans
African
France
56 411*
---------
56 411
Angola
12 430
6 000
18 430
Mozambique
20 423
10 278
30 701
Total
89 264
16 278
105 542
Austria-Hungary;
August
Ottoman Empire; and
20
on
the
October 19 on
Bulgaria.
1916
On 09 March 1916, Germany declares war
on Portugal; and on August 29 on Romania.
*Portuguese Expeditionary Corp personnel (55 083) and the Independent Heavy Artillery
Corp (1 328).
CASUALTIES
CASUALTY
TYPES
German steel helmet.
OPERATION THEATRE
TOTAL
(Collection of the Military Museum of
France
Angola
Mozambique
Decease
1 997
810
4 811
7 618
Wounded
5 359
683
1 600
7 642
Lost in
battle
Unfit for
duty
199
200
5 500
5 899
7 280
372
1 283
8 935
Prisoners
7 000**
68
678
7 746
Total
21 835
2 133
13 872
37 840
Oporto-MMP01286).
1917
**6 767 prisoners were returned by Germany and 233 died in captivity
Sources:
FRAGA, Luís Alves de – Portugal e a grande guerra: balanço estatístico.
AFONSO, Aniceto; GOMES, Carlos de Matos, eds. - Portugal: Grande Guerra
1914-1918. Diário de Notícias. ISBN 972-9335-07-9, p. 547-552.
On 06 April 1917, the United States of
America declared war on Germany and on
December 07 on Austria-Hungary.
2. GRANDE GUERRA 1914 – 1918
3. PÓS GRANDE GUERRA 1914 – 1918
2. THE GREAT WAR 1914 – 1918
3. POST-WAR 1914 – 1918
2.3 - WAR OPERATIONS
The Peace Treaty was signed on 28 June
1914
1919, in Versailles, by the belligerent
In 1914, a War of Movement on land,
countries.
sea and air developed on the Western
The Great War (1914-1918) led to the:
and Eastern fronts.
-Creation of the League of Nations;
The Battle of Liège stands out, marking
-End of the Great German, Austro-
the German invasion of Belgium.
Hungarian,
Naval battles and submarine warfare
Empires;
started in the Atlantic.
-Destruction
The first German air raid against the
communities, societies, places, heritage,
United Kingdom takes place this year.
among other.
Russian
of
and
entire
Ottoman
families,
-Death of approximately nine million
people and 30 million wounded.
Lewis Infantry machine gun, also known
as "Luisinha", by the Portuguese soldiers
(1914).
Cross
Collection of the Infantry Regiment N 14
(RI14-00175).
Portuguese
taken
from
the
soldier
in
grave
a
of
a
German
cemetery. Contains the inscription in
German, whose translation is "Here lies a
very brave Portuguese."
Bayonet fixed on Lee Enfield Rifle.
Collection of the Infantry Regiment N 14
(RI14-00140).
Lisbon Military Museum Collection
(MML00605), wood, 90x55 cm, 1918.
2. GRANDE GUERRA 1914 – 1918
2. GRANDE GUERRA 1914 – 1918
2. POST-WAR 1914 – 1918
2. THE GREAT WAR 1914 – 1918
2.3 - WAR OPERATIONS
2.4 - PORTUGAL IN THE WAR
1915
EUROPEAN FRONT
In 1915, war operations start on the Turkish
1918
On
April
09,
1918,
Front.
the
Portuguese
Expeditionary Corp is attacked by the German
After
Dardanelles
Naval
Battle,
between English and Turkish, the land
Campaign of Gallipoli (Turkey) initiated.
Army (Battle of the Lys) during Georgette
On the Western Front, the confronting
Offensive.
Armies entrench (Trench Warfare).
The 2nd Division was attacked after heavy
Chemical weapons (gas) are used for the
artillery bombardments, in the early hours of
first time by the German troops against
April 09, by four German divisions on the front
Russian soldiers in the battle of Bolimow
line.
(Poland).
The first twin-engine fighters are used by
France and Germany in the region of
Champagne (France).
Portuguese troops in combat, collecting a
wounded soldier in a stretcher and, standing a
soldier, rifle in hand, brandishes the left fist
towards the enemy lines.
Individual gas mask with case (s/d).
Sousa Lopes painting, oil on canvas, 298x461
cm, completed in 1923. Lisbon Military Museum
Collection (MML00588).
Collection of the Military
Bragança (MMB-00423).
Museum
of
2. GRANDE GUERRA 1914 – 1918
2. GRANDE GUERRA 1914 – 1918
2. THE GREAT WAR 1914 – 1918
2. THE GREAT WAR 1914 – 1918
2.3 - WAR OPERATIONS
2.4 - PORTUGAL IN THE WAR
1916
EURPOEAN FRONT
In 1916, at the Battle of Verdun (France),
1917
Germany launches an offensive to break
On January 1917 CEP leaves to France
through the Allied trench line. As a result
by sea to establish the presence of the
of the successive artillery barrages there
Portuguese army in the European theatre
was a high number of casualties.
of operations.
The British used tanks for the first time in
In April, CEP is assigned to the Lys River
the Allied offensive in the Somme
sector.
(France).
In June, it suffers the first German attack.
The battle of Jutland takes place in the
Atlantic between Germany and Great
Britain.
Portuguese troops, in the trenches, in
The German Air Force launches a
their sector - photo by Arnaldo Garcés
massive raid on London.
(1917).
Schneider-Canet Gun, of fast shooting,
Collection of Military History Archive (ENAHM-FE-C AVE-AG-A11-0305).
7.5 cm caliber (1904).
Collection of the Military Museum of
Elvas (MME-00278).
Portuguese troops in the combat areas –
photo by Arnaldo Garcés (1917).
Collection of Military History Archive (ENAHM-FE-C AVE-AG-A11-1185).
2. GRANDE GUERRA 1914 – 1918
2. GRANDE GUERRA 1914 – 1918
2. THE GREAT WAR 1914 – 1918
2. THE GREAT WAR 1914 – 1918
2.3 - WAR OPERATIONS
2.4 - PORTUGAL IN THE WAR
EURPOEAN FRONT
1917
1916
In 1917, the first American troops landed in
On 09 March 1916 Germany declares war on
Europe.
Portugal.
Intense maintenance work in the trenches,
Consequently the Portuguese Expeditionary
shelters,
Corps
increases, where engineers played an
(CEP)
prepares
to
march
into
and
communication
routes
Flanders (France) and fight with the Allies
important role.
against the German.
A Front in the Middle East was breached,
allowing the British to occupy Baghdad
(Iraq). The Battles of Gaza, Ramadi and
Jerusalem take place.
Portuguese troops, in the region of Tancos,
In the Mediterranean Sea, the Naval
firing instruction - Photo by Arnaldo Garcés
Offensive of Otranto takes place between
(1916).
the allies and Austro-Hungarian.
There are several air offensives.
Collection of Military History Archive (ENAHM-BASEMENT-IT-IT-0027 _ m001).
Pickaxe with handle and carrying cover,
Engineering
Sapper
No.
5
Collection
(1909).
Portuguese troops, in the region of Tancos,
artillery training – photo by Arnaldo Garcés
(1916).
Collection of Military Historic Archive (ENAHM-BASEMENT-IT-IT-0091 _ m001).
Collection of the Military Museum of Oporto
(MMP-01136).
2. GRANDE GUERRA 1914 – 1918
2. GRANDE GUERRA 1914 – 1918
2. THE GREAT WAR 1914 – 1918
2. THE GREAT WAR 1914 – 1918
2.3 - WAR OPERATIONS
2.4 - PORTUGAL IN THE WAR
1918
In 1918, the Georgette Offensive is
characterized by intense heavy combats
causing profound destruction (German
attack in Flanders). The Battle of the Lys,
nd
which wiped out the 2
Portuguese
Division, was part of this offensive. This
operation hampered the command and
control of the forces due to cuts in the
communications
(telephone
and
Telegraph), causing a huge number of
AFRICAN FRONT
1918
Still in Mozambique, between 1 and 3
July, the Nhamacurra Battle takes place.
This outpost was defended by AngloPortuguese troops, which successfully
forced the German to withdraw. It was
the last major action in combat by the
Portuguese on the African front.
On September 28, German troops
abandon Mozambique.
casualties.
The first battle using tanks occurred in
the region of Somme, between British
Disease was the leading cause of
casualties suffered.
and German.
Germany stops the Submarine War.
The Air Offensives come to an end.
Vial of iodine, used by the Portuguese
On 11 November, the Armistice of
Army Health Service.
Compiegne (France) is signed.
Collection of Lisbon Military Museum
(MML00622).
Fullerphone, used in the trenches, for
electric-acoustic transmissions, to send
and receive audio, voice and morse
signals.
Former Signals Training
Collection (EPTm-00355).
School
2. GRANDE GUERRA 1914 – 1918
2. GRANDE GUERRA 1914 – 1918
2. THE GREAT WAR 1914 – 1918
2. THE GREAT WAR 1914 – 1918
2.4 - PORTUGAL IN THE WAR
2.4 - PORTUGAL IN THE WAR
AFRICAN FRONT
AFRICAN FRONT
1917
1914
As a result of military operations on
Mozambican borders were threatened: in the
the Ruvuma river region and the end
South, by
of the rain season, the German troops
Nyasaland by riots from indigenous people; to
invaded
the North, on River Rovuma, by
Mozambique,
between
Boer rebellion; to the West, in
German
October and April. Their main goal
attacks. On 25 August, a German attack takes
was to obtain weapons and supplies.
place on the border post of Maziúa.
Despite the courageous resistance of
The main goal of the Portuguese intervention
the Portuguese troops, The military
was to defend the south of Angola from a
outpost of Negomano was attacked
German offensive, which could origin on the
and captured by the German, on
German East Africa, towards Moçâmedes. On
November 25.
18 December the Naulila Battle takes place
following the death of three Germans and an
attack to a military outpost in Cuangar.
Lieutenant
Miguel
Ponces
de
Carvalho
(Painting, photography, 69x59 cm,
without date).
Killed in combat by the German
troops-Mozambique.
Collection of Infantry Regiment No. 14
(RI14-00234).
Captain
Artur
Homem
Ribeiro
(Painting,
photography, 68x59 cm, undated).
Died on 18 December 1914, at the Naulila Batle
(southern Angola) against German forces.
Infantry Regiment No. 14 Collection (RI1400236).
2. GRANDE GUERRA 1914 – 1918
2. GRANDE GUERRA 1914 – 1918
2. THE GREAT WAR 1914 – 1918
2. THE GREAT WAR 1914 – 1918
2.4 - PORTUGAL IN THE WAR
2.4 - PORTUGAL IN THE WAR
AFRICAN FRONT
AFRICAN FRONT
1915
1916
Orders from Lisbon were delivered to
On the northern border of Mozambique,
reoccupy Kionga territory, Mozambique,
military operations between Portuguese
which had been occupied by the German
and German troops
since 1894. The Portuguese troops take
German attempted to reclaim Kionga
defensive
without success.
positions
along
Ruvuma
continued.
The
region.
The Portuguese Expeditionary Force was
In the South of Angola, on 7 July, the
facing health issues, mainly malaria.
Portuguese
Humbe
On September 19, the Rovuma River
under the command of General Pereira
crossing was carried out. The goal was to
d’Eça. On 20 August, the Cuanhama
occupy of the German East Africa
rebels attack the Portuguese.
territory. The Nevala Combat took place
The strongest attack was suffered on the
on October 24, forcing the German
square formation front composed by the
troops to withdraw.
forces
reoccupy
Navy battalion. This combat,
Môngua
Battle, resulted in the Portuguese victory
Portuguese troops, in
over the indigenous people.
the north of
Mozambique, crossing the river Rovuma
– photography (September 19, 1916).
Sun Helmet made of pressed felt, in a
gray mixture colour.
It belonged to General Pereira d’Eça,
Expedition
Commander
in
Angola
(1915).
Lisbon Military
(MML00617).
Museum
Collection
Collection of Military History Archive (ENAHM-FE-110-C7-PQ-9.8).