BRAIN HINDI.p65
Transcrição
gesa efLr"d ds ckjs esa dSls irk pyk\ vkbld ,flekso fgUnh vuqokn% vjfoUn xqIrk 1 [kksiM+h ds uhps efLr"d ds uhps ,d eqyk;e flysVh jax dk inkFkZ gksrk gS ftldk Hkkj Ms<+ fdyks gksrk gSA oks FkksM+k fldqM+k gksrk gS vkSj ns[kus esa ,d cM+s v[kjksV tSls fn[krk gSA ;gh efLr"d gSA ,slk yxrk gS tSls efLr"d dqN djrk gh ughaA oks cl ogka cSBk jgrk gSA ij D;ksafd gM~Mh dh cuh [kksiM+h mldh fgiQktr djrh gS blfy, efLr"d cgqr egRoiw.kZ gksxkA 'kjhj ds lHkh vaxksa esa efLr"d lcls vf/d lqjf{kr gSA ân; Hkh 'kjhj dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vax gSA mlds vkxs gfM~M;ksa dk ,d fiatM+k gksrk gSA ijUrq ilfy;ksa ds fiatM+s ds chp ls ân; esa pkdw ?kqlk;k tk ldrk gS ftlls balku rqjUr ej ldrk gSA ij [kksiM+h esa ,slk dksbZ Nsn ugha gksrk gSA 'kjhj dks gok esa ikbZ tkus okyh xSl & vkDlhtu dh yxkrkj vko';drk gksrh gSA ge ges'kk lkal ysrs gSa ftlls fd gekjs 'kjhj esa vkDlhtu izos'k dj ldsA vkDlhtu] Hkkstu ds lkFk feydj gesa mQtkZ nsrh gSA ek¡lisf'k;ksa dks vkDlhtu dh cgqr t:jr gksrh gS D;ksafd oks cgqr mQtkZ dk mi;ksx djrh gSaA nkSM+rs ;k otu mBkrs le; ;k ydM+h dkVrs le; ge gk¡iQus yxrs gSa vkSj ek¡lisf'k;ksa dk cgqr bLrseky djrs gSaA rc ge cgqr rsth ls lk¡l ysrs gSa ftlls fd 'kjhj dks vf/dre vkDlhtu dh ek=kk fey ldsA lk¡l yh gqbZ vkDlhtu dk ,d&pkSFkkbZ Hkkx dsoy fuBYyk cSBk efLr"d mi;ksx djrk gSA 'kjhj ds ckdh vax vkDlhtu ds fcuk dqN le; rd dk;Z dj ldrs gSa ijUrq efLr"d dh vkDlhtu lIykbZ can gksus ds ckn balku dsoy dqN feuVksa rd gh thfor jgsxkA dqN feuVksa ckn efLr"d viuk dke djuk can dj nsxk vkSj O;fDr ej tk,xkA izkphu dky esa yksxksa dks ;g irk ugha Fkk fd vkDlhtu] efLr"d ds fy, csgn egRoiw.kZ gSA mUgsa bruk irk Fkk fd vxj flj ij rst pksV yxs rks dqN le; ds fy, O;fDr LrfEHkr gks tkrk Fkk vkSj mlds ckn ls mldk crkZo vyx gks tkrk FkkA mldk lksp vkSj crkZo xM+cM+k tkrk FkkA blh dkj.ko'k izkphu dky esa dqN fo}ku yksx bl fu.kZ; ij igqaps fd efLr"d gh lksp vkSj Hkkoukvksa dk dsanz gksxkA IysVks (427&347 bZ iwZ) dk Hkh ,slk gh er FkkA vjLrw (384&322 bZ iwZ) IysVks dk lcls izHkko'kkyh Nk=k FkkA vjLrw ds vuqlkj ân; lksp vkSj Hkkoukvksa dk dsanz FkkA D;ksafd tc vki mRrsftr gksrs gSa rks fny rsth ls /M+drk gS vkSj vkjke djrs le; ân; Hkh /hes /M+drk gSA ij vxj ân;] lkspus vkSj Hkkoukvksa dk dke djrk gS rks fiQj efLr"d dk D;k jksy gS\ vjLrw ds vuqlkj ân; esa jDr xeZ gksrk Fkk vkSj efLr"d jDr dks BaMk djus dk LFkku FkkA ij vxj efLr"d dk dke fliQZ [kwu dks BaMk djuk Fkk rks fiQj oks gM~Mh dh [kksiM+h dh lqj{kk dh D;k t:jr Fkh\ flj ij yxh pksV] lhus ij yxh pksV ls T;knk ?kkrd D;ksa gksrh gS\ euq";ksa dk efLr"d vU; tkuojksa dh vis{kk bruk vf/d cM+k D;ksa gksrk gS\ ?kksM+s vkSj mQ¡V] balku dh vis{kk dgha cM+s gksrs gSa ij muds efLr"d balku ls NksVs gksrs gSaA dsoy gkfFk;ksa vkSj Ogsyksa ds efLr"d balku ls cM+s gksrs gSaA bu dkj.kksa ls efLr"d dks ysdj dbZ fo}kukas dk vjLrww ls erHksn FkkA oSls ,d pksVh ds nk'kZfud ds :i esa vjLrww dh cgqr [;kfr FkhA bZ iw 290 esa ,d ;wukuh MkDVj ghjksfiQyl us igyh ckj Nk=kksa ds lkeus e`r 'kjhjksa dks dkV dj mudk vè;;u fd;kA bldks vax&foPNsnu (fMlsD'ku) dgrs gSaA bl izdkj Nk=k 'kjhj ds fofo/ vaxksa dk vè;;u dj ldrs FksA 'kjhj jpuk laca/h vè;;u ds bl foKku dks ^,WukVkWeh* uke fn;k x;kA ghjksfiQyl us efLr"d dk è;kuiwoZd vè;;u fd;k vkSj IysVks dh Hkkafr oks Hkh blh fu.kZ; ij igqapk fd efLr"d gh lkspus vkSj Hkkoukvksa dk dsanz FkkA mlus ik;k fd vusdksa yEcs /kxs efLr"d dks tksM+rs FksA ge bUgsa ^uoZl* dgrs gSaA ghjksfiQyl us ik;k fd dqN uoZl] ek¡lisf'k;ksa] vak[kksa vkSj dkuksa ls tkdj tqM+rh FkhaA mlls mlus fu.kZ; fudkyk fd dqN uoZl ek¡lisf'k;ksa dks lapkfyr djrh gksaxh vkSj dqN ds dkj.k ge ns[k vkSj lqu ikrs gksaxsA ghjksfiQyl ds ckn ,d vkSj ;wukuh MkDVj bjQgflV:Vl (304&250 bZ iwZ) us Hkh efLr"d dk vè;;u fd;kA mUgksaus igyh ckj efLr"d dh lrg ij ikbZ f>fjZ;ksa vkSj flyoVksa dk o.kZu fd;kA vkt ge mUgsa ^dkUoY;w'kal* dgrs gSaA mUgksaus ;g Hkh fy[kk fd euq"; ds efLr"d esa vU; tkuojksa dh vis{kk dgha vf/d flyoVsa gksrh gSaA mUgsa yxk fd 'kk;n blh dkj.ko'k euq";] tkuojksa dh vis{kk T;knk cqf¼eku gksrs gSaA mlus ns[kk fd efLr"d ds nks Hkkx FksA lkeus okyk Hkkx cM+k gksrk gS vkSj mls ^lsjhczze* dgrs gSaA ihNs dh vksj NksVk Hkkx gksrk gS ftls ^lsfjcsye* dgrs gSaA mlus efLr"d ij p<+h f>Yyh vkSj chp ds fjDr LFkkuksa dk Hkh vè;;u fd;kA ghjksfiQyl vkSj bjQgflV:Vl us viuk dke ,fyxtSafMª;k] feL=k esa fd;k tks ml le; foKku dk dsanz FkkA ijUrq feL=kokfl;ksa us ^fMlsD'ku* (dkV&NkaV) ij vkifRr trkbZA oks muds /eZ ds f[kykiQ FkkA bl dkj.k ls bu nksuksa MkDVjksa }kjk 'kq: djk lqanj 'kks/ ogha ij BIi iM+ x;kA ml le; jkse lkezkT; viuh pje f'k[kj ij FkkA ;wuku esa ,d vkSj ukeh&fxjkeh MkDVj Fks ftudk uke Fkk xssysu (130&200)A D;ksafd euq";ksa ds 'koksa ds dkVus&NkaVus ij eukgh Fkh blfy, mUgksaus ejs tkuojksa dk ^fMlsD'ku* 'kq: fd;kA blesa dHkh&dHkh oks eqf'dyksa esa Hkh iQal x, D;ksafd dqRrksa vksj lqvjksa ds vax vDlj euq";ksa tSls ugha gksrsA xsysu us efLr"d ds vU; Hkkxksa dk Hkh vè;;u fd;kA lsfjcsye ds ihNs efLr"d ldjk gksdj ^esMqyk vkscykaxkVk* cukrk gSA ;g Hkkx jh<+ dh gM~Mh ls lqjf{kr jgrk gSA bl iwaN dks ^Likbuy dkMZ* ;k es:naM dgrs gSa vkSj mlds lkFk reke uoZl tqM+h gksrh gSa tks varr% efLr"d ls tkdj tqM+rh gSaA vxj fdlh tkuoj dk es:naM dkV fn;k tk, rks D;k gksxk\ xssysu us bl iz'u dk vè;;u fd;kA vxj oks efLr"d ds ikl mQij dh vksj dkVrk rks tkuoj rqjUr ej tkrkA ij vxj es:naM dks uhps vkSj uhps dkVrk rks vyx&vyx ek¡lisf'k;ka dke djuk can dj nsrha vkSj tkuoj dks ydok ekj tkrkA blls bruk rks iDdk gqvk fd es:naM ls tqM+h uoZl fofHkUu ek¡lisf'k;ksa dks fu;af=kr djrh FkhaA nqHkkZX;o'k] jkse esa foKku fiNM+us yxkA jkse lkezkT; ds fxjus ds ckn foKku dk Lrj vkSj fxjkA xsysu ds 1000 o"kZ ckn gh oSKkfudksa us nqckjk 'kjhj&jpuk dks le>us ds fy, tkuojksa vkSj balkuksa ds e`r 'kjhjksa dk fMlsD'ku 'kq: fd;kA 1316 esa ,d brkyoh MkDVj ekSufMuks Ms ywVlh (1275&1326) us 'kjhj&foKku ij ,d laiw.kZ fdrkc fy[khA oks bfrgkl esa ,ukWVeh fo"k; ij fy[kh igyh iqLrd FkhA mleas cgqr lkjh xfYr;ka Hkh Fkha ftudk dkj.k Fkk fd mlus [kqn dkV&NkaV dk dke de fd;k vkSj xsysu ds ys[kksa ij vf/d fo'okl fd;kA ij fiQj Hkh ;g ,d vPNh 'kqjQvkr FkhA viuh dykÑfr;ksa dks okLrfod cukus ds fy, brkyoh fp=kdkj fy;ksukMksZ n foUlh (1452&1519) us de&ls&de 30 e`r 'kjhjksa dh dkV&NkaV dh vkSj 'kjhj ds vaxksa dk ckjhdh ls vè;;u fd;kA mlds voyksduksa ls xsysu dh dbZ xfYr;ka mtkxj gqb±A fy;ksukMksZ us viuh [kkstksa dks ntZ rks fd;k ij bl :i esa ugha ftlls fd vU; yksx mlls lh[k ldsaA mlus vius voyksdu vkSj uksV~l [kqn vius gh fy, j[ks vkSj oks cgqr ckn esa gh feysA vly esa uohu ,WukVseh ('kjhj&foKku) dh uhao j[kus dk Js; ,d csfYt;u oSKkfud ,ufMª;kl oslsyl (1514&1564) dks tkrk gSA fy;ksukMksZ dh rjg gh oslsyl us vusd e`r nsgksa dk fMlsD'ku fd;kA vkSj mlus vU; yksxksa ds i<+us ds fy, muds lVhd o.kZu fy[ksA 1543 esa mlus foKku dh ,d csgn egRoiw.kZ iqLrd izdkf'kr dhA vaxzsth esa mldk 'kh"kZd gS ^vkWu n LVªDpj vkWiQ n g;weu ckWMh*A vius tekus ds loZJs"B fp=kdkj ls oslsyl us iqLrd ds fp=k cuok,A rc rd Nkik[kkuksa dk vkfo"dkj gks pqdk FkkA ;g Nih iqLrd laiw.kZ ;wjksi ds i<+s&fy[ks yksxksa rd igqaphA iqLrd ds o.kZu cgqr lVhd Fks vkSj mlesa xsysu dh yxHkx lHkh =kqfV;ka lq/kj nh xb± FkhaA oslsyl us efLr"d dk cgqr ltho vkSj lgh o.kZu fy[kk FkkA mlus xsysu }kjk fd, jh<+ dh gM~Mh okys iz;ksxksa dks nksgjk;kA mlls oks bl fu.kZ; ij igqapk fd efLr"d] es:naM] jh<+ dh gM~Mh vkSj uoZl lc feytqy dj ^uoZl flLVe* cukrs gSaA oslsyl ds ckn yksxksa us Hk;eqDr gksdj e`r 'kjhjksa dh dkV&NkaV 'kq: dh vkSj lkFk&lkFk gjsd vax dk foLrkj vkSj Li"Vrk ls o.kZu Hkh fy[kkA dbZ 'kks/drkZvksa us uoZl dks è;ku ls ns[kk fd oks dgka ls dgka tkrh gSaA ,d fLol tho&oSKkfud ,Yczs[r iQkWu gSyj (1708&1777) us ik;k fd ek¡lisf'k;ka Nwus ls fldqM+ tkrh gSaA tc gSyj fdlh ek¡lis'kh ls tqM+h uoZ dks Nwrk rks oks fldqM+ tkrhA njvly uoZ] ek¡lis'kh dh vis{kk vf/d mRrstu'khy FkhA uoZ dks gYds ls Nwus ls rqjUr ek¡lis'kh fldqM+ tkrh FkhA gSyj ds dke ls ,d ckr lkiQ Li"V gks xbZ fd uoZl efLr"d ls tqM+h gksrh gSa vkSj muls 'kjhj dh fØ;k,a lapkfyr gksrh gSaA blds vykok gSyj us ;g Hkh fn[kk;k fd 'kjhj dh lHkh uoZl efLr"d ;k es:naM ls tqM+h gksrh gSaA vkSj D;ksafd efLr"d vkSj es:naM vkil esa tqM+h gksrh gSa blls Li"V gksrk gS fd 'kjhj esa dsoy ,d gh uoZl flLVe gSA 2 efLr"d ds lkFk leL;k efLr"d vkSj es:naM gh 'kjhj dh fØ;k,a vkSj bafnz;ksa dks fu;af=kr djrh gSaA ;g lkiQ gksus ij yksx vVdys yxkus yxs fd vxj efLr"d lqpk: :i ls dke u djs rks fiQj D;k gksxk\ efLr"d dk lapkyu fcxM+us] ;k dksbZ chekjh gksus ij D;k gksxk\ efLr"d ds dkiQh gn rd dke can djus ij O;fDr vpkud csgks'k Hkh gks ldrk gSA bls i{k?kkr ;k ^LVªksd* dgrs gSaA ^LVªksd* 'kCn xzhd ds ,ikSiysDlh ls vk;k gS & ftldk eryc gksrk gS ^ekjuk*A ^LVªksd* ls balku dh e`R;q Hkh gks ldrh gSA vkSj ftank cpus ij 'kjhj ds fdlh Hkkx dks ydok ekj ldrk gS] ftlls oks vax vc fgyus&Mqyus esa vleFkZ gks tk,xkA vc ge tkurs gaS fd efLr"d esa jDr dh fdlh f'kjk esa vojks/ ;k iQVuk ^LVªksd* dk ,d vke dkj.k gSA bl dkj.ko'k efLr"d ds ml Hkkx dks vkWDlhtu feyuk can gks tkrh gS vkSj oks ej tkrk gSA vDlj efLr"d ds fodkj brus xEHkhj ugha gksrsA dqN yksxksa ds vax fcuk mudh bPNk ds fgyus&Mqyus] dkaius yxrs gSaA fiQj vpkud yksx fxj tkrs gSa] vkSj mudk 'kjhj rsth ls dkaius yxrk gS vkSj eqag esa >kx vkSj rjg&rjg dh vkoktsa fudyus yxrh gSaA mUgsa vthcksxjhc phtsa fn[kkbZ vkSj lqukbZ iM+rh gSa ftuls lkekU; yksx vifjfpr gksrs gSaA bls vktdy ge ^gsY;wflus'ku* ;k Hkez dgrs gSaA iqjkus tekus esa yksx dk ekuuk Fkk fd ^gsY;wflus'kUl* okyk O;fDr dksbZ vn`'; lalkj dks ns[k&lqu jgk gksxkA 'kk;n oks Hkxoku ds lans'k lqu jgk gksA 'kk;n Hkxoku mlds 'kjhj ij dCtk dj mls rsth ls fgyk&Mqyk jgk gksA ;g rc vkSj Hkh lp yxrk Fkk tc yksx fxjdj vthcks&xjhc gjdrsa djus yxrs Fks vkSj fiQj Bhd gksus ds ckn nqckjk iw.kr% lkekU; yxus yxrs FksA bls vDlj ^fxjus okyh chekjh* Hkh dgrs gSaA fpfdRlk txr esa bls ,fiysIlh (xzhd 'kCn) ;k fexhZ dk nkSjk dgrs gSaA chekjh ds nkSjku yxrk Fkk tSls Hkxoku us ml O;fDr ds 'kjhj ij dCtk dj fy;k gksA izkphu dky esa ;wukuh fexhZ ds nkSjs dks ,d /kfeZd jksx ekurs FksA vkSj ftu yksxksa dks fexhZ dk nkSjk vkrk mUgsa yksx cgqr vknj dh n`f"V ls ns[krs FksA yksx ekurs Fks fd ,sls yksxksa esa Hkfo"; esa ns[kus dh {kerk gksxh vkSj blfy, mUgsa larksa dk ntkZ fn;k tkrk FkkA bl izdkj ftl balku dk O;ogkj vlekU; gksrk & ftldh Hkk"kk ;k crkZo dks yksx le> ugha ikrs ml O;fDr dks cgqr vknj dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk FkkA ckn esa bUgha yksxksa dks ^ikxy* ;k ^fljfiQjk* crk;k x;kA ,slk ekuk x;k tSls mudk 'kjhj fdlh nSoh; 'kfDr ls xzLr gksA tc rd fexhZ ds nkSjs vkSj ikxyiu dks nSoh; 'kfDr dk izdksi ekuk x;k] rc rd ,sls ejhtksa ds lkFk yksxksas us izse dk O;ogkj fd;kA ij le; xqtjus ds lkFk yksx ekuus yxs fd Hkxoku ugha oju fdlh Hkwr&izsr us fexhZ ds jksfx;ksa ds 'kjhj ij fu;a=k.k fd;k gSSA blfy, mipkj ds fy, ml Hkwr&izsr dks jksxh ds 'kjhj ls fudkyuk t:jh gksxkA vDlj Hkwr&izsr dks Hkxkus ds rjhds cgqr Øwj vkSj tkfye gksrs FksA ikxy le>s tkus okys yksxksa dks tedj ihVk tkrk] mUgsa tathjksa ls cka/k tkrk vkSj vU; cnrj rjhdksa ls lrk;k tkrk FkkA fiQj mUgsa ikxy[kkuksa dh dksBfj;ksa esa can j[kk tkrk tgka mudh gkyr vkSj Hkh [kjkc gksrhA lkekU; yksx vDlj bu ikxy[kkuksa esa ikxyksa dks ns[kus ds fy, tkrsA blls lkekU; yksxksa dk vPNk [kklk euksjatu gksrkA D;k ekufld jksx dk dkj.k nsoh&nsork vFkok Hkwr&izsr ls gksrk gS\ dqN yksx bl ckr ij fo'okl ugha djrs FksA gj 'krkCnh esa dqN ,sls MkDVj gksrs gSa tks ikxyiu dks ,d chekjh le>rs gSaA ikxyksa dks ekjus&ihVus dh ctk, oks muds lkFk izse dk crkZo djus dh lykg nsrs gSaA ;wukuh MkDVj fgiksØSfVl (460&370 bZ iw) vkSj muds vuq;kf;;ksa us fexhZ ds nkSjs dks vU; chekfj;ksa dh rjg gh ,d jksx crk;kA muds vuqlkj fexhZ dk nkSjk izkÑfrd dkj.kksa ls gksrk Fkk vkSj mldk mipkj izkFkZukvksa vkSj izrkM+ukvksa ls ugha] cfYd nokbZ;ksa ls gh lEHko FkkA ,d vU; ;wukuh MkDVj lksgjul dk Hkh bl er esa fo'okl FkkA oks jkse esa jgrs Fks vkSj mUgksaus vusd izdkj ds ekufld jksxksa dk oxhZdj.k fd;k FkkA ij yksxksa us rdZ ij vk/kfjr er dks utjankt fd;k vkSj ^Hkwr&izsrksa* ij mudk fo'okl fVdk jgkA 1789 esa Úsap yksxksa us Úkal dh csbZeku vkSj ypj ljdkj ds f[kykiQ cxkor dk fcxqy ctk;k tks Úsap&Økafr ds uke ls tkuk x;kA mlds dqN lky ckn Økafrdkjh usrk dbZ ubZ phtsa vktekus dks rS;kj gq, ftlesa eki&rkSy dh ubZ iz.kkyh vkSj ,d u;k dSysaMj 'kkfey FkkA lkFk esa os ikxyksa dk u, rjhds ls bykt djus ds fy, Hkh rS;kj gq,A ,d Úsap MkDVj fiQfyi ihusy (1745&1826) us Hkh fgiksØSfVl vkSj lksgjul ds leku gh ekufld fodkjksa dk vè;;u fd;k FkkA okss Hkh bl izdkj ds jksfx;ksa ds nok }kjk mipkj ds i{k esa FksA 1793 esa ihusy us ,d cM+s esUVy (ekufld) vLirky dk dk;ZHkkj lEHkkykA ogka vf/dka'k jksxh dbZ lkyksa ls tathjksa ls ca/s FksA ihusy us mudh tathjs [kksyha] muds 'kjhj dh liQkbZ dh ftlls mUgsa vkjke igaqpsA mlus gjsd jksxh dk vxj fjdkMZ j[kk ftlesa oks mudh izxfr dks ntZ djrkA ,slk djus ls ekufld jksfx;ksa dh gkyr esa cgqr lq/kj gqvkA ihusy us ekufld jksfx;ksa ds bykt dk ,d u;k lw=kikr fd;k] ijUrq gkykr /hjs&/hjs gh cnysA ihusy dh ns[kk&ns[kh baXySUM] teZuh vkSj vejhdk esa ekufld jksfx;ksa ds bykt esa Hkh cnyko vk;k 1800 ds var rd lH; txr esa bykt ds iqjkus Øwj rjhds yqIr gks x,A ij ekufld jksfx;ksa dk mipkj dSls fd;k tk,\ vxj efLr"d vPNh rjg ls dk;Z u djs rks D;k fdlh rjhds ls mls Bhd fd;k tk ldrk Fkk\ gekjs vklikl dk txr n`';ksa] èofu;ksa] xa/ksa] Loknksa] Li'kZ vkfn ls Hkjk gksrk gSA buesa ls dbZ phtsa efLr"d rd igqapdj mls pSu igqapk ldrh gS vFkok mls cny ldrh gaSA vxj ejht dk fdlh fof'k"V bykt esa fo'okl gS rks oks bykt mls vo'; vkjke igqapk,xkA eku ysa ,d O;fDr dh dksbZ leL;k gSA ,d fe=k mls mipkj ds ckjs ,d fo'ks"k xaMk (/kxk) nsrk gS ;k dgrk gS fd mlls Hkxoku vFkok Hkwr&izsr mls cpk,axsA fiQj fe=k chekj O;fDr ds lkeus dqN mQy&tywy 'kCn cdrk gS] viuk gkFk fgykrk gS ;k mls Nwrk gSA vxj jksxh dk ml ra=k esa fo'okl gkssxk rks mldks mlls vo'; ykHk gksxk & vkSj dHkh&dHkh ,slk gksrk Hkh gSA bls fo'okl&mipkj ;k ^iQsFk&ghfyax* dgrs gSaA tSls&tSls le; chrrk x;k vkSj yksx 'kjhj ds dk;Z dks csgrj le>us yxs] oSls&oSls ^iQsFk&ghfyax* dk tknw de gksrk x;kA vc yksx oSKkfud i¼fr ls mipkj pkgrs FksA 1700 esa oSKkfud pqEcdksa vkSj fo|qr dh dk;Zfof/ dks le> jgs FksA pqEcd vkSj fo|qr nksuksa gh phtksa dks vkdf"kZr dj ldrs FksA yksxksa dks yxk fd pqEcdksa vkSj fo|qr dh enn ls jksx dks chekj O;fDr ds 'kjhj ds ckgj [khap ikuk lEHko gksxkA 1774 ds djhc] vWkfLVª;k esa cls ,d teZu MkDVj ÚSat ,UVksu esLej (1734&1815) us ;gh djus dk iz;kl fd;kA mlus jksxh ds 'kjhj ds mQij pqEcd yxk dj chekjh dks ckgj [khapus dh dksf'k'k dhA ij pqEcd ls dksbZ iQdZ ugha iM+kA ;g mipkj ^iQsFk&ghfyax* dk ,d mnkgj.k FkkA esLej us ik;k fd pqEcd dks vyx j[kdj oks ejht ds 'kjhj ds mQij fliQZ vius gkFk dks fiQjk ldrk FkkA ijUrq mlls jksfx;ksa dks dksbZ jkgr ugha feyh vkSj mUgksasus iqfyl ls tkdj esLej dh f'kdk;r dhA mlds dkj.k esLej dks vkWfLVª;k NksM+uk iM+kA 1778 esa oks isfjl x;kA dqN le; rd esLej isfjl esa dkiQh liQy jgk] ij fiQj ogka Hkh ogh gqvk vkSj 1785 esa mls isfjl NksM+us ds fy, ckè; gksuk iM+kA esLej iwjh rjg ls /ks[ksckt ugha FkkA oks cl cgqr mRlkgh Fkk vkSj mls yxrk Fkk fd vius rjhds ls lHkh etks± dk bykt dj ik,xkA mlds ckn ls cgqr yksxksa us esLej dh i¼fr ;kfu ^esLefjTe* dks tkjh j[kkA 1841 esa ,d LdkfV'k MkDVj tsEl ck;MZ (1795&1860) us ,d izn'kZuh esa igyh ckj ^esLefjTe* dks ns[kkA D;k blesa dqN lPpkbZ gS\ oks lkspus yxsA ftu jksfx;ksa dks mlls vkjke feyk Fkk 'kk;n muds efLr"d ij mlus dqN vlj t:j fd;k gksxkA mlus dbZ iz;ksx fd, vkSj ik;k fd vxj ejht vjQfpiw.kZ vkSj ckj&ckj gksus okyh mRrstuk ij viuk è;ku dsafnzr djrk gS rks mlls ejht dk fnekx Fkd tkrk gS vkSj oks è;ku nsuk can dj nsrk gSA bl izdkj ejht ,d rjg dh uhan ls xzflr gksrk gS vkSj mls vius vklikl dh dbZ ?kVukvksa dk dqN irk ugha pyrk gSA ck;MZ us mls ^fgIuksfVTe* dk uke fn;kA xzhd esa ^fgIuksfVTe* dk eryc ^uhan* gksrk gSA njvly ^fgIuksfVTe* uhan ugha Fkh D;ksa fgIuksVkbTM O;fDr dgh gqbZ ckr dks vPNh rjg lqu ldrk FkkA psru eu ds lksus ds ckn Hkh vpsru eu u, fopkjksa dks xzg.k djus ds fy, rS;kj jgrk FkkA vpsru eu] psru eu dh vis{kk fopkjksa esa xgjk fo'okl djrk FkkA blfy, vxj fdlh jksx dk fnekxh lq>koksa }kjk mipkj lEHko gks rks fgIuksVkbTM O;fDr ij mldk xgjk izHkko gksxkA vc MkDVj ^fgIuksfVTe* }kjk ekufld jksxksa dk mipkj djus yxs FksA muesa ,d vkWfLVª;u MkDVj Fks tkstsiQ czks;j (1842&1925)A 1880 esa mUgksaus ik;k fd fgIuksVkbTM O;fDr dks oks reke ?kVuk,a ;kn jgrh gSa ftUgsa lkekU; fLFkfr esa oks Hkwy tkrk gSA vpsru fopkjksa vkSj ;knksa ds dkj.k ejht vthcks&xjhc rjg ds crkZo djus yxrk gSA czks;j dk fo'okl Fkk fd vxj fgIuksVkbTM fLFkfr esa ejht dks ;g lc fopkj vkSj ckrsa crkbZ tk,a rks 'kk;n lkekU; fLFkfr esa Hkh mls os ckras ;kn jgsaxh vkSj mlls mlds vthcksxjhc O;ogkj esa ifjorZu vk,xkA czks;j us bls bldh ppkZ ,d vU; vkWfLVª;u MkDVj flxeaM Úk;M (1856&1939) ds lkFk dhA 1887 esa Úk;M us vius ejhtksa ij ^fgIuksfVTe* dk ijh{k.k fd;k vkSj mUgsa liQyrk Hkh feyhA 1890 esa mUgsa ^fgIuksfVTe* ds mi;ksx dh t:jr eglwl ugha gqbZA mUgksaus vius ejhtksa dks eqDr :i ls cksyus dks dgk & ftlls ,d ckr ls mls nwljh ckr ;kn vkbZ vkSj ;g flyflyk c<+rk x;kA bls ^Úh&,lksfl,'ku* ;k eqDr&la;kstu dgrs gSa vkSj blls nch vkSj lqIr ;knsa varr% ckgj vk tkrh gSaA Úk;M dks ;g Hkh yxk fd tc lksrs le; psru fnekx dk fu;a=k.k ugha gksrk gS rc nch] fNih ;knsa liuksa eas Hkh izLiQqfVr gksrh gSaA liuksa dks ;kn j[kuk mUgsa egRoiw.kZ yxk ftlls fd mudk fo'ys{k.k fd;k tk ldsA Úk;M ds rjhds dks ^lkbZdks&,ukfyfyl* dgrs gSaA xzhd esa bldk eryc gksrk gS ^fnekx dks foHkDr djuk*A Úk;M ds dk;Z dk ekufld jksfx;ksa dh fpfdRlk ij xgjk vlj gqvkA /hjs&/hjs djds fHkUu yksxksa us ^lkbZdks&,ukfyfyl* dh vyx&vyx /kjk,a 'kq: dhaA ean vkSj de mipkj ls Hkh ekufld jksxh vDlj cgqr mRrsftr vkSj [krjukd gks tkrs gSaA fiQj muds gkFk&iSj cka/dj mUgsa lqykus ds fy, rkdroj nok,a nh tkrh gSaA 1952 esa ,d u, izdkj dh nokbZ dk btkn gqvk ftUgsa ^VªSaD;wykbtj* dgrs gSaA blls O;fDr lks, fcuk Hkh ,dne 'kkar gks tkrk gSA bu nokvksa ls mRrsftr ekufld jksfx;ksa dk mipkj vklku gqvkA 3 efLr"d dh dksf'kdk,a (lsYl) 1700 rd efLr"d dh lajpuk dk irk py pqdk FkkA ijUrq mu reke ckjhfd;ka dk D;k ftUgsa vka[kksa ls ugha ns[kk tk ldrk Fkk\ mlds fy, ekbØksLdksi ;k lw{en'khZ dh t:jr iM+hA 1665 esa ,d vaxzst oSKkfud jkcZV gqd (1635&1703) us vius lw{en'khZ dks dkdZ dh ,d iryh ijr ij dsafnzr (iQksdl) fd;kA dkdZ isM+ dh Nky vkSj ,d e`r inkFkZ gksrh gSA oSls vka[k ls ns[kus ij dkdZ Bksl utj vkrh gS ijUrq lw{en'khZ ds uhps mlesa vk;rkdkj Nsnksa ds uewuk utj vkrs gaSA gqd us bu Nsnksa dks ^lsYl* ;k dks"B vFkok dksBfj;ksa dk uke fn;kA vU; oSKkfudksa us lw{en'khZ ls thfor inkFkks± dk Hkh vè;;u fd;kA teZu tho&'kkL=kh eSFkk;l tsdc 'ksyMsu (1804&1881) us ik;k fd ikS/ksa ds mQrd (fV';w) Hkh NksVs&NksVs dks"Bksa ds cus Fks vkSj ,d&nwljs ls pkjnhokfj;ksa ls vyx FksA os gqd ds ^lsYl* tSls gh Fks] iQdZ cl bruk Fkk fd os xk<+s rjy ls Hkjs FksA oSls ^lsy* 'kCn dk mi;ksx fjDr phtksa ds fy, djuk pkfg, ijUrq 'ksyMsu us ikS/ksa esa ik, <kapksa dks ^lsYl* dk gh uke fn;kA ikS/s dh fV';w ejus ds ckn isM+ dh ckgjh Nky curh gSA mlds ^lsYl* vc fjDr gks tkrs gSa vkSj muesa cl fNnz fn[krs gSa tSlk fd gqd us ns[kk FkkA 1938 esa 'ksyMsu bu fu.kZ; ij igqapk & ikS/s NksVs ^lsYl* ds cus gksrs gSa ftUgsa dsoy lw{en'khZ ls gh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ,d vU; teZu tho&'kkL=kh fFk;ksMksj 'oku (1810&1882) us tkuojksa dh iryh fV';wt dk vè;;u fd;kA ;gka Hkh mls NksVs vyx&vyx <kaps fn[ks tks ,d&nwljs ls nhokjksa }kjk vyx FksA 1839 esa 'oku Hkh blh fu.kZ; ij igqaps fd tkuoj Hkh lw{e ^lsYl* ds cus gksrs gSa ftUgsa dsoy lw{en'khZ ls gh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj 'ksyMsu vkSj 'oku us ^lsy F;ksjh* dk lw=kikr fd;kA blds vuqlkj lHkh tho ^lsYl* ds cus gksrs gSaA dqN lw{ethoh vkSj ikS/s ek=k ,d&lsy ds cus gksrs gSaA nwljh vksj euq";ksa esa vjcksa&[kjcksa lsYl gksrs gSaA vxj ^lsy F;ksjh* lp Fkh (oks okdbZ esa lp fudyh) rks fiQj efLr"d Hkh ^lsYl* dk gh cuk gksxk\ tc ^lsy F;ksjh* LFkkfir gks jgh Fkh rHkh 1938 esa] ,d iksfy'k MkDVj jkcVZ jsekd (1815&1865) us lw{en'khZ ds uhps uoZl dk egRoiw.kZ vè;;u fd;kA mUgksaus igyh ckj ns[kk fd uoZl vanj ls iksyh ugha gksrh gSaA oSls izkphu ;wukuh mudks ges'kk ls [kks[kyk gh le>rs vk jgs FksA mlus fn[kk;k fd dqN iryh uoZl & ftUgsa lw{en'khZ ds fcuk ns[kuk vlEHko Fkk ds pkjksa vksj ,d olk (iQSV) inkFkZ gksrk gSA dqN esa ,slk ugha gksrk gSA bl rsy;qDr inkFkZ dks ^ek;;wfyu 'khFk* dgrs gSaA ^ek;;wfyu 'khFk* ls <adh uoZl ns[kus esa liQsn gksrh gSaA ftuesa ^ek;;wfyu 'khFk* ugha gksrh os uoZl flysVh jax dh gksrh gSaA blfy, ge efLr"d esa ^xzs&eSVj* (flysVh&inkFkZ) vkSj ^OgkbV&eSVj* (liQsn&inkFkZ) gksus dh ckr djrs gSaA efLr"d dh ckgjh lrg ij ^xzs&eSVj* vkSj vanj ^OgkbV&eSVj* gksrk gSA tcfd jh<+ dh gM~Mh esa bldk mYVk gksrk gS & ckgj liQsn vkSj vanj flysVh inkFkZ gksrk gSA mlh le; psdksLyksokfd;k dk ,d tho&'kkL=kh tku bokaxfyLVk iwjfdu;s (1787&1869) Hkh blh izdkj dh [kkstsa dj jgk FkkA 1837 esa mlus uoZ lsYl dk o.kZu fy[kkA ^izksVksIykTe* 'kCn dk mi;ksx djus okys oks igys O;fDr FksA ^izksVksIykTe* ,d xzhd 'kCn gS ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS ^igyk vkdkj* vkSj oks lsy ds vanj ds inkFkZ dk o.kZu djrk gSA uoZl lsYl cM+s vkdkj ds gksrs gSa vkSj oks ,d fo'ks"k inkFkZ ls f?kjs gksrs gSa tks mUgsa lgkjk nsrk gS vkSj mUgsa cka/s j[krk gSA bl inkFkZ dks ^U;wjks&fXy;k* ;k uoZl dk xksan dgrs gSaA 1854 esa teZu MkDVj jQMkSYiQ dkyZ fiQjpkso (1821&1902) us fn[kk;k fd ^U;wjks&fXy;k* esa ^Xyk;y&lsYl* Hkh gksrs gSa tks uoZ lsYl ls NksVs gksrs gSaA balku ds efLr"d esa 1000 djksM+ uoZ lsYl vkSj 9000 djksM+ ^Xyk;y&lsYl* gksrs gSaA iqjfduts us ;g Hkh fn[kk;k fd uoZ lsYl vfu;fer vkdkj ds gksrs gSaA muls NksVs&NksVs js'ks fpids gkssrs gSa tks ckn esa tkdj fdlh isM+ dh Vgfu;ksa dh Hkkafr vkSj NksVs&NksVs js'kksa esa caV tkrs gSaA bu js'kksa ;k ^iQkbclZ* dks ^MsaMªkbV* dgrs gSaA xzhd esa ^MsaMªkbV* dk vFkZ isM+ gksrk gSA dqN cgqr yEcs js'ks gksrs gSa ftUgsa vc ^,Dlku* dgrs gSaA ^,Dlku* xzhd 'kCn ^,fDly* ls vkrk gS ftldk vFkZ yEch vkSj iryh /qjh gksrk gSA ;g ^,Dlku* gh ek;;wfyu 'khFk ls f?kjs gksrs gSaA bldk vFkZ gqvk fd xzs&eSVj yxHkx iwjh rjg uoZ&lsYl vkSj Xyk;y&lsYl dk cuk gksrk gS tcfd OgkbV&eSVj iwjh rjg ,Dlku dk cuk gksrk gSA 1849 esa ,d fLol tho&'kkL=kh jQMkSYiQ ,YcVZ iQWku dksfydj (1817&1905) us fn[kk;k fd dqN ,Dlku fuf'pr :i ls uoZ&lsYl ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA 1891 esa teZu tho&'kkL=kh gsufjp xkSfVfÚM iQkWu foYgsYe oSyfMbjgkfjV~t (1836&1921) us fn[kk;k fd lHkh ,Dlku] uoZ&lsYl ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA mlus uoZ&lsYl] MsaMªkbV vkSj ,Dlku ds tksM+ dks ^U;wjku* uke fn;k ftldk mnxe xzhd 'kCn ^uoZ* esa gSA oSyfMbjgkfjV~t dk ekuuk Fkk fd U;wjku dk yEck ,Dlku fdlh :i esa vU; U;wjkWUl dh MsaMªkbVl ls tqM+k gksrk gSA bl izdkj uoZl flLVe njvly U;wjkWUl dk ,d cgqr cM+k tky gSA bls ^U;wjkWu F;ksjh* dgrs gSaA 1873 esa ,d brkyoh tho'kkL=kh dsfefy;ks xksyth (1843&1926) us ,d rjdhc }kjk uoZ&lsYl ij dqN jklk;uksa ls jax yxk;k (LVsfuax)A blls lsy ds vanj dqN NksVs <kaps jaxhu gq, ckdh ughaA bl rduhd ls xksyth lsYl ds vanj dh dqN egRoiw.kZ ckjhfd;ksa dk vè;;u dj ik;k] ftUgsa vU; 'kks/drkZ ugha [kkst ik, FksA oks var esa fn[kk ik;k fd fdlh ,d U;wjkWu ds ,Dlku nwljs U;wjkWUl dh MsaMªkbVl ls ugha tqM+rs gSaA muds chp esa ,d NksVk lh f>jh gksrh gSA bl f>jh dks ^lk;uSIl* dgrs gSa (xzhd esa bldk vFkZ ^tqM+uk* gksrk gS)A ,d LiSfu'k tho&'kkL=kh lSafr;kxks jSeu dkgky (1852&1934) us xksyth dh ^LVsfuax&fof/* dks vkSj csgrj cuk;kA mlus varr% U;wjku F;ksjh dh lR;rk dks LFkkfir fd;kA 4 uoZ baiYl (/Ddk) 1826 esa teZu tho'kkL=kh tksgkusl ihVj E;wyj (1801&1858) us ;g fn[kk;k fd gjsd fo'ks"k uoZ ,d [kkl dke gh djrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, vkSifVd&uoZ vka[k ls gksdj efLr"d rd tkrh gSA tc dksbZ izdk'k fdj.k vkSifVd&uoZ dks mRrsftr djrh gS rks oks ml laosnuk dks efLr"d rd ysdj tkrh gS vkSj gesa izdk'k fdj.k dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA vc pkgsa tks Hkh pht & ^nkc* Hkh vxj vkSifVd&uoZ dks mRrsftr djs rks mlls geas izdk'k fdj.k dh vuqHkwfr gksxhA blhfy, vka[k ij gYdk lk ^okj* gksus ij vkidks fnu esa Hkh ^rkjs* fn[kkbZ nsrs nsaxsA mRrstuk,a uoZ ij fdl izdkj ;k=kk djrh gSa\ 1800 rd yksx rkjksa esa fo|qr dSls ;k=kk djrh gS ;g le> x, FksA D;k blh izdkj dk fo|qr&djaV uoZ esa Hkh cg ldrk gS\ vDlj baftfu;j fctyh cgus okys rkjksa dks js'ke ;k jcj ls yisVrs FksA blls rkj dqpkyd gks tkrk FkkA blls fo|qr ^yhd* ugha gksrh Fkh vkSj midj.k 'kkVZ&lfdZV ls lqjf{kr jgrk FkkA ,Dlku Hkh fctyh ds rkjksa tSls gSa ftu ij ek;;wfyu 'khFk dk dop ,d dqpkyd dk dke djrk gSA blls fo|qr djaV dh vo/kj.kk dk tUe gksrk gSA E;wyj] uoZl esa fo|qr&djaV rks ugha [kkst ik;k] ij ,slk gh dqN gksxk mldh ;g ekU;rk lgh FkhA dqN uoZ&baiYl & iwjh uoZ dks mRrsftr djrh gSaA E;wyj] uoZ&baiYl dh xfr dks ekius dh ps"Vk djrk jgk ijUrq 1830 esa mlus ;g iz;kl NksM+ fn;kA mls yxk fd uoZ&baiYl bruh rst xfr ls bruh NksVh nwjh r; djrh gS blfy, mldh jÝrkj dks ekiuk 'kk;n vlEHko gksxkA ;g E;wyj dh xyriQgeh FkhA 1852 esa E;wyj tc thfor Fkk rHkh mlds ,d Nk=k teZu tho&'kkL=kh gjeu yqMfox iQkWu gsYegqYVt (1821&1894) us bl xfr dks ekikA blds fy, gsYegqYVt us esa<+d dh ek¡lis'kh dh ,d uoZ dks mRrsftr fd;kA mRrsftr djus ls uoZ FkksM+k iQM+dhA tc gsYegqYVt us ek¡lis'kh ds cgqr djhc fLFkr uoZ dks mRrsftr fd;k rks ek¡lis'kh >V ls iQM+dhA fiQj mlus ek¡lis'kh ls lcls nwj fLFkr uoZ dks mRrsftr fd;kA bl ckj ek¡lis'kh iQM+dh ij mls ,d {k.k dk le; yxkA gsYegqYVt us bl le; dks ekik vkSj mlls uoZ&baiYl dh LihM dks Kkr fd;kA esa<+d dh uoZ&baiYl 66 iQhV izfr lsdaM ;k 45 ehy izfr ?kaVs dh jÝrkj ls ;k=kk djrh gSA euq";ksa esa uoZ&baiYl dh xfr 70 ehy izfr ?kaVk gksrh gSA blh chp ,d vU; teZu tho&'kkL=kh ,fey jseksus (1818&1896) us lw{e fo|qr djaV dks ekius ds dbZ midj.kkas dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA 1845 esa mlus fn[kk;k fd uoZl esa Hkh fo|qr&djaV gksrk gSA uoZl dh fo|qr] fctyh ds rkjksa ls dqN fHkUu gksrh gSA fctyh ds rkjksa esa fo|qr uoZl dh vis{kk 2500&xquk rsth ls cgrh gSA rkjksa esa cgus okyh fo|qr fdlh cSVjh ;k tsusjsVj ls iSnk gksdj rkjksa esa cgrh gSA ijUrq uoZl dks [kqn fo|qr vkos'k fuek.kZ djuk iM+rk gS & igys ,d Hkkx esa] fiQj nwljs esa vkfnA bl fo|qr&vkos'k ds cuus esa le; yxrk gSA blfy, uoZl esa /kjk fctyh ds rkjksa dh vis{kk cgqr /heh xfr ls cgrh gSA 1902 esa fczfV'k tho&oSKkfud Úkafll xkSp (1879&1910) us [kkstk fd vxj fdlh fo'ks"k uoZ dks cgqr /hes ls mRrsftr fd;k tkrk gS rks vDlj dqN ugha gksrk gSA ek¡lisf'k;ksa ds ftu js'kksa ds lkFk uoZ tqM+h Fkh oks fcYdqy fgyh&Mqyh ughaA uoZ dks tksj ls mRrsftr djus ij ,d fcUnq ij uoZ&bEiYl pkyw gksrh vkSj ek¡lis'kh cgqr tksj ls fldqM+rhA ;gka ij] dqN&ugha vFkok lc&dqN okyh ifjfLFkrh ns[kus dks feyhA vki pkgsa rks vius gkFk dks gYds cy ls FkksM+k lk] vFkok tksj yxkdj iwjh rjg eksM+ ldrs gSaA ;g blfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd gekjh ek¡lis'kh esa cgqr lkjs js'ks gksrs gSaA gjsd js'kk ;k iwjh rjg fldqM+rk gS vFkok fcYdqy ughaA vkSj ftrus vf/d js'ks fldqM+rs gSa ek¡lis'kh mruh gh T;knk vkSj cyiwoZd fldqM+rh gSA oSKkfud uoZ&bEiYl dh rkdr vkSj mlds crkZo dk vkSj vf/d ckjhdh ls vè;;u djrs jgsA var esa nks fczfV'k tho&oSKkfud ,Syu yk;M gkStfdu (tUe 1914) vkSj ,aM: iQhyfMax (tUe 1917) tytho fLdfoM ds eksVs ,Dlku ij 'kks/ djus yxsA gkStfdu vkSj iQhyfMax ,Dlku esa dqN uktqd midj.k ?kqlkus esa liQy gq,A 1952 rd mUgksaus ,d i¼fr fodflr dh ftlesa ,Dlku ds vanj fo|qr vkos'k ds v.kq (vk;Ul) vanj&ckgj tkdj ,d fo|qr vkos'k iSnk dj ldrs FksA 1924 esa ,d teZu MkDVj gSal ctZj (1873&1941) us ,d i¼fr [kksth ftlls fd efLr"d ds lsYl (dksf'kdkvksa) esa fo|qr dks ekik tk ldsA blesa [kksiM+h ij reke rkj yxk, x,A fiQj efLr"d esa cgrh fo|qr /kjk dks ,d lqbZ ds tfj, ,d dkxt ij ,d Vs<+h&es<+h js[kk ds :i esa Vªsl djuk lEHko gqvkA rjaxs cnyrh jgrha FkhaA rjaxksa dk cnyuk ejht dh vka[ks [kqyh@can gSa] oks tkxk@lks;k gS bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk FkkA NksVs cnykoksa dks bu rjaxksa }kjk le>uk eqf'dy FkkA ij vxj czsu&V~;wej tSls xEHkhj jksx gks] ;k fexhZ ds nkSjs dh chekjh dks idM+ ikuk vklku FkkA efLr"d ds vanj fo|qr /kjkvksa dks ekius dh fof/ bysDVªksbulsiQsyksxzkiQh ;k laf{kIr esa bZ&bZ&lh ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA bldk mn~xe ,d xzhd 'kCn gS ftldk vFkZ gS ^efLr"d dh fo|qr fy[kkbZ*A uoZ bEiYl U;wjku ds ,d&fljs ls nwljs rd ;k=kk dj ldrh gSA oks MasMªkbVl ls] uoZ ls xqtjrh gqbZ ,Dlku ds vafre Nksj rd tkrh gSA tc lk;uSIl & ,Dlku vkSj nwljs U;wjku dh MasMªkbV ds chp dh NksVh f>jh vkrh gS] rc uoZ bEiYl lk;usIl dks dSls yka?krh gS\ dqN oSKkfudksa us lkspk fd uoZ bEiYl dksbZ jklk;u iSnk djrh gksxhA bl jklk;u ds dkj.k gh uoZ bEiYl nwljs U;wjku rd igqaprh gksxhA ij bldk izek.k D;k Fkk\ ,d teZu&vejhdh tho&oSKkfud] vkWVks ykS;oh (1873&1961) blh leL;k ij 'kks/ dj jgs FksA 1921 esa ,d jkr oks 3 cts mBs D;ksafd muds fnekx esa ,d iz;ksx dk fopkj vk;kA mUgksaus mBdj mls viuh dkWih esa ntZ fd;kA lqcg mBdj jkr dks vk;k fopkj mUgsa fcYdqy ;kn ugha jgk vkSj tks dqN mUgksaus uhan esa fy[kk Fkk mls Hkh oks i<+ ugha ik,A vxyh jkr oks fiQj 3 cts mBs vkSj mUgksaus iz;ksx dks ;kn djus dh dksf'k'k dhA bl ckj mUgksaus ekSdk ugha xaok;k vkSj iz;ksx djus lh/s iz;ksx'kkyk igqapsA mUgksaus ,d esa<d ds ân; dks dqN jklk;uksa ls Hkjk vkSj ml ij yxkrkj /heh ekj djrs jgsA bl ân; ls ,d uoZ tqM+h Fkh tks mRrsftr gksus ij ân; dh xfr dks /hek djrh FkhA ykS;oh us bl uoZ dks mRrsftr fd;k vkSj mlls ân; ds Lianu dh xfr /heh gqbZA ykS;oh us fiQj ân; ls jklk;u feJ.k dks fudkydj nwljs esa<d ds ân; esa MkykA blls nwljs esa<+d ds ân; dh xfr ,dne /heh gks xbZ tcfd ogka fdlh Hkh uoZ dks mRrsftr ugha fd;k x;k FkkA blls fl¼ gksrk Fkk fd uoZ bEiYl us igys ân; ds feJ.k esa ,d fo'ks"k jklk;u dk fuekZ.k fd;k gksxk] ftlus nwljs ân; esa viuk deky fn[kk;kA lqcg 5 cts rd ykS;oh us viuh ckr fl¼ dj nh FkhA ,d vaxzst tho&oSKkfud gsujh gSysV Msy (1875&1968) us iQiQwan ls ,d jklk;u fudkyk Fkk ftldk uke ^bjxkV* FkkA blls ek¡lisf'k;ka fcYdqy uoZ bEiYl tSls gh fldqM+rh FkhaA 1914 esa oSKkfudksa us bl jklk;u dks ,slhVhydksgyhu dk uke fn;kA tc Msy us ykS;oh ds iz;ksx ds ckjs esa i<+k rc mls yxk dgha uoZ bEiYl us lk;uSIl esa ,slhVhydksgyhu rks iSnk ugha dh Fkh\ 1929 esa oks blds Li"V izek.k ns ik;kA uoZ dqN vU; jklk;u Hkh iSnk djrs gSa tks lk;uSIl dks yka?k ldrs gSaA ckn esa bu jklk;uksa dh izÑfr ij dkiQh 'kks/ gqvkA D;k efLr"d ds fHkUu Hkkxksa dh vyx&vyx fo'ks"krk,a Fkha\ dqN yksxksa dks ,slk yxkA ,d teZu MkDVj Úkat tkstsiQ xSy (1758&1828) dks ,slk yxkA mlds vuqlkj efLr"d dk dksbZ [kkl Hkkx gkL;&fouksn] vkSj nwljk dksbZ Hkkx vkijkf/d Hkkoukvksa dks fu;af=kr djrk gksxkA mls yxk fd [kksiM+h ij mHkjs gq, Hkkx (xweM+s)] efLr"d ds uhps vfrfjDr o`f¼ dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gSaA ftu LFkkuksa ij xweM+ gSa muls O;fDr dh cqf¼ekuh vkSj mldk LoHkko tkuk tk ldrk FkkA fdlh O;fDr ds LoHkko dks tkuus dh dyk dks ^ÚsukYth* (xzhd 'kCn fnekx dks i<+uk) dgk tkrk gSA dqN le; rd ^ÚsukYth* dkiQh yksdfiz; gqbZ ij vly esa oks fcYdqy cdokl Fkh & tUedqaMyh ns[kus tSlh FkhA xSy ds fopkjksa us vU; oSKkfudksa dks bl leL;k ij dke djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA oks efLr"d ds dqN fgLlksa dks fudky nsrs] {kfr igqapkrs ;k mUgsa mRrsftr djrs vkSj fiQj 'kjhj ij mlds vlj dks ns[krsA 1870 eas nks teZu MkDVlZ twfy;l ,MqvkMZ fgVftx (1838&1907) vkSj xqLrko fÚV~t (1838&1927) us dqRrksa ds mQij 'kks/ fd;kA mUgksaus muds efLr"d ds dqN Hkkxksa dks mRrsftr fd;k vkSj ns[kk fd muls dkSu lh ek¡lisf'k;ka fldqM+ha ;k detksj gqb±A bl dk;Z dks ,d LdkfV'k MkDVj MsfoM iQsfj;j (1843&1928) us tkjh j[kkA 1876 esa mlus efLr"d dk ,d eksVk&eksVk uD'kk cuk;kA mlesa efLr"d dk dkSu lk Hkkx 'kjhj ds fdl vax dks fu;af=kr djrk gS bldk mYys[k FkkA chp esa ,d iV~Vh Fkh tks fofHkUu ek¡lisf'k;ksa dks fu;af=kr djrh Fkh vkSj efLr"d ds ihNs dh vksj tgka vka[k ls mRrstuk,a vkrh FkhaA efLr"d ds vU; Hkkxksa esa 'kjhj ds vU; fgLlksa ls mRrstuk,a vkrh FkhaA efLr"d ds bl uD'ks dks ,d vaxzst MkDVj pkYlZ 'ksfjaxVu (1857&1952) us la'kksf/r fd;kA efLr"d dh lrg dk dsoy NksVk lk Hkkx gh ek¡lisf'k;ksa vkSj vU; bafnz;ksa dk fu;a=k.k djrk FkkA blls yksxksa dks yxk tSls efLr"d dk cgqr cgqr cM+k Hkkx mi;ksx gh ugha gksrk gSA ij ;g /kj.kk xyr FkhA lEiw.kZ efLr"d dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA efLr"d ds tks Hkkx ek¡lisf'k;ksa vkSj vU; bafnz;ksa dk fu;a=k.k ugha djrs os ;knnk'r] fu.kZ;] fopkjksa vkSj lksp dh {kerk ds dke vkrs gSaA efLr"d dk eq[; Hkkx & lsfjfcje iwjs 'kjhj ds fu;a=k.k dk dke ugha djrk gSA lsfjfcje dh t:jr fu.kZ; ysrs le; iM+rh gSA ij dHkh&dHkh vki fu.kZ; dk bartkj ugha dj ldrs gSaA vxj vki xyrh ls fdlh xeZ ros dks Nq,a rc vki gkFk gVkus ds fu.kZ; dk bartkj ugha dj ldrs gSaA bruh nsj esa vkidk gkFk cqjh rjg ty tk,xkA ij okLrfodrk esa fcuk lksps vkSj fu.kZ; fy, gh vkidk gkFk xeZ ros ls >V ls vyx gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj dk 'kks/ lcls igys fczfV'k MkDVj ek'kZy gkWy (1790&1857) us fd;kA 1832 esa mUgksaus tYnh gksus okyh bejtsalh izfrfØ;kvksa dk vè;;u fd;kA mUgksaus bUgsa ^jhiQysDl ,WD'ku* (mn~xe xzhd 'kCn & vFkZ ^ihNs dh vksj eqM+uk*)A vuqHkwfr ,d uoZ ls ;k=kk djrh gS vkSj nwljh uoZ rRdky t:jh ek¡lis'kh dks pykrh gSA gkWy ds vuqlkj ;g ^jhiQysDl ,WD'ku* Lor% uoZl }kjk fu;af=kr gksrs gSa vkSj os jh<+ dh gM~Mh esa yxkrkj vkrs&tkrs gSaA 'ksfjaxVu ftldk mYys[k igys gqvk mlus vU; izdkj ds ^jhiQysDl ,WD'ku* dk vè;;u fd;kA mlus fn[kk;k fd oSls uoZl] efLr"d ls ek¡lisf'k;ksa rd tkdj mUgsa mRrsftr djds fldksM+rh gSaA ij muds vykok Hkh vU; uoZl gksrh gSa tks lh/s ek¡lisf'k;ksa ls efLr"d rd tkrh gSaA bu nwljh uoZl ds dkj.k efLr"d dks izR;sd ek¡lis'kh dh fLFkfr vkSj mlds fldqM+us dk Kku gksrk gSA vxj vki [kM+s gksdj ,d vksj >qd jgs gksa rc vkids efLr"d dks ;g ckr rqjUr ekywe iM+ tk,xh vkSj oks fdlh fof'k"V ek¡lis'kh dks fldksM+ dj vkidks lh/k j[kus dk iz;kl djsxkA [kM+k jgrs le; vki vutkus bl larqyu dk yxkrkj lek;kstu djrs jgrs gSaA blhfy, cgqr nsj rd [kM+s jgus ds ckn vki Fkd tkrs gSa tcfd vkius bl chp dksbZ esgur dk dke ugha fd;kA dqN vU; ^jhiQysDl ,WD'ku* gSa tks vkidh lkal dks fu;af=kr djrs gSaA tc vki fdlh oLrq dks mBkrs gSa rks vkids gkFk dh ek¡lisf'k;ksa ds yxkrkj lek;kstu ds dkj.k vkidk gkFk cgqr nwj ugha tkrk gSA ;g lc ^jhiQysDl ,WD'ku* lsfjcsye }kjk fu;af=kr gksrs gSaA 5 fn'kk vkSj uhan euq"; ds 'kjhj eas lefefr (flesVªh) gksrh gSA bldk eryc mlds ck,a vkSj nk,a Hkkx ,d&nwljs ds ni.kZ izfrfcEc gksrs gSaA gekjs nks dku] nks vka[ksa] nks uFkqus] nks gkFk vkSj nks iSj gksrs gSaA 'kjhj ds vanj gekjs nks iQsaiQM+s vkSj nks xqjns (fdMuh) gksrh gSaA ijUrq efLr"d dk D;k gky gS\ gekjk ,d gh efLr"d gS vkSj mlds uhps ,d gh es:naM (Lik;uy dkMZ) gSA vkSj ;g es:naM 'kjhj dh jh<+ dh gM~Mh esa gksrk gSA vxj vki efLr"d dk voyksdu djsa rks vki mlesa nks fgLls & ck,a vkSj nk,a Hkkx ik,axs tks reke uoZl ds xqPNksa ls tqM+s gksaxsA bl tksM+ dks dkSjil dyksle dgrs gSaA vxj vki fdlh v[kjksV dks rksM+saxs rks vkidks mleas Hkh oSlk gh <akpk fn[ksxkA gekjs efLr"d ds nks fcYdqy ,d&tSls Hkkx ugha gSaA blds izek.k 1861 esa feysA ,d Úsap MkDVj fi;js ikWy czksdk (1824&1880) dk ,d ejht fcYdqy cksy ugha ikrk FkkA crk, x, 'kCnksa dks oks le>rk Fkk ij mu 'kCnksa dks oks cksy ugha ikrk FkkA oks vius psgjs ds gkoHkko vkSj gkFkksa ds b'kkjksa ls cqf¼ekuh ds mRrj nsrk FkkA ij oks cksy ugha ikrk FkkA bl fLFkfr dks viQsft;k ('kCnfoghu) dgrs gSaA ejht dh e`R;q ds ckn czksdk us mlds efLr"d dk eqvk;uk fd;k vkSj mlds efLr"d esa ck,a vksj pksV ikbZA vkt Hkh efLr"d ds bl Hkkx dks czksdk dk dkuoY;q'ku dgrs gSaA czksdk ds vuqlkj ;g efLr"d dk oks Hkkx Fkk tks O;fDr dh cksyus dh {kerk dks fu;af=kr djrk FkkA oks gksaB] xky] thHk] xys dh rsth ls cnyrh fLFkfr;ksa dks fu;af=kr djrk Fkk ftls ge cksyuk dgrs gSaA ;g Hkkx efLr"d ds fliQZ ck,a Hkkx esa fLFkr FkkA vxj ,slk gh dasnz nkbZ± vksj Hkh gksrk rks ck,a okys fgLls dks pksV yxus ds ckn ;g dke nk;ka fgLls djus yxrkA bleas ,d varj gSA efLr"d dk cka;k Hkkx cksyus dh {kerk dks fu;af=kr djrk gS tcfd nk;ka Hkkx ,slk fcYdqy ugha djrkA igys bldks ysdj dbZ fookn gq, ij var esa czksdk dk dFku lgh ik;k x;kA (cuekuq"k vkSj xksfjYyksa ds efLr"d Hkh euq"; tSls gh gksrs gSa] ij oks cgqr NksVs gksrs gSaA muesa czksdk dk dsanz ugha gksrk blfy, bu tkuojksa dks cksyuk ugha fl[kk;k tk ldrk gSA oSls mUgsa fpUg&Hkk"kk (lkbu ySUxq,t) }kjk laizs"k.k fl[kk;k tk ldrk gSA) uhan dh t:jr vkt Hkh ,d igsyh gSA uhan fliQZ vkjke djus ds fy, ugha gksrh gSA vki ysVdj vka[ksa [kksys Hkh vkjke dj ldrs gSaA vly esa vki lksrs le; vf/d lfØ; gksrs gSa] vkjke djrs le; de lfØ; gksrs gSaA lksrs le; vki vDlj djoVsa ysrs gSa vkSj dHkh gkFk&iSj Hkh fgykrs jgrs gSaA fiQj Hkh vkjke djuk lksus dk i;kZ; ugha gSA vka[ks [kksy dj vkjke djrs gq, Hkh vkidks uhan dh xgjh t:jr gksxhA vkSj cgqr nsj rd tkxs jgus ds ckn vki gSY;wflVsu djus yxsaxs & ;kfu vkidks Hkze gksus yxsxkA uhan dh deh ls vki tYnh ejsaxs] ikuh ds vHkko esa vki vf/d nsj rd ft,axsA vkSj uhan esa jhe&uhan lcls vko';d gksrh gSA vxj fdlh O;fDr dks jhe&uhan ls igys tkucw> dj ckj&ckj mBk;k tk, rks vxyh jkr oks vkSj xgjk lks,xk tSls fd oks fiNyh jkr ds vHkko dks iwjk dj jgk gksA blls yxsxk fd lius ns[kuk] lksus dh vis{kk T;knk t:jh gSA ij D;ksa\ bldk mRrj fdlh dks ugha irkA esjk viuk [kqn dk ekuuk gS fd euq"; dk efLr"d bruk tfVy gS fd mls fnu Hkj ds fopkjksa dks R;kxus ds fy, dqN vkjke dh t:jr gksrh gSA 'kjhj bl dk;Z dks lius ns[kdj lEiUu ldrk gS vkSj bl izdkj ekufld ^dpjs* dks R;kx ldrk gSA ;g ,d rjg dh ekufld liQkbZ gS ftlls fd vxy fnu efLr"d u, fopkjksa vkSj fØ;kvksa ds fy, [kqn dks rjksrktk dj ldsA eSa fiQj bl ckr dks nksgjk jgk gwa fd fdlh dks bldk lgh mRrj ugha irk gSA vly esa dbZ 'krkfCn;ksa ds vè;;u ds ckn Hkh ge efLr"d ds ckjs esa cgqr de gh tkurs gSaA euq"; ds 'kjhj dk lcls tfVy vax efLr"d gSA ;g dksbZ vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha gSA vly esa c`gekaM esa ikbZ gjsd thfor ;k e`r oLrq esa gekjk efLr"d lcls tfVy gSA euq"; dk efLr"d balkfu;r ds fy, ,d cgqr cM+h mEehn gSA D;ksafd efLr"d ds tfj, gh ge ekSfyd fopkj lksp ldrs gSa] izse vkSj ekuoh; Hkkouk,a fodflr dj ldrs gSaA efLr"d ds tfj, gh ge iqLrdsa fy[krs gSa ,oa laxhr vkSj dyk dh jpuk djrs gSa vkSj balkfu;r ds lkeus eqag ck, [kM+h cM+h fo'kky leL;kvksa dk gy [kkstrs gSaA euq"; dk efLr"d 'kk;n cgqr [krjukd oLrq Hkh gSA efLr"d ls gh ge os va/fo'okl jprs gSa tks gesa xyr fn'kk esa ys tkrs gSaA efLr"d ds tfj, gh ge Hk; vkSj vU; yksxksa ls uiQjr djuk lh[krs gSa tks Øwjrk] vijk/ vkSj ;q¼ dks tUe nsrk gSA ge fliQZ ;g vk'kk dj ldrs gSa fd efLr"d ds mQij 'kks/ vkSj vè;;u ls ge yksxksa dks vPNs fopkjksa dh vksj mUeq[k dj ik,axs vkSj ;q¼] ?k`.kk vkfn gkfudkjd i{kksa ls mUgsa cpk ik,axsA rc 'kk;n gekjh nqfu;k vkt ds eqdkcys T;knk csgrj] lqjf{kr] laosnu'khy vkSj n;kyw cu ik,A var 04 ebZ 2014
Documentos relacionados
The Gospel According to Paul: Romans
ckbcy v/;;u ds fy, fn’kk funsZ’k % izekf.kr dj ldus okys lR; dh Lo;a [kkst djuk D;k ge lp tku ldrs gSa\ ;g dgk¡ feyrk gS\ D;k bls ge rdkZul q kj izekf.kr dj ldrs gSaA D;k dksbZ vuUr ‘kfDr gS\ D;k ,...
Leia maiseSyk <ksus dh dqizFkk ds f[kykQ ,D”ku ,M dk gLr{ksi
25 gtkj “kq’d “kkSpky;ksa dks lkQ djus esa yxHkx 2 gtkj yksx yxs gq;s gS A yxHkx 98 izfr”kr yksx “kq’d “kkSpky;ksa dks lkQ djus dk dke gkFk ls djrs gS A osru cgqr de gS ¼35 izfr”kr ls T;knk yksxksa...
Leia mais+ 9 - Base Nacional Comum Curricular
A8 "'"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A8 6
Leia maisYkksdra=k dh iquZ[kkst - Campaign for Political Reforms
nwljh ikVhZ dks lRrk esa ykvksA bUgha cqf¼thfo;ksa ls ikap lky ckn tkdj iwNks fd tks ikVhZ vki Bhd le> dj yk;s FksA vc blus cqjk D;ksa fd;k\ ftl ubZ ikVhZ dks lRrk esa yk;k x;k] mlh ikVhZ dks vxys...
Leia mais