Onto.PT: towards the automatic construction of a lexical ontology for

Transcrição

Onto.PT: towards the automatic construction of a
lexical ontology for Portuguese
Hugo Gonçalo Oliveira1
Paulo Gomes
{hroliv,pgomes}@dei.uc.pt
Cognitive & Media Systems Group
CISUC, Universidade de Coimbra
June 8, 2012
1
supported by the FCT scholarship grant SFRH/BD/44955/2008, co-funded by FSE
Gonçalo Oliveira & Gomes (CISUC)
Onto.PT
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Introduction
Request: Músicos famosos com carreira no cinema
Snippet A
Snippet B
Snippet C
Snippet D
David Bowie é um músico famoso que também fez carreira no
cinema.
Elvis Presley foi um musicista e actor célebre, conhecido
como o Rei do Rock.
Amália Rodrigues foi talvez a mais ilustre fadista
portuguesa. Para além de cantar, durante o seu percurso
profissional participou em vários filmes.
Jo~
ao apanhou a carreira, famosa por chegar atrasada, para
ir ao cinema, na cidade.
Onto.PT
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Introduction
Snippet A
Snippet B
Snippet C
Snippet D
David Bowie é um músico famoso que também fez carreira
no cinema .
Rob Zombie é um musicista americano e realizador de
filmes de terror.
profissional participou em várias pelı́culas.
Jo~
ao apanhou a carreira , famosa por chegar atrasada,
para ir ao cinema , na cidade.
Onto.PT
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Introduction
Snippet A
Snippet B
Snippet C
Snippet D
no cinema .
filmes de terror.
Jo~
musicista synonym-of músico
realizador producer-of cinema
filme part-of cinema
Onto.PT
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Introduction
Snippet A
Snippet B
Snippet C
Snippet D
no cinema .
filmes de terror.
Jo~
ilustre synonym-of famoso
fadista hyponym-of músico
pelı́cula synonym-of filme
percurso profissional synonym-of carreira
Onto.PT
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Introduction
Snippet A
Snippet B
Snippet C
Snippet D
no cinema .
filmes de terror.
Jo~
carreira hyponym-of actividade
carreira hyponym-of transporte
Onto.PT
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Introduction
Snippet A
Snippet B
Snippet C
Snippet D
no cinema .
filmes de terror.
Jo~
cinema hyponym-of arte
cinema hyponym-of edifı́cio
Onto.PT
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Introduction
Snippet A
David Bowie é um músico
no cinema .
Snippet B
filmes de terror.
Snippet C
portuguesa. Para além de cantar, durante o seu
percurso profissional participou em várias pelı́culas .
Snippet D
Jo~
famoso que também fez carreira
cinema hyponym-of arte
cinema hyponym-of edifı́cio
Onto.PT
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Introduction
Lexical Knowledge Bases (LKBs)
Resources for natural language processing (NLP)
Cover the whole language, not a specific domain
Onto.PT
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Introduction
Structured on words and meanings
Onto.PT
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Introduction
I
Meaning is inherently conceptual...
Onto.PT
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Introduction
I
I
[Hirst, 2004]: Ontology + lexicon = Lexical ontology
Onto.PT
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Introduction
I
I
Essential in the development of NLP tools for a language
Onto.PT
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Introduction
I
I
Essential in the development of NLP tools for a language
See Princeton WordNet [Fellbaum, 1998]!
Onto.PT
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Introduction
WordNet: dictionary + thesaurus
Onto.PT
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Introduction
Applications
Writing aids
Onto.PT
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Introduction
Applications
Writing aids
Determining similarities
Onto.PT
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Introduction
Applications
Writing aids
Word sense disambiguation
Onto.PT
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Introduction
Applications
Writing aids
Natural language generation
Onto.PT
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Introduction
Applications
Writing aids
Question answering
Automatic summarization
Machine translation
Natural language generation
...
Onto.PT
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Contents
1
Introduction
2
Related resources
3
Relation acquisition
4
Synset discovery
5
Ontologisation of semantic relations
6
Approach summary
7
Presenting Onto.PT v.0.3.1
8
Concluding remarks
Onto.PT
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Related resources
Portuguese LKBs
Wordnets
WordNet.PTa [Marrafa, 2002]
I
According to the EuroWordNet [Vossen, 1997] model
MWN.PTb
I
I
a
b
In the scope of MultiWordNet [Pianta et al., 2002]
About 69,000 synsets, 69,000 relations
http://www.clul.ul.pt/clg/eng/wordnetpt/index.html
http://mwnpt.di.fc.ul.pt/
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Related resources
Portuguese LKBs
Wordnets
I
I
I
I
Not public, browseable through the Web
Handcrafted, as Princeton WordNet
Only covers some domains
MWN.PTb
I
I
a
b
Onto.PT
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Related resources
Portuguese LKBs
Wordnets
I
I
I
I
Not public, browseable through the Web
Only covers some domains
MWN.PTb
I
I
I
I
I
I
a
b
Not public, browsable through the Web and purchasable
Only covers nouns
Several lexical gaps
Onto.PT
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Related resources
Portuguese LKBs (cont.)
Public thesauri, structured on synsets
TePa [Maziero et al., 2008]
I
I
Synset-base of WordNet.Br [Dias da Silva et al., 2002]
About 20,000 synsets
OpenThesaurus.PTb
I
a
b
Suggestions for OpenOffice writer
http://www.nilc.icmc.usp.br/tep2/
http://openthesaurus.caixamagica.pt/
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Related resources
I
I
I
I
Handcrafted
Only covers synonymy and antonymy
OpenThesaurus.PTb
I
a
b
Onto.PT
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Related resources
I
I
I
I
Handcrafted
Only covers synonymy and antonymy
OpenThesaurus.PTb
I
I
I
I
a
b
Handcrafted (collaboratively)
Only covers synonymy
Too small (≈ 4,000 synsets)
Onto.PT
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Related resources
(Enhanced) public dictionaries
Wiktionary.PTa
I
About 180,000 entries (not all in Portuguese!)
Dicionário Abertob [Simões and Farinha, 2011]
I
I
a
b
Electronic version of a dictionary from 1913
About 128,000 entries
http://pt.wiktionary.org/
http://www.dicionario-aberto.net/search
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Related resources
Wiktionary.PTa
I
I
I
I
(Still) very incomplete
Few explicit and unambiguous semantic information
I
I
a
b
Onto.PT
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Related resources
Wiktionary.PTa
I
I
I
I
(Still) very incomplete
I
I
I
I
a
b
Static resource
Onto.PT
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Related resources
Other
PAPELa [Gonçalo Oliveira et al., 2010]
a
http://www.linguateca.pt/PAPEL
Onto.PT
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Related resources
Other
I
I
a
Lexical-semantic resource extracted automatically from one dictionary
About 102,000 words, 190,000 relations
Onto.PT
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Related resources
Other
I
I
I
a
Structured on words, not sense-aware
Onto.PT
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Related resources
Other
I
I
I
I
Structured on words, not sense-aware
Used in several NLP tasks:
F
F
F
F
F
F
a
Computing similarity between lexical items
Adaptation of textual contents for poor literacy readers
Generation of distractors for cloze questions
Creation of knowledge bases for question answering and generation
Creation of sentiment lexicons
...
Onto.PT
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Related resources
Onto.PT
New lexical ontology for Portuguese
Onto.PT
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Related resources
Onto.PT
Constructed automatically
Exploitation of public resources
I
I
I
Thesauri
Dictionaries/encyclopedias
Corpora
Onto.PT
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Related resources
Onto.PT
I
I
I
Thesauri
Corpora
Structure according to the wordnet model
I
I
Synsets: groups of synonym words → concepts
Connected by semantic relations
Onto.PT
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Related resources
Onto.PT
I
I
I
Thesauri
Corpora
Structure according to the wordnet model
I
I
Synsets: groups of synonym words → concepts
Connected by semantic relations
Three independent stages
1
2
3
Acquisition of semantic relations
Discovery of synsets
Integration (ontologisation) of relations
Onto.PT
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Relation extraction from dictionaries
Why dictionaries?
I
Earlier works
[Calzolari et al., 1973, Amsler, 1980, Michiels et al., 1980]
Onto.PT
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Why dictionaries?
I
I
Earlier works
Main sources of general lexical information of a language
Onto.PT
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Why dictionaries?
I
I
I
Earlier works
Onto.PT
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Why dictionaries?
I
I
I
I
Earlier works
(Try to) Cover the whole language
Onto.PT
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Why dictionaries?
I
I
I
I
I
Earlier works
Created by experts
Onto.PT
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Why dictionaries?
I
I
I
I
I
I
Earlier works
Created by experts
Simple structure, (almost) predictable vocabulary
Onto.PT
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Why dictionaries?
I
I
I
I
I
I
Earlier works
Created by experts
But..
I
Not ready for being used as LKBs
Onto.PT
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Why dictionaries?
I
I
I
I
I
I
Earlier works
Created by experts
But..
I
I
Static resources
Onto.PT
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Why dictionaries?
I
I
I
I
I
I
Earlier works
Created by experts
But..
I
I
Static resources
CARTÃO: Semantic relations extracted from three dictionaries!
I
I
I
Dicionário PRO da Lı́ngua Portuguesa (DLP), through PAPEL
Dicionário Aberto (DA)
Wiktionary.PT
Onto.PT
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Pattern
o mesmo que
a[c]to ou efeito de
pessoa que
aquele que
conjunto de
espécie de
género/gênero de
variedade de
[a] parte do/da
qualidade de
qualidade do que é
estado de
natural ou habitante de/da/do
instrumento[,] para
.. produzid[o/a] por/pel[o/a]
o mesmo que
fazer
tornar
ter
o mesmo que
relativo a/à/ao
que se
que tem
diz-se de
relativo ou pertencente
habitante ou natural de
que não é/está
de modo
de maneira
de forma
o mesmo que
POS
Noun
Noun
Noun
Noun
Noun
Noun
Noun
Noun
Noun
Noun
Noun
Noun
Noun
Noun
Noun
Verb
Verb
Verb
Verb
Adjective
Adjective
Adjective
Adjective
Adjective
Adjective
Adjective
Adjective
Adverb
Adverb
Adverb
Adverb
CARTÃO: regularities in dictionary definitions
DLP
Frequency
DA
Wikt.PT
0
3.851
1.320
1.148
1.004
798
29
455
445
777
663
299
536
94
155
0
1.680
1.359
467
0
1.236
1.602
2.698
2.066
1.647
0
485
398
49
30
0
10.627
2.501
47
3.357
316
2.846
4.148
621
433
775
543
223
0
284
146
166
1.294
1.672
519
2.685
5.554
1.599
4.291
738
9
0
608
2.261
9
3
182
Onto.PT
1.107
645
329
545
298
223
48
52
107
126
105
73
79
25
60
97
364
266
139
197
1.063
485
477
313
61
189
98
109
36
19
21
Relation
Synonymy
Causation
Hypernymy
Hypernymy
Member-of
Hypernymy
Hypernymy
Hypernymy
Part-of
Quality-of
Quality-of
State-of
Place-of
Purpose-of
Produtor
Synonymy
Causation
Causation
Property-of
Synonymy
Property-of
Property-of
Part-of
Property-of
Member-of
Place-of
Antonı́mia
Manner-of
Manner-of
Manner-of
Synonymy
June 8, 2012
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CARTÃO: extraction examples
Extraction examples
candeia s.f. utensı́lio doméstico rústico usado para
iluminaç~
ao, com pavio abastecido a óleo
espiga s.f. parte das gramı́neas que contém os gr~
aos
inquietar v.t. causar ansiedade
severo adj. grave, crı́tico
Onto.PT
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Extraction examples
iluminaç~
I
I
utensı́lio hypernym-of candeia
iluminação purpose-of candeia
aos
Onto.PT
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Extraction examples
iluminaç~
I
I
aos
I
I
espiga part-of gramı́nea
espiga contains grão
Onto.PT
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Extraction examples
iluminaç~
I
I
aos
I
I
I
inquietar causation-of ansiedade
Onto.PT
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Extraction examples
iluminaç~
I
I
aos
I
I
I
inquietar causation-of ansiedade
I
I
grave synonym-of severo
crı́tico synonym-of severo
Onto.PT
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CARTÃO: extraction results
CARTÃO contains:
I
I
Relation
Synonym-of
Hypernym-of
Part-of
Member-of
Causation-of
Producer-of
Purpose-of
Has-quality
Has-state
Place-of
Manner-of
Antonym-of
Property-of
About 155,000 lexical items
About 327,000 relations, including:
Args.
Quantity
n,n
v,v
adj,adj
adv,adv
n,n
n,n
n,adj
n,n
adj,n
n,n
adj,n
v,n
n,n
adj,n
n,n
v,n
v,adj
n,n
n,adj
n,n
n,n
adv,n
adv,adj
adj,adj
adj,n
adj,v
67,620
28,108
32,364
2,286
97,924
3,893
5,872
7,328
1,071
1,423
748
10,664
1,741
515
6,978
7,824
374
1,055
1,273
376
1,483
2,172
1,854
684
10,652
27,902
Example
alegria,satisfação
esticar,estender
racional,filosófico
imediatamente,já
sentimento,afecto
núcleo,átomo
vı́cio,vicioso
aluno,escola
rural,campo
vı́rus,doença
horrı́vel,horror
mover,movimento
oliveira,azeitona
fonador,som
sustentação,mastro
calcular,cálculo
comprimir,compressivo
mórbido,morbidez
assı́duo,assiduidade
exaltação,desvairo
Equador,equatoriano
ociosamente,indolência
virtualmente,virtual
direito,torto
daltónico,daltonismo
musculoso,ter músculo
Onto.PT
(joy,satisfaction)
(to extend,to stretch)
(rational,philosophical)
(immediately,now)
(feeling,affection)
(nucleus,atom)
(addiction,addictive)
(student,school)
(rural,country)
(virus,disease)
(horrible,horror)
(to move,movement)
(olive tree,olive)
(phonetic,sound)
(support,mast)
(to calculate,calculation)
(to compress,compressive)
(morbid,morbidity)
(assiduous,assiduity)
(exaltation,rant)
(Ecuador,Ecuadorian)
(idly,indolence)
(virtually,virtual)
(straight,crooked)
(daltonic,daltonism)
(beefy,to have muscle)
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CARTÃO: manual evaluation
Results of manual evaluation
100 instances per relation type/resource (300/type)
Onto.PT
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2 judges for each instance
I
I
I
wrong instance (0)
wrong relation (1)
correct (2)
Onto.PT
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2 judges for each instance
I
I
I
wrong instance (0)
wrong relation (1)
correct (2)
Relation
n synonym-of n
v synonym-of v
n hypernym-of n
v causation-of n
adj property-of v
Judge
J1
J2
J1
J2
J1
J2
J1
J2
J1
J2
0
2 (.01)
3 (.01)
6 (.02)
7 (.02)
11 (.04)
16 (.05)
12 (.04)
15 (.05)
67 (.22)
39 (.13)
Total
1
0
1 (≈0)
0
3 (.01)
19 (.06)
21 (.07)
14 (.05)
18 (.06)
21 (.07)
30 (.10)
Onto.PT
2
298 (.99)
296 (.99)
294 (.98)
290 (.97)
270 (.90)
263 (.88)
274 (.91)
267 (.89)
212 (.71)
231 (.77)
IAA
κ
0.99
0.66
0.98
0.68
0.93
0.64
0.93
0.60
0.81
0.56
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Discussion
Lexical graph
Onto.PT
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Discussion
Lexical graph
massa synonym-of povo ∧ massa hypernym-of tortellini
dinheiro synonym-of cacau ∧ fruto hypernym-of cacau
Onto.PT
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Discussion
Lexical graph
→ povo hypernym-of tortellini
Onto.PT
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Discussion
Lexical graph
→ povo hypernym-of tortellini
→ fruto hypernym-of dinheiro
Onto.PT
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Synset discovery
Synonymy network
Established by synonymy pairs
Onto.PT
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Synset discovery
Synonymy network
Propagate synonymy?
Onto.PT
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Synset discovery
Synonymy network
Propagate synonymy?
I
Large network (≈ 40,000 nodes for nouns, ≈ 15,000 for adjs)
Onto.PT
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Synset discovery
Synonymy network
Propagate synonymy?
I
I
Large connected subgraphs (≈ 26,000 nodes for nouns, ≈ 11,000 for
adjectives)
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Synset discovery
Synonymy network
Propagate synonymy?
I
I
I
adjectives)
Problems, such a:
F
queda synonym-of ruı́na ∧ queda synonym-of habilidade
Onto.PT
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Synset discovery
Synonymy network
Propagate synonymy?
I
I
I
adjectives)
Problems, such a:
F
F
queda synonym-of ruı́na ∧ queda synonym-of habilidade
→ ruı́na synonym-of habilidade
Onto.PT
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Synset discovery
Clustering for synsets
Synonymy networks extracted from dictionaries tend to have a
clustered structure [Gfeller et al., 2005]
Onto.PT
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Synset discovery
Clusters may be seen as synsets
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Synset discovery
Clusters may be seen as synsets
Words with more than one sense → overlapping clusters!
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Synset discovery
Clustering algorithm
Main idea: each word and its neighbourhood is a potential cluster
1
Network as a matrix M
~
v1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
~
v2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
~
v3
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
~
v4
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
~
v5
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
Onto.PT
~
v6
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
~
v7
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
~
v8
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
~
v9
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
~
v10
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
June 8, 2012
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Synset discovery
1
2
Similarity matrix
|V
P|
sim(a, b) = cos(~va , ~vb ) =
v~a .v~b
= s i=0
|v~a ||v~b |
|V
P|
i=0
Onto.PT
vai × vb i
(1)
vai2 ×
|V
P|
i=0
vbi2
June 8, 2012
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Synset discovery
1
2
Similarity matrix
~
v1
1.0
0.6
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
, θ = 0.5
~
v2
0.6
1.0
0.7
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
~
v3
0.4
0.7
1.0
0.7
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
~
v4
0.0
0.3
0.7
1.0
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
~
v5
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.6
1.0
0.6
0.9
0.4
0.4
0.4
Onto.PT
~
v6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.6
1.0
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
~
v7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.9
0.7
1.0
0.4
0.4
0.4
~
v8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.6
0.4
1.0
0.5
0.5
~
v9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.5
1.0
0.5
~
v10
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.5
1.0
June 8, 2012
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Synset discovery
1
2
Similarity matrix
3
Clusters
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
20 / 46
Synset discovery
Take advantage of handcrafted thesauri
What about TeP?
TeP is...
I
I
I
Structured on synsets
Created manually
Free
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
21 / 46
Synset discovery
What about TeP?
TeP is...
I
I
I
Created manually
Free
TeP is more complementary than overlapping with PAPEL/CARTÃO
[Santos et al., 2010, Teixeira et al., 2010,
Gonçalo Oliveira et al., 2011]
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
21 / 46
Synset discovery
What about TeP?
TeP is...
I
I
I
Created manually
Free
Take advantage of TeP, instead of using it merely as a reference for
comparison!
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
21 / 46
Synset discovery
What about TeP?
TeP is...
I
I
I
Created manually
Free
comparison!
1
Integrate synpairs of CARTÃO in TeP synsets
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
21 / 46
Synset discovery
What about TeP?
TeP is...
I
I
I
Created manually
Free
comparison!
1
2
Discover clusters in remaining synpairs
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
21 / 46
Synset discovery
What about TeP?
TeP is...
I
I
I
Created manually
Free
comparison!
1
2
3
Discover clusters in remaining synpairs
Add new clusters as synsets
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
21 / 46
Synset discovery
Assigning synpairs to synsets
Starting point:
I
I
Thesaurus T , with synsets S = {v1 , v2 , ..., vn }
Synonymy network N, with synpairs p = (vx , vy )
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
22 / 46
Synset discovery
Assigning synpairs to synsets
Starting point:
I
I
Thesaurus T , with synsets S = {v1 , v2 , ..., vn }
Synonymy network N, with synpairs p = (vx , vy )
Goal:
Synpair
(alimentação, mantença)
→
(escravizar, servilizar )
→
(permanente, inextinguı́vel)
→
Synset
{sustento, alimento, mantimento, alimentação, mantença}
{oprimir, tiranizar, escravizar, esmagar, servilizar}
{durador, duradoiro, duradouro, durável,
permanente, perdurável, inextinguı́vel}
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Synset discovery
Assigning p = (vx , vy ) to a synset C
1
Select all synsets containing one of the elements of p,
∀(Cj ∈ C ) : vx ∈ Cj ∨ vy ∈ Cj .
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
23 / 46
Synset discovery
1
∀(Cj ∈ C ) : vx ∈ Cj ∨ vy ∈ Cj .
2
Synpair and candidate synsets as adjacency vectors in N
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
23 / 46
Synset discovery
1
∀(Cj ∈ C ) : vx ∈ Cj ∨ vy ∈ Cj .
2
3
Compute the similarity between ~p and each synset Ck ∈ C :
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
23 / 46
Synset discovery
1
∀(Cj ∈ C ) : vx ∈ Cj ∨ vy ∈ Cj .
2
3
Compute the similarity between ~p and each synset Ck ∈ C :
4
~ ) ≥ σ ∧ sim(~p , Cbest
~ ) = max(sim(~p , C~k )).
p → Cbest : sim(~p , Cbest
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Synset discovery
Assignment settings
250 synpairs + TeP, three gold references:
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
24 / 46
Synset discovery
Assignment settings
I
I
I
Annotator 1 (A1)
Annotator 2 (A2)
Intersection (∩)
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
24 / 46
Synset discovery
Assignment settings
I
I
I
Annotator 1 (A1)
Annotator 2 (A2)
Intersection (∩)
IAA(A1, A2) = 68%, κ(A1, A2) = 0.40
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
24 / 46
Synset discovery
Assignment settings
I
I
I
Annotator 1 (A1)
Annotator 2 (A2)
Intersection (∩)
IAA(A1, A2) = 68%, κ(A1, A2) = 0.40
Best settings, cos(~p , C~k ) ≥ 0.15
Ref.
A1
A2
∩
Setting
All
Random
Best
All
Random
Best
All
Random
Best
Precision
44%
60%
74%
60%
68%
82%
34%
46%
64%
Recall
100%
31%
34%
100%
34%
36%
100%
41%
48%
RRecall
100%
65%
71%
100%
80%
85%
100%
64%
74%
Onto.PT
F0.5
61%
62%
73%
75%
73%
83%
51%
53%
69%
RF0.5
50%
61%
74%
65%
70%
82%
39%
48%
66%
June 8, 2012
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Synset discovery
Clustering evaluation
1
Select random pairs of words from discovered synsets
2
Classify each pair as correct or incorrect
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
25 / 46
Synset discovery
1
2
Using the whole synonymy network
I
I
I
440 noun pairs
Two human judges (IAA = 83%, κ = 0.43)
Correct: 75%
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Synset discovery
1
2
Using the whole synonymy network
I
I
I
440 noun pairs
Two human judges (IAA = 83%, κ = 0.43)
Correct: 75%
Using only clusters of the network after assignment
I
I
330 pairs (110 nouns, 110 verbs, 110 adjectives)
Two human judges
F
F
I
IAA: 96%, 85%, 95%
κ: 0.73, 0.39, 0.37
Correct: 85%, 91%, 90%
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Synset discovery
TRIP: a large thesaurus for Portuguese
Thesaurus
TeP 2.0
TRIP
POS
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
Total
17,149
8,280
14,568
1,095
45,457
11,924
22,316
2,488
Ambiguous
5,802
4,680
3,730
227
15,392
6,607
7,782
694
Onto.PT
Words
Avg(senses)
1.71
2.69
1.46
1.30
1.80
2.87
1.83
1.42
Max(senses)
20
50
19
11
22
52
22
12
June 8, 2012
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Synset discovery
TRIP: a large thesaurus for Portuguese
Thesaurus
TeP 2.0
TRIP
Thesaurus
TeP 2.0
TRIP
POS
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
POS
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
Total
17,149
8,280
14,568
1,095
45,457
11,924
22,316
2,488
Ambiguous
5,802
4,680
3,730
227
15,392
6,607
7,782
694
Total
8,254
3,899
6,062
497
16,936
4,424
7,948
813
Avg(size)
3.56
5.71
3.5
2.87
4.84
7.75
5.14
4.34
Words
Avg(senses)
Max(senses)
1.71
20
2.69
50
1.46
19
1.30
11
1.80
22
2.87
52
1.83
22
1.42
12
Synsets
size = 2
size > 25 max(size)
3,083
0
21
907
48
53
3,032
18
43
258
0
9
5,986
226
131
873
193
132
3,127
161
117
270
1
27
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Synset discovery
Examples of large (noun) synsets
imbecile/stupid person
patamaz, boca-aberta, imbecil, lucas, malhadeiro, orate, zé-cuecas, lerdaço, tantã,
boleima, babão, jato, zambana, badó, ânsar, bolônio, chapetão, parvalhão, haule,
papa-moscas, lerdo, patau, sànona, perturbado, possidónio, babaquara, tolo, galafura,
babuı́no, zângano, inepto, badana, cabaça, andor, pax-vóbis, idiota, pascoal-bailão,
sandeu, asneirão, zé, capadócio, calino, doudivanas, pasguate, parreco, babanca, palerma,
molusco, parrana, moco, ansarinho, bajoujo, burro, truão, estulto, pexote, maninelo,
lérias, banana, banazola, patego, bobo, estúpido, asno, sonso, ignorante, troixa, otário,
simplório, pancrácio, patola, songo-mongo, toleirão, totó, burgesso, morcão, microcéfalo,
patinho, bacoco, babancas, inhenha, pàteta, néscio, matias, parvoinho, mané, anastácio,
manembro, tatamba, bobalhão, bertoldo, patavina, tonto, apedeuto, pachocho, ingênuo,
bocoió, simplacheirão, jerico, zote, sebastião, lorpa, atónito, patacão, pato, parvoeirão,
ingénuo, papalvo, pateta, tanso, cretino, bolónio, basbaque, mentecapto, pachola,
apaixonado, pasmão, pascácio, tarola, trouxa, parvo, jumento, geta, arara, gato-bravo,
pedaço-de-asno, parvajola, pacóvio, laparoto, crendeiro, loura
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Synset discovery
alcoholic intoxication
torcida, embriagamento, veneno, mona, zurca, trapisonda, lontra, rosca, perua, raposada,
rola, tertúlia, carraspana, peleira, pizorga, cabra, chuva, tachada, caroça, ardina, girgolina,
égua, carrega, zerenamora, rasca, touca, venena, gardunho, ema, porre, ebriez, carapanta,
chiba, ebriedade, bico, inebriamento, bebedeira, carrapata, penca, taçada, canja, garça,
ganso, tortelia, turca, cabrita, mela, resina, senisga, bebedice, bezana, vinhaça,
zangurrina, bêbeda, bibra, borrachice, zuca, coca, torta, doninha, piela, graxa, trabuzana,
água, cegonha, gateira, bicancra, samatra, galinhola, gata, pala, ganza, pifão, bode,
cobra, prego, zola, nêspera, narda, parrascana, vinho, gardinhola, tropecina, embriaguez,
cardina, tiorga, temulência, narceja, pisorga, grossura, dosa, trovoada, carneira, perunca,
bruega, canjica, raposa, garrana, raposeira, cartola, cachorra, entusiasmo, carpanta,
piteira, borracheira, cabeleira, carrocha, pifo, camoeca, marta, cachaceira, zangurriana,
verniz, carrada
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Synset discovery
money
jimbo, pastel, guines, baguines, parrolo, marcaureles, ouro, grana, arame, massaroca,
tutu, metal, bagalho, bilhestres, milho, jan-da-cruz, china, cum-quibus, cobre, mussuruco,
pilim, pasta, bagaço, zerzulho, painço, chelpa, finanças, calique, tostão, pecuniária,
bagalhoça, boro, dieiro, pila, gaita, pataco, verba, cacau, matambira, gimbo, cunques,
caroço, fanfa, maco, pecúnia, estilha, jibungo, roço, massa, dinheiro, maquia, bago, teca,
pecunia, quantia, espécie, guita, patacaria, carcanhol, pingo
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Moving from term-based to synset-based relations
Goal: move from a R b ∈ G to A R B, A ∈ T , B ∈ T
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
30 / 46
I
porta part-of carro → {porta, entrada, portão} part-of {carro, automóvel}
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
30 / 46
I
Available information:
I
I
Thesaurus T , with synsets
Relational triples between terms, in a lexical graph G
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
30 / 46
I
Available information:
I
I
Thesaurus T , with synsets
Relational triples between terms, in a lexical graph G
Output: semantic graph, wordnet W
I
I
Same relations as in G
But between synsets
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Ontologising algorithms
Related Proportion (RP)
Number of Triples (TP)
Average Cosine (AC)
Related Proportion + Average Cosine (RP+AC)
Number of Triples + Average Cosine (NT+AC)
Minimum distance (MD)
PageRank (PR)
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Evaluating the ontologising algorithms
Gold reference
I
I
Thesaurus: TeP + OpenThesaurus.PT
Term-based triples: 452 (hypernymy, part-of, purpose-of), from PAPEL
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Gold reference
I
I
I
Thesaurus: TeP + OpenThesaurus.PT
Term-based triples: 452 (hypernymy, part-of, purpose-of), from PAPEL
All possible attachments
tb-triple = (documento hypernym-of recibo)
A1 : documento, declaração (document, declara- B1 :
recibo, comprovante, nota,
tion)
quitação, senha (receipt, confirming,
note, quittance)
A2 : escritura, documento (deed, document)
tb-triple = (planta part-of floresta)
A1 : relação, quadro, planta, mapa (relation, B1 : bosque, floresta, mata, brenha, selva
frame, plant, map)
(hood, forest, jungle)
A2 : vegetal, planta (vegetable, plant)
A3 : traçado, desenho, projeto, planta, plano (design, project, plant, plan)
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Compared to attachments using...
I
I
Ontologising algorithms, random candidate baseline
CARTÃO
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Compared to attachments using...
I
I
Ontologising algorithms, random candidate baseline
CARTÃO
Best algorithms:
Relation
Hypernym-of
(210 tb-triples)
Part-of
(175 tb-triples)
Purpose-of
(67 tb-triples)
Algorithm
Random
RP
AC
RP+AC
Random
RP
AC
RP+AC
Random
RP
AC
RP+AC
P%
42.1
53.3
60.6
55.8
47.4
56.9
58.7
63.3
44.8
51.5
63.2
63.4
Onto.PT
R%
10.7
12.4
15.8
14.8
12.6
10.6
14.9
16.3
9.0
5.1
13.0
13.6
F1 %
17.1
20.0
25.1
23.4
19.9
17.9
23.8
25.9
15.0
9.3
21.5
22.3
F0.5 %
26.5
32.1
38.7
35.9
30.6
30.4
37.0
40.1
25.0
18.3
35.6
36.5
Fr %
42.1
49.9
60.3
55.8
47.4
47.0
58.7
63.3
44.8
32.6
63.2
63.4
June 8, 2012
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RP+AC, a R b
1
To ontologise (θ = 0.5) a/b, fix b/a
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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RP+AC, a R b
1
[Example] for each Ai ∈ A
I
A1 = (a, c, d, e), pa1 =
I
A2 = (a, f , g ), pa2 =
I
A3 = (a, h, i, j), pa3 =
2
Onto.PT
3
4
2
3
1
4
June 8, 2012
34 / 46
RP+AC, a R b
1
I
A1 = (a, c, d, e), pa1 =
I
A2 = (a, f , g ), pa2 =
I
A3 = (a, h, i, j), pa3 =
2
3
3
4
2
3
1
4
pa1 = max(pai ) ∧ pa1 ≥ θ, a → A1
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
34 / 46
RP+AC, a R b
1
I
A1 = (a, c, d, e), pa1 =
I
A2 = (a, f , g ), pa2 =
I
A3 = (a, h, i, j), pa3 =
2
3
4
3
4
2
3
1
4
pa1 = max(pai ) ∧ pa1 ≥ θ, a → A1
If no suitable Ai or Bj , represent candidate synsets as matrices in N:
I
~ i = {~ai0 , ...,~ain }, n = |Ai |
A
I
~ j = {~bj0 , ..., ~bjm }, m = |Bj |
B
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
34 / 46
RP+AC, a R b
1
I
A1 = (a, c, d, e), pa1 =
I
A2 = (a, f , g ), pa2 =
I
A3 = (a, h, i, j), pa3 =
2
3
4
5
3
4
2
3
1
4
pa1 = max(pai ) ∧ pa1 ≥ θ, a → A1
I
~ i = {~ai0 , ...,~ain }, n = |Ai |
A
I
~ j = {~bj0 , ..., ~bjm }, m = |Bj |
B
Compute the average similarity of the elements of each pair of
~ i, B
~j)
synsets: cos(A
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
34 / 46
RP+AC, a R b
1
I
A1 = (a, c, d, e), pa1 =
I
A2 = (a, f , g ), pa2 =
I
A3 = (a, h, i, j), pa3 =
2
3
4
3
4
2
3
1
4
pa1 = max(pai ) ∧ pa1 ≥ θ, a → A1
I
~ i = {~ai0 , ...,~ain }, n = |Ai |
A
I
~ j = {~bj0 , ..., ~bjm }, m = |Bj |
B
5
Compute the average similarity of the elements of each pair of
~ i, B
~j)
synsets: cos(A
6
Select the most similar pair (Ax , By ) :
cos(Ax , By ) = max(cos(Ai ∈ A, Bj ∈ B))
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Approach summary
From dictionaries to a wordnet in three steps
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Approach summary
1
gado s.m. conjunto de animais criados para diversos fins; rebanho
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Approach summary
1
I
I
tb triple1 = rebanho SINONIMO DE gado
tb triple2 = animal MEMBRO DE gado
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Approach summary
1
I
I
2
synset1 = (manada, rebanho, mancheia, boiada)
I
+tb triple1 = (manada, rebanho, mancheia, boiada, gado)
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Approach summary
1
I
I
2
synset1 = (manada, rebanho, mancheia, boiada)
3
synset2 = (bicho, animal, alimal, béstia, minante)
I
I
+tb triple1 = (manada, rebanho, mancheia, boiada, gado)
sb triple1 = synset2 MEMBRO DE synset1
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Synsets
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
36 / 46
Synsets
Organised in about 110,000 synsets
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Synsets
Organised in about 110,000 synsets
Synsets are ordered according to AC/DC [Santos and Bick, 2000]
frequency of their words
I
Words inside synsets are ordered according to their AC/DC frequency
POS
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
size > 1
19.211
3.998
7.272
710
Onto.PT
Synsets
size = 1
45.654
21.344
10.680
1.283
Total
64.865
25.342
17.952
1.993
June 8, 2012
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Relations (excluding inverse)
About 170,000 relations
Same types as in PAPEL/CARTÃO
Relations
Predicates
Instances
Hypernym
n hiperonimoDe n
n parteDe n
n parteDeAlgoComProp adj
adj propDeAlgoParteDe n
n membroDe n
n membroDeAlgoComProp adj
adj propDeAlgoMembroDe n
n contidoEm n
n contidoEmAlgoComProp adj
n materialDe n
n causadorDe n
n causadorDeAlgoComProp adj
adj propDeAlgoQueCausa n
n causadorDaAccao v
v accaoQueCausa n
n localOrigemDe n
adj antonimoAdjDe adj
83,552
3,672
4,911
91
5,847
106
909
355
264
835
1,347
26
619
56
8,052
1,293
538
Part
Member
Contains
Material
Causation
Place
Antonym
Relations
Producer
Purpose
Quality
State
Manner
Manner
without
Property
Onto.PT
Predicates
Instances
n produtorDe n
n produtorDeAlgoComProp adj
adj propDeAlgoProdutorDe n
n fazSeCom n
n fazSeComAlgoComProp adj
v finalidadeDe n
v finalidadeDeAlgoComProp adj
n temQualidade n
n devidoAQualidade adj
n temEstado n
n devidoAEstado adj
adv maneiraPorMeioDe n
adv maneiraComProp adj
adv maneiraSem n
adv maneiraSemAccao v
adj dizSeSobre n
adj dizSeDoQue v
1,718
88
529
6,551
79
7,271
322
934
1,059
327
197
1,833
1,561
216
14
9,145
25,014
June 8, 2012
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Onto.PT as a Semantic Web model
Adaptation of the W3C WordNet RDF/OWL Basic
[van Assem et al., 2006]
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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OntoBusca: Onto.PT’s interface
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Usage example
Onto.PT for query expansion
1
Disambiguate the head of the query
I
I
I
WSD algorithm, e.g. Personalized PageRank [Agirre and Soroa, 2009]
Use the words in the query as context
Select a suitable synset for the head
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Usage example
1
I
I
I
2
Use the words of the synset as search alternatives
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Usage example
1
I
I
I
2
Approach to the joint evaluation Págico [Rodrigues et al., 2012]
I
Runs with WSD performed better than without
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Usage example
1
I
I
I
2
I
Examples:
I
Doces brasileiros que têm origem nos doces portugueses
I
Doenças letais comuns em paı́ses lusófonos transmitidas por mosquitos
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
40 / 46
Usage example
1
I
I
I
2
I
Examples:
I
Doces brasileiros que têm origem nos doces portugueses
I
Doenças letais comuns em paı́ses lusófonos transmitidas por mosquitos
F
F
doce OR confeito OR guloseima OR gulodice ...
doença OR mal-estar OR enfermidade OR mal OR patologia OR
distúrbio OR padecimento ...
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Concluding remarks
Main contributions
CARTÃO, the largest lexical graph for Portuguese
I
Larger than PAPEL
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Concluding remarks
Main contributions
I
Larger than PAPEL
TRIP, the largest Portuguese thesaurus
I
I
Larger than TeP
Alternative to OpenThesaurus.PT in OpenOffice
Onto.PT
June 8, 2012
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Concluding remarks
Main contributions
I
Larger than PAPEL
I
I
Larger than TeP
Onto.PT, a new public lexical ontology
I
I
Created automatically, higher growth potential
An addition or alternative to existing Portuguese LKBs
Onto.PT
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Concluding remarks
Main contributions
I
Larger than PAPEL
I
I
Larger than TeP
Onto.PT, a new public lexical ontology
I
I
Created automatically, higher growth potential
An addition or alternative to existing Portuguese LKBs
A flexible approach, that enables the integration of several resources
I
May be adapted to the construction/enrichment of wordnets in other
languages
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Concluding remarks
Future
Onto.PT is in constant development!
I
2
New version coming soon...
http://www.globalwordnet.org/gwa/ewn to bc/corebcs.html
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Concluding remarks
Future
I
I
2
Improvement of each construction step
Onto.PT
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Concluding remarks
Future
I
I
I
2
Augmentation by exploiting other resources (e.g. Wikipedia)
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Concluding remarks
Future
I
I
I
I
2
Associate definitions/example sentences with synsets
[Henrich et al., 2011]
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Concluding remarks
Future
I
I
I
I
More evaluation:
I
I
I
2
Quality, e.g. manual evaluation of parts of the resource
Coverage, e.g. mapping with the Global WordNet base concepts
Utility, e.g. utilisation in (more) NLP tasks
2
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Concluding remarks
Future
I
I
I
I
More evaluation:
I
I
I
Quality, e.g. manual evaluation of parts of the resource
Coverage, e.g. mapping with the Global WordNet base concepts
Utility, e.g. utilisation in (more) NLP tasks
2
Availability
I
2
Updates and other resources in http://ontopt.dei.uc.pt
Onto.PT
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References
References I
[Agirre and Soroa, 2009] Agirre, E. and Soroa, A. (2009).
Personalizing PageRank for word sense disambiguation.
In Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, EACL’09,
pages 33–41, Stroudsburg, PA, USA. ACL Press.
[Amsler, 1980] Amsler, R. A. (1980).
The structure of the Merriam-Webster Pocket dictionary.
PhD thesis, The University of Texas at Austin.
[Calzolari et al., 1973] Calzolari, N., Pecchia, L., and Zampolli, A. (1973).
Working on the italian machine dictionary: a semantic approach.
In Proceedings of 5th Conference on Computational Linguistics, COLING’73, pages 49–52, Morristown, NJ, USA. ACL Press.
[Dias da Silva et al., 2002] Dias da Silva, B. C., de Oliveira, M. F., and de Moraes, H. R. (2002).
Groundwork for the Development of the Brazilian Portuguese Wordnet.
In Advances in Natural Language Processing (PorTAL 2002), LNAI, pages 189–196, Berlin/Heidelberg. Springer.
[Fellbaum, 1998] Fellbaum, C., editor (1998).
WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database (Language, Speech, and Communication).
The MIT Press.
[Gfeller et al., 2005] Gfeller, D., Chappelier, J.-C., and Rios, P. D. L. (2005).
Synonym Dictionary Improvement through Markov Clustering and Clustering Stability.
In Proceedings of International Symposium on Applied Stochastic Models and Data Analysis, ASMDA 2005, pages 106–113.
[Gonçalo Oliveira et al., 2011] Gonçalo Oliveira, H., Antón Pérez, L., Costa, H., and Gomes, P. (2011).
Uma rede léxico-semântica de grandes dimensões para o português, extraı́da a partir de dicionários electrónicos.
Linguamática, 3(2):23–38.
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References
References II
[Gonçalo Oliveira et al., 2010] Gonçalo Oliveira, H., Santos, D., and Gomes, P. (2010).
Extracção de relações semânticas entre palavras a partir de um dicionário: o PAPEL e sua avaliação.
[Henrich et al., 2011] Henrich, V., Hinrichs, E., and Vodolazova, T. (2011).
Semi-automatic extension of germanet with sense definitions from wiktionary.
In Proceedings of 5th Language & Technology Conference, LTC 2011, pages 126–130, Poznan, Poland.
[Hirst, 2004]
Ontology
In Staab,
209–230.
Hirst, G. (2004).
and the lexicon.
S. and Studer, R., editors, Handbook on Ontologies, International Handbooks on Information Systems, pages
Springer.
[Marrafa, 2002] Marrafa, P. (2002).
Portuguese Wordnet: general architecture and internal semantic relations.
DELTA, 18:131–146.
[Maziero et al., 2008] Maziero, E. G., Pardo, T. A. S., Felippo, A. D., and Dias-da-Silva, B. C. (2008).
A Base de Dados Lexical e a Interface Web do TeP 2.0 - Thesaurus Eletrônico para o Português do Brasil.
In VI Workshop em Tecnologia da Informação e da Linguagem Humana (TIL), pages 390–392.
[Michiels et al., 1980] Michiels, A., Mullenders, J., and Noël, J. (1980).
Exploiting a large data base by Longman.
In Proceedings of the 8th conference on Computational Linguistics, COLING’80, pages 374–382, Morristown, NJ, USA. ACL
Press.
[Pianta et al., 2002] Pianta, E., Bentivogli, L., and Girardi, C. (2002).
MultiWordNet: developing an aligned multilingual database.
In 1st International Conference on Global WordNet.
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References
References III
[Rodrigues et al., 2012] Rodrigues, R., Gonçalo Oliveira, H., and Gomes, P. (2012).
Uma abordagem ao Págico baseada no processamento e análise de sintagmas dos tópicos.
[Santos et al., 2010] Santos, D., Barreiro, A., Freitas, C., Gonçalo Oliveira, H., Medeiros, J. C., Costa, L., Gomes, P., and
Silva, R. (2010).
Relações semânticas em português: comparando o TeP, o MWN.PT, o Port4NooJ e o PAPEL.
In Textos seleccionados. XXV Encontro Nacional da Associação Portuguesa de Linguı́stica, pages 681–700. APL, Lisboa,
Portugal.
[Santos and Bick, 2000] Santos, D. and Bick, E. (2000).
Providing Internet access to Portuguese corpora: the AC/DC project.
In Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, LREC 2000, pages 205–210.
[Simões and Farinha, 2011] Simões, A. and Farinha, R. (2011).
Dicionário Aberto: Um novo recurso para PLN.
Vice-Versa, pages 159–171.
[Teixeira et al., 2010] Teixeira, J., Sarmento, L., and Oliveira, E. (2010).
Comparing verb synonym resources for portuguese.
In Proceedings of Computational Processing of the Portuguese Language, 9th International Conference, PROPOR 2010,
volume 6001 of LNAI, pages 100–109. Springer.
[van Assem et al., 2006] van Assem, M., Gangemi, A., and Schreiber, G. (2006).
RDF/OWL representation of WordNet.
W3c working draft, World Wide Web Consortium.
[Vossen, 1997] Vossen, P. (1997).
EuroWordNet: a multilingual database for information retrieval.
In Proceedings of DELOS workshop on Cross-Language Information Retrieval, Zurich.
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The end
Thank you!
Check http://ontopt.dei.uc.pt
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