wblx

Transcrição

wblx
./-/3?/."
F[pcha
domn l_]_cp_^
/753
D_\lo[ls
cmmo_i`
qcnb nb_ nijc]
sio
? ,+6+8-/.
@29" 7/*
i`
[h^
l_[^
qiof^
nb_
[lnc]f_m
@Pa GTYP ^_[fcha
!B_]_jncih!
qb[n_p_l
ni
[hs
^[sm qb_h
cmmo_q[m i`
Ablcmnc[h) _mj_]c[ffs
nb_l_ cmmi go]b
ncih, Qbcm cmmo_q[m i`
gs
ijchcih,
C[]b
_mj_]c[ffs
\s
n_[lm ni gs
nb_ Fifs
q[m ih
P]inn
Pjclcn%mqilecha)
[h^
acpcha ^cl_]ncih
hin
_[ms \_cha
gomn [fq[sm
gomn \_
m_hm_
\_ ]fim_ ni nb_ Jil^)
p_ls
m_hmcncp_ni
Gn cm
Jil^
ih
l_[ffs
`_^ gs
`il
siol
i\_^c_h]_
nb_ jo\fc][ncih
i`
nb_
nbcm cmmo_,Gn
J_rchanih)
Bc]e [h^
i`
i`
f[]echa
`ilnb
cm [fq[sm
qlcncha ih
ncg_fs
B_]_jncih
Tbi)
^[s
ni
]oll_hn
q[m, G]iof^
K_=!
ih_
siol
+ `il
pc_q
nb_ Ablcmnc[h
ih
i`
[h^
il
pc_q) G_hdis
b[p_
`ioh^
mig_nbcha
mj_[echa
Ei^
ni
@Pa GTYP p_ls
nb[n
cn `l_ko_hnfs
b[m \__h
g_
[\ion,
n_[]bcha
Qbom cn b[m
ni g_,
[`n_l
m[p_ [
ql_]e_^
Ei^
b[^ al[]ciomfs
`lc_h^mbcj
Fiq
ncih cmmnliha_mn qb_h
G domn`chcmb_^ l_[^cha
domn
chn_lp_h_^
nb[n b[^
\s ^_]_jncih,
[fgimn
[l_
cmmo_i`
sio
\__h
\_achhcha ni
cgjl_mm_^
qb[n
siol
D_\lo[ls
cmmo_ih
]bic]_
?
siol
ni \liqm_
Qb_ Jil^
\_sih^
qb_l_
`lig
g_
@[]e ch
ni
g_
g[llc[a_
^[sm
nb_
j[lnh_l
[ai)
n_[]bcha
mbcj
i`
i`
nblioab
qb_h
Gcgg_^c[n_fs
Aigcha!Y
n_mncgihs,
iol
G
ih
[h^
sio
[h^
`locn`of
^cm[jjichng_hn
sio
gipcha
[l_
nlofs !`off
jo\fcmb_^
nb[n
!`off
sio
aimj_ ,!
ih
aimj_f!
[q[s
q_l_
hi
jiq_l
[
i`
Fcm qcff `il
[ ^io\n
g_,
!l_p_f[ncih!
mjclcn i`
`il
90 =2/
l_f_[mcha g_
nb[n \ih^[a_,
nb_ gil_
q_
[h^
qcff
mgoa
\_
]ih]_jn
Jil^
[h^
a[p_ Fcg
cn[fq[sm
gs
m__g_^
\s
Gh siol
Bih
nbche cn cm[ qih^_l`of
g[a[tch_
ni
g[a[tch_%m
_[]b
gihnb
nb_ nb_g_,
i`
qb[n
`ilg[n
[h^
qcnb [
ohjijof[l
^c``_l_hn
Gb[p_ cgg_hm_fs
G%p_l_[^
g[a[tch_%m
jichnm
[
G fce_ siol
nb_g_
[ff nb_ m_f_]ncihm l_f[n_^
_hdis_^
ni
go]b
ch @Pa GTYP mch]_ G`clmn
m[q cn ch f[n_ /751,
siol
c^_[ ni ^_^c][n_
Ablcmnc[h aliqnb,
Gb[p_ [fq[sm
\if^h_mm
i`
ch
pc_q qbc]b
`il
gs
\[he+
\[]e
miih_l
fc`_ `il
\_`il_
ni nb_
[jjfs
@[mb[g
!m_f8cmb
[g\cncihm
q_[fnb
jon
T[oq[nim[)
E, J[cl^
Tcm]ihmch
_m][j_
nb_ qil^m
nlc\of[ncih,
mojjfs
[ gil_
[q[s
[m N[of
[ff gs
gs
\s
i`
H_mom%
gs
jl_j[l_
G` nb_l_ cm[ O[jnol_
nlc\of[ncih)
G mncffb[p_h%n
jl_j[l[ncih,
Kl,
jl_m_hn_^
G
mi
ch
l_a[l^
ni
[m @linb_l
_rnl_g_
j_ijf_%m)
g[hc+
\on nb_
m_f`cmb[g\cncihm
m[sm ch Nbcfcjjc[hm)
h__^m []]il^cha
F_
ni bcm
$ Klm, Bih
@_ff
Mhn[lci
^cm]ihncho_
qb_nb_l
ni
sio
g_hn) il
g_
[hsgil_,
[l_
[nn_gjncha
ion i`
qb_nb_l
Ho^[ct_lm
Ablcmnc[hm oh^_l
i`
mig_
sio
ch E[f[nc[
`ilg
i`
Q_mn[g_hn
[nn_gjnm
[m go]b
ni
cgjim_
siol
^_]c^_
ni ]l_[n_
nb_ ]b[lcmg[nc]
b[p_ \_]ig_
+ nlscha ni
\ih^[a_
Ablcmnc[h g[a[tch_
g[cfcha
G ][hhin
fce_ nb_
\lcha
ni siol
nb_ f[q,
h_q
]ih]_jnm
G ][h%n l_][ff
qb c]b koin_m
[m sio
siol
[ h_q
gip_+
b[p_
lof_
[
nb_ Mf^
ch siol
il
sie_
ih
Ablcmnc[hm,
\s Ablcmn) H_mom,!
N[of Him_jb Kimc_l
J_[p_hqilnb)
Ich^fs
g[a[tch_
^_higch[ncih
mi dis`offs,
jlimj_lns)!
gimn inb_l
b[m n[e_h
G ehiq
[h^
cn) niie
`_mn[ncih nb[h
!mb[ff
[h^
G`ioh^
lc]b_m ch afils
Qbig[m
-
Ks
[h^
[h
\_achm=
nb_ f[mn^[sm [h^
nb_ `ch[f
fimn [hsnbcha \s
chn_l_mn,
nb_ jli\f_gm
nb_ mifoncih
[]bc_pcha
jo\fcmbcha
nb_ Jil^,
m[c^ mi q_ff
nb_
nb_ [lnc]f_
qcnb al_[n
mi ohmo]]_mm`offs)
]f_[lfs
Jil^
i`
F_ a[p_ g_
cmmo_)G l_[^
nb_ Biff[l=!
@[mb[g
`[]_^
[^gcl_^
mn[h^ `il
H[ho[ls
i`
[h^
nbche i`
N_n_l\ilioab)
!Jil^
3= ,96.
qb[n
nilnol_^
Ablcmnc[hm ch iol
nlc\of[ncih
Jc`_,
5//:
nb[h
G qih^_l
]iohnlc_m
]iohnlc_m
q[lhcham ]ih]_lhcha
G q[hn_^,
fc`_ [h^
[n
g[e_m omnbche
\_cha
b_f^
\_`il_
nb_cl `[cnb
_r_gjn=
ch inb_l
[l_
Gn cmncg_ Ablcmnc[hm ain m_lciom, Gqiof^
nb_ gil_
m_hn_h]_^) G][g_
nb_l_
ecff_^ `il
Ablcmnc[hm
O[jnol_
@_nq__h nb_ ncg_ G q[m [ll_mn_^
li\\_ls
?hihsgiom
G b[^
i`
nb_ nlc\of[+
Ablcmnc[hm \_cha
ch bcmnils, Tb[n
j_lm_]on_^
Kc]bca[h
qilf^
`_ffiq
[h^
nbim_
.966+;*
q[m [ nbc_` Pig_biq
nb[n
nb[n nb_ Abol]b
nb_
gil_
go]b
`lig
`[fm_ jlijb_]s,
G%gdomnjl[cmcha Fcg
69;.
nb_
l_[fcmnc][ffs
ai nblioab
j_lm_]on_^
G[me_^
][g_
nb_ jimmc\cfcns
^_gi]l[nc]
nb[n nbcm
Tb_h
jo\fc][ncihm
[h^
_p_l \_`il_
nb[n
Hibh Oc_f_s
@_[p_lnih)
nb_ils!
Qblioabion
ni sio
\_a[h
nb_
Gnl_dic]_m
mnlc]nfs n_[]bcha
_m][j_
jl_m_hn
G `__f
i`
nb_
i`
ncih j_lci^,
fiha_l
ch nb_ ^cl_]ncih
+ gil_
m__ Ablcmnc[h
`lig
H_momAblcmn domng[s
_rjl_mm_^
Aihnl[lcqcm_)
X!Qb_ Noljim_
q[m _r]_ff_hn,
ni
[q[s
`[]cha
nb_ Jil^+
Ablcmnc[h fcpcha, Mh_
f_nn_lm sio
n_[]bcha
hin ni \[]e
NYY nb[n ai_m qcnb
Ablcmn) [h^
nb_
b_[lnm
gipcha
qcnb g_ [h^ mbiq_^
[ mb[^iq
nb_ mojjim_^
G`ch^ gimn i`
_^c`c][ncih
^cm]cjf_mbcj [h^
cn)mn[lncha qcnb DMORK,
ni ^_[f
F_ m[c^ cn q[m [
Liq
`il
[
`_q
nblioab
aclf q[m hin
P_]ih^
[lnc]f_ ]ih]_lhcha
nb_ Jil^
!O[jnol_
`lig
i\_^c_hn
f_n sio
^_]_jncih,
g[a[tch_
\_a[h
[h^
!l_p_[f_^!
`il
&mojjim_^fs',
g_
^c^
cn q[m
Jil^%m
qlcn_
nb_ Jil^
P_jn_g\_l
l_]_cp_^
ni
Dfilc^[
Kog`il^%m
qcnb mo]b pcn[f cmmo_m
i`
_h]iol[a_g_hn,
B[cgqii^
P[h`il^)
@linb_l
dis nb[n
i`
J_n g_ _h]iol[a_
I[l_h
ehiq
^_[fcha
[h^
]igcha
nb_ qlcncham ^_`chcn_fs ohni
\_ om_`of ni Ei^
G `_fn
[l_
/753
nb_ H[ho[ls
@Pa GTYP qcnb jli`cn
Ablcmnc[h fc`_ [h^
nlo_ nb[n ^_]_j+
q_
Pcfp_l
P_[nnf_) T[mbchanih
hin m[s) !B_]_cp_^)
g[cf\ir
nbcm
ni^[s,
@Pa GTYP ih
cn q[m ch gs
[hs
go]b
K[lcfsh
Fiq
[
ch fcn_l[nol_
Qb_l_
\__h [h _h]iol[a_g_hn
I_hno]es
G`_fn
OTO \lcha
b[m \__h
ih_+mc^_^
Gh nb_ nin[f
g_
I_s)
Aigcha!
@i\ Kog`il^,
qb_h
nb_l_
Js^c[
nb_ P_]ih^
_rnl_gcmg
]ih`clgm
T, Pogg_lm
\s
[jjl_]c[n_^
Mh_ Df_mb! g7R_`
nb_m_ [lnc]f_m
i`
go]b
mjclcn,
O_p, Oih[f^
G j[lnc]of[lfs
Pb[ff @_]ig_
nb_ mo\d_]nm ni^[s,
nsj_
i`
ni
ch
nb_
pc_q a_h_l[ffs
g[le_n
sio
cm ]oll_hnfs
mo\d_]n) [h^
H_mom)
[h^
Ei^%m Pjclcn,
Qb[he
ih
[l_
!lc^_!
^cm]cjf_mbcj)
Noljim_
i`
ni
bilm_!
XHofs-?oaomn /752H \s
\inb
^[ha_l
Mh_
nb_ f_[^cha
!Qb_
nb_
mo\gcmmcih)
]igcha,
\[f[h]_^
f_[^cha) q[lhcha)
Ei^%m oh^_l+mb_jb_l^,
m_]ih^
[h^
OimmZQbcm
ni nb_ mb_jb_l^m,
_ai
l_a[l^cha
G nbche nb_l_
cm [ n_h^_h]s
ZQ@Pa GTYP /752/
n[la_n [h^
_s_m [m G ]iof^
h``R^_
[0
h`\^
nb_l_
!Qb_m_ Qqi
nb_ Jil^%m ncgcha ch
[lnc]f_
nb_ [lnc]f_
\lioabn
ch nb_m_
m[n[hc] ^_]_j+
nb[n
!bi\\s
piao_)
al_[n
]igg_hn
jo\fcmb_^
ncg_m qb_h
G gomn n_ff
nb_ `__fcha Gb[p_,
Qb_ _hncl_ g[a[tch_
b_fj
fce_ ni
?3/@
I[hm[m
E_ila_
?, V ilecm
?olil[)
7+;-2
Gffchicm
$)'&
h`\^XQ
<Ti\W g[X cfT_`\fg
fT\W' !L[bh
WXf\eXfggehg[ \a g[X \ajTeW cTegf)! 9f
jX Vbag\ahX gb T__bj g[X DbeWgb WXT_
\a bhe _\iXf' @X \f eXdh\e\aZ g[Tg jX
jT_^ \a Ta \agXaf\gl bY _\Z[g g[Tg `bfg
bY hf [TiX abg ^abja)
L[XeX \f
abg[\aZ
`beX W\YY\Vh_gg[Ta UX\aZ
[baXfg
( [baXfg j\g[
?bW' j\g[
bhefX_iXf TaW j\g[
XTV[ bg[Xe) 9f
cT\aYh_ Tf g[\f `Tl
UX' \g \f fg\__
eXdh\eXWbY hf)
Ebfg bY hf [TiX WXiX_bcXWX_TUbeTgX
WXYXafX`XV[Ta\f`f
gb ^XXc Yeb`
K?E?WGLC
K?OAF
N[ln[e_lm i` FcmFifch_mm
Pjclcno[f Fiom_]f_[hcha
@_sih^ Ab__lf_[^cha
@l_[nbcha Oiig
LCTTGLC
/2
5ZM ?_XQZ\O
P[n[h%mPh[l_
OX VTaabg Zebj
ha_Xff jX TeX
j\__\aZ gb V[TaZX' TaW jX j\__ abg
V[TaZX ha_Xff jX TeX XkcbfXW) Ghe
WXf\eXgb Zebj TaW `TgheX `hfg UX
W\eXVgXW
Tg fX_Y(XkcbfheX \a beWXeg[Tg
@\f W\i\aX ZeTVX `Tl TW]hfg' V_XTafX'
TaW [XT_ XiXel TeXTbY bhe _\iXf)
/0
7PLY ?P\\TWW
L[XfX TeXeXT__lYebagf Ybe fTl\aZ' $!
Wba$g jTag gb f[TeX `l _\YXbe `lfX_Y
j\g[ lbh)! O[Xg[Xe \g \f g[X YXTeg[Tg
XYYbegfgb fbj fhfc\V\baf TZT\afg baX
Tabg[Xe \a beWXe gb eXTc W\i\f\ba TaW
fge\YX \a g[X eTa^f bY ?bW$f cXbc_X)
L[X ba_l jTl g[XfX TVVhfTg\baf j\__ UX
cebiXW Tf Vb`\aZ Yeb` g[X XaX`l j\__
UXUl Xkcbf\aZ g[X` gb g[X _\Z[g gb fXX
\Yg[Xl TeXeXT_be abg)
HXe[Tcf `beX UTf\V g[Ta g[\f' g[XeX
j\__ aXiXe UX T YeXXY_bj bY _biX TaW
cXTVX \a g[X :bWl hag\_ jX [TiX g[X
fXVhe\gl bY ^abj\aZ
g[Tg gehg[ TaW
[baXfgl
[Tf eXc_TVXWUTV^U\g\aZ TaW
fhfc\V\ba)
L[X ^Xl gb jT_^\aZ \a g[X _\Z[g Tf
?bW fXXf \g' \f Ta XTeaXfg WXf\eXg[Tg
?bW XkcbfX g[X WXcg[f bY `l
bja
[XTeg \a Tal f\ghTg\ba) Lb hfX `l bja
YXX_\aZf gb [heg T Uebg[Xe be c_TVX
`lfX_Y ba T [\Z[Xe c_T\a \f VbageTel gb
?bW$f Y\efg WXf\eX5g[Tg <T` g[X baX gb
UXXkcbfXW' gb Zebj TaW gb `TgheX)
6
6SL\WP]9TYYPc
=ZSY 6LW`TY
_\Z[g)
9f g[X :bWl Vb`Xf gbZXg[Xe' g[X
TVg\i\gl bY g[X XaX`l \agXaf\Y\Xf' TaW
[X \f Zb\aZ gb gel j\g[
eXWbhU_XW
?
8J?5$h,
2
7P\PV B\TYNP
UX\aZ bcXa TaW jX Z\iX fhV[ eXTfbaf
Tf5 !A [TiX T [TeW g\`X fTl\aZ j[Tg A
YXX_'! be !AY A bcXa hc' ab baX j\__
TVVXcg`X Tf AT`)!
jX j\__ UX f[bja
gb UX \``TgheX
be
jXT^ be f\`c_l jebaZ' XTV[ bY hf [Tf T
VbiXe Ybe abg Wb\aZ j[Tg ?bW [Tf
Vb``TaWXW hf gb Wb ( jT_^ \a g[X
''^ &LM,2
&SMJ,5)
AMLQCLQP
/753
Mh M``_h]_m Ecp_h [h^ M``_h]_m Q[e_h
Jc`_%m?g\cncihm
,4
0.
=ZSY G\TRS^9ZWWP^^P
02
7ZY 5L]SLX LYO 7TNV >PRRL^^
@c\f_ Pno^s
05
;ZWTYP]]
C]bi_m i` nb_ Pjclcn
06
DTRYTQTNLY^
8`PY^] TY^SP5ZOc ZQ6S\T]^
L_q Tch_ Dilog
07
;ZWTYP]]
CBGQMO89VPX @Re4 K?L?EGLE CBGQMO8F\OR^` Ga``\[4
?PPGPQ?LQ8 ?N[R` 7NaZ4 NOMBRAQGML K?L?ECO8
8 6Z[c\TRS^$6S\T]^TLY:\Za^S
FXj
*.,
?TYT]^\TP]$,42/)
CBGQMOG?J
AN^^e FVPR
4WW
\TRS^]\P]P\`PO&
O\aX T][_MWT]SPO
XZY^SWc&
PbNP[^ NZXMTYPO
=_Wc'4_R_]^ T]]_P$Mc 6S\T]^TLY:\Za^S ?TYT]^\TP]$
D&G&+)]^ Pl,) 9^& >L_OP\OLWP$
9WZ\TOL111/3, DPNZYONWL]][Z]^LRP [LTO L^ 9^& >L_OP\OOWP$
9WZ\TOL$
LYOTgLOOT^TZYLW
XLTWTYR
ZQQTNP]&
KM:K;J
AHLAGF J9L=K5
FXj O\aX )! c` YZY%]_MD6\T[^<ZY XfLdWYP ]_[[Z\^PO Mc ^SP NZY^\TM_^TZY] ZQ
T\] \POOP\]&DTYRWP
NZ[TP] LYO MLNV<]]_P] "PbNP[^ 7PNPXMP\ <]]_P]=2 -( NPY^] PLNS&
5_WV[\TNP] QZ\
\PR_WL\<]]_P] "?XTX_X Z\OP\ ZQ .= 1(-/' ,( NPY^] PLNS3-0(/4' .0 NPY^]PLNS3-(%11$ +( NPY^]
PLNS3 )((
Z\ XZ\P$ -0 NPY^] PLNS&9Z\PTRYNZY^QWM_^TZY]$
Pe"NP[^ 6LYLOL$]SZ_WOMP XLOP Mc
<Y^P\YL^TZYLW
?ZYP` A\OP\&
?L^P\TLW]_MXT^^POQZ\[_MWTNL^TZY
]SZ_WOMPLNNZX[LYTPOM` L ]^LX[PO LOO\P]]POPY`PWZ[P<Q\P^_\Y
ZQXLY_]N\T[^ <DOP]WQPO&
4WW
XL^PQWLW
MPNZXP]^SP[\Z[P\^` ZQFXj O\aX aSPY [_MWT]SPO&
ESP `TPa] Pb[\P]]PO X FXj
O\aX L\P ^SZ]P ZQ^SP aQW^P\]
LYO YZ^ YPNP]]L\TWc
^SZ]PZQ^SP8OT^Z\]Z\
7T\PN^Z\]&
OC?BCO
Mol l_[^_l
_hp_fij_,
m_lpc]_ ][l^
Dil
]b[ha_
PCOSGAC A?OB
cmhiq
ch]fo^_^
ih nb_ chm_ln_^
i` [^^l_mm il h_q h[g_m jf_[m_ l_`_l
ni nbcm_hp_fij_,
.
Fiq
Ei^
g[e_m ombifs,
Ul B_l_e Nlch]_
/
F
b_\aXff \f T ha\dhX Tgge\UhgXbY
?bW) ?bW [Tf `Tal
bg[Xe
Tgge\UhgXf( fhV[ Tf _biX' j\fWb`'
cbjXe ( j[\V[ jX VTahaWXefgTaW
gb
fb`X XkgXagUl eXYXeXaVX
gb cXefbaf be
g[\aZf \a g[X aTgheT_ eXT_` j[\V[
W\fc_Tl g[XfX Tgge\UhgXf):hg [b_\aXff
[Tf ab cTeT__X_\a g[X aTgheT_) Gn
\f
ha\dhX)
Bb[a OXf_Xl WXY\aXW
[b_\aXff Tf
!cXeYXVg_biX)! @bjXiXe' A ceXYXeT
WXY\a\g\baj[\V[
fTlf [b_\aXff \f T
Vb`U\aTg\ba bY ?bW$f e\Z[gXbhfaXff
TaW ?bW$f _biX) DbiX fTlf' !;b`X!6
e\Z[gXbhfaXff fTlf' !Pbh TeXabg Y\ggb
Vb`X)! L[XeX \f T VXegT\a' \aUh\_g
gXaf\ba \a [b_\aXff)
D\^Xj\fX' g[XeX\f T aXZTg\iXTaWT
cbf\g\iX TfcXVggb [b_\aXff) Ebfg bYg[X
fb(VT__XW
@b_\aXff V[heV[Xf be `biX(
`Xagf [TiX `T]beXW ba g[X aXZTg\iX(
Wba$gWb g[\f6 Wba$gZb g[XeX6Wba$g
XTg6Wba$g gbhV[) :hg \a ;b_bff\Taf
-)-+(-. HTh_ W\f`\ffXf g[XfX [h`Ta
!beW\aTaVXf!
Tf UX\aZ gbgT__l
\aTWXdhTgX
Ybe ;[e\fg\Ta _\i\aZ) L[XeX
\f' [bjXiXe' T aXZTg\iX TfcXVg bY
[b_\aXff j[\V[ \f UTfXW
ba g[X cbf\g\iX)
AYjX j\f[ gb TggT\agb ?bW$f[b_\aXff'
j[\V[ \f Xag\eX_lcbf\g\iX' g[Xa g[XeX
TeXVXegT\ag[\aZf g[Tg TeX\aVbaf\fgXag
j\g[ \g' fhV[ Tf \``beT_\gl) DbZ\VT__l'
jX `hfg TUfgT\aYeb` g[XfX\YjX TeX
gb TggT\agb ?bW$f [b_\aXff)
K?OAF
/753
g[XeXYbeX' !fTaVg\Y\VTg\ba! \f g[X
[Tg[ Yeb` g[X UXZ\aa\aZ V[bfXa
lbh gb fT_iTg\ba ^S\Z_RS]LYN^TQT%
cebVXffbY!`T^\aZ
[b_l)!
G> ?G<$K H=GHD=
NL^TZYZQ ^SP D[T\T^ TaW UX_\XY
bY
L[hf jX VTa TVVheTgX_l
geTaf_TgXA
g[X gehg[ &0 L[XffT_ba\Taf 0,/1',
L[XffT_ba\Taf /).' !>be g[\f \f g[X j\__
?bW$f ObeW gX__fhf g[Tg [b_\aXff \f
bY ?bW' g[Tg lX UX`TWX [b_l )) )!
gb UXT V[TeTVgXe\fg\V
bY g[X cXbc_XbY
NXefX/ Vbag\ahXf' !L[Tg XiXel baX bY
Aa fTaVg\Y\VTg\ba' Tf \a XiXel
?bW) >\efg _Xghf Vbaf\WXe@XUeXjf
lbh f[bh_W ^abj [bj gb cbffXff [\f
eXWX`cg\iX
cebVXff' g[X \a\g\Tg\iX \f
,-)4(,+)
iXffX_ \a fTaVg\Y\VTg\baQg[Tg\f' \a T j\g[ ?bW' abg j\g[ `Ta) GnUXZ\af
>heg[Xe`beX jX [TiX [TWYTg[Xef VbaW\g\ba bY [b_\aXffR TaW [babe)!
j\g[ ?bW$f V[b\VX bY hf' `TWX \a
bYbhe Y_Xf[j[\V[ VbeeXVgXW
hf' TaW 9ccebce\TgX_l' g[\f iXefX VbagT\af T XgXea\gl)L[XeXTYgXe'g[X fXdhXaVXbY
jX ZTiX g[X` eXiXeXaVX5
f[T__ jX
c[eTfX g[Tg [Tf UXVb`X YT`\_\Te \a
XiXagf \a g\`X \f Tf Yb__bjf) L[X @b_l
abg `hV[ eTg[Xe UX \a fhU]XVg\ba `bWXea =aZ_\f[ ( !^abj
[bj)!
Gn Kc\e\g UXZ\afgb \aY_hXaVX
hf6 @XWeTjf
hagb g[X >Tg[XebY fc\e\gf TaW_\iX7
[bj!
gb hf Tf\WX Yeb` g[X UebTW jTl
gb
>be g[Xl iXe\_l Ybe T YXj WTlf gT^Xf fVe\cgheT_ !^abj
TV[\XiXT VbaW\g\babY[b_\aXff)
WXfgehVg\baj[\V[' _XYggb bhefX_iXf'
V[TfgXaXW hf TYgXeg[X\e bja
O[Tg \f T cXefba$f !iXffX_!7 @\f jX jbh_W [TiX Yb__bjXW6
c_XTfheX6Uhg [X Q?bWR Ybe bhe
@XUe\aZf hf
cebY\g' g[Tg jX `\Z[g UXcTegT^Xef UbWl) L[X UbWl \f g[X XTeg[XaiXffX_ YTVX
gb YTVX
j\g[ g[X gehg[ %TaW
\a g[X
bY[\f [b_\aXff)
bY`Ta$f fc\e\g) ETal ;[e\fg\Taf fcXT^ _TfgeXfbegBXfhf @\`fX_Y\f g[X Lehg[&6
Tf \Y g[X UbWl jXeX fb`Xg[\aZ Xi\_ (
@X\`cTegf gb hf YT\g[ gb UX_\XiXg[X
Kb ?bW$f WXf\eX\f g[Tg jX `\Z[g
fb`Xg[\aZ gb UXTf[T`XW bY)L[X UbWl gehg[6 g[ebhZ[ UX_\Xi\aZg[X gehg[ jX
cTegT^XbY@\f[b_\aXff)
\f abg Xi\_' \g \f ZbbW)Gn
\f baX bY g[X XagXe\agb fT_iTg\ba) Aa =c[Xf\Taf -)3
NXefX ,/ bY @XUeXjf ,- TWWf' fhceX`X
TV[\XiX`Xagf
bY ?bW$f HTh_gX__fhf g[TgjX TeXfTiXWUl YT\g['
!>b__bj cXTVXj\g[ T__ `Xa' TaW VeXTg\iXZXa\hf) KcXT^\aZ bY [\f bja
TaW g[Xa eX`\aWf hf g[Tg g[\f YT\g[
[b_\aXff' j\g[bhg j[\V[ ab `Ta f[T__ UbWl' <Ti\W fT\W'!A T` YXTeYh__l
TaW WbXf abg Vb`X bY bhefX_iXf' Uhg \f
fXXg[X DbeW)! >\efg' jX TeXgb Yb__bj jbaWXeYh__l `TWX! %HfT_` ,.4),/&)
\`cTegXW gb hf N_ N TVS` Mc `UR ;ZWc
TYgXe[b_\aXff6 gb chefhX \g) OX TeXgb <Ti\W i\XjXW g[X `TeiX_f bY [\f UbWl G]V^V`'
`T^X \g Ta bU]XVg\iX)KXVbaW'\a beWXe j\g[ TjX TaWjbaWXe)
Aa g[\f fXafX jX Vbh_W WXY\aX
gb TV[\XiX[b_\aXff' AUX_\XiX
jX `hfg
fTaVg\Yl Tf !fXg TcTeg gb ?bW)! Aa
O[l f[bh_W XiXel UX_\XiXe^abj
Yb__bjTYgXe
cXTVX
j\g[ T__`Xa) OX TeX [bj gb ^XXc[\f UbWl \a T VbaW\g\babY `Tal
VTfXf g[X cebVXff bY fTaVg\Y\(
VTg\ba UXZ\af _baZ UXYbeX jX
gb TggX`cg gb _\iX cXTVXTU_l'T__bj\aZ [b_\aXff7 OX `Tl TafjXe g[\f Ul
ab dhTeeX_\aZbe W\fTZeXX`Xag
j[\V[ \g Vb`U\a\aZ gjb fVe\cgheXf5!L[X `bfg
cXefbaT__l Vb`X gb ^abj ?bW) L[X
\f \a bhe cbjXe gb Tib\W)L[X je\gXe bY @\Z[ WjX__Xg[abg \a gX`c_Xf `TWX Tcbfg_X HTh_ fT\W [X jTf fXcTeTgXW
%?T_Tg\Taf
@XUeXjf[XeXT_fb\ffhXf T iXel fb_X`a
j\g[ [TaWf! %9Vgf2)/3&6 !Cabj
lX Yeb` [\f `bg[Xe$f jb`U
jTea\aZ) @XfTlf' jX j\__ abg fXXg[X abg g[Tg lbhe UbWl \f g[X gX`c_X bY ,),0&6 TaW?bW gb_WBXeX`\T[ g[Tg @X
DbeWha_Xff jX UXVb`X cTegT^XefbY g[X @b_l Kc\e\g j[\V[ \f \a lbh7! %, [TW fTaVg\Y\XW
[\`
\a [\f `bg[Xe$f
@\f[b_\aXff)
;be\ag[\Taf 1),4&) ?bW [Tf beWT\aXW jb`U %BXeX`\T[,)0&) ?bW UXZ\af gb
9 fXVbaWfVe\cgheX g[Tg XkceXffXf baX gX`c_X ba XTeg[gb WjX__\a ( abg fXghf TcTeggb @\`fX_Y_baZ UXYbeX
jX
?bW$f WXf\eX
Ybe[b_\aXff \a @\f cXbc_X T gX`c_X `TWX j\g[ [TaWf ( Uhg g[X [TiX Tal ^abj_XWZXbY\g) Aa`l bja
\f , L[XffT_ba\Taf /).' !>be g[\f \f g[X UbWl bY g[X fTaVg\Y\XW
UX_\XiXe)
L[XeX( _\YXAVTa _bb^ UTV^gb g[X g\`X UXYbeX
j\__ bY?bW' XiXa lbhe fTaVg\Y\VTg\ba)! YbeX'XTV[ baX bY hf aXXWfgb ^abj
A^aXj ?bW TaWcb\ag gb @\f fbiXeX\Za
O[Tg' ceXV\fX_l'\f !fTaVg\Y\VTg\ba!7
[bj gb ^XXc [\f UbWl \a T VbaW\g\ba \agXeiXag\ba gb fgbc VXegT\aVbhefXfbY
Lb fb`X
XkgXag g[X =aZ_\f[
TVg\ba\a `l _\YXTaWgb V[TaZXVXegT\a
Y\gYbe?bW gb WjX__\a)
_TaZhTZX
bUfVheXfg[X gehX`XTa\aZ bY
cTggXeafbYUX[Ti\be)
g[X jbeWf !fTaVg\Yl! TaW !fTaVg\(
, HXgXe,)- ceXfXagfT f\`\_Te c\VgheX
L@= 9?=FLK G> K9F;LA>A;9LAGF
Y\VTg\ba)!9al =aZ_\f[ iXeU XaW\aZ\a
bY g[X cebVXff)OX TeX!X_XVg
QV[bfXaR'
!\Yl! `XTaf gb `T^X T g[\aZ g[Tg
TVVbeW\aZgb g[X YbeX^abj_XWZXbY
@bj WbXf KVe\cgheX c\VgheX g[X ?bW g[X >Tg[XeQ?bW$fV[b\VX'`TWX\a
j[\V[
ZbXf UXYbeXg[X !\Yl)! >be
cebVXff bY fTaVg\Y\VTg\ba'TaW j[Tg
XkT`c_X' !che(\Yl! `XTaf gb `T^X
XgXea\gl' \f UTfXW ba @\f YbeX(
cheX6 !V,Te(\Yl! `XTaf gb `T^X V_XTe6 cTeg Wb jX bhefX_iXf c_Tl \a \g7 9f A ^abj_XWZX ( \g \f aXiXe TeU\geTel'
haWXefgTaW\g' g[XeXTeXY\iXTZXagfbY aXiXe eTaWb`R g[ebhZ[ fTaVg\Y\VTg\ba
!eXVg(\Yl! `XTaf gb `T^X e\Z[g) :l
fTaVg\Y\VTg\ba)
L[X Y\efgbY g[XfX\f g[X bY g[X Kc\e\g Qg[XcebVXffUl j[\V[ g[X
TaT_bZl' !fTaVg(\Yl! `XTaf gb `T^X
;ZWc G]V^V`%
be g[X Kc\e\gbY@b_\aXffTf @b_l Kc\e\gWeTjf hf Tf\WXgb T c_TVXbY
!fTaVg)! :hg j[Tg \f !fTaVg!7 :l
@X\f VT__XW
\a @XUeXj)O\g[bhg @\`
WXe\iTg\ba' \g \f g[X fT`X Tf !fT\ag)!
VbaYeb agTg\ba j\g[ g[X V_T\`f bY
9aW !fT\ag! \a ghea \f g[X fT`X Tf g[XeX\f ab [bcX bYbhe UXVb`\aZ [b_l)
;[e\fgR hagb bUXW\XaVX
TaWfce\a^_\aZ
bY g[X U_bbWbY BXfhf ;[e\fg Qg[X@b_l
![b_l)! 9__ g[eXXjbeWf ( fTaVg\Yl'
Kc\e\g Z\iXf hf ZeTVXgb bUXl g[X
fT\ag' [b_l ( TeX WXe\iXW
Yeb` baX
:hg jX TeXUbhaWgb Z\iX g[Ta^f
UTf\V?eXX^ jbeW UNTV\_%
j[\V[ \f g[X
T_jTl gb ?bW Ybe lbh' UeXg[eXa ?bfcX_ TaW'j[Xa jX bUXl' g[X U_bbW
UX_biXWbY g[X DbeW'UXVThfX?bW bYBXfhf\f fce\a^_XWhcba hf)R!
ebbg jbeW Ybe ![b_l)! NXel f\`c_l'
@GDAF=KK( 9 ;@9J9;L=JAKLA;
F=O
OAF=
0
Aa Ubg[ g[XfX cTffTZXf ( \a A [b fc\gT_f' A Ve\XWbh g gb ?bW \a Tccebce\TgX g[X gbgT_ cebiAf\ba ?bW
[Tf `TWXYbebhe [b_\aXff)
gb `X
L[XffT_ba\Taf TaW \a A HXgXe( g[X WXfcXeTg\ba)?bW g[Xa eXiXT_XW
L[X Ybheg[ TZXag\f g[X OY\\Q \S
@\f
ceb`\fX
bY
[XT_\aZ
TaW
[XT_g[)
\a\g\Tg\iX \a g[X cebVXff bY fTaVg\Y\(
?R_a_'
@XUeXjf ,.),fTlf5 !O[XeX(
Ljb
^Xl
fVe\cgheXfj[\V[
?bW
ZTiX
VTg\ba \f j\g[ ?bW' abg `Ta' TaWg[X
YbeX
BXfhf
T_fb'
g[Tg
[X
`\Z[g
_N[P`VSe
`X
jXeX
HfT_`
,+2)-+'
!@X
fXag
[\f
Y\efgTZXag\a g[X cebVXff \f g[X @b_l
`UR ] R\ ] >R cV`U UV_ \c[
OY\\Q%
jbeW'
TaW[XT_XW
g[X`'
TaWWX_\iXeXW
Kc\e\g)
fhYYXeXW
j\g[bng
g[X
ZTgX)!BXfhff[XW
g[X`
Yeb`
g[X\e
WXfgehVg\baf!6TaW
L[X fXVbaWTZXagbYfTaVg\Y\VTg\ba
\f
!El fba' TggXaW
gb @\f U_bbWYbe`Tal checbfXf) GaX jTf
g[X K\^Q \S <\Q' ! '''
;[e\fg T_fb HebiXeUf/)-+(--'
gb eXWXXh̀f) 9abg[Xe jTf gb fTaVg\Yl
`l
jbeWf6
\aV_\aXg[\aX
XTehagb
`l
_biXWg[X V[heV[' TaWZTiX[\`fX_Y Ybe
hf be fXghf TcTeggb ?bW TaW`T^X hf
KTl\aZf)
DXg
g[X`
abg
WXcTegYeb`
\g6L[Tg [X `\Z[g _N[P`VSeTaWV_XTafX
\g j\g[ g[X jTf[\aZ bY jTgXe Oe `UR g[\aX XlXf6^XXcg[X` \a g[X `\Wfg bY [b_l)
Gn
\f cbff\U_Xgb _\iX\a T c_TVXj[XeX
g[\aX [XTeg) >be g[Xl TeX _\YXhagb
c\^Q ''' ! #:]UR_VN[_.'+.&+/$'
f\a
TaWKTgTaVTaabg
gbhV[ hf UXVThfX
Aa g[X G_W LXfgT`Xag' TYgXeg[X g[bfX g[Tg Y\aWg[X`' TaW[XT_g[gb T__
jX
TeXcebgXVgXW
T
aWfTaVg\Y\XW
Ul g[X
T
U_bbWjTf f[XW'XiXel fTVe\Y\VX
[TW gb g[X\e Y_Xf[)!Aa`l :\U_XAW\fVbiXeXW
U_bbWbY
BXfhf)
!AY
jX
jT_^
\a g[X
`TeZ\aT_ iTe\Tg\ba Ybe![XT_g[! j[\V[
UXjTf[XW \a cheX jTgXe) Aag[X FXj
_\Z[g'
Tf
[X
\f
\a
g[X
_\Z[g'
jX
[TiX
gb gT^X
LXfgT`Xag , Bb[a 0)1 fTlf g[Tg BXfhf jTf !ZRQVPV[R%!fb AWXV\WXW
YX__bjf[\c
baX
j\g[
Tabg[Xe
TaW
g[X
VT`X Ul jTgXe TaW Ul U_bbW)L[X ?bW$f ObeW Tf `l `XW\V\aX( g[eXX
U_bbW
bYBXfhf;[e\fg
[\f
Kba
V_XTafXg[
g\`Xf WT\_lTYgXe
`XT_f)
U_bbW\f g[X eXWXX`\aZU_bbWbY;[e\fg
Gn
W\Wj[Tg ?bW ceb`\fXW5 \g ZTiX hf Yeb` T__f\a! &/ Bb[a ,)2&) L[X
f[XWba g[X Vebff' TaWg[X jTgXe \f g[X
`X [XT_\aZTaW[XT_g[ :hg `beX g[Ta gXafX hfXW \a) g[\f fVe\cgheX \f g[X
cheX jTgXe bY g[X ObeW) ;[e\fg
ceXfXag gXafX \aW\VTg\aZ Vbag\ahT_
eXWXX`fhf Ul [\f U_bbW6g[Xa @X g[Tg' \a g[X cebVXff bY TUfbeU\aZg[X
TVg\ba) AYjX P\[`V[aNYYe jT_^ \a g[X
fTaVg\Y\Xf TaW V_XTafXfhf Ul g[X ObeW bY ?bW' A haWXejXag T ZeXTg
`XagT_ V[TaZX j[\V[
A jTf abg _\Z[g' jX P\[`V[aNYYe [TiX YX__bjf[\c
jTf[\aZ bYjTgXe Ul g[X ObeW)
gb UXT VbaiXegXW TaW g[X U_bbWbY BXfhf P\[`V[aNYYe
Aa Bb[a ,2),2' BXfhf \f ceTl\aZ gb XkcXVg\aZ)A VXTfXW
c[\_bfbc[Xe'
g[\a^\aZ
\a iTZhX ZXa( ^XXcf hf V_XTa)OX TeX^Xcg cheX TaW
g[X >Tg[Xe Ybe[\f W\fV\c_Xf5
!KTaVg\Yl
haWXY\_XW'
Ybe jX _\iX \a T W\YYXeXag
XeT_\g\Xf
TaW
TUfgeTVg\baf)
El g[bhZ[g
g[X` g[ebhZ[ g[l gehg[5 g[l jbeW \f
XAX̀X a g) OX Wb abg _\iX \a g[X
cT
ggXeaf
jXeX
`bh_WXW
Ul
?bW$f
gehg[)! GaX bYg[X `T\a jTlf \a j[\V[
VbagT`\aTg\ba TaWi\_XaXffbY g[\f Xi\_
g[X ObeW bY?bW fTaVg\Y\Xf
hf \f g[Tg\g ObeW) AUXZTagb hfX gXe`f fhV[ Tf f\a
jbe_W)
OX TeX fXcTeTgXW
hagb ?bW'
TaW
e\Z[gXbhfaXff'
ZbbWTaWXi\_'
?bW
V[TaZXfbhe jTl bY g[\a^\aZ) KTaVg\Y\(
fTaVg\Y\XW'
fXg
TcTeg
Ul
g[X
U_bbWbY
TaWg[X
WXi\_)
L[\f
\a
ghea
V[TaZXW
g[X
VTg\ba cebVXXWfYeb` g[X \af\WX'
BXfhf)
jTl
g[Tg
A
_\iXW)L[hf
?bW$f
ObeW
bhgjTeW6 abg Yeb` g[X bhgf\WX'
L[\f _XTWfhf gb Tabg[Xe \`cbegTag
\ajTeW) L[X !eX_\Z\bhf! jTl
gb fTaVg\Y\XW `X Ul V[TaZ\aZ `l
fVe\cgheX)ABb[a
0),3 fTlf' !OX ^abj
g[\a^\aZ)
fTaVg\Y\VTg\ba
\f gb _XaZg[Xag[X WeXff'
g[Tg
j[bfbXiXe
\f
Ubea bY?bW f\aaXg[
L[X
g[\eW
TfcXVg
\a
bhe
fTaVg\Y\(
Vhgg[X [T\e' j\cX bYYg[X _\cfg\V^'XgV)'
abg6
Uhg
[X
g[Tg
\f UXZbggXabY ?bW
VTg\ba
\f
YbhaW\a
9Vgf
-1),3)
L[\f
\f
Uhg HTh_fTlf' !:X lX geTafYbe`XWUl
g[X eXaXj\aZ bY lbhe `\aW' g[Tg lX HTh_$fZeXTgVb``\ff\ba Yeb` g[X DbeW ^XXcXg[[\`fX_Y' TaWg[Tg j\V^XW baX
gbhV[Xg[ [\` abg)!
`Tl cebiX j[Tg \f g[X ZbbW' TaW BXfhf ;[e\fg Tf [X \f UX\aZfXag gb g[X
L[\f
\f V[T__XaZ\aZ ( T_`bfg
TVVXcgTU_X'
TaWcXeYXVg'
j\__ bY ?bW! ?Xag\_Xf !gb IcXa g[X\e XlXf TaWghea
Ye\Z[gXa\aZ)<bXf Bb[a `XTa g[Tg T
g[X` Yeb` WTe^aXffgb _\Z[g' TaWYeb`
%Jb`Taf ,-)-&) 9aW \a =c[Xf\Taf /)-.
cXefba j[b [Tf UXXaUbea TZT\aaXiXe
[X fTlf' !:X eXaXjXW\a g[X fc\e\g bY g[X cbjXe bY KTgTahagb ?bW' g[Tg
f\af g[XeXTYgXe7
Gg[Xe cTffTZXf bY
lbhe `\aWP O[Tg \f \g g[Tg eXaXjf bhe g[Xl `Tl eXVX\iXYbeZ\iXaXffbY f\af'
`\aW7 Gn
\f g[X @b_l Kc\e\g)@XWbXf\g TaW\a[Xe\gTaVXT`baZ g[X` j[\V[ TeX KVe\ cgheX' gbZXg[Xe j\g[ bhe bja
XkcXe\XaVX'`T^X g[\f \agXeceXgTg\ba
Oe SNV`Ug[Tg \f \a `X)! 9a
g[ebhZ[ g[X gehg[' j[\V[ \f g[X ObeW _N[P`VSVRQ
\aW\fcXafTU_XX_X`Xag \a UX\aZ fTaV( haTVVXcgTU_X)L[X ^Xl gb haWXe(
bY?bW)
Aa `bWXea =aZ_\f[ jX hfX g[X g\Y\XW\f bhe YT\g[) ?bW$f Kc\e\g TaW fgTaW\aZg[\f iXefX' AUX_\XiX'\f gb fXX
g[Tg Bb[a \f abg [XeXgT_^\aZTUbhgTa
c[eTfX gb !UeT\ajTf[! ( abe`T__l \a T ?bW$f ObeW aXiXe iTel' Uhg \g \f bhe
\aW\i\WhT_cXefba' Uhg TUbhgT aTgheX)
UTWfXafX) @bjXiXe' g[X jbeW jbh_W YT\g[ g[Tg XaTU_Xfhf gb eXVX\iXj[Tg
Gn
\f abg :ebg[Xe <Ti\W' be K\fgXeETel'
UXTccebce\TgX gb WXfVe\UX
g[X jTl \a ?bW bYYXefg[ebhZ[ g[XfX TZXagf)L[X
j[b
VTaabg f\a6 Uhg \g \f g[X aXj
cebVXff
bY
fTaVg\Y\VTg\ba
j
\__
ba_l
UX
j[\V[
g[X @b_l Kc\e\g eXaXjf bhe
aT
gheX
g[Tg XTV[ UX_\XiXeeXVX\iXf
Tf
XYYXVg\iX
Tf
bhe
YT\g[T__bjf
\g
gb
UX)
`\aWf' jTf[\aZ g[X` V_XTaj\g[ g[X
j\g[\a
[\`
g[ebhZ[ eXU\eg[)
>heg[Xe`beX'
g[XeX
\f
T
W\eXVg
cheX jTgXe bY?bW$f ObeW)
A
HXgXe
,)-.
gX__fhf g[Tg g[\f aXj
VbaaXVg\baUXgjXXag[X
ObeW
bY
?bW
A`lfX_Y XkcXe\XaVXW
g[\f cebVXffbY
aTgheX
\f
!Ubea
abg bY Vbeehcg\U_X
TaWbhe
YT\g['
UXVThfX
!YT\g[
Vb`Xg[
\aaXe geTafYbe`Tg\ba j[\_X T fb_W\Xe
\a
fXXW'
UhgbY\aVbeehcg\U_X'
Ul g[X jbeW
Ul
[XTe\aZ'
TaW[XTe\aZ
Ul
g[X
ObeW
g[X :e\g\f[ Te`l' fXei\aZ \a Fbeg[
bY
?bW'
j[\V[
_\iXg[
TaW
TU\WXg[
bY
?bW!
%Jb`Taf
,+),2&)
L[X
`beX
9Ye\VT)A UXVT`Xf\V^ j\g[ T W\fXTfX
YbeXiXe)!
Aa
T__Ybe`f
bY
_\YX
g[XeX\f
jX
Z\iX
[XXW
gb
?bW$fObeW'
g[X
`beX
g[Tg g[X WbVgbefVbh_Wabg [XT_\a g[Tg
V_\`TgX)9YgXeTUbhg X\Z[g `bag[f \a bhe YT\g[ XkcTaWf' XaTU_\aZ hf gb baX ce\aV\c_Xg[Tg aXiXeV[TaZXf)L[X
4
K?OAF
/753
aTgheX bY g[X fXXW WXgXe`\aXf g[X
aTgheX bY g[X _\YXg[Tg Vb`Xf Yeb` g[X
fXXW)9a Tcc_X c\c cebWhVXf Ta Tcc_X'
abg Ta beTaZX) L[X \aVbeehcg\U_X fXXW
bY ?bW$f ObeW cebWhVXf T aTgheX g[Tg
\f _\^X g[X fXXW( \aVbeeh cg\U_X) L[\f
aT gheX \f g[X !aXj
`Ta)!
@X \f
\aVbeehcg\U_X) @XWbXf abg f\a) L[\f \f
abg gehX bY Tal \aW\i\WhT_ UX_\XiXe'
i\XjXW Tf T gbgT_ cXefbaT_\gl' Uhg \g \f
gehX bY g[X !aXj
`Ta!
\a XiXel
UX_\XiXe)
L[\f
TZeXXf j\g[
A Bb[a
.)4'
!O[bfbXiXe
\f Ubea bY ?bW Wbg[ abg
Vb``\g
f\a6 Ybe [\f fXXWeX`T\aXg[ \a
[\`5 TaW [X VTaabg f\a' UXVThfX[X \f
Ubea bY ?bW)! Bb[a$f _TaZhTZX[XeX \f
XiXa fgebaZXe) @X fTlf abg `XeX_l g[Tg
fhV[ T cXefba WbXfabg f\a' Uhg g[Tg [X
PN[[\` f\a) O[l
abg7 :XVThfX g[X
\aVbeehcg\U_X fXXW bY ?bW$f jbeW'
TU\W\aZ \a [\`'
[Tf cebWhVXWT aTgheX
_\^X g[X fXXW( \aVbeehcg\U_X) L[X aXj
`Ta PN[[\` UXVbeehcgXWUl f\a)
L[\f \agXeceXgTg\ba \f VbaY\e`XW Ul
Vb`cTe\aZ g[eXX W\YYXeXag
cTffTZXf \a
g[X je\g\aZf bY Bb[a) , Bb[a .)4 fTlf'
!KU\_\RbR^ \f Ubea bY ?bW Wbg[ abg
Vb``\g f\a ))) ! Bb[a .)1 fTlf' !HUN`
j[\V[ \f Ubea bY g[X Y_Xf[\f Y_Xf[5TaW
`UN` j[\V[
\f Ubea bY g[X Kc\e\g \f
fc\e\g)!
>\aT__l' , Bb[a
0)/ fTlf'
!KUN`_\RbR^ \f Ubea bY ?bW biXe(
Vb`Xg[ g[X jbe_W ))) ! Hhgg\aZ g[XfX
g[eXX fVe\cgheXf gbZXg[Xe' jX [TiX T
cU\% T `UN`%TaW T cUN`' Gn
\f abg Ta
\aW\i\WhT_ cXefba g[Tg \f fcb^Xa bY'
Uhg g[X aTgheX cebWhVXWUl eXU\eg[ \a
XiXel UX_\XiXe) L[\f aTgheX \f \aVbe(
ehcg\U_X TaW haWXYXTgTU_X)
Gn
WbXf abg
f\a TaW \g VTaabg f\a)
GaVX A T` Ubea TZT\a' g[X VbhefX
g[Tg `l
_\YXgT^Xf TYgXeg[Tg WXcXaWf
hcba j[\V[ aTgheX Vbageb_f `X ( g[X
aXj `Ta'
be g[X b_W `Ta) AYA T`
WXYXTgXW'\g \f UXVThfX A T` abg
`XXg\aZ `l
cebU_X` j\g[
g[X aXj
aTgheX) L[X aXj aTgheX \f haWXYXTg(
TU_X) 9a
b_W _TWl j[b
[TW
Vbafc\Vhbhf
i\Vgbel \a [Xe _\YXjTf
baVX Tf^XW[bj f[X biXeVT`X gX`cgT(
g\ba) K[X eXc_\XW' !O[Xa
g[X WXi\_
^abV^f Tg g[X Wbbe' A ]hfg _Xg BXfhf
TafjXe)! L[\f \f g[X aXj `Ta ( ;[e\ng
\a `X)
KTgTa VTa ba_l gbhV[ g[X b_W`Ta)
?bW VeXTgXẀTa$f Y_Xf[_l aTgheX bhg
F=O
OAF=
jTf c_TVXWba g[X T_gTeTaW UbhaW gb
\g' \g UXVT`X [b_l' fXg TcTeg gb ?bW)
L[\f \f ]hfg Tf gehX Ybe g[X FXj LXfgT(
`Xag UX_\XiXe) Aa Jb`Taf
,-), HTh_
fTlf'
!A UXfXXV[ lbh
g[XeXYbeX'
UeXg[eXa' Ul g[X `XeV\Xf bY ?bW' g[Tg
lb h ceXfXag lbhe
UbW\Xf T _\i\aZ
fTVe\Y\VX'[b_l' TVVXcgTU_Xhagb ?bW'
j[\V[
\f lbhe eXTfbaTU_X fXei\VX)! A
UX_\XiX g[X ba_l W\YYXeXaVX
UXgjXXa
g[X G_W LXfgT`Xag fTVe\Y\VXTaW g[X
FXj LXfgT`Xag fTVe\Y\VX\f g[Tg bhe
UbW\Xf eX`T\a T_\iX j[Xa
jX c_TVX
g[X` ba g[X T_gTe):hg \a XTV[ VTfXg[X
ce\aV\c_X bY fTaVg\Y\VTg\ba \f g[X fT`X)
Gn\f g[X T_gTej[\V[ fTaVg\Y\Xfg[X Z\Yg
g[Tg \f c_TVXWhcba \g)
Fbg\VX [bj
V_bfX_l g[\f TVg bY
fheeXaWXe\aZ bhe UbW\Xf gb ?bW ZbXf
T_baZ j\g[
g[X \aaXe cebVXff bY
fTaVg\Y\VTg\ba \a bhe `\aW) Aa iXefX HTh_ ZbXf ba' !9aW UX abg VbaYbe`XW
gb g[\f jbe_W5 Uhg UX lX geTafYbe`XW
haWXe g[X U_bbW' g[X aXj `Ta _\iXf \a
Ul g[X eXaXj\aZ bY lbhe `\aW' g[Tg lX
T eXT_` j[XeX KTgTa VTaabg eXTV[ [\`)
cebiX j[Tg
\f g[Tg ZbbW' TaW
@X \f \aVbeehcg\U_X' haWXYXTgTU_X' `Tl
fXcTeTgXW Yeb` T__ g[X cbjXe
TaW TVVXcgTU_X'TaW cXeYXVg'j\__ bY ?bW)!
VbagT`\aTg\ba bY Xi\_ Ul g[X U_bbW bY L[X \ajTeW V[TaZX \a bhe g[bhZ[gf
TaW `bg\iXf VTaabg UX TV[\XiXWhag\_
;[e\fg)
jX [TiX eXabhaVXW T__e\Z[gf biXe bhe
L[X Y\Yg[ TZXag bY fTaVg\Y\VTg\ba \f
\a baX fXafX g[X ceTVg\VT_^Xl) Gn
\f g[X
bja UbW\Xf TaW c_TVXWg[X` j\g[bhg
]YNPRbY fTaVg\Y\VTg\ba( g[X NY`N^'
eXfXeiTg\ba hcba ?bW$f T_gTe' gb UX
Aa ETgg[Xj -.),1(,2
BXfhf eXUh^Xf hfXWTf ?bW WXf\eXf)
g[X gXTV[\aZ bY g[X fVe\UXf' !ObX hagb
DXg hf V_bfX j\g[ T Ue\XYeXi\Xj bY
lbh'
lX U_\aW Zh\WXf j[\V[
fTl'
g[X cTeg g[Tg XTV[ bY g[X Y\iX TZXagf
O[bfbXiXe f[T__ fjXTe Ul g[X gX`c_X'
c_Tlf \a bhe fTaVg\Y\VTg\ba) L[X ;ZWc
\g \f abg[\aZ6 Uhg j[bfbXiXe
f[T__ G]V^V`WeTjf hf TcTeg TaW Ue\aZf hf gb
fjXTe Ul g[X Zb_WbY g[X gX`c_X' [X \f
g[X c_TVXbY UX_\Xi\aZ TaW bUXl\aZ g[X
T WXUgbe PX Ybb_f TaW U_\aW5 Ybe ?bfcX_) L[X K\^Q \S <\Q% _\^X cheX
j[Xg[Xe
\f ZeXTgXe' g[X Zb_W' be g[X
jTgXe' jTf[Xf bhe `\aWf' V[TaZ\aZ bhe
gX`c_X g[Tg fTaVg\Y\Xg[ g[X Zb_W7! g[bhZ[gf TaW Tgg\ghWXf'Ue\aZ\aZ g[X`
BXfhf \f fTl\aZ g[Tg g[X Zb_W\f abg [b_l
\agb VbaYbe`\gl j\g[ ?bW$f fgTaWTeWf)
\a \gfX_Y'\g \f ]hfg `XgT_) :hg j[Xa \g Ghe SNV`U% j[\V[
Vb`Xf g[ebhZ[
\f Uh\_g \agb ?bW$f gX`c_X \g UXVb`Xf
[XTe\aZ ?bW$f ObeW' XaTU_Xf hf gb
[b_l) L[X gX`c_X `T^Xf \g [b_l)
Tccebce\TgX ?bW$f Yh__cebi\f\ba Ybe hf)
Aa iXefXf ,3 TaW ,4 @X Vbag\ahXf'
9f jX g[Xa Vbag\ahX gb jT_^ \a
!9aW' O[bfbXiXe f[T__ fjXTe Ul g[X bUXW\XaVX'g[X OY\\Q \S ?R_a_ ^XXcf hf
\a T c_TVXbY fXcTeTg\ba gb ?bW' j[XeX
T_gTe' \g \f abg[\aZ6 Uhg j[bfbXiXe
f\a TaW KTgTa VTaabg WXY\_X
be WXYXTg
fjXTeXg[ Ul g[X Z\Ygg[Tg \f hcba \g' [X
>\aT__l'
g[X NY`N^ bY fXei\VX
\f Zh\_gl) PX Ybb_f TaW U_\aW5 Ybe hf)
j[Xg[Xe \f ZeXTgXe'g[X Z\Yg'be `URNY`N^ fTaVg\Y\Xf g[X _\i\aZ fTVe\Y\VXbY bhe
`UN` _N[P`VSVR`ÙUR TVS`5! L[X Z\Yg UbW\Xf' Tf jX c_TVXg[X` haeXfXeiXW_l
WbXf abg fTaVg\Yl g[X T_gTe' Uhg g[X Tg?bW$f W\fcbfT_)
O\g[ bhe `\aWf g[hf eXaXjXW' jX
T_gTefTaVg\Y\Xfg[X Z\Ygj[\V[ \f c_TVXW
cXeVX\iX
TaW Tccebce\TgX ?bW$f cXeYXVg
hcba \g)
j\__
Ybe
hf
( g[Tg jX UXT [b_l cXbc_X'
Aa g[X G_W LXfgT`Xag' hag\_ g[X
fTaVg\Y\XW'
fXg TcTeg gb ?bW
fTVe\Y\VXjTf c_TVXWba g[X T_gTe\g jTf
cTegT^Xef
bY
@\f
[b_\aXff) $AY$
]hfg g[X UbWl bY T UXTfg6Uhg j[Xa \g
bY g[X Whfg' TaW j[Xa
`Ta f\aaXW'
?bW gb_Wg[X fXecXag g[Tg g[XaVXYbeg[
[X jbh_W YXXWba Whfg) L[X VTeaT_
aTgheX \f g[X _XZ\g\`TgX ceXl bY KTgTa'
Uhg [X VTaabg gbhV[ g[X aXj aTgheX)
L[X aXj `Ta VTaabg f\a' VTaabg UX
VbeehcgXW' VTaabg UX WXYXTgXW'
VTaabg
UX gbhV[XWUl KTgTa)
DXg hf ghea UTV^ Ue\XY_lgb A Bb[a
0),3'
!OX ^abj
g[Tg j[bfbXiXe
\f
Ubea bY ?bW f\aaXg[ abg6 Uhg [X g[Tg \f
UXZbggXa bY ?bW ^XXcXg[ [\`fX_Y' TaW
g[Tg j\V^XW baX gbhV[Xg[ [\`
abg)!
L[\f c_TVXfT eXfcbaf\U\_\gl hcba XTV[
baX bY hf j[b
\f Ubea TZT\a) OX TeX
eXZ h\eXW gb ^XXc bhefX_iXf) @bj7
MaWXe g[X U_bbW) 9aW jX Wb g[\f Ul
jT_^\aZ \a g[X _\Z[g' Ybe A Bb[a ,)2
fTlf' !AY jX QVbag\ahT__lR jT_^ \a g[X
_\Z[g )))
g[X U_bbW bY BXfhf ;[e\fg
QVbag\ahT__lR
V_XTafXg[ hf ))) !
OT_^\aZ \a g[X _\Z[g' ^XXc\aZ [\`fX_Y
2
<:3;3=>+6 29></-6/+8381
:OFNBOBQJML
GMO
QIF RJPJQBQJML
MG1ME#
eXT^hc lbhe YT__bj ZebhaW5
@Ybe \g \f g\`X gb fXX^g[X DbeW'
g\__@XVb`X TaWeT\a e\Z[gXbhfaXff
hcba lbh %@bfXT
,+5,-&)
CT -IBOKFP 0JLLFT
`X__bjXW' UXYbeX
\g \f fh\gXWgb eXVX\iX
ZeT\a) A f[T__ f[bj'
Tf \g eXfcXVgfT
eXi\iT_\a g[X ;[heV[5 %,&O[Tg \g \f gb
UeXT^hc g[X YT__bj ZebhaW' \a g[X
fXafX bY g[X gXkg)%-&@bj \g \f gb UX
cXeYbe`XW)
Ue\aZ g[X `\aW \agb fhV[ T fgTgXg[Tg \g
\f Y\ggXW
gb eXVX\iXg[X ObeW bY?bW)
Kb`Xg\`Xf lbhe [XTegf ZXg `TggXW
Wbja' [TeW TaW Wel' g\__g[XeX\f ab
fhV[ g[\aZ Tf ZXgg\aZYeh\gYeb` g[X`
g\__g[Xl TeXUeb^Xa hc' TaW`X__bjXW
Wbja' TaWY\ggXW
gb eXVX\iX
g[X ObeW)
Ag\f g[\f fbYgXa\aZbYg[X [XTeg' fb Tf
gb `T^X \g YXX_
g[X gehg[' j[\V[ g[X
cebc[Xg VT__fUeXT^\aZhc lbhe YT__bj
ZebhaW)
L[X BXjf jXeX T aTg\ba bY YTe`Xef'
TaW cn\f g[XeXYbeX
T Vb``ba g[\aZ \a
g[X KVe\cgheXfgb eXYXe
Ybe\__hfgeTg\baf KUN` >_ >` H\ 7^RNX I] `UR;NYY\c
gb g[X\e bVVhcTg\ba' TaWgb g[X fVXaXf <^\a[Q5
Lb UeXT^hc g[X YT__bjZebhaW\f gb
j\g[ j[\V[ YTe`XefTaWf[Xc[XeWfTeX
gb ceXcTeXlbhe
YT`\_\Te)L[X cebc[Xg @bfXTTWWeXffXfO^RNXa] e\a^ URN^`_%
g[X` Tf T aTg\ba bY UTV^f_\WXef6
[X `\aWf gb Ue\aZ Ybeg[ Yeh\ghagb ?bW)
=\c >_ `UR ;NYY\c <^\a[Q H\ 7R
eXcebiXf g[X` Ybe g[X\e \Wb_Tgel'TaW L[X `\aW bY`Ta \f bYgXaVb`cTeXW\a
7^\XR[
I]5
g[X
:\U_X
gb
ZebhaW'
TaWg[X
ObeW
bY
g[eXTgXafg[X` j\g[ g[X ]hWZ`Xagf bY
AY
lbh
`XTa gb UeXT^hc g[X YT__bj
?bW
gb
fXXW
fbja
g[XeX\a'
g[X
Yeh\g
?bW)
ZebhaWbYlbhe
[XTegf'lbh `hfg UXZ\a
eXceXfXag\aZ
g[X
TVg\bafTaWTYYXVg\baf
>T__bj ZebhaW \f ZebhaWj[\V[ [Tf
Ul _bb^\aZ Tg lbhe [XTegf5 XkT`\aX
baVX UXXa g\__XW'
Uhg j[\V[ abj _\Xf bY g[bfX j[b eXVX\iX\g) Lb UeXT^hc
jTfgX' TaWaXXWfgb UXUeb^Xa hc TaW g[X YT__bj ZebhaW' g[XeXYbeX'\f gb TaWabgX g[X fgTgXbYlbhe `\aWf' TaW
3
7+;-2
$)'&
fXXj[XeX lbh TeX)ETal aXiXefXX` gb lbh Yeb` eh\a) KXgWbja g[X \afgTaVXf VbagX`cg hcba g[X`XTaf bYfT_iTg\ba'
bY ?bW$f ZbbWaXff gb lbh j[Xa lbh
`XeX_l Yeb` W\feX_\f[ bY fc\e\ghT_
g[\a^
TUbhg g[\f) L[Xl cTl ab
Whg\Xf)
TggXag\ba gb g[X\e bja [XTegf' TaW jXeX \a f\a' UXYbeXlbhe VbaiXef\ba'
#0$ HURZN[[R^ V[ cUVPUe\a UNbR
aXiXe ^abj j[Xg[Xe g[Xl TeX Wb\aZ Ybe j[\V[ lbh [TiX aXiXe UXXa[T_Y
]R^S\^ZRQ `U\_R Qa`VR_' O[Xa lbh
jX__ \a eX_\Z\ba$be abg6 j[Xg[Xe g[Xl g[Ta^Yh_ XabhZ[6 TaW g[X ah`Xebhf
[TiX YT__Xa
Wbja hcba lbhe ^aXXfTaW
f\aVX)@bj
TeX ZT\a\aZ ZebhaW be Zb\aZ UTV^6 `XeV\Xf lbh [TiX eXVX\iXW
!fT\W lbhe
ceTlXef! \a fhV[ Ta
bY \afgTaVXf'j[XeX
j[Xg[Xe g[Xl TeX Yeh\gYh_'be _l\aZ _baZ g[X VTgT_bZhX
`TaaXe g[Tg \Y
lbhe \aZeTg\ghWX
[Tf UXXafb U_TV^g[Tg haYXX_\aZTaWVTeX_Xff
jTfgX) Fbj lbh `hfg WeTj bYYlbhe
lbh [TW UXXa chg haWXe bTg[ Y\iX
gb [\WX lbhe YTVX
\a
TggXag\baYeb` bg[Xe g[\aZf' TaW_bb^ lbh TeX YbeVXW
lbh Vbh_Wabg [TiX fT\W
\agb g[\f) ET^X T Uhf\aXff bY\g) <b abg VbaYhf\ba ?b ba lbhe ^aXXf TaW `\ahgXf TYgXe
Ybej[Tg
lbh
[TWUXXa
ceTl\aZ)
UX\a T [heel) =kT`\aX g[bebhZ[_l g[X VbaYXffg[X` baX Ul baX gb ?bW' TaW
#1$
KN[`
\S
Y\bR
S\^
`UR _\aY_ \S
Tf^ YbeZ\iXaXff)
fgTgXbY lbhe [XTegf' TaW fXX j[XeX
e\a^
SRYY\c&ZR[
Dbb^
ebhaW
hcba
#+$ KN[` \S Y\bR `\ <\Q' L[\a^ [bj
lbh TeX5j[Xg[Xe lbh TeXjT_^\aZ j\g[
lbhe
Ye\XaWf
TaW
eX_Tg\iXf'
TaW
?bW XiXel WTl' be j\g[ g[X WXi\_6 Ze\XiXWTaWT_Te`XWe\a jbh_W UX\Y
eX`X`UXe
[bj
_\gg_X
Vb`cTff\ba
lbh
lbh
W\fVbiXeXW
Tal
Y_TZZ\aZ
bY
j[Xg[Xe lbh TeXfXei\aZ ?bW be fXei\aZ
Ybeg[X`) Pbh [TiX fgbbWUl
g[X WXi\_`bfg6 j[Xg[Xe lbh TeXhaWXe TYYXVg\ba Ybe lbh \a lbhe j\YX' [TiX YX_g
TaWfXXag[X` Zb\aZ e\Z[g gb [X__'TaW
g[X Wb`\a\ba
bY g[X ce\aVX bY [hfUTaW' be V[\_WeXa6\Y lbh fTj
WTe^aXff'be bY g[X DbeWBXfhf ;[e\fg)
Tabg[Xe XaZebff\aZ g[X\e [XTegf' TaW \g fXX`f Tf g[bhZ[ lbh W\Wabg VTeX\Y
Lb WbT__g[\f' lbh `hfg fXglbhefX_Y g[bhZ[gf' TaWg\`X) HXe[Tcf \a fhV[ T g[Xl W\WZb) @bj `Tal WTlf [TiX
gb jbe^ gb Vbaf\WXelbhe f\af) Pbh
VTfXlbh jbh_W jX__a\Z[ W\Xj\g[ T g[XeXUXXa'\a j[\V[ lbh W\Wabg `T^X
`hfg
XkT`\aX
lbhefX_iXf)
KX_Y) ]hfg TaWi\eghbhf WRNY\a_e'Fbj' ?bW g[X\e VbaW\g\ba g[X fhU]XVgbY T f\aZ_X
YXeiXagceTlXe' be Xi\aVX Ta TeWXag
XkT`\aTg\ba Vbaf\fgf \a _bb^\aZ Tg VT__f@\`fX_YT ]XT_bhf?bW6 TaW[TiX
Ybeg[X\efT_iTg\ba7
lbhe _\iXf' \a Vbaf\WXe\aZlbhe TVg\baf' lbh abg Z\iXa lbhe [XTeg gb bg[Xe WXf\eX
#2$ KN[` \S PN^RS\^ `UR URN`UR['
\a VT__\aZhc g[X cTfg' TaW_XTea\aZ\gf _biXfTaW\aY\a\gX_lbYYXaWXW
@\`7
KXgWbja [baXfg_l g[X eXT_T`bhag bY
gehX V[TeTVgXe)Dbb^ UTV^biXe lbhe
#,$ CRTYRP`\S `UR7VOYR'Hhg Wbja
Ybeg[X`' TaWlbhe WXf\eX
cTfg [\fgbel) LT^X hc lbhe \aW\i\WhT_ g[X VTfXfj[Xa YbecXe[Tcf jXX^f' be lbhe YXX_\aZf
f\af baX Ul baX' TaW_bb^ Tg g[X`) A _baZXe'?bW$fObeWjTf abg T c_XTfheX) Ybeg[X\efT_iTg\ba)EXTfheXlbhe WXf\eX
Ybe g[X\e fT_iTg\ba Ul g[X fX_Y(WXa\T_
eXTWbiXe j[b_X
Wbabg `XTa g[Tg lbh f[bh_W]hfg VTfg Kb`X cXbc_X'\aWXXW'
T Z_TaVXTglbhe cTfg _\YX'TaWfXXg[Tg V[TcgXef\a fhV[ T jTl g[Tg g[Xl Vbh_W lbh ceTVg\fX' \a Z\i\aZ bY lbhe fhU)
AY fgTaVXgb fXaWg[X` g[X?bfcX_)
\g [Tf UXXaYh__bYf\af' TaWg[Xa Zb gb abg gX__j[Tg g[Xl [TWUXXaeXTW\aZ)
#*)$ CRTYRP`\S SNZVYeQa`VR_'L[\a^
\f fcXag Tg
?bW TaW `T^X T fbeg bY ZXaXeT_ fb' ab jbaWXe g[Tglbhe _\YX
lbh [TiX _\iXW UXYbeXlbhe
eTaWb`' TaWg[Tg lbhe eX_\Z\ba\f fhV[ [bj
VbaYXff\ba' TaWTf^ YbecTeWba)L[Tg \f
YT`\_l' [bj lbh [TiX ceTlXW'j[Tg Ta
T `\fXeTU_XYT\_heX)
abg g[X jTl) Pbh `hfg gT^Xg[X` hc
#-$ I[ORYVRSJXVT__g[X \afgTaVXf\a XkT`c_X lbh [TiX fXg UXYbeXg[X`)
baX Ul baX)
XYYbegf
Wblbh [TU\ghT__l
Agj\__ UXT ZbbWg[\aZ gb gT^XT cXa j[\V[ lbh [TiX i\eghT__l V[TeZXWg[X O[Tg W\eXVg
`T^X
Ybe
g[X\e
fc\e\ghT_
ZbbW7 O[Tg
TaWcTcXe' Tf lbh Zb biXe g[X`' TaW ?bW bY gehg[ j\g[ _l\aZ' Ul lbhe
Whgl
[TiX
lbh
'WZ^
aXZ_XVgXW7
haUX_\XY
bY @\f XkceXff ceb`\fXf TaW
je\gX g[X` Wbja Tf g[Xl bVVhegb lbh)
#**$CRTYRP`\S _\PVNY
Qa`VR_'
?bb
iX e g[X` Tf VTeXYh__lTf T WXV_TeTg\baf)
#*+$
CRTYRP`\S
cN`PUSaY[R__\bR^
#.$
CRTYRP`
\
S
]^NeR^'
L[\a^
bY
g[X
`XeV[Tag ZbXf biXe [\f Ubb^f6 TaWTf
g\`Xf j[Xa lbh [TiX aXZ_XVgXW
fXVeXg e\a^ \c[ YVSR',? [bj `Tal \afgTaVXf
bYgXa Tf T f\a Vb`Xf UXYbeXlbhe
[TiX lbh
[hee\XW biXe lbhe ce\iTgX
ceTlXe'
YT`\_l
ceTlXe'
TaW
ceTlXe(
`X`bel'
TWW\g gb g[X _\fg) ?XaXeT_
Whg\Xf'
TaW
lbh [TiX aX\g[Xe gT^Xa
`XXg\aZf6be
[TiX
ceTlXW\a
fhV[
T
jTl
VbaYXff\baf bY f\a j\__ aXiXe Wb)Pbhe
lbhefX_Ygb
gTf^'
abe [baXfg_l `TWXhc
Tf
`beX
Ze\Xibhf_l
gb
bYYXaW
?
bW
g[Ta
f\af jXeX Vb``\ggXW \[R Oe \[R4 TaW
lbhe TVVbhagf j\g[ ?bW6 [bj bYgXa
gb [TiX b`\ggXW\g T_gbZXg[Xe)
Tf YTeTf lbh VTa Vb`X Tg g[X`' g[Xl
gb jTgV[
#/$ CRTYRP`\S `UR ZRN[_ \S T^NPR' [TiX lbh Xag\eX_laXZ_XVgXW
bhZ[g gb UXeXi\XjXWTaWeXcXagXW
bY
O[Xa lbh
[TiX fhYYXeXW
ge\Y_\aZ lbhe VbaWhVg'TaW' [Ti\aZ UXXabYY
baX Ul baX) Fbj UXZ\a' TaWgT^Xhc
Y\efg j[Tg
TeX Vb``ba_l'
Uhg XkVhfXf gb ceXiXag lbhe TggXaW\aZ lbhe ZhTeW'[TiX f\aaXW UXYbeXg[X
`XXg\aZf' [TiX aXZ_XVgXW
TaWcbheXW jbe_W' TaW UXYbeXg[X ;[heV[' TaW
VZ]^\]R^Ye%VT__XW
K\af bYG`\ff\ba)
UXYbeX
?bW
%A&
>[T^N`V`aQR'LT^X g[\f f\a' Ybe
#*,$ CRTYRP` `\ cN`PU \bR^ e\a^
\afgTaVX' TaW je\gX Wbja haWXeg[Tg
6;4C>8D
9<@@8I
")/1*%)0/-#&
[XTW T__ g[X \afgTaVXf lbh VTa
@Z ^PO P`LYRPWT]^$^SPZWZRTLY$
NZWWPRP O^R`U^R[ @bj bYgXa[TiX lbh Ueb^Xa
lbhe VbiXaTag g[Tg lbh jbh_W jTgV[
eX`X`UXe j[XeX\a lbh [TiX eXVX\iXW [\P]TOPY^& 4Q^P\ WPL`TYRST] WLa[\LN^TNP
TY /60/ ^Z MPNZXP LY P`LYRPWT]^$
SP WPO
biXe g[X` \a g[X DbeW ?b biXe g[X
YTibhef Yeb` ?bW Ybej[\V[ lbh [TiX
NZY^TY_Z_] \P`T`LW] TY ^SP ]^L^P ZQ @Pa
_\fg' TaWj[XeXiXe lbh Y\aWg[XeX[Tf
aXiXe XkXeV\fXW
ZeTg\ghWX)
@bj `Tal
IZ\V& <Y ST] WL^P\\P`T`LW] ST] PX[SL]T]
NSLYRPOQ\ZX ]ZWP NZYNPY^\L^TZY_[ZY
UXXa T aXZ_XVg'je\gX \g Wbja) @bj
VTfXf VTa lbh
eX`X`UXe7 Kb`X
NZY`P\]TZY `\ NZYNP\Y QZ\ ^SP[P\QPN^TZY
`Tal
g\`Xf [TiX lbh fXXa lbhe
eX`Te^TU_X
cebi\WXaVX' fb`X
ZQ ^SP 6S\T]^TLY WTQP
TY^SPNS_\NSP]&
UeXg[eXaZebj\aZ Vb_W\a eX_\Z\ba'TaW
jbaWXeYh_ghea bY XiXagf' g[Tg fTiXW
F=O
OAF=
7
[TiX abg fcb^Xa gb g[X` TUbhg \g7 lbhefX_Y \a g[X XkXeV\fXbY ce\WX) fcb^Xa bY ;[e\fg\Taf \a T `TaaXe
Pbh [TiX fXXa g[X` UXZ\aa\aZ gb NTa\gl \f T cTeg\Vh_TeYbe` bY ce\WX) WXib\WbYV[Te\gl TaW_biX6bYV[Te\gl'
aXZ_XVgbaX Whgl TYgXeTabg[Xe' TaW @bj `Tal g\`Xf [TiX lbh WXgXVgXWj[\V[ eXdh\eXflbh T_jTlf gb [bcX g[X
lbh
W\W abg eXcebiX g[X`' \a T lbhefX_Y \a Vbafh_g\aZ iTa\gl TUbhg UXfgg[X VTfXj\__ TW`\g' TaWgb chg g[X
UXfgVbafgehVg\bahcba Tal T`U\Zhbhf
lbhe WeXffTaWTccXTeTaVX7
@bj `Tal
Uebg[Xe_l jTl) Pbh [TiX fXXa g[X`
VbaWhVg)
g\`Xf
[TiX
lbh
g[bhZ[g
`beX'
TaW
YT__\aZ\agb f\a' TaWlbh _Xgg[X` Zb
#.$ GYN[QR^'L[X g\`Xf lbh [TiX
gT^Xa`beX
cT\af'
TaWfcXag
`beX
g\`X
ba) 9aW lXg lbh ceXgXaW
gb _biXg[X`)
fcb^Xa
UX[\aW cXbc_X$fUTV^fbY g[X
TUbhg
WXVbeTg\aZ
l
bhe
UbWl
gb
Zb
gb
O[Tg T [lcbVe\gX Obh_Wlbh fXXlbhe
YTh_gf'
eXT_
be fhccbfXW' bY`X`UXef bY
V[heV['
g[Ta
lbh
[TiX
TUbhg
j\YX be V[\_WZb\aZ \agb W\fZeTVX'
be
g[X
;[heV[
be bg[Xef' haaXVXffTe\_l'be
ceXcTe\aZ
lbhe
`\aW
Ybeg[X
jbef[\c
\agb g[X YAeX'
TaW[b_Wlbhe cXTVX7
Fb'
j\g[bhg
ZbbW
eXTfba) L[\f \f f_TaWXe)
bY?bW7
Pbh
[TiX
ZbaXVTe\aZ`beX
Tf
lbh jbh_W abg) O[Tg Wblbh g[\a^ bY
Pbh
aXXWabg
_\X gb UX Zh\_gl bY
gb
[bj
lbh
TccXTeXW'
bhgjTeW_l
\a
lbhefX_Y' g[Xa' gb ceXgXaWgb _biX
f_TaWXe5
gb
gX__g[X
gehg[ j\g[ g[X
g[X
f\Z[g
bY
`begT_
`Ta'
g[Ta
[bj
;[e\fg\Taf' TaW gb _biX ;[e\fg' j[\_X
WXf\Za
gb
\a]heX
\f
f_TaWXe)
lbhe
fbh_
TccXTeXW
\a
g[X
f\Z[g
bY
g[X
lbh VTa fXXg[X` Zb\aZ \agb W\fZeTVX'
#/$ ARbV`e' @bj bYgXa[TiX lbh
[XTeg(fXTeV[\aZ
?bW)
TaWfTl abg[\aZ gb g[X`7
ge\Y_XW
UXYbeX
?bW Tf lbh jbh_W abg
#,$ :[be'
Dbb^ Tg g[X VTfXf \a
#*-$ CRTYRP` \S _RYSQR[VNY'
L[XeX
gb ge\Y_X
\a g[X ceXfXaVXbY
lbh jXeX Xai\bhf bY g[bfX [TiX WTeXW
TeX`Tal cebYXffbef- j[b TeXj\__\aZ j[\V[
Ta XTeg[_lfbiXeX\Za7
lbh g[bhZ[g jXeX TUbiXlbh \a
gb WbT_`bfg Talg[\aZ \a eX_\Z\ba'g[Tg j[b`
#0$ AeV[T' MaWXefgTaW
abj j[Tg
Tal eXfcXVg)Ge cXe[Tcf lbh [TiX
WbXfabg eXdh\eXfX_Y(WXa\T_)
:hg j[Xa
_l\aZ \f) 6[e
fcXV\Xf bY QR_VT[RQ
[TiX UXXa `beX
g[Xl TeXeXdh\eXW
gb WbTalg[\aZ g[Tg Xai\XW g[b)fX j[b
gT_XagXW
be `beX hfXYh_g[Ta lbhefX_Y) WXVXcg\ba)AYg[X WXVXcg\baUX abg
eXdh\eXfg[X` gb WXal g[X`fX_iXf (
WXf\ZaXW'
\g \f abg YeV[T' :hg \Y lbh
b[' g[Tg \f gbb `hV[ L[Xl TeXabg @TiXlbh abg fb Xai\XWfb`X' g[Tg lbh
WXf\Zagb `T^X Ta \`ceXff\ba VbageTel
[TiX UXXa cT\aXW gb [XTe g[X`
j\__\aZ
gb WXal g[X`fX_iXf Tal
[Tf UXXa`beX TZeXXTU_X
gb gb g[X aT^XWgehg[' lbh _\X)<b abg VT__
Vb`Ybeg be VbaiXa\XaVXj[TgXiXe Ybe ceT\fXW7Gn
g[X fT^X bY fXei\aZ g[X DbeW)Fbe j\__ lbh gb WjX__hcba g[X\e YTh_gfg[Ta g[X` Ul Tal fbYg aT`X) ?bW VT__f
g[Xl WXal g[X`fX_iXf g[X Yada^VR_bY hcba g[X\e i\eghXf' hcba g[X\e YT\_heXf g[X` YVR_TaWV[TeZXflbh j\g[ YeV[T%
N[Q e\a UNQ OR``R^ PUN^TRe\a^_RYS
_\YX'gb fTiX T jbe_W Yeb` [X__)Kb YTe g[Ta hcba g[X\e fhVVXff):X [baXfg
P\^^RP`Ye'
j\g[
lbhefX_Y6
TaW
\Y
lbh
[TiX
TeXg[Xl Yeb` eX`X`UXe\aZ g[Tg fX_Y(
#1$ 8URN`V[T'KXgWbja T__g[X VTfXf
[TeUbheXWg[\f
fc\e\g
bY
[X__'
eXcXag
WXa\T_\f T P\[QV`V\[ \S QV_PV]YR_UV]
\a
j[\V[
lbh [TiX WXT_gj\g[ Ta
WXXc_l
U
XYbeX
?bW'
be
@Xj\__
aXiXe
g[Tg g[Xl Wbabg ^abj j[Tg fX_Y(WXa\T_
\aW\i\WhT_'
TaWWbaXgb
[\` g[Tg j[\V[
YbeZ\iX
lbh'
\f) Kb`X TeXZ\i\aZ bY `URV^NOa[QN[PR
lbh
jbh_W
abg
_\^Xgb
[TiX WbaXgb
#-$
8R[_\^V\a_[R__'
AafgTaVXf\a
TaWTeXZ\i\aZ `hV[' TaWTeXeXTWlgb
lbh)
HUN`
\f
V[XTg\aZ)?bW
[Tf _T\W
j[\V[
lbh
[TiX
[TWTU\ggXe
f
c\e\g'
TaW
Vb`c_T\a g[Tg bg[Xef Wbabg Z\iX `beX6
j[Xa' \a gehg[' g[Xl Wbabg g[X`fX_iXf
Z\iX Talg[\aZ g[Tg g[Xl [RRQ%Talg[\aZ
g[Tg g[Xl Vbh_WXa]bl \Yg[Xl ^Xcg \g)
L[Xl ba_l Z\iX bYg[X\efhec_hf jXT_g[6
TaW cXe[Tcf g[Tg cbbe jb`Ta
j[b
chgf \a [Xe `\gX' [Tf XkXeV\fXẀbeX
fX_Y(WXa\T_
g[Ta g[Xl [TiX \a Z\i\aZ
g[bhfTaWf)
>eb` g[XfXjX abj ghea gb K\af bY
;b``\ff\ba)
")# K\^YQYe ZV[QRQ[R__'O[Tg [Tf
UXXag[X fgTgXbYlbhe [XTeg\a eXZTeW
gb lbhe jbe_W_l cbffXff\baf7 @TiXlbh
_bb^XWTg g[X` Tf eXT__le\a^_ & Tf \Y
lbh [TW T e\Z[g gb W\fcbfXbY g[X` Tf
lbhe bja' TVVbeW\aZ
gb lbhe bja j\__7
Gl̀bh [TiX' je\gX g[Tg Wbja) AYlbh
[TiX _biXWcebcXegl' TaWfbhZ[g TYgXe
\g
Ybe \gf bja fT^X' be gb ZeTg\Yl_hfg be
T`U\g\ba' be T jbe_W_l fc\e\g' TaWgb
_Tl \g hc Ybelbhe YT`\_\Xf' lbh [TiX
f\aaXW'TaW`hfg eXcXag)
#+$E^VQR'JXVb__XVg
T__g[X \afgTaVXf
lbh VTa' \a j[\V[ lbh [TiX WXgXVgXW
/<<+A 90 =2/ 798=2
_Tfg `bag[
jX \ai\gXW bhe eXTWXefgb fhU`\g Ta XffTl ba g[X
g[X`X bY g[X ETl \ffhX) L[\f `bag[
jX TZT\a \ai\gX lbh gb fhU`\g
Teg\V_Xfba bhe g[X`Xf Ybe g[X BhaX TaW*be Bh_l*9hZhfg \ffhXf)
L[X g[X`X Ybe BhaX \f !KXk)! <XTW_\aXYbe eXVX\i\aZ BhaX `Tah(
fVe\cgf \f ETeV[ -,) L[X g[X`X Ybe Bh_l*9hZhfg \f !L[X _bVT_
;[heV[)!
<XTW_\aXYbe eXVX\i\aZ Bh_l*9hZhfg `TahfVe\cgf \f ETl -)
GaX XffTl cXe g[X`X j\__ UXfX_XVgXW
Ul bhe XW\gbe\T_fgTYYYbe chU_\(
VTg\ba)
L[XfX XffTlf f[bh_W UX je\ggXa Yeb` g[X je\gXe$f bja XkcXe\XaVX
TaW bUfXeiTg\ba TaW f[bh_W UX ,0++ gb -+++ jbeWf %be/(1 glcX(
je\ggXa' WbhU_X(fcTVXW
cTZXf&)
KXaWT__`TahfVe\cgf gb @Pa GTYP =ffTlf' H)G) :bk --333'
>beg
_ThWXeWT_X'>_be\WT ...,0)
H_XTfXXaV_bfX T fX_Y(TWWeXffXW
TaW
fgT`cXW XaiX_bcX \Ylbh j\f[ gb [TiX lbhe `TahfVe\cg eXgheaXW)
9__ chU_\f[XW `TgXe\T_ UXVb`Xf g[X cebcXegl bY @Pa GTYP&
K?OAF /753
,+
Wbja T eh_X \a g[X VTfX5!9__ g[\aZf
j[TgfbXiXe lX jbh_W g[Tg `Xa f[bh_W
Wb gb lbh' Wb lX XiXa fb gb g[X`)!
L[Tg \f g[X eh_X)9aW \Ylbh [TiX abg
WbaXfb lbh TeXT V[XTg)E\aW' g[X eh_X
\f abg g[Tg lbh f[bh_W Wb !j[Tg lbh
`\Z[g eXTfbaTU_lXkcXVgg[X` gb Wbgb
lbh!5 Ybeg[Tg \f T eh_Xj[\V[ jbh_W
TW`\g bY XiXel WXZeXX
bY j\V^XWaXff)
:hg \g \f5 !9f lX >J\aYQg[Xl f[bh_W Wb
gb lbh)!
#2$=e]\P^V_e' >be \afgTaVX'\a lbhe
ceTlXef TaW VbaYXff\baf gb ?bW) KXg
Wbja g[X \afgTaVXf\a j[\V[ lbh [TiX
ceTlXW Ybe g[\aZf lbh W\Wabg eXT__l
jTag) 9aW g[X Xi\WXaVX
\f' g[Tg j[Xa
lbh [TiX WbaXceTl\aZ' lbh Vbh_Wabg
gX__Ybe j[Tg lbh [TW ceTlXW) @bj
`Tal g\`Xf [TiX lbh VbaYXffXW
f\af
g[Tg lbh W\Wabg `XTa gb UeXT^bYY'
TaWj[Xa lbh [TWab fb_X`a checbfX
abg gb eXcXTg g[X`7'
PXf' [TiX
VbaYXffXW
f\af j[Xa lbh ^aXj lbh Tf
`hV[ XkcXVgXW
gb Zb TaWeXcXTgg[X`'
Tf lbh XkcXVgXW
gb _\iX)
#*)$ F\OOV[T <\Q' L[\a^ bY g[X
\afgTaVXf\a j[\V[ lbh [TiX `\ffcXag
lb he g\`X' fdhTaWXe\aZ g[X [bhef
j[\V[ ?bW ZTiXlbh gb fXeiX@\` TaW
fTiX fbh_f' \a iT\a T`hfX`Xagf be
Ybb_\f[ VbaiXefTg\ba' \a eXTW\aZabiX_f
be Wb\aZ abg[\aZ6 VTfXf j[XeX lbh
[T iX `\fTcc_\XW lbh e gT_Xagf TaW
cbjXef bY `\aW6 j[XeX lbg\ [TiX
fdhTaWXeXẀbaXl ba lbhe _hfgf' be
fcXag cnYbeg[\aZf j[\V[ lbh W\Wabg
aXXW'TaWj[\V[ W\Wabg Vbage\UhgXgb
lbhe [XT_g[' Vb`Ybeg' be hfXYh_aXff)
#**$ 7NQ `RZ]R^' HXe[Tcf lbh [TiX
TUhfXWlbhe j\YX' be lbhe V[\_WeXa'be
lbhe YT`\_l' be fXeiTagf' be aX\Z[(
Ubhef) Oe\gX\g T__Wbja)
#*+$ =V[QR^V[T\`UR^_ S^\Z ORV[T
a_RSaY' HXe[Tcf lbh [TiX jXT^XaXW
g[X\e \aY_hXaVX
Ul \af\ahTg\baf TZT\afg
g[X`) Pbh [TiX abg ba_l ebUUXW
?bW
bY lbhe bja gT_Xagf' Uhg g\XWg[X
[TaWf bY fb`XUbWl X_fX) O[Tg T
j\V^XW fXeiTag \f [X j[b abg ba_l
_b\gXef[\`fX_Y Uhg[\aWXefg[X eXfg
AYlbh Y\aWlbh [TiX Vb``\ggXW T
YTg\_gTZT\afg Ta \aW\i\WhT_'TaW g[Tg
\aW\i\WhT_\f j\g[\a lbhe eXTV['Zb TaW
VbaYXff\g \``XW\TgX_l' TaW ZXgg[Tg
bhg bY g[X jTl) Gg̀[X \aW\i\WhT_lbh
[TiX \a]heXW\f gbb YTebYYYbelbh gb
Zb TaW fXX [\`' f\g Wbja TaW je\gX
F=O
OAF=
[\` T _XggXe
TaWVbaYXffg[X \a]hel) AY g[X fhU]XVgbY lbhe f\af) Pbh VTaabg
lbh [TiX WXYeThWXW
TalUbWl' fXaWg[X _bb^ Tg lbhe f\af _baZ TaWg[bebhZ[_l
`baXl'
g[X Yh__T`bhag TaW g[X TaW fXX [bj UTWg[Xl TeX' j\g[bhg
\agXeXfg)
YXX_\aZ'
TaWYXX_\aZ
WXXc_l)
?b g[bebhZ[_l gb jbe^ \a T__g[\f)
KXglbhefX_Ygb g[Xjbe^ abj6 eXfb_iX
g[Tg lbh j\__ aXiXe fgbc g\__lbh Y\aW
?b YZWF&<b abg chg \g bYY6g[Tg j\__
lbh VTa ]^Ne' Pbh aXiXe j\__ [TiX g[X
ba_l `T^X g[X `TggXe jbefX) ;baYXff
gb ?bW g[bfX f\af g[Tg [TiX UXXa Kc\e\g bY ?bW WjX__\aZ\a lbh g\__lbh
[TiX haeTiX_AXW
g[\f j[b_X `lfgXel bY
Vb``\ggXW TZT\afg ?bW' TaW gb `Ta
g[bfX f\af g[Tg [TiX UXXaVb``\ggXW \a\dh\gl' TaW fceXTWbhg lbhe f\af
TZT\afg `Ta) <b abg g[\a^ bY ZXgg\aZ UXYbeX?bW) DXg g[XeXUX g[\f WXXc
bYY Ul Zb\aZ ebhaW g[X fgh`U_\aZ( jbe^ bY eXcXagTaVXTaW Yh__Vba(
YXff\ba' g[\f UeXT^\aZ Wbja UXYbeX
U_bV^f)LT^X g[X` hc bhg bY g[XjTl)
GhUeXT^\aZ hc lbhe YT__bj ZebhaW' ?bW' TaWlbh j\__ [TiX Tf `hV[ bYg[X
lbh `hfg eX`biX XiXel bUfgehVg\ba) fc\e\g bY ceTlXe Tf lbhe UbWl VTaUXTe
fb YXj
:eXT^ hc T__g[X ZebhaW TaWghea \g hc haWXe) L[X eXTfba j[l
biXe) <b abg !UT_^! \g' Tf g[X YTe`Xef ;[e\fg\Taf ^abj Talg[\aZ TUbhg g[X
g[Xl jbh_W
fTl6 Wb abg ghea Tf\WX Ybe _\gg_X fc\e\g bYceTlXe \f UXVThfX
W\YY\Vh_g\Xf6We\iX g[X c_bj e\Z[g aXiXe gT^X g[X cT\af gb XkT`\aX
g[ebhZ[ g[X`' UXT` WXXc'TaW ghea g[X`fX_iXf cebcXe_l' TaW fb aXiXe
g[X ZebhaW hc' fb g[Tg \g `Tl T__UX ^aXj j[Tg \g jTf gb [TiX g[X\e [XTegf
`X__bj TaWfbYg' TaWY\ggb eXVX\iX
g[X T__Ueb^Xa hc \a g[\f jTl)
fXXWTaWUXTeYeh\g!Ta [haWeXWYb_W)! 9aW abj' Y\aT__l'j\__ e\a UeXT^hc
e\a^ YT__bj ZebhaW7 O\__ lbh XagXe
O[Xa lbh [TiX ZbaX biXe lbhe
hcba g[X VbhefXabj cb\agXWbhg TaW
j[b_X [\fgbel \a g[\f jTl' g[bebhZ[_l'
\Ylbh j\__ g[Xa Zb biXe g[X ZebhaWg[X cXefXiXeX g\__ lbh TeX g[bebhZ[_l
fXVbaWg\`X' TaWZ\iX lbhe fb_X`a TaW TjT^X7 AYlbh YT\_[XeX' \Ylbh Wbabg
Y\kXWTggXag\bagb cn)
lbh j\__ Y\aWg[Tg Wb g[\f' TaWZXgceXcTeXW!lbh VTa Zb
g[X g[\aZf lbh [TiX chg Wbja j\__ ab YTeg[Xej\g[ `X) A[TiX ZbaX j\g[
fhZZXfgbg[Xe g[\aZf bYj[\V[ lbh [TiX lbh Tf YTeTf \g \f bYTal hfX gb Zb hag\_
UXXaZh\_gl' VbaaXVgXW
j\g[ g[X`' be lbhe YT__bjZebhaW\f Ueb^Xahc) Fbj'
lbh `hfg `T^X g[bebhZ[ jbe^ hcba
aXTe g[X`) Ma_Xff lbh gT^Xhc lbhe
f\af \a g[\f jTl' TaWVbaf\WXeg[X` \a g[\f cb\ag' be T__A[TiX Yheg[Xegb fTl
j\__ Wb lbh _\gg_XZbbW) FTl' \g j\__
WXgT\_'
baX Ul baX' lbh VTa Ybe` ab
ba_l
[TeWXa' TaW `T^X lbh jbefX) AY
\WXTbY g[X T`bhag bY g[X`) Pbh
lbh
Wb abg fXg TUbhg g[\f jbe^
f[bh_W Zb biXe g[X _\fgTf g[bebhZ[_l'
\``XW\TgX_l
Af[T__gT^X\g YbeZeTagXW
TaW Tf VTeXYh__l'
TaWTf fb_X`a_l' Tf
lbh jbh_W \Y lbh jXeX ]hfg ceXcTe\aZ g[Tg lbh Wb abg `XTa gb UXeXi\iXW'
TaWAV[TeZXlbh j\g[ [Ti\aZ YbefT^Xa
lbhefX_YYbeg[XBhWZ`Xag) '
9f lbh Zb biXe g[X VTgT_bZhX
bY ;[e\fg' j\g[ eXYhf\aZgb eXcXagTaWWb
lbhe Y\efgjbe^f)
lbhe f\af' UX fheX gb eXfb_iX hcba
:hg \Ylbh j\__ UXceXcTeXW
gb XagXe
ceXfXag TaW Xag\eX eXYbe`Tg\ba)
hcba g[X jbe^' TaWZb ba gb WbTf A
O[XeXiXe lbh Y\aWTalg[\aZ jebaZ'
eXfb_iXTgbaVX'\a g[X fgeXaZg[bY?bW'
fTl' g[X eXfh_gfj\__ UX]hfg Tf VXegT\aTf
gb f\a ab `beX \a g[Tg jTl) Gnj\__ UX g[Xl TeX j[Xa T YTe`XeUeXT^fhc T
TaW`X__bjf \g' TaWfbjf
bY ab UXaXY\ggb XkT`\aX lbhefX_Y' YT__bjY\X_W'
[\f ZeT\a) Gn
j\__ UXfb' \Ylbh j\__ ba_l
ha_Xff lbh WXgXe`\aXgb T`XaW \a
XiXel cTeg\Vh_Teg[Tg j[\V[ lbh Y\aW UXZ\a\a g[\f jTl TaW[b_W\g ba g\__T__
lb he [TeWXaXWTaW VT__bhf [XTegf
jebaZ \a [XTeg'gX`cXe' be VbaWhVg)
Pbh aXXWabg XkcXVgg[Tg ?bW j\__ UeXT^hc) n
jbe^ T `\eTV_X Ybe lbh gb UeXT^hc
Q[ e_h `lig
J_]nol_
GGG
i` CP`T`LW]ZQ
lbhe YT__bjZebhaW) Gn
\f gb UX WbaX
CPWTRTZY
\s Ab[lf_m Dchh_s,
Ul `XTaf) Pbh [TiX Zbg gb Wb
/ Qblioabion
nb_ f_]nol_) Dchh_s om_mnb_
i\b_XaVXgb lbhefX_YTaWUe\aZlbhefX_Y n_lg !l_c cacih! ni ^_hin_ nb_ Ablcmnc[h q[fe
Tf T eTg\baT_UX\aZ hc gb g[\f jbe^'
il nb_ Ablcmnc[h _rj_lc_h]_,
0Ps !jli`_mmil!
Dchh_s g_[hm ih_ qbi
j\g[ g[X :\U_X UXYbeXlbh' TaW gel
jli`_mm_m ni \_ [ Ablcmnc[h,
lbhe [XTeg) >TfgXa lbhe TggXag\bagb
$$
7F ':6?
7FOOJKK
g[X V[XXe_XTWXef
[TW abg[\aZ gb Wb Zebhcf `\Z[g UX WhXgb T _\gg_Xgbb
TaW abg XabhZ[
jTgV[XW T YbbgUT__ZT`X g[X j\g[) L[X [XTW VbTV[Xf TaW g[X\e `hV[ V[XXe_XTW\aZ
`beX g[Ta baX
bg[Xe WTl) A Vbh_Wa$g [X_c (Tff\fgTagf jXeX lX__\aZ \afgehVg\baf VbTV[\aZ) A eXVT__XW
_\YXg\`X g[Tg jTf
g[ebhZ[ VhccXW [TaWf Whe\aZ g[X `X Xg\aZ \a `l
eX`X`UXe\aZ
Ybe`Xe G^_T[b`T
[hWW_Xf
ba g[X Y\X_W
TaW_XVghe\aZ
g[X\e [baXfg_l `beX bY T fc\e\ghT_cXc eT__l
Ma\iXef\gl VbTV[:hW O\_^\afba$f dh\c
AZbg g[Ta Talg[\aZ X_fX)A[TW Vb`X TjTl
TUbhg g[X \ebal bY !-+'+++ cXbc_X iTe\bhf c_Tgbbaf ba g[X f\WX_\aXf)
g[Tg g[X\e YT\e_l cflV[XW hc' Uhg _TV^\aZ \a
j[b
WXfcXeTgX_l aXXW XkXeV\fX g[X W\fg\aVg \`ceXff\ba
jTlf gb Zebj) L[XeXjTfa$g T
jTgV[\aZ -- `Xa j[b
WXfcXeTgX_l lX__\aZ jTf Wb\aZ `hV[ `beX ZbbW ceTVg\VT_
g[Ta `\aX)
j[b_X _bg g[Tg jbh_W fhei\iX hag\_
aXXWeXfg)!
Kb AfgbccXW)9aW AfgTegXW
g[\a^\aZ
EbaWTl)
OX__'g[Tg$f g[X jTl \g jTf) OX T__
ETlUX j[Tg \f aXXWXW
TeXcTfgbef'
fTg g[XeX f[\iXe\aZ \a bhe VTeVbTgf' TUbhg g[X cTeTU_XUX\aZ c_TlXWbhg
UXYbeX̀X) 9aW fhWWXa_lfb`X Yhmml gXTV[XefTaWXiTaZX_\fgfj[b fXXg[X`(
Wbja\aZ [bg WbZf TaW VbYYXX'
j[\_X
TUbhg g[X V[Te\f`Tg\V
fX_iXf XffXag\T__lTf fgeTgXZ\fgfj[b
g[X fjXTg\aZ c_TlXef ZehagXW TaW g[bhZ[gf
`biX`Xag
TaW
XfcXV\T__l\gf _XTWXef geT\a TaW\afc\eX ?bW$f gXT` gb fVbeX
fgehZZ_XWTZT\afg XTV[ bg[Xe \a g[X
fgTegXW
Vb`\aZ \agb YbVhf)
gbhV[Wbjaf) Kb`X eXTfbafj[l5
`hW)
Ljb
fXgf
bY
_XTWXef
ba
g[Tg
Y\X_W5
8\NPUR_ Z\`VbN`R N LRN^[4PURR^&
<ba$g ZXg`X jebaZ ( jX' g[X YTaf'
V[XXe_XTWXef
TaW
VbTV[Xf)L[X
baX
\f
YRNQR^_
N^R N `RNZ \S `URV^\c['
^Xcg Uhfl' lX__\aZ TaW V[XXe\aZ) ,?
;bTV[Xf
Wba$gTVghT__l[TaW bYYgb g[X
fhccbfXW
gb
_bb^
TggeTVg\iX
T
aWchg
ba
YTVg'jX XiXa [TW bhe bja _XTWXef'
T
ehaa\aZ
UTV^f'
^\V^ g[X Y\X_W
ZbT_f'be
T
ZbbWf[bj)
L[X
bg[Xe
\f
fhccbfXW
gb
Vbecf bYlbhaZ VbXWfj[b ^Xcg jTe`
U_\gmg[X
bg[Xe
gXT`$f
cTffXe)
L[Xl
`TfgXe`\aW
T
i\Vgbel)
L[X
baX
WXT_f
\a
Ul ]h`c\aZ'
ehaa\aZ' V_Tcc\aZ TaW
f[bj
g[X\e
c_TlXef
[bj
gb
Wb\g)O[Xa
\`ceXff\baf)
L[X
bg[Xe
WXT_f
\a
eXfh_gf)
VTeg
j[XX_\aZ) L[X\e fb_X ]bU jTf gb
\g Vb`Xf gb ZT`X g\`X' g[X VbTV[Xf
9aW A fgTegXWjbaWXe\aZ j[Xg[Xe
^ XXchf
`T^\aZ ab\fX' TaW g[Xl
Wba$gWbT _bg' c[lf\VT__l) L[Xl Wba$g
g[X
bVVTf\baT_
f[T__bjaXff
TaW
fhVVXXWXW)
\``Tghe\gl bY V[Te\f`Tg\V cXbc_XTaW jXTe Tal fcXV\T_ha\Ybe` gb WeTj
L[XeXjTf bg[Xe ab\fX Tf jX__' j[\V[
G
$%
7+;-2
$)'&
TggXag\ba) L[Xl TeX VbaVXeaXWba_l
[\f f\k g[ fXafX TaW^abjf j[Xg[Xe gb XiXelg[\aZ gb g[X V[XXe_XTWXef6
g[Xl
j\g[ ZNXV[T `UV[T_ UN]]R[ g[ebhZ[
^XXc dh\Xg) @XWbXfT _bg bY gT_^\aZ' TeX cTeg bY g[X chU_\VeX_Tg\baffgTYY
g[XTg[_XgXf
\a g[X\eV[TeZX)
gehX' Uhg T_fb ^abjf j[Xa [X$f fT\W j[bfX ]bU \g \f gb chg Tf ZbbWT YTVX
ba
;[XXe_XTWXef'ba g[X bg[Xe [TaW'
XabhZ[) @XgT^Xfg\`X gb _\fgXa'gb Tf^
g[X ZT`X Tf cbff\U_X' Uhg abg TVghT__l
chg ba T f[bj g[X`fX_iXf) AYg[X YTaf dhXfg\baf %!@TfTalUbWl Y\ZheXW
bhg
gb TYYXVg
\gf bhgVb`X)
g[X\e $ThW\U_Xf$
lXg7! !O[l
TeX jX
VTeXgb ]b\a \a TaWV_Tc\a e[lg[` Tf
9ZT\a' g[X `Xa bY g[X FXj LXfgT(
TaW gb jT\g Ybe `Xag jXeX !abg' _\^X fb `Tal'
g[Xl Zb g[ebhZ[ g[X\e ebhg\aXf' Y\aX) ]h`c\aZ bYY(f\WX7!&
:hg \Yg[XZeTaWfgTaWf
jXeX X`cgl' g[X
TafjXef) Aa [\f _bV^Xeebb` fcXXV[Xf' cXWW_Xef
bY ?bW$f jbeW6 UhgTf `Xa bY
V[XXe_XTW\aZ
fdhTW Vbh_Wfg\__Zb ba)
[\f cThfXf TeXbYgXag[X `bfg XYYXVg\iXf\aVXe\gl' Tf Vb``\ff\baXW Ul ?bW' \a
L[Xl TeX XffXag\T__lT fX_Y(VbagT\aXW `b`Xagf bYT__)
g[X f\Z[g bY ?bW jX fcXT^ \a ;[e\fg!
ha\g)
Fbg fb j\g[ V[XXe_XTWXef)
L[X\e fb_X %- ;be) -5 ,2&) HXgXeW\eXVgXW
g[X
O[Xa jX eXTWg[X_XggXef
je\ggXa Ul
]bU \f gb `T^X ab\fX) 9 dh\Xg ZeTaW( lbhaZXe `\a\fgXef gb !YXXW
g[X Y_bV^6
g[X Y\efg(VXaghelTcbfg_Xf' g[X P\NPU fgTaW\f g[X ^\ff bY WXTg[)L[Xl ZXg VTeXYbe \g j\__\aZ_l' abg ZehWZ\aZ_l6
ZR[`NYV`e \f ha`\fgT^TU_X) L[Xl i\Xj
aXeibhf \Yg[XVebjW \fa$glX__\aZ'XiXa abg Ybej[Tg lbh j\__ ZXgbhg bY\g' Q\a
g[X`fX_iXf Tf f[Xc[XeWf VTe\aZ Ybe \Y \g$f Ybheg[ Wbja TaW -- j\g[ g[X bg[Xe jbeWf' abg YbeTa XZb ge\cR Uhg
?bW$f Y_bV^)HTh_\f abg \agXeXfgXW
\a
fVbeX +(.0) KR"bR T\``N UNbR_\ZR
UXVThfXlbh TeX XTZXegb fXeiX g[X
eT[(eT[6 !A Wb abg eha T\`_Xff_l'! [X
NP`V\[ 8\ZR \[% e\a Tae_ <\% `RNZ% DbeW)<ba$g UXgleTagf' Uhg _XTW
g[X`
fTlf \a A ;be\ag[\Taf 45-1'-2' !A Wb RZ % TaW g[Xl _ThaV[ lXg Tabg[Xe Ul lbhe ZbbWXkT`c_X! &G
HXg)05-(.
abg Ubk Tf baX UXTg\aZg[X T\e6Uhg A ebhg\aX)L[Xl `Tl XiXa Vel)
D\i\aZ :\U_X&)
cb``X_ `l UbWl TaWfhUWhX\g' _Xfg
:hg g[X\eTZbal \f f[T__bj Vb`cTeXW
8\NPUR_ N^R R__R[`VNY4
PURR^YRNQR^_
TYgXeceXTV[\aZ gb bg[Xef A `lfX_Y
j\g[ g[X VbTV[$fTg g[Tg `b`Xag) @\f N^R["`' 9 YbbgUT__
gXT` f\`c_l [Tf gb
f[bh_WUXW\fdhT_\Y\XW)!
`\aW \f V[hea\aZ' fXTeV[\aZ Ybe g[X [T iX VbTV[\aZ) 9 Zebhc bY Zhlf
8\NPUR_ N^R SYRdVOYR4
PURR^YRNQR^_ e\Z[g jbeWf gb ghea [\f gXT` TebhaW) c_Tl\aZ Ul g[X`fX_iXf j\__ aXiXe ZXg
N^R]^\T^NZZRQ' 9 VbTV[`Tl UXTU_X @X haWXefgTaWfg[X Yh__ WXcg[ bY cTfg g[X fTaW_bg_XTZhX)Kb`XbaX [Tf
gb gX__lbh [\f !ZT`X c_Ta! T[XTWbY j[Tg$f Zb\aZ ba) 9f HTh_ fT\W \a gb gT^X V[TeZX TaW chg gbZXg[XeT
g\`X ( Uhg Y\iX`\ahgXf \agb g[X Y\efg ;be\ag[\Taf 15/(1' !Aa XiXelg[\aZ jX
j\aa\aZ `TV[\aX)
dhTegXe[X `Tl UXgX__\aZ[\f dhTegXe( Wb jX gel gb f[bj g[Tg jX TeXgehX
;b TV[Xf TeX gT^Xa fXe\bhf_l Ul
UTV^' !>beZXg \g) AafgXTW'_Xg$f))) !
`\a\fgXef bY ?bW) OX cTg\Xag_lXaWheX c_TlXef' bjaXef be fV[bb_ TW`\a\f(
@X \f aXiXe fheX j[Tg g[X XaX`l \f
fhYYXe\aZTaW[TeWf[\c TaWgebhU_XbY geTgbef'YTaf'XiXa g[X bccbf\g\ba) %<\W
Zb\aZ gb g[ebj Tg [\`' TaW fb [X$f XiXel ^\aW) OX [TiX UXXaUXTgXa'chg lbh XiXeabg\VXg[Tg ?bW$f `Xa TeXgb
VbafgTag_l eXTWlgb f[\Yg [\f fgl_X bY \a ]T\_' YTVXW
TaZel `bUf' jbe^XW gb UX!jX__ g[bhZ[g bY Ul \a `_VQR^_!5&G
TggTV^)@X WbXfa$gWb XiXelg[\aZ g[X Xk[T h fg\ba' fgTlXW TjT^X g[ebhZ[
L\`) .52&) ;bTV[Xf TeX\agXei\XjXWUl
fT`X jTl XiXel g\`X6 [X `\kXf g[\aZf
f_XXc_Xffa\Z[gf bYjTgV[\aZ' TaWZbaX g[X fcbegfje\gXef' \ai\gXWgb fcXT^ Tg
hc XiXa \a ceTVg\VX
gb ^XXc[\f c_TlXef j\g[bhg YbbW)OX [TiX cebiXW bhe( g[X JbgTel ;_hU TaW g[X T_h`a\
T_XegTaW\aib_iXW) AYT VXegT\aeb__(bhg fX_iXf gb UX j[Tg jX V_T\` )))
TffbV\Tg\ba `XXg\aZ) =iXelbaX ^abjf
%D\i\aZ:\U_X&)
cTggXea \fa$g jbe^\aZ' [X g[ebjf \g
g[XfgeTgXZ\V
eb_Xg[Xl c_Tl)
8\NPUR_ N[NYefR N[Q _`^N`RTVfR4
TjTl TaW Vb`Xf hc j\g[ fb`Xg[\aZ
:hg j[b
XiXe \agXei\Xjf T V[XXe(
UXggXe)
PURR^YRNQR^_
\[Ye R[`R^`NV[' ;bTV[Xf _XTWXe7
DXg$fYTVX
\g' V[XXe_XTWXef
TeX
L[X `Xa ?bW \f hf\aZ gbWTl TeX TeXabg [\eXWYbeg[X\e ZbbW_bb^f' be _hkhe\Xf j[Xa \g Vb`Xf gb j\aa\aZ
XiXa UXVThfX
g[Xl `Tl [TiX UXXafgTe YbbgUT__)
`Xa j[b ^abj g[Tg `Xg[bWf TeXabg
Ag$fa\VX gb [TiX g[X`' TaW
fTVeXW'XiXa g[bhZ[ g[X `XffTZX \f)
c_TlXef Tg baX g\`X) L[Xl TeX[\eXWYbe g[X ebTe Yeb` g[X fgTaWf`Tl Z\iX g[X
c_TlXef T f`T__ cflV[b_bZ\VT_ Ubbfg
g[X\e UeT\af' g[X\e TU\_\gl gb g[\a^
L[Xl Wbabg \af\fg ba ,40/ cTggXeaf\a
Yeb` g\`X gb g\`X) :hg T W\fV\c_\aXW
,4206 g[Xl ^XXcg[X\eXlXf ba g[XZbT_ g[\aZf g[ebhZ[' gb UeXT^Wbja T c_Tl
be Ybe`Tg\ba \agb \gf f`T__Xfg c\XVXf gXT` VTa j\a j\g[bhg T fbh_ jTgV[\aZ)
TaWfVeT`U_Xgb ZXgg[XeXYTfgXfg)
L[Xl ^abj
g[Tg \g$f j[Tg [TccXaf
Aa VbageTfg' g[X iXel XffXaVXbY TaW g[Xa chg \g UTV^ gbZXg[Xe \a
f[TcX) L[Xl `hfg \afc\eX g[X\e Wbja ba g[X fVe\``TZX _\aX g[Tg
V[XXe_XTW\aZ\f cTggXea) :XThg\Yh_' cXeYXVg
ceX V\fX' fl``Xge\VT_' jX__(XkXVhgXW gXT`f' Uhg g[Xl Wbfb ba g[X YbhaWT( Vbhagf' j[Xg[Xe fcXVgTgbefTeXg[XeXgb
abg T
ebhg\aXf) Ag$fT__iXel \`ceXff\iX ( g[X g\ba bY fb_\W c_Taa\aZ TaW ceTVg\VX6 V[XXebe abg) Fb\fX \f Ta XYYXVg'
Y\efgYXj g\`Xf TebhaW):hg Ul g[X XaW g[Xl TeX abg \agXeXfgXW\a Yebg[l VThfX)
L[X fbbaXe jX e\WbhefX_iXfbY g[X
bY g[X fXTfba' YTaf TaW V[XXe_XTWXefXag[hf\Tf` g[Tg [Tf ab UTf\f) D\^X
ZR[`NYV`e TaWVbaVXageTgX
L\`bg[l'
g[Xl TeX Tf^XW gb UX PURR^YRNQR^
T_\^XTeXT _\gg_X
UbeXWUl \g T__);[XXe(
ba g[X [TeWjbe^ bY ceTl\aZ' g[\a^\aZ
_XTW\aZ
\f Teg\Y\V\T_6
\g$fVhgX'Vbage\iXW' !haYT\_\aZ
\a cTg\XaVX TaW \a
fb`Xg\`Xf XiXa Vbeal) :hg g[X f[bj
gXTV[\aZ)))
9_jTlf UX fgXTWl! %- TaWVbTV[\aZ Ybe g[X TWiTaVX`XagbY
`hfg Zb ba ))))
?bW$f C\aZWb`' g[X fbbaXe KTgTaj\__
L\`) /5-'0&)
8\NPUR_ UNbR N ]YNPRS\^ _VYR[PR4
hc TZT\afg[\f bja
;[XXe_XTWXefTeX `beX VbaVXeaXW Y\aW[\`fX_Y UTV^XW
PURR^YRNQR^_
Q\["`' O[Xa T c_TlXe \f
ZbT_cbfgf) %9aW g[Tg$f fb`Xg[\aZ gb
j\g[ U\c `UV[T_N]]RN^ g[Ta j\g[ U\c
[heg be W\fVbheTZXW'
T ZbbWVbTV[hfXf
lX__TUbhg &%V%
`UV[T_ c\^X'
A`ceXff\baf
`XTa
F=O
OAF=
,.
`Xag `hfg UXcXe`\ggXW Ybe g[X UXggXe(
`Xag bY T__VbaVXeaXW)O[Tg TUbhg \a
g[X fc\e\ghT_ eXT_`7 9al aXXW[XeX bY
!ebb` Ybe Zebjg[!7
L[X
Tcbfg_X HTh_ jTf
VXegT\a_l
g[ebja
\agb XiXel glcX bY fbV\T_ TaW
XWhVTg\baT_ f\ghTg\ba bY [\f WTl) @X
jTf' T_fb' baX bY bhe Y\efg TaW `bfg
TU_XXWhVTgbef\a g[X Y\X_W
bY ;[e\fg\Ta
ce\aV\c_Xf) @Xgbb^ g[X ?bfcX_ bY BXfhf
;[e\fg \agb gXee\gbe\Xf j[XeX g[X _Tjf
bY _biX' cXTVXTaW _\UXegl jXeX T_`bfg
ha^abja)
;XegT\a_l' g[Xl jXeX abg Ta
TVVXcgXW
jTl bY _\YX)
L[X cXbc_X j\g[ j[b`
HTh_ V[bfX
gb VTfg [\f _bg Tf Ta \g\aXeTag `\f(
f\baTel
jXeX g[X cebWhVgf bY g[X\e
fbV\Xgl'
]hfg Tf \f gehX \a XiXel
ZXaXeTg\ba) OX jTag gb \aiXfg\ZTgX
[bj
HTh_' g[ebhZ[ g[X _XTWXef[\c bY
?bW$f @b_l Kc\e\g' [TaW_XWfb`X bY
g[X cebU_X`f j[\V[
[X YTVXWTf [X
\agebWhVXW`Xa TaWjb`Xa
gb T UeTaW
aXj VbaVXcg bY _\i\aZ TaW _bi\aZ) @\f
VbafgTag
fbheVX bY fgeXaZg[' [\f
XkT`c_X' TaW [\f Zh\WX jTf g[Tg GaX
j[b
[TW Thg[beXW g[XfX _Tjf bY
C\aZWb` _\i\aZ ( [\f KTi\be TaW DbeW'
BXfhf ;[e\fg)
HTh_ bYgXa fcb^X bY [\`fX_Y Tf T
!c[Te\fXX bY g[X c[Te\fXXf)! @X[TW gb
_XTea [bj
gb `biX Yeb` g[X !]bg TaW
g\gg_X! glcX bY _Tj^XXc\aZ \agb g[X
YeXXW+ `
+ Y _\i\aZ
\a g[X _\UXegl
TYYbeWXW
Ul C\aZ BXfhf) @X ^aXj \g
jTfa$g XTfl' Uhg g[Tg \g jTf cbff\U_X)
L[\f
`TWX [\`
WXf\eX g[Tg XiXel
UX_\XiXe f[bh_W Vb`X gb ^abj
g[\f
fT`X YeXXWb`) L[Tg \f j[l
[X Vbh_W
gXTV[ fb XYYXVg\iX_lba !UeXTg[\aZ
ebb`)!
@XeX\f Ta XkVXecgYeb` [\f _XggXegb
g[X UX_\XiXef \a Jb`X)
Jb`X
jTf T
VXagXebY `\Z[g TaW `T]Xfgl) Gn
jTf T
iXe\gTU_X `X_g\aZ cbg bY [h`Ta\gl)
9aW [XeX g[X ?bfcX_ bY BXfhf ;[e\fg
UXZTa `T^\aZ \aebTWf Yeb` cT_TVXgb
ce\fbaf) D\gg_X jbaWXe g[Tg cebU_X`f
^Xcg Vebcc\aZ hc) EXTg bYYXeXWgb
\Wb_f TaW [b_l WTl bUfXeiTaVXf `Tl
fXX` _\^X ge\i\T gb hf gbWTl' Uhg \Y jX
j\__ [baXfg_l Vbaf\WXe g[XfX jbeWf'
jX$__ fXX g[Tg g[X ce\aV\c_Xf g[Xl fgeXff
TeX Tf `hV[ aXXWXWgbWTl Tf \a g[Tg
Y\efgVXaghel)
HTh_ UXZTa g[\f _XggXe5!HTh_' T
UbaW(fXeiTag bY ;[e\fg BXfhf' VT__XW
Tf
F=O
OAF=
Ta Tcbfg_X' fXg TcTeg Ybe g[X ZbfcX_ bY
?bW )))
gb T__ j[b
TeX UX_biXWbY
?bW \a Jb`X'
VT__XWTf fT\agf ))) !
;[TcgXe
,/'
iXefXf A g[ebhZ[
,0'
Ue\aZf g[\f jbeW gb g[X fT\agf5 %F9K&)
&/' Fbj
TVVXcgg[X baX j[b
\f
jXT^
\a YT\g[' Oa` abg Ybe `UR
[_\[Z]P bY cTff\aZ ]hWZ`Xag ba [\f
bc\a\baf)
&0' GaX `Ta
[Tf YT\g[ g[Tg [X
`Tl XTg T__ g[\aZf' Uhg [X j[b
\f
jXT^ XTgfiXZXgTU_Xf
\[Ye'
&1' DXg abg [\`
j[b XTgf eXZTeW
j\g[
VbagX`cg [\` j[b
WbXf abg
XTg' TaW _Xgabg [\` j[b WbXf abg
XTg]hWZX[\` j[b XTgf' Ybe ?bW [Tf
TVVXcgXW
[\`)
&2' O[b
TeX lbh gb ]hdZX g[X
fXeiTag bY Tabg[Xe7 Lb [\f bja
`TfgXe [X fgTaWf bn YT__f6TaW fgTaW
[X j\__' Ybe g[X DbeW\f TU_Xgb `T^X
[\` fgTaW)
&3' GaX `Ta
eXZTeWf baX WTl
TUbiX
Tabg[Xe' Tabg[Xe eXZTeWf
XiXel WTl NYVXR'DXg XTV[ `Ta UX
Yh__l Vbai\aVXW \a [\f bja `\aW)
&4' @X j[b
bUfXeiXf g[X WTl'
bUfXeiXf \g Ybe g[X DbeW' TaW [X
j[b XTgf' WbXf fb Ybe g[X DbeW' Ybe
[X Z\iXf g[Ta^f gb ?bW6 TaW [X j[b
XTgf abg' Ybe g[X DbeW [X WbXf abg
XTg' TaW Z\iXf g[Ta^f gb ?bW)
&5' >be abg baX bY hf _\iXf Ybe
[\` fX_Y' TaW abg baX W\Xf Ybe
[\`fX_Y6
&6' >be \YjX _\iX' jX _\iX Ybe g[X
DbeW' be \Y jX W\X' jX W\XYbe g[X
DbeW6 g[XeXYbeXj[Xg[Xe jX _\iX be
W\X'jX TeXg[X DbeW$f)
&7' >be gb g[\f XaW ;[e\fg
W\XW
TaW G
\iXW NTNV[%
g[Tg @X `\Z[g UX
DbeW Ubg[ bY g[X WXTWTaW bY g[X
_\i\aZ)
&/.' :hg lbh' j[l
Wb lbh ]hWZX
lbhe Uebg[Xe7 Ge lbh TZT\a' j[l
Wb lbh eXZTeWlbhe Uebg[Xe j\g[
VbagX`cg7 >be jX f[T__ T__ fgTaW
UXYbeXg[X ]hWZ`Xag(fXTg bY ?bW)
&//' >be \g \f je\ggXa' !9f G_\iX'
fTlf g[X DbeW' XiXel ^aXX f[T__ Ubj
gb EX' 9aW XiXel gbaZhX f[T__ Z\iX
ceT\fX gb ?bW)!
&/0' Kb g[Xa XTV[ baX bY hf f[T__
Z\iX TVVbhag bY [\`fX_Y gb ?bW)
&/1' L[XeXYbeX _Xg hf abg ]hWZX
baX Tabg[Xe Tal `beX' Uhg eTg[Xe
WXgXe`\aX g[\f ( abg gb chg Ta
bUfgTV_Xbe T fgh`U_\aZ(U_bV^ \a T
Uebg[Xe$f jTl)
&/2' G^abj TaW T` Vbai\aVXW \a
g[X DbeW BXfhf g[Tg abg[ \aZ \f
haV_XTa \a \gfX_Y6Uhg gb [\` j[b
g[\a^f Talg[\aZ gb UX haV_XTa' gb
[\` \g \f haV_XTa)
&/3' > be \Y UXVThfXbY YbbWlbhe
Uebg[Xe \f [heg' lbh TeX ab _baZXe
jT_^\aZ TVVbeW\aZgb _biX) <b abg
WXfgebl j\g[
lbhe YbbW [\`
Ybe
j[b`
;[e\fg W\XW)
;GFK;A=F;=
GMJ ;GEHML=J
(
<9L9
LXTV[\aZ ba ;[e\fg\Ta _\UXegl bYgXa
VThfXf U_bbW ceXffheXf gb `bhag
gbWTl' ]hfg Tf \g `hfg [TiX j[Xa HTh_
cXaaXW g[XfX jbeWf) O\g[\a XTV[ baX
bY hf \f \aZeT\aXW VXegT\a !e\Z[gf TaW
jebaZf!
g[Tg WXgXe`\aX `hV[ bY bhe
TVg\baf)
L[ebhZ[
XTe_l gXTV[\aZ'
ceTVg\VX' cXe[Tcf XiXa e\ghT_' jX Ybe`
\WXTf bY TVVXcgTU\_\gl) L[Xa T_baZ
Vb`Xf gXTV[\aZ j[\V[ VThfXf hf gb YXX_
g[eXTgXaXW\Y jX f[bh_W XiXa g[\a^ bY
V[TaZX) 9aW baVX jX Wb V[TaZX' [bj
[TeW \g \f Ybe hf gb fXX g[Tg abg
XiXelbaX X_fX[Tf gb `T^X g[XfX fT`X
V[TaZXf)
:XYbeX jX Vbaf\WXe fb`X bY g[X
W\YYXeXaVXf
cXbc_X [TiX' jX `hfg gel
gb haWXefgTaW ?bW$f WXT_\aZfj\g[ hf
\a g[\f TeXTbY bhe WXiX_bc`Xag) >\efg
bY T__' jX fb`X[bj
YXX_Whgl(UbhaW
j[Xa ?bW WXT_fj\g[ hf ba T VXegT\a
c_TaX' gb fgTeg WXT_\aZj\g[ bg[Xef ba
g[\f fT`X `TggXe) OX ]hfg aTgheT__l YXX_
g[X aXVXff\gl gb chg bhe Vbai\Vg\baf ba
g[X`) Ghe Tgg\ghWX\f' !AY g[X DbeW
WXT_f j\g[
`X TUbhg g[\f' @X [TW
UXggXeWXT_j\g[ lbh TUbhg \g AY@X
WbXfa$g' cXe[Tcf A Vbh_W [X_c @\`
bhg)! 9jTl jX Zb )))
OX `hfg _XTeag[Tg ?bW _RRZ_ gb _Xg
bg[Xe cXbc_X ZXg TjTl j\g[ g[\aZf @X
WbXfa$g _Xg hf ZXg TjTl j\g[)
@bj
Vb`X7 OX TeX gb_W g[Tg ?bW \f ab
eXfcXVgXebY cXefbaf) @X \fa$g6 Uhg @X
\f T eXfcXVgXe bY XTV[ cXefba$f Vba(
fV\XaVX) =iXelbaX$f VbafV\XaVX aXXWf
eXaXjT_ TaW eXfgbeTg\ba TYgXe[X Vb`Xf
gb ^abj
BXfhf ;[e\fg Tf DbeW) ?bW
jbe^f
baX jTl
j\g[
baX `Ta
(
Tabg[Xe j\g[ T fXVbaW) @X^abjf
g[X
j[Tg )))
j[Xa )))
[bj TaW j[l
bY
Ue\aZ\aZ
VbafV\XaVX \agb T e\Z[g
eX_Tg\baf[\c j\g[ @\f j\__ TaW jTl \a
XTV[ \aW\i\WhT_ _\YX)
Bb[a ;T_i\a [Tf fT\W' !;bafV\XaVX \f
_\^X T g[bhfTaW j\gaXffXf)!
O[Xa T
`Ta i\b_TgXf [\f VbafV\XaVX' fb`Xg[\aZ
e\fXf j\g[\a
[\`
TaW ^XXcf fTl\aZ'
!Pbh$iX WbaX \g jebaZ ))
L[Tg ]hfg
\fa$g e\Z[g !
,0
jTag gb Y\aWbhg j[XeX g[X VTc\gT_bY
?bW WXf\ZaXW
g[X VbafV\XaVX
TaW\g gel T__biXe TZT\a)O[Xa T `beX `TgheX
\f
[Tf T iXel \`cbegTag YhaVg\ba)AgfhfX ;[e\fg\Ta fT\Wgb `X' !El ceTlXe _\YX
g[X aXj Vbhagel \f TaW`T^X \g T cb\ag
baX W\eXVgXW
Ul g[X @b_l Kc\e\g'! AjTf
gb ZXgg[XeX)L[Xl jTag gb ZXggb VYZa
\f bYgXa`\fhaWXefgbbW' j[\V[ \f j[l
A g[bhZ[g (
g[X C\aZ TaWPYUZc@\f ceXfXaVX)
jX jTag gb XkT`\aX [bj ?bW WXf\eXf TUfb_hgX_l fVTaWT_\mXW)
[bj VTa [X Wb g[\f7 <Ta\X_ ceTlXW
g[Tg \g bcXeTgX6TaW[bj @XjTagf hf
E\_\gTel fgeTgXZ\fgf^abj g[Tg `bfg
g[eXXg\`Xf T WTl Mgg_XW\WA^abj
gb eXT_\mX
g[Tg VTeX\f aXXWXW
\a bhe
Te`XW VbaY_\Vgf
UXZ\aTg g[X UbeWXe(
eX_Tg\baf[\cf gb bg[Xef eXZTeW\aZ
g[X\e g[Tg g[XeX TeX ;[e\fg\Taf j[b [TiX j[XeX g[XeX TeXXaX`\Xf WXf\ebhfbY
VbafV\XaVXf)
Vb`X gb fb Xa]bl g[X\e jT_^ j\g[ ?bW
gT^\aZ %Ul YbeVX\Y aXVXffTel&g[Tg
g[Tg g[X\e _\iXf TeX T_`bfg VbafgTag j[\V[ UX_baZfgb lbh Tf T aXj V\g\mXa
O[Xa Ta \aW\i\WhT_Y\efgVb`Xf gb
j\g[ @\`) KgTgXW bY g[\f _TaWbY KT_iTg\ba) D\i\aZ fb
g[X DbeW'[X [Tf T iXel WX_\VTgX'
gXaWXe Vb``ha\VTg\ba
VbafV\XaVX\a eX_Tg\bagb aXj gehg[f) f\`c_l' T ceTlXe _\YX[Tf gheaXWgb T V_bfXgb g[X jbe_W fXgfhc fgehZZ_Xf
TaW
bYceTlXe
L[XeX \f T gXaWXaVlgb UX fhcXe( _\YX
\agXeaT_VbaY_\Vg)<bhU_X(`\aWXWaXff'
fXaf\g\iX be biXe_l(fVehch_bhf \a XiXel
L[\f \f g[X !fgebaZ Uebg[Xe! TUbhg j\g[
\gf VbafXdhXag fc\e\ghT_
WXgT\_
j[XeX Ta bccbegha\gl gb c_XTfX j[b`
HTh_jTf je\g\aZ) Fb _baZXeTal
\afgTU\_\gl'
\f iXel WT`TZ\aZ gb
?bW \f VbaVXeaXW)
@XWbXfa$gjTag gb _TUbe\aZ be fjXTg\aZ) L[XeX TeX fc\e\ghT_cebZeXff)HXbc_Xj[b ]hfg !ZXg
bYYXaW
g[X DbeWUl Wb\aZ fb`Xg[\aZ
_\UXeg\Xf g[Xl !T__bj! g[X`fX_iXf \af\WX! g[X _TaW TeX \a VbafgTag
jebaZ) 9g Y\efg' j[Tg \f _\^X_l gb UXVThfX g[Xl [TiX eXc_TVXW
g[X gX`cgTg\ba gb Zb UTV^ TVebff g[X
WXgXe`\aXbhe !e\Z[gf Tan jebaZf!7
fgehZZ_Xf bY ^XXc\aZ hc j\g[ fX_Y( UbeWXe)
HTh_\f je\g\aZ gb T cXbc_Xj[b TeX
L[T g \aaXe \afgeh`Xag %VbafV\XaVX&ZXaXeTgXW
Vb`chgXe WTgTj\g[ ?bW(
\agb j[\V[ jX [TiX YXW
!WTgT! Yeb`
beWT\aXWTaW fVe\cgheT__\UXeg\Xf)
OX fXX^\aZ ?bW$f iXel UXfg) Kb T` G,
V[\_W[bbWe\Z[g ba hc) Ghe Vb`chgXe
aXXW gb eXT_\mXg[Tg HTh_ \f abg O[Xa A T` TccebTV[XW j\g[ g[X
Z\iXf bhg g[X \aYbe`Tg\ba j[\V[ [Tf
V[Tfg\m\aZ X\g[Xe g[X jXT^ be g[X dhXfg\ba' !;Ta AWTaVXTaWfg\__UXT
UXXa \a(VbWXW)L[\f \f j[XeX UTf\V fgebaZ Uebg[Xe ( [X \f fgTg\aZ g[Tg ;[e\fg\Ta7! ( be' !K[bj `X \a g[X
gXTV[\aZTaW _bi\aZ haWXefgTaW\aZ\f
g[XeXL\P W\YYXeXaVXf6
TaWg[TgjX aXXW :\U_X j[XeX \g fTlf \g$f jebaZ gb
i\gT_)
gb UX TjTeX bY g[X` \a [TaW_\aZ f`b^X'! A eXVbZa\mX[XeX \f baX bY
KhccbfX T__bY lbhe _\YXlbh [TW f\ghTg\baf Tf g[Xl Vb`X bhe jTl) DXg$f j[b`
@XUeXjf AA5,0 %9`c_\Y\XW&
\f
UXXa gThZ[g g[Tg XTg\aZ UTVba jTf
_bb^ Tg fb`X bY g[X W\YYXeXaVXf
g[Tg fcXT^\aZ5 !AYg[Xl [TW UXXag[\a^\aZ
jebaZ)
Obh_W fb`Xg[\aZ e\fX hc
Vb`X bhe jTl gbWTl)
j\g[ [b`Xf\V^ eX`X`UeTaVX bY g[Tg
j\g[\a lbh \Y T cXefba bYYXeXW
lbh
Vbhagel
Yeb` j[\V[
g[Xl jXeX
UTVba j\g[ lbhe XZZf7Obh_W T `XeX
X`\ZeTagf' g[Xl jbh_W [TiX YbhaW
:GJ<=J(DAF=
9F=EA9
eX`\aWXe' !:hg ?bW fTlf \a Jb`Taf
VbafgTagbccbegha\gl gb eXgheagb \g)!
,/5 ,/ g[Tg abg[\aZ \f haV_XTa bY
OX `hfg Vb`X gb eXT_\mX
g[Tg g[XeX\f
Lb [X_c hf haWXefgTaW
j[Tg A`XTa
\gfX_Y'!\``XW\TgX_l YeXXlbh gb XTg Ul UbeWXe(_\aXTaX`\T' _Xg$f hfX T `beX gb bhe aXj eX_Tg\baf[\c g[Ta
UTVba7Ge jbh_W eX`\aWXef g[Tg c\Zf
Vbag\ahT_UbeWXe
VbaY_\Vgf)
W\TZeT`)
VeTj_ \a g[X `hW TaW[TiX ge\V[\abf\f
^XXclbh \a UbaWTZX
TaWceXiXaglbh
Yeb` UeXT^\aZgeTW\g\baTaWgXTV[\aZ7
;Ta lbh fXXT cbff\U_XfgehZZ_X7
HXbc_X
j\g[ T fVehch_bhf' fXaf\g\iX glcX bY
VbafV\XaVX
[TiX fXe\bhf W\YY\Vh_gl
j\g[
;[e\fg\Ta _\UXegl)L[\f \f g[X cXefba
HTh_eXYXef
gb Tf T !jXT^ Uebg[Xe)!
L[X WXfVe\cg\iXgXe` !jXT^! hfXW
[XeX`XTaf TVghT__lf\V^) Ag̀XTaf g[Tg
baX \f fc\e\ghT__l cff,Ge jX `\Z[g fTl
g[Tg cXefba \f !biXe(Tak\bhf)! @TiX
lbh XiXe [TW g[\f ^\aW bY gebhU_X7A
[TiX) >be g[X Y\efglXTe TYgXeA jTf
9g g[X g\`X jX TeXfTiXW'jX `biX
D=9JF LG <AK;=JF
fTiXW' A jTf T iXel !VTeXYh_!`Ta)
Yeb` !bhgXe WTe^aXff!\agb g[X_TaWbY
Kb [XeXjX TeX( jXT^' fgebaZ' TaW
O[Xa `l T_Te` V_bV^UhmmXW
j\g[ g[X KT_iTg\ba) Kb`X UX_\XiXef aXiXe \a(UXgjXXa)
L[X [TaZ(hcf'
be
aXjf \g jTf g\`X gb ZXghc TaWceTl' A cebZeXff `hV[ UXlbaW g[X UbeWXebY cebU_X`f' jX `Xag\ba `Tl abg UX
jTf bhg ba `l ^aXXf))) ZebTa\aZ g[Tg _TaW)L[Xl [TiX Vb`X bhg bYg[X lbhef) :hg' fheX_l' g[\f j\__ Z\iXlbh Ta
TaWYT__\aZ
UTV^gb f_XXc)L[Xa Ajbh_W jbe_W' Uhg abg iXel YTebhg L[Xl ]hfg
\WXTbY g[X gebhU_Xfbg[Xef `Tl YTVX)
jT^X hc T__ VbaWX`aXWYbe YT__\aZ ZXg biXe g[X _\aX TaW ^XXc _bb^\aZ H_XTfX
eXT_\mX
g[Tg fb`X jXT^ Uebg[Xef
Tf_XXc j[Xa A f[bh_W [TiX UXXa UTV^)L[\f \f g[X UX_\XiXe
j\g[ UbeWXe( TaW f\fgXef [TiX UXXa WXfgeblXWUl
ceTl\aZ) A$W
eXcXagTaWg[X aXkg WTl _\aX TaX`\T) L[XeX TeX bg[Xef j[b
`UV[T_`UN`N^RV[QVSSR^R[`'
O[Tg Wb A
,1
K?OAF
/753
`XTa Ul g[Tg7 >[QVSSR^R[`
VbiXef f\ghT(
g\baf TaW fhU]XVgf g[Tg TeX aX\g[Xe
ZbbW abe UTWbY g[X`fX_iXf) L[Xl TeX
ha\`cbegTag
)))
\``TgXe\T_ )))
ge\i\T_ )))
\af\Za\Y\VTag)
GaX bY g[X \aW\YYXeXagg[\aZf \f
Z\[Re' Gn
\f aX\g[Xe ZbbW abe UTW\a
\gfX_Y) GnWXcXaWfhcba [bj
jX hfX
`baXl
( j[Xg[Xe jX [heg cXbc_X j\g[
\g be [X_c g[X`)
BNXR&a]' 9eX lbh TjTeX g[Tg g[XeX
TeX Xag\eX VbaZeXZTg\baf j[\V[
Wb abg
cXe`\g g[X\e _TWl `X`UXef
gb jXTe
YTV\T_`T^X(hc7 >be g[X`' g[\f \f T eXT_
TaWVe\g\VT_\ffhX)
=NV^' DbaZ [T\e ))) f[beg [T\e )))
Vhe_XW[T\e )))
UeT\WXW
[T\e) AjTf \a
T `XXg\aZ baVX j[XeX T cXefba jTf
eXYhfXWg[X ce\i\_XZX bY Vb`\aZ hc ba
g[X c_TgYbe` gb f\aZ UXVThfXbY [Ti\aZ
g[Tg lbh UX_\XiX\f Y\gg\aZYbee\a^ WTl)
;N_` V>(T' Kb`X cXbc_X YTfg XiXel
OXWaXfWTl) >be bg[Xef' \g \f XiXel
>e\WTl) =iXelbaX V_bfX gb baX Ye\XaW
bY `\aX ^abjf
j[\V[ cTeg\Vh_TeWTl \f
g[X e\Z[g([TaW VbeaXe bY baX cTZX' HUR UV_ YTfg WTl UXVThfX bY g[X hZ_l
j[\V[
TVVb`cTa\Xf [\f
G\a[Q \S Ba_VP' L[X DbeW fXX`XW gb W\fcbf\g\ba
!fTVe\Y\VX)! L[Xl gel gb fgTl Tf YTe
fTl' !L[Tg baX)!
Tf cbff\U_X <b lbh fXX
Kb' bYYjX jXag j\g[ `hV[ geXc\WT( Yeb` [\`
g\ba TaW WTe^ Z_TffXf) L[X UXThg\Yh_ j[XeX g[\f glcX bY ![b_\aXff! VTa UXT
[TaW\VTc gb fb`X cXbc_X7
`hf\V
g[X `TZa\Y\VTag c[bgb(
Aa WXYXeXaVX
gb bhe Uebg[Xef TaW
ZeTc[l
g[X haYb_W\aZ c_bg )))
f\fgXef j[b [b_W gb baX UX_\XY\a g[XfX
UXf\WXf g[X bUi\bhf TUfXaVX bY Tal
j[\_X jX [b_W
g[\aZ
fhZZXfg\iX
be f\aYh_'
T__ `TggXef bY \aW\YYXeXaVX'
gb Tabg[Xe' j[Tg \f gb UXbhe eXfcbafX7
Vbage\UhgXW gb g[X YXX_\aZg[Tg A [TW
UXXa ebUUXW)O[Tg ]blf A [TW `\ffXW
( 9 LOG(O9P
KLJ==L
f\`c_l
UXVThfXAjTf gThZ[g gb V_Tff\Yl KLME:DAF?
T__ `bi\Xf
Tf !f\aYh_)!
L[X aXkg
HTh_ hfXf g[X jbeW fgh`U_\aZ(U_bV^ \a
XiXa\aZ
jX
eXgheaXW' gT^\aZ bhe
iXefX ,.) >eb`
g[\f' g[X XkceXff\ba
V[\_WeXa' j[b
Xa]blXW \g Tf `hV[ Tf
!fgh`U_\aZ
bhe
Uebg[Xe!
[Tf Xib_iXW)
jX [TW)
OX
TeX
gb_Wabg
gb
chg
Ta
bVVTf\ba gb
<bXf g[Tg `XTa g[Tg T__`bi\Xf TeX
YT__
\a
bhe
Uebg[Xe$f
jTl)
Fbj'
jbeg[ bhe g\`X TaW `baXl7 Ge WbXf\g
fgh`U_\aZ
VTa
bVVhe
\a
gjb
jTlf)
OX
`XTa g[Tg cR >>YY>G`
YRN^[ ^Z QV_PR^[5
VTa
bYYXaWTabg[Xe
TaW
jX
VTa
gT^X
L[XeX TeX eXT_`f \a j[\V[
jX `hfg
bYYXafX) Kb g[XeX TeX bYYXafXf TVbR[
_XTea [bj
gb gX__g[X ZbbW Yeb` g[X
DbeW' A jTf Y\aT__l TU_X gb Vbai\aVX
[Xe) Kb jX gheaXW gb g[X XagXegT\a(
`Xag fXVg\ba bY g[X aXjfcTcXe) 9YgXe
c_bj\aZ
g[ebhZ[ U_bbW' g[haWXe TaW
TffbegXW_biX TYYT\ef'Aabg\VXWWbja \a
!Vhe_XW! [T\e)
9^R__' Ob`Xa f[bh_Wa$g jXTe f_TV^
fh\gf7 PXf' A eXT_\mXg[Tg g[X VbaYhf\ba
\a `T_X TaW YX`T_X eb_Xf \f T iXel
fXe\bhf baX) :hg jX TeX fcXT^\aZ [XeX
bY TVVXcgTU_X
fgl_Xf bY V_bg[\aZ)
TaWbYYXafXf`NXRY('
UTWYeb` g[X \aW\YYXeXag)AYbhe [XTeg
8\Y\^_' @bj `Tal
bY lbh ^abj
Aa iXefXf .' /' ,+ TaW ,.'
HTh_
\f
fXg
ba
!fXX^\aZ
?bW
TaW
@\f
g[Tg eXW \f f\aYh_ TaW U_TV^ \f [b_l7
fgeXffXf
!]hWZ\aZ!
bg[Xef)
NXel
bYgXa
e\Z[gXbhfaXff'!
jX
TeX
ZhTeTagXXW
O[l
[Tf `\a\fgXe\T_ ZTeU UXXa Vba(
jX ]hWZX bhg bY bhe bja !Vb`chgXe(
g[Tg T__ZbbW g[\aZf j\__ UX TWWXW
gb
fXeiTg\iX aTil U_hX be U_TV^ Ybe fb
\mXW! VbafV\XaVX) Bhfg UXVThfX A Wb
bhe
_\iXf)
OX
`hfg
_XTea
gb
bUXl
g[X
`Tal lXTef7 <\W ?bW VeXTgXT__Vb_bef7
abg
g[\a^ T f\ghTg\ba \f e\Z[g' A YXX_
V[XV^f
TaW
jbe^\aZf
bY
g[X
@b_l
CRPX`VR_' L[XfX TeX Vbaf\WXeXW
g[Tg
`T^Xf \g jebaZ Ybe XiXelbaX X_fX)
Kc\e\g)
!jbe_W_l! Ul VXegT\aZebhcf)
9_fb'
jX hfhT__l Wb abg ^abj T__g[X
@XeXTeX
fb`X
`beX
!\aW\YYXeXagf)!
BVdRQ 7N`UV[T' L[\f \f T eXT_\ffhX \a
V\eVh`fgTaVXf
fheebhaW\aZ T f\ghTg\ba
?RcRY^e'
Kb`X
Zebhcf
UX_\XiX
g[Tg
fb`X _bVT_\g\Xf) Gn\f g[bhZ[g gb UX
j[\V[
`Tl
UX!fgh`U_\aZ!
hf)
T__
]XjX_el
\f
f\aYh_)
Gg[Xef
UX_\XiX
Zb_W
VeXTg\aZ gX`cgTg\ba
haaXVXffTe\_l (
GaX
KhaWTl
`bea\aZ
j[\_X
We\i\aZ
\f
f\aYh_)
O[\_X
ceXTV[\aZ
gb
baX
bY
g[Tg \f f\a
gb V[heV[ jX fTj T lbhaZ jb`Ta
g[XfX Zebhcf' A f\`c_l
eX`biXW `l
B\bVR_' :XVThfX bY `l
eX_\Z\bhf
[TaZ\aZ V_bg[Xf ba g[X _\aX \a [Xe lTeW)
jXWW\aZ e\aZ Whe\aZ `l
fgTl j\g[
UTV^ZebhaW' Ybe `Tal
lXTef TYgXe`l
GaX bY g[X cTffXaZXef \a bhe VTe`TWX
g[X`) O[l7 :XVThfX AW\Wa$gaXXW\g gb
fT_iTg\ba A aXiXe TggXaWXWT `bi\X)
g[\f
eTg[Xe VThfg\V eX`Te^5 !Pbh
eX`\aW `X g[Tg A jTf `Tee\XW TaW \g
ETlUX T :\__l ?eT[T`
Y\_` ba T
[TccXaXW gb bYYXaW`l
Uebg[Xef \a T jbh_W g[\a^ f[X Vbh_W Y\aW Tabg[Xe
KhaWTl a\Z[g) :hg abg XiXa T OT_g
f\ghTg\ba j[XeX A YX_g?bW [TW VT__XW WTl gb Wb [Xe _ThaWel' jbh_Wa$g lbh7!
<\faXl
cebWhVg\ba) GaX WTl j[\_X
L[X cXefba `T^\aZ
g[X eX`Te^ `\\X
`X)
fXX^\aZ g[X DbeW' A fT\W' !DbeW' AT`
BRN`' L[XeX TeX `Tal
f\aVXeX \SSRY(_R Tg bhe aX\Z[Ube$f TVg\i\g\Xf)
ceXcTeXWgb Wb Talg[\aZ Ybe Pbh)! Lb
HXe[Tcf g[XeX jTf eXT__l ab \agXag gb
j[\V[
g[X DbeW eXfcbaWXW V_XTe_l5 ;[e\fg\Taf j[b UX_\XiXg[Tg XTg\aZ Tal
VThfX TalbaX gb fgh`U_X) L[XeX `\Z[g
!?b
gb g[X `bi\Xf)!
Mcba j[\V[
A glcX bY `XTg \f jebaZ) Kb' lbh fXX' jX
[TiX g[X fT`X cebU_X`f g[Tg HTh_ [TW [TiX UXXa \__aXff Whe\aZ g[X a\Z[g TaW
ceb`cg_l
eXUh^XWg[X <Xi\_)
aXXW Ybe V_XTa _\aXaf UXYbeXTabg[Xe
( `XTg be [XeUf7 :bg[ VTa$g UX e\Z[g)
>be
g[eXX WTlf A UTgg_XWg[X
a\Z[g) OX aXXWgb [TiX VTeX \a UX\aZ
\`c_\VTg\ba bY g[\f fhU]XVg\iX_XTW\aZ)A 9aW lXg Ubg[ TeX) >be g[X `TggXe \a
]hWZ`XagT_'
Tf jX__ Tf gT^\aZ bYYXafX)
dhXfg\ba \f !\aW\YYXeXag)!
jTf XkXeV\fXW\a `l VbafV\XaVX gb g[X
HTh_
fTlf'
!Kb
g[Xa XiXelbaX
f[T__
=\Ye 9Ne_' OX fg\__ [TiX g[\f
cb\ag bY abg UX\aZ TU_Xgb f[TeX \g j\g[
Z\iX
TVVbhag
bY
[\`fX_Y
gb
?bW
)))
cebU_X` gb j[\V[
HTh_ T__hWXW\a
TalbaX) O[Xa g[X _XTW\aZcXef\fgXW \a
_Xghf
g[XeXYbeXabg
]hWZXbaX
Tabg[Xe
iXefXf 0 TaW 1) AYT Uebg[Xe YXX_fT
fc\gX bY `l eXf\fgTaVX' A jXag gb `l
j\YX TaW gb_W [Xe) K[X XkV_T\`XW6
!L[Tg Vbh_Wa$g UX ?bW ! :XVThfX A
jTf Vbai\aVXW g[Tg \g jTf Yeb` g[X
F=O
OAF=
VXegT\aWTl \f `beX [b_l g[Ta Tabg[Xe'
Z\iX [\` UeXTg[\aZ ebb` gb bUfXeiX \g
Tf [X YXX_fe\Z[g) Pbh7 <b fb`Xg[\aZ
Tal `beX ))) !
@X T_fb fTlf' !>be abaX bY hf _\iXf
TaW W\Xf gb [\`fX_Y)! OX TeXT__\a g[\f
,2
gb cebUX \agb g[X `TggXe gb fXX\Y
Gn
j\__ [X_c gb eXTW\a Xag\eXglg[X YeXX
g[\aZ gbZXg[Xe)OX `hfg _XTeagb Z\iX
g[XeX `\Z[g UX T aXXWYbe hf gb
X\Z[g[ V[TcgXe bY A ;be\ag[\Taf) L[X
bhe Uebg[Xef UeXTg[\aZebb`) <b lbh
Vbag\ahX \a bhe Z\iXa TVg\ba)L[XeXTeX
fXXg[Tg Ubg[ g[X jXT^ TaWg[X fgebaZ D\i\aZ :\U_XcTeTc[eTfXf iXefXbaX g[\f
bVVTf\baf
j[Xa bhe !fgTaW! `\Z[g
TeXfXX^\aZ gb Z_be\Ylg[X DbeWBXfhf7 jTl5
cebiX
g[X
UeXT^\aZTaWbcXa\aZ
bYg[X
L[X jXT^ Uebg[XeWbXfa$gjTag gb [heg
F
Xkg
\f
lbhe
dhXfg\ba
TUbhg
UbaWTZXj[\V[ \f hcba bhe Uebg[Xe)
g[X DbeW)GhYTVg'[X YXX_f
Ul TVg\aZTf
XTg\aZYbbWg[Tg [Tf UXXafTVe\Y\VXWPXf' g[XeX TeXg\`Xf j[Xa bhe geXTg(
[X WbXf'[X \f [babe\aZ @\`) @X`Tl
gb \Wb_f)Ga g[\f dhXfg\ba XiXelbaX
`Xag bY T f\ghTg\ba VTa cebib^X T
TVbR bYYXafXgb g[X fgebaZ Uebg[Xe'
YXX_fg[Tg ba_l [\f TafjXe \f g[X
Uebg[Xegb
g[X cb\ag bY[\f _bb^\aZ Tg
j[\_X [baXfg_l gel\aZ [\` gb bYYXaW e\Z[g baX :hg T_g[bhZ[ UX\aZ T
[\`fX_Y
gb
fXXVSUR P\a YQORV[ R^^\^'
g[X DbeWUl Wb\aZj[Tg [X WbXf)
!^abj(\g(T__!
`T^Xf
hf YXX_
\`cbegTag'
j[Tg
\f
eXT__l
a
XXWXW
gb
L[\f
gT^Xf
Ta XkgeT`XTfheX bY _biX
Gn\f iXel cbff\U_X Ybe g[X fgebaZ
Uh\_W
g[X
V[heV[
\f
_biX)
TaW
haWXefgTaW\aZ
Ybe Ubg[ bY g[X`)
Uebg[Xe gb bYYXaW
g[X jXT^Xe Ul [\f
Ljb
fhV[
\afgTaVXfeXVbeWXW
\a g[X
TVg\baf' gbb) L[bfX j[b YXX_
g[Xl [TiX
_\YXbY
BXfhf
f[bj
g[\f
`XTaf
bY
Vb`X \agb _\UXegl\a `TggXef g[Tg TeX
PXf' _biX VeXTgXfg[X V_\`TgX \a
[X_c\aZ
g[ebhZ[
checbfXYh_
bccb(
\aW\YYXeXag
`hfg UXXfcXV\T__l
VThg\bhf j[\V[
jX VTa Vb`X gb Ta haWXe(
f\g\ba) O[Xa @X fTj T c[Te\fT\VT_
abg gb Z\iX bYYXafX
gb g[X jXT^Xe) HTh_ fgTaW\aZ j\g[\a bhefX_iXf Tf gb bhe
Tgg\ghWX
be T [Tef[ fc\e\g' @Xfgh`U_XW
`T^Xf \g iXel V_XTe
j[Tg jX TeXgb Wb bja Tgg\ghWXf
TaWTVg\baf)OX Wbabg
g[XZh\_gl
WX_\UXeTgX_l)
TaWabg gb Wb)
jTag gb chg bhefX_iXf \a UbaWTZX
Mcba
baX bVVTf\ba
%ETe^
JX`X`UXe g[X VbagebiXefl A [TW g[ebhZ[ gel\aZ gb c_XTfXXiXelbaX Tg
j\g[ `lfX_Y biXe Zb\aZ gb g[X`bi\Xf7
-5-.(-3&' BXfhfjTf TU_X
gb gXTV[g[Tg
T__ g\`Xf) =kcXe\XaVXcebiXf g[\f \f
GaVX A [TW fXgg_XW
\g gb `l fTg\f( \`cbff\U_X) ?b\aZ UTV^ biXe HTh_$f g[X KTUUTg[jTf `TWX Ybe `Ta TaW
YTVg\ba' j[Tg TUbhg `l
Tgg\ghWX jbeWf bY TWi\VXgb g[X fgebaZ UX_\XiXe' abg `Ta Ybe g[X KTUUTg[)@X [TW
gbjTeW g[bfX j[b
[TiXa$g7 AYlbh
g[X H[Te\fXXfUl c_hV^\aZ
_Xg$f_\fg fb`X gb(Wb$fTaWabg(gb(Wb$f) fVTaWT_\mXW
Wba$gUX_\XiX\a Zb\aZ gb g[X `bi\Xf'
Vbea ba g[X KTUUTg[)
%,&JXVX\iXg[X baX j[b \f jXT^ \a
j[Tg f[bh_Wlbh Wb7<ba$g Zb) AYlbhe
9abg[Xe g\`X %Bb[a -5,4&' BXfhf
g[X YT\g[)@X\f lbhe Uebg[Xe)
VbafV\XaVX WbXfa$g cXe`\g lbh'
%-&L[XeX TeX gb UX ab !WbhUgYh_ fgbbW \a YebagbY g[X gX`c_X \a BXeh(
[bjXiXe' Wba$gWXfc\fXg[bfX j[b Wb)A W\fchgTg\baf! )))
cTff\aZ ]hWZ`Xag fT_X` TaW cebV_T\`XW' !<Xfgebl g[\f
Wba$gZb gb g[X `bi\Xf bYgXa'Uhgg[XeX ba [\f bc\a\baf)
JX_\Z\bhf TaW gX`c_X TaW\a g[eXXWTlf Aj\__ eT\fX\g
\f T _\UXegl' TaW g[X baXf VTeXYh__l WbVge\aT_TeZh`Xagf TeXfX_Wb` UXaX( hc)! L[\f \aYhe\TgXW
g[X BXjf) @TWa$g
fX_XVgXW
hfhT__l cebiX gb UXcebY\gTU_X) Y\V\T_)
OX `Tl j\a g[X W\fchgXTaW_bfX \g gT^Xa g[X\e YTg[XefYbegl(f\klXTef gb
Uh\_W g[Tg gX`c_X7 :hg BXfhf jTf
:bg[ g[X fgebaZ TaWg[X jXT^ VTa bhe Uebg[Xe)
fgh`U_X be VThfXTabg[Xe gb fgh`U_X)
%.&<ba$g WXfc\fXbe ]hWZXTabg[Xe gel\aZ gb ZXgTVebff gehg[f TUbhg @\f
HTh_ [Tf \ffhXWTa T_Xeggb T__bY hf) UXVThfX bY lbhe
bja
!fc\e\ghT_ WXTg[TaWeXfheeXVg\ba)DTgXejX eXTW
%iff) -/' -0&' g[Tg ![X ^aXj T__`Xa!
@bj Wb jX Zb TUbhg eXfb_i\aZ bhe `Tghe\gl)!
TaW![X ^aXj j[Tg jTf \a `Ta)!
bja cTeg\Vh_TeeXfcbaf\U\_\g\Xf\a g[\f
%/&:X Yh__lcXefhTWXW
\a lbhe bja
OX aXXWgb UXVXegT\ajX [TiX g[\f
ceXW\VT`Xag7
VbafV\XaVX' j[\V[
\f V[XV^XWTaW
T_\ZaXW
Ul g[X je\ggXa ObeW bY ?bW) ^\aW bY W\i\aX_l Tccebce\TgXW
JX`X`UXe lbh' gbb' j\__ fgTaWUXYbeX ^abj_XWZXTUbhg`Xa j[Xa jX gT^X\g
F==<=< AF?J=<A=FLK (
DGN= 9F< MF<=JKL9F<AF?
g[X ]hWZ`Xag fXTgbY;[e\fg) BXfhffT\W' hcba bhefX_iXf gb [X_c bhe Uebg[Xef)
Ghe haWXefgTaW\aZ̀hfg UX TW`\a\f(
!Lb j[b`
`hV[ \f Z\iXa' `hV[ j\__
gXeXW
\a _biX)
:XYbeXjX VTa [bcX gb eXfb_iXYbe UXeXdh\eXW!%Dh^X,-5 /3&)
:eXTg[\aZ
ebb` \f aXVXffTel Ybe
bhefX_iXf g[X _Xffba HTh_ \f WXT_\aZ %0&
<b abg chg Ta bVVTf\ba gb YT__
Zebjg[)
?ebjg[
\f aXVXffTel Ybe
j\g[ \a eXZTeW
gb UeXTg[\aZebb`' jX
%fgh`U_X&
\a lbhe Uebg[Xe$fjTl)
Vb`\aZ
\agb
fc\e\ghT_`Tghe\gl)
G`lbh
`hfg
Vbaf\WXe g[X gjb XffXag\T_
%1&<ba$g YbeZXg ( abg[\aZ \f
TeXaXXW\aZ
gb
fbeg
bhg
fb`X
bYlbhe
\aZeXW\Xagf
aXVXffTelYbeVb`\aZ gb T haV_XTabY \gfX_Y)
L[XeX TeX\aW\YYXeXag
eXTfbaf Ybe Wb\aZ TaW abg Wb\aZ
fTg\fYTVgbelfb_hg\ba) HURe N^R Y\bR g[\aZf)
N[Q a[QR^_`N[QV[T' GaX j\g[bhg g[X
%2&<Xal lbhefX_Y ce\i\_XZXf TaW VXegT\ag[\aZf' Tf^ ?bW gb [X_c lbh gb
TaWX_\`\aTgX'\YaXVXffTel)
bg[Xe VTaabg fhYY\VX)OX `Tl _biX c_XTfheXf\Ylbh ^abj \g `\Z[g \a]heX XiT_hTgX
AYlbh TeX jT_^\aZ \a g[X _\UXegl
Tabg[Xe cXefba TaWWXf\eX
gb [X_c [\`'
Tabg[Xe) KheeXaWXe\aZ
lbhe _\UXeg\Xf
\a
TYYbeWXW
Ul ;[e\fg' g[Ta^ @\` TaW
Uhg hag\_ jX Vb`X gb fb`X haWXe( ?bW Ybe g[X fT^X bY lbhe Uebg[Xe \f
Xa]bl g[Tg _\UXegl ( Uhg abg gb Ta
fgTaW\aZbY cUe [X WbXffb`X bY g[X j[Tg \g `XTaf gb jT_^ \a _biX)
g[\aZf [X WbXf'jX j\__ UXhaTU_Xgb
AYjX TW[XeXgb g[XfXfXiXa fhZZXf( bVVTf\ba Ybe !fgh`U_\aZ! bg[Xef) DXg
`XXg [\f aXXWf)DbiX T_baX\f abg g[X g\baf' jX TeXjT_^\aZ \a gehX_\UXegl) HTh_$fjbeWf &/ ;be) 35,.&' !AY`XTg
Aj\__ XTg
TafjXe) FX\g[Xe \f ]hfg haWXefgTaW\aZ) L[Xa' \Y fb`XbaX Vb`Xf gb hf TaW `T^X `l Uebg[Xegb bYYXaW'
Y_Xf[
j[\_X
g[X jbe_W
DbiX \f g[X !c_hf! g[Tg X`UeTVXf fTlf' !Pbh bYYXaẀX ))) '! jX VTa' ab
fgTaWXg[))) ! ;[e\fg\Ta _biX \f g[X
VbafV\XaVX'eXc_l g[Tg g[\f
W\YY\Vh_g\Xf
Te\f\aZ bhg bY !g[\aZf g[Tg j\g[ T V_XTe
jTf abg bhe \agXag\ba) L[Xa jX TeX Y\aT_TaWWXgXe`\a\aZYTVgbe)$!
TeX\aW\YYXeXag)!
,3
K?OAF
/753
b
b
/.
$.'
/))(.&(2
/))(.&(2
*,4(.
3$-(.
7F 4MIL -BKRJL
qcff b_l_ g[e_ mig_ i\m_lp[ncihm ih i``_h]_m) qb[n ^cmnch]ncihm[l_ ni \_
g[^_ \_nq__h nb_g) qb[n ech^ [l_ ni \_ [pic^_^ [h^ qb[n ^cml_a[l^_^, Qbcm
qcff [`n_lq[l^m _h[\f_ omni ^_n_lgch_ qb[n m]ij_ nb_l_ cm`il iol fc\_lns [giha
g_h, T_ [l_ jf_[m_^ qcnb nb_ ]iggih
^cpcmcih chni ZQQPYNP
RT`PY[h^ ZQQPYNP
^LVPY$mch]_ cnb[m nb_ jf[ch m[h]ncih i` P]lcjnol_) [h^ hin cgjlij_lfs
_rjl_mm_m
G
qb[n cmg_[hn,
G``lig
ohm_[mih[\f_ f_pcnsil q[hnihh_mm) il l[mbh_mm)sio ^i [hsnbcha ion i`
il^_l
il hin ch cnmiqh jf[]_)
\s qbc]b nb_ q_[e il ohmecff`of [l_ i``_h^_^) cn
g[s \_ m[c^ nb[n i``_h]_ b[m \__h RT`PY \s sio) mch]_ nb_ alioh^ i` i``_h]_ cm
iqcha ni siol `[ofn, ?h^ ch a_h_l[f) i``_h]_
cmm[c^ ni \_ RT`PY ch [hs g[nn_l
qb_l_ nb_ j_lmih `lig
qbig
cnb[m jli]__^_^
cmch `[ofn, M``_h]_ cmm[c^ ni \_
^LVPY qb_h [ nbcha inb_lqcm_ ^ih_) hin qc]e_^fs il ohm_[mih[\fs) cmg[^_ [h
i]][mcih
i` i``_h]_ `lig
g[f_pif_h]_
il mig_ mchcmn_l
`__fcha, Dil b_l_ i``_h]_
q[m hin acp_h) \on mchcmn_l
chn_ljl_n_lm ][om_f_mmfsn[e_ i``_h]_,
@s nb_ `ilg_l
ech^) nb_ q_[e ihfs)
\s nb_ f[nn_l) nb_ cff+n_gj_l_^ [h^
Nb[lcm[c][f [l_ i``_h^_^, Tb_l_`il_)
q_ mb[ff ][ff nb_ ih_ nb_ i``_h]_ i` nb_ q_[e)
nb_ inb_l nb_ i``_h]_ i` Nb[lcm__m)[h^ q_ qcff mi n_gj_l nb_ om_i` iol fc\_lns [m
ni g[e_ cn sc_f^ ni nb_ cahil[h]_ i` q_[e \l_nbl_h) \on hin ni nb_ [omn_lcns i`
Nb[lcm__m,
Tb[n cm^o_ ni ch`clgcns cm̀offs mbiqh \s N[of ch g[hs j[mm[a_m,!Fcg nb[n cm
q_[e ch nb_ `[cnb l_]_cp_ s_,! ?a[ch) !J_n omhin do^a_ ih_ [hinb_l [hs gil_8 \on
do^a_ nbcml[nb_l) nb[n hi g[h jon [ mnog\fcha+\fi]e il [h i]][mcih ni `[ff) ch bcm
\linb_l%m q[s!9 [h^ g[hs inb_lm ni nb_ m[g_ _``_]n ch nb_ m[g_ jf[]_) ni qbc]b)
chmn_[^i` koincha nb_g b_l_) q_ l_`_l nb_ l_[^_l,
Qb_ mog cm)!T_ nb_h nb[n [l_ mnliha ioabn ni \_[l nb_ ch`clgcnc_mi` nb_ q_[e)
[h^ hin ni jf_[m_ iolm_fp_m, J_n _p_lsih_ i` omjf_[m_ bcmh_cab\il `il bcmaii^ ni
_^c`c][ncih,!
Cfm_qb_l_ b_ m[sm)!Q[e_ b__^ f_mn\s [hs g_[hm nbcmfc\_lns i`
siolm \_]ig_
[ mnog\fcha+\fi]e
ni nb_g nb[n [l_ q_[e,! ?a[ch) !Tb[nmi_p_l cm
mif^ ch nb_ mb[g\f_m) nb[n _[n) [mecha hi ko_mncih `il
]ihm]c_h]_
m[e_,!
!Aihm]c_h]_) Gm[s) hin nbch_ iqh \on i` nb_ inb_l,! Dch[ffs) !Ecp_ hih_ i``_h]_)
h_cnb_l ni nb_ H_qm)hil ni nb_ E_hncf_m)hil ni nb_ Abol]b i` Ei^,!
?fmi ch [hinb_l j[mm[a_) !@l_nbl_h) s_ b[p_ \__h ][ff_^ chni fc\_lns) ihfs om_
hin fc\_lns `il [h i]][mcih ni nb_ `f_mb)\on \s fip_ m_lp_ih_ [hinb_l,!
Qbom) ch^__^) cn cm8iol fc\_lns q[m hin acp_h om [a[chmn iol q_[e h_cab\ilm
qbig
]b[lcns _hdichm omni m_lp_ ch [ff nbcham)\on l[nb_l nb[n) b[pcha j_[]_ qcnb
Ei^ ch iol gch^m) q_ mbiof^ Gcp_j_[]_[\fs
[giha
g_h, Tb[n p[fo_ cmni \_ m_n
ojih nb_ i``_h]_ i` nb_ Nb[lcm__mq_ f_[lh `lig
nb_ qil^m i` iol Jil^ ch qbc]b
b_ m[sm)!J_n nb_g [fih_8 nb_s \_ \fch^ f_[^_lm i` nb_ \fch^! &K[nn, /38 /2', Qb_
^cm]cjf_mb[^ chncg[n_^ nb[n nb_ Nb[lcm__mq_l_ i``_h^_^ [nbcm qil^m, F_ [hmq_lm
nb[n nb_s [l_ ni \_ f_n [fih_) nb[n nb_cl i``_h]_ cmhin ni \_ l_a[l^_^,
&Dlig
<Y]^T^_^P]ZQ ^SP 6S\T]^TLYCPWTRTZY
Ul Hibh
A[fpch) Ab[jn_l
/15+/16,'
b
b
F=O
UGU)jj,
OAF=
,4
5<6C 9@ F@D9@ E=C<F@DAB:8@?9 8<@=8:B#
TaWYT__f
f[beg bY`hV[ bY\gf checbfX)
UX_\XiXg[X DbeW[Tf _T\Wba `l
BXfhf ;[e\fg VT`X abg ba_l gb W\XUhg
[XTeg T `XffTZX bY XaVbheTZX( gb gXTV[hf SZa gb _\iX) AUX_\XiX@X
`Xag) Kb A jbh_W _\^X gb gT_^gb T__ WXf\eXf gb [X_c hf geTaf_TgXbhe
g[bfX j[b [TiX cebU_X`f TaWW\YY\Vh_gcebU_X`f \agb bccbegha\g\Xf Ybe[\Z[
`TggXef gb fXgg_X)
O[\_X jX f[bh_W T__ _\i\aZ)
AfhccbfX jX T__[TiX gebhU_Xf( A
UXfc\e\ghT__l `\aWXWTaW\aV_\aXW'
jX
f[bh_W UX TU_XTg g[X fT`X g\`X gb [bcX jX Wb) A_\^XcXbc_Xj[b [TiX
[bcXf'
geTaf_TgXg[Tg j[\V[ \f bY fc\e\ghT_ g[X`6 cXbc_Xj[b [TiX U_TfgXW
haeXT_\mXW
WeXT`f' gh`U_XW(Wbja T\e(
iT_hX \agb `TgXe\T_ TaW jbeg[j[\_X
_\i\aZ gXe`f) >be \Y `l
;[e\fg\Ta
VTfg_XfTaWfXX`\aZ_l jeXV^XW_\iXf) A
XkcXe\XaVX\f `XeX_l bY T g[Xb_bZ\VT_ T_jTlf YXX_g[X cbfn\U\_\gl bY ZXgg\aZ
aTgheXTaWgbb g[XbeXg\VT_'
\g WbXfabg
fb`Xj[XeX j\g[ g[X`) 9aW j[Tg T
UXVb`Xjbe^TU_X \a `l XiXelWTl_\YX _XiX_Xe
gebhU_X\f Gn
Ue\aZf hf T__Wbja
G
"!
gb g[X fT`X c_TVX( bhe Vb``ba
[Xe\gTZX5!Oa` `URA\^Q QRYVbR^R`U
a_
\a` \S `URZNYY
'''
;[e\fg\Ta jbe^Xef TaW XiTaZX_\fgf
j[b
gX__ cXbc_X g[Tg j[Xa g[Xl
UXVb`X;[e\fg\Taf _\YX\f ]hfg baX fjXXg
fbaZ TaWTZeTaWc\Va\V`\feXceXfXag' A
YX\a'g[X eXT__\YX)
A`hfg fTl \g \f TiXel
cXVh_\Tefbeg bY ]VP[VP' Kb A [bcX A
`Tl [X_c Tal j[b [TiX abg jT_^XW
g[ebhZ[ g[X fhaal WeXT`f TaWj[bfX
_bYgl T\e(VTfg_Xf[TiX ab fgebaZXe
YbhaWTg\bafg[Ta g[X V_bhWg[Xl eXfg
hcba)
7+;-2
$)'&
9f jX eXTWg[X _\iXf bY cXbc_XjX
[TiX UXXa\`ceXffXW Ul g[\f baX YTVg
Tg _XTfg5aXTe_l XiXelbaX [Tf [TW gb
gT^XT fXVbaWbe g[\eWV[b\VXTf YTeTf
_\YX$fVbhefX jTf VbaVXeaXW)
GnfXX`f
gb UX Ta T_`bfg ha\iXefT_ XkcXe\XaVX)
NXel YXj [TiX `biXW T_baZf`bbg[_l
TaW [TW g[X\e Y\efgV[b\VX`TgXe\T_\mX
cXeYXVg_l)
L[Xl [TiX [TW gb gT^Xg[X
YeTZ`Xagf TaW c\XVXf bY g[X\e Y\efg
V[b\VX \a _\YXj[\V[ [Tf UXXaf[Tg(
gXeXW'
`XaW g[X` gbZXg[XeTaW`T^X T
fhVVXff)Bhfg g[Tg [Tf UXXaWbaXbiXe
TaWbiXe TZT\a)
O[Xa A i\f\gXWg[X Obe_W$f>T\e \a
;[\VTZb' AjXag gb g[X 9eg Aafg\ghgX'
YbeAT` iXel YbaWbY c\VgheXfTaWTeg
\a Tal Ybe`) A eX`X`UXe A jXag
XfcXV\T__lgb fXXO[\fg_Xe$f UXThg\Yh_
c\ VgheX' [\f B\`UR^' Gn[TW UXXa
UebhZ[g Yeb` =hebcX fb g[Tg 9`Xe\VT'
gbb' `\Z[g fXXg[\f _biX_l b\_)
9f A _bb^XWTg \g AfTj fb`Xg[\aZ
`beX g[Ta g[X c\VgheX( A fTj g[X
`TeiX_ eXiXT_XW\a T `UV^QV[b\VX)
O[\fg_Xe' g[X jbe_W(YT`bhf Teg\fg'
aXiXe fgTegXW
bhg gb UXTa Teg\fg)L[Tg
jTf YTe Yeb` [\f g[bhZ[g) <b lbh
^abj j[Tg [X fgTegXW
bhg gb UX79
fb_W\XeTg OXfg Hb\ag) L[Tg WbXfabg
fbhaW iXel `hV[ _\^X Ta Teg\fg' A T`
fheX) Gn
jTf [\f Y\efgV[b\VX):hg j[\_X
\a geT\a\aZTgOXfg Hb\ag [X Y_ha^XW
[\f
jbe^ \a V[X`\fgel) L[Tg jTf baX Y_ha^
g[Tg ?bW Vbh_WU_Xff)Afb`Xg\`Xf j\f[
T _bg bY bg[Xe Yb_^f jbh_W Y_ha^ fb
g[Xl `\Z[g ZXgfgTegXW
bYYba g[X e\Z[g
Ybbg) O[\fg_Xe g[Xa V[bfX XaZ\aXXe\aZ
TaW `TWX T ZeTaWY\mm_XbY g[Tg)
>\aT__l [X fgTegXW
gb cT\ag' j\g[ g[X
eXfh_gg[Tg [X UXVT`XT jbe_W YT`bhf
Teg\fg'Z\i\aZ gb g[X jbe_W fb`X bYg[X
iXel UXfg \a cT\ag\aZ) @\f Y\efg TaW
fXVbaWV[b\VXfVeTf[XWUhg [X c\XVXW
[\f [bcXf gbZXg[XeTaW UXVT`X g[X
O[\fg_Xej[b \f ^abja biXe g[Xjbe_W
Ybe[\f Vbage\Uhg\bafgb [\f Y\X_W)
;XegT\a_l)
:hg T
\f Kc\e\g TaW g[XeXYbeXUX[\aW g[X \a :\g[la\T7
VT__ `hfg Vbaf\fg bY
[\fgbe\V jX `Tl
Y\aW g[X WXXcXe `\ff\baTel
fb`Xg[\aZ `beX g[Ta T VbafV\bhfaXff
fc\e\ghT_ gXTV[\aZjT\g\aZ Ybehf) AT`
[Ti\aZ T ZeTaWg\`X ^XXc\aZ g[\f \a bY g[X aXXW)L[XeX jXeX [XTg[Xa \a
`\aW Tf AeXTẀl :\U_X)L[X ObeW \f :\g[la\T j[b aXXWXW
gb UXVbaiXegXW
Y\efgfc\e\g' Uhg g[X gehg[ \f iXel bYgXa TaW HTh_[TW T eXT_UheWXaYbeg[X`)
iX\_XW
UX[\aWT fXX`\aZ_l \af\Za\Y\VTag @X Vbh_W [TiX ZbaX g[XeX TaW
[TccXa\aZ)
XfgTU_\f[XW
fb`X `\ff\baf' TaWfjhaZ
DXg hf gT^X g[X fgbel bY HTh_Tf g[X Xag\eX Vbhagel) L[Tg' ab WbhUg'
Z\iXa \a g[X ,1g[ V[TcgXebY 9Vgf) @XeX jTf iXel cbff\U_X' TaW lXg g[X DbeW
jX Y\aWHTh_ba baX bY [\f ]bheaXlf)
YbeUTWX
[\`
gb Zb) @bj VTa lbh
@X\f fTiXW'UTcg\mXW
\a g[X Kc\e\g' TaW eXVbaV\_Xg[Tg j\g[ j[Tg jX VT__bhe
[Tf T__g[X Z\Ygf'TaW\f abj bhg \a g[X `XffTZX bY gbWTl7 A Wba$ggel gb) A
jbe^) @X [Tf T Uhea\aZ mXT_Ybe g[X Wba$g[TiX gb cebiX g[X :\U_X be gb
_bfg' _baZ\aZ gb gT^Xg[X ?bfcX_ gb g[X Xkc_T\a ?bW) Kb`X cXbc_XfcXaW[T_Y
?Xag\_Xf' TaW[TiX V[heV[Xf Uh\_g[XeX bY g[X\e _\iXf cebi\aZ g[X :\U_X'
TaWg[XeXbiXe g[Xj[b_X Vbhagel) Gn\f ^XXc\aZ ?bW$f Z_bel Ue\Z[g' TaW
T ZbW_l T`U\g\ba' jbaWXeYh_ TaW [b_W\aZ @\` ba g[X g[ebaX) OX jXeX
aXiXe VT__XW
gb Wb g[\f) OX TeXVT__XW
abU_X)OX eXTW5
gb YVbRYbeBXfhfTaW_Xg?bW gT^XVTeX
9aW TYgXeg[Xl jXeX Vb`X gb
bY@\f jbe^)
Elf\T'
g[Xl TffTlXW gb Zb \agb
@XeXjX fXX HTh_' j\g[ T__ g[X
: \g[la\T'
Uhg g[X Kc\e\g fhYYXeXW
Xag[hf\Tf` bY [\f [XTeg TaW Uhea\aZ
g[X`
abg) 9aW g[Xl cTff\aZ Ul
j\g[ T WXf\eXgb VTeel g[X ?bfcX_ gb
Elf\T VT`X Wbja gb LebTf) 9aW T
g[X XaWf bY g[X XTeg[' V[XV^XW
i\f\ba TccXTeXWgb HTh_ \a g[X a\Z[g6
TUehcg_l Ul ?bW) @X`UV[X_[X [Tf gb
g[XeX fgbbW T `Ta bY ETVXWba\T'
TaW ceTlXW [\`'
fTl\aZ' ;b`X biXe
Zb gb T VXegT\aR[Q bY g[X XTeg[' Uhg
\agb ETVXWba\T TaW [X_c hf)
g[X DbeWfTlf' !A jTag lbh TgTabg[Xe
XaW)! 9aW fb [X' j[b [TW fhV[ T
[Tf gb ghea
L[Tg \f g[X fgbel Ybeg[X UTV^ZebhaW UheWXa Ybe :\g[la\T'
Ybe g[\f gehg[) GneXiXT_fbaX bY g[X TebhaW TaWZb Wbja gb LebTf) Fbg\VX
g[Tg [X ZbXf Q\cYY' L[XeX \f hfhT__l T
`Xg[bWf ?bW hfXf \a WXT_\aZ
j\g[ hf \a
ZeXTgZb\aZ Q\c[ TYgXe
fhV[ Ta XkcXe\(
Uh\_W\aZ;[e\fg\Ta V[TeTVgXe)@XeX\f
HTh_' jbaWXeYh__l Z\YgXW'W\i\aX_l XaVX5:hg \g \f ?bW$f ZXbZeTc[l _Xffba
TaW@\f ebTW`Tc)
VT__XWTaW Vb``\ff\baXW bY ?bW'
HTh_$f Y\efg V[b\VX \f eh\aXW) @\f
g[\a^\aZ [bj fc_XaW\W\g jbh_W UXgb
Zb gb :\g[la\T
TaW VTeel g[X Z_TW T`U\g\ba' g[bhZ[ ZbW_l TaWfc\e\ghT_'
Uhg
g\W\aZf gb g[bfX j[b f\g \a WTe^aXff \f g[jTegXW) OTag\aZ :\g[la\T
TaW jT\g g[X Vb`\aZ bY g[X D\Z[g) _TaW\aZ \a LebTf) <\W Tal bY lbh
KheX_l g[XeXjTf T ZeXTgaXXW6
TaW[X
[Ti\aZ :\g[la\T Ybelbhe bU]XVg\iXXiXe
[TW g[X _\Z[g TaWg[X cbjXe TaW g[X Y\aWlbhefX_Y _TaW\aZ\a LebTf' T V\gl
gehg[) Fb WbhUg[X g[bhZ[g' !OX [TiX
bY j[\V[ lbh aXiXe WeXT`XW7
L[\f \f
g[X )cbjXe gb Vb``ha\VTgX g[\f _\Z[g dh\gX T Vb``ba
bVVheeXaVXTaW \f
gb g[bfX \a WTe^aXff6_Xghf Zb TgbaVX Vbag\ahT__l eXcXTgXW
\a ;[e\fg\Ta _\YX
gb :\g[la\T TaWfTiX g[X _bfg)!
TaWXkcXe\XaVX)
GnT__fbhaWXWZbbW) ETal g[\aZf
Wb) Gn
W\Wabg fbhaW _\^Xg[X WXi\_'gb
9 NAKAGFAFLJG9K
UXfheX) Gn
jTf T Y\aX'abU_XbU]XVg\iX
gb [b_W UXYbeX
[\`) :hg j[Tg W\Wg[X
HTh_jTagXW gb Zb gb :\g[la\T' Uhg
H9MD$K>AJKL ;@GA;=
DbeWg[\a^ TUbhg \g7 @X fT\W' !Pbh
[X jXag gb LebTf \afgXTW)Fbj f\aVX
]hfg ^XXcbhg bY:\g[la\T)! OX ^abj \g [X [Tfa$g [TW [\f j\f[ Yh_Y\__XW)
WbjX
! ))) Uhg
Fbj _Xg`X Z\iX lbh Ta \__hfgeTg\ba jTf g[X DbeW'Ybe \g eXTWf5
Y\aW [\`
ZXgg\aZ \agb WTe^aXff be
g[X` abg!6 TaW f\gg\aZ Wbja gb Vel biXe \g7 Fb HTh_\f
bY g[\f gehg[ Yeb` g[X KVe\cgheXf)Gn
\f g[X Kc\e\g fhYYXeXW
bY g[X @b_l
Ta \aV\WXag\a g[X _\YX
bYHTh_)Gn
\f abg g[Xl !jXeX YbeU\WWXa
cTg\Xag_l jT\g\aZ g\__g[X a\Z[g fXTfba
eXVbeWXW
`XeX_l gb Z\iX hf Ta \gX` \a ?[bfg gb ceXTV[g[XjbeW \a 9f\T)!
eb__f TebhaW) O[b UebhZ[g ba g[X
[\fgbel Uhg T_fb gb gXTV[hf T Y\aX
@bj VTalbh eXVbaV\_X
fhV[ T fgTgX( a\Z[g7 L[X DbeW)@XUe\aZf \g ba bhg
bY `XeVl
gb VeXTgX g[X cebcXe
fc\e\ghT_gehg[) >be AUX_\XiXg[X ObeW `Xag7 <\Wa$gg[X DbeW_biX g[X fbh_f
F=O
OAF=
-,
j\g[ g[X `\ff\baTel XagXe( DbeW @XjTagXW [\f :\g[la\T' Uhg [X
Tg`bfc[XeX) @X \f ZXgg\aZHTh_eXTWl \WXag\Y\XW
bY g[X Vb`c_XgX Zbg[\f LebTf)
gb XagXeg[X Wbbeg[Tg @X\f TUbhggb ce\fX7 GnjTf UXVThfX
bY[\f _\YX)
bcXa) 9aW j[Xa \g \f WTe^ TaW [X fheeXaWXe
9;;=HLAF? GMJ LJG9K
L[XeX [TiX UXXabg[Xef j[b [TiX
^abjf abg j[\V[ jTl gb ghea' HTh_
TaW[TiX
eXT_\mXf
[\f WXfcXeTgX
aXXWbYg[X DbeW) [TW g[X\e T`U\g\baf U_TfgXW
Pbh j[b TeXWbja \a LebTf' [bj
gT^XabY
g[X
Ueb^Xa
U\gfTaW`TWXg[X
TeX lbh eXTVg\aZgb lbhe Ueb^Xa
@XVTa Uhg fTl' !DbeW' lbh [TiX _XW
fXVbaWV[b\VXgb fXeiXg[X`) OX [TiX WeXT`f' j[Xa lbh Y\aWg[Tg ?bW [Tf
`X gb LebTf) O[Tg abj Wblbh jTag
]hfg
VX_XUeTgXW
Tabg[Xe ;[e\fg`Tf TaW fb TeeTaZXW
V\eVh`fgTaVXf\a lbhe _\YX
`X gb Wb7!
`Tal
bYhf
[TiX
Xa]blXWg[X f\aZ\aZ bY Tf gb `T^X \g \`cbff\U_X gb XagXelbhe
OX fXX[\` f\gg\aZ g[XeX' [\f YT\g['
j[\V[ H[\_\cf
:\g[la\T7 ;Ta lbh gT^XT fXVbaWbe T
WbhUg_Xff'ge\XWgb g[X _\`\g' TaWT__[X g[Tg UXThg\Yh_[l`a
:ebb^f
jebgX'
!+
YV``YR`\c[
\S
g[\eW V[b\VX TaW `T^X \g Ta bccbe(
VTa fXX TeX g[X gbjXe\aZ jT__f bY
=\c _`VYY
cR _RR`URRYVR'
!
gha\gl \a lbhe _\YX7
L[Tg \f T Y\aXgXfgbY
LebTf) Kb [X \f jbaWXe\aZ j[Tg [X \f 7R`UYRURZ%
AT`
T_jTlf
Z_TW
j[Xa
g[Xl
TaabhaVX
;[e\fg\Ta
V[TeTVgXe)
Aflbhe gbhV[ j\g[
gb Wb g[XeX)9f g[X f[TWbjf bY g[X
g[Tg
[l`a)
AVTaaXiXe
f\aZ
\g
j\g[bhg
?bW'
TaWg[X
cbjXe
bYg[X @b_l Kc\e\g
a\Z[g ZTg[XeTUbhg[\` [X fXXfT i\f\ba
g[\a^\aZ
bYg[X
Thg[be'
Ybe[X
jTf
fhV[
\a
lbhe
_\YX
fgebaZ
XabhZ[
gb gT^Xg[Tg
TaW,+' [X [XTef Tib\VX fTl\aZ' !8\ZR
Ta \afgeh`Xag \a g[X [TaWf bY?bW Ybe Ueb^Xa Y\efgV[b\VXTaWbhg bY\g `T^X
\bR^ V[`\ BNPRQ\[VN N[Q URY] a_'!
T eXT_ T fc_XaW\WV[TaVX j[XeX ?bW VTa
L[Tg jTf g[X Y\X_W
g[X DbeW[TW Ybe _\Z[g TaW gehg[) @X Y\__XW
Vb`X \a TaWUXZ_be\Y\XW
TYeXf[7L[Tg A
HTh_' TaW jX W\fVbiXefb`Xg[\aZ bY `\ff\ba)
:hg jTf g[X `\a\fgel :ebb^f Y\efg T` fheX' \f T V[T__XaZX
gb XiXelbaX Tf
geX`XaWbhf \`cbegTaVX g[XeX)L[\f \f
g[bhZ[g TaWV[b\VX7Fb' \aWXXW@\f gb g[X gehX iT_hX bY [\f ;[e\fg\Ta
g[X c\ibg hcba j[\V[ T__;[e\fg\Ta
`\ff\baf ghea) L[Xl ghea Yeb` 9f\T gb :\g[la\T %Y\efgV[b\VX&jTf gb UX T XkcXe\XaVX)
Fbj j[Tg W\WHTh_WbTaW[bj W\W
=hebcX TaW g[XaVXgb 9`Xe\VT' TaW gXTV[XeTaW[X _baZXWgb Yb__bj g[Tg
@X Y\a\f[XW [\f Vb__XZX [X ZT\a g[X i\Vgbel g[Tg [X cbffXffXW7
g[X Xag\eXZ_bUX\f Z\eW_XW
UXVThfX
HTh_ ibVTg\ba
VbhefX TaW g[Xa gThZ[g fV[bb_) L[Tg L[\f 7V`Ue[VN TaW g[\f H^\N_ TeXbY
jTf bUXW\Xag6
?bW jTagXW g[X ?bfcX_
bYg[X
jTf [\f :\g[la\T) :hg [X hggXe_lYT\_XW VbhefXfc\e\ghT_fgTgXf'Y\ZheTg\iX
gb geTiX_Yeb` g[X =Tfggb g[XOXfg)
TaWg[X
Tf T gXTV[Xe'Ueb^X Wbja' TaW[TW gb :\g[la\T bYlbhe [XTegTaW_\YX
O[Tg T jbaWXeYh_ WTl g[Tg `hfg
_XTiX)Aj\f[ lbh Vbh_WeXTWfb`X bY LebTf bY lbhe _TaW\aZ)
[TiX UXXaj[Xa ;b_h`Uhf fgTegXW
bhg
O[Tg W\WHTh_ Wb7 >\efg bY T__'
g[X _XggXef[X jebgX j[Xa [X jTf fb
Yeb` KcT\a
O[Tg T `b`Xagbhf
gb T__bj g[\f fgeTaZXf[bV^
TaW Tf[T`XW bY [\`fX_Y [X eXYhfXW
]bheaXl g[Tg jTf' Ybe\g bcXaXWhc T W\fVbheTZXW
gb
ghea
[\`
TUfb_hgX_lTjTl Yeb` [\f
UeTaW(aXj Vbhagel ( ]hfg g[Tg baX UXVThfX[X Vbh_Wabg `T^X T Zb bY
fXX`\aZ_l
ceXcTeXW
V[TaaX_bYXkceXf(
gXTV[\aZ( XiXa g[bhZ[ [X _biXW\g) @X
_\gg_X
ge\c bY;b_h`Uhf ( TaWlXg j[Tg
f\ba6
[X
jbh_W
abg T__bj g[\f
fT\W'!L[X
V[\_WeXa
T
eX
g[X
jbefg
AXiXe
ZeXTgg[\aZf [\aZXWba [\f bUXW\XaVX)
`biX`Xag
\a
_\YX
gb
jeXV^
[\f YT\g[\a
[TW
gb
WXT_
j\g[)!
Fb
WbhUg
?bW
:hg [bj `hV[ `beX `b`Xagbhf
cXe`\ggXW
g[X`
gb
UX
haeh_l6
@X
?bW)
@X
jbh_W
fg\__
UX_\XiX
\a g[X
jTf g[X WXV\f\baj[\V[ HTh_`TWXg[Tg
fhceX`X
TaWfhU_\`X
checbfX
Ybe[\f
W\Wa$g
jTag
:ebb^f
\a
[\f
:\g[la\T)
WTlj[Xa [X fT\WYTeXjX__
gb :\g[la\T
:ebb^f jTf bUXW\Xag
gb g[X VT__bY _\YX( g[Tg [X jTf VT__XW
bY?bW) AYA
@\f [bcXf jXeX f[TggXeXW
TaWcebUTU_l
?bW
TaW_TaWXW
\a
[\f
LebTf6
g[XeX[X
T`
lb^XW
hc
j\g[
?bW
g[Xa
@X`hfg
[X fT\W'!L[\f \f `l fXVbaWV[b\VXUhg
YbhaWg[Tg
g[X
DbeWbcXaXWT
WbbebY
[TiX
fb`X
checbfX
Ybe`X
TaWA`hfg
f\aVX \g \f ?bW$f jTl Aj\__ `T^X g[\f
V[b\VXgb fXeiX`X)! Kb [X gT^Xf[b_W ZeXTgfc\e\ghT_ U_Xff\aZ j[\V[ jbh_W Y\aW`l jTl bhg bY`l LebTf gb UXT
V[TaaX_ Ybe ?bW gb hfX `X) Kb HTh_
bY g[X Ueb^Xa U\gf bY [\f WeXT` Ybe `XTa `hV[ `beX gb g[X ;[e\fg\Ta
:\g[la\T'
chgf g[X` gbZXg[Xe TaW VThfX g[Ta T YXj i\__TZXch c\_f \a T fTlf' !LebTf' Af[T__hfX lbh Tf T `XTaf
fgTegfbh g gb Wbg[X j\__ bY[\f ETfgXe) fV[bb_[bhfX) @\f :\g[la\T VeTf[XWUhg j[XeXUl T Wbbef[T__bcXa TaWAf[T__
9aW g[ebhZ[ g[Tg bUXW\XaVX
[X Z\eW_Xf [X gbb^ hc g[X Ueb^Xa U\gf' c\XVXW Y\aẀl c_TVXj[XeX ?bW j\__ hfX `X)!
Gn
gbb^ ZeXTgYT\g[ ba g[X cTeg bY
g[X Xag\eXZ_bUX)Af \g abg UXggXegb g[X` gbZXg[XeTaW T__bjXW?bW gb
gbb^ VbheTZXabg gb
Z\eW_X
g[X Z_bUX\a ?bW$f j\__ g[Ta gb fTaVg\Yl[\f _\YX\a T YeXf[V[TaaX_bY HTh_gb Wbg[Tg) Gn
f\g Wbja TaW_XgfX_Y(c\glVb`X \a TaW
fc\e\ghT_`\a\fgel)
fTiXT YXj fbh_f \a :\g[l[\T7
@bj g[X cXbc_X _biXW[\`
TaW XTghc [\f YT\g[TaW]bl) KX_Y(c\glj\__
O [T g jT f g[X eXfh_g bY HTh_$f
bUXW\XaVX7@X UXVT`X \afXcTeTU_X j[Tg T cbjXe [X jTf 9`baZ g[X WT`a lbh dh\V^Xe g[Ta gbUTVVbj\__)
jTf baX Yeb` T HTh_ W\Wa$gf\g Wbja TaW fTl' !\Y
Yeb` g[X fceXTWbY g[X ?bfcX_ bY _XggXef[X geXTfheXW
ba_l'! !\Y'! !\Y)! @TiX lbh abg\VXW
j[b jebgX' !<XTe Ee) :ebb^f5
;[e\fg) OX VTaaXiXeg[\a^ bYg[XZeXTg VbUU_Xe
g[Tg g[X VS_TeXT_jTlf \a XiXelbaX X_fX
VThfXbY ;[e\fg\Ta\gl `bi\aZ ba Uhg =iXel g\`X , VTa AVb`X gb [XTe lbh
Uhg
lbhefX_Y7!AYSP [TW abg YT\_XW'!
g[Tg jX \WXag\YlHTh_j\g[ \g)HTh_TaW ceXTV[' UXVThfXj[Xa A [XTe lbh
be
!AY
_UR [TW abg fT\W g[Tg `XTa
g[X ZeXTg̀\ff\baTel XagXece\fXbYg[Tg ceXTV[ AYbeZXgT__TUbhgj[b lbh TeX
g[\aZ)!
Fb' HTh_ W\Wabg WXiX_bc T
=Te_l ;[heV[ TeX \afXcTeTU_l UbhaW TaW A Y\aW?bW)! O[b Vbh_WjTag T
VTfXbY
g[X VS_ Tf fb`X jbh_W [TiX
ZeXTgXe
gXfg\`bal
g[Ta
gb
[TiX
cXbc_X
gbZXg[Xe)Afa$g\g jbaWXeYh_gb g[\a^
WbaX)
L[Tg
`\Z[g [TiX U_bggXW
?bW
fTl
j[Xa
g[Xl
[XTe
lbh
ceXTV[
g[Tg
g[Tg [X WTeXW
gb _Xg[\f _\YX
UXfb bcXa
bhg
bY
g[X
c\VgheX)
Pbh
VTa
jeXV^
g[Xl
YbeZXg
T
__TUbhglbh
TaWY\aW
g[X
gb ?bW$f j\__ g[Tg gbWTlHTh_\f T_jTlf
!!
K?OAF
/753
lbhe YT\g[Ul !\Y(\aZ! TaWUl fX_Y(c\gl)
;b`X abj' _Xghf fXXj[b \f UTV^bY
T__g[\f `TaXhiXe\aZ) OTf \g g[X WXi\_
g[Tg f[hg HTh_bhg bY :\g[la\T7 OTf \g
haUX_\XY7
OTf \g f\a \a [\f _\YX7Fb' \g
jTf abg[\aZ f[beg bY ?bW) Kb \g W\Wa$g
`TggXe gb HTh_ \Y T__g[X cXbc_X Zbg
j[\fcXe\aZ TebhaWTaWfTl\aZ' !L[XeX
`hfg UX fb`Xg[\aZ jebaZ j\g[ HTh_)
@X [TW fhV[ T jbaWXeYh_ bcXa\aZ
g[XeXTaWabj g[XeX\f abg[\aZ Wb\aZ)
OX aXXWgb ceTl Ybe [\`!6 !Afa$g \g
fTW' HTh_ WbXfa$gfXX` gb UXZXgg\aZ
Talj[XeX) AeX`X`UXe j[Xa g[X Kc\e\g
jTf ba [\` TaW[X [TWfhV[ jbaWXeYh_
Z\YgfTaWabj [X VTa$gXiXa bcXa hc T
_\gg_X̀\ff\ba \a :\g[la\T) @X \f ]hfg
f\gg\aZ Wbja g[XeX\a LebTf) AjbaWXe
\Yg[X DbeW[Tf VTfg[\` bYD!
Bhfg UX cTg\Xag) DXgg[X a\Z[g YT__
[XTi\_l hcba [\`' Ybe\g \f \a g[X a\Z[g
g[Tg baX ZXgfT i\f\ba TaW\g \f \a g[X
a\Z[g g[Tg baX [XTefT ib\VX)@bj WbXf
HTh_`XXg g[\f f\ghTg\ba7 @X`XXgf \g
\a fhU_\`X YT\g[' T YT\g[g[Tg fTlf' !A
T` jT_^\aZ UXYbeX
?bW TaWabg gel\aZ
gb jT_^ UXYbeXY\Ygl(fXiXaiTe\Xg\XfbY
cXbc_X6lXf' ?bW' Pbh VTa VTeel bhg
Pbhe c_Ta Ybe`X)! 9aW fb HTh_jT_^f
UXYbeX
?bW TaWfgTlf \a LebTf j[\_X T__
g[XfT\agf TeXjbaWXe\aZ j[Tg Vbh_WUX
g[X `TggXe j\g[ [\`) AT` Z_TW
Ybe[\f
VbheTZX)L[XeX [X fgTlf' jT\g\aZ Ybe
g[X f[TWbjf bY g[X a\Z[g gb WXXcXa
fb
[X VTa fXX g[X i\f\ba TaW [XTe g[X
ib\VX)
@TiXlbh XiXeUXXa\a LebTf7 ;bh_W
lbh Ul YT\g[ eXV^ba' !El
_\YX\f
WXW\VTgXW
gb ?bW7 A T` \agXegj\aXW
TaWYTfgXaXW
gb g[\f fhceX`X checbfX
bY ?bW TaW \Y @XfXXfZbbW gb V_bfX
:\g[la\T'
A ^abj @X j\__ bcXa hc T
LebTf fb`Xg\`X' fb`Xj[XeX) A f[T__
jT\g TaW UXcTg\Xag)! <bXf g[X Wbbe
bcXa \``XW\TgX_l Ybe HTh_7HXe[Tcf
abg' Uhg [X g\Xf [\`fX_Y hc gb g[\f
fhceX`X j\__ bY ?bW' j[Xg[Xe \g UX
c_XTf\aZgb [\f YTaVlbe abg)
<\W [X fgTl \a LebTf7 Fb) AgjTf Uhg
T WbbejTl gb T__g[X eXfgbYg[X jbe_W6
T WbbejTl Ybeg[X eXfgbY [\f _\YX)
L[X
V[TaZX jTf abg XTfl' TaW lXg [X
UXVT`Xfb UbhaWhc \a g[X j\__ bY?bW
TaW fhV[ T _biX f_TiXgb BXfhf ;[e\fg
g[Tg lbh VTaabg fXcTeTgX[\` Yeb` \g
STal `beX g[Ta lbh VTa fXcTeTgXg[X
aT`X BhWfbaYeb` :he`T)
F=O
OAF=
O[Xa lbh g[\a^ bY BhWfba lbh
ha^\aW g[\aZf g[X cXbc_XjXeX fTl\aZ
T_jTlf g[\a^ bY :he`T TaWlXg :he`T
g[Tg [X `\Z[g [TiX WXiX_bcXW
Ta hZ_l
jTf abg [\f Y\efgV[b\VX)@XjXag gb fc\e\g gbjTeW g[X`) A_\^Xg[XfX_\aXfbY
AaW\TUhg g[XbYY\V\T_f
jbh_W abg T__bj =Wj\a ETe^[T`5
[\` gb fgTl g[XeX)L[Xl chn [\` ba T
UbTg TaW TYgXefb`X iXel cT\aYh_
=R Q^Rc N PV^PYR
`UN`_Ua` ZR \YY`&
XkcXe\XaXXf [X Y\aT__l _TaWXW\a
=R^R`VP%
^RORY%
N `UV[T`\ SY\a`'
:he`T) @XWXV\WXW
g[Tg [X `\Z[g ]hfg
7a` A\bR N[Q QUNQ`URcV` `\ cV[%
Tf jX__ UX\a g[X j\__ bY?bW \a :he`T
KR Q^Rc NPV^PYR
`UN``\\X UVZ V['
Tf Tal bg[Xe c_TVX)LbWTl [\f aT`X
fcX__f:he`T) D\^X HTh_bY b_W'[X jTf
;Ta lbh UXOVTXabhZ[ gb fTl' !A
TU_Xgb gT^X[\f Ueb^Xa WeXT`f' c\XVX j\__ _biX lbh \a fc\gXbY\g6Aj\__ `T^X
g[X` gbZXg[Xe'TaW\a g[X j\__ bY?bW' T V\eV_X
g[Tg f[hgf lbh \a j\g[ ?bW TaW
j\g[ g[X ZeTVXbY?bW' [X jTf TU_Xgb `X!7 L[Tg \f UX\aZ _\^X g[X DbeW)
`T^X \g TSV[V_'
<ba$g f\g Wbja \a LebTf TaWZ\a^[%
;Ta lbh Wbg[Tg Ul YT\g[7;Ta lbh
Uhg f\g g[ebhZ[ lbhe [bhe bY WTe^aXff
^XXc lbhe _\YXfheeXaWXeXW
gb g[X TaW_\fgXaYbeg[X Nb\VX'TaWTf fheX Tf
fcXV\T_checbfX g[Tg ?bW [Tf Ybelbh7
lbh _\iX' ?bW j\__ bcXa g[X Wbbe
O[Tg WbXf HTh_ Wb aXkg7 @X \f j[\V[ @XjTagf lbh gb XagXe'j[XeX
bUXW\Xag
gb g[\f VT__g[Tg fTlf' !8\ZR
lbh `Tl fXeiX@\` YTeUXggXe
g[Ta lbh
\bR^ V[`\ BNPRQ\[VN'! Fbj'
[X Vbh_W[TiX WbaX\a :\g[la\T)
WbXfa$g^abj j[Tg ETVXWba\T`XTaf
OX Y\aWg[X fT`X gehX XiXa \a g[X
abe \f [X Xa_\Z[gXaXW
Tf gb \gf ZeXTg _\YXbY BXfhf ;[e\fg) @\f Y\efg ZeXTg
ce\i\_XZXf)@X^aXj g[Tg :\g[la\T jTf
WXf\eXjTf T `\a\fgel T`baZ @\f bja
Tg g[Tg g\`X baX bY g[X e\V[Xfg cXbc_X' gb cbhe bhg @\f [XTegYbe@\f
Vbhage\Xf'T `bfg \ai\g\aZ Y\X_W6
Uhg Tf bja aTg\ba' Uhg !=V_ \c[ ^RPRVbRQ
Ybe LebTf [X ^aXj abg[\aZ) <\W lbh
=VZ [\`' ! @XjTagXW AfeTX_
Uhg g[Tg
XiXe [TiX g[X DbeW V_bfXg[X `bfg
:\g[la\T aXiXe bcXaXWgb @\`) @X
\ai\g\aZ Y\X_W'
UTelbh Yeb` g[X e\V[Xfg YbhaW ;T_iTel \afgXTW( @\f LebTf)
bccbegha\g\Xf' TaW chg lbh \agb T O[Tg W\W@X Wb7 @X `TWX ;T_iTel'
fV[bb_[bhfX7 chg lbh \agb T VbeaXegb `TWX LebTf' gb UXVb`X g[X WbbejTl
_TUbej\g[ Ybhebe Y\iXcXbc_Xgb _\fgXa gb ETVXWba\TTaW gb T__g[X XaWfbY
gb lbh7 9aW g[Tg ]hfg TUbhg Tf lbh
g[X XTeg[)
jXeX gb Zb \agb :\g[la\T7 FXiXe `\aW
<XTe [XTegf' gT^XVbheTZX AYlbhe
( :\g[la\T \f abg Ybelbh6 \g `Tl UX _\YX\f geh_l WXW\VTgXW
gb ?bW' lbh
lbhe LebTf \f T fV[bb_[bhfX) Pbh [TW aXXWabg YXTe)DXg=VZ W\eXVglbhe
UXggXe
Zb g[ebhZ[ TaW^XXcg[X _T`cf
_\YX)=iXa g[bhZ[ \a lbhe [N`a^NY
ge\``XW' g[X Y_bbef V_XTa'g[X Y\eXf eX_\Z\bhf_\YX
T :\g[la\T `Tl _bb^ `bfg
gXaWXW'TaW ceXTV[ g[X XiXe_Tfg\aZ \ai\g\aZ' \g `Tl UX?bW$f j\__ gb ghea
?bfcX_ gb g[X Ybhe be Y\iX' Ybe g[Xl lbh gbLebTf) OT\g cTg\Xag_lg[XeX'TaW
`Tl cebiX gb UX g[X Wbbeg[Tg bcXaf g[bhZ[ g[X f[TWbjf WXXcXa'^XXc
hc ETVXWba\TYbelbh _TgXe
ba)
ceTl\aZ)
Aa g[X `XTag\`X HTh_\f j\__\aZ gb
b :\g[la\T' \g \f abg Ybe`X gc XagXe
_\iXTaWfXeiXTaWcbhe bhg [\f _\YX
Ybe lbhe Y\X_Wf
g[bhZ[ g[Xl UXe\V[) LebTf'
XiXelbaX j[b Vb`Xf [\f jTl) ;Ta lbh
[XeXAT`) K[X_gXe
`X \a g[X a\Z[g g[Tg
Wb g[Tg' be j\__ lbh jT\g g\__lbh VTa A `Tl eXfg \a lbhe fgeXXgf)9aW b['
Zb bhg j\g[ lbhe Ue\XYVTfX TaW ZXag_Xa\Z[g' UX ^\aW gb `X) ?\iX `X
ceXTV[7 ;Ta lbh fXeiX fb`X bg[Xe g[X fgeXaZg[TaWZeTVXgb fTl !PXf! gb
jTl7 AggT^Xf`beX g[Ta T Ue\XYVTfX g[X `Ta bY ETVXWba\T'Ybebhg bY g[X
TaW j[\gX aXV^g\X gb `T^X T gehX Ueb^Xa YeTZ`XagfbY `l Y\efgV[b\VXA
fXeiTag bY g[X DbeW);Ta lbh fgTaW f[T__ `XaW gbZXg[XeT `bfg Z_be\bhf
lbhe LebTf7 L[Xa fgTl g[XeXg\__g[X bccbegha\gl \a j[\V[ ?bW `Tl eXfg
i\f\ba f[TcXf \gfX_Y
UXYbeX
lbh TaWlbh
TaWWX_\Z[g
@\`fX_Y)%V!
[XTe g[X ib\VX bY g[X `Ta bY
Dlig
5\ZVPY 5\PLO dl
Hibj
Tlcabn
ETVXWba\T)
Diff_nn_) Eimj_f
No\fcmbchu Fiom_) Pjlcha+
HTh_ Vbh_W[TiX YX_gfbeel Ybe `c_f^) Kcmmiolc, Aijslcabn, /735, Rm_^ \s
[\`fX_Y TaW fb VbaYhfXWbiXe g[X j_lgcmmcih,
!"
<
[P^RQVOYROa` `^aR" HUR6 ZNfV[T UbTeW' gb Vb`chgXe\mXW [bebfVbcXf' gb
E\cR^ \S E_ePUN_`^N E_ePUN_`^N TVghT_KTgTa jbef[\c)
LX_Xi\f\ba' eTW\b' `bg\ba
c\VgheXf'
]YNPR_ZVTU`e S\^PR_ N` e\a^ SV[TR^&
Ubb ^f'
`TZTm\aXf TaW aXjfcTcXef
`V]_
KXXAa L[X <Te^
:XVb`X OX\Z[g_Xff TaW Aai\f\U_X
AaY_hXaVX
L[X OXTg[Xe
Dbb^ <XXc Aagb Kb_\W?ebhaW
;bageb_ D\i\aZ L[\aZf O\g[ 9 ETZ\V
OTaW
EbiX
<\fgTag
GU]XVgf O\g[bhg
LbhV[\aZ L[X`
AaY\a\gXEh_g\c_\VTg\ba bY J\V[Xf
HbjXe TaW ;bageb_ GiXe HXbc_X
L[XfX
TeX TWiXeg\f\aZ
V_T\`f
WXfVe\U\aZ T eXVXag Ubb^) 9eX $lbh
\age\ZhXW Ul g[X`7 A [bcX abg :hg
geTZ\VT__l' `Tal
cXbc_X ( XiXa fb`X
;[e\fg\Taf ( TeX
KhV[ U_TgTag TWiXeg\f\aZ e\WXf g[X
VeXfgbY T Y_bbWg\WX
bY \agXeXfg \a g[X
fhcXeaTgheT_ j[\V[
\f fjXXc\aZ bhe
Vbhagel) HXbc_X TeX fXX^\aZ cbjXe)
HbjXe gb VbcX j\g[ g[X Ye\Z[gXa\aZ TZX
\a j[\V[ jX _\iX)
> be `Tal
;[e\fg\Taf
g[\f fXTeV[ [Tf
YbhaW \gf Yh_Y\__`Xag\a g[X V[Te\f`Tg\V
bhgcbhe\aZ bY g[X @b_l Kc\e\g j\g[ \gf
fhcXeaTgheT_
Z\Ygf TaW `\a\fge\Xf)
@XT_\aZ' cebc[XVl'
fcXT^\aZ
\a
gbaZhXf' fhcXeaTgheT_ Zh\WTaVX TaW
W\eXVg\ba' c_hf cbjXe gb gXfg\Yl gb g[X
eXT_\gl bY BXfhf ;[e\fg) :hg \a fbV\Xgl
Tg _TeZX( TaW gb Ta T_Te`\aZ WXZeXX'
j\g[\a g[X ;[heV[ Tf jX__ ( g[XeX \f T
VbeeXfcbaW\aZ Y_bbW bY cflV[\V TaW
bVVh_g TVg\i\gl) L[XfX TVg\i\g\Xf eTaZX
Yeb`
g[X \aabVXag(_bb^\aZ
Gh\]T
!#
Vbag\ahT__l gX`cg hf j\g[
fXWhVg\iX
TccXT_f Ybe \aVeXTf\aZ bhe !cXefbaT_
cbjXe)!
Aa T LN f\ghTg\ba Vb`XWl' T VhgX
lbhaZ
[bhfXj\YX gj\gV[Xf [Xe abfX
TaW ceXfgb
T Yh__(VbhefX W\aaXe
`\eTVh_bhf_l
TccXTef ba g[X W\a\aZ
gTU_X) =agXegT\a\aZ7
PXf' UXVThfX
KT`Tag[T
\f `beX g[Ta T fhUheUTa
[bhfXj\YX6 f[X$f T j\gV[) 9aW [Xe VhgX
_\gg_XUTUl WThZ[gXe \f T VhgX _\gg_X
UTUl j\gV[
9 Vbfgh`X ]XjX_el TWiXeg\fX`Xag
TccXTe\aZ \a `Tal
aTg\baT_ chU_\VT(
g\baf cebV_T\`f' !HUR6 ZNfV[T E\cR^
\S AN 8^\Vd Q"6TNQV_"
_g \f T YTVgg[Tg
)f\aVX TaV\Xag g\`Xf' VXegT\a fhUfgTaVXf
TaW gT_\f`Taf [TiX UXXa ^abja
Ul
`\__\baf gb [TiX g[X cbjXe gb TYYXVg
g[X WXfg\al bY g[bfX j[b
jXTe g[X`
aXkg gb g[X f^\a )))
g[X cbjXe gb
Ue\aZ g[X jXTeXe [XT_g[' [Tcc\aXff'
_hV^' fhVVXff
gXfg \gf cbjXe Ybe
lbhefX_Y
Y\YgXXa WTl YeXX
ge\T_)))
ba_l "3)43 !
VT__XWE\cR^ \S
Thg[be \f !T
`Ta j[b
^abjf
\a [\f [XTeg g[Tg g[X
jTl
gb eXT_\mX g[X cXeYXVg _\YX \f
g[ebhZ[ g[X TVVh`h_Tg\ba bY jXT_g[!
TWibVTgXf T cflV[\V W\fV\c_\aX VT__XW
9abg[Xe
Ubb^
E_ePUVP6 cN^R[R__ j[bfX
Dlig
ESP ?Z]^ 7LYRP\Z_] :LXP \s Bih
@[mb[g [h^ Bc]e J_aa[nn, Aijslcabn
/752)
K[ h h [
Ablcmnc[h Monl_[]b)
El__hm\ola)
N_ h h msGp[ h c[, ?p[cf[\f_
`lig
Ablcmnc[h
Eliqnb
Kchcmnlc_m,
!;bf`\V
9gghaX`Xag)!
9VVbeW\aZ gb
g[X TWiXeg\fX`Xag' !Vbf`\V
TgghaX(
`Xag!
cebi\WXf'
!?b_W
K\_iXe
HeXV\bhf KgbaXf ;Tf[
=kbg\V >hef
9jXfb`X
HbjXe
Aa baX f[TggXe\aZ
`b`Xag
lbh
VTa )))
eXTV[ g[X
XVfgTfl bY ;bf`\V
9gghaX`Xag
TaW
eXVX\iX )))
\aVeXW\U_Xe\V[Xf )))
\aXk[Thfg\U_X jXT_g[ !
9VVbeW\aZ gb T eXVXag\ffhX bY HVZR
ETZTm\aX' 20# bY g[X WT\_l aXjfcTcXef
\a 9`Xe\VT ce\ag Tfgeb_bZ\VT_ Zh\WXf)
=W\gbef \af\fg cXbc_X jba$g Uhl g[X\e
cTcXe ha_Xff g[X !WT\_l [bebfVbcXf!
TeX\aV_hWXW)
KXiXeT_ Vb__XZXf TaW ha\iXef\g\Xf
[TiX eXVXag_l TWWXW
Yh__(VeXW\g
VbhefXf
\a g[X fghWl bY bVVh_g\f` TaW baX
;T_\Ybea\T ha\iXef\gl
eXVXag_l ZeTa gXW
\gf Y\efg `TfgXe$f WXZeXX\a j\gV[VeTYg)
Aa ,42-'
g[X Gh\]T UbTeW bhfgXW
Ebabcb_l
%j[\V[ [TW [X_W Y\efgc_TVX
Ybe -0 lXTef& Tf g[X UXfg(fX__\aZcTe_be
ZT`X \a g[X Ma\gXWKgTgXf)
HXe[Tcf
Ybe g[X \ZabeTag TaW
hafhfcXVg\aZ' T__ g[XfX YTVgf`Tl TWW
hc gb `XeX_l g[X TccXTeTaVX bY Ta
\agXeXfg\aZ YTW) :hg gb g[bfX bY hf
eXZh_Te_l `\a\fgXe\aZ gb g[X gbe`XagXW
cXbc_X XafaTeXW \a KTgTa$fWXTW_lgeTc
bY bVVh_g\f`' ceXbVVhcTg\ba j\g[ g[\f
!`bfg
WTaZXebhf ZT`X! VTa ba_l UX
i\XjXW Ybe j[Tg \g eXT__l\f5 T aTg\baT_
geTZXWl)
O[Tg \f bVVh_g\f`$f _heX7 O[l \f \g
fb TccXT_\aZ7 L[XeX TeX g[eXX bUi\bhf
eXTfbaf) >\efg' bVVh_gXkcXe\XaVXbYYXef
T cX eiXegXW fTg\fYTVg\ba Ybe `Ta$f
K?OAF
/753
[haZXe Ybe VbagTVgj\g[ T fhcXeaTgheT_
?bW) OXUfgXe WXY\aXffhcXefg\g\ba Tf
!Ta \eeTg\baT_ Tgg\ghWXbY `\aW gbjTeW
g[X fhcXeaTgheT_)!
:hg Yeb` g[X
;[e\fg\Ta
cXefcXVg\iX' fhcXefg\g\ba \f
g[X TW`\ff\ba g[Tg ?bW VeXTgXẀTa
j\g[
T UTf\V QR]R[QR[Pe' Ta \aaTgX
WXf\eX Ybe fhcXeaTgheT_ VbagTVg j\g[
[\f ET^Xe) ETa VTa ab `beX \ZabeX
g[Tg [haZXe g[Ta [X VTa \ZabeX [\f
UTf\V c[lf\VT_ [haZXef Ybe YbbW TaW
f_XXc)
!A Wba$g UX_\XiX\a ?bW ! g[X Tg[X\fg
`Tl \af\fg) :hg g[X !_hV^l dhTegXe! [X
[Tf VTee\XW\a [\f cbV^Xg f\aVX T V[\_W
\f `hgX gXfg\`bal
g[Tg WXXc\af\WX [X
_baZf Ybe !fb`Xg[\aZ!
gb cebgXVg TaW
cebfcXe [\`) Gn\f fl`Ub_\V bY [\f bja
eXceXffXWfXTeV[ Ybe ?bW)
9V^abj_XWZ\aZ
`Ta$f
aXXW Ybe
jbef[\c
TaW fhcXeaTgheT_ [X_c' ?bW
XfgTU_\f[XW Zh\WX_\aXf Ybe g[X cebcXe
XkceXff\ba bY g[Tg aXXW\a g[X Y\efggjb
Vb``TaW`Xagf)
L[bh f[T_g [TiX ab bg[Xe ZbWf
UXYbeX̀X)
L[bh f[T_g abg `T^X hagb g[XX
Tal ZeTiXa \`TZX' be Tal A\^XaXff bY
Talg[\aZ g[Tg \f \a [XTiXa TUbiX' be
g[Tg \f \a g[X XTeg[ UXaXTg[' be g[Tg
\f \a g[X jTgXe haWXe g[X XTeg[)
L[bh f[T_g abg Ubj Wbja g[lfX_Y
gb g[X`' abe fXeiX g[X`5 Ybe Ag[X
DbeW g[l
?bW
T`
T ]XT_bhf
?bW )))
%=kbWhf -+5.(0&)
PXg g[X eXUX__\bhfgXaWXaVl bY `Ta
gb Wb g[X iXel g[\aZ ?bW YbeU\Wf \f
XkceXffXW
\a AfT\T[) L[XeX ?bW
e\W\Vh_Xf `Ta$f XYYbegfgb `T^X [\f
bja ZbWf TaW fXX^ [X_c Yeb` g[X`)
ETa gT^Xf T geXX'?bW fTlf' TaW
@X UheaXg[ cTeg g[XeXbY Gh g[X
Y\eX6j\g[
cTeg g[XeXbY [X XTgXg[
Y_Xf[6 [X ebTfgXg[ ebTfg' TaW \f
fTg\fY\XW5[X jTe`Xg[
[\`fX_Y' TaW
fT\g[' 9[T' AT` jTe`'
A[TiX fXXa
g[X Y\eX5
9aW
g[X eXf\WhX g[XeXbY [X
`T^Xg[
T ZbW' XiXa [\f ZeTiXa
\`TZX5 [X YT__Xg[Wbja hagb \g' TaW
jbef[\ccXg[
\g' TaW ceTlXg[ hagb \g'
TaW fT\g[' <X_\iXe `X6 Ybe g[bh Teg
`l ZbW %Af)//5 ,1(,2&)
L[\f
jbef[\c'
\aaTgX
WXf\eX bY `Ta
gb
gb fXX^ fhcXeaTgheT_ VbagTVg
j\g[
g[X GaX j[b
`TWX [\`'
\f
ceXV\fX_l j[l
[X \f ih_aXeTU_X gb
F=O
OAF=
KTgTa$fWXVXcg\baf)
9 fXVbaW eXTfba Ybe bVVh_g\f`$f
T__heX Ybe g[X TiXeTZX V[heV[ZbXe \f
g[Tg `bfg
Ybe`f
bY bVVh_g\f`
`TfdhXeTWX haWXe T iXaXXe bY cfXhWb(
;[ e \fg\Ta
eXfcXVgTU\_\gl)
ETal
fc\e\ghT_\fg `XW\h`f
V_T\` g[Xl TeX
!V[e\fg\Ta)!
BXfhf' g[Xl fTl' jTf Ta
TWiTaVXW `XW\h`'
T ZeXTg fc\e\ghT_
`TfgXe) L[Xl V_T\` @\f cbjXe
jTf
cflV[\V TaW g[Tg @X V[bfX [\f gjX_iX
W\fV\c_Xf UXVThfX bY g[X\e cflV[\V
fXaf\g\i\gl) Kb`X V_T\` BXfhf jTf g[X
_Tfg TaW [\Z[Xfg
eX\aVTeaTg\ba bY
VXegT\a G_W LXfgT`Xag _XTWXef_\^X
EbfXf TaW AfT\T[)
Ebfg bVVh_g WbVge\aXf V_T\` g\Xf gb
[\fgbe\V
;[e\fg\Ta\gl'
dhbg\aZ be
`\fdhbg\aZ
g[X fVe\cgheXf g[Tg fh\g
g[X`) PXg XkT`\aTg\ba bY g[X\e V_T\`f
eXiXT_f T ha\iXefT_ eX]XVg\ba bY g[X
W\i\a\gl bY BXfhf' g[X XYY\VTVlbY @\f
f[XW U_bbW' g[X Vebff' TaW @\f c[lf\VT_
eXfheeXVg\ba) 9_fb' `Tal
bY g[X fXVeXg
e\ghT_f bY bVVh_g Zebhcf e\W\Vh_Xbe
U_Tfc[X`X g[X ;[e\fg\Ta fTVeT`Xagf bY
UTcg\f` TaW g[X DbeW$ffhccXe)
Ma Ybe gh aTgX_l' `Tal
;[e\fg\Taf'
UXVTh fX bY g[X\e _TV^ bY U\U_\VT_
^abj_XWZX'
TeX haTjTeX
bY g[XfX
VbageTW\Vg\baf TaW XkceXff ZXah\aX
fhece\fX g[Tg
KVe\cgheX VbaWX`af
cflV[\V XkcXe\XaVX)
9 g[\eW eXTfba Ybe g[X T__heXbY g[X
bVVh_g \f g[X geh_l
fhcXeaTgheT_
c[Xab`XaT
\g cebi\WXf) 9aW g[X
WXXcXebaX$f \aib_iX`Xag'
g[X `beX
fcXVgTVh_Te g[X c[Xab`XaT)
!El
XkcXe\XaVXf TeX ^RNYYefhcXeaTgheT_ !
g[X bVVh_g cTeg\V\cTag V_T\`f) 9aW
\aWXXWg[Xl TeX L[X WXi\_$fjbe^f TeX
Ubg[ eXT_TaW fhcXeaTgheT_) Kb`Xg\`Xf
YTgT__lfb L[X WXVXcg\bag[Tg fTlf' !AY
\g$f fhcXeaTgheT_ \g `hfg
UX Yeb`
?bW'! cebiXf T dh\V^ ebhgX gb [XTeg(
TV[X TaW geTZXWl) L[X Yb__bj\aZ
gXfg\`bal
ZeTc[\VT__l \__hfgeTgXf g[\f
cb\ag) Gn
\f gT^Xa Yeb` Ta hachU_\f[XW
g[Xf\f'
Xag\g_XW !L[X
;hefX
GY
O\gV[VeTYg'! je\ggXa Ul JXi) Jbl
=)
9`fghgm bY 9f[_TaW' G[\b' Whe\aZ [\f
fghW\Xf Tg 9f[_TaW
L[Xb_bZ\VT_
KX`\aTel)
OX hfX \g [XeX j\g[
[\f
cXe`\ff\ba5
!Aa FbiX`UXe
,413 A eXVX\iXWT
_XggXeYeb` T Ye\XaW\a 9[ba'
G[\b'
Ybe j[b`
A [TW _XWfXiXeT_ fc\e\ghT_
eXgeXTgf)K[X Xkc_T\aXWg[Tg T ZeTaWfba
bY Ye\XaWfaXTe ;_XiX_TaWjTf fXe\bhf_l
cffj\g[ T eTeXU_bbWW\fXTfX)K[X Tf^XW
\Y jX Vbh_W Vb`X gb [Xe [b`X
\a
9^eba TaW ceTl Ybe g[X _TW)OX `TWX
TeeTaZX`Xagf gb `XXg TUbhg T jXX^
UXYbeXL[Ta^fZ\i\aZ)
L[X Ubl' E\^X'
jTf TVVb`cTa\XW Ul [\f ZeTaWcTeXagf'
[\f YTg[Xe TaW `bg[Xe' [\f 9hag KhX
TaW [Xe [hfUTaW)
!9YgXe ZXgg\aZ TVdhT\agXW' A Tf^XW
E\^X j[b`
[X jTagXW gb UXj\g[ [\`
Tf jX ceTlXW) @X fT\W [X jTagXW [\f
cTeXagf TaW [\f 9hag KhX) AUXZTa Ul
ceTl\aZ Ybe cebgXVg\ba Ybe XiXelbaX \a
g[X ebb`' TaW g[Xa ceTlXW Ybe ?bW gb
[XT_ g[X _TW)
!9YgXe g[X ceTlXe' [\f 9hag KhX fT\W
g[Tg f[X [TW $eXVX\iXW$
g[Tg g[X ceTlXe
jbh_W UX XYYXVg\iX)K[X W\Wabg fTl
[bj f[X [TW eXVX\iXW
[Xe \aYbe`Tg\ba)
K[X T_fb fT\W g[X Ubl jbh_W UX[XT_XW
g[ebhZ[ `l
ceTlXef TaW [Xe XYYbegf'
Uhg Ybe g[X ceTlXe gb UX XYYXVg\iX
f[X
jbh_W [TiX gb Zb gb f_XXc)
!A jbaWXeXW \Y f[X `\Z[g UXgT_^\aZ
TUbhg T geTaVX' Uhg AjTf ]hfg T $UTUX$
\a `l
^abj_XWZX bY g[X bVVh_g' fb A
gb_W[Xe gb Zb T[XTW) KhX Tf^XW g[Tg
g[X _\Z[gf UX gheaXW bhg' fTl\aZ f[X
Vbh_W Zb gb f_XXc dh\V^_l) A ceTlXW
f\_Xag_l' g[Tg \Yg[\f jTf abg ?bW$f j\__'
f[X jbh_W UXhaTU_X gb Zb gb f_XXc)
!OX fTg \a g[X WTe^ Ybe T _baZ g\`X)
>\aT__l' KhX fT\W f[X YX_gg[X cXbc_X \a
g[X bg[Xe ebb` jXeX `T^\aZ gbb `hV[
ab\fX TaW Tf^XW\Y Ajbh_W gX__g[X` gb
UXdh\Xg) AW\W'TaW TZT\a jX fTg \a g[X
WTe^XaXWebb`) GaVX `beX A ceTlXW
g[Tg KhX jbhBW abg UX TU_Xgb f_XXc\Y
\g jXeX abg ?bW$f j\__) 9YgXe T f[beg
g\`X' KhX Tf^XW g[Tg g[X _\Z[gf UX
gheaXWUTV^ ba)
!K[X _XYgg[X ebb`'
eXTccXTe\aZ T
YXj `b`Xagf
_TgXe j\g[ bhe [bfgXff'
j[b
Tf^XW `X \Y KhX Vbh_W ceTl Ybe
[Xe aXc[Xj) AfT\W \g jTf Y\aXj\g[ `X
\Yg[X cTeXagf W\Wabg bU]XVg)
!KhX jXag gb [Xe aXc[Xj' j[b jTf
f\gg\aZ dh\Xg_l j\g[ [\f cTeXagf' ^aX_g
Wbja UXYbeX[\`'
TaW UXZTa gb ceTl)
9g g[Tg `b`Xag'
A YX_gT fheZX bY
cbjXe Y_bj \agb `X) L[\a^\aZ
\g jTf
`XTag Tf T U_Xff\aZ Ybe g[X _TW'AeT\fXW
`l [TaWf biXe `l [XTW TaW UXZTa gb
`biX gbjTeW [\`'
ceTl\aZ f\_Xag_l Tf A
-0
`beX geTafYhf\baf) HeXi\bhf_l haTU_X
Ubb^$f TWi\VX' TaW [Xe cXa jebgX
jXag) O[Xa AjTf TUbhggXaYXXg
TjTl'
gb TggXaWfV[bb_' Ul `\W(>XUehTel [X
`XffTZXf
Ybe
[Xe
j\g[bhg
g[X
jbeWf
KhX)UXZTagb Vel bhg \a T ib\VX g[Tg
[TW eXgheaXWgb V_TffXf)L[X WbVgbef
Vb`\aZ g[ebhZ[ [Xe `\aW) :XgjXXa
fbhaWXW_\^X T `Ta$f) 9f A `biXW
jXeX T`TmXWTg [\f eXVbiXel)OX VTa
V_bfXeg[X Vel ZeXj \a \agXaf\gl hag\_ \g g[X ib\VX TaW g[X Thgb`Tg\V je\g\aZ'
ba_l ceT\fX ?bW j[b
ZTiX [\`
T
UXVT`X T [\WXbhf f[e\X^) KhWWXa_l' KhX UXZTagb ZXg`XffTZXf gb _bb^ hc
Vb`c_XgX[XT_\aZ)
\agb g[X fha TaWgb jbef[\c g[X fha)
KhX jTf g[ebja biXe UTV^jTeWbagb
!Ghe [bfgXff Vbag\ahXWgb VbhafX_
[Xe V[\_WeXa
g[X Y_bbe \a T fbUU\aZ [XTc) Ghe K[X fl`Ub_\VT__l bYYXeXW
bg[Xe fgeTaZX KhX TaWE\^X$f cTeXagf gb Z\iX hc g[X
[bfgXff [X_cXW[Xe gb [Xe YXXgTaW gb g[X fha TaWceTVg\VXW
Gh\]T UbTeWTaWbg[Xe bVVh_gceTVg\VXf)
eX_\Z\bhfe\gXf)
dh]V^_l gbb^ [Xe bhg bY g[X ebb`) El
E\^X$f cTeXagf [XXWXW
[Xe TWi\VXTaW
!KhX jTf T _biX_l lbhaZ jb`Ta'
j\YX' j[b [TW UXXa ceTl\aZ \a g[X
gheaXWYeb` g[X bVVh_g)KhX`TWX Ta
K[X
bg[Xe ebb`'
[X_cXW VTeX Ybe g[X g[X `bg[Xe bY gjb f`T__ V[\_WeXa)
TggX`cg' Uhg aXiXe fhVVXXWXW)
HXe[Tcf
[TWUXXaf\aVXeX\a [Xe YT\g[)JXTeXWT
fbUU\aZjb`Ta)
f[X jTf fb \age\ZhXW
g[Tg f[X Vbh_Wabg
HebgXfgTag' f[X [TW X`UeTVXWg[X
!9f g[Xl ge\XWgb Vb`Ybeg [Xe' f[X
fXX g[X WTaZXef' be X_fX [Xe
Jb`Ta
;Tg[b_\V YT\g[ UXVThfX[Xe
cbheXWbhg T fgbel TUbhgXiXagfj[\V[
\aib_iX`Xag jTf f\`c_l gbb WXXc)
[TW bVVheeXWaXTe g[X g\`X g[X _TW [hfUTaWjTf ;Tg[b_\V)
!JX_hVgTag_l' [Xe [hfUTaW TW`\ggXW
!>be
aXTe_l
Ybhe
[bhef'
KhXgT_^XW
UXVT`X \__) L[X Ubl$f cTeXagf [TW
[Xe
gb T `XagT_ \afg\ghg\ba j[XeX f[X
Vb`ch_f\iX_l
j\g[
hf
TUbhg
[Xe
fgTegXWgb c_Tl j\g[ T Gh\]T UbTeW)
Vbag\ahXWgb
$eXVX\iX̀XffTZXf)$ GaX
$jb
aWXeYh_$
XkcXe\XaVXf)O[Xa
jX
>b__bj\aZ TWi\VXZ\iXa Ul g[X UbTeW'
fgTgXW
f[X
jTf
ab _baZXegb UXT j\YX
eT\fXW
dhXfg\baf
VbaVXea\aZg[X
fbheVX
g[X YTg[Xe[TW V[TaZXW]bUf TaWg[X
gb
[Xe
[hfUTaW
Tf f[X jTf XfcXV\T__l
bY
g[X`XffTZXf'
f[X
TffheXW
hf
g[Xl
T__
YT`\_l [TW`biXW gb T W\YYXeXag
[bhfX)
V[bfXa
gb
UX
g[X Ue\WXbY g[X
VT`X
Yeb`
?bW)
K[X
V_T\`XW
f[X
[TW
9Ubhg g[\f g\`X g[X Ubl [TW YT__Xa
9eV[TaZX_
E\V[TX_)
>\aT__l eXT_\m\aZ
UXXa
XfcXV\T__l
V[bfXa
gb
UXT
V[TaaX_)
Yeb` [\f U\VlV_XTaW jTf f_\Z[g_l
f[X
jTf
\a
WXXc
g
ebhU_X
f[X UXZZXW
g[X
L[X
g\`X
Yeb`
KhX$fY\efghfX
bY
g[X
\a]heXW)L[X YT__jTf g[X ba_l VThfX
[bfc\gT_
Thg[be\g\Xf
gb
[X_c
[Xe'
Uhg
Gh\]T
UbTeW
hag\_
jX
gT_^XW
j\g[
[Xe
g[X WbVgbefVbh_WY\aWYbe[\f \__aXff)
TccTeXag_l g[Xl [TW ab fb_hg\ba Ybe
jTf TUbhgg[eXX`bag[f)
!L[X W\fXTfX
[X [TW VbageTVgXW
jTf
[Xe
cebU_X`)
!L[X
[bhe
ZeXj
_TgX
TaW
KhX$f
Tc_Tfg\VTaX`\T6 YT\_heXbY g[X UbaX
!=\Z[gXXa `bag[f TYgXe
jX `Xg KhX'
`Teebj
gb cebWhVX fhYY\V\XageXW YT`\_l jTagXW gb Zb [b`X) K\aVXKhX
U_bbWVX__f):_bbW geTafYhf\baf jXeX jTf Vbai\aVXW g[Tg [Xe XkcXe\XaVXf f[X Vb``\ggXW fh\V\WX)
!KhX$f WXTg[UebhZ[g ZeXTgWXgXe(
jXeX U_Xff\aZf fXag Yeb` ?bW' f[X
Z\iXa eXZh_Te_l'Uhg g[X U_bbW_bff jTf
`\aTg\ba gb `X gb Y\aWfb`X TafjXef)
ZeXTgXe g[Ta g[X geTafYhf\baf) @\f jbh_W abg TVVXcgTal Xkc_TaTg\bafbe
Gh`l `\a\fgel A UXZTagb fXX[bj
TWi\VX
Yeb` hf)
WbVgbef ZTiX _\gg_X[bcX Ybe [\f
!L[X XiXagf bY g[Tg XiXa\aZ eT\fXW `Tal gebhU_XW
_\iXf fgX``XW W\eXVg_l
eXVbiXel)
!KhX fT\W f[X [TW ZbaX gb [Xe `Tal dhXfg\baf Ybe `X) @bj WbXfT be \aW\eXVg_lYeb` \aib_iX`Xag j\g[
g[X bVVh_g) :eb^Xa [b`Xf'
`XagT_
Uebg[Xe$f [bhfX gb jTgV[ g[X Gh\]T Gh\]T UbTeWeXT__ljbe^7 @bj VTa T
WXceXff\ba TaW `beT_ WXZXaXeTg\ba
UbTeW jbe^) O[Xa g[Xl ge\XW'g[X $ib\VX$Z\iX `XffTZXf7 O[l jXeX fb`X
bYgXaYb__bjXWcTeg\V\cTg\ba\a bVVh_g
AYfb`X
UbTeWjTf _\YX_Xff)
O[Xa g[Xl Tf^XW `XffTZXf gehXTaWfb`X YT_fX7
j[l \g jbh_W abg cXeYbe`' \g eXc_\XW jXeX YT_fX'g[Xa j[Tg jTf g[X fbheVX ceTVg\VXf)
!A VT`X gb fXXbVVh_g\f` Tf T eXT_
g[XeXjTf Ta haUX_\XiXeceXfXag)KhX UX[\aW g[X `XffTZXf7 @bj WbXf
cTeg\V\cTg\aZ
g[Xa cebYXffXW
[Xe UX_\XY
\a g[X UbTeW Thgb`Tg\V je\g\aZ jbe^7 O[l jbh_W T VhefX)HXbc_Xabg W\eXVg_l
TeXbYgXaTYYXVgXW
Ul g[X \aib_iX`Xag
;Tg[b_\V `bg[Xe
TaW\g UXZTagb jbe^ \``XW\TgX_l) KhX WXibhg Jb`Ta
AfXXabj
jXag ba gb gX__hf [bj f[X _TgXe
UXZTa jbef[\c g[X fha TaWfl`Ub_\VT__l bYYXe bYg[X\e YT`\_\XfTaWYe\XaWf)
g[Tg
\agXeXfg\a
g[X
bVVh_g\f
_\^X T
c_Tl\aZ j\g[ g[X UbTeW[XefX_YTaW [Xe V[\_WeXagb \g7
c_TZhX
j[\V[
fceXTWf
T
aWfceXTWf)
D\^X
!OTf g[XeX Tabg[Xe cbjXe UXf\WX
[bj jX__ \g jbe^XW Ybe[Xe)
T
Z\TagbVgbchf'
\gf
gXagTV_Xf
eXTV[\agb
!9YgXe f[X [TW UXVb`Xdh\gX TWXcg ?bW j[\V[ Vbh_WTVghT__ljbe^ j\g[\a
_XTW T_`bfg XiXel TeXTbYfbV\Xgl' Ybefb`X
\a hf\aZ \g' f[X UXZTa gb [XTe TaW g[X _\iXf bYcXbc_X7<\W g[\f YbeVX
XiXahf h ec\aZ g[X c_TVX bY ?bW
\gf
i\Vg\`f
ba
j\g[
`XffTZXf
TaW^\aW
eXVX\iX
W\eXVg\bafYeb` Ta \aaXe ib\VX)
@\`fX_Yj\g[ g[X $ZbWbY g[\f jbe_W)$
jbeWf
hag\_
g[Xl
jXeX
$[bb^XW$
gb
g[X
L[X ib\VX jTeaXW [Xe bY cbff\U_X
!LbWTl' g[X Y\efg Vb``TaW`Xag
cb\ag
bYjbef[\c\aZ
g[Tg
YbeVX
Tf
?bW7
WTaZXefgb [Xe V[\_WeXaTaW YT`\_l'
%L[bh
f[T_g [TiX ab bg[Xe ZbWfUXYbeX
!O[Xa
jX
fT\W
ZbbWUlX
gb
E\^X
Z\i\aZ [Xe TWi\VXj[\V[ TgY\efgfXX`XW
`X&
[Tf
gT^Xaba YTeZeXTgXe
`XTa\aZ)!
TaWKhX'
jX
YX_g
bhe
cTg[f
jbh_W
Vebff
bY iT_hX) DTgXe'[bjXiXe' g[X ib\VX
TZT\a'
Uhg
g[Xl
aXiXe
W\W)
O
X
eXVX\iXW
UXVT`XiXel WX`TaW\aZ)KhXUXZTagb
KhX$fWXTg[[TWbaX cbf\g\iX eXfh_g)
Yeb` E\^X$f `bg[Xe \a g[X_TgX
eXVX\iX`XffTZXf Ybe bg[Xe cXbc_X6 T _XggXe
Gn
U
ebhZ[g T Vb``\ggXW `\a\fgXe bYg[X
fce\aZ
bY
g[X
Yb__bj\aZ
lXTe'
g[Ta^\aZ
fb`X bY j[\V[ fXX`XWgehXUhg `Tal
ZbfcX_
\agb T V_XTeTjTeXaXff bY g[X
hf
Ybe
bhe
[X_c)
K[X
gb_Whf
g[Tg
bYj[\V[ jXeX bUi\bhf_l YT_fX)
T_`bfg \``XW\TgX_l TYgXeg[X ceTlXe geTZXWlj[\V[ TjT\gf g[bfX j[b TeX
!9 Ubb^ TUbhg Thgb`Tg\V je\g\aZ'
Ul Thg[be Jhg[ EbagZb`Xel' VT`X Ybe [XT_\aZ' E\^X [TW fgbccXWgT^\aZ ge\V^XWUl KTgTa \agb c_Tl\aZ !L[X
Ebfg <TaZXebhf ?T`X)!L
Tal
\agb KhX$fcbffXff\ba) K[XYb__bjXWg[X [\f `XW\V\aXTaW[TW abg aXXWXW
!$
K?OAF
/753
L[X :bWl bY ;[e\fg \f UX\aZ V[T__XaZXWgbWTl j\g[
fhV[ gXe`f Tf !W\fV\c_\aX'! !fhU`\ff\ba'!
!_beWf[\c'!
TaW !bUXW\XaVX)! GaX bg[Xe ce\aV\c_X g[Tg ?bW \f
Ue\aZ\aZ gb g[X YbeXYebag \f ![b_\aXff'!
TaW g[\f Vbh_W
jX__ UXg[X `bfg WX`TaW\aZ bY T__)
?bW \f eXdh\e\aZ XTV[ bY hf Tf ;[e\fg\Taf gb XkT`\aX
bhefX_iXf TVVbeW\aZgb g[X fgTaWTeW@X [Tf fXg Ybe hf \a
@\f ObeW) 9f jX TeX VbaYebagXW j\g[
@\f Vb``TaW)
`Xagf TaW g[X gbgT_ bUXW\XaVXTaW che\gl bY @\f Kba'
BXfhf' g[\f baX eXT_\mTg\ba[\gf hf5 OX [TiX T _baZ jTl gb
Zb)
%:\U_XKghWl TafjXef TeXYbhaW ba cTZX 1/,'
,)
?\iX Ybhe g\g_XfYeb` g[X Yb__bj\aZ G_WLXfgT`Xag
fVe\cgheXf bY j[Tg ?bW [Tf VT__XW
@\f cXbc_X gb UX5
8H&)12.
L&
K
O'
M
7P_^& ,/5-
N&
O&
U)
1)
2)
O[Tg ^\aW bY VT__\aZWb jX [TiX g[Xa7 &0HVZ' )21#
.)
AY?bW [Tf VT__XW
a_ gb UX T [b_l ce\Xfg[bbW' j[Tg
WbXf @X eXdh\eX hf gb Vb`X bhg bY7 %, ESP]]& /5 26
CZX& 15 ,4&
S
S
=c[Xf\Taf
/5--(-/
fh`f
hc g[X Xag\eX cebVXff
Xk[beg\aZ g[X UX_\XiXegb Wb g[eXX g[\aZf5
N'
3)
-)
O[Tg WXY\a\gXfgXcf Wb g[X Yb__bj\aZ fVe\cgheXf
bhg_\aX Ybe bhe Vb`\aZ \agb cXefbaT_ [b_\aXff7
CZX& ,-5,
S
* 6Z\& 25 ,
S
CZX& 15 ,4
K
K
"DPP / BP^&*2-$1#
Aa _\Z[g bY g[X [\Z[ fgTaWTeWf ?bW [Tf fXg'
j[Tg baX Vb``TaW g[Tg @XZ\iXf hf fh`f hc
bhe eXfcbaf\U\_\gl Tf !T ^\aZWb` bY ce\Xfgf!7
">P`& *(2 2&
lbhefX_iXf
g[XeXYbeX'TaW
S
M
O'
M
P'
M
, HXgXe ,5 ,.(,4
\f Ta \`cbegTag
U)
"DPPLW]Z<]&+-20#
0)
T)
O[b f[T__ fgTaW \a ?bW$f [b_l
-/5/&
Lb j[b`
\f ceb`\fXW g[X U[_ff\aZ bY !fXX\aZ
?bW!7 "?L^^& 053&
S
T)
L[X jbeWf ![b_l!
TaW ![b_\aXff!
TeX bYgXa
hfXW \a Vba]haVg\ba j\g[
bg[Xe gXe`f) D\fg
g[XfX gXe`f Tf g[Xl TccXTe \a g[X Yb__bj\aZ
fVe\cgheXf)
8[S& ,5/5 !jX f[bh_W UX[b_l TaW
S
8[S& 05-25
TaW
!\g Qg[X ;[heV[R
6ZW&,5 --5 !gb ceXfXag lbh
ZZZZZZ
AaXR ,52/'205
[b_\aXff % aW
OAF=
4)
[b_l TaW
S
Z
XfgTU_\f[ lbhe [XTegf
\a [b_\aXff)!
!fXeiX [\`
j\g[bhg
YXTe' \a
S
,+)
,45-& (((
V)
L[X _Tfg jbeW \a iXefX ,2 TaW g[X _Tfgc[eTfXf
\a HfT_` 4154 TaW - ;be\ag[\Taf
25 , _\a^
[b_\aXff gb T VXegT\a Tgg\ghWXgbjTeW ?bW)
O[Tg \f g[Tg Tgg\ghWX7
S
T)
Af \g cbff\U_X Ybe ?bW gb XfgTU_\f[ hf Tf @\f
![ + Al cXbc_X! j\g[bhg
bhe ^XXc\aZ @\f
Vb``TaW`Xagf7
"7P_^& -3546 -15 ,3' ,46 @_X&
)-2+1$,(#
K
U)
Kb g[XeXYbeX' j[Xa
jX TeX W\fV\c_\aXW TaW
V[TfgXaXW!Tf fbaf! Ul ?bW bhe >Tg[Xe' j[Tg
\f @\f checbfX7 ";PM& )*2)(#
K
V)
9aW j[Tg ^\aW bY Yeh\g WbXf g[\f V[TfgXa\aZ
cebWhVX \a bhe _\iXf7 ";PM& ,-5 ,,&
S
f[bh_W UX [b_l
S
u[h^u
) ESP]]& .5 ,.5 ![X `Tl
SSSSSSSSSSS
F=O
c_TVX7 "B]&
S
U)
gb
Aa iXefX ,1 TaW g[X Yb__bj\aZ fVe\cgheXf' j[Tg
\f g[X fb_X eXTfba ?bW Z\iXf Ybe Vb``TaW\aZ
hf gb UX[b_l7 ">P`& ,,5//'/05
/)
Xk[begTg\ba
[b_\aXff) JXTW \g TaW TafjXe g[XfX dhXfg\baf)
T)
O[Tg c[eTfX' eXcXTgXW_lhfXW \__g[X G_WLXfgT(
`Xag' `\Z[g jX__ cTeT__X_![b_l \a T__XLYYP\
bY NLY`P\]L ^TZY \a iXefX ,07 %, 6S\ZY&
).2*13 B]& -45-6 n1645 ))(2+# K&
K
;[e\fg W\XWg[Tg @X `\Z[g
\a j[Tg fgTgX7"6ZW&,5--&
ce _fXag hf gb g[X >Tg[Xe
S
-2
(&+/(2
/)
20,1,3
3+(
<JHLJGJDBLQ
FRFLQPJLQIF ,MET MG-IOJPQ#
Yeb` iTe\bhf
ceXfXag fgehZZ_Xf \agb T ZeXTgXeYT\g[ T ah`UXe bY `X!a' _XTWXef
aTg\baf fhV[ Tf ?eXXVX' ;TaTWT' TaW
g[Ta \g [TW ^abja
ceXi\bhf_l)
>eTaVX' fgbbW hc TaW gXfg\Y\XWg[Tg
<XeX^ He\aVX Vb``XagXW5 !A jTf
Vb``\g`Xag
gb YX__bj UX_\XiXef\a g[X
\`ceXffXW Ul g[X jTl
g[Tg VbaZeXff(
Ga g[X -.eW
bY BTahTel' g[X
?XeT_W XV[X_baf bY g[X\e cTeg\Vh_Te ZbiXea(
gjXagl(g[\eW
TaahT_
HeXf\WXag\T_ `Xa j[b [TW bUi\bhf_l ^abja
ba g[X\e
>beW dh\gX V_bfX_l TaW \ag\`TgX_l Ybe `Xag [TW [TW T i\gT_ XYYXVg
HeTlXe :eXT^YTfg jTf
[X_W Tg g[X
`Tal lXTef' fcb^X TUbhg [\` j\g[ eXT_ bja _\iXf' TaW XiXa ba g[X VbhefX bY
OTf[\aZgba
K[XeTgba \a g[X aTg\ba$f
XiXagf \a g[X\e eXfcXVg\iX Vbhage\Xf'!
VTc\gT_)<XeX^ He\aVX Yeb` >g) DThWXe( Vbai\Vg\ba Tf T Uebg[Xe ;[e\fg\Ta)!
9YgXe g[X fX`\aTef'
g[XeX jTf T
Aa [\f
TWWeXff' g[X HeXf\WXag
WT_X' >_be\WT jTf
baX bY Tccebk\(
AhaV[Xba j[\V[
jTf
TWWeXffXWUl
`hV[
[X jTf
`TgX_l .'0++ cXbc_X \ai\gXW gb TggXaW TV^abj_XWZXW [bj
\aWXUgXW
gb g[X ceTlXef bY cXbc_X TaW KXaTgbe @Teb_W@hZ[Xf bY AbjT' j[b
g[X UeXT^YTfg'TaW [X eXgheaXWj\g[ T
[bj
`hV[
[X cXefbaT__l UX_\XiXW [Tf chU_\V_l gXfg\Y\XWba T ah`UXe bY
eXcbeg bY ?bW$f jbe^\aZf
T`baZ bhe
bVVTf\baf gb [\f YT\g[ \a ;[e\fg) D\^X
g[bfX ceTlXef [TW TVVb`c_\f[XW)
ZbiXea`Xag _XTWXef)
KXaTgbe @TgY\X_W'
[\f ce\`Tel X`c[Tf\f
9YgXe g[X `T\a UeXT^YTfgg[XeX jXeX
!9 fcXV\T_ ceTlXe [TW UXXa bYYXeXW
jTf
ba
XfgTU_\f[\aZ
cebcXe cXefbaT_
iTe\bhf
fX`\aTef
_XWUl
T
ah`UXe
bY
[XeX \a >g) DThWXeWT_X
Ybe g[\f UeXT^(
eX_Tg\baf[\cf'
XfcXV\T__l
\a g[X [b`X)
jX__(^abja
cXefbaT_\g\Xf'
VbaVXea\aZ
YTfg' TaW T ah`UXe bY g[X cXbc_X A`Xg
KXaTgbe
@hZ[Xf$
`T\a
TffXeg\ba
jTf
j[\V[
<XeX^
eX_TgXW
g[\f
XkcXe\XaVX)
Vb`c_XgX_l TZeXXW
g[Tg \gjTf g[X `bfg
g[Tg
9`Xe\VT$f
YhgheX
jTf
WXcXaWXag
!El
j\YX
TaW
A
X_XVgXW
gb
Zb
gb
g[X
fc\e\ghT__l fg\`h_Tg\aZ ceTlXe UeXT^YTfg
hc + ag[
X XYYXVg\iXeXfgbeTg\ba bY
fX`\aTe g[Tg jTf _XWUl KXaTgbe ETe^
bY T__g[X gjXagl(g[eXX g[Tg [TW XiXe
cX
efbaT_
eX_Tg\baf[\cf \a 9`Xe\VTa
@TgY\X_W'
TaW
A
jTf
iXel
`hV[
UXXa [X_W' TaW g[X baX \a j[\V[
g[X
YT`\_\Xf'
TaW
[X gbhV[XW hcba g[X eb_X
\`ceXffXW
Ul
[\f
\agebWhVg\ba'
j[\V[
DbeW BXfhf ;[e\fg jTf `bfg WXY\a\gX_l
bY
BXfhf
;[e\fg
\a fhV[ eXfgbeTg\ba \a
jTf
XffXag\T__l
T
cXefbaT_
gXfg\`bal)
TV^abj_XWZXWTaW hc_\YgXW)
g[X [b`X)
!9g g[X [XTW gTU_XjXeX HeXf\WXag @X T_fb `Xag\baXW g[Tg \a [\f bja
<XeX^$f Y\aT_ eX`Te^f VbaVXea\aZ
fgTgXbY GeXZba' [X [TW UXXa\ai\gXW gb
TaW Eef) >beW' N\VX(HeXf\WXagJbV^X(
Ta hahfhT_ glcX bY `XXg\aZ UX\aZ [X_W g[X UeXT^YTfgjXeX XfcXV\T__l XaVbhe(
YX__Xe':\__l ?eT[T`'
?biXeabe JXhU\a
\a T ZTeTZX'TaW g[X jTl [X WXfVe\UXW TZ\aZ) !A jbh_W [TiX gb fTl g[Tg A_XYg
9f^Xj bY >_be\WT' OT_gXe OTf[\aZgba
j\g[
g[X \`ceXff\ba
g[Tg ?bW [Tf
g[X `XXg\aZ _XYgab WbhUg \a `l `\aW
g[X `Tlbe
bY OTf[\aZgba'
<);) TaW
ceTlXe Ybe
g[Tg \g jTf T V[Te\f`Tg\V Zebhc) @X eXT__l UXXa TafjXe\aZ
bg[Xe
fXaTgbef
TaW VbaZeXff`Xa
_XTWXef[\c\a OTf[\aZgba' TaW g[Tg g[\f
TVVb`cTa\XW Ul g[X\e j\iXf)
HXbc_X fT\W g[X `XXg\aZ' Vb`cbfXW `bfg_l bY
aTg\ba cebUTU_l [Tf T [\Z[Xe cbeg\ba
lbhaZ cXbc_X' jTf _XWUl gjb lbhaZ
[TW fb`Xg\`Xf Vbaf\WXeXWg[XfX ceTlXe
bY Vb``\ggXW ;[e\fg\Taf
\a \gf _XTWXe(
`Xa j\g[ Zh\gTef' TaW g[Tg XiXelUbWl
UeXT^YTfgf Tf Ta bccbegha\gl
Ybe T
f[\c g[Ta Tal bg[Xe aTg\ba ba g[X
jTf eT\f\aZ g[X\e [TaWf T__TebhaW [\`'
cb_\g\V\Ta gb $ZXg\a$ j\g[ g[X eX_\Z\bhf
XTeg[ gbWTl) A UX_\XiX g[\f f[bh_W
TaW [X W\Wa$g^abj
j[Tg gb Wb) Kb'
cXbc_X6 Uhg g[X Tg`bfc[XeX
\a g[\f
XaVbheTZX
hf gb Zb ba ceTl\aZ' TaW
Y\efg [X fTg ba [\f [TaWf' Uhg [X YX_gT
ZTg[Xe\aZ jTf baX bY eXT_Vbai\Vg\ba
ceTl
XiXa
`beX
XTeaXfg_l' TaW gb ^abj
U\g haVb`YbegTU_X \a Wb\aZ fb) L[Xa
TaW YT\g[)!
j\g[bhg
T
WbhUg
g[Tg ?bW \f jbe^\aZ
[X Yb_WXW
[\f Te`f TaW [X fg\__YX_gbhg
:\__l ?eT[T`'
g[X `T\a fcXT^Xe Ybe
\a
g[X
`\Wfg
bY
g[X _XTWXef\a bhe
bY c_TVX) Kb' XiXaghT__l [X chg [\f
g[X HeXf\WXag\T_ HeTlXe :eXT^YTfg'
:;/<3./8=3+6
,;/+50+<=
:;+A/;
f[TeXW Ue\XY_lYeb` - ;[eba\V_Xf 25 ,/)
@X Vb``XagXW
g[Tg g[X 9`Xe\VTa
cXbc_X [TW cTffXW g[ebhZ[
g[eXX
ceXi\bhf Ve\fXf \a g[X\e [\fgbel' Uhg Tf T
eXfh_g bY eXVXag XiXagf' jXeX abj
\aib_iXW \a g[X ZeXTgXfgVe\f\f bY T__)@X
TWWXW
g[Tg \a XTV[ ceXi\bhf Ve\f\f g[X
ceTlXef
bY UX_\Xi\aZ cXbc_X [TW
UebhZ[g g[X aTg\ba g[ebhZ[' TaW [X
UX_\XiXWg[Tg VbaVXegXWceTlXe Vbh_W
fg\ AA Ue\aZ g[X aTg\ba g[ebhZ[
\gf
06
Te`f hc j\g[ T__g[X eXfg)9YgXe eX_Tg\aZ ZbiXea`Xag)! P
g[\f \aV\WXag' [X fT\W fb`Xg[\aZ j[\V[
jTf dh\gX eX`Te^TU_X' $9g Tal eTgX'
9-=9,/;
3<<>/ ;/:;38=/.
fb`Xg[\aZ$f [TccXaXW gb `X' TaW A$`
<hX gb g[X ah`UXe bY eXdhXfgf
abg Tf[T`XW gb gX__lbh cXbc_X g[Tg A
jX [TiX [TW Ybe g[X GVgbUXe \ffhX
_biX lbh T__'$ A jTf Ubg[ T`TmXW TaW
bY @Pa GTYP$jX TeXeXce\ag\aZ g[\f
ZeTg\Y\XWUl g[X eXT_ jTe`g[
\a [\f
\ffhX) K\aZ_X Vbc\Xf TeX TiT\_TU_XTg
fc\e\g Tf [X f[TeXW)
0+V XTV[) :h_^ beWXe ce\VXf TeX
!L[X g[X`X bY KXaTgbe @TgY\X_W$f _\fgXWba cTZX . haWXe!KhUfVe\c(
fX`\aTe
jTf
$;biXaTag
DbiX TaW
g\ba JTgXf'!
;b``\g`Xag
:XgjXXa :eXg[eXa5 TaW
7+;-2
$)'&
29638/<<
BML @?PF?K
o
ERCPQ N?LCJGPQ
H?AI F?VDMOB
@b_\aXff \f bYgXaT fgeTaZXjbeW gb
`bWXea g[Xb_bZl) AgUXfcXT^fX\g[XebY
Ta Tag\dhTgXWc\Xgl be `lfg\VT_ fgTgX
dh\gX haTggT\aTU_Xgb g[X TiXeTZX
;[e\fg\Ta)
Ghe cTaX_ g[\f `bag[
W\fVhffXf g[X TVghT_ `XTa\aZ bY
[b_\aXff TaW\gf c_TVX\a g[X _\YXbYg[X
;[e\fg\Ta)
( ( (
O[Tg \f [b_\aXff7
:9K@9E5
9VVbeW\aZ gb G`^\[T"_
:dUNa_`VbR 8\[P\^QN[PR% g[X jbeW
![b_l! TccXTef \a KVe\cgheXbiXe 03+
g\`Xf' TaWg[X jbeW ![b_\aXff'! biXe
/+ g\`Xf' lXg g[X KVe\cgheXfg[X`fX_iXf
bYYXe
YM XkTVgWXY\a\g\ba
bY g[X jbeW)
L[X W\Vg\baTelWXY\aXf![b_\aXff! Tf
g[X !fgTgXbe dhT_\gl bYUX\aZ[b_l)! Gn
WXY\aXfg[X jbeW ![b_l! iTe\bhf_l Tf
%A&
fTVeXW6
%-&fXgTcTeggb g[X fXei\VX
bY?bW6%.&fc\e\ghT__lcheX)
Aa `bfg bY g[X G_WLXfgT`Xag hfXf
bY g[X jbeW ![b_l'!
\gf `XTa\aZ
TccXTef flabal`bhf
j\g[ !fTVeXW!be
!fXg TcTeg)! >be g[X checbfXf bY
TafjXe\aZ g[X >beh` dhXfg\baf A
UX_\XiX g[X g[\eW WXY\a\g\ba bY
!fc\e\ghT_ che\gl! \f g[X `bfg Tcg) 9
[b_l cXefba g[Xa' jbh_W UXbaX j[b
[Tf TggT\aXW
T [\Z[ WXZeXX
bY cXefbaT_
F=O
OAF=
BTV^@TlYbeWfXeiXfTf cTfgbe bY
!L[X ;[heV[ Ga L[X OTl'! g[X
>\efg >bhefdhTeX ;[heV[ bY NTa
Fhlf' ;T_\Ybea\T)! @X \f T_fb Ta
Thg[be' T fbaZje\gXe' T fcXV\T_
_XVgheXe
TffbV\TgXW
j\g[ DA>=:\U_X
;b__XZX \a Dbf 9aZX_Xf' TaW
EX_bWl_TaWKV[bb_ bYL[Xb_bZl \a
9aT[X\`)
v
BCOCI NOGLAC
g[Tg @X[Tf cXe`\ggXW?bW$f cU\YR[R__
gb eXfgbeX[\`) G]V^V`aNYYe
\g \f \afgTa(
gTaXbhf_l Tcc_\XWTf U\YV[R__\a fgTghf
UXYbeXg[X >Tg[Xe Tg g[X `b`Xag T
cXefba eXVX\iXfg[X KTi\be' BXfhf)
ER^_\[NYYe%
\g \f cebZeXff\iX_l `Ta\YXfg
Tf g[X `\aW \f eXaXjXWTaWg[X cXefba(
T_\gl \f eXfgbeXW6
Tf g[X \aW\i\WhT_\f
_\UXeTgXW
Yeb` g[bfX geT\gfbY Y_Xf[be
fc\e\g j[\V[ [TiX XaVh`UXeXW
[\` TaW
[\aWXeXW [\f eXT_\mTg\babY ?bW$f
checbfX \a [\`) EUe_VPNYYe%
[b_\aXff \f
`Ta\YXfg \a [XT_g[ TaW[TU\g gb g[X
WXZeXX
g[Tg T cXefba cXe`\gf g[X _\YX(
Y_bj bY g[X Kc\e\g gb cXe`XTgX [\f
Xag\eXcXefba)
@bj WbjX UXVb`X [b_l7
@9P>GJ<5 L[X cebZeXff\iX \aYhf\ba
bY g[X _\i\aZ cbjXe bY ?bW$f ObeW\f
che cn
l Ta W fX_Y_XffaXff6
baX j[b
g[X \afgeh`Xag bY bhe cXeYXVg\aZ
\a
Xk[\U\gf j[Tg jX jbh_W VT__T !geh_l [b_\aXff) - HXgXe, 5/' !O[XeXUl TeX
;[e\fg_\^X V[TeTVgXe)!
Z\iXa hagb hf XkVXXW\aZ
ZeXTg TaW
ceXV\bhf ceb`\fXf5 g[Tg Ul g[XfX lX
@9P>GJ<5 AVbaVX\iXbY [b_\aXff Tf `\Z[g
UX cTegT^Xef bY g[X W\i\aX
g[Tg Tgge\UhgXbY ?bW Ul j[\V[ @X aTgheX))) !
`T\agT\af TaW ceXfXeiXf g[X \agXZe\gl
L[X eXfheeXVg\ba_\YX(cbjXebY g[X
bY @\f bja UX\aZ) Aa bg[Xe jbeWf' @b_l Kc\e\g ORTR`_g[X fXXWbY ?bW$f
?bW$f aTgheX \gfX_Y \aV_hWXf T ObeW \a hf %VY)
Dh^X ,5.0 ( ETel$f
ZhTeTagXXg[Tg @X j\__ aXiXe UX Tal XkcXe\XaVX
\f eXXaTVgXW
\a g[X fc\e\ghT_
_Xffg[Ta @X\f \a Tal W\`Xaf\ba bYbe _\YXbY g[X \aW\i\WhT_j[b j\__ eXVX\iX
YTVXg
bY @\f cXefbaT_\gl be jbe^\aZf)
g[X ObeW g[ebhZ[ g[X `\a\fgel bY g[X
9f [b_\aXff cXegT\af gb [h`Ta
Kc\e\g&6g[X \aWjX__\aZ bY g[X @b_l
aTgheX\g `Tl UXWXY\aXW
Tf ceXfXag\a Kc\e\g j\__ VThfXg[X _\^XaXff bY g[X
Ta \aW\i\WhT_UX_\XiXegb g[X WXZeXXDbeWBXfhf ;[e\fg gb OY\__\Z \a hf %VY)
!%
g[Tg g[X jbe_W( j[Tg jX OZ$g[Ta j\g[ j[Tg jX Wbabg
Af).05 , ( g[X UTeeXaWXfXeg
bY Y_Xf[( XiXe' gb g[X WXZeXX
WhfggT^Xfba g[X UXThglTaWYeTZeTaVX `\aW TaW g[X jbe_W(jTl TeXT__bjXW Wb) @\f eXdh\eX`Xagf Ybe e\Z[g _\i\aZ
bY bhe :X_biXW( KbaZ bY Kb_) -5 ,&6 gb \`ceXff g[X jbe_W(\`TZX hcba bhe TeX XffXag\T__lcbf\g\iX' abg aXZTg\iX)
gb
VbaWhVg'TccXTeTaVX'_\YX(fgl_X'XgV)' L[X ba_l ON_V_Ybe_\i\aZ TVVXcgTU_X
TaWg[X \aVeXTfXbY g[X Z_bel(jbe^\aZ
bYg[X @b_l Kc\e\gVThfXfg[X XaZeTYgXW jX TeXTa Tab`T_l gb g[X _Tj bYg[X ?bW \f SNV`U'!L[X ]hfg f[T__ _\iX Ul
YT\g[! %Jb`) ,5 ,2&) L[X iXeU !_\iX!
jbeW %B
T`Xf ,5-,& gb jbe^ Ta XaW_Xff fc\e\g bY_\YX\a ;[e\fg %Jb`) 35-&)El
Z\i\aZ c_TVXgb g[X fc\e\g bY g[X jbe_W \aV_hWXfT__jX XiXe Wb) ;baiXefX_l'
ORP\ZV[T cebVXff)))
Yeb` Z_bel gb
\aVbaZeh\gl !j[TgfbXiXe \f abg bY YT\g[ \f f\a!
Z_bel %- ;be) .5 ,2',3&) L[XfX gXkgf cebWhVXf T `bafgebhf
TaWVbaVXcgfWXfXeiX
UebTWXe
WXiX_bc( j[\V[ \f Tf W\fTccb\ag\aZ gb g[X >Tg[Xe %Jb`) ,/5-.&)
L[X ba_l Z\`VbR TVVXcgTU_X
gb ?bW
Tf T WXYbe`XW
V[\_W\f gb T cTeXag)L[X
`Xag TaW\__hfgeTg\ba'Uhg Ag[\a^ g[X
V[\_W \f abg W\fV_T\`XW Ybe \gf cm !Ybe ?bW$f Z_bel)! L[X( XffXaVXbY
\WXT
\f V_XTe)
WXYbe`\gl' Uhg g[X W\fTccb\ag`Xag \f f\a \f g[Tg \g !Vb`Xf f[beg bY ?bW$f
cebYbhaW TaW g[X eXZeXgT eXVhee\aZ Z_bel! %fXXJb`) .5-.&) HTh_Z\iXf hf
:9K@9E5
Gh g[X G_W LXfgT`Xag'
gjb iXefXf Ul j[\V[ gb ]hWZXbhe
?bW$f cXbc_X jXeX XkcXVgXW
gb fXX^ cT\a gb g[X fcbafbe bYg[Tg _\YX)
`bg\iXf5 !O[Xg[Xe g[XeXYbeX
lX XTg'be
[b_\aXff be `beT_ cXeYXVg\bag[ebhZ[
g[X ^XXc\aZ bY g[X _Tj bYEbfXf) :hg
:9K@9E5 9al WX_\UXeTgX
V[bbf\aZ bY We\a^ be j[TgfbXiXe lX Wb' Wb T__gb
jX `hfg TZeXXj\g[ HTh_g[Tg g[X _Tj
jbe_W_l TVg\i\gl VTaabg[X_c Uhg VeXTgX g[X Z_bel bY ?bW! %, ;be) ,+5.,&6
( j[\V[ \f ![b_l' ]hfg TaW ZbbW!
T `XTfheX bY !WeTZ!ba baX$ffc\e\ghT_ !9aW j[TgfbXiXe lX Wb \a jbeW be
Wb T__\a g[X aT`X bY g[X DbeW
%Jb`) 25,-& ( UXVThfX
bY`Ta$f f\aYh_ _\YX) KX_Y(W\fV\c_\aX
\f Ta XffXag\T_ WXXW'
BXfhf'
Z\i\aZ g[Ta^f gb ?bW TaWg[X
aTgheX'VTaabg cebWhVX[b_\aXff \a hf)
YTVgbe
\a _XTW\aZ
T [b_l _\YX)@bjXiXe'
>Tg[XeUl
[\`! %;b ) .5 ,2&)
GhJb`Taf
V[TcgXe 1' HTh_ Xk[begf
jX `hfg ZhTeWTZT\afg biXe(TZba\mXW
OX
g[hf
Tee\iX Tg fb`X UTf\V
;[e\fg\Taf gb cXefbaT_[b_\aXff Ul5 %,& fge\i\aZ j\g[ fb`X e\Z\WfXg bY eh_Xf'
ce\aV\c_Xf
Ul
j[\V[ gb XiT_hTgXbhe
eX`X`UXe\aZ g[X b_WaTgheX[Tf UXXa bg[Xej\fX g[X XYYbegf
Tg ![b_l _\i\aZ!
bja
TVg\baf5
O[TgXiXe
A VTa Wb \a
VehV\Y\XW
%151&6%-&eXV^ba\aZbhefX_iXf VTaWXZXaXeTgX
\agb Ta TfVXg\V
_XZT_\f`)
YT\g['gb
g[X
Z_bel
bY?bW'
g[Ta^Yh__l'
WXTWgb f\a %15,,&6 %.&eXf\fg\aZ g[X
\a
g[X
aT`X
bYBXfhf'
AT`
YeXX
gb Wb)
gX`cgTg\ba gb l\X_Wbhe `X`UXef gb
HJAF;=5 L[XeXTeXgjb bccbf\gX jTlf
;baiXefX_l'
j[TgXiXe
A
VTaabg
Wb \a
f\a %15,-(,.&6
%/& l\X_W\aZ bhe
bYTccebTV[\aZ [h`Ta UX[Ti\be5 Yeb`
`X`UXef Tf \afgeh`Xagf bY e\Z[gXbhf( bhgf\WX\ajTeW6 TaWYeb` \af\WXbhg( YT\g['gb g[X Z_bel bY?bW' g[Ta^Yh__l'
gb
aXff hagb ?bW %15,.& j[\V[ j\__ eXfh_g jTeW) JX_\Z\ba ba g[X [h`Ta _XiX_ \a g[X aT`X bYBXfhf' A[g abg YeXX
Wb)L[XfX
ce\aV\c_Xf6[baXfg_l
Tcc_\XW'
\a [b_\aXff %15,4&)
eXZh_Te_lUXZ\afYeb` g[X bhgf\WX'Uhg
HXefbaT_ [b_\aXff' g[Xa' UXVb`Xf aXiXe fhVVXXWf
\a V[TaZ\aZ g[X [XTeg) j\__ gT^XVTeXbY cTeg\Vh_TecebU_X`f'
fhV[ Tf fgl_Xf bY WeXffbe Ybe`f bY
bhef' abg Ul fge\i\aZ \a bhe bja
AgfXaWcebWhVgfTeXYehfgeTg\ba'[lcb(
fgeXaZg[gb VbadhXef\a6 Uhg \a gehfg\aZ Ve\fl' eXUX__\ba)L[\f jTf g[X glcX XagXegT\a`Xag)
\a g[X e\Z[gXbhfaXff j[\V[ \f bhe Z\Yg bY eX_\Z\ba WX`bafgeTgXWUl g[X
Yeb` ?bW g[ebhZ[ YT\g['TaWUl jT_^(
H[Te\fXXf \a BXfhf$ WTl' Uhg @X O[Tg TeXg[X eXfh_gfbY [b_\aXff \a
baX$f cXefbaT_ _\YX7
\aZ \a g[X Kc\e\g)
eXUh^XWg[X` Ybe\g5 !ObX hagb lbh'
L[ebhZ[ g[X lXTef A [TiX YbhaW fVe\UXfTaW H[Te\fXXf'[lcbVe\gXf Ybe
fVTag fTg\fYTVg\ba\a gel\aZ gb UXVb`X lX `T^X V_XTag[X bhgf\WXbYg[X Vhc :9K@9E5 9`baZ bg[Xe g[\aZf' gehX
![b_l! Ul Ze\ggXW(gXXg[
WXgXe`\aTg\ba TaWbYg[X c_TggXe'Uhgj\g[\a g[Xl TeX [b_\aXff' j[\V[ \f g[X eXfh_gbY T WXXc
abg gb Z\iX \a gb fb`X jXT^aXff be f\a)
Yh__bY Xkgbeg\ba TaW XkVXff)L[bh
jbe^ bYVehV\Y\k\baTaWbYZeTVX
\a g[X
:hg g[X `beX A UXVb`X ceXbVVhc\XW U_\aWH[Te\fXX'V_XTafX
Y\efgg[Tgj[\V[
;[e\fg\Ta$f _\YX' eXfh_gf \a T V_XTe'
j\g[ BXfhf ;[e\fg' _bi\aZ TaWjbef[\c(
\f j\g[\a g[X Vhc TaWc_TggXe'g[Tg g[X ha[\aWXeXW Vb``ha\ba
j\g[ g[X
c\aZ @\` TaW TggX`cg\aZ gb c_XTfX bhgf\WXbY g[X` `Tl UX V_XTaT_fb DbeW)!:_XffXWTeXg[X cheX \a [XTeg'
@\`' g[X XTf\Xeg[X T__heXbY f\a fXX`f
%ETgg)-. 5-0 '-1&)
Ybe g[Xl f[T__fXX?bW! %ETgg)0 53&)A
gb UXgb \ZabeXbe biXeVb`X)
L[X ZeTVXbY ?bW' jbe^\aZ Ul g[X UX_\XiX
?bW \f XfcXV\T__lc_XTfXW
XiXel
@b_l Kc\e\g' UXZ\af \af\WX' j\g[ g[X g\`X jX fhVVXXW
\a _XTi\aZ UX[\aW
[XTeg)O[Xa g[X [XTeg\f UebhZ[g \agb fb`X
TWW\g\baT_ VTeaT_ TVg\i\gl'
@bj WbW\YYXeXag
TVg\i\g\Xfg[Tg TeX
_\aX
j\g[
?bW$f
eXdh\eX`Xagf'
g[Xa
Tgg\ghWX
be TccXg\gXj[\V[ [\aWXefbhe
bYgXaeXYXeeXW
gb Tf !jbe_W_l!
bhgjTeW
UX[Ti\be
j\__
aTgheT__lYb__bj
ha\ba
j\g[
@\`)
%WTaV\aZ'`bi\Xf' fgl_\f[ WeXff'
fh\g)
L[\f
ce\aV\c_X
\f
fgTgXWUl
HXefbaT__l'AVTa$g
_Tl V_T\` gb ZeXTg
XgV)&
TYYXVg
cXefbaT_ [b_\aXff7
cebZeXff \a g[\f `TggXe bY [b_\aXff'
Kb_b`ba \a HebiXeUf/5-.5 !CXXc g[l
[XTegj\g[ T__W\_\ZXaVX6
Ybe bhg bY \g T_g[bhZ[ AWb[TiX f\aVXeXTfc\eTg\baf
\a g[Tg W\eXVg\ba)AT` WXXc_lZeTgXYh_
@9P>GJ<5 Aa gXe`f bY baX$f fgTaW( TeXg[X \ffhXf bY_\YX)!
@h`Ta eX_\Z\baf hfhT__l _Tl g[X\e gb ?bW Ybe g[X ZeTVXj[\V[ [Tf `TWX
\aZ UXYbeX?bW' j[\V[
[Tf UXXa
cbff\U_X g[X cebZeXff A [TiX XkcXe\(
`T\a X`c[Tf\f ba j[Tg jX `hfg [\`
cXeYXVgXW
g[ebhZ[ g[X U_bbWbY g[X
XaVXW
g[hf YTe)>beghaTgX_l'g[Tg fT`X
OZ& :hg ?bW \f `beX VbaVXeaXW
j\g[
Vebff bY BXfhf;[e\fg' g[Xl Wba$g)@bj(
.+
K?OAF
/753
ZeTVX ^XXcf `X Yeb` YT__\aZ\agb
WXfcT\ej[Xa A eXT_\mX
[bj YTeAlXg
[TiX gb Zb)
HJAF;=5 GaX g[\aZ g[Tg ZbXf V_bfX_l
gbZXg[Xe j\g[ cXefbaT_ [b_\aXff \f
]RNPR3 !>b__bj cXTVXj\g[ T__`Xa'
TaW[b_\aXff ))) ! %@XU)
,-5 ,/&)
A\bR% gbb' \f W\eXVg_leX_TgXW
gb
[b_\aXff5 !9aW g[X DbeW`T^X lbh gb
TUbhaW \a _biX gbjTeW baX Tabg[Xe'
TaWgbjTeW T__`Xa ))) gb g[X XaW[X
`Tl fgTU_\f[ lbhe [XTegfhaU,T`XTU_X
\a [b_\aXff ))) ! %, L[Xff) .5 ,-(,.&)
9ZT\a' [b_\aXff WX`TaWfUaZVYV`e'
Aa AfT\T[025 ,0 ?bW fTlf5 !>be g[hf
fT\g[ g[X [\Z[ TaW _bYgl GaX g[Tg
\a[TU\gXg[ XgXea\gl' j[bfX aT`X \f
@b_l6 A WjX__\a g[X [\Z[ TaW [b_l
c_TVX' j\g[ [\` T_fb g[Tg \f bY T
Vbage\gXTaW[h`U_X fc\e\g ))) !
>eXdhXag_l g[X KVe\cgheXfcXT^f bY
!g[X ORNa`e bY [b_\aXff)! @b_\aXff \f
g[X VbhagXecTeg\a g[X fc\e\ghT_eXT_`
bY UXThgl\a g[X c[lf\VT_ eXT_`) HXgXe
fcXT^f bY !g[X beaT`Xag bY T `XX^
TaWdh\Xg fc\e\g' j[\V[ \f \a g[X f\Z[g
bY?bW bYZeXTgce\VX!%, HXg).5/&)
9 cXefba jT_^\aZ \a gehX [b_\aXff
j\__ UX !W\YYXeXag!( abg g[ebhZ[
eX_\Z\bhf bfgXagTg\ba
be aTeebj
_XZT_\f`'Uhg Tf T eXfh_gbY[\f `bg\iXf'
Tgg\ghWXfTaW eX_Tg\baf[\cf) @X j\__
W\fc_TlT dh\Xg' \ajTeW fc\e\ghT_UXThgl
g[T gj\__
TggeTVgg[X f\aVXeX TaW
[h`U_X' Uhg j\__ Ue\aZ Vbai\Vg\ba
hcba g[X cebhW TaWeXUX__\bhf)
@9P>GJ<5
AaVeXTfX
bY _biX' TUha(
WTaVXbY ]bl' XkcTaf\ba bY _\YXTaW
`\a\fgel
TeX ba_l fgTegXef)LehX
[b_\aXff \f abg aTeebj\aZ6 \g \f Xa_TeZ(
\aZ) L[X !aTeebj jTl! BXfhfgThZ[g\f
j[Tg A eXYXe
gb Tf YbVhffXW(_\i\aZ
_\YX
j\g[ T checbfXYh_ cb\ag) @b_\aXff \f
g[Tg) GnWbXfabg eXWhVX
_\YXbe eX_T(
g\baf[\cf g[ebhZ[ aTeebj(`\aWXWaXff
be cXgg\aXff' Uhg [b_\aXff WXiX_bcf
j[b_XaXff \a cXefbaT__\YXTaWcXefbaT_
eX_Tg\baf[\cf' TaW Vb``ha\VTgXf g[Tg
j[b_XaXff g[ebhZ[ cXefbaT_ `\a\fgel)
@bj WbXf[b_\aXff Y\g\agb j[Tg ?bW
\f fTl\aZ gb g[X ;[heV[ gbWTl TUbhg
eX_Tg\baf[\c' fhU`\ff\ba' VbiXe\aZ'
XgV)7
LCTTGLC
@?PF?K8
! ,,,
nlo_ bifch_mm) qbc]b cmnb_
l_mofn i` [ ^__j qile
i` ]lo]c`crcih
[h^ i` al[]_ ch nb_ Ablcmnc[h%m
fc`_)
l_mo Gnm ch [ ] G_[l)
o h b ch ^ _l_^
]iggohcih
qcnb nb_ Jil^,!
HJAF;=5
!Fifch_mm cmnb_ ]iohn_lj[ln
mj cl cno[f l_[fg
i` \_[ons
jbsmc][f l_[fg,!
ch nb_
ch nb_
:9K@9E5 L[X fc\e\ghT_ jTeYTeX jX g[X VbagX`cbeTel ;[heV[) 9YgXeT__'
TeXXaZTZXW
\a gbWTl \f fb \agXafXTaW !@b_l' [b_l' [b_l! \f g[X hag\e\aZ
Vb`c_Xk g[Tg AdhXfg\ba j[Xg[Xe Tal g[X`X bY ceT\fX TebhaW g[X XgXeaT_
;[e\fg\Ta VTa V[Teg [\f bja VbhefX g[ebaX bY ?bW6 fb TccTeXag_l jX TeX
j\g[ fb`Xg[\aZ bY @\f cXefba
gbjTeW fc\e\ghT_ `Tghe\gl %j[\V[' bY WXT_\aZ
VbhefX' \aV_hWXfcXefbaT_ [b_\aXff& g[Tg \f `hV[ ZeTaWXeg[Ta fb`X
j\g[bhg Vbaf\fgXagTWi\VXTaWVbhafX_ WbVge\aT_ cbf\g\ba'
fgTaWTeW bY
VbaWhVgbe cXefbaT_X`c[Tf\f) Lb fXX^
Yeb` [\f bja f[Xc[XeW)
L[X \aWXcXaWXaVX
j[\V[ ^XXcf hf [b_\aXff \a bhe _\iXf ( cXefbaT__l be
Yeb` Vb`\aZ haWXe Thg[be\gl T_fb VbecbeTgX_l( \f gb Vb`X Tf V_bfXgb
gX`cgf hf gb ]hfg\Yl bhe bja YT\_heXf fXX^\aZ @\` Tf jX VTa Vb`X j[\_X
TaW Vb`ceb`\fXf) Fb ;[e\fg\Ta VTa fXX^\aZT !geT\g)! 9aW g[Ta^ ?bW' g[X
g[TgiXel
^abj ,++# bY g[X g\`X j[Tg \f UXfg ;ZWc Kc\e\gj\g[\a \agebWhVXf
cbgXag\T_Ul g[X `\a\fgel @XUe\aZf (
Ybe[\f bja fc\e\ghT_ZbbW)L[Tg \f j[l
Ul @\f bja ?6>:
HTh_ fT\W gb g[X L[XffT_ba\Taf' !OX g\g_XW
UXfXXV[lbh' UeXg[eXa'gb ^abj g[X`
Ghe aXkg `bag[$f >GJME gbc\V \f
j[\V[ _TUbeT`baZ lbh' N[Q N^R\bR^
!HeTlXe)!
JT_c[ ETeg\a bY9aa 9eUbe
e\a
V[ `UR A\^Q N[Q NQZ\[V_U
E\V[\ZTa
j\__
UXbhe ZhXfgcTaX_\fg)
e\a ''' ! %, L[Xff) 05,-&)
@G@JC
PQRBV ?LPTCOP
HJAF;=5 @b_\aXff \f XkceXffXW\a T
&/' T) ^\aZWb` bY ce\Xfgf6 U) [b_l aTg\ba6 V)
`XX^ TaW [h`U_X fc\e\g) Lb fhV[ T [b_l cXbc_X6 W) cXVh_\Te cXbc_X6 %-&T [b_l
fc\e\g g[X VbaVXcgbY !fhU`\ff\ba!
\f VT__\aZ) %.&haV_XTaaXff) %/&T) [X g[Tg [Tn[
abg T fgh`U_\aZ U_bV^)O\g[bhg fhV[ T V_XTa[TaWf' TaW T cheX [XTeg6U) g[X cheX Gh
[XTeg)
%0& T) j\g[bhg
U_T`X6 j\g[bhg
fc\e\g' !fhU`\ff\ba!
TaW g[X bg[Xe U_X`\f[6
h aU_ T`XTU_X'
h aeXcebiTU_X6
haU_T`XTU_X6 e\Z[gXbhfaXff6 U) fTaVg\Yl' UX
eX_TgXW
VbaVXcgf j\__ aXiXe UX `beX
g[Ta eX_\Z\bhf VTgV[jbeWf be g[Xb_b( lX [b_l) %1&ceXfXag bhe UbW\XfT _\i\aZ fTVe\(
Y\VX6V_XTafX bhefX_iXf Yeb` T__ Y\_g[\aXff6
Z\VT_ TUfgeTVg\baf) L[X ceTVg\VT_ l\X_W bhe `X`UXef Tf fXeiTagf gb e\Z[gXbhf(
Tcc_\VTg\ba bY g[XfX VbaVXcgfgb bhe aXff) %2&T) chg bYY g[X b_W `Ta6 U) UX
_\iXf TaW `\a\fge\Xf j\__ _XTWhf \agb eXaXjXW \a g[X fc\e\g bY lbhe `\aW6 V) chg
ba g[X aXj `Ta) %3&T) g[X UXThgl bY [b_\(
gehX'XkcXe\Xag\T_
[b_\aXff)
aXff6 U !Ybe A T` [b_l)! V) g[X YXTebY g[X
@9P>GJ<5 @b_\aXff ( j[Xa fXXa\a
g[X VbagXkgbY!j[b_XaXff! Tf \gf UTf\V
`XTa\aZ ( \f cebUTU_lg[X `bfg(gb(UX(
fbhZ[g Tgge\UhgXbY ?bW \a g[X _\YXbY
DbeW) %4&T) Fb) U) !g[Tg jX `\Z[g UX cTe(
gT^Xef bY [\f [b_\aXff!6 V) g[X cXTVXTU_X
Yeh\g
bY e\Z[gXbhfaXff) %,+& [b_l' haU_T`XTU_X'
haeXcebiXTU_X)
.,
K
u
)
'v
''
v
;[e\fg\Ta ?ebjg[
E\a\fge\Xf
H)G) :bk --333
>g) _ThWXeWT_X'
>_be\WT...,0
M)K)9 )
EOMTGLE ?GBP DOMK
v;
v
fJD%\$
PShDJJh-h
:<Uu
LTu3
v K
@MLT %52Qb_ @_mn
i`
v
,9
@6./
o
n
Ul T,H,C, @[rn_l>"/,73
v
u
@6.0 Qb_ @_achhchami` Abol]b
GA
v ,a
7383<=0>/<
L_q
v
v
JJ+/./4
Qb_ Ghh_l Aioln
v
Piham Dlig
Ul N[n @iih_
@//. Qb_ Kimn B[ha_liom
[h^ Bc]e J_aa[nn > "/,73
G
Nimn[a_ $ F[h^fcha8
v
"3 [h^
+'
G
v
3# i`
G
Jc`_
n
v
oh^_l
> "3,76
v
Ul Bih
E[g_
Po\+nin[f
Nimn[a_ J) F[h^fcha
Ml^_lm
+ 03]9 Mp_l "3
A,M,B,
v
QMQ? J _h]fim_^%
v
&Gh]fo^_mNl[s_l
Eliojm
[h^
m_lc_m^_mcah_^ ni jlipc^_
ni \ocf^ [ mifc^ `ioh^[ncih
5PRTYYTYR] ZQ 6S\T]^TLY >TQP jlipc^_m
`ioh^[ncihm
`lig
`il
j_lmih[f
nb_ j_lmih[f
^cl_]ncih
`il
ni nbim_ qbi
[mj_]n
i`
ch _mn[\fcmbcha `clg
i`
ionfch_
^cm]omm_^qcnbch nb_ ]ihn_rn
qcnb mno^s ko_mncihm`il
`ilg[n)
i`
[ \li[^
_[]b
`ioh^[ncih[f
m]lcjnol[f
nlonb
cm
L[X :XZ\aa\aZf
bY ;[e\fg\Ta
:3+-
L[X :XZ\aa\aZf
bY ;[heV[
D\YX
D\YX
'
;[e\fg\ Ta
n<n
\[m_) ]ih]fo^cha
nb_ l_[^_l,
:3+,
!$#)&
!$#)&
$Y[X
%:;=??=?;B
i`
;[heV[
AAD\YX
? LCT OCAMOB ?J@RK
<981< 0;97 =2/
GLLCOAMROQ
7F :BQ ,MMLF
Homn?m G?g
Qbch_) .
Jil^
S_ls Qbioabn
- ? P[]lc`c]_
__(,+,1
u
,nnAAD\YX
[ fcpcha l_f[ncihmbcj
qcnb Ablcmn,
Nl_m_hn_^ ch [h
'
v
u
%:;=??=?;B
[l_
fcp_m,ESP 5PRTYYTYR]ZQ6S_\NS >TQPgip_m
ni nb_ ]iljil[n_
'
Pnil_m'
$Y[X
[h ch^_mnlo]nc\f_ fc`_, ESP
b_fj
@iie
&&
GGu
CT /OL ,BSQFO
? nqi+j[ln
3#
u
Df[, l_mc^_hnm2# P[f_m Q[r
nin[f il^_l,
%Li @cffcha)Li
3#
@[mb[g
G
<=>.A 1>3./< 09;
-2;3<=3+8 63?381
[nn_gjncha
v
Ul T,H,C, @[rn_l >"/,73
,u
9
Tch_ %52> "/,03
v
o
T
v
Qb_ @_achhchami` Ablcmnc[h Jc`_
vv
v
,
v
u
u
- Ghni Ks
- F[p_
M` Vio
F_[ln
Viol
- F_%m
Qb_ P[pcil
Mqh T[s
- D[cl_mn Jil^
M` Ks Piof-G
- Ks H_mom)GJip_
H_mom
- GL__^ Vio
M` Nl[cm_ - [h^ inb_lm,
KbaZf >eb`
g[X AaaXe ;bheg
)))))))))o
Vio
?g
- Qb_
Cp_ls Fiol
!&)(

Documentos relacionados

Arquivo para

Arquivo para VWXYZ[[\X]^_Y`a^ab^c^dZeZb`f\XcXghaZeijZXc^V_eX[kl[b`cXc^gZa`[m^_`Z[k bX_a`jnopZeXj`_`eXaq^eZY^abXcX[Zab^_^[[`cX[rh^s`_t_^`pZu`_FEKFE??TKFH 1UBDHFv I5  3 2 123w xy8kz^{ZY^c^l|^ehf\X}lYj_^...

Leia mais

twxÇ:á fÉÇz ]twxÇ:á fÉÇz

twxÇ:á fÉÇz ]twxÇ:á fÉÇz Uâà |Ç çÉâÜ ÑÜxààç {xtw? çÉâËÜx ÇÉà vÉâÇà|Çz á{xxÑ? \Ç çÉâÜ wÜxtÅá çÉâ:Üx t cÜ|Çvxáá Éy à{x ÄtÇw? á~ç tÇw Ät~x? Tá t Yt|Ü|x çÉâ yÄç? `tz|v Wâáà |Ç çÉâÜ ãt~xA _|ààÄx `xÜÅt|w çÉâ áã|Å? ÉvxtÇá ãtÜÅ tÇ...

Leia mais