Prelims

Table of Contents
pages
Table of Contents......................................................................................................................................................………………..............
i
Abbreviations...............................................................................................................................…......................................………………..
ii
List of Figures.......................................................................................................................................................................………………..
iii
Chapter 1 - Introduction...................................................................................................................................................……………….......
1.1 Subject....................................................................................................................................................................…………………
1.2 Methodology, Sources and Bibliography.................................................................................................................………………...
1.3 Chronological Limits.................................................................................................................................................………………...
1.4 Quotations and References.....................................................................................................................................………………...
Chapter 2 - Museums and the making of History...............................................................................................................………………....
2.1 Time.....................................................................................................................................................................…………………..
2.2 History...................................................................................................................................................................………………….
2.3 Producing History....................................................................................................................................................………………...
2.4 The presentation of History: interpretations..............................................................................................................……………….
Chapter 3 - State, nationalism and historiography................................................................................................................………………..
3.1. Nationalism and nationalist historiography.............................................................................................................………………..
3.2. The Political ideology of the Portuguese Estado Novo.............................................................................................………….…...
3.3. The nature of Portuguese Nationalism in the 20th century........................................................................................……………...
3.4 - The politics of museums in Portugal (from the 1930s to the 1960s)......................................................................…………….....
3.4.1 Inheritances from the First Republic.............................................................................................................………………...
3.4.2 The Estado Novo policy concerning museums: political definitions of museums role and specific legislation..……………..
Chapter 4 - Portuguese Museums under the Estado Novo - National Museums....................................................................……………...
4.1 The Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga (National Museum of Ancient Art)...................................................................…………….....
4.2 The Museu de Soares dos Reis (Museum of Soares dos Reis)......................................................................................................
4.3 The Museu de Arte Popular (Museum of Popular Art)....................................................................................................................
Chapter 5 - Portuguese Museums under the Estado Novo - Regional Museums........................................................................................
5.1 The Museu do Abade de Baçal (Museum of the Abade of Baçal)...................................................................................................
5.2 The Museu de Alberto Sampaio (Museum of Alberto Sampaio).....................................................................................................
5.3 The Museu de José Malhoa (Museum of José Malhoa)..................................................................................................................
Chapter 6 - Portuguese Museums under the Estado Novo - Specialised Museums....................................................................................
6.1 The Museu Monográfico de Conímbriga (Monographic Museum of Comímbriga)..........................................................................
6.2 The Museu Nacional de Etnologia (National Museum of Ethnology)..............................................................................................
Chapter 7 - Temporary Exhibitions as media of political and ideological propaganda...........................................................……………...
7.1 "O Mundo Português": a museographic presentation of the Portuguese nation through a temporary exhibition........…………....
7.2. Other main temporary exhibitions........................................................................................................................………………....
Chapter 8 - Conclusions.....................................................................................................................................................………………....
8.1 The political and cultural framework and the use of history………………………………………………………………………………
8.2 The use of museums and temporary exhibitions..................................................................................................………………....
8.3 - Theoretical and methodological standpoints of the museum practice of the Estado Novo………………………………………….
8.3.1 Objects as 'the real thing'............................................................................................................................………………......
8.3.2 People as 'objects'......................................................................................................................................………………......
8.3.3 Symbols.......................................................................................................................................................……………….....
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42
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63
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79
82
103
114
125
125
132
143
150
150
157
162
165
189
229
231
235
243
245
247
249
Appendices...................................................................................................................................................................………………..........
Appendix 1: List of main temporary exhibitions of the Estado Novo.................................................................................……………......
Appendix 2: Synopsis of interviews................................................................................................................................……………….....
252
253
254
Sources and Bibliography.........................................................................................................................................………………..............
Sources: hand-written, typewritten and photographs.......................................................................................................…………….......
Sources: printed.........................................................................................................................................................………………..........
Bibliography.................................................................................................................................................................…...………….........
268
269
270
275
i
Abbreviations:
AAM
American Association of Museums
DGEMN
Direcção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais
DGESBA
Direcção Geral do Ensino Superior e das Belas Artes
ICOM
International Council of Museums
MA
Museums Association
MAB
Museu do Abade de Baçal
MAP
Museu de Arte Popular
MAS
Museu de Alberto Sampaio
MJM
Museu de José Malhoa
MMC
Museu Monográfico de Conímbriga
MNAA
Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga
MNE
Museu Nacional de Etnologia
MNSR
Museu Nacional de Soares dos Reis
NMC
National Museums of Canada
SNI
Secretariado Nacional da Informação, Cultura Popular e Turismo
SPN
Secretariado da Propaganda Nacional
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List of Figures
pages
Fig. 1. Poster of the Bureau of Propaganda (Secretariado da Propaganda Nacional - SPN) used in the
Portuguese pavilion of the International Exhibition of Paris (1937) illustrating the diversity of popular
culture in the European continental territory. ………...……………………………………………………...…
……………
……………
57
Fig. 2. Portugal dos Pequenitos………………………………………………………………………………….........…
62
Fig. 3. Art and Archaeology Councils………………………………………………………………….………………...
64
Fig. 4. Approximate location of the museums and name of the city where they are installed………………….….
79
Fig. 5. Main Hall of the MNAA. Photograph of Alvão, Archive of Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation,
Lisboa………………………………………………………………………………………………...…………….
…..
83
Fig. 6. Interior of one of the rooms of goldsmithery and faience (MNAA). Photograph of Alvão, Archive of
Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisboa………………………………………………….……..….
…..
85
Fig. 7. Interior of one of the rooms of paintings (MNAA). Photograph of Alvão, Archive of Photography of the
Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisboa…………………………………………………………………………...…….….
…..
86
Fig. 8. Interior of the main room of Portuguese painters (MNAA). Photograph of Alvão, Archive of Photography
of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisboa……………………………………………………………………..…..….
86
Fig. 9. Interior of the reserves of the museum, after the changes (MNAA). Photograph of Alvão, Archive of
Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisboa……………………………………………………….…....
87
Fig. 10. Acquisitions between 1935 and 1938 (MNAA)……………………………………………………….…….…....
94
Fig. 11. Comparison between the patrimony in 1934 and 1938 (MNAA)………………………………………….…...
94
Fig. 12. Expenditure and number of acquisitions per year 1927-51 (MNAA)……………………………………...……
95
Fig. 13. Temporary exhibitions at the MNAA………………………………………………………………………….......
98
Fig. 14. Non paid visits to the MNAA in 1931………………………………………………………………………………
98
Fig. 15. Paid visits to the MNAA in 1937 and 1947……………………………………………………….…………..…..
99
Fig. 16. Money received by the MNSR……………………………………………………………………………………...
105
Fig. 17. Aspect of one of the rooms of the MNSR, during the 1940s. Photograph of Alvão, Archive of
Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisboa………………………………………………….……….....
112
Fig. 18. Portuguese Administrative Regions of the Estado Novo……………………………………………................
114
Fig. 19. National and Foreign visits to the MAP (1965-1974)………………………………………………….…..……..
116
Fig. 20. Charged, Free and Students visits to the MAP (1958-1974)………………………………………….…..….…
117
Fig. 21. Free visits to the MAP in 1974…………………………………………………………………….…………..…...
117
Fig. 22. Visitors to the MAP in August 1972…………………………………………………………………..………..….
122
Fig. 23. View of the south wing of the cloister (MAS). Photograph taken in 1940 by Alvão, published in
GUIMARÃES, Alfredo - Guimarães, Guia de Turismo, second edition, Guimarães, CMG, 1953……….….
135
Fig. 24. Room of golsmithery and furniture (MAS). Photograph taken in 1940 by Alvão, published in
GUIMARÃES, Alfredo - Guimarães, Guia de Turismo, second edition, Guimarães, CMG, 1953……….….
137
Fig. 25. Plan of the MAS before the changes of the 1960s (drawn over the contemporary plan of the
museum)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
141
Fig. 26. Plan of the MAS after 1967/8………………………………………………………………………..…...…...……
141
Fig. 27. Plan of the original building of the MJM………………………………………………………………………….
145
Fig. 28. Interior of one of the new rooms of the MJM. Photograph of Alvão, Archive of Photography of the
Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisboa…………………………………………………………………..……………...…
144
Fig. 29. Plan of the present building of the MJM…………………………………………………………………...……...
147
Fig. 30. Location of Conímbriga……………………………………………………………………………………………..
150
Fig. 31. Aerial photograph of Conímbriga, taken from Northeast…………………………………………………...……
153
Fig. 32. Plan of Conímbriga……………………………………………………………………………………………….….
153
Fig. 33. Aquisitions of Books - MNE - 1959-1976………………………………………………………………..……..…
160
Fig. 34. Natives from Mozambique in the Colonial Exhibition of 1934 (Porto). Photograph from Alvão in Álbum
fotográfico da 1ª Exposição Colonial Portuguesa - 101 clichés fotográficos de Alvão, fotógrafo oficial da
Exposição Colonial, Porto, Litografia Nacional, s.d....................................................................................
.............…
….
.163
Fig. 35. Interior of the Pavilion of the Colonies, "Great Exhibition of the Portuguese World". Photograph from
Novais, Archive of Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon..............…………................….…..
164
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Fig. 36. External views, "Great Exhibition of the Portuguese World" (historical pavilions). Photograph from Mário
Novais, Archive of Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon..................……………………..…..
166
Fig. 37. External views, "Great Exhibition of the Portuguese World" (Pavilion of the Portuguese Diaspora).
……..
Photograph from Mário Novais, Archive of Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, ……………
Lisbon...................................................................................................................………………………......
166
Fig. 38. External views, "Great Exhibition of the Portuguese World" (section of popular life). Photograph from
Mário Novais, Archive of Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon.............………….......……...
167
Fig. 39. Model of the main area of the "Great Exhibition of the Portuguese World". Photograph from Mário
Novais, Archive of Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon......................…………........……...
168
Fig. 40. Location of the "Great Exhibition of the Portuguese World"……………………………….…………………...
169
Fig. 41. Location of Ourique and flags of Afonso Henriques…………………………………………..……….………..
170
Fig. 42. Plan of the "Great Exhibition of the Portuguese World"………………………………………….……………..
171
Fig. 43. Plan of the "Great Exhibition of the Portuguese World" - area of the pavilions………………….…..……….
172
Fig. 44. South-west gate of the "Great Exhibition of the Portuguese World". Photograph from Amadeu Ferrari,
National Archive of Photography, Lisbon................................................................……………......…….....
172
Fig. 45. Main entrance to the Historical Section (East) of the "Great Exhibition of the Portuguese World".
Photograph from Mário Novais, Archive of Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon…....…….
173
Fig. 46. Fishermen working (section of popular life). Photograph from Mário Novais, Archive of Photography of
the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon..................................................................……………………………...
174
Fig. 47. Recreated street of Macau (colonial section). Photograph from Amadeu Ferrari, National Archive of
Photography, Lisbon....................................................................................................……....……….........
174
Fig. 48. Recreated village of Mozambique (colonial section). Photograph from Amadeu Ferrari, National Archive
of Photography, Lisbon.................................................................................................………………….....
175
Fig. 49. Recreated village of Trás-os-Montes (section of Portuguese villages). Photograph from Mário Novais,
Archive of Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon.....................................……………….…....
175
Fig. 50. Recreated interior of a village house (section of popular life). Photograph from Mário Novais, Archive of
Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon....................................……...........………….…….......
176
Fig. 51. Aspects of the cover of the Official Guide ("Great Exhibition of the Portuguese World")…..……………….
179
Fig. 52. Main entrance to the Pavilion of the Foundation of Portugal. Photograph from Amadeu Ferrari, National
Archive of Photography, Lisbon.............................................................................………………...…….....
181
Fig. 53. Main entrance to the Pavilion of Popular Art. Photograph from Mário Novais, Archive of Photography of
the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon...................................................................……………………………..
181
Fig. 54. Main entrance to the Pavilion of Lisboa. Photograph from Mário Novais, National Archive of
Photography, Lisbon..........................................................................................................……......…........
181
Fig. 55. Main entrance to the Pavilion of the Portuguese Diaspora. Photograph from Mário Novais, Archive of
Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon...............................................……………………........
181
Fig. 56. Interior of the Pavilion of the Foundation of Portugal. Photograph from Mário Novais, Archive of
Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon...................................................................………......
182
Fig. 57. Interior of the Pavilion of the Portuguese Diaspora. Photograph from Mário Novais, Archive of
Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon...........................................……......................….…...
182
Fig. 58. Interior of the Pavilion of the Maritime Discoveries. Photograph from Mário Novais, Archive of
Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon..................................................……................….......
183
Fig. 59. Interior of the Pavilion of India. Photograph from Mário Novais, Archive of Photography of the Gulbenkian
Foundation, Lisbon.........................................................................................…..........……....
183
Fig. 60. Interior of the Pavilion of the Portuguese Diaspora and detail of the label. Photograph from Mário Novais,
Archive of Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon..............................…….....……....
185
Fig. 61. Interior of the Pavilion "Portugal - 1940". Photograph from Mário Novais, Archive of Photography of the
Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon........................................................................................………………....
187
Fig. 62. Partial aspect of Porto in 1791 (taken from Gaia) with future location of the Crystal Palace…….…..…..…
192
Fig. 63. Plan of Porto in 1833 (partial) with future location of the Crystal Palace…………………………………..….
193
Fig. 64. Aerial photograph of Porto (1990) with location of the Crystal Palace………………………………….….….
193
Fig. 65. Partial Plan of Porto (1993) with location of the Gardens of the Crystal Palace……...………………….….
194
Fig. 66. Main entrance of the Crystal Palace (original building)……………………………………...………………....
194
Fig. 67. Recreated archipelago of the Bijagóz (Gunine) (Porto, 1934). Photograph from Alvão (Álbum fotográfico ……...........
da 1ª Exposição Colonial Portuguesa - 101 clichés fotográficos de Alvão - Porto, fotógrafo oficial da
195
Exposição Colonial, Porto, Litigrafia Nacional)...........................................................................................
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Fig. 68. Native village of Mozambique (Porto, 1934). Photograph from Alvão (Álbum fotográfico da 1ª Exposição ……..…….
Colonial Portuguesa - 101 clichés fotográficos de Alvão - Porto, fotógrafo oficial da Exposição Colonial, ……………
Porto, Litigrafia Nacional)...........................................................................................................................
196
Fig. 69. Main hall of the Crystal Palace during the exhibition (Porto, 1934). Photograph from Alvão (Álbum ……..…….
fotográfico da 1ª Exposição Colonial Portuguesa - 101 clichés fotográficos de Alvão - Porto, fotógrafo ……………
oficial da Exposição Colonial, Porto, Litigrafia Nacional)............................................................................
197
Fig. 70. Main hall of the Crystal Palace during the exhibition (Porto, 1934). Photograph from Alvão (Álbum ……...…….
fotográfico da 1ª Exposição Colonial Portuguesa - 101 clichés fotográficos de Alvão - Porto, fotógrafo .…………..
oficial da Exposição Colonial, Porto, Litigrafia Nacional)............................................................................
197
Fig. 71. Exterior of the Portuguese Pavilion with barcos rabelos (Paris, 1937). Photograph from Mário Novais,
Archive of Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon......................................…………………...
202
Fig. 72. Scheme explaining the Portuguese political corporative structure (Paris, 1937)….………………...…….…
202
Fig. 73. Hall of the Portuguese Pavilion (Paris, 1937). Photograph from Mário Novais, Archive of Photography of
the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon.................................................................……………………………....
203
Fig. 74. Interior of the finances room in the Portuguese Pavilion (Paris, 1937). Photograph from Mário Novais,
Archive of Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon...............................…………….....…….....
204
Fig. 75. Interior of the Colonies room in the Portuguese Pavilion, with detail of map (Paris, 1937). Photograph
from Mário Novais, Archive of Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon..………………………..
205
Fig. 76. Plan of the "Maritime Exhibition of the North of Portugal" (Crystal Palace, 1939)…………………………...
207
Fig. 77. Main entrance to the Portuguese Pavilion (S. Francisco, 1939). Photograph from Mário Novais, National
Archive of Photography, Lisbon...........................................................................………………..……........
210
Fig. 78. "Scheme of the organization of the Portuguese New State" (S. Fancisco, 1939). Photograph from Mário
Novais, National Archive of Photography, Lisbon....................................................……………………......
211
Fig. 79. Drawing of the scheme of the organization of the Portuguese New State (S. Fancisco, 1939)….…………
211
Fig. 80. Map of Portugal with location of Douro Litoral……………………………………………………..……..….….
212
Fig. 81. Commemorative Poster of the exhibition of the Conquest of Lisboa (1947)………………………..……..…
213
Fig. 82. One of the the SNI displays (exhibition "14 anos da política do espírito" - 1947). Photograph from Mário
Novais, Archive of Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon.........................…………..……....
215
Fig. 82. Interior of the ethnography room (exhibition "14 anos da política do espírito" - 1947). Photograph from
Mário Novais, Archive of Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon...............…………...……....
215
Fig. 84. Commemorative Poster of the exhibition of Public Works (1948)……………………………………..………
216
Fig. 85. One of the rooms of the exhibition "Portuguese Art 800-1800 (London, 1956). Photograph from Mário
Novais, Archive of Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon.....................…………....………....
219
Fig. 86. Aerial view of the new "Crystal Palace". (Photograph from postcard of the 1960s)...............…......……....
220
Fig. 87. Perspective of the new "Crystal Palace" taken from the lake. (Photograph from postcard of the
1960s)....................................................................................................................................…………......
220
Fig. 88. Location of the Exposição Henriquina (1960)…………………………………………………….…………..…..
222
Fig. 89. Plan of the Exposição Henriquina (1960)……………………………………………………………….……...…
222
Fig. 90. One of the rooms of the Exposição Henriquina, with a tapestry representing the conquest of Arzila.
Photograph from Mário Novais, Archive of Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, ……………
Lisbon.....................................................................................................................................…..…….......
223
Fig. 91. One of the rooms of the Exposição Henriquina, with models of caravelas. Photograph from Mário Novais,
Archive of Photography of the Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon.................................……..…….....
224
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