Page 1 FCT : PROJECTOS DE INVESTIGAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA E

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FCT : PROJECTOS DE INVESTIGAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA E DESENVOLVIMENTO TECNOLÓGICO 2004
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Visão Global do Projecto
Referência do projecto
Project reference
PTDC/EIA/67589/2006
1. Identificação do projecto
1. Project description
-
Financiamento solicitado
Requested funding
106.738,00 Euros
Área científica principal
Main Area
Computer Engineering
No caso de considerar imprescindível a avaliação do seu projecto
numa outra área científica proponha qual:
Área científica Secundária
Secondary area
(vazio)
(void)
Título do projecto (em português)
Project title (in portuguese)
A-CSCW - CSCW Atentivo
Título do projecto (em inglês)
Project title (in english)
A-CSCW - Attentive CSCW
Palavra-chave 1
Keyword 1
Trabalho Cooperativo Suportado em Computador
Computer Supported Cooperative Work
Palavra-chave 2
Keyword 2
Interfaces Atentivas
Attentive User Interfaces
Palavra-chave 3
Keyword 3
Atenção em Grupo
Group Attention
Palavra-chave 4
Keyword 4
n/a
n/a
Objectivos sócio-económicos
Socio-economic objectives
Industry - Software development
Data de início do projecto
Duração do projecto em meses
Starting date
Duration in months
01-11-2007
30
2. Instituições participantes
2. Participating institutions
-
Instituição Proponente
Principal Contractor
Fundação da Faculdade de Ciências (FFC/FC/UL)
Campo Grande - Edificio C7 -1º Piso
1749-016Lisboa
Instituições Participantes
Participating Institutions
Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa (INESC ID/INESC/
IST/UTL)
https://www.fct.mctes.pt/fctsig/contents/c030401/vglobal_projecto.asp?pid=67589&are...
13.02.2008 12:01:20
Page 2
Rua Alves Redol, 9
1000-029Lisboa
Unidade de Investigação
Principal Research Unit
Laboratório de Sistemas Informáticos de Grande Escala (LASIGE/FC/UL)
Bloco C5, Piso 1, Campo Grande
1749-016Lisboa
Instituição de Acolhimento
Host Institution
Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (FC/UL)
Campo Grande - Edifício C5
1700-000Lisboa
3. Orçamento da Candidatura
3. Proposal Budget
-
Fundação da Faculdade de Ciências
DESCRIÇÃO
DESCRIPTION
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
TOTAL
Recursos Humanos
Human resources
4985
9969
4985
0
0
19939
4000
6000
4000
0
0
14000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1500
1500
1500
0
0
4500
3511
3494
2097
0
0
9102
7070
0
0
0
0
7070
21066
20963
12582
0
0
54611
Missões
Missions
Consultores
Consultants
Aquisição de serviços e manutenção
Acquisition of services and maintenance
Outras despesas correntes
Other current expenses
Despesas gerais
Overheads
Equipamento
Equipment
TOTAL
Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa
DESCRIÇÃO
DESCRIPTION
Recursos Humanos
Human resources
Missões
Missions
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
TOTAL
4985
9969
4985
0
0
19939
4000
6000
4000
0
0
14000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1000
1000
1000
0
0
3000
3297
3394
1997
0
0
8688
6500
0
0
0
0
6500
19782
20363
11982
0
0
52127
Consultores
Consultants
Despesas gerais
Overheads
Equipamento
Equipment
TOTAL
Orçamento Global
Global budget
DESCRIÇÃO
DESCRIPTION
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
TOTAL
Recursos Humanos
Human resources
9970
19938
9970
0
0
39878
13.02.2008 12:01:20
Missões
Page 3
8000
12000
8000
0
0
28000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2500
2500
2500
0
0
7500
6808
6888
4094
0
0
17790
Equipamento
Equipment
13570
0
0
0
0
13570
TOTAL
40848
41326
24564
0
0
106738
Missions
Consultores
Consultants
Despesas gerais
Overheads
Plano de financiamento
Finance plan
DESCRIÇÃO
DESCRIPTION
Financiamento solicitado à FCT
Requested funding
Financiamento próprio
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
TOTAL
40848
41326
24564
0
0
106738
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40848
41326
24564
0
0
106738
Own funding
Outro financiamento público
Other public-sector funding
Outro financiamento privado
Other private funding
Total do Projecto
Total of the project
3.1 Orçamento do Projecto
3.1 Budget
-
Fundação da Faculdade de Ciências
DESCRIÇÃO
DESCRIPTION
2007 2008 200920102011TOTAL
Recursos Humanos
Human resources
Missões
Missions
Consultores
Consultants
Despesas gerais
Overheads
Equipamento
0 2991 99691994
0 14954
0 5750 50001000
0 11750
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
500
400 100
0 1010
400 2648 3074 619
0 6741
2000 4000
Equipment
TOTAL
0
0
0 6000
241015889184433713
040455
Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Investigação e Desenvolvimento
em Lisboa
DESCRIÇÃO
DESCRIPTION
Recursos Humanos
Human resources
Missões
Missions
Consultores
Consultants
2007
2008
2009 2010 2011
TOTAL
0
2991
9969 1994
0
14954
0
5000
5000 1000
0
11000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13.02.2008 12:01:20
Despesas gerais
Overheads
Equipamento
Equipment
TOTAL
100
400
400
100
0
1000
20
2878
3074
619
0
6591
0
6000
0
0
0
6000
120 17269 18443 3713
0
39545
2009 2010 2011
TOTAL
Page 4
Orçamento Global
Global budget
DESCRIÇÃO
DESCRIPTION
2007
Recursos Humanos
Human resources
2008
0
5982 19938 3988
0
29908
0 10750 10000 2000
0
22750
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
110
900
800
200
0
2010
420
5526
6148 1238
0
13332
Equipamento
Equipment
2000
10000
0
0
12000
TOTAL
2530
33158 36886 7426
0
80000
Missões
Missions
Consultores
Consultants
Despesas gerais
Overheads
0
Plano de financiamento
Finance plan
DESCRIÇÃO
DESCRIPTION
Financiamento solicitado à FCT
Requested funding
Financiamento próprio
Own funding
Outro financiamento público
Other public-sector funding
Outro financiamento privado
Other private funding
Total do Projecto
Total of the project
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
TOTAL
2530
33158
36886
7426
0
80000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2530
33158
36886
7426
0
80000
4. Justificação do orçamento
4. Budget justification
-
4.1. Justificação dos recursos humanos
4.1. Human resources justification
Tipo
Nº de pessoas
(BI) Bolsa de Investigação (Lic. ou Bacharel) 4
Duração
Custo envolvido (€)
12
35760
Justificação
Each partner will use one BI to work on task T2 (prototyping attentive devices) and one BI to
work on task T5 (conducting the evaluations).
Custo total: 35760
4.2. Justificação de missões
4.2. Mission justification
Tipo
Local
Participação em congressos
Europe/US
Nº de deslocações
14
28000
Justificação
Seven missions are expected per partner (at a unitary cost of 2000 Euros) for the project
duration. These missions will support the dissemination of the project results in significant
international conferences.
Custo total: 28000
4.3. Justificação de consultores
4.3. Consultants justification
(vazio)
(void)
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4.4. Justificação de aquisição de serviços e manutenção
4.4. Acquisition of services and maintenance justification
(vazio)
(void)
4.5. Justificação de outras despesas correntes
4.5. Current expenses justification
Tipo de despesa
Bibliography, other
7500
Justificação
The proposed costs per partner are residual: 1000 Euros per year (except the coordinator, with
additional 500 Euros). Most of these expenses cover the acquisition of
bibliography, express mail, etc.
Custo total: 7500
4.6. Justificação do Equipamento
4.6. Equipment justification
4.6.1. Equipamento já disponível para a execução do projecto
4.6.1 Available equipment
Tipo de equipamento
Fabricante
Modelo
4 x 3D tracker
Intersense
Intertrax2
2006
Ano
Neural interface
Nolan Systems
Mind Set MS-1000
2005
4.6.2. Discriminação do equipamento a adquirir
4.6.2. List of new equipment requested
Tipo de equipamento
Fabricante
Modelo
4 x Video Camera
JVC
JVC GZ-MG20, 20G
2320
Justificação
Four video cameras are necessary to capture in video the participants interactions during the
experiments. One camera will be located in each corner of the laboratory, so that all participants
may be monitored.
Usability testing software
Noldus
Observer XT 6.1
2500
Justificação
This usability testing software supports the instrumentation and subsequent analysis of the
experimental data. This software allows marking, coding and analyzing the multiple video
streams captured during the experiments.
Eye tracker
Arrington Research
Monocular Total
6500
QuickClamp
Justificação
The eye tracker supports collecting fine-grained data about eye movements, eye blinking, and
pupil dilatation. Eye trackers have been used in several experiments to determine the user’s
visual focus of attention; additionally, eye blinking and pupil dilatation data provide physiological
measures of mental workload that may help in determining opportune moments to interrupt the
user.
Heart rate sensors
Suunto
Team Pack Pro 1
2250
Justificação
This equipment allows real-time measuring of heart rates for up to 10 team members
simultaneously. Heart rate variability has been used in several experiments to measure mental
workload and may help in determining opportune moments to interrupt the users.
Custo total: 13570
5. Equipa de investigação
5. Research team
-
5.1 Lista de membros (6)
5.1. Members list (6)
Nome
Função
Grau académico
Name
Role
Academic degree
%tempo
Pedro Alexandre de Mourão Antunes
Luís Manuel Pinto da Rocha Afonso Carriço
Inv. Responsável
Investigador
DOUTORAMENTO
DOUTORAMENTO
25
5
Manuel João Caneira Monteiro da Fonseca
Investigador
DOUTORAMENTO
15
Marco Abelha César de Sá
Investigador
MESTRADO
10
António Manuel Silva Ferreira
Ricardo Jorge Jota Costa
Investigador
Investigador
MESTRADO
MESTRADO
100
50
%time
(O curriculum vitae de cada membro da equipa está disponível clicando no nome
correspondente)
(Curriculum vitae for each research team member is available by clicking on the corresponding
name)
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5.2. Lista de membros a contratar durante a execução do projecto (4)
5.2. Members list to hire during project's execution (4)
Membro da equipa
Team member
Função
Role
Duração
Duration
%tempo
%time
(BI) Bolseiro de Investigação (Lic. ou Bacharel) 1
Bolseiro
12
100
Bolseiro
12
100
Bolseiro
Bolseiro
12
12
100
100
6. Projectos financiados
6. Funded projects
-
Lista de projectos financiados (2)
Funded projects list (2)
Referência
Título
POSC/EIA/59938/2004
Decoração Aumentada: Combinando Realidade
Aumentada e Recuperação de Objectos 3D para Em curso
Estado
a Decoração de Interiores
POSC/EIA/57038/2004
E-Voto - Uma Nova Arquitectura para Lidar
Em curso
com o Risco em Sistemas de E-Voto
(Os detalhes de cada projectos estão disponíveis clicando na referência correspondente)
(Details for each project are available by clicking on the corresponding reference)
7. Indicadores previstos
7. Expected indicators
-
Indicadores de realização previstos para o projecto
Expected output indicators
DESCRIÇÃO
DESCRIPTION
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total
A - Publicações
Publications
Livros
Books
Artigos em revistas internacionais
Papers in international journals
Artigos em revistas nacionais
Papers in national journals
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
1
4
6
4
0
0
14
1
1
1
0
0
3
3
3
3
0
0
9
0
1
1
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
4
2
2
0
0
8
1
1
1
0
0
3
1
1
1
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
B - Comunicações
Communications
Comunicações em encontros científicos internacionais
Communications in international meetings
Comunicações em encontros científicos nacionais
Communications in national meetings
C - Relatórios
Reports
D - Organização de seminários e conferências
Organization of seminars and conferences
E - Formação avançada
Advanced training
Teses de Doutoramento
PhD theses
Teses de Mestrado
Master theses
Outras
Others
F - Modelos
Models
G - Aplicações computacionais
Software
H - Instalações piloto
Pilot plants
I - Protótipos laboratoriais
Prototypes
J - Patentes
Patents
L - Outros
Other
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0
0
0
0
0
Page 7
0
Acções de divulgação da actividade científica
Scientific activity spreading actions
(Estimula-se a apresentação e propostas neste âmbito que possibilitem a aproximação
da actividade científica ao grande público)
(It is strongly desired the presentation of proposals within this subject that will approach science
to the general public.)
Special tracks on Attentive User Interfaces will be organized in conjunction with the two major
Portuguese conferences in the area (INTERACÇÃO, EPCG). These conferences have participation
form industry, thus allowing to disseminate the project results to industry.
Furthermore, all information related to the project will be publicly available in a Web site,
including
papers, reports, prototypes, demos, and source code.
8. Anexo técnico
8. Technical addendum
-
8.1. Resumo
8.1. Abstract
Resumo (em português)
Abstract (in portuguese)
Ao longo dos anos 90 vários investigadores da área da Interacção Pessoa-Máquina (HCI em
inglês) mostraram interesse nas Interfaces com o Utilizador Atentivas (Attentive User Interfaces
ou AUI). Uma motivação principal para as AUI é o reconhecimento que o aumento da
necessidade de informação é acompanhado pelo aumento dos custos de estar desatento ou de
ser interrompido. Assim, em vez de assumirem que os utilizadores estão sempre focados na
tarefa a desempenhar, as AUI permitem que os utilizadores negoceiem a sua atenção sobre a
tarefa e ao mesmo tempo gerem os fluxos de informação tendo em conta o estado de atenção
do utilizador. Quase toda a investigação sobre AUI está direccionada para actividades
com um só utilizador e assume que o desempenho individual é afectado negativamente pelo
número de pedidos simultâneos de atenção. As experiências nesta área tipicamente estudam os
efeitos numa tarefa primária causados por interrupções que requerem o processamento de uma
tarefa secundária, possivelmente não relacionada e inesperada. Os investigadores que seguem
esta linha de investigação procuram, actualmente, formas de melhorar os dispositivos de
entrada e saída para que o utilizador permaneça focado na tarefa principal sem se distraírem
demasiado com a tarefa secundária. O estudo da atenção no contexto colaborativo
com múltiplos utilizadores é uma área de investigação largamente inexplorada. Neste contexto
tem de ser equacionado o problema da atenção em grupo: à medida que a necessidade de
colaboração aumenta também aumentam os custos da desatenção e das interrupções
provocadas pelos outros membros do grupo. Enquanto as tendências actuais de
investigação na área de Trabalho Colaborativo Suportado em Computador (CSCW em inglês)
procuram disponibilizar mais, mas não necessariamente melhor, informação sobre o grupo,
negligenciando o problema da atenção em grupo, nós sugerimos um caminho que reconheça
explicitamente as limitações da capacidade de processamento de informação dos humanos, e
portanto também dos grupos. Este caminho é consistente com a investigação em AUI
e nós argumentamos que o corpo de conhecimento actual pode ser estendido à área de CSCW.
Esta assumpção é baseada em estudos que realizámos anteriormente dos quais resultou uma
plataforma preliminar para a atenção em grupo, específica para CSCW. O objectivo
fundamental deste projecto é ir para além dos estudos preliminares, em direcção a uma teoria
sobre a atenção em grupo. Este objectivo ambicioso será sustentado por duas etapas de
investigação: 1) Prototipagem de dispositivos de atenção especializados; e 2)
Uso desses dispositivos em experiências de laboratório para perceber o papel da atenção em
grupo em CSCW. Estas duas etapas serão suportadas pelas tarefas
seguintes: - A tarefa 1 (T1) desenvolve a plataforma para compreender a atenção em
grupo; - A T2 cria protótipos de dispositivos de atenção com base na plataforma de
atenção em grupo; - O objectivo das tarefas T3 e T4 é planear e montar experiências
de laboratório incidindo sobre os níveis de grupo e individual (cognitivo); - A T5 tem
como propósito executar a experiências; - O objectivo da T6 é lançar as fundações
para um modelo de desempenho em grupo, em antecipação de investigação futura; As tarefas T7 e T8 incidem sobre a disseminação de resultados e sobre a gestão do
projecto. A principal contribuição deste projecto é a convergência entre as AUI e o
CSCW, da qual podem resultar novas perspectivas sobre como as pessoas gerem a atenção em
grupo. Adicionalmente, os dispositivos especializados em detectar e melhorar a atenção em
grupo também representam uma importante contribuição para o estado da arte.
Resumo (em inglês)
Abstract (in english)
During the late 1990’s several researchers from the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) field
became interested in Attentive User Interfaces (AUI). A prime motivation for AUI is the
recognition that, as the needs for information rise, so do the costs of not paying attention and
being interrupted. Therefore, instead of assuming the users are always focused on the task, AUI
allow users to negotiate their degree of attention to the task, and at the same time manage the
13.02.2008 12:01:20
Page 8
information flows taking into consideration the attention status. Most AUI research is
directed towards single-user activity and assumes that individual performance degrades with the
number of simultaneous requests for attention. Experiments in this area typically study the
effects on a primary task caused by interruptions that require processing of a secondary task,
possibly unrelated and unexpected. In this research line, researchers are enhancing both input
and output devices so that the user remains focused on the primary task without getting too
much distracted by the secondary task. The study of attention in the multi-user
collaborative context is largely an unexplored research area. In this context, we must equate
the group attention problem: as the needs for collaboration rise so do the costs of not paying
attention and being interrupted by the others. While current research trends in
Computer Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW) aim at conveying more, but not necessarily
better, information about the group, neglecting the group attention problem, we suggest a route
that explicitly recognizes the limitations of the human, and therefore the group, informationprocessing capacity. This route is consistent with AUI research and we argue that the
existing body of knowledge can be extended into the CSCW field. This assumption is based on
our prior research, which lead to a preliminary group attention framework specific for
CSCW. The fundamental objective of this project is to move beyond our preliminary
research inquiries and towards a sound theory about group attention. This ambitious goal will be
pursued in two major steps: 1) Prototype several specialized attentive devices;
and 2) Use these devices in laboratory experiments to understand the role of group
attention in CSCW. These two steps will be supported by the following set of concrete
tasks: - Task 1 develops the framework to understand group attention; Task 2 builds upon the framework to develop the attentive devices; - The goals of Task
3 and 4 is to prepare the laboratory experiments at the group and cognitive levels; The purpose of Task 5 is to formally conduct the experiments; - The goal of Task 6 is
to lay foundations on a group performance model, in anticipation of future research; Tasks 7 and 8 are dissemination of results, and project coordination and
management. The major contribution of this research is the convergence between AUI
and CSCW, giving insights on how group participants manage group attention. Furthermore, the
specialized attentive devices for sensing and enhancing group attention also represent an
important contribution to the state-of-the-art.
8.2. Objectivos
8.2. Objectives
Descrição dos Objectivos do Projecto
Project Objectives (description)
The main objective of this project is to study how technology may positively influence group
attention in the collaborative context. This objective will be accomplished by researching the
following questions:
– How collaborating individuals divide their attention between the group and the individual
tasks?
– How can technology positively influence the attention to the group?
– Which computer devices improve group attention?
– What are the guidelines to incorporate such devices in future CSCW systems?
– What are the expected performance improvements?
Answers to these questions will be supplied to the research community via:
– A theoretical framework for group attention;
– A collection of attentive devices that can be integrated in CSCW systems and tools;
– Results from laboratory experiments with attentive devices;
– A group performance model based on attention;
– A collection of best practices for designing attentive CSCW.
Descrição dos Objectivos do Investigador Responsável
Principal Investigator Objectives (description)
The Principal Investigator has been doing research in the CSCW field for the last 15 years,
focusing in particular on the analysis and design of complex socio-technical interactions, such as
electronic meetings and group decision-making and negotiation. These systems are intimately
related with interdependence, collaboration, and situation awareness; as well as attention. Since
attention is a very scarce resource, this project will try to understand and explain how
technology may support such a fundamental resource in the collaborative context.
8.3. Estado da Arte
8.3. State of the Art
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Page 9
Descrição do Estado da Arte
State of the Art (description)
The study of the mediating role of computers on group attention is largely an unexplored
research area. First, research in the cognitive psychology field considers computers as neutral
tools that can be safely used in laboratory experiments. In addition, these experiments are
usually limited to one subject at a time and the stimuli are controlled by the researchers (the
focus is on bottom-up sensory attention) (Eysenck and Keane, 2000). There is a lack of studies
concerning multiple subjects working as a group and using computers, where the computers
themselves may influence human attention and where sensory attention may be guided by
internal motivational states (stimulated by top-down processes).
Second, in the HCI field most current AUI (Attentive User Interfaces) research is directed
towards single-user activity, the main assumption being that individual performance degrades
with the number of simultaneous requests for attention. Experiments in this area typically study
the effects on a primary task caused by interruptions that require processing of a secondary
task (Bailey and Konstan, 2006; Fogarty et al., 2005a). Based on these postulates, researchers
are enhancing both input and output devices so that the user remains focused on the primary
task without getting too much distracted by the secondary task. This is presently accomplished
by several means, such as:
- Sensors that detect the user’s state of attention, e.g., via speech (Hudson et al., 2003), eyegaze, or body orientation (Vertegaal, 2003a; Fogarty et al., 2005b);
- Physiological sensors that assess the user’s mental workload, e.g., via heart rate variation,
pupil dilatation, or eye-blink (Iqbal et al., 2005; Rowe et al., 1998);
- Statistical models of human interruptibility that determine the best time to communicate with
the user (Horvitz et al., 2003; Fogarty et al., 2005a);
- Computer displays that present information at various levels of detail, depending on the user’s
current focus of attention (Baudisch et al., 2003).
We see several challenges in incorporating single-user AUI in CSCW due especially to these
typical characteristics of CSCW:
- People involved in group work attend to interruptions much more often than individuals. This
is directly linked with the need to maintain group awareness and with the greater number of
information flows;
- Collaborative work is more fragmented than individual work, i.e., instead of executing a
single, extensive task, group members tend to perform a series of intertwined tasks, one at a
time. This work strategy improves group awareness and enables faster recovery from errors;
- In group work the primary and secondary tasks are typically related and can both contribute
to the shared goal.
We addressed these CSCW characteristics in a preliminary group attention framework (Ferreira
and Antunes, 2006b, 2006c) and in a study about information flows and specializations of
physical interface devices for CSCW systems (Antunes et al., 2006). Our main guidelines were:
- The conventional information flows between the user and the computer should considerably
change to reflect collaborative actions, mutual awareness, and interdependence;
- The focus and granularity should significantly change to reflect the interactions between users,
mediated by the CSCW system.
Third, existing research on applying AUI to CSCW is very rare and has been situated in video
conferencing, e.g., an experiment where cameras and eye-tracking sensors were used to
prolong the perception of eye contact between group members to improve turn-taking,
especially in situations where no one is speaking (Vertegaal et al., 2003b). This application of
AUI to CSCW is tied to synchronous interaction and relies on video signals, both of which may
be unsuitable for use in many CSCW systems. Our preliminary approach makes no assumption
regarding time or place (Ferreira and Antunes, 2006b, 2006c).
References
Antunes, P., Ferreira, A., Pino, J. Analyzing shared workspaces design with human-performance
models. Accepted for publication in: Proc. of the twelfth int. workshop on Groupware. 2006
Bailey, B., Konstan, J. On the need for attention-aware systems: Measuring effects of
interruption on task performance, error rate, and affective state. Computers in Human Behavior
13.02.2008 12:01:20
Page 10
22(4). 2006. 685-708
Baudisch, P., DeCarlo, D., Duchowski, A., Geisler, W. Focusing on the essential: Considering
attention in display design. Commun. of the ACM 46(3). 2003. 60-66
Eysenck, M., Keane, M. In: Cognitive psychology: A student’s handbook. Psychology Press.
2000. 119-150
Ferreira, A., Antunes, P. Quantitative evaluation of workspace collaboration. Proc. of the tenth
int. conf. on Computer supported cooperative work in design. 2006a. 1065-1070
Ferreira, A., Antunes, P. Dispositivos de gestão da atenção em sistemas colaborativos. Accepted
for publication in Interacção´06: Actas da segunda conf. nacional em Interacção PessoaMáquina. 2006b
Ferreira, A., Antunes, P. Attentive Groupware. Technical Report DI/FCUL TR-06-12. Department
of Informatics of the University of Lisbon. 2006c
Fogarty, J., Ko, A., Aung, H., Golden, E., Tang, K., Hudson, S. Examining task engagement in
sensor-based statistical models of human interruptibility. Proc. of the SIGCHI conf. on Human
factors in computing systems. 2005a. 331-340
Fogarty, J., Hudson, S., Atkeson, C., Avrahami, D., Forlizzi, J., Kiesler, S., Lee, J., Yang, J.
Predicting human interruptibility with sensors. ACM Trans. on Computer-Human Interaction 12
(1). 2005b. 119-146
Horvitz, E., Kadie, C., Paek, T., Hovel, D. Models of attention in computing and communication:
From principles to applications. Commun. of the ACM 46(3). 2003. 52-59
Hudson, S., Fogarty, J., Atkeson, A., Raiha, K. Predicting human interruptibility with sensors: A
wizard of oz feasibility study. Proc. of the SIGCHI conf. on Human factors in computing
systems. 2003. 257-264
Iqbal, S., Adamczyk, P., Zheng, X., Bailey, B. Towards an index of opportunity: Understanding
changes in mental workload during task execution. Proc. of the SIGCHI conf. on Human factors
in computing systems. 2005. 311-320
Rowe, D., Sibert, J., Irwin, D. Heart rate variability: Indicator of user state as an aid to humancomputer interaction. Proc. of the SIGCHI conf. on human factors in computing systems. 1998.
480-487
Vertegaal, R. Attentive user interfaces. Commun. of the ACM 46(3). 2003a, 30-33
Vertegaal, R., Weevers, I., Sohn, C., Cheung, C. GAZE-2: Conveying eye contact in group video
conferencing using eye-controlled camera direction. Proc. of the SIGCHI conf. on Human factors
in computing systems. 2003b. 521-528
8.4. Resultados e Repercussões
8.4. Results and Repercussions
Divulgação de Resultados (descrição)
Diffusion of Results (description)
The results from this project will be made publicly available via:
– Publications in ISI journals;
– Publications in major international and national conferences;
– Demonstrations and prototypes on the Internet;
– Program source code and technical documentation on the Internet.
Repercussões (descrição)
Repercussions (description)
As demonstrated by the state-of-the-art research, the CSCW field has in general neglected the
group attention problem. Our own explanation to this situation, which is corroborated by many
anonymous comments received from reviewers, is that the CSCW field has concentrated most
research efforts in collaborative activities in two major time scales: from minutes to hours
(focusing on tasks and coordination), and from hours to days (addressing the social aspects). A
much shorter time scale has been neglected: from seconds to minutes (focusing on cognitive
aspects). By addressing the shorter time scale, this project pushes the CSCW field towards
understanding in finer details how individuals organize their attention between themselves and
the others during group work.
8.5. Regionalização
8.5. Regionalization
Região
Region
Percentagem
Percent
13.02.2008 12:01:20
Norte
15
Centro
14
Lisboa e Vale do Tejo
Alentejo
15
14
Algarve
14
Região Autónoma dos Açores
14
Região Autónoma da Madeira
14
Page 11
Descrição
Description
The industrial repercussions of this project are not expected to show significant regional
differences.
8.6. Tarefas
8.6. Tasks
Lista de tarefas (8)
Task list (8)
Designação da tarefa
Data de início
Data de fim
Pessoas * mês
Task denomination
T1 - Group attention framework
Start date
01-01-2007
End date
30-06-2009
Person * months
6
T8 - Coordination and management
01-01-2007
30-06-2009
4
T2 - Attentive devices
01-04-2007
30-06-2008
30
T7 - Dissemination
T3 - Group-level experimental setup
01-07-2007
01-10-2007
30-06-2009
30-04-2008
12
3
T4 - Cognitive-level experimental setup
01-10-2007
30-04-2008
3
T5 - Evaluation
01-01-2008
31-03-2009
30
T6 - Group performance model
01-01-2009
30-06-2009 6
(Os detalhes de cada tarefa estão disponíveis clicando na designação correspondente)
(Details for each task are available by clicking on the corresponding denomination)
8.7. Referências Bibliográficas
8.7. Bibliographic references
Ano Publicação
Year Publication
Antunes, P., Ramires, J., Respício, A. (forthcoming). Addressing the conflicting dimension
2005 of groupware: A case study in software requirements validation. Computing and
Informatics
Antunes, P., Ferreira, A., Pino, J. Analyzing shared workspaces design with human2006 performance models. Accepted for publication in: Proc. of the twelfth int. workshop on
Groupware. 2006
2006
Ferreira, A., Antunes, P. Quantitative evaluation of workspace collaboration. Proc. of the
tenth int. conf. on Computer supported cooperative work in design. 2006. 1065-1070
Ferreira, A., Antunes, P. Dispositivos de gestão da atenção em sistemas colaborativos.
2006 Accepted for publication in Interacção´06: Actas da segunda conf. nacional em Interacção
Pessoa-Máquina. 2006
2006
Antunes, P., Borges, M., Pino, J., Carriço, L. Analytic evaluation of groupware design.
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3865. 2006. 31-40
8.8. Artigos Anteriores
8.8. Previous Articles
Ano
Artigo (endereço na Internet - URL)
Year
Paper (Link in the Internet - URL)
2005
http://www.di.fc.ul.pt/~paa/papers/cai-05.pdf
2006
http://www.di.fc.ul.pt/~paa/papers/criwg-06-analytic.pdf
2006
http://www.di.fc.ul.pt/~asfe/publications/cscwid-06.pdf
2006
http://www.di.fc.ul.pt/~asfe/publications/inter-06.pdf
2006
http://www.di.fc.ul.pt/~paa/papers/cscwid-lncs-06.pdf
9. Ficheiros Anexos
9. Attachments
-
(vazio)
(void)
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Tarefa
Task
Project reference
PTDC/EIA/67589/2006
Membros da equipa de investigação que participam nesta tarefa
Members of the research team who participate in this task
Nome
Name
Pedro Alexandre de Mourão Antunes (Inv. Responsável)
Luís Manuel Pinto da Rocha Afonso Carriço (Investigador)
Manuel João Caneira Monteiro da Fonseca (Investigador)
António Manuel Silva Ferreira (Investigador)
Ricardo Jorge Jota Costa (Investigador)
Descrição da tarefa
Task decription
Task denomination
T1 - Group attention framework
Data de início
Data de fim
Duração (em meses)
Pessoas * mês nesta tarefa
Start date
End date
Duration (in months)
Person * month in this task
01-01-2007
30-06-2009
30
6
Resultados esperados
Expected results
- Group attention framework
This artifact, which will be permanently redefined and validated throughout the project, is fundamental to introduce the attention
perspective in the CSCW field. In a perspective more related with the research methodology, this artifact is also mandatory to focus
and bound the research.
Task description
- Update the literature review
The existing literature review on human attention phenomena will be expanded and analyzed in more detail.
- Define a group attention framework
The starting point for understanding group attention is to acknowledge that humans, and therefore groups, have limited information
processing capacity. This limitation is particularly relevant in scenarios where groups need to reach a common goal and computers are
necessary to mediate communication between group members.
The major goal set for this task is to clearly identify, characterize and delimit the phenomena of interest: the aspects of collaboration
that group members attend to during group work. Our strategy is to reuse and generalize our prior research on the use of shared
workspaces that characterized group attention in terms of three basic information flows: explicit communication, feedthrough, and
back-channel feedback (Antunes et al., 2006).
Explicit communication addresses information flows produced by a group member and explicitly aimed at other members. Feedthrough
concerns implicit information delivered to several group members reporting actions executed by one member. Feedthrough is
fundamental to support group awareness and construct meaningful contexts for collaboration. Back-channel feedback concerns
unintentional information initiated by one group member and directed towards another member, indicating, in particular, that the
recipient is following the sender. Apparently, no significant content is delivered through back-channel feedback, since it does not reflect
cogitation from the user. However, from the AUI perspective, back-channel feedback is very important because it allows the interface
to sense and adapt to human states of attention.
Our perspective is that the group attention framework should be generic, covering a wide variety of CSCW scenarios, applications, and
work modes.
References
https://www.fct.mctes.pt/fctsig/contents/c030401/vglobal_tarefa.asp?idTarefa=28522&p...
13.02.2008 12:03:07
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Antunes, P., Ferreira, A., Pino, J. Analyzing shared workspaces design with human-performance models. Accepted for publication in:
Proc. of the twelfth int. workshop on Groupware. 2006
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Task
Project reference
PTDC/EIA/67589/2006
Nome
Name
(BI) Bolseiro de Investigação (Lic. ou Bacharel) 1 (Bolseiro)
Task decription
Task denomination
T2 - Attentive devices
Data de início
Data de fim
Start date
End date
01-04-2007
30-06-2008
15
30
Expected results
We plan to develop prototypes of a minimum of four attentive devices for generic usage in CSCW applications: a time separator, an
opportunity seeker, a change emphasizer, and an activity anticipator. However, other candidate attentive devices may also be
developed and validated during the project, based on the needs identified during Task 1.
Task description
This task is dedicated to prototype several devices to manipulate group attention, with the objective to enhance the attentive capacity
of group members. Based on the group attention framework from the previous task we classify the attentive devices in two major
categories: awareness and coupling devices.
Awareness devices are dedicated to sense and display information about the collaborative activity within the group. This involves
capturing and conveying adequate representations of explicit communication, feedthrough, and back-channel feedback.
The coupling devices allow group members to control the link between executed actions and awareness. We consider two types of
coupling control: at the origin, to specify what and when information should become public; and at the destination, by specifying filters
that restrict individual awareness to some objects and actions.
Current coupling devices require manual control of awareness information delivery, thus penalizing individual performance. On the other
hand, the capacity to limit the amount of information and number of interruptions may improve group attention. This tradeoff sets the
stage for the specialized attentive devices in this task.
The attentional devices currently selected are:
Time separator: delivers awareness information to the users´ displays after a predefined constant amount of time has elapsed. The
purpose is twofold: to attenuate the effects of "attentional blink" (Eyesenk and Keane, 2000); and to improve task switching
performance (Roda and Thomas, 2006).
Opportunity seeker: determines the most adequate time to deliver information to the users according to the users´ attentive states.
The objective is to seek opportunities that minimize distraction due to interruptions, e.g., at the boundary between consecutive tasks
where it is believed that mental workload is lower (Bailey and Konstan, 2006).
Change emphasizer: highlights changes that occurred since the previous delivery of information to the user´s displays. The purpose is
to attenuate the effects of "change blindness," a condition that requires the user to attend to the full awareness picture, causing a
significant reduction in performance (Hillstrom and Chai, 2006).
13.02.2008 12:03:25
Page 2
Activity anticipator: senses activity that may affect group performance and delivers preliminary information to the user’s displays. The
objective is to prepare group members to be attentive to upcoming collaborative outcomes, possibly enabling faster response times.
References
Bailey, B., Konstan, J. On the need for attention-aware systems: Measuring effects of interruption on task performance, error rate,
and affective state. Computers in Human Behavior 22(4). 2006. 685-708
Eysenck, M., Keane, M. In: Cognitive psychology: A student’s handbook. Psychology Press. 2000. 119-150
Hillstrom, A., Chai, Y. Factors that guide or disrupt attentive visual processing. Computers in Human Behavior 22(4). 2006. 648-656
Roda, C., Thomas, J. Attention aware systems: Theories, applications, and research agenda. Computers in Human Behavior 22(4).
2006. 557-587
13.02.2008 12:03:25
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Project reference
PTDC/EIA/67589/2006
Nome
Name
Task decription
Task denomination
T3 - Group-level experimental setup
Data de início
Data de fim
Start date
End date
01-10-2007
30-04-2008
7
3
Expected results
- Descriptions of experimental setups (for high-level data acquisition)
This task will produce detailed guidelines for conducting controlled experiments in selected collaborative scenarios. These guidelines will
include instructions about the definition and operationalization of the dependent and independent variables, group characteristics,
collaborative task scenarios, computer devices, and adopted instruments for data acquisition. These descriptions of experimental setups
are directed at studies of high-level attention management in CSCW (Task 4 focuses on the low-level aspects).
- Preliminary results from pilot experiments
These preliminary results will be used to guide the logistic aspects of the experimental evaluation and may include performance
predictions (e.g. expected duration of each collaborative task scenario), last minute recommendations for handling the instruments,
and instructions to be given to the subjects.
Task description
This task involves the preparation of the framework for formal validation which includes defining and operationalizing the dependent
and independent variables, deciding about the group characteristics and the collaborative task scenarios, and determining the materials
and instruments to be used. The adopted measurement instruments must allow analyzing group activities at the collaborative level
(seconds to minutes). We consider computer logging and video recording of group activities.
Pilot experiments will be conducted to evaluate the detail, quality, and efficacy of the setups. In order to facilitate this process, we will
adopt a canonical collaborative task for the pilot experiments, namely brainstorming, and use an existing tool developed by LaSIGE.
This tool can be configured to operate with the various attentive devices and supports logging the users´ interactions.
The attentive devices developed in Task 2 will be validated during the experimental setup to improve their efficacy in the planned
scenarios. We also plan to conduct individual tests to compare attention similarities during collaborative and non-collaborative work
(see Task 4). The collaborative work scenarios for pilot experiments will be characterized by groups of about 10 participants gathered
in the same room and using the brainstorming tool in various configurations. Each session will last between 30 and 60 minutes, during
which the tool measures group performance, such as the number of ideas and the time of inactivity immediately after the reception of
new ideas from others. At the end, every participant will also fill out a questionnaire regarding the perceived state of attention during
the brainstorming session. A preliminary version of this questionnaire has already been prepared and used in a pilot experiment with a
group of 5 users.
Regarding the design of the controlled experiments, we plan to use the pre/post test, control group design, where we randomly assign
subjects (in equal proportion) to either a control or an experimental group. We will perform pre-tests on the dependent variables (to
obtain a baseline for later comparison), then manipulate the independent variable only for the experimental group (that is, activate the
attentive devices), and then post-test the dependent variables. After all data has been collected we will conduct statistical tests to see
if a significant change has occurred.
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Task
Project reference
PTDC/EIA/67589/2006
Nome
Name
Marco Abelha César de Sá (Investigador)
Task decription
Task denomination
T4 - Cognitive-level experimental setup
Data de início
Data de fim
Start date
01-10-2007
End date
30-04-2008
7
3
Expected results
- Descriptions of experimental setups (for low-level data acquisition)
This task will produce detailed guidelines for conducting experiments at the cognitive level that may ultimately explain observed
attention management during collaborative behavior using CSCW. These guidelines will include the selected low-level tasks, adopted
instruments for data acquisition, and the precise framing within the full collaborative context (see Task 3).
- Preliminary results from pilot experiments
These preliminary results will be used to guide the logistic aspects of the experimental evaluation and may include performance
predictions (e.g. expected duration of each low-level task), last minute recommendations for handling the instruments, and instructions
to be given to the subjects.
Task description
- Define individual, task, context, and technological conditions
This task involves the preparation of the framework for formal validation, which includes designing the experimental conditions,
identifying the instruments, and running pilot experiments.
- Define measurement instruments
The measurement instruments adopted for this task focus on analyzing individual actions at the cognitive level (seconds and less). We
will utilize the following instruments:
Available at LaSIGE: neural interface; 3D orientation tracker.
The neural interface produces data suitable for electroencephalogram analysis, to determine, e.g., the alternation between automatic
and manual modes of motor activity (cited in Chen and Vertegaal, 2004). In automatic mode processing requires almost no attentional
resources thereby opening opportunities for parallel task execution (Sternberg, 2002).
The 3D orientation tracker may be used to determine the attentive state of the user, e.g., if the user is looking at a region of interest
such as the computer screen. It lacks precision, however.
Requested by this project: eye tracker; screen recorder; pupil dilatation sensor; heart rate sensor; and eye blink sensor.
The eye tracker has been used in many experiments to capture the direction were the user is gazing at the screen, i.e., to determine
the user´s visual focus of attention (Zhai, 2003). We expect to use the data provided by the eye tracker to detect search/activity
13.02.2008 12:03:32
Page 2
patterns, calculate reaction times, and for other purposes that may indicate lack of or good attentive performance.
The screen recorder provides data about the user’s interaction with the computer, depicting the screen contents, the mouse position,
and other events that complement the data from the eye tracker.
The pupil dilatation, heart rate, and eye blink sensors provide physiological measures of mental workload that may help in determining
opportune moments to interrupt the user (Iqbal et al., 2005; Rowe et al., 1998).
- Perform pilot experiments
Several pilot experiments will be conducted to evaluate the detail, quality, and efficacy of the low-level setups. This evaluation will be
done in collaborative contexts (connected to Task 3) and will focus on a selected subject in the group.
References
Chen, D., Vertegaal, R. Using mental load for managing interruptions in physiologically attentive user interfaces. Extended abstracts of
the SIGCHI conf. on Human factors in computing systems. 2004. 1513-1516
Iqbal, S., Adamczyk, P., Zheng, X., Bailey, B. Towards an index of opportunity: Understanding changes in mental workload during task
execution. Proc. of the SIGCHI conf. on Human factors in computing systems. 2005. 311-320
Rowe, D., Sibert, J., Irwin, D. Heart rate variability: Indicator of user state as an aid to human-computer interaction. Proc. of the
SIGCHI conf. on human factors in computing systems. 1998. 480-487
Sternberg, R. Cognitive psychology. Wadsworth Publishing. 2002. 65-107
Zhai, S. What´s in the eyes for attentive input. Commun. of the ACM 46(3). 2003. 34-39
13.02.2008 12:03:32
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Task
Project reference
PTDC/EIA/67589/2006
Nome
Name
Task decription
Task denomination
T5 - Evaluation
Data de início
Data de fim
Start date
01-01-2008
End date
31-03-2009
15
30
Expected results
- Results from laboratory experiments
- Insights on human attention during group work using CSCW
Task description
The evaluation method for this project is based on controlled experiments, designed according to the pre/post test, control group
design. We will follow these steps:
- Prepare laboratory instruments and instantiate experimental conditions
- Gather subjects for the experiments
- Introduce subjects to the research (pre-experiment briefing)
- Randomly assign subjects to control or experimental groups
- Execute the experiments (including pre/post-test of the dependent variables)
- Answer questions subjects might have about the experiment
- Compare pre/post test data and conduct statistical significance tests
The purpose of this task is to formally evaluate the framework. This is a complex task since we expect the number of experimental
subjects and variables to control to be high. This task requires significant cooperation between LaSIGE and INESC to prepare and run
the experiments in both campuses. This task will be lead by INESC.
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Task
Project reference
PTDC/EIA/67589/2006
Nome
Name
Luís Manuel Pinto da Rocha Afonso Carriço (Investigador)
Task decription
Task denomination
T6 - Group performance model
Data de início
Data de fim
Start date
End date
01-01-2009
30-06-2009
6
6
Expected results
This task aims at delivering an engineering model of group performance based on the group attention framework and on the results
from laboratory experiments using the attentive devices (the outcomes of Tasks 1, 2, and 5). The model may be used as a tool to
characterize collaborative tasks, to predict collaborative performance, to detect usability problems, and to inform the design of CSCW
systems.
We acknowledge that this is a very bold challenge, and accept that, in this project, we may lay some foundations using the gathered
data, in anticipation of future research.
Task description
The challenging goal set for this task is developing an engineering model of group performance, based on the group attention
framework and distilling the knowledge obtained from the laboratory experiments. We intend to use some of our preliminary work on
workspace collaboration and group performance (Ferreira and Antunes, 2006a, 2006b), where we distinguish the following features:
production, opportunities, and restrictions.
Production measures the distance between a prior and the current situations, utilizing the notion of "goal units" and assuming that the
collaborative task may be specified as a discrete collection of goal units. Opportunities and restrictions are aimed at measuring the
interdependent nature of collaboration, i.e., individual actions may positively or negatively influence the whole group performance,
because the group task is not merely a collection of individual tasks. Restrictions reflect the negative dependence of the group on the
individual actions, while opportunities account for positive influences to the group performance induced by individual outcomes.
This approach offers a structure for thinking about attention and applying that notion to measure group performance. This task will
examine the relationships between production, opportunities, and restrictions, using the empirical tests performed in Task 5, to
quantitatively estimate the impact of the attentive devices on group performance.
In this task we also intend to advance our previous work on the application of analytical task models to the group context (Ferreira and
Antunes, 2006a; Antunes et al., 2006). Up until now our efforts were mainly oriented toward the analytical representation of
collaborative activities among group members, but, for this project and this task, we plan to explore the use of task models to predict
moments that minimize distraction due to interruptions. This idea has been tried before and existing results show that mental workload
decreases at task boundaries (Iqbal et al., 2005), providing an opportunity to call upon the user’s attention while maintaining good
performance. However, to our knowledge, no study has been done with groups, and, therefore, we intend to investigate the relation
between task models, attentive devices, and group performance.
References
Antunes, P., Ferreira, A., Pino, J. Analyzing shared workspaces design with human-performance models. Accepted for publication in:
13.02.2008 12:03:39
Page 2
Proc. of the twelfth int. workshop on Groupware. 2006
Ferreira, A., Antunes, P. Quantitative evaluation of workspace collaboration. Proc. of the tenth int. conf. on Computer supported
cooperative work in design. 2006a. 1065-1070
Ferreira, A., Antunes, P. Attentive Groupware. Technical Report DI/FCUL TR-06-12. Department of Informatics of the University of
Lisbon. 2006b
Iqbal, S., Adamczyk, P., Zheng, X., Bailey, B. Towards an index of opportunity: Understanding changes in mental workload during task
execution. Proc. of the SIGCHI conf. on Human factors in computing systems. 2005. 311-320
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Project reference
PTDC/EIA/67589/2006
Nome
Name
Task decription
Task denomination
T7 - Dissemination
Data de início
Data de fim
Start date
End date
01-07-2007
30-06-2009
24
12
Expected results
- Web site
- Published scientific papers
- Prototypes, demos, source code
- Technical reports
Task description
This task is dedicated to managing the dissemination of results. The dissemination of results will be conducted through various
processes:
- Publications: the project activities will conduct to a significant number of publications, ISI journal papers and communications in
conferences, in two major areas: Human Computer Interaction (HCI) and Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). The
objectives set in this domain are feasible, although there is the risk inherent to proposing a new research agenda, as set in the project
´s goals;
- Workshops: this project regards as desirable and feasible to set up specialized workshops on Attentive User Interfaces in the two
major Portuguese Conferences in the area (Encontro Português de Computação Gráfica, and Interacção) which alternate bianually.
These workshops will be fostered by the project participants, but will also be open to contributions from other researchers interested in
this field.
- Public website: the project will create and maintain the A-CSCW Web site, where technical reports, experimental resuls, prototypes,
demos, and source code will be available to the community.
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Project reference
PTDC/EIA/67589/2006
Nome
Name
Task decription
Task denomination
T8 - Coordination and management
Data de início
Data de fim
Start date
End date
01-01-2007
30-06-2009
30
4
Expected results
- Kick-off summary (beginning of project)
- Progress reviews (quarterly)
- Review of each attentive devices
- Reviews of laboratory experiments
- Results review (end of project)
Task description
The organization proposed for the project is based on two basic principles:
- Simplicity
- Visibility
Considering there are only two partners in the project, the structure is necessarily simple and conflicts are resolved by the leaders of
each research organization. The project will be organized according to quarterly progress assessments and formal project reviews at
major milestones.
The major milestones defined for this project include:
- Project kick-off
- Review of delivered attentive device
- Progress review of preliminary experiments and experimental setups
- Review of laboratory experiments
13.02.2008 12:03:45

Page 1 FCT : PROJECTOS DE INVESTIGAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA E

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