Electronic Supplementary Material 1. Summary of interaction
Transcrição
Electronic Supplementary Material 1. Summary of interaction
Electronic Supplementary Material 1. Summary of interaction records among Phaethornis ruber and plant species from the Literature Survey. References were searched in the databases Google Scholar® and ISI Web of Science ®. Following Wilson et al. (2004) and Dalsgaard et al. (2009), flower color visible to human eyes was coded from 1 to 4, with increasing association to specialized hummingbird-pollinated syndromes: 1) blue-violet colors representing short-wave length Hymenoptera pollination syndrome; 2) purple, yellow, white, green; 3) pink/salmon or bi-colored red/yellow or red/white and 4) long-wave length Ornithophilous syndrome colors, i.e. orange-red. In cases where the bracts (Bromeliaceae, Costaceae and Heliconiaceae) or stem (some Rubiaceae species) were the entire or a major part of the color display, we included these in the assignment of the color category, and where no clear distinction could be made into different categories, we assigned intermediate scores. We also coded the spectrum of pollinators according to specialization to hummingbird pollination from 1 representing only insect pollinators and 4 representing a flower pollinated only by hermit hummingbirds Species Behavior Family Corolla (cm) Color Secondary color Color score Nectar Volume (ul) % Visitor score Insects Bats Non-hermits Hermits Reference Yes Coelho 2013 Geissomeria macrophylla Both Acanthaceae 3.35 Orange 4 Geissomeria schottiana Pollinate Acanthaceae 3.20 Red 4 3 Yes Yes Abreu & Vieira 2004, Braz et al. 2000 Justicia scheidweileri Pollinate Acanthaceae 3.20 Magenta 3 3 Yes Yes Abreu & Vieira 2004, Braz et al. 2000 Mendoncia velloziana Pollinate Acanthaceae 2.75 Red 4 3 Yes Yes Buzato et al. 2000, Braz et al. 2000, Abreu & Vieira 2004, This study Ruellia affinis Robber Acanthaceae 3.11 Red 4 Yes Coelho 2013, Gava 2012 Ruellia brevifolia Pollinate Acanthaceae 2.80 Red 4 6.8 23 3 Yes Braz et al. 2000, Abreu & Vieira 2004, Araújo et al. 2013 Ruellia cearensis Robber Acanthaceae 4.18 Pink 3 15 24 4 Yes Lopes 2002 Ruellia elegans Robber Acanthaceae 3.19 Red 4 20.3 20.3 4 Yes This study Ruellia subsessilis Pollinate Acanthaceae 4.91 Pink 3 Stenostephanus lobeliiformis Both Acanthaceae 1.80 Red 4 5.5 17.09 2 Bomarea edulis Pollinate Alstroemeriaceae 1.22 Pink 3 19.5 25.1 Hippeastrum stylosum Pollinate Amaryllidaceae 4.90 Pink 3 97.4 15.1 Tabernaemontana heterophylla Pollinate Apocynaceae 1.95 White Mutisia speciosa Pollinate Asteraceae 2.91 Pink Impatiens walleriana Pollinate Balsaminaceae 1.43 Pink Adenocalymma comosum Robber Bignoniaceae 6.79 Yellow Lundia cordata Robber Bignoniaceae 4.56 Red Pink 4 Aechmea chantinii Pollinate Bromeliaceae 2.47 Red White Aechmea contracta Pollinate Bromeliaceae 4.63 Red Aechmea distichantha Pollinate Bromeliaceae 1.62 Aechmea fulgens Pollinate Bromeliaceae Aechmea miniata Pollinate Aechmea muricata Pollinate Lilac Pink 13.5 Only P. ruber 47.7 24.9 4 Yes Yes 2.5 Yes Abreu & Vieira 2004, Braz et al. 2000 Yes Yes Stein & Hensen 2013 3 Yes Yes As B. salsiloides in Lopes 2002, This study 3 Yes 4 Lopes 2002 Yes 3 9.2 24.4 2 Yes 3 3.7 23.3 1 Yes Dados próprios 30.33 1 Yes Coelho 2013 51.9 10.4 3 Yes Yes Lopes et al. 2002 3 35.7 23.8 3 Yes Yes Lasprilla 2003 Yellow 3 10.9 27.1 4 Yes Lasprilla 2003 Red Purple 3 27.9 26.6 2 Yes This study 2.00 Red Lilac 3 10.6 29.8 3 Yes Lopes 2002 Bromeliaceae 1.68 Red Lilac 3 20.2 26.5 3 Yes Coelho 2013 Bromeliaceae 3.17 Lilac White 2 41 36.5 4 Red 2 Yes Yes Rodriguez-Flores & Stiles 2005 Yes Abreu & Vieira 2004, This study Yes Lopes 2002 Aechmea pectinata Pollinate Bromeliaceae 3.00 White Pink 2.5 21.5 30 2 Aechmea tomentosa Pollinate Bromeliaceae 3.09 Red Yellow 3 65 28.5 Aechmea viridostigma Pollinate Bromeliaceae 1.70 Yellow White 2 Billbergia morelii Robber Bromeliaceae 5.51 Red Billbergia pyramidalis Robber Bromeliaceae 4.26 Pink Bromelia antiacantha Pollinate Bromeliaceae 2.00 Bromelia karatas Pollinate Bromeliaceae Canistropsis seidelii Pollinate Canistrum aurantiacum Yes Yes Yes Canela & Sazima 2003 3 Yes Yes Lopes 2002 3 Yes Coelho 2013 4 16 32.5 4 Yes Lopes 2002 Red 4 50.4 25.1 4 Yes This study Purple Red 2.5 73 31.6 2 Yes Yes Canela & Sazima 2005 5.49 Lilac Red 3 46 32 3 Yes Yes As B. plumieri in Lopes 2002 Bromeliaceae 2.32 White Yellow 2 28.7 26.3 2 Yes Yes Yes This study Pollinate Bromeliaceae 2.50 Red Yellow 3 29.1 31 2 Yes Yes Yes Siqueira-Filho & Machado 2001 Lymania brachycaulis Pollinate Bromeliaceae 2.60 Red White 3 59 22.9 Aechmea leptantha Pollinate Bromeliaceae 2.45 Orange 4 23.9 29.1 Tillandsia gardneri Pollinate Bromeliaceae 1.64 Purple 2.5 5.64 22.5 Tillandsia geminiflora Pollinate Bromeliaceae 1.31 Pink 3 7.6 18.9 2 Tillandsia stricta Pollinate Bromeliaceae 1.80 Purple Blue 1.5 3.2 26.5 3 Vriesea carinata Pollinate Bromeliaceae 3.49 Red Yellow 3 13.8 18.8 Vriesea ensiformis Pollinate Bromeliaceae 4.14 Red Yellow 3 67 Vriesea procera Pollinate Bromeliaceae 3.77 Red Green 3 Vriesea rodigasiana Pollinate Bromeliaceae 3.10 Yellow Red Canna paniculata Robber Cannaceae 5.01 Costus arabicus Robber Costaceae Costus scaber Pollinate Costus spiralis Pink Yes Yes 2 Yes Yes Coelho 2013 As Portea leptantha in Lopes 2002 Yes Yes Buzato et al. 2000, Lopes 2002, Fonseca 2012 Yes Yes Buzato et al. 2000, This study Yes Yes Buzato et al. 2000, Lopes 2002 4 Yes Coelho 2013, This study 30.5 4 Yes Coelho 2013, This study 39.5 19.5 3 Yes Yes Coelho 2013, This study 3 12.5 27.2 3 Yes Yes Buzato et al. 2000, This study Orange 4 59.1 20 3 Yes This study 6.06 White 2 107.2 23.6 2 Costaceae 3.10 Red 4 9.8 21.6 3 Pollinate Costaceae 4.53 Red 4 51.1 21.1 4 Gurania acuminata Pollinate Curcubitaceae 1.16 Yellow Orange 3 13.8 6.25 3 Caesalpinia echinata Pollinate Fabaceae 1.38 Yellow Red 3 2.9 29.5 2 Yes Canavalia brasiliensis Robber Fabaceae 2.25 Lilac 2 3.5 44 1 Yes Dioclea ucayalina Pollinate Fabaceae 1.00 Purple 2 Erythrina speciosa Pollinate Fabaceae 1.32 Red 4 Pueraria phaseoloides Robber Fabaceae 2.03 Lilac 2 Chelonanthus alatus Thief Gentianaceae 2.86 White Green 2 Besleria longimucronata Both Gesneriacae 2.21 White Yellow Besleria melancholica Both Gesneriacae 2.25 White Yellow Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Feinsinger et al. 1982, Lasprilla 2003 Yes Lopes 2002, Araújo et al. 2007, Coelho 2013 Yes Yes Coelho 2013 Yes Borges et al. 2009 Guedes et al. 2009, http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/gbase/data/canbras.htm 4 13.1 P. Bergamo personal comm. 21.4 3 Yes 30.8 2 Yes 31.5 10.8 2 Yes 2 8.75 17.9 2 Yes Yes 2 33.7 14.7 2 Yes Yes Yes Rodriguez-Flores & Stiles 2005 Yes This study Yes Coelho 2013 Yes As Irbachia alata in Machado et al. 1998 Yes San Martin-Gajardo & Freitas 1999, This study Stein & Hensen 2013 Nematanthus corticola Robber Gesneriacae 6.33 Red 4 8.5 21.5 4 Nematanthus fissus Both Gesneriacae 2.81 Red 4 12.4 28.2 3 Nematanthus fluminensis Robber Gesneriacae 5.00 Yellow 2 17.3 26.4 4 Sinningia nordestina Pollinate Gesneriacae 2.40 Red 4 Heliconia angusta Pollinate Heliconiaceae 2.21 Red White 3 44.55 19.6 2 Heliconia psittacorum Robber Heliconiaceae 5.21 Red Orange 4 67.3 22.9 3 Heliconia richardiana Pollinate Heliconiaceae 2.54 Yellow Red 3 24.5 22.3 3 Heliconia spathocircinata Pollinate Heliconiaceae 2.42 Yellow Red 3 46.9 24.7 Heliconia farinosa Thief Heliconiaceae 2.56 Red Yellow 4 51.7 24.9 Souroubea guianensis Thief Macgraviaceae 2.00 Yellow Red 3 13.5 37.9 Calathea altissima Pollinate Marantaceae 2.12 Yellow White 2 38.9 10.4 Calathea contrafenestra Pollinate Marantaceae 2.96 White Lilac 2 Calathea crocata Pollinate Marantaceae 2.33 Yellow Red 4 9.5 Ischnosiphon gracilis Robber Marantaceae 3.70 Lilac 2 Ischnosiphon lasiocoleus Pollinate Marantaceae 3.17 White 2 Ischnosiphon puberulus Pollinate Marantaceae 4.00 Yellow Red 3 Monotagma secundum Pollinate Marantaceae 2.13 Pink Red 3 3.7 19.7 3 Saranthe klotzschiana Pollinate Marantaceae 0.80 Pink 3 1.56 27.7 2 Stromanthe porteana Pollinate Marantaceae 0.69 Pink 3 4 20 Aspidogyne longicornu Thief Orchidaceae 2.50 White 2 Rodriguezia bahiensis Pollinate Orchidaceae 1.01 White 2 0.4 Sternorrhynchos lanceolatus Pollinate Orchidaceae 1.93 Red White 3 Passiflora kermesina Pollinate Passifloraceae 0.90 Pink Purple 2.5 Rubus rosifolius Pollinate Rosaceae 0.10 White 2 Hamelia patens Pollinate Rubiaceae 1.15 Red 4 2.5 14 Palicourea crocea Pollinate Rubiaceae 2.32 Yelow Red 3 7 19.5 Palicourea longepedunculata Pollinate Rubiaceae 1.01 Orange Red 4 Palicourea quadrifolia Pollinate Rubiaceae 1.04 Yellow 2 18.6 Psychotria bahiensis Pollinate Rubiaceae 1.22 Yellow 2 Psychotria nuda Pollinate Rubiaceae 1.86 Yellow Psychotria nemorosa Pollinate Rubiaceae 1.19 Yellow Red Yes Coelho 2013 Yes Buzato et al. 2000, This study Yes Buzato et al. 2000, This study Yes Yes Yes Chatems et al. 2000 Yes Stein & Hensen 2011, This study Yes Lopes 2002 Yes Yes Coelho 2013 3 Yes Yes Missagia & Verçoza 2011, This study 3 Yes Yes This study Yes 1 Yes 2 Yes 18.4 2 Yes 8 32 1 Yes 0.9 31 2 Yes Machado & Lopes 2000 Rodriguez-Flores & Stiles 2005 Yes Yes Rodriguez-Flores & Stiles 2005 Yes Coelho 2013, Nolasco et al. 2013 Leite & Machado 2007 Yes Lasprilla 2003 Yes Rodriguez-Flores & Stiles 2005 Yes Yes Lasprilla 2003 Yes Yes Yes Locatelli et al. 2004 2 Yes Yes 1 Yes 16.5 2 Yes 9.9 23.4 3 44 34 2 Yes 2 Yes 3 Yes 1 Leite & Machado 2007 Singer & Sazima 2001 Yes Caravalho & Machado 2006 Yes As Sternorrhynchos lanceolatus in Lopes 2002 Yes Abreu & Vieira 2004, Benevides 2006, Farinazzo & Salmena 2007 Yes Yes Abreu & Vieira 2004 Lopes 2002, Lassos & Naranjo 2003 Yes Costa & Machado 2009, 2010 3 Yes Yes Silva et al. 2010 22 3 Yes Yes Lasprilla 2003 0.9 27.1 2 Yes Yes Yes Lasprilla 2003 3 10.9 17.9 2 Yes Yes Yes Buzato et al. 2000, Castro & Araujo 2004, This study 2 4.2 25.5 2 Yes Yes As P. pubigerain Buzato et al. 2000; Castro & Oliveira 2002 Retiniphyllum schomburgkii Thief Rubiaceae 0.88 White Retiniphyllum speciosum Pollinate Rubiaceae 3.16 Sabicea cinerea Pollinate Rubiaceae Sabicea grisea Pollinate Erythrochiton brasiliensis Pink 2.5 5 21.9 1 Yes Pink 3 23.5 12.3 2 Yes 2.75 White 2 20 24 2 Yes Yes Teixeira & Machado 2004 Rubiaceae 1.44 White 2 16.7 21.6 2 Yes Yes This study Pollinate Rutaceae 4.13 White 3 67.7 24.6 3 Acnistus arborescens Pollinate Solanaceae 0.82 White 2 7.9 11.9 2 Helicteres macropetala Both Sterculiaceae 1.07 Red Orange 4 7.7 20.3 3 Lantana camara Pollinate Verbenaceae 1.00 Orange Yellow 3 2.8 14.6 2 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Pollinate Verbenaceae 0.77 Blue 1 1.4 14.4 2 Paypayrola hulkiana Pollinate Violaceae 1.33 Yellow 2 4.7 29.3 3 Hedychium coronarium Robber Zingiberaceae 6.09 White 2 24 17.6 2 Renealmia sp Pollinate Zingiberaceae 3.85 Yellow 2 9.5 11 Red Schwade 2010 Yes Yes Yes Schwade 2010 Yes Lopes 2002 Yes This study Yes Yes Lopes 2002 Yes Yes Yes Abreu & Vieira 2004, This study Yes Yes Yes This study Yes Yes Lasprilla 2003 Yes Yes This study Yes Lasprilla 2003 Electronic Supplementary Material 2. A scatter plot of corolla length in communities with at least more than five plant species interacting with Phaethornis ruber. White points represent species in which nectar robbing was recorded and black points not. Note that for communities in which robbing was observed, this tended to occur for longer corolla flowers. References list Abreu, C. R. M. & Vieira, M. F. 2004. Os beija-flores e seus recursos florais em um fragmento florestal de Viçosa. sudeste brasileiro. Lundiana 5, 129-134. Borges, L. A., Sobrinho, M. S. & Lopes, A. V. 2009. Phenology, pollination, and breeding system of the threatened tree Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Fabaceae), and a review of studies on the reproductive biology in the genus. Flora 204, 111-130. (doi:10.1016/j.flora.2008.01.003) Braz, D. M., Vieira, M. F. & Carvalho-Okano, R. M. 2000. Aspectos reprodutivos de espécies de Acanthaceae Juss. de um fragmento florestal do município de Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Revista Ceres 47, 229-239. Buzato, S., Sazima, M. & Sazima, I. 2000 Hummingbird‐pollinated floras at three Atlantic forest sites Biotroplca 32, 824-841. (doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00621.x) Canela, M. B. F. & Sazima, M. 2003 Aechmea pectinata: a hummingbird-dependent bromeliad with inconspicuous flowers from the Rainforest in South-easthern Brazil. Annals of Botany 92, 731-737. (doi: 10.1093/aob/mcg192) Canela, M. B. F. & Sazima, M. 2005 The pollination of Bromelia antiacantha (Bromeliaceae) in Southeastern Brazil: ornithophilous versus melittophilous features. Plant Biology 7, 411-416. (doi: 10.1055/s-2005865619) Carbalho, R. & Machado, I. C. 2006 Rodriguezia bahiensis Rchb. f.: biologia floral, polinizadores e primeiro registro de polinização por moscas Acroceridae em Orchidaceae. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 29, 461470. Castro, C. C. & Araujo, A. C. 2004 Distyly and sequential pollinators of Psychotria nuda (Rubiaceae) in the Atlantic rain forest, Brazil. Plant Systematics and Evolution 244, 131-139. (doi: 10.1007/s00606-003-00368) Chautems, A., Baracho, G. S. & Siqueira Filho, J. A. 2000 A new species of Sinningia (Gesneriaceae) from northeastern Brazil. Brittonia 52, 49-53. Coelho, A. G. 2013 A comunidade de plantas utilizadas por beija-flores no sub-bosque de um fragmento de Mata Atlântica da Bahia, Brasil. Ph.D Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Bahia,Brazil. Costa, A. C. G. & Machado, I. C. 2009 Biologia floral e reprodutiva de Palicourea crocea (SW.) Roem & Schlt. em fragmento de floresta atlântica nordestina: novo registro de monomorfismo em Rubiaceae? Anais do XVII Congresso de Iniciação Científica. Feinsinger, P., Wolfe, J. W. & Swarm, L. A. 1982 Island ecology: reduced hummingbird diversity and the pollination biology of plants, Trinadad and Tobago, West Indies. Ecology 63, 494-506. Guedes, R. S., Qurino, Z. G. & Gonçalves, E. P. 2009 Fenologia reprodutiva e biologia da polinização de Canavalia brasiliensis Mart. ex Benth (Fabaceae). Revista Biotemas 22, 27-37. Lasprilla, L. R. 2003. Interações plant/beija-flor em três comunidades vegetais da parte sul do Parque Nacional Natural Chiribiquete, Amazonas (Colombia). Ph.D Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Leite, A. V. & Machado, I. C. 2007 Fenologia reprodutiva, biologia floral e polinizadores de duas espécies simpátricas de Marantaceae em fragmento de Floresta Atlântica, Nordeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 30, 221-231. Locatelli, E., Machado, I. C. & Medeiros, P. 2004 Saranthe klotzschiana (Koer.) Eichl. (Marantaceae) e seu mecanismo explosivo de polinização. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 27, 757-765. Lopes, A. V. F. 2002 Polinização por beija-fores em remanescente da Mata Atlântica pernambucana, nordeste do Brasil. Ph.D Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Lopes, A. V. F., Vogel, S. & Machado I. C. 2002 Secretory trichomes, a substitutive floral nectar source in Lundia A. DC. (Bignoniaceae), a genus lacking a functional disc. Annals of Botany 90, 169-174. (doi: 10.1093/aob/mcf169) Machado, I. C. & Lopes, A. V. 2000 Souroubea guianensis Aubl.: Quest for its legitimate pollinator and the first record of tapetal oil in the Marcgraviaceae. Annals of Botany 85, 705-711. (doi: 10.1006/anbo.2000.1120) Machado, I. C. S., Sazima, I. & Sazima, M. 1998 Bat pollination of the terrestrial herb Irlbachia alata (Gentianaceae) in northeastern Brazil. Plant Systematics and Evolution 209, 231-237. Missagia, C. C. C. & Verçoza, F. C. 2011. Fenologia reprodutiva, polinização e frutificação de Heliconia spathocircinata Aristeg. (Heliconiaceae) em fragmento de Floresta Atlântica do município do Rio de Janeiro. Biotemas 24, 13-23. Nolasco, E. C., Coelho, A. G. & Machado, C. G. 2013 Primeiro registro de ornitofilia confirmado em Calathea (Marantaceae). Bioscience Journal 29, 1328-1338. Rios, P. A. F., Silva, J. B. & Moura, F. B. P. 2010. Visitantes florais de Aechmea constantinii (Mez) L. B. Sm. (Bromeliaceae) em um remanescente da Mata Atlântica do Nordeste Oriental. Biotemas 23, 29-36. (doi: 10.5007/2175-7925.2010v23n4p29) Rodriguez-Flores, C. I. & Stiles, F. G. 2005 Análise ecomorfológico de una comunidad de colibríes ermitaños (Trochilidae, Phaethorninae) y sus flores en la Amazonia colombiana. Ornitologia Colombiana 3, 7-27. San Martin-Gajardo, I. & Freitas, L. 1999 Hummingbird pollination in Besleria longimucronata Hoehne (Gesneriaceae) in Southeastern Brazil. Biosciências 7, 13-24. Schwade, M. R. M 2010 Biologia reprodutiva de três espécies de Retiniphyllum Bonpl. (Rubiaceae) em vegetação de campinarana na Amazônia Central. M.Sc. Thesis, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. Silva, C. A., Vieira, M. F. & Amaral, C. H. 2010 Floral attributes, ornithophily, and reproductive success of Palicourea longepedunculata (Rubiaceae), a distylous shrub in southeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 33, 207-213. Singer, R. B. & Sazima, M. 2001 Flower morphology and pollination mechanism in three sympatric Goodyerinae Orchids from Southeastern Brazil. Annals of Botany 88, 989-997. (doi:10.1006/anbo.2001.1534) Siqueira-Filho, J. A. & Machado, I. C. 2001 Biologia reprodutiva de Canistrum aurantiacum E. Morren (Bromeliaceae) em remanescente da Floresta Atlântica, nordeste do Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 15, 427-443. Stein, K. & Hensen I. 2011 Potential pollinators and robbers: a study of the floral visitors of Heliconia angusta (Heliconiaceae) and their behaviour. Journal of Pollination Ecology 4, 39-47. Stein, K. & Hensen I. 2013 The reproductive biology of two understory plants in the Atlantic rain forest, Brazil. Ecological Research 28, 593-602. (doi: 10.1007/s11284-013-1050-0) Teixeira, L. A. G. & Machado. I. C. 2004 Sabicea cinerea Aubl. (Rubiaceae): distilia e polinização em um fragmento de floresta Atlântica em Pernambuco, nordeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 27, 193204. Electronic Supplementary Material 3. Map of the study areas showing the Serra do Mar State Parke in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Data collected mostly at Picinguaba is compared to the nearby site Santa Virgínia. Distance between the sites is approximately of 21 km. Image source Google Earth ®
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