qarTuli enis saerTaSoriso centri International Center for Georgian

qarTuli enis saerTaSoriso centri International Center for Georgian

qarTuli enis saerTaSoriso centri
International Center for Georgian Language
Anthony D. Smith
NATIONALISM
Theory, Ideology, History
Translated into Georgian by Mary Chkhartishvili
Georgian Text Editor Rusudan Amirejibi–Mullen
Tbilisi
2004
2
entoni d. smiTi
nacionalizmi
Teoria, ideologia, istoria
Targmani inglisuridan mariam CxartiSvilisa
qarTuli teqstis redaqtori rusudan amirejibi–maleni
Tbilisi
2004
3
wigni cnobili Tanamedrove britaneli mecnieris
d. smiTis naSromis nacionalizmi. Teoria,
ideologia, istoria qarTul Targmans warmoadgens,
romelSic
sakiTxisadmi
sakuTar
eTnosimbolistur
midgomas smiTi paradigmebis saxiT sistematizebul
alternatiul TvalsazrisTa fonze gadmoscems. qarTul
Targmans win uZRvis avtoris mier specialurad misTvis
dawerili Sesavali. mTargmnelis winasityvaobaSi ki am
TargmanTan
dakavSirebiT
saubaria
Teoriuli
sociologiuri
literaturis
qarTulad
gadmoRebis
problemebze.
wigni
gankuTvnilia
eTnikuri
da
nacionaluri kvlevebiT daintersebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis:
mecnierebisaTvis, politikuri moRvaweebisaTvis, masmediis
warmomadgenlebisaTvis, studentebisaTvis.
entoni
gamocemis xarjebi gaiRo
qarTuli enis saerTaSoriso centrma
wigni gamiznulia, rogorc saCuqari konferenciis
erovnuli da sarwmunoebrivi identoba monawileebisaTvis
The book is Georgian translation of the Nationalism. Theory,
Ideology, History by the eminent contemporary British scholar Anthony D.
Smith presenting his own ethno-symbolist account against the background
of historiography on subject systematized as paradigms. The Georgian
edition is introduced by Smith. In the translator’s preface problems dealed
with rendering of theoretical sociological literature into Georgian is outlined
in connection with present translation. The book is intended for readers
interested in ethnic and national studies: academics, policymakers,
representatives of the media, students.
Publication is provided with the financial support of the
International Center for Georgian Language
Book is a gift for the participants at the conference on
National and Religious Identities
4
mTargmnelis winasityvaoba
entoni
devid
smiTi,
Tanamedrove
britaneli
mecnieri, eTnikuri jgufebis da naciebis, eTnikurobisa
da nacionalizmis urTierTdakavSirebuli fenomenebis
dasavleTSi farTod aRiarebuli mkvlevaria. mecnieris
piradad
gacnobis
da
masTan
uSualo
akademiuri
kontaqtebis saSualeba momeca 2001 da 2003 wlebSi did
britaneTSi samecniero mivlinebiT yofnisas. garda amisa,
me mqonda bedniereba Tvalyuri medevnebina profesor
smiTis
muSaobisaTvis
aspirantebTan
londonis
ekonomikisa da politikuri mecnierebis skolaSi (evropis
instituti, samTavrobo departamenti) da saerTaSoriso
samecniero organizaciis eTnikurobisa da nacionalizmis
kvlevis asociaciaSi (romlis wevri meca var) seminarze
(2003 wlis 4 maisi) misi TandaswrebiT wamekiTxa moxseneba
qarTuli identoba: ganviTarebis safexurebi.
rodesac profesor smiTs gavuziare Cemi survili
Sevdgomodi misi naSromebis qarTulad Targmans, man
(rogorc
igi
Tavadac
miuTiTebs
SesavalSi)
am
mimarTulebiT pirveli nabijis gadasadgmelad ori wigni
SemirCia. maT Soris erT-erTia winamdebare Targmani.
wigni warmoadgens rogorc Tavad smiTis Tvalsazrisis,
aseve
sakiTxze
arsebuli
umTavresi
literaturis
sistematizebul gadmocemas.
cxadia,
Tanamedrove
dasavluri
Teoriuli
literaturis qarTulad Targmnis idea spontanurad, did
britaneTSi kolegebTan Sexvedris Sedegad, ar gamCenia. am
saqmisaTvis xelis mokidebis aucileblobaSi Tanamedrove
qarTul
istoriografiaze
dakvirvebam
damarwmuna.
miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs Zalian bevri konkretuli
xasiaTis gamokvleva da daskvna, rogorc wesi, isini ar
arian
saTanadod
konteqstualizebuli,
ar
xdeba
mopovebuli faqtebis zogadsociologiuri mimarTebebis
da ganzomilebebis fiqsireba, ar arsebobs istoriuli da
kulturuli rekonstruqciis araviTari meTodologiuri
koncefcia, araviTari Teoriuli CarCo. am mizeziT ver
5
poulobs
saqarTvelos
istoriis
faqtebi
asaxvas
kacobriobis istoriaSi. amis TvalsaCino magaliTi
Tundac
es
wignia:
Teoriuli
debulebebis
sailustraciod
moyvanil
mraval
magaliTs
Soris
qarTuls ver SexvdebiT.
aRniSnulis mizezi Zneli misaxvedri ar aris.
TiTze
CamosaTvlelia
dasavleTevropul
enebze
Sesrulebuli qarTvelologiuri gamokvlevebi. enobrivi
barieris
gamo
qarTvel
specialistTa
umetesoba
konkretuli
istoriuli
aRwerebisas
ar
(da
ver)
iTvaliswinebs Tanamedrove Teoriul literaturas da
Tavadac
kargavs
dasavlel
specialist
mkiTxvels.
Seqmnili viTarebidan gamosvlisaTvis didi mniSvneloba
aqvs imas, rom dasavluri Teoriuli sociologiuri
literaturis
qarTulad
Targmnam
gegmazomieri
da
permanentuli xasiaTi miiRos. miTumetes, rom Targmna
yovelTvis iyo qarTuli kulturis ganviTarebis qmediTi
saSualeba.
Zvel
saqarTveloSi
mTargmnelobiTi
saqmianoba
sapatiod,
sazogadoebrivad
uaRresad
mniSvnelovanad iTvleboda. Targmani xels uwyobda ara
marto axali ideebis Semotanas, aramed saazrovno
instrumentariumis
daxvewasac.
igiQqarTuli
enis
ganviTarebisaTvis udides stimuls warmoadgenda. swored
aRniSnulma garemoebebma, survilma imisa, rom Cemi
mcireodeni wvlili Semetana qarTuli istoriografiis
winaSe
mdgari
mwvave
problemebis
gadaWraSi,
gadamawyvetina da gamabedina xeli momekida iseTi rTuli
da sapasuxismgeblo saqmisaTvis, rogoricaa Tanamedrove
inglisuri
enidan
Teoriuli
xasiaTis
naSromis
qarTulad gadmoReba.
winamdebare gamokvlevaSi warmodgenili yvela
Tvalsazrisi SesaZloa Tanabrad misaRebi ar aRmoCndes
qarTveli
specialistebisaTvis.
miuxedavad
imisa,
gaiziareben Tu ara Tavad smiTis Tu mis mier ganxilul
sxva avtorTa midgomebs, me Rrmad var darwmunebuli, es
wigni unda waikiTxon qarTvelma humanitarebma Tu
socialur
mecnierebaTa
specialistebma.
xom
aucilebelia, rom sakiTxebs vsvamdeT da vwyvetdeT im
mniSvnelovani gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic
nacionaluri ganviTarebis istoriis kvlevaSi ukve
6
dagrovilia mTeli msoflios masStabiT. piradad me
eTnikurobisa da nacionalizmis, eTnikuri erTobebis
(eTnieebis) da naciebis Sesaxeb smiTis Tvalsazrisi
kargad dasabuTebulad da praqtikuli istoriografiuli
saqmianobisaTvis nayofierad mimaCnia. kerZod, CemTvis
misaRebia, rom nacionalizmSi mecnieri arc absolutur
borotebas xedavs, arc absolutur sikeTes, udgeba mas
yovelgvari (eTikuri TvalsazrisiT) Sefasebis gareSe,
rogorc kanonzomier sazogadoebriv movlenas, romelic
arsebobda, arsebobs da, safiqrebelia, rom momavalSic
iarsebebs. marTebulad mimaCnia, agreTve, Tvalsazrisi
Tanamedrove
naciebis
kulturuli,
socialuri
Tu
politikuri saxis xangrZlivi eTnikuri ganviTarebis
Sedegad
Camoyalibebis
Sesaxeb,
maTi
eTnikuri
fesvebisaTvis didi mniSvnelobis miniWeba, xolo Tavad
eTnikurobis upiratesad subieqturi faqtorebis, kerZod,
erTobis wevrTa preferenciebis sibrtyeSi gaazreba.
winamdebare wigni smiTis fundamenturi vrceli
gamokvlevebis
mokle
versiaa.
kargia,
rom
smiTis
naSromebidan pirvel rigSi swored is miewodeba qarTvel
mkiTxvels: mas SeuZlia dagvexmaros sakiTxis arsSi
erTbaSad
gaverkveT.
magram
ramdenadac
es
wigni
mosaxerxebelia
mkiTxvelisaTvis,
rogorc
vrceli
koncefciis
mokled
gadmocema,
imdenad
rTulia
mTargmnelisaTvis. im obieqtur sirTuleebs, rac axlavs
samecniero
teqstis
gramatikulad
sruliad
gansxvavebuli inglisuri enidan qarTulad gadmoRebas,
emateba
avtoris
uaRresad
SemWidroebuli
stilis
mizeziT gamowveuli sirTuleebi. me vcdilobdi rac
SeiZleba axlos vyofiliyavi dedanTan rogorc azris,
ise avtoris Txrobis maneris gadmocemis TvalsazrisiT.
yvelafer amis qarTul yalibSi Camosxma ki qarTuli
Targmanis redaqtoris – rusudan amirejib–malenis
damsaxurebaa.
TargmanTan
dakavSirebul
yvela
problemaze,
bunebrivia, winasityvaobaSi ver mivuTiTeb. mxolod
ramdenime faqtTan dakavSirebiT minda gavakeTo mokle
SeniSvna.
kerZod,
Sevexebi
cnebebs,
romlebic
uTargmnelad iqna danarCunebuli; romlebic iTargmna,
magram ganmartebas saWiroebs qarTuli ekvivalentis
7
arCevani;
avtoris
Taviseburi
gadmocemis
maneris
mimaniSnebel
calkeul
SemTxvevebs;
qarTulisaTvis
erTgvarad xelovnur zog gamoTqmas.
mkiTxvelis gakvirveba SeiZleba gamoiwvios iman,
rom nacionalizmis Sesaxeb dawerili wignis qarTul
TargmanSi termin ers praqtikulad ver SexvdebiT.
rogorc cnobilia, es ukanaskneli warmoadgens uZveles,
didi Sinagani resursis mqone qarTuli termins, romlis
uzogadesi mniSvneloba aris adamianTa krebuli (Cvenjgufi). Sua saukunebSi igi umTavresad socialuri azris
matarebeli iyo, eTnikuri Cven-jgufis aRsaniSnavad ki
sxva sityvebi gamoiyeneboda, magaliTad, naTesavi. eris
eTnikuri Cven-jgufis mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba XIX
saukunidan daiwyes. man faqtobrivad sruliad Caanacvla
Zvel saqarTveloSi eTnikuri Cven-jgufis aRmniSvneli
yvela sxva termini. es qarTveluri Cven-jgufis wevrTa
mier
jgufuri
kavSirebis
xasiaTis
gaazrebaSi
Tvisebrivad axali etapis dasawyisi iyo. eri, iseve
rogorc naTesavi, koleqtivs aRniSnavda, magram misgan
gansxvavebiT, erSi geneturi erTianoba, rogorc Cvenjgufis arsebobis safuZveli, aqcentirebuli ar iyo
(Tumc, cxadia, arc gamoiricxeboda). amave saukunidan
daiwyo eris gamoyeneba evropuli naciis Sesatyvisad.
Tumc arc dRes da miTumetes arc maSin, isini azrobriv
zustad ar emTxveodnen erTmaneTs (razedac yuradReba
ukve iyo gamaxvilebuli qarTvelologiur specialur
literaturaSi).
swored
amitom,
gaugebrobis
da
yovelgvari
orazrovnebis
Tavidan
asacileblad,
gadavwyvite konkretulad am wignis (romelic terminebis
definiciebs uTmobs sagangebo yuradRebas) qarTul
TargmanSi dedniseuli nation yvelgan naciad gadmomeRo.
miTumetes, rom qarTuls arc is da arc misgan
warmomdgari termini nacionalizmi eucxoeba. am dargis
eTnikuri
SeuZlebelia
meore
umTavresi
cnebac
gadmoqarTuldes da es, vfiqrob, aravisTvis sakamaTo ar
aris. Tu ufro zogadad mivudgebiT sakiTxs, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom qarTulSi ucxo terminebis damkvidrebas ar
unda
vufrTxodeT
da
yvelafrisaTvis
qarTuli
Sesatyvisebis Ziebam zedmetad ar unda gagvitacos (ilia:
‘enis gamdidreba sxvisa sityvebiTa ers ar daamdablebs,
8
Tu
ar
aamaRlebs’).
Targmanma
rom
Tvalsawieri
gagvifarToos, misi kiTxvisas Cven unda davinaxoT, rom is
Teoriebi, romlebic araqarTul samyaroSi warmoiSva,
axalia ara marto azrobrivad, aramed ucxo da axalia
enobrivi inventariTac.
identoba (identity), iseve rogorc nacia, laTinuri
warmomavlobis sityvaa da zogadad igiveobas niSnavs.
Tumca am wignis gacnobis Semdeg mkiTxveli Tavadac
darwmundeba, rom es sulac araa sakmarisi identobis,
rogorc
sociologiuri
terminis,
ganmartebisaTvis.
amitomac Sevikave Tavi qarTuli ekvivalentiT misi
Secvlisagan. aseve uTargmnelad vtoveb smiTis mier
gamoyofili paradigmebis saxelwodebebs primordializms,
perenializms, modernizms: primordial – Tavdapirveli,
sawyisi, pirvelqmnili; perennial – mudmivi, gangrZobadi,
uWknobi;
modern
–
Tanamedrove,
axali.MaRniSnulma
sityvebma, rogorc terminebma, sruliad specifikuri
Sinaarsi SeiZina, rasac, cxadia, Cveulebrivi leqsikoni,
romlidanac zemoT moxmobili ganmartebebia amokrebili,
ver asaxavs.
aseve gadavwyvite ar mecada qarTuli ekvivalenti
gamomeZebna
sityvisaTvis
vernacular,
romelic
zemodasaxelebulTa
msgavsad
Tavad
inglisurs
laTinuridan aqvs nasesxebi. igi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT
ixmareba:
mSobliuri,
xalxuri,
adgilobrivi
ena,
dialeqti.
eTnikuri
da
nacionaluri
kvlevebis
konteqstSi vernakuluri ena niSnavs eTnikuri erTobis
enas nacionaluri standartizebuli enis warmoqmnamde.
qarTulSi
socialuri
ganviTarebis
am
niuansis
aRmniSvneli termini aqamde Semotanili ar yofila. amis
mizezi, vfiqrob, oria: qarTulma, romelic Tavidanve
warmoadgenda liturgiis enas, adreve miaRwia sakmaod
maRali xarisxis standartizebas da amitomac qarTul
cnobierebaSi enis ganviTarebis iseTi mkafio texili,
rogoric dasavleTi evropis qveynebisaTvis nacionalur
standartizebul
enaze
gadasvlis
faqti
iyo,
ar
dafiqsirebula, yovel SemTxvevaSi, igi aRar gvaxsovs.
nawilobriv ki, aRniSnuli viTareba aixsneba imiT, rom
Teoriuli xasiaTis eTnikuri da nacionaluri kvlevebi
9
CvenSi TiTqmis ar warmoebs da am mizeziT specialuri
terminis saWiroebac ar warmoSobila.
agreTve ar vTargmni sityvas loyalty – loialoba,
romelic Zveli frangulidan aris inglisurSi Sesuli.
igi ukve sakmaod gavrcelebulia qarTul sinamdvileSi
sociologiur specialur literaturaSi Tu yoveldRiur
sityvaxmarebaSi.
samwuxarod,
xSirad
arasworadaa
gagebuli,
rogorc
raRacisadmi,
rbili,
erTgvarad
uprincipo, damokidebuleba. sinamdvileSi ki loialoba
niSnavs erTgulebas, umetesad politikuri azriT, anu
erTgulebas saxelmwifo instituciebis da politikuri
xelisuflebis mimarT.
inglisur enaSi damkvidrebul im ucxo sityvebs
Soris, romlebic me qarTulad vTargmne, pirvel rigSi
aucilebelia ganmartebis micema civic mniSvnelobisaTvis.
es laTinuridan momdinare sityvaa da, zogadi azriT,
qalaqTan dakavSirebuls niSnavs. misi qarTuli zusti
Sesatyvisebia saqalaqo an samoqalaqo. am sityvebma
qarTvel
mkiTxvels
SeiZleba
asociaciebi
aRuZras
specifikurad
qalaqis
mowyobasTan
dakavSirebul
movlenebTan
an
samxedroebisagan
gansxvavebul
pirovnebebTan.
am
ukanasknelT
ki
inglisuri
gansxvavebuli formiT (civil) gadmogvcems. ramdenadac
wignSi saubaria nacionalizmis tipze, romelic nacias
instutucionalur loialobaze dafuZnebul moqalaqeTa
erTobad ganixilavs (sisxliT naTesaobis principiT
Sekruli
erTobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
eTnikuri
nacionalizmis
sapirispirod),
qarTuli
Targmanis
redaqtorTan sakiTxis xangrZlivi ganxilvis Semdeg,
gadavwyvite civic gadmomeRo rogorc moqalaqeobrivi,
Tumc adre, zogi kolegis msgavsad, civic nacionalizmTan
kavSirSi vTargmnidi, rogorc samoqalaqos (qarTulSi
ukve farTod damkvidrebuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
analogiiT).
rac Seexeba sityvas public, me igi vTargmne sityviT
sajaro.
Cveulebriv
igi
gvevlineba
kulturis
msazRvrelad da kulturis saxelmwifos mier marTul
standartizebul Tanamedrove tips aRniSnavs. mxolod
ganaTlebasTan wyvilSi maqvs me es sityva naTargmni,
rogorc saxalxo, radgan qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis
10
termin saxalxo ganaTlebis gamoyenebas sakmaod myari
tradicia aqvs. sxva SemTxvevebSi saxalxo an xalxuri
winamdebare TargmanSi Seesatyviseba sityvas popular. am
laTinuridan
momdinare
sityvas
inglisurSi
qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dadebiTi konotacia
(farTod cnobiloba da miRebuloba) ar gaaCnia. igi
xalxSi gavrcelebulobaze miuTiTebs, rac garkveul
konteqstebSi niSnavs, rom saqme exeba ara maRal,
elitarul kulturas, aramed masobrivi moxmarebis, da
amitom mdare kulturis tips.
qarTul politikur da sociologiur leqsikaSi
damkvidrebulia sityva TviTgamorkveva. misi ekvivalenti
inglisur enaSi aris self-determination. magram smiTi
adamianTa erTobebze marto maT mier politikuri formis
miRebis SemTxvevaSi ar laparakobs, xSirad mxedvelobaSi
kulturuli aspeqtebi aqvs da amitom TviTgamorkvevis
semantikuri vels arapolitikuri mniSvnelobis mqone
sityvebis mTel speqtrs iyenebs. bunebrivia, me Sevecade
ar
gameRaribebina
dednis
azri,
ris
gamoc
TviTgamorkvevis gverdiT gamoviyene iseT sityvebi,
TviTgamoxatva,
TviTgansazRvra,
rogoric
aris
TviTcnobiereba, TviTcnoba. yvela es sityva kompozitia
da mis pirvel nawils TviTi warmoadgens. marTalia,
qarTulSi es sityva bolo dromde calke ar ixmareboda
(Tu ar CavTvliT epizodur SemTxvvevebs),
magram
vfiqrob, misi damkvidreba inglisuri self Sesatyvisad
aucilebelia (TviToba – selfhood). termini meoba, romelic
zogjer imave azriT gamoiyeneba, aseve xelovnuria, Tanac
adamianTa erTobasTan mimarTebaSi aSkarad arazustic,
rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, imaze, rom mas erTgvari
yoveldRiuri enis elferic dakravs. es wigni ki
mecnierulia da, Sesabamisad, misi qarTuli Targmanis
enas
vfiqrob,
unda
etyobodes
gansxvavebuloba
yoveldRiuri qarTulisagan.
dasavleTSi eTnikuri da nacionaluri kvlevebis
gaintensiureba umTavresi fenomenebis ufro niuansuri
wvdomis
saSualebas
iZleva.
amitom
mecnierebis
aRniSnuli sferosaTvis ucxo araa axal terminTa
SemoReba, Zveli sityvebisaTvis axali Sinaarsis miniWeba,
Taviseburi samecniero Jargonis gaCena da a.S. sasurvelia,
11
es qarTvelma mkiTxvelmac igrZnos. zogierTi, erTi
SexedviT,
arabunebrivi
Tu
moulodneli
sityvis
TargmanSi gamoyenebac amiT aris ganpirobebuli. kerZod,
mkiTxveli gadaawydeba qarTulisaTvis dRemde ucnob
sityvas naciadyofna (nationhood). eTnikuri da nacionaluri
kvlevebis sferoSi mecnieruli diskursis qarTul enaze
srulyofilad warmodgenisaTvis am terminis gamoyenebac
aucilebelad meCveneba.
amave mosazrebiT, e.i. qarTuli samecniero enis
gamdidrebis surviliT, vxelmZRvanelobdi, roca frazaSi
core concept sityvas core azrobrivi ekvivalenti ki ar
gamovuZebne, aramed zustad vTargmne, rogorc birTvi, ris
Sedegad miviReT kompoziti birTvi-cneba, romelic,
vfiqrob, Teoriuli mecnieruli azris gadmocemisaTvis
Zalze mosaxerxebelia. M
mkiTxveli Sexvdeba araerT moulodnel frazas,
romelic, erTi SexedviT, arasrulyofili Targmnis
Sedegad SeiZleba moeCvenos. ufro dakvirvebiT wakiTxvis
Semdeg ki, ra Tqma unda, yvelaferi gasagebi gaxdeba.
magram me mainc Tavidanve Sevecdebi sicxadis Setanas
zogierT axal terminTan dakavSirebiT. agrarul-wignieri
(agro-literary) nacionalizmis cnobili mkvlevris gelneris
mier
Semotanili
cnebaa.
igi
preindustriuli
TviTigiveobrivi
sazogadoebis kulturaze miuTiTebs.
(self-same) erToba ki im debatebis anareklia, romelic
erTi da imave saxelis matarebeli erTobebis Sinagani
arsis
cvlileba-ucvlelobis
Taobaze
mimdinareobs.
swored
am
sakiTxisadmi
gansxvavebuli
pozicia
warmoadgens nacionalizmisa da naciebis Sesaxeb azrTa
sxvadasxvaobis
mTavar
maprovocirebel
faqtors.
gadasadnobi qvabi (melting pot) im doqtrinis aRmniSvneli
xatovani gamoTqmaa, romlis mixedviTac, amerikuli
identoba amerikaSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri da nacionaluri
erTobebis SerwymiT unda Camoyalibebuliyo. wignSi
naxavT sityvas aspirant community, romelic me CvenSi
arsebuli realiebis gaTvaliswinebiT maZiebel erTobad
vTargmne. aq is faqtia aqcentirebuli, rom adamianTa
erTobebi naciis statusis maZiebelni arian.
imisaTvis, rom megrZnobinebina smiTis gadmocemis
da msjelobis Taviseburi stili, Segnebulad davinarCune
12
ramdenime, qarTulisaTvis erTgvarad xelovnuri momenti.
aseTia, magaliTad, fenomenebis arsobrivi daxasiaTebisas
mravlobiTis gamoyeneba: naciebi da eTnieebi aris
ganxilvis sagani da ara nacia da eTnie. davinarCune,
agreTve, dedniseuli stili paragrafebis saTaurebis
erTi
nawilis
arasruli
kiTxviTi
frazis
saxiT
gaformebisa. avtori mkafiod ar ayalibebs am kiTxvebs,
isini TiTqos daeWvebis fiqrebia, da ara dasmuli
SekiTxvebi.AarcTu iSviaTad, dedanSi gvxdeba gamoTqmebi
frangul, germanul, laTinur enebze. me isinic ucvlelad
gadmovitane,
rogorc
aseve
avtoris
stilis
Taviseburebaze mimaniSnebeli faqtebi. vfiqrob, maTi
umravlesoba
mkiTxvelisaTvis savsebiT gasagebia, Tu
arada, maTi Sinaarsis gageba Sesabamisi leqsikonebis
daxmarebiT araviTari sirTule ar iqneba. rac Seexeba
sakuTar saxelebs, me maTTan dakavSirebiT vcdilobdi
damecva erTi principi: isini inglisurad gamoTqmis
mixedviT gadmomeca, Tu amaSi ar mzRudavda ukve
damkvidrebuli dawerilobis tradicia.
Targmanze
muSaobisas
TavianTi
sasargeblo
rCevebiT didi daxmareba gamiwies mark malenma da levan
CxartiSvilma,
risTvisac
orives
uRrmes
madlobas
movaxseneb.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mec da qarTuli gamocemis
redaqtorsac Zalisxmeva ar dagviSurebia, rom mkiTxvels
Sinaarsobrivad adekvaturi da stilisturad gamarTuli
teqsti mieRo, calkeuli xarvezebisagan es gamocema, ra
Tqma unda, dazRveuli ver iqneba. yvela saqmiani SeniSvna
didi madlierebiT iqneba miRebuli.
mariam CxartiSvili
13
Introduction for Georgian Edition
As a country of ancient culture and traditions Georgia has always
attracted the attention of western scholars. Modern Georgia is a subject of
their interest as well. However the information one can find in the relevant
literature is still scanty. The topics according to which historical
descriptions or generalizations are usually arranged are sometimes
disappointing for they ignore the theoretical achievements of modern social
sciences. This prevents one from going deeper in perceiving the rich
historical heritage of the country associated with the Golden Fleece and the
Lord Tunic and modern Georgian state born as a result of the Rose
Revolution. The reason for this undoubtedly lies in the long isolation of
Georgian academics from western colleagues, in the fact that during the
many years of Marxian social science, they practically had no alternative.
When in the last year Professor Mary Chkhartishvili approached to
me concerning the translation of my books into Georgian I chose for this
purpose two of my recent publications: Nationalism. Theory, Ideology,
History and The Nation in History. Historiographical Debates about
Ethnicity and Nationalism. The first of these is a present volume. This book
aims to provide a short introduction to the concept of nationalism. My
purpose throughout is twofold: in the first place, to outline the key debates
in the field as clearly as possible, and, second, to offer my own ethnosymbolic account.
I should like to record my gratitude to Professor Mary
Chkhartishvili for her effort in translating my book. My thanks also to the
Director of the International Center for Georgian Language, Mrs. Rusudan
Amirejibi–Mullen, who being a professional linguist took the trouble of
editing the Georgian text.
I was told that the present publication is designed as a gift for the
participants at the conference on National and Religious Identities. I salute
them and would be indeed very happy if the translation will help Georgian
academics and students in their professional activities.
Anthony D. Smith
14
Sesavali qarTuli gamocemisaTvis
saqarTvelo,
rogorc
uZvelesi
kulturisa
da
tradiciebis
qveyana,
yovelTvis
ipyrobda
dasavleli
mecnierebis
yuradRebas.
Tanamedrove
saqarTveloc
maTi
interesis sagans warmoadgens. Tumca informacia, romlis
moZiebac SeiZleba Sesabamis literaturaSi, jer kidev Zalzed
mwiria. Temebi, romelTa garSemoc, Cveulebriv, Tavs iyris
istoriuli
aRwerilobani
Tu
ganzogadebani
zogjer
imedgacruebas
iwvevs,
radganac
maTSi
ar
aris
gaTvaliswinebuli
Tanamedrove
socialuri
mecnierebis
Teoriuli miRwevebi. yovelive es xels uSlis im qveynis
umdidresi istoriuli memkvidreobis Rrma wvdomas, romelic
oqros sawmisTan, uflis kvarTTan da vardebis revoluciaSi
naSob Tanamedrove saqarTvelos saxelmwifosTan asocirdeba.
amis mizezi, ueWvelia, dasavlel kolegaTagan qarTveli
mecnierebis xangrZlivi izolaciaa, is faqtia, rom mravali
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
maTTvis
ar
arsebobda marqsistuli
socialuri mecnierebis raime alternativa.
roca gasul wels profesorma mariam CxartiSvilma
mommarTa Cemi wignebis qarTulad TargmnasTan dakavSirebiT, am
miznisaTvis
ori
bolodroindeli
publikacia
SevurCie:
nacionalizmi. Teoria, ideologia, istoria da nacia istoriaSi.
istoriografiuli debatebi eTnikurobisa da nacionalizmis
Sesaxeb. winamdebare tomi pirveli maTgania da miznad isaxavs
nacionalizmis koncefciis mokle mimoxilvas. me orgvari
amocana davisaxe: pirveli, SeZlebisdagvarad, srulad gadmovce
am dargSi mimdinare kamaTis ZiriTadi arsi; da meore, mkiTxvels
sakuTari eTnosimbolisturi Tvalsazrisi SevTavazo.
madliereba
minda
gamovxato
profesor
mariam
CxartiSvilisadmi wignis Targmanze gaweuli ZalisxmevisaTvis.
agreTve madloba minda gadavuxado qarTuli enis saerTaSoriso
centris
direqtors
qalbaton
rusudan
amirejib–malens,
romelmac, rogorc profesionalma lingvistma, Tavs ido
qarTuli teqstis redaqtireba.
rogorc Sevityve, es publikacia konferenciis erovnuli
da sarwmunoebrivi identoba monawileTa saCuqrad aris
gamiznuli. me mivesalmebi maT da namdvilad bednieri viqnebi,
Tu es Targmani qarTvel mecnierebsa da studentebs maT
profesiul saqmianobaSi waadgeba.
Eentoni d. smiTi
15
Sinaarsi
________________________________
winasityvaoba
18
Sesavali
21
1
cnebebi
‘nacionalizmis’ mniSvnelobebi
ganmartebebi
26
26
31
2
ideologiebi
fundamenturi idealebi
birTvi-cnebebi
nacionalizmi, rogorc kultura da religia
voluntarizmi da organicizmi
‘eTnikuri’ da ‘moqalaqeobrivi’ nacionalizmebi
46
49
55
62
65
69
3
paradigmebi
modernizmi
perenializmi
primordializmi
eTnosimbolizmi
daskvna
74
76
81
84
91
96
4
Teoriebi
ideologia da industrializmi
goneba da emocia
politika da kultura
konstruireba da reinterpretacia
daskvna
98
98
106
113
119
129
16
5
istoriani
130
131
‘didi naciebi’, patara eTnieebi
naciebi nacionalizmamde
136
naciebi antikur epoqaSi?
148
naciebi istoriaSi: alternatiuli Tvalsazrisi 154
daskvna
167
6
perspeqtivebi
mzardi nacionalizmi
nacia-saxelmwifos dasasruli?
hibriduli identobani?
nacionalizmis gaqroba?
momxmarebeli sazogadoeba
globaluri kultura?
internacionalizebadi nacionalizmi
araTanabari eTnoistoriebi
sakraluri safuZvlebi
daskvna
170
170
173
178
182
184
187
190
194
197
201
SeniSvnebi
203
damowmebani
224
17
winasityvaoba
________________________________
es wigni nacionalizmis cnebis ganmartebis mokle
Sesavals warmoadgens. igi miznad isaxavs studentebsa da
sxva dainteresebul mkiTxvels am sakiTxis garSemo
arsebuli
didi
samecniero
literaturis
imgvari
kritikuli
sinTezi
SesTavazos,
romlis
fokusSic
moqceulia mxolod Teoriuli naSromebi, da ara
empiriuli gamokvlevebis mTeli korpusi. Cemi ZiriTadi
amocanaa nacionalizmis cnebis sxvadasxva Teoriuli,
ideologiuri da istoriuli aspeqti da am sferoSi
sakiTxis ganmartebebis ZiriTadi paradigmebi ganvixilo.
es
uciloblad
gulisxmobs
momdevno
TavebSi
ideologiad, moZraobad da simbolur enad gagebuli
‘nacionalizmidan’ yuradRebis gadatanas misi mimarTebis
obieqtisaken – ‘naciisaken’, romelic sakamaTo cnebaa da
gaiazreba, rogorc erTobis forma da institucionaluri
qceva.
praqtikaSi
es
ori
koncefcia
mWidrodaa
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, da, Cemi Rrma rwmeniT,
Tavidan
unda
aviciloT
maTi
Serwyma,
vinaidan
SesaZlebelad mimaCnia ganvasxvavoT naciis kategoriis
ideologiis
sxvadasxva
forma
nacionalizmis
gamoCenamdec da am ukanasknelis warmoSobis arealis
miRmac.
me ara maqvs pretenzia amgvar mokle wignSi raime
amomwuravi ganmarteba warmovadgino. iZulebuli gavxdi
ugulebelmeyo da gamometovebina zogierTi sfero. iseT
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli debatebisaTvis, rogoricaa
liberalizmi da nacionalizmi, genderi da nacia,
mkiTxvels vTxov Sesabamis dargebSi ukve arsebul farTo
literaturas
mimarTos,
xolo
Cemi
zogadi
msjelobebisaTvis nacionalizmi da modernizmi ixilos.
garda amisa, Tumca wignis saerTo organizeba da
gadmocemis
stili
Cemi,
rogorc
naciebisa
da
nacionalizmis Taobaze mimdinare debatebis aqtiuri
18
monawilis,
Sexedulebebs
asaxavs,
am
debatebis
mimarTulebaTa aRwerisas, gansakuTrebiT meoTxe TavSi,
Cemi upirvelesi sazrunavi iyo, rac SeiZleba, naklebi
adgili dameTmo saganze sakuTari SexedulebebisaTvis.
miuxedavad amisa, mexuTe TavSi mainc Sevecade naciis
alternatiuli istoriis monaxazi momeca. imedi maqvs
erTgvari warmodgena Sevqmeni im vnebaTaRelvasa da
sirTuleebze,
rac
gasuli
naxevari
saukunis
ganmavlobaSi am sferoSi mimdinare debatebs axlda Tan,
da amave dros SevZeli warmomedgina mkafio CarCo,
romelic nacionalizmis kvlevaSi Setanili sxvadasxva
wvlilis iolad aRqmas gaxdida SesaZlebels.
msurs madloba movaxseno jon tomsons da
politis,
romlebmac
mTxoves
gamomcemloba
meTanamSromla socialuri mecnierebis sakvanZo cnebebis
seriasTan da siita persauds teqstis xelnaweris
gadabeWdvaSi gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis. Tumca yovel
Secdomasa da xarvezze, iseve rogorc aq gamoTqmul
Sexedulebebze, pasuxismgebloba mTlianad me mekisreba.
entoni d. smiTi
londonis ekonomikis skola
19
Sen daasaxle yoveli kaci Tavis adgilas,
siriisa da nubiis qveynebSi, egviptis miwaze,
Sen moec maT yovelive, rac saWiroa:
yvelas aqvs sakvebi, da misi sicocxlis dro miTvlili.
maTi enebi gansxvavebulia metyvelebisas,
iseve rogorc maTi buneba;
radgan Sen ganasxvave ucxo xalxebi.
…
yvela Soreul ucxo qveyanas Senve mianiWe sicocxle,
radgan Sen daamkvidre zecaSi nilosi,
…
nilosi zecaSia, is ucxo xalxebisTvisaa …
(himni atons)
20
Sesavali
________________________________
es mokle wigni miznad isaxavs nacionalizmis
cneba im mkiTxvelebsa da studentebs warmoudginos,
romlebisTvisac
aRniSnuli
sfero
ucnobia.
wigni
fokusirebulia
nacionalizmze,
upirveles
yovlisa,
rogorc
ideologiaze,
magram,
agreTve,
rogorc
socialur moZraobasa da simbolur enaze, da mis
mniSvnelobebs, nairsaxeobebs da wyaroebs ikvlevs. es
gardauvlad moiTxovs nacionalizmTan dakavSirebuli
iseTi
cnebebis
ganxilvasac,
rogoricaa
nacia,
nacionaluri identoba da nacionaluri saxelmwifo. amis
Sedegia, rom winamdebare naSromis CarCoebi farTo da
uciloblad disciplinaTaSorisia: kerZod, igi iyenebs
iseT disciplinebs rogorebicaa istoria, sociologia,
politikuri mecniereba, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da
garkveulwilad anTropologia; am ukanasknels imdenad,
ramdenadac eTnikurobis momijnave sferoc saWiroebs
garkveul yuradRebas, radganac eTnikuri identobani da
sazogadoebani naciebisa da nacionalizmis istoriuli da
socialuri fonis did nawils Seadgens, risi Cvenebac,
imedia, SevZeli.
am Temis mniSvnelovneba ar SeiZleba eWvs iwvevdes
masSi, vinc odnav mainc icnobs 1989 wels berlinis
kedelis dacemis Semdgom ganviTarebul movlenebs.
mxolod ramdenime im mraval saerTaSoriso krizisTagan,
romlebic
ukanaskneli
aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi
ganviTarda, ar Seicavda eTnikuri sentimentisa da
nacionalisturi
miswrafebebis
Zlier
komponents,
zogierTi ki (maT Soris gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
yofili iugoslavia, kavkasia, indoeTis naxevarkunZuli
da axlo aRmosavleTi) saerTodac amgvari grZnobebis da
miswrafebebis Sedegad gaCaRda da kidec ganisazRvra
maTiT. eseni yvelaze mwvave da Znelad dasamorCilebeli,
21
Sewirul sicocxleTa Tu resursebis TvalsazrisiT
yvelaze ZviradRirebuli konfliqtebi aRmoCnda, yvelaze
Seuvali
mTavrobaTa
da
sxvaTa
mcdelobebisaTvis
gaeTavisebinaT
Sesabamisi
mxareebis
interesebi,
da
yvelaze metad smenadaxSuli megobrebisa da mtrebis
Txovnebis Tu muqarebis mimarT.
magram
sagazeTo
statiebis
saTaurebis,
konfliqtebisa da ‘cxeli’ nacionalizmiT gamowveuli
Zaladobis
maTeuli
aRwerilobebis
garda,
Cven
saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis
ufro
stabilur
da
wyalobad miCneul struqturasac vxdebiT, romelic
ayalibebs
da
mimarTulebas
aZlevs
Tanamedrove
msoflioSi mimdinare procesebsa da movlenebs. es aris
is, rac xSirad ‘naciaTa msofliod’ iwodeba. am frazis
qveS igulisxmeba ara naciebisa da nacia-saxelmwifoebis
arsobrivi
konkretuloba,
aramed,
umeteswilad,
politikuri ruka da institucionaluri da emociuri
CarCo,
romlis
SigniT
da
romlis
meSveobiTac
pirovnebebi, movlenebi da cvlilebaTa ufro farTo
procesebi TavianT kvals toveben da wvlili SeaqvT ukve
gamokveTil
gardaqmnebze,
agrZeleben
Tanamedrove
msoflios formirebas. maikl biligi (Billig 1995) am rukas
da am CarCos yoveldRiur, ‘banalur’ nacionalizms
uwodebs,
nacionalizms,
romelic
bunebrivad
aris
Caqsovili cxovrebasa da politikaSi, marad CvenTan
myofi da odnav SesamCnevi, igi msgavsia im ‘droSisa,
romelic ar frialebs’.
magram nacionalizmis mniSvnelovneba mxolod
politikis sferoTi ar Semoifargleba. mas kulturuli
da inteleqtualuri Sinaarsic aqvs, radgan Cvens
msoflxedvas da simboloTa sistemas ‘naciaTa msoflio’
gansazRvravs. me ar vamtkiceb, rom nacionalizms
ramdenadme
mniSvnelovani
xarisxis
inteleqtualuri
Tanmimdevruloba an Tundac filosofiasTan kavSiris is
tradicia
moepoveba,
romelic
liberalizmisa
da
socializmisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. miuxedavad imisa,
rom nacionalizms aklda didi moazrovneebi, man, an
umjobesia vTqvaT, naciis cnebam, mravali gavleniani
inteleqtuali
miizida:
mwerlebma,
msaxiobebma,
kompozitorebma,
istorikosebma,
filologebma,
22
pedagogebma
–
herderidan,
burkedan,
rusodan
moyolebuli
da
dostoevskiT,
sibeliusiT,
diego
riveraTi, ikbaliT damTavrebuli – didi energia Sealies
sakuTari naciebis identobebisa da saxeebis aRmoCenasa da
warmoCenas.
naciisa
da,
Sesabamisad,
nacionalizmis
kulturuli da fsiqologiuri mniSvneloba ufro Rrmac
kia. nacionalizmis sayovelTaooba, gavlena, romelic
aqvs
mas
dRes
sxvadasxva
kontinentze
mcxovreb
milionobiT adamianze, cxadyofs mis unars aRanTos
‘xalxi’, gamoZaxili hqondes maTSi da isini imdagvarad
garemoicvas, rogorac es adre mxolod religias SeeZlo.
es miuTiTebs nacionalizmis enasa da ideologiaSi
simboluri elementebis rolis, naciis da mis mimarT
ganxorcilebuli qmedebebis Sesaxeb diskursis moraluri,
ritualuri Tu emociuri aspeqtebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebis miqcevis aucileblobas. ar aris sakmarisi,
rom
konkretuli
nacionaluri
(nacionalisturi)
diskursi garkveul politikur aqtorebs an socialur
jgufebs davukavSiroT, maSinac ki, roca pirvels
ukanasknelTa
socialuri
pozicidan
da
maTi
maxasiaTeblebis meSveobiT ganvixilavT. nacionalizms
Tavisi sakuTari wesebi, ritmi, maxsovrobani aqvs,
romelnic maT matarebel pirovnebaTa interesebs ufro
metadac ki ayalibeben, vidre Tavad isini moxazaven maT
konturebs, mosaven ra maT TvalsaCino ‘nacionalisturi’
politikuri formiT da warmarTaven ra maT kargad
nacnobi nacionaluri miznebisaken.
nacionalizmis swored es wesebi, ritmebi da
maxsovrobani aris is, rasac me konkretulad Sevexebi am
wignSi. isini qmnian xids Zalis politikasa da socialur
interesebs,
gare
samyarosa
da
nacias,
misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli cnebebis, simboloebis da emociebis Sida
samyaros
Soris.
Tavis
mxriv,
amgvari
midgoma
ganapirobebs im meTods, romlis saSualebiTac vageb
dasabuTebas am wignSi. es argumentacia utrialebs am
dargis
safuZvelSive
mdebare
umTavres
gagebiT
‘paradigmebs’ da im politikur, istoriografiul da
sociologiur
debatebs,
romelTac
isini
sawvaviT
amarageben. es debatebi difuziuri da farTo diapazonis
23
mqonea.
isini
araTu
nacionalizmis
konkurent
ideologiebs, aramed calkeuli Teoriebis Sejaxebasac ki
ar
Seexeba.
isini
moicaven
umTavres
terminebTan
dakavSirebul
ukidures
winaaRmdegobebs,
naciis
sxvadasxva, urTierTisagan Zalian daSorebul istoriebs
da sapirispiro Sexedulebebs ‘mermisis saganTa formebze’.
am debatTagan da gansxvavebaTagan TiToeuli calcalke ganxilvis Rirsia. iseTi sakvanZo cnebebis da
terminebis ganmartebaTa mimoxilvis Semdeg, rogorebicaa
‘nacia’,
‘nacionalizmi’
da
‘nacionaluri
‘eTnie’,
saxelmwifo’, sakuTar gzas gavikvlev am danaRmul velze
da ganvixilav nacionalizmis ideologias, ufro zustad,
ideologiebs, gansakuTrebiT ki, ‘organicistul’ da
‘voluntaristul’ midgomebs Soris mimdinare debatebs da
Sevexebi
sakamaTo
sakiTxs
nacionalizmis
‘birTvidoqtrinis’ Taobaze.
mesame
Tavi
sakiTxebis
ganmartebas
da
‘modernistul’
da sxva
midgomebs
Soris
ZiriTad
gamyofze msjelobas eZRvneba. Sesabamisad, am TavSi
mimoixileba
axsnis
oTxi
umTavresi
paradigmis
–
modernizmis,
primordializmis,
perenializmis
da
eTnosimbolizmis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani, gamoikveTeba
maTi Teoriuli urTierTmimarTeba. meoTxe Tavi am
diskusias imis CvenebiT agrZelebs, rom dargSi mimdinare
ZiriTadi Teoriuli debatebi naciebisa da nacionalizmis
warmoSobisas ideologiis rolze, racionalur arCevanze,
Tanamedrove saxelmwifosa da socialur agebulebaze am
oTxi paradigmidan momdinareobs da avlens maT Sesabamis
Zalasa da sazRvrulobas.
mexuTe TavSi naCvenebia ‘naciis istoriebis’ –
axalis, Suasaukunoebrivisa da Zvelis – mimarTeba
konkretuli
Teoriebisa
da
maTi
umTavresi
paradigmebisadmi. amis Semdeg moxmobilia argumentebi
eTnosimbolisturi
interpretaciis
sasargeblod,
romelic Tanamedrove naciebs winare xanis eTniesTan
miTebiT, simboloebiT, maxsovrobebiT, RirebulebebiT da
tradiciiT akavSirebs. bolo TavSi ganxilulia naciebis
da nacionalizmis perspeqtiva eTnikuri aRorZinebis,
globalizaciisa da mzardad hibriduli identobebis
‘postmodernistul’ epoqaSi, da, agreTve, naciebisa da
24
nacionalizmis
momavlis
postmodernistuli
da
konstruqcionistuli
gagebebis
da
kulturuli
eTnosimbolisturi interpretaciebis sargeblianoba.
mTel wigns ori mizani gamsWvalavs: pirvel rigSi,
me
vcdilob
am
sferoSi
mimdinare
debatebi,
SeZlebisdagvarad, mkafiod warmovadgino. meores mxriv,
mkiTxvels
vTavazob
sakuTar
eTnosimbolistur
Tvalsazriss. cxadia, es ar aris ioli amocana.
miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvar midgomas me gansxvavebuli
poziciebidan vayalibeb (da vicav), gacnobierebuli maqvs,
rom saWiroa am SezRudul moculobaSi, rac SeiZleba,
meti alternatiuli Teoria da interpretacia movicva,
uzrunvelvyo
mkiTxveli
saWiro
informaciiTa
da
argumentebiT imisaTvis, raTa mas saSualeba mieces Tavad
gansajos.
amisTvis
ki
vcdilob
srulyofilad
warmovaCino naciebisa da nacionalizmis fenomenebTan
dakavSirebuli uTanxmoebani mecnierTa Soris. am sakamaTo
sferoSi problemebis gadaWris da konsensusis miRwevis
ioli gza ar arsebobs, magram dResdReobiT Cven met
informacias vflobT kamaTsa da uTanxmoebaSi sxvadasxva
faqtorisa da gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis rolis
Sesaxeb. es ki saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro naTlad
davinaxoT sfero da misi problemebi da, Sesabamisad,
momavalis amocanebic. aseTi suliskveTebiT vTavazob
winamdebare wigns am sferoSi damwyebT.
25
1
cnebebi
________________________________
erTaderTi
Tvalsazrisi,
romelTan
dakavSirebiTac specialistebs Soris Tanxmoba sufevs, is
gaxlavT, rom ‘nacionalizmi’ sakmaod axali cnebaa. misi
uadresi, ramdenadme mainc socialuri da politikuri
mniSvnelobiT xmareba dafiqsirebulia XVIII saukunis
miwuruls germaneli filosofosis iohan gotfrid
herderisa da frangi kontrrevolucioneri klerikalis
abat avgustin de baruelis SromebSi. es cneba sakmaod
iSviaTad ixmareboda XIX saukuneSic. ‘nacionalizmis’
(‘nationalism’) pirveli gamoyeneba inglisurad 1836 wels,
rogorc Cans, Teologiur datvirTvas atarebda, kerZod,
garkveuli
naciebis
RvTiTrCeulobis
doqtrinas
aRniSnavda. aqedan moyolebuli Cndeba tendencia misi
nacionalur egotizmTan gaigivebisa. magram, Cveulebriv,
upiratesoba nacionaluri Tavdadebis Tu nacionaluri
individualobis gamomxatvel sxva terminebs eniWeboda,
iseTebs, rogorebicaa ‘nationality’ da ‘nationalness’.1
‘nacionalizmis’ mniSvnelobebi
realurad, mxolod gasul saukuneSi SeiZina
nacionalizmma mniSvnelobaTa is diapazoni, romelTanac
Cven dRes mas vakavSirebT. nacionalizmis sityvaxmarebis
umniSvnelovanesi SemTxvevebia:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
naciebis formirebis an zrdis procesi;
naciisadmi kuTvnilebis grZnoba an cnobiereba;
naciis ena da simbolizmi;
socialuri da politikuri moZraoba naciis
saxeliT;
26
(5)
naciis doqtrina an ideologia, rogorc zogadi,
ise kerZo.
sityvaxmarebis am SemTxvevebs Soris pirveli –
naciebis formirebis procesi – Zalze zogadia da Tavad
moicavs im specifikuri procesebis rigs, romlebic
nacionalizmis sagans xSirad terminis sxva, SedarebiT
viwro,
mniSvnelobebiT
warmogvidgens.
amitomac
umjobesia,
rom
igi
Semdgomi
msjelobisaTvis
SemovinaxoT, roca termin ‘nacias’ ganvixilavT.
danarCeni oTxi SemTxvevidan meore – nacionaluri
–
sxvaTagan
frTxil
cnobiereba
an
grZnoba
gamocalkevebas saWiroebs. isini, rasakvirvelia, mWidrod
arian dakavSirebulni erTmaneTTan, magram srulebiTac
ar ganapirobeben erTimeores. ase, magaliTad, adamians
SeiZleba
nacionalurobis
Rrma
SegrZneba
hqondes
simbolizmis, naciis saxeliT moZraobis an ideologiis
ararsebobis pirobebSic. es iyo im rTuli mdgomareobis
mizezi, romelSic XVI saukunis dasawyisSi aRmoCnda
nikolo makiaveli, roca misi mowodebani italielebis
mimarT,
rom
Crdiloeli
barbarosebis
winaaRmdeg
gaerTianebuliyvnen, rCeboda xmad mRaRadeblisa udabnosa
Sina. meore mxriv, jgufma SeiZleba nacionaluri
cnobierebis maRali done aCvenos, magram ar hqondes raime
xelSesaxebi ideologia, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT naciis
saxeliT warmarTul politikur moZraobaze. Tumca,
rogorc
Cans,
jgufs
mainc
unda
moepovebodes
nacionaluri
simboloebis
da
miTebis
garkveuli
raodenoba.
kontrasti,
erTis
mxriv,
nacionalizms,
rogorc organizebul ideologiur moZraobasa da, meores
mxriv, nacionaluri kuTvnilebis SedarebiT difuziur
grZnobas Soris, sakmaod naTelia da saSualebas gvaZlevs
nacionaluri
cnobierebis
Tu
grZnobis
cnebebi
nacionalizmisagan gancalkevebulad ganvixiloT imisda
miuxedavad, rom xSirad praqtikaSi isini garkveuli
xarisxiT gadafaraven urTierTs.2
amitom terminiT nacionalizmi am wignSi misi
gamoyenebis ukanaskneli sami SemTxveva aRiniSneba: ena da
simbolizmi, socialur-politikuri moZraoba da naciis
ideologia. magram amasTan erTad, is garemoebac unda
27
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom TiToeuli maTgani mocemuli
mosaxleobis did nawilSi Tu ara, Tavad nacionalistebs
Soris mainc ueWvelad, garkveuli doziT nacionaluri
grZnobis arsebobas gulisxmobs, radgan igi, rogorc
wesi, mosaxleobis ufro aqtiuri da organizebuli
seqtorebis
bevrad
ufro
did,
ufro
pasiur
da
danawevrebul segmentebTan dakavSirebas emsaxureba.
socialur-politikuri
nacionalizmi,
rogorc
sxvebisagan
principulad
ar
ganirCeva
moZraoba,
organizebis, moqmedebebis Tu teqnikis TvalsazrisiT,
garda
erTi
Taviseburebisa:
es
aris
yuradRebis
gamaxvileba kulturis simwifesa da mis warmoCinebaze.
nacionalizmis ideologia naciis kulturaSi CaRrmavebas
moiTxovs – istoriis xelaxal aRmoCenas, adgilobrivi
enis
aRorZinebas
(iseTi
disciplinebis
meSveobiT,
rogoricaa filologia da leqsikografia), literaturis,
gansakuTrebiT
dramisa
da
poeziis
ganviTarebas,
adgilobrivi xelovnebisa da xelosnobis, aseve musikis,
mSobliuri cekvisa da xalxuri simRerebis aRdgenaSenarCunebas.
amiT
aixsneba,
is
garemoeba,
rom
nacionalistur
moZraobebs
xSirad
Tan
sdevs
kulturuli renesansebi da kulturuli aqtiurobis is
mdidari mravalferovneba, romlis gamowvevac SeuZlia
nacionalizms. Cveulebriv, nacionalisturi moZraoba
iwyeba ara saprotesto SekrebiT, deklaraciiT an
SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobiT, aramed literaturuli
sazogadoebebis SeqmniT, istoriuli kvleviT, musikis
festivalebiT da kulturuli JurnalebiT – im saxis
kulturuli qmedebebiT, romelTac miroslav hroCi
aRmosavleT evropaSi nacionalizmebis aRmocenebisa da
gavrcelebis pirvel, arsebiT fazad miiCnevs. amas
SegviZlia davumatoT mravali momdevno nacionalizmic
koloniur afrikasa da aziaSi. Sedegad, ‘humanitari’
inteleqtualebi
–
istorikosebi
da
filologebi,
msaxiobebi da kompozitorebi, poetebi, mwerlebi da
reJisorebi
disproporciulad
arian
warmodgenilni
nacionalistur moZraobebSi da aRorZinebebSi (Argyle 1969;
Hroch 1985).3
met yuradRebas imsaxurebs nacionalizmis ena da
simbolizmi da maTi gamomwvevi mizezebi, romelTa
28
ganxilvasac am wignSi SexvdebiT. nacionalizmis enis an
diskursis
simbolizmisgan
gancalkevebiT
ganxilva
marTebuli ar iqneba, radganac isini metad mWidrod
ukavSirdebian
nacionalizmis
ideologias.
marTlac,
nacionalizmis sakvanZo cnebaTa Taviseburi ena ayalibebs
misi birTvi-doqtrinis Sinagan komponentebsa da misTvis
damaxasiaTebel ideologiebs. enas, am gagebiT, me
ganvixilav meore TavSi saTauriT ideologia.4
simbolizmi
meores
mxriv,
nacionalizmis
dedamiwaze imdenad ganmeorebadia, rom, saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi, SegviZlia misi gamocalkeveba sakuTari
ideologiuri
CarCodan.
nacionaluri
simbolizmi,
rasakvirvelia, gamoirCeva Tavisi obieqtis – naciis
yovlismomcvelobiT, iseve rogorc, misi damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebis
konkretulobiTa
da
cxovelmyofelobiT.
yovelive koleqtivis TviTdasaxelebiT iwyeba, risi
TvalsaCino magaliTic gaxlavT ukanaskneli periodis
dava
makedoniis
saxelwodebis
garSemo.
nacionalistebisaTvis, iseve, rogorc veronas mosisxle
ojaxebisaTvis, vards sasiamovno surneli ver eqneboda,
sxva saxeli rom rqmeoda. TviTdasaxelebis SerCevas an
warsulidan gadmoRebas Sesabamisi jgufis wevrebSi
naciis gansakuTrebulobis, heroizmis da bedisweris
gancdis gaRvivebis daniSnuleba aqvs. igive viTarebaa
nacionalur droSebTan da himnebTan dakavSirebiTac: maTi
ferebi, formebi da modelebi, da maTi leqsebi da musika
naciis gansakuTrebul Tvisebebs warmoaCens da miznad
isaxavs martivi formebisa da ritmebis saSualebiT
mocemul
mosaxleobaSi
unikaluri
istoriis
da/an
bedisweris cxoveli SegrZnebis gamowvevas. TiTqmis
ugulebelyofilia is faqti, rom ucxo TvalisTvis
mraval droSas Soris sxvaoba minimaluria da, rom
himnTa teqstebi Tematikis viwro diapazoniT xasiaTdeba.
samagierod didi yuradReba eqceva im mniSvnelobaTa
potencias,
romelic
amgvari
niSnebis
saSualebiT
gadaecema naciis wevrebs. is faqti, rom yovel nacias
Tavi moaqvs sakuTari dedaqalaqiT, nacionaluri krebiT,
nacionaluri
fulis
moWriT,
pasportebiTa
da
sazRvrebiT,
brZolebSi
daRupulTa
mosagonari
urTierTmsgavsi
ceremoniebiT,
samxedro
aRlumebis
29
rekvizitebiT da nacionaluri ficiT, iseve rogorc
musikis,
xelovnebis,
mecnierebis
nacionaluri
akademiebiT, nacionaluri muzeumebiTa da biblioTekebiT,
nacionaluri
ZeglebiT
da
omSi
daRupulTa
memorialebiT, dResaswaulebiTa da uqmeebiT Tu sxv., da
is faqtic, rom amgvari simboloebis nakleboba didi
nacionaluri deficitis niSania, miuTiTebs: nacionalurma
simbolizmma
sakuTari
arseboba
SeiZina,
romelic
globalur Sedarebebs efuZneba da gamokveTs nacionalur
gansakuTrebulobasa da analogiurobas vizualur da
semantikur ‘naciaTa msoflioSi’. nacionalur simboloTa
erToblioba
saziaro
maxsovrobebis,
miTebisaYda
Rirebulebulebis meSveobiT naciis SemosazRvrulobis
naTlad
gamoxatvas,
warmoCinebas
da
ganmtkicebas,
agreTve, misi wevrebis konsolidacias emsaxureba.5
nacionalur simbolizms aseve ver ganvixilavT
nacionalizmis ideologiis cnebisagan mowyvetiT. es Cveni
terminis
ukanasknel
da
umTavres
mniSvnelobas
warmoadgens. nacionalizmis ideologia Zalas aniWebs da
mimarTulebas
aZlevs
rogorc
simboloebs,
ise
moZraobebs. socialur-politikuri moZraobis amocanebi
ganisazRvreba
ara
qmedebebiT
an
personaluri
SemadgenlobiT, aramed ideologiis ZiriTadi idealebiTa
da
principebiT.
amgvaradve,
nacionalizmisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli simboloebi da ena formas iZenen im
rolis Sesabamisad, romelsac isini naciis idealebis
ganviTarebasa
Tu
gamoRviZebaSi,
nacionaluri
ideologiis mier dasaxuli amocanebis gadaWrisaTvis
xelSewyobaSi asruleben. maSasadame, es is ideologiaa,
romelmac
Cven
unda
uzrunvelgvyos
terminis
‘nacionalizmi’ sawyisi samuSao ganmartebiT, ramdenadac
misi Sinaarsi ganisazRvreba im ideologiebiT, romlebic
nacias sakuTari interesebisa da ganzraxvebis centrSi
aTavseben
da
acalkeveben
mas
sxva,
momijnave
ideologiebisagan (ix. Motyl 1999: Tavi 5).
30
ganmartebebi
nacionalizmi
nacionalizmis
ideologia
mravalgvarad
iyo
gansazRvruli,
magram
ganmartebaTa
umravlesobas
urTierTgadafarva da saerTo Temebi axasiaTebs. mTavar
Temas,
rasakvirvelia,
naciisadmi
gansakuTrebuli
damokidebuleba
warmoadgens.
nacionalizmi
aris
ideologia, romelic nacias Tavisi interesebis centrSi
aqcevs da eswrafvis xeli Seuwyos mis keTildReobas.
magram es ganmarteba sakmaod bundovania. ganmartebaSi
aucilebelad unda gamoikveTos da dajgufdes is mTavari
amocanebi, romelTa saxeliTac eswrafvis nacionalizmi
naciis keTildReobis xelSewyobas. aseTi sazogado
mizani samia: nacionaluri avtonomiuroba, nacionaluri
erTianoba da nacionaluri identoba. nacionalistis
azriT, naciis SenarCunebisTvis garkveulwilad samive
maTgania aucilebeli. aqedan gamomdinare SevarCieT
nacionalizmis Semdegi samuSao ganmarteba: ‘ideologiuri
moZraoba im mosaxleobis avtonomiurobis, erTianobis da
identobis
miRweva-SenarCunebisaTvis,
romelic
misi
zogierTi wevris mier ganixileba rogorc arsebuli an
potenciuri “nacia” ’.
es
aris
samuSao
ganmarteba,
dafuZnebuli
TviTmarqvia
nacionalistTa
warmosaxviTi
idealebis
saerTo elementebze da amitomac igi Tavisi xasiaTiT,
induqciuria. aSkaraa, rom is amokrebiT, gamartivebulad
warmogvidgens nacionalistTa idealebs, ris gamoc iZens
raRac zogad, idealur-tipur xasiaTs. es ganmarteba
ideologias mizanmimarTul moZraobasTan akavSirebs,
radgan nacionalizmi, rogorc ideologia, savaldebulod
miiCnevs garkveuli saxis qmedebebs. miuxedavad amisa,
moZraobis
amocanebs
ideologiis
birTvi-cnebebi
gansazRvraven da mijnaven mas sxva saxis moZraobisagan.
Tumca, ideologiasa da moZraobas Soris mWidro
kavSiri
araviTar
SemTxvevaSi
ar
aviwroebs
nacionalizmis cnebas mxolod damoukideblobis maZiebel
moZraobebamde.
ganmartebaSi
naxsenebi
sityva
‘SenarCunebisaTvis’
aRiarebs
nacionalizmis
mudmiv
31
gavlenas im naciebSi, romlebic didi xania arseboben da
maTSic, romlebmac axlaxan miiRes damoukidebloba. amis
gaTvaliswineba
mniSvnelovania,
roca
gvixdeba
nacionalur
saxelmwifoebSi
da
maT
mTavrobebSi
‘ganaxlebuli
nacionalizmis’
analizi
CavataroT,
rogorc es jon brilim gaakeTa (Breuilly 1993).
Cems mier SemoTavazebuli ganmarteba moicavs
‘naciis’ cnebas, magram is ar gulisxmobs, rom naciebi
‘maT’ nacionalizmebze uwinaresad arseboben. sityvebi ‘an
potenciuri “nacia” ’ xazs usvams iseT situacas, rodesac
abstraqtuli ‘naciis’ zogadi koncefciiT SeiaraRebuli
nacionalistTa mcire jgufi, eswrafvis ‘miwaze’ Seqmnas
konkretuli nacia. Cven xSirad vxvdebiT nacionalizms
naciebis, maTi naciebis, gareSe, gansakuTrebiT, afrikisa
da aziis postkoloniur qveynebSi. aseTi nacionalizmebis
mier damoukideblobis, an ufro zogadad, politikur
miznebis miRweva araa SezRuduli. isini, rogorc vnaxavT,
kulturisa da sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan sferoebs
moicaven;
kerZod,
nacionaluri
identobis
ideali
ukavSirdeba
kulturul
sakiTxebs,
romelTac
sxva
ideologiebi
ugulebelyofen.
yoveli
nacionalizmi
miznad isaxavs miaRwios nacionaluri identobis ama Tu
im dones, magram sabolood isini yovelTvis ubrundebian
naciis ideals.6
eTnie da nacia
maS
rogorRa
ganvmartoT
‘naciis’
cneba?
eWvgareSea, rom es yvelaze ufro problematuri da
saWirboroto terminia am sferoSi. gvxdebian iseTnic,
romlebic mis gareSec gavidodnen fons. Carlz tili,
axasiaTebs
ra
nacionalizms
rogorc
‘politikuri
leqsikonis yvelaze gaugebar da tendenciur statias’
(Tilly 1975: 6), amjobinebs yuradReba saxelmwifoze
gadaitanos, e.i. cnebaze, romelic Tavadac ar gaxlavT
martivi. sul axlaxan, rojers brubeikerma naciis cnebis
materializebis safrTxeze imiT migviTiTa, rom naciebs
Sexeda, rogorc ‘substanciur, drois gamocdisadmi medeg,
koleqtivebs’. igi amtkicebs, rom Cven unda ‘vifiqroT
nacionalizmze naciebis gareSe’ da SevxedoT ‘naciebs
32
rogorc
praqtikis
kategoriebs,
nationhood,
rogorc
institucionirebad kulturul da politikur formas,
xolo nationness, rogorc gauTvaliswinebel an SemTxveviT
movlenas’ (Brubaker 1996:@21).
am sifrTxiles orgvarad SeiZleba gamovexmauroT.
pirveli pasuxi nacionalisturi ideologiis wris SigniT
moqmedebs.
am
gagebiT,
nacionalizmi
wina
planze
wamoswevs naciis ideiT gamowveul saxalxo sentimentebs.
am ideologiur diskursSi nacia gancdadi da cocxali
erTianobaa, isaa, rac misi wevrebisagan garkveuli saxis
qmedebebs
moiTxovs.
igi
erTdroulad,
qceviTi
kategoriacaa da warmosaxviTic. aqedan gamomdinare,
naciis ‘substanciuroba’ da ‘droSi medegoba’ (iseve
rogorc sxva saxis erTobebSi) ganmeorebad SedegebSi
arsebobs.
analitikosma
gancdili
realoba
naciis
gamocalkevebuli
cnebis
meSveobiT
unda
miiRos
mxedvelobaSi, ise rom am ukanasknelis materializebas
ar Seecados.7
meore pasuxi ufro farTo problemas ukavSirdeba.
Tuki
naciis
cneba
win
uswrebs
nacionalizmis
ideologias, maSin Cven aRar SegviZlia misi, rogorc
ubralod
nacionalisturi
praqtikis
kategoriis,
daxasiaTeba. amasTanave, Tu msjelobaSi XVIII saukunis
miwuruls nacionalisturi ideologiebis gamoCenamde
arsebul Zvel naciebs vexebiT, naciis cnebis iseTi
ganmarteba
dagvWirdeba,
romelic
nacionalizmis
ideologiisagan
damoukidebelia,
magram
mas
ar
ewinaaRmdegeba. es aris nacionalizmis kvlevis udidesi
problema da gadaulaxavi mijnac.8
nacias mravalgvarad ganmartaven, maT Soris
‘obieqtur’ faqtorebze, enaze, religiasa da tradiciebze,
teritoriasa
da
instituciebze
dayrdnobiT,
iseve
rogorc ‘subieqtur’ faqtorebze – damokidebulebebze,
percefciebze, sentimentebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT.
‘obieqturi’
faqtorebia
wamyvani,
magaliTad,
ioseb
staliniseul
ganmartebaSi:
‘nacia
aris
adamianTa
istoriulad Camoyalibebuli myari erToba, warmoSobili
enis,
teritoriis,
ekonomikuri
cxovrebisa
da
im
fsiqikuri
wyobis
bazaze,
romlis
gamoxatulebaa
kulturis erToba’ (Stalin 1973: 61). naciis ‘subieqturi’
33
ganmartebis TvalsaCino magaliTs benediqt andersonTan
vxdebiT:
‘nacia
aris
warmosaxviTi
politikuri
sazogadoeba,
warmosaxviTi
erTdroulad
Tvisebrivi
SemosazRvrulobisa da suverenulobis TvalsazrisiT’
(Anderson 1991: 6).
eWvgareSea, rom es ganmartebebi naciis cnebis
mniSvnelovan niSnebs gamoyofs, magram orives SeiZleba
SevedavoT.
ramdenadac
‘obieqtur’
ganmartebebs
pirobiToba axasiaTebs, TiTqmis yovelTvis, da zogjer
sruliad
ganzraxuladac,
isini
naciebis
siidan
gamoricxaven
zogierT
farTod
aRiarebul
nacias.
rogorc maqs veberma (Weber 1948) aCvena, ver xerxdeba
wminda
‘obieqturi’
kriteriumebis
–
ena,
religia,
teritoria da a.S. – gavrceleba zog naciaze. amis
sapirispirod
‘subieqturi’
definiciebi
metismetad
zogadad udgebian sakiTxs. naciisa da nacionaluri
kuTvnilebis kriteriumebad sentimentebis, nebelobis,
warmosaxvis da percefciis miCneviT, Zneli xdeba naciis
garCeva
sxva
saxis
erTobebisagan,
magaliTad,
iseTebisagan, rogorebicaa regionebi, tomebi, qalaqsaxelmwifoebi da imperiebi, romelTac msgavi subieqturi
maxasiaTeblebi moepovebaT.9
problema rom yvelasaTvis misaRebad gadaiWras,
unda SeirCes imgvari kriteriumebi, romlebic obieqtur
speqtrsac moicavs da subieqtursac. am strategiam bevr
saintereso da gamosadeg ganmartebamde migviyvana, Tumca
ver mivaRwieT samecniero konsensuss. miuxedavad amisa,
mkvlevarTa umetesoba or sakiTxSi mainc Tanxmdeba: nacia
ar aris saxelmwifo da is ar aris eTnikuri erToba.
nacia ar aris saxelmwifo, radgan saxelmwifos
cneba ukavSirdeba institucionalur qmedebebs, maSin
roca nacia erTobis tips warmoadgens. saxelmwifos cneba
SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc avtonomiuri instituciebis
simravle,
romelic
gamocalkevebulia
sxva
instituciebisagan, da romelic legitimurad flobs
iZulebisa
da
eqstrdiciis
monopolias
mocemul
teritoriaze. naciis cnebisaTvis es yvelaferi sruliad
ucxoa. naciebi, rogorc vTqviT, aRiqmebian rogorc
cocxali erTobebi, romelTa wevrebsac saziaro aqvT
samSoblo da kultura.
34
nacia arc eTnikuri erTobaa, radgan, miuxedavad am
fenomenTa msgavsebisa (orive koleqtiuri kulturuli
identobebia), eTnikur erTobas, Cveulebriv, ar axasiaTebs
politikuri mimarTeba da bevr SemTxvevaSi mas ara aqvs
sajaro kultura da teritoriuli ganzomilebac ki ar
gaaCnia, radganac eTnikuri erTobisaTvis ar aris
aucilebeli Tavisi istoriuli teritoriis fizikurad
floba, maSin, rodesac nacias unda ekavos sakuTari
teritoria imden xans mainc, rom naciad Camoyalibeba,
naciadyofna moaswros da aRiareba moipovos. garda amisa,
mas sWirdeba TviTgamorkveva da sajaro kulturis
ganviTareba garkveul donemde. meores mxriv, rogorc
vnaxeT, naciisaTvis aucilebeli ar aris hqondes
sakuTari suverenuli saxelmwifo, arsebiTia garkveuli
zomis avtonomiurobisaken swrafva, rac samSoblo miwis
fizikur dakavebas gulisxmobs.10
Tumca praqtikaSi naciebsa da eTnikur erTobebs
(an, franguli termini rom gamoviyenoT, eTnieebs) Soris
arsebuli gamyofi xazi gamokveTili ar aris, Cven mainc
gvWirdeba maT Soris azrobrivi mijnis SenarCuneba,
rogorc amas marTebulad amtkicebs devid mileri. naciis
(an mileris terminiT ‘nationality’) miseuli ganmarteba
ganmartebaTa speqtris subieqturi bolosken ixreba (misi
gamoyeneba SeiZleba qalaq-saxelmwifoebisa da satomo
konfederaciebis mimarT), da Zalzed aaxloebs naciis
cnebas eTnikuri erTobis cnebasTan: ‘nacia aris sakuTari
gansxvavebuli sajaro kulturis mqone erToba, (1)
Camoyalibebuli
saziaro
rwmeniTa
da
urTierTvaldebulebebiT, (2) ganfenili istoriaSi, (3)
aqtiuri Tavisi xasiaTiT, (4) dakavSirebuli garkveul
teritoriasTan da (5) sxva erTobebTan’ (Miller 1995: 27).
eTnieebi aseve saziaro rwmenisa da valdebulebebis
safuZvelze
arian
Camoyalibebulni,
aqvT
saziaro
maxsovrobebi da droSi gangrZobadoba, Cabmulni arian
saerTo qmedebebSi, Cveulebriv, ukavSirdebian konkretul
teritorias, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac ar floben mas.
umTavresi sxvaoba isaa, rom eTnikur erTobebs ara aqvT
sajaro kultura. miuxedavad amisa, mileris definicia
naciis ramdenime mTavar atributs gamokveTs: kerZod, im
faqts, rom naciebi arian erTobebi, rom maT aqvT saziaro
35
rwmenebi an miTebi, rom maT aqvT istoriebi da rom isini
ukavSirdebian garkveul teritoriebs. SegviZlia ki am
definiciis imgvari ganvrcoba, rom win wamoiwios rogorc
damTxvevebi, ise sxvaobebi naciebsa da eTnieebs Soris?
tabula 1.1
eTnieebisa da naciebis atributebi
eTnie
nacia
TviTdasaxeleba
saerTo miTebi winaprebis
Sesaxeb da a.S.
saziaro maxsovroba
TviTdasaxeleba
saerTo miTebi
kulturuli niSani
kavSiri mSobliur miwasTan
solidaroba (elitaSi
mainc)
saerTo sajaro kultura
samSoblos floba
saerToOuflebamovaleobani
erTiani ekonomika
saziaro istoria
me
nacias
ganvsazRvrav
rogorc
‘adamianTa
TviTdasaxelebis
mqone
erTobas,
romelsac
ukavia
samSoblo miwa da romelsac aqvs saerTo miTebi da
saziaro istoria, saerTo sajaro kultura, erTiani
ekonomika
da
yvela
wevrisaTvis
saerTo
uflebamovaleobani’. Tavis mxriv, eTnie SeiZleba ganisazRvros,
rogorc ‘adamianTa TviTdasaxelebis mqone erToba,
romelic dakavSirebulia samSoblo miwasTan, aqvs saerTo
miTebi winaparTa Sesaxeb, saziaro maxsovroba, saziaro
kulturis erTi an meti elementi da garkveuli xarisxis
solidaroba elitis SigniT mainc’.11
es ganmartebebi miviRoT samuSao ganmartebebad.
eTnieebisa
da
naciebis
isini,
momdinareoben
ra
elitaruli
wevrebis
Sesabamisi
rwmenebisa
da
sentimentebis stilizaciisagan, ‘naciisa’ da ‘eTnies’
wmindad idealuri tipis realurad Semajamebel aRweras
warmoadgenen da ar iZlevian saerTo denominatorTa sias.
am mizeziTaa, rom es ganmartebebi avlenen tendencias
gamokveTon naciebisa da eTnieebis damaxasiaTebeli
elementebi da umTavresi gansxvavebani maT Soris. ufro
iolad es SeiZleba gakeTdes orive saxis koleqtiuri
36
kulturuli
identobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
atributebis gamoyofiT, imgvarad, rogorc es naCvenebia
tabulaSi 1.1. is, rom eTnikuri erTobebi da naciebi erTi
kategoriis fenomenebia, kargad Cans tabulis zeda
naxevrSi: naciebs eTnieebTan saziaro niSnebi aqvT:
koleqtiuri
saxeli,
saerTo
miTebi
da
saziaro
maxsovroba. meores mxriv, qveda naxevari aCvenebs, rom
eTnieebisagan sxvaoben iseTi atributebiT,
naciebi
rogoricaa wevrebisaTvis saerTo ufleba-movaleobani da
erTiani ekonomika. metic, naciis idealur tips axasiaTebs
samSoblo miwis dakaveba, maSin roca eTnikur erTobebi
SeiZleba mxolod simbolurad ukavSirdebodnen TavianT
teritorias. msgavsad amisa, savaldebulo araa, rom
eTnieebs hqondeT sajaro kultura, saWiroa mxolod
ramdenime saerTo kulturuli elementis arseboba. es
SeiZleba iyos ena, religia, tradicia an saziaro
instituciebi, maSin roca saerTo sajaro kultura
naciebis umTavres atributs warmoadgens. amasTanvea
kavSirSi mesame atributic: eTnieebSi dadasturebuli
mravalferovani
zepiri
tradicia
naciebSi
nacionaluri
kodificirebuli,
standartizebuli
istoriiT icvleba.12
miuxedavad amisa, Secdoma iqneboda am sxvaobebSi
raime sayovelTao evoluciuri Tanmimdevroba dagvenaxa.
yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, Tanamedrove msoflioSi
vpoulobT eTnieebs naciebis gverdiT da maT SigniTac. is
sakiTxi mainc xom unda daisvas, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba
premodernuli epoqis eTnieebs Soris zogierTis naciad
miCneva. amas dawvrilebiT mogvianebiT ganvixilav. rac
axla SeiZleba iTqvas is aris, rom eTnies idealuri tipi,
Tavisi SedarebiT Tavisufali organizaciiT, ufro
zogadi cnebaa, xolo nacia ufro specifikuria; magram
ufro ‘specifikurad’ gadaqcevis Sedegad, nacia xdeba
ufro inkluziuri, ufro kompleqsuri da naklebad
dakavSirebuli Tavis warmomSob eTnikur bazasTan iqac
eTniesagan
aris
ki,
sadac
igi
adre
arsebuli
warmoSobili. am paradoqsis gasaRebi, rogorc qvemoT
davinaxavT, eTnikurobasa da kulturas, kulturasa da
politikas Soris kavSirebis transformaciaSi Zevs.
37
yvelaferi es Zalze abstraqtuli da Teoriulia.
idealuri tipebidan empiriul SemTxvevebze gadasvlisas
Cven miaxloebebsa da gamonaklisebs gadavawydebiT. amis
kargi magaliTia ‘nacia-diaspora’. mkacrad Tu vimsjelebT,
aseTi fenomeni ar SeiZleba rom arsebobdes: nacias,
rogorc davinaxeT, ukavia samSoblo, eTnieebisaTvis
miwaze mxolod ocnebac sakmarisia. magram ra vuyoT im
erTobebs,
romelTac
pretenzia
aqvT
naciebad
iwodebodnen, magram somxebisa da ebraelebis msgavsad,
saukuneebis
manZilze
dakarguli
hqondaT
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba? SegviZlia ki Cven
argumentirebulad ganvacxadoT, rom isini aRar arian
naciebi, maSin, roca maT SeZles SeenarCunebinaT sajaro
religiuri kulturebi, saerTo ufleba-movaleobebi da
axali ekonomikuri niSac ki gamonaxes? es aris kiTxva,
romelic calsaxa pasuxis saSualebas ar iZleva da
migvaniSnebs, rom eTnieebisa da naciebis gasarCevad
idealur tipebs frTxilad unda movekidoT.13
garda amisa, arseboben ‘polieTnikuri naciebic’,
romlebic moicaven calkeul eTnieebs, ama Tu im mizeziT
erTad SekrebilT, an iZulebiT erTad myofT, saerTo
istoriis da politikuri maxsovrobebis mqoneT. belgiaSi,
Sveicariasa da espaneTSi calkeuli eTnieebi ganagrZoben
Tanaarsebobas (federaluri) saxelmwifos SigniT da maT
wevrebs pretenzia aqvT, rogorc kerZo eTnikur, aseve
saerTo-nacionalur identobaze. Sveicariis SemTxvevaSi,
magaliTad,
zogierTi
uri
cdilobda
bernisagan
kantonuri damoukideblobisaTvis mieRwia, magram maTi
miswrafebani TvalsaCinod iyo zRvardebuli Sveicaruli
‘nacionaluri identobiT’ da politikuri TvalsawieriT.
sazogadod, Sveicarias SeuZlia iamayos garkveuli
sajaro kulturiT, SemosazRvruli samSoblo miwiT,
erTiani ekonomikiTa da moqalaqeTaTvis saerTo uflebamovaleobebiT, maSin roca TviT italiurenovan da
frangulenovan kantonebsac ki raRac aqvT aRebuli
Innenschweiz
damfuZnebeli
miTebidan
da
Zveli
konfederaciis
(Eidgenossenschaft)
istoriuli
maxsovrobebidan. ufro rTulad dgas sakiTxi espaneTsa
eTnieebTan
–
baskebTan,
da
belgiaSi
arsebul
katalonielebTan, flamandrielebTan – dakavSirebiT,
38
romlebic aseve warmoadgenen naciebs zemoT CamoTvlili
kriteriumebis Tu naciadyofnisaken miswrafebis mixedviT.
SesaZloa maTi miCneva ‘naciebad naciebis SigniT’?
flamandrieli da katalonieli naciebi belgiel da
espanel naciebSi? Tu
ufro marTebuli da misaRebi
iqneba maTze visaubroT rogorc naciebze ‘nacionaluri
saxelmwifos’ SigniT? (ix. Petersen 1975; Steinberg 1976).
nacionaluri saxelmwifo
es imaTi poziciaa, vinc naciis cnebis mkacrad
eTnicistur definicias moiTxovs. am SemTxvevis kargi
magaliTia uolker konoris ideebiT savse naSromi.
mkvlevris azriT, naciis da nacionalizmis cnebebi
mkveTrad unda gaimijnos saxelmwifosa da patriotizmis
cnebebisagan.
amgvarad,
belgiur
da
espanur
‘patriotizmze’ man SeiZleba Tqvas, rom es aris
loialoba ufro didi teritoriuli saxelmwifosa da
misi
instituciebisadmi
da
igi
flamandriul
da
katalonur
‘eTnonacionalizmebs’
daupirispiros;
am
ukanasknels ki avtori ganmartavs rogorc winaprebTan
damakavSirebel fsiqologiur jaWvs, romelic saboloo
jamSi
naTesauri
sentimentebidan
warmodgeba
im
SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac saerTo warmomavlobis miTi ar
Seesabameba (rogorc es xSirad xdeba xolme) realur,
biologiur warmomavlobas. amgvarive logikiT, konori
britanul saxelmwifo patriotizms ganixilavs, rogorc
inglisur,
Sotlandiur
da
uelsur
eTnonacionalizmebTan Tanaarsebuls (Connor 1994: 102, 202).
miuxedavad imisa, rom analizisas amgvari mkveTri
gamijvna gasaTvaliswinebelia, me mas mxars ver davuWer.
aviRoT ukanaskneli magaliTi: ingliselebs, praqtikulad,
yovelTvis
uWirT
‘sakuTari’
inglisuri
eTnonacionalizmis garCeva britanuli patriotizmisagan,
romelsac isini aseve sakuTrad miiCneven. es araa
ubralod imperialisturi refleqsi. es ufro imas
asaxavs, Tu rogor ganicdeboda XVIII da XIX saukuneebSi
inglisuri
eTnikuri
nacionalizmis
‘bunebrivi’
gagrZeleba – britanuli patriotizmi, da Tu rogor
ganixileboda britaneli nacia ingliselebis mier da ara
39
mcirericxovani Sotlandielebis (‘Crdiloeli britebis’),
iseve
rogorc
sxva
naciebis
mier,
romlebic
erTiandebodnen, saxlebodnen ra gaerTianebul samefoSi,
miuxedavad ingliselTa dominantobis mimarT sagrZnobi
da ganuwyveteli winaaRmdegobisa. Tu sabolood mainc
ver moxerxda erTiani britaneli naciis Camoyalibeba,
Sesustdeba
Tu
ara
britanuli
nacionalizmis
winaaRmdegoba britanuli patriotizmis mimarT (konoris
gagebiT, isini urTierTdapirispirebulia)? (Kearney 1990:
Tavebi 7–8; Colley 1992: Tavi 1).14
msgavsi
konceptualuri
problemebi
Cndeba
frangul
SemTxvevasTan
dakavSirebiTac,
sadac
integraciis an, sul mcire, akulturizaciis procesi
ufro Sorsac ki Cans wasuli. bretonelebi, baskebi,
elzaselebi
da
korsikelebic
ki
(umciresobis
gamoklebiT)
SesaZloa
arc
ki
eswrafvodnen
damoukidebel
saxelmwifoebriobas,
Tumca
maT
moZraobaTa
perioduli gamovlinebebi TviTgamorkvevis
garkveul
survils
warmoaCens,
yovel
SemTxvevaSi,
kulturul da ekonomikur sferoSi. magram sadRa rCeba
adgili
frangobisaTvis?
SesaZlebelia
dominanturi
franguli
eTnonacionalizmi
gamijnul
iqnas
aseve
hegemonuri franguli saxelmwifo patriotizmisagan?
rogor
SegviZlia
praqtikulad
urTierTisagan
ganvacalkevoT frangi nacia da safrageTi, nacionaluri
saxelmwifo, roca franguli nacionalizmis amdeni
ZiriTadi simbolo politikuria? (ix. Gildea 1994).
ueWvelia, rom gavlenianma frangulma magaliTma
suli STabera saxelmwifosa da naciis gaerTianebis
tendencias sxva konteqstebSic da xeli Seuwyo ‘naciasaxelmwifos’
cnebis
popularizacias.
am
Sedgenil
terminTan dakavSirebiT ori problemaa. pirveli mis or
komponents Soris urTierTobas Seexeba. Zalze xSirad
Teoretikosebi saxelmwifos dominanturad, xolo nacias
erTgvarad umcros partniorad an msazRvrelad miiCneven.
naciis dinamikas kiMmcire yuradReba eTmoba. rac Seexeba
nacionalizms,
is
fsiqologiur,
saxelmwifoebrivi
suverenitetis
Tanmdev,
epifenomenad
iqceva.
meore
problema empiriuli xasiaTisaa: rogorc amas winaT
uolker
konorma
miuTiTa,
praqtikaSi
iSviaTia
40
monoliTuri ‘nacia-saxelmwifo’, roca saxelmwifo da
nacia zustad emTxveva erTmaneTs, roca mocemul
saxelmwifoSi zustad erTi naciaa da erTi saxelmwifoa
mocemuli naciisaTvis; msoflio saxelmwifoebis TiTqmis
90% polieTnikuria da maTgan daaxloebiT naxevari
seriozuladaa danawevrebuli eTnikurad (Connor 1972;
Giddens 1985: 216–220).
garkveuli viTarebebis aRsawerad, iqneb sjobdes,
ufro neitraluri terminis SerCeva, iseTis rogoricaa,
magaliTad,
‘nacionaluri
saxelmwifo’.
es
aris
‘nacionalizmis principebiT legitimuri saxelmwifo,
romlis wevrebs garkveulwilad axasiaTebT nacionaluri
erTianoba da integracia (magram ara kulturuli
homogenuroba)’. nacionaluri erTianobisa da integraciis
cvladad
miCneviT
es
definicia
Tavidan
icilebs
‘nacionaluri araSesatyvisobis’ problemas, kerZod im
faqts,
rom
naciaTa
da
saxelmwifoTa
sazRvrebi
msoflioSi
bevrgan
ar
emTxveva
erTmaneTs.
imave
TvalsazrisiT Cven SegviZlia vimsjeloT ‘saxelmwifonaciebze’,
roca
polieTnikuri
saxelmwifoebi
naciadyofnisaken miiswrafvian da cdiloben, rom Tavadac
erTian (magram ara homogenur) naciebad gadaiqcnen
urTierTSewyobisa da integrirebis gziT. aseTia situacia
afrikisa da aziis ramdenime saxelmwifoSi. isini Seiqmnen
koloniuri teritoriebisagan da dainarCunes koloniuri
sazRvrebi da instituciebi (xSirad lingva frankac
administraciuli miznebisaTvis).15
nacionaluri identoba
‘nacionaluri
identoba’
bolo
terminia
nacionalur fenomenebs Soris, romlis ganxilvac minda
SemogTavazoT. man arcTu didi xnis win moipova
popularoba,
Secvala
ra
adrindeli
terminebi
–
‘nacionaluri xasiaTi’, da mogviano termini ‘nacionaluri
cnobiereba’, romlebic farTod gamoiyeneboda XVIII, XIX
saukuneebSi da XX saukunis dasawyisSi. gaugebaria, Tu
ratom unda momxdariyo es cvlileba. dRevandeli didi
interesi
identobisadmi
SesaZloa
Tanamedrove
individualizmis
yovlismomcveli
tendenciis
41
Semadgeneli nawili iyos; SeiZleba is areklavdes
adamianTa SeSfoTebasa da gaucxoebas ganuwyvetliv
fragmentirebad samyaroSi (ix. Kemilainen 1964; Bhabha 1990:
Tavi 16).
am sferoSi arsebuli sxva terminebis msgavsad,
‘nacionaluri
identoba’
aRniSnavs
orives,
rogorc
nacionalizmis ideologiis centralur ideals, aseve
analitikur cnebas. nacionalistur ideals momdevno
TavSi davubrundebi. amjerad ki am, dRes farTod
gavrcelebuli,
cnebis
samuSao
ganmarteba
minda
warmovadgino:
‘nacionaluri
identoba
aris
naciis
damaxasiaTebeli memkvidreobis Semadgenel RirebulebaTa,
simboloTa, maxsovrobaTa, miTTa, tradiciaTa saxeebis
kvlavwarmoeba da reinterpretacia da am saxeebTan da
memkvidreobasTan (misi kulturuli elementebiTurT)
individebis mier sakuTari Tavis identifikacia’.
am ganmartebisaTvis orgvari urTierTmimarTebaa
gadamwyveti:
pirveli
–
analizis
koleqtiur
da
individualur doneebs Soris, da meore – identobis
mudmivobasa da cvalebadobas Soris. Zalian xSirad erTi
komponenti meoris xarjze win wamoiweva da Tu
nacionaluri identobis cnebis azris Cawvdoma gvsurs,
unda SevinarCunoT maT Soris wonasworoba.
identobis doneebi. dRes bevrs saubroben eTnikur
da nacionalur identobaTa ‘situaciur’ xasiaTsa da
Tanamedrove
msoflioSi
‘multiidentobebis’
mravalricxovnobaze. am moduri Tvalsazrisis mixedviT,
Cveni
identificireba
xdeba
koleqtivebis
mTel
mravalferovnebasTan – ojaxTan, sqesis kategoriasTan,
regionTan, profesiul jgufTan, partiasTan da eTniesTan.
situaciis mixedviT, Zalian iolad SegviZliaEerTi
identobidan meoreSi gadasvla. erTsa da imave dros Cven
SegviZlia viyoT colebi an qmrebi, qristianebi an
musulmanebi, specialistebi an muSebi, iseve rogorc
garkveuli regionebis da eTnikuri erTianobis wevrebi.
ase rom, TiToeul CvenTagans mravalgvari identoba aqvs,
viwro ojaxuri wriT dawyebuli da iseTi ufarToesi
wriT damTavrebuli, rogoricaa kacobrioba. amas garda,
Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi bevri am identobaTagani
42
mzardad simboluri da SerCeviTi xdeba (ix. Gans 1979;
Okamura 1981; Hall 1992; Eriksen 1993).
magram
es
koleqtiuri
identobebis
mxolod
individualuri wevrebis poziciidan danaxvaa. aRniSnuli
identobani SeiZleba kulturul koleqtivebad, zogjer
ki iseT erTianobebad miviCnioT, romlebic xasiaTdebian
saziaro
maxsovrobebiT
da
miTebiT,
saerTo
RirebulebebiT da simboloebiT. analizisas xSirad
xdeba am ori donis – individualurisa da koleqtiuris,
aRreva. amitom saWiroa maTi gamijvna. Tumca kulturuli
koleqtivebi da erTobebi individualuri wevrebisagan
Sedgeba, isini saziaro Tvisebebis mqone erTad mcxovreb
wevrTa
ubralo nakrebad
ar unda miviCnioT. am
koleqtiur identobaSi Zalze bevri saziaro Rirebuleba,
norma, maxsovroba da simboloa. amave dros mocemuli
erTobisa Tu koleqtiuri identobis niSnebis analizis
safuZvelze
SeuZlebelia
winaswar
ganvsazRvroT
individualuri wevrebis qmedebani da ganwyobani; amgvar
analizs raimes Tqma SeuZlia mxolod da mxolod
wevrebis ganwyobebis da akrZalvebis konteqstis Sesaxeb.
amitomac gvesaxeba mniSvnelovnad koleqtiuri identobis
analizis es ori done erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebulad
davinarCunoT (ix. Scheuch 1966).
Zalze TvalsaCinoa is SemTxveva, roca koleqtiuri
identoba kulturul elementebs efuZneba, rogorc xdeba
kastebis, eTnikuri erTobebis, religiuri denominaciebisa
da naciebis SemTxvevaSi. koleqtiuri identobis iseTi
tipebi, rogorebicaa klasebi da regionebi, rogorc
interesTa jgufebi ise moqmedeben da amis gamo miznis
miRwevis
Semdgom
iolad
qrebian;
kulturuli
koleqtivebi ki stabiluria, maTi Semadgeneli bazisuri
kulturuli elementebi – maxsovrobani, Rirebulebani,
simboloebi, miTebi da tradiciebi – met medegobasa da
urTierTbmis
unars
avlenen;
isini
koleqtiuri
mudmivobisa
da
gansakuTrebulobis
ganmeorebad
elementebs warmoadgenen. es elementebi xorcieldeba
iseT RirebulebebSi, rogorebicaa koleqtiuri xsovna
gmirobebsa da saxelovan winaprebze, Rirsebasa da
samarTlianobaze;
sakraluri
simboloebi,
sakvebi,
tanisamosi
da
emblemebi;
miTebi
warmoSobaze,
43
ganTavisuflebaze, rCeulobaze; tradiciebi da wesCveulebebi, ritualebi da genealogia. am SemTxvevebSi
koleqtiuri kulturuli elementebi gansakuTrebulad
gamokveTilia,
droSi
gamZlea
da
individiualuri
identifikaciis sakiTxebisagan damoukidebel analizs
moiTxovs.16
amiT aixsneba Cems mier SemoTavazebuli samuSao
ganmartebis ori nawilis arsebobac: pirveli maTgani
kulturuli gangrZobadobis da cvalebadobis meqanizmebs
koleqtiur doneze gansazRvravs, meore ki Tavis fokusSi
individualuri wevris koleqtivTan urTierTobas aqcevs.
gangrZobadoba
da
cvalebadoba.
zemoT
warmodgenilma analizma SeiZleba iseTi STabeWdileba
Segviqmnas, rom koleqtiuri kulturuli identobani
erTxel da samudamod fiqsirebulni an statikurni arian.
es
Zalian
Sorsaa
sinamdvilisagan.
marTalia,
am
SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs qmnilebebTan, romlebic drois
xangrZliv monakveTSi arseboben, magram ar arian mudmivni.
kulturuli
identobani
da
erTobebi
iseve
eqvemdebarebian cvlilebas, rogorc yvelaferi sxva da es
cvlilebebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc TandaTanobiTi da
kumulaciuri,
aseve
uecari
da
aragangrZobadi.
kulturul
identobaTa
erTaderT
ganmasxvavebels
danarCeni saxis koleqtiuri identobebisagan kulturul
cvlilebaTa ritmebis sazogadod ufro dabali siCqare
da meti xangrZlivoba warmoadgens, rac moiTxovs kidec
longue durée analizis meTodebs.17
amitomacaa,
rom
SemoTavazebuli
ganmartebebi
naciis
gansakuTrebuli
memkvidreobis
Semadgeneli
Rirebulebebis – maxsovrobaTa, simboloTa, miTebisa da
tradiciebis saxeTa –
‘reinterpretaciis’ procesebs
miemarTeba. dReisaTvis CvenTvis nawilobriv cnobilia, Tu
rogor icvleba nacionaluri identobis komponentebi.
magram es aris procesi, romelsac, rogorc gareSe
movlenas Tu koleqtiuri tradiciebis axleburi gagebis
energiuli
waxalisebis
mizniT
ganxorcielebul
jgufSida gadawyobas, yvela TaobaSi aqvs adgili.
‘eTnosimbolisturi reorganizaciis’ es procesi moicavs
adre
arsebuli
Rirebulebebis,
simboloebis,
44
maxsovrobebis da maT msgavsTa xelaxal seleqcias,
kombinacias da kodifikacias, iseve rogorc yoveli
Taobis mier axali kulturuli elementebis Sematebas.
amgvarad,
nacionaluri
identobis
brZolebis,
ganTavisuflebisa da Tavganwirvis faqtebiT aRsavse
‘heroikuli’
xedva
(rac
tipuria
axlad
damoukideblobamopovebuli naciebisa an ‘saxelmwifonaciebisaTvis’) momdevno TaobaSi SesaZloa Secvalos
nacionaluri identobis ufro Ria, pragmatulma da
utilitarulma versiam, romelSic xazi eqneba gasmuli
iseT
Temebs,
rogoricaa,
magaliTad, gergilianoba,
organizaciuli Cvevebi da tolerantuli damokidebuleba
mravalferovnebisadmi, Temebi, romelTa kvalma SeiZleba
naciis istoriaSi alternatiul eTnikur tradiciebamde
migviyvanos.
aqedan cxadia, rom cvalebadoba nacionaluri
identobis ganmartebisagan ganuyrelia, Tumc es iseTi
cvalebadobaa, romelic moqmedebs mocemuli naciis
kulturisa
da
tradiciebis,
misi
gansakuTrebuli
memkvidreobis mkafio parametrebis simravlis SigniT.
sxvagvarad SeuZlebelic iqneboda, vinaidan identoba
gulisxmobs garkveuli zomis stabilurobas, igiveobas
droSi.
cvlileba
SesaZlebelia
mxolod
mkafiod
moxazul sazRvrebSi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca cvlileba
uecari da damangrevelia (magram mTlianad ar spobs
nacias), is warmoSobs axal elementebs, romelTa
kulturuli
aTvisebac
jgufis
wevrobis
gziTaa
SesaZlebeli; revoluciebic ki ubrundebian imas, rasac
funqcionerebi ‘centralur Rirebulebebs’ uwodeben. igive
xdeba naciebis transformaciis drosac, da es saSualebas
gvaZlevs CavTvaloT, rom naciis Semqmneli ‘yoveldRiuri
plebisciti’ marTlac sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom Taobidan
Taobamde erTsa da imave naciaze vilaparakoT.
45
2
ideologiebi
________________________________
xSirad amboben, rom nacionalizms, mis doqtrinas
rom Tavi gavaneboT, ar gaaCnia iseTi ideologia,
salaparakod rom Rirdes. igi mxolod Canasaxovani
sentimentebis grovas warmoadgens, romelic met-naklebad
maRalfardovani
ritorikiTaa
gadamuSavebuli.
amis
alternatiulad, imasac aRniSnaven, rom nacionalizmis
tipTa mravalricxovneba ar iZleva maTi gamocalkevebis
da sayovelTao, mwyobri ideologiis Camoyalibebis
saSualebas. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, es Tvalsazrisebi,
naxevradsimarTlea.
sxva
ideologiebTan
SedarebiT
nacionalizmi marTlac SesaZlebelia, rom ‘filosofiuri
saRatakiT
da
araTanamimdevrulobiTac’
daxasiaTdes
(Anderson 1991: 5), magram masSi imaze bevrad metia, vidre
ubralod sentimentebi da ritorika, rogorc es eli
kedurim (Kedourie 1960) (romelsac ver mivakuTnebT
nacionalizmis damcvelTa ricxvs) dagvanaxa germanuli
romantikuli nacionalizmis herderiseuli da kantiseuli
filosofiuri principebis analiziT. nacionalistur
ideologiebs
koleqtiuri
TviTmmarTvelobis,
teritoriuli gamTlianebis da kulturuli identobis
gamokveTili amocanebi da xSirad am miznebis miRwevis
naTeli politikuri da kulturuli programac aqvT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom marTlac arsebobs nacionalisturi
ideologiis sxvadasxva saxe (religiuri, sekularuli,
konservatuli, radikaluri, imperiuli, seseciuri da a.S.)
da TiToeuli maTgani analizs moiTxovs, isini mainc
avlenen saerTo sabaziso elementebs da maTze erTi da
igive holomarkaa: es aris gansakuTrebuli swrafva
naciadyofnisaken.
aRniSnuli
saerTo
elementebi
gamoarCevs
‘nacionalizms’
sxva
moZraobebisa
da
46
ideologiebisagan;
sxvadasxvagvari
nacionalisturi
ideologiebis, moZraobebis da simboloebis safuZvelSi
Cadebuli ‘rwmeniTi sistemebis’ gamocalkevebiT SegviZlia
zogierTi
ganmeorebadi
qcevac
avxsnaT,
romelTac
nacionalistur moZraobebsa Tu ‘qmedebebSi’ vawydebiT.1
nacionalisturi rwmeniTi sistemis es saerTo
elementebi, ZiriTadad, sami saxeobisaa:
(1)
(2)
(3)
nacionalistebis
umetesobisaTvis
misaRebi
amosavali bazisuri mtkicebulebani;
zogi fundamenturi ideali, romelic met-naklebad
yovel nacionalizmSia warmodgenili; da
rigi saerTo warmomavlobis cnebebisa, romlebic
ufro
konkretul
mniSvnelobas
aniWebs
nacionalizmis
birTv-abstraqciebs.
TiToeuls rigrigobiT Sevexebi.
nacionalizmis
bazisuri
mtkicebulebebi
sul
ramdenimea,
magram
yoveli
maTgani
didi
Zalis
matarebelia. isini Semdegnairad SeiZleba Sejamdes:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
msoflio iyofa naciebad, romelTaganac TiToeuls
Tavisi sakuTari xasiaTi, istoria da bediswera
aqvs;
Zalauflebis erTaderT wyaros nacia warmoadgens;
naciisadmi loialoba yvela sxva loialobaze
upiratesia;
imisaTvis, rom Tavisufali iyos, yoveli individi
nacias unda ekuTvnodes;
yoveli
naciisaTvis
aucilebelia
sruli
TviTgamoxatva da avtonomiuroba;
globaluri
mSvidoba
da
samarTlianoba
avtonomiuri naciebisagan Sedgenil msoflios
saWiroebs. (ix. Kedourie 1960: 1; Sdr. A. D. Smith 1991:
74).
amas SeiZleba nacionalizmis ‘birTvi-doqtrina’
vuwodoT. igi samyaros nacionalisturi xedvis bazisur
CarCos warmoadgens da ‘damfuZnebel mamaTa’ – rusos,
47
herderis, cimermanis, burkes, jefersonis, fixtesa da
mazinis – da maT Tanamedrove mimdevarTa Sexedulebebis
mTavari elementebis (iqneb, ukanaskneli mtkicebulebis
gamoklebiT)
nakrebs
warmoadgens.
birTvi-doqtrina
logikur safuZvels uqmnis da impulss aniWebs sxvadasxva
saxis nacionalistur moqmedebebs da naciis ideis
gamosaxvisaTvis saWiro simboloebsa da instituciebs. igi
moicavs ara marto politikis, aramed sazogadoebisa da
kulturis
sferoebsac;
masSi
CarTulia
rogorc
calkeuli naciebis kulturuli partkularizmi, aseve
‘naciaTa msoflios’ universaluri xedva.2
yoveli nacia rodi moqmedebs am doqtrinisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
idealebis
Sesabamisad.
kritikosebi
miuTiTeben, rom nacionalistebi xSirad Tavad ise
iqcvevian,
rom
uaryofen
pirveli
mtkicebulebiT
gamoxatul ‘naciaTa msoflios’ bazisur ideas, Trgunaven
ra sxva naciebis TviTgamoxatvas, avtonomiurobas da
TviTmyofadobas, roca maTi interesebi an sakuTari
naciis gamogonili interesebi amas moiTxovs. amgvari
qceviT isini uaryofen da amxoben nacionalizmis birTvdoqtrinas, romelic xazs usvams naciebis sazRvrulobas
da moiTxovs sxva analogiuri naciebis arsebobis, maTi
individualobis da uflebebis eqsplicitur aRiarebas.
rogorc jon brili miuTiTebs, praqtikulad bevri
nacionalisti ise moqmedebs, TiTqosda es ideologia
mxolod
erT
(maT)
nacias
ukavSirdeba,
Teoriis
farglebSi
ki
(da
zogjer
praqtikuladac,
risi
romelic
magaliTicaa
mazinis
axalgazrda
evropa,
ramdenime iseT moZraobas moicavda, rogoric XIX
saukuneSi resonjimentos dros mazinisave dafuZnebuli
axalgazrda italia iyo) maTTvis misaRebia Teoriulad
Tanasworuflebian SemosazRvrul naciaTa msoflios
policentruli xedva (Breuilly 1993; Sesavali).3
inteleqtaluri
kritika
ufro
seriozulia.
nacionalizms
xSirad
sayveduroben,
rom
igi
sazogadoebisa da politikis Sesaxeb ideebisa da
rwmenebis mxolod SezRudul sistemas iZleva da amis
Sedegia is, rom misi miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis,
romlebic xSirad miuRwevelicaa, iZulebas ufro metad
mimarTaven, vidre darwmunebas. es iyo eli keduris
48
mxridan nacionalistur ideologiaze, rogorc qveynis
srulyofis miRwevisaTvis fuWad mebrZol, destruqciul
da
koleqtiuri
nebis
gamomxatvel
revoluciur
ideologiaze, adrindeli Setevis umTavresi elementi.
axlaxan am poziciam gamoZaxili maikl fridenTan hpova,
romelic
amtkicebs,
rom
saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSi,
nacionalizmi mcire birTvis mqone ‘cudad centrirebuli’
ideologiaa, romelTanac politikuri cnebebis viwro
wrea dakavSirebuli. amitomacaa, rom nacionalizmi
‘cnebaTa
Tavidan
ganzrax
mocilebiTa
da
maTi
adgilwanacvlebiT mediatorulad ganacalkevebs Tavs
farTo ideebis mimRebi konteqstebisagan’ da, am mizeziT,
moklebulia
unars
‘SemogvTavazos
argumentTa
kompleqsebi, da es imitom, rom ideaTa bevri jaWvi,
romelTa povnasac bunebrivad moveliT sazogadosa da
abstraqtulidan
konkretulisa
da
praqtikulisaken,
birTvidan periferiisaken SualedSi, iseve rogorc
piruku, ubralod ar arsebobs’ (Freeden 1998: 750). amis gamo
nacionaluri
ideologia
struqturulad
uZluria
daukavSirdes
iseT
umniSvnelovanes
socialur
da
politikur
sakiTxebs,
rogorebicaa
socialuri
samarTlianoba, resursebis ganawileba an konfliqtebis
marTva. faqtobrivad, xSirad nacionalizmi sulac ar
aris calke ideologia, igi ubralod avsebs ZiriTadi
mimarTulebis mimcem ideologiebs, iseTebs, rogorebicaa
liberalizmi,
socializmi
da
konservatizmi.
naciadyofnis idea SeiZleba yovlismomcveli iyos, magram
SeiZleba
ubralod
sxva
ideologiebis
‘sadRac
mniSvnelovnebis marginaliis’ momijnave mdebareobaze
miuTiTebdes
(iqve).
nacionalizmi
sayovelTao
mniSvnelobas mxolod efemerulad iZens – nacionaluri
mSeneblobis, krizisis, dapyrobis, sagareo safrTxis,
sadavo teritoriis an mtrulad ganwyobili Sida
eTnikuri
an
kulturuli
jgufis
dominanturobis
gacnobierebisas (Kedourie 1960; Freeden 1998).
fundamenturi idealebi
raRac simarTle aris am mkacr kritikaSi, Tumca
nacionalizmis kritikosTa mier warmodgenili suraTi,
49
sul mcire, arasrulia. nacionalizmis birTvi-doqtrina
martooden farTo da abstraqtul CarCos gvTavazobs; igi
meoradi cnebebiT da kerZo ideebiT unda Seivsos,
romlebic
TiToeuli
calkeuli
nacionaluri
erTobisaTvis specifikuri iqneba. aseTia, magaliTad,
Sveicaruli saxe xalxisa, romelic sakuTari (alpuri)
landSaftiT sazrdoobs, anda naciis, rogorc wamebuli
da aRmdgari qristes, polonuri ideali. amitomaa, rom
nacionalizmi xSirad ‘ganuyrelia’ sxva ideologiebisagan
da rwmeniTi sistemebisagan da maT idealebs da
politikas
nacionalisturi
miznebisaken
warmarTavs,
rogorc ‘nacional-komunizmTan’ dakavSirebiT moxda poststalinistur
epoqaSi.
nacionalizmi
‘avsebs’
sxva
ideologiebs Tu Tavad ivseba maTiT, meorexarisxovani
sakiTxia; es mimarTeba istoriuli konteqstis Sesabamisad
icvleba. Cven birTvi-doqtrinis iqiTac unda gavixedoT,
raTa aRviqvaT nacionalizmis importis faqti, rac erTob
gansxvavebul suraTs iZleva.4
am kritikaze, faqtobrivad, ori saxis pasuxi
arsebobs.
pirveli
Semdegis
CvenebaSi
mdgomareobs:
miuxedavad imisa, rom nacionalizmi, rogorc ideologia
an, ufro zustad, rwmeniTi sistema, filosofiuri
simwyobris TvalsazrisiT ver utoldeba sxva, ‘ZiriTadi
mimarTulebis
mimcem’
politikur
ideologiebs,
konceptualurad igi ufro mdidaria, vidre es mis
kritikosebs warmoudgeniaT. meore pasuxi ki imis
dasabuTebaSi mdgomareobs, rom nacionalizmi SeiZleba
davinaxoT ara mxolod rogorc rwmeniTi sistema, aramed
rogorc kulturis formac da religiis nairsaxeobac; es
isaa, rac nacionalizms mkafiod mijnavs sxva, ‘ZiriTadi
mimarTulebis mimcemi’ politikuri ideologiebisagan da
imunitetsac
gamoumuSavebs
mas
wminda
politikuri
ideologiebis mimarTebebisa da principebis kuTxiT
kritikisadmi.
garkveuli
droiT
nacionalizmis,
rogorc
ideologiis, aRweraze SevCerdeT. rogorc wina TavSi
vnaxeT, sami fundamenturi ideali momdinareobs birTvidoqtrinidan,
da
swored
isini
acxoveleben
nacionalizmis
ideologiur
moZraobas.
esenia:
nacionaluri avtonomiuroba, nacionaluri erTianoba da
50
nacionaluri identoba. ase Tu ise, nacionalizmis,
rogorc ideologiuri moZraobis, specifikuri amocanebi
am sami idealis variantebs warmoadgens, da amitomaa, rom
isini ase mniSvnelovan rols asruleben nacionalizmis
Cems mier adre warmodgenil samuSao ganmartebaSi,
romlis mixedviTac es avtonomiurobis, erTianobisa da
identobis
miRwevaze
orientirebuli
ideologiuri
moZraobaa im sazogadoebis SigniT,
romlis zogierT
wevrsac miaCnia, rom igi realurad arsebul an
potenciur ‘nacias’ ganekuTvneba. modiT, ufro axlodan
SevxedoT nacionalizmis am sam ideals.
birTvi-doqtrinis moTxovnaa, rom yovel nacias
sruli TviTgamoxatvis saSualeba da avtonomiuroba
hqondes.
avtonomiis
nacionalistur
ideals
aqvs
ramdenime
aspeqti.
zogadad,
etimologiurad
avtonomiuroba niSnavs TviTmmarTvelobas, Sida kanonebis
an ritmebis qonas, sakuTari Sinagani xmisaTvis yuris
migdebas, garedan raime Seviwroebis ararsebobas. amas
mivyavarT
koleqtiuri
nebis
da
individualobis
realizebis maZiebeli, sakuTar koleqtiur amocanebsa da
moqmedebebze pasuxismgebeli koleqtiuri ‘mes’ cnebasTan,
romelic XIX saukunis dasawyisSi Semoitanes germanelma
romantikosma inteleqtualebma. magram avtonomiuroba,
rogorc koleqtiuri nebis nacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis
da nacionaluri TviTgamgeblobisaTvis brZolis Sedegi,
SeiZleba niSnavdes politikur Tavisuflebasac da
politikur TviTmmarTvelobasac xalxisa da ‘xalxiT’.
amgvar nacionalur TviTmmarTvelobas SeiZleba sruli,
suverenuli teritoriuli saxelmwifos forma hqondes an
xorcieldebodes arasruli komunaluri an federaluri
TviTgamgeblobis
formiT.
marTlac,
maqs
veberma
daasabuTa, rom normalur viTarebaSi naciebi sakuTar
saxelmwifos saWiroeben: ‘nacia grZnobismieri erTobaa. am
grZnobaTa
adekvaturi
gamoxatva
ki
mas
sakuTar
saxelmwifoSi SeuZlia. aqedan gamomdinare, nacia aris
erToba, romelic, Cveulebriv, sakuTari saxelmwifos
Seqmnisaken ixreba’ (Weber 1948).
miuxedavad
amisa,
bevri
nacionalizmi
ufro
naklebsac sjerdeba, zogs ki, espaneTSi katalonielTa
moZraobis msgavsad, arasruli avtonomiac akmayofilebs.
51
arasruli avtonomia, Tavis mxriv, sxvadasxva saxisa da
xarisxisaa, religiisa da kulturuli TviTmmarTvelobis,
samarTlebrivi avtonomiis, ekonomikuri avtarqiis da
politikuri ‘Sida mmarTvelobis’ CaTvliT. es ukanaskneli
Sida
TviTmmarTvelobas
warmoadgens
ufro
did
saxelmwifoSi, romelic sagareo saqmeebze da Tavdacvazea
pasuxismgebeli.
aq
igulisxmeba,
rom
nacionaluri
avtonomia
unda
gansxvavdebodes
saxelmwifo
suverenitetisagan,
romelSic
is
xSirad
erevaT
(gansakuTrebiT
evropis
federaciaSi
nacionaluri
suverenitetis dakargvis Sesaxeb mimdinare debatebisas)
da,
rom
SesaZlebelia
avtonomiuri
naciebis
SeTavsebadoba garkveuli saxis federaciasTan.5
avtonomiuroba xSirad mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
koleqtiuri
erTianobis
ideasTan.
es
pirvelad
TvalsaCinod gamoixata iakobinelTa idealSi: la République,
une et indivisible da aman migviyvana Sida sabaJoebis,
barierebis
da
regionaluri
instituciebisa
da
kulturebis gauqmebamde safrangeTis revoluciis dros.
centralizebuli ekonomikisa da politikuri teritoriis
da erTiani sajaro kulturis SeqmniT patriotebi
imedovnebdnen TiToeuli frangi moqalaqis axladSobili
franguli
respublikuri
naciisadmi
mgznebare
TavgamodebiT
ganmsWvalvas.
magram
teritoriuli
gamTlianeba mimarTuli iyo ara mxolod Sida dayofis,
aramed safrangeTis ‘bunebrivi sazRvrebis’ miRma myofi
gareSe mtrebis winaaRmdegac. sxva, ufro gviandeli
evropuli naciebi, rogoricaa italia, saberZneTi da
germania, aseve iyvnen fokusirebulni teritoriisa da
eTnikuri naTesaobis sakiTxebze. magram erTianobisaken
maTi nacionalisturi svla eTnikuri sanaTesaos da,
agreTve, ‘istoriuli’ miwebis (sadac isini saxlobdnen da
romlebic CamoSorebul iqnen nacionaluri samSoblo
miwisagan dinastiuri an feodaluri katastrofebis
Sedegad) ‘ganTavisuflebisa’ da naciis wiaRSi maTi
dabrunebisaken (ZaliTac, saWiro SemTxvevaSi) mimarTul
iridentistul moZraobebsac uwyobda xels (ix. Kohn 1967b;
Horowitz 1992).6
teritoriuli erTianoba mxolod pirveli nabiji
iyo naciis wevrTa gacilebiT mniSvnelovani socialuri
52
da kulturuli gaerTianebisaken. amgvari erTianoba
homogenurobaSi ar unda agverios. zogierTi mecnieris
bolodroindeli analizis sapirispirod, erTianobis
nacionalisturi ideali eZebs ara ‘obieqtur’ kulturul
erTgvarovnebas,
aramed
ojaxebisa
da
individebis
nebelobebisa da sentimentebis socialur da kulturul
kavSirs. nacionalisti ar moiTxovs, rom yvela wevri
erTnairi iyos, aramed mxolod imas, rom maT SeigrZnon
solidarobis mZlavri jaWvis arseboba da amis gamo,
nacionalurad
mniSvnelovan
yvela
saqmesTan
dakavSirebiT, SeTanxmebulad imoqmedon. amitomaa, rom
miuxedavad zogierTi, umTavresad germaneli, romantikosi
filosofosisa da istorikosis (magaliTad, fixtesa da
miuleris) survilisa individualuri neba nacionaluri
saxelmwifos koleqtiurobaSi CaekargaT, nacionalistebis
umetesoba
Seecada
individualuri
miswrafebani
siyvarulisa da Zmobis meSveobiT gaeerTianebina da
mxolod eqstremalur viTarebaSi daemorCilebina isini
nacionaluri nebisaTvis.7
mesame – nacionaluri identobis ideali – albaT,
yvelaze
ufro
mouxelTebelia
dakvirvebisaTvis.
sazogadod,
identobis
cneba
aRniSnavs
obieqtis
erTgvarobas
droTa
msvlelobaSi,
specifikuri
struqturis gamZleobas sasruli periodis ganmavlobaSi;
da
es
kulturul
identobebsac
Seexeba.
magram
nacionaluri identobis ideali koleqtiuri xasiaTisadmi
interesiT da misi istoriul-kulturuli konteqstiT
gamorCeva. am TvisebaTagan pirveli hqonda mxedvelobaSi
rusos, roca werda: ‘pirveli wesi, romelsac Cven unda
mivsdioT, aris nacionaluri xasiaTi: yovel xalxs aqvs
an unda hqondes xasiaTi; Tu xalxs ara aqvs xasiaTi,
pirvel rigSi mas xasiaTi unda SevuqmnaT’ (Rousseau 1915, II:
319, Projet Corse). igi rCevebs aZlevda korsikelebs da
polonelebs
imis
Taobaze,
Tu
rogor
unda
ganeviTarebinaT maT Sesabamisi nacionaluri tradiciebi
da cxovrebis stili da amiT SeenarCunebinaT TavianTi
naciebis koleqtiuri xasiaTi. meore Tviseba herderis
‘kulturul
populizmSi’
vlindeba.
yovel
nacias,
amtkicebda igi, aqvs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli nacionaluri
‘genia’ (es cneba ukve popularuli iyo iseTi mwerlebis
53
wyalobiT, rogorebic iyvnen lordi Saftsburi, viko da
monteskie), romelsac unda mihyves. amave ganwyobiT
arwmunebda herderi Tavis Tanamemamule germanelebs,
dabrunebodnen mSobliuri kulturis tradiciebs da
literaturul genias: ‘modiT, mivsdioT Cvens sakuTar
gzas… modiT, yovelma kacma, rogorc SeuZlia ise, Tqvas
Cveni naciis, Cveni literaturis, Cveni enis ambavi: isini
Cven gvekuTvnis, isini Tavad Cvena varT, da, dae, es
vikmaroT’…(Herder 1877–1913, citatisaTvis ix. Berlin 1976: 182).
qveteqsti
isaa,
rom
TiToeul
nacias
Seesabameba
gansxvavebuli
istoriuli
kultura,
azrovnebis,
moqmedebis, komunikaciis gansakuTrebuli wesi, romelic
yvela wevrisaTvis (potenciurad mainc) saziaroa da ucxo
mas ar da ver gaiziarebs. aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom,
sadac
amgvari
gansxvavebuli
kultura
‘daikarga’,
‘daviwyebas mieca’ an ‘daiZira’, iq misi povna SesaZlebelia
da
unda
moviZioT,
gavixsenoT
da
gavacocxloT.
nacionalistis amocanaa Tavidan aRmoaCinos Tavisi naciis
unikaluri kulturuli genia da xalxs avTenturi
kulturuli identoba aRudginos; ai, rogor Camoayaliba
es didma afrikelma mweralma da ganmanaTlebelma edvard
blaidenma afrikel xalxebTan mimarTebaSi:
yoveli adamianis, yoveli rasis valia ibrZolos
Tavisi individualobisaTvis, raTa Seinaxos da
ganaviTaros igi. amitom giyvardes da pativs
scemde Sens rasas. iyavi is, vinca xar, iseTi,
rogoric RmerTma ineba. mas rom ar surveboda,
arc Segqmnida amgvars. Cven ar ZalgviZs raime
SevmatoT mis Canafiqrs. Tu Sen is ara xar, vinc
xar, Tu Sen Sens pirovnebaze ambob uars,
aRaraferi grCeba, rom msoflios misce. araviTari
siamovneba, araviTari sargebeli araa Sengan,
araferi gagaCnia iseTi, rasac SeuZlia miizidos
da moxiblos adamiani, radganac, individualobis
daTrgunviT, dakarge Seni gansxvavebuli xasiaTi.
(Blyden 1893, citatisaTvis ix. Wilson 1969: 250).
nacionaluri
individualurobis
xazgasma
gvexmareba avxsnaT, Tu ratomaa ase xSirad nacionalizmis
54
Tanmxlebi da misi masazrdoebeli inteleqtualTa Sroma,
romlis mizanic naciis ‘fesvebisa’ da ‘xasiaTis’ mikvlevaa
iseTi disciplinebis meSveobiT, rogorebicaa istoria,
arqeologia, anTropologia, sociologia, lingvistika da
folklori. es disciplinebi uzrunvelgvyofen saTanado
instrumentariumiTa da konceptualuri CarCoTi imis
gamosarkvevad, Tu ‘vin varT’, ‘rodis daviwyeT’, ‘rogor
vizrdebodiT’ da ‘saiT mivdivarT’; zustad imgvari
romantikosi xelovanni da mwerlebi, Jurnalistebi da
ganmanaTleblebi, rogoric blaidenia, uwyoben xels
nacionaluri identobis gamosaxulebebisa da saxeebis
gadmocemasa da gavrcelebas.8
rasakvirvelia, konkretul nacionalizmebSi da
specifikur istoriul momentebSi am sami idealidan xan
erTi gamoikveTeba, xan – meore. iq, sadac potenciur
nacias avtonomiurobis xarisxi aklia, an danawevrebulia,
an
ver
axerxebs
identobis
naTlad
gamokveTas,
nacionalistebi
Seecdebian
situacias
nacionaluri
avtonomiis, gaerTianebis an identobis miRwevis an misi
ganaxlebis
RonisZiebebiT
uwamlon.
SesaZlebelia
nacionalizmis iseT ideologiur moZraobebs wavawydeT,
romlebic samive idealis srulad asaxvas eswrafvian.
BbirTvi-cnebebi
avtonomiurobis,
erTianobis
da
identobis
idealebi umaRlesi donis abstraqciebs warmoadgenen da
maT
dasakavSireblad
praqtikul
kulturul
da
politikur programebTan sxva birTvi-cnebebi xdeba
saWiro,
romelTa
Soris
yvelaze
mniSvnelovania
avTenturoba,
gangrZobadoba,
Rirseba,
bediswera,
mijaWvuloba (‘siyvaruli’) da samSoblo. TiToeuli
maTgani naciis warsuli da awmyo mdgomareobis da misi
sanukvari miznebis miRwevis Sefasebis kriteriumebs
gvawvdis,
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
SesaZloa
isini
konkretuli nacionalizmebiT arc ki iyvnen gamowveulni,
rac
SeiZleba
gaugebrobis
da,
saboloo
jamSi,
konfliqtis mizezic ki gaxdes (ix. Gilbert 1998: Tavi 1).
rogorc vnaxeT, imisaTvis, rom Tavisufalni iyvnen,
naciebs,
TviTgamoxatva
esaWiroebaT.
magram
ras
55
warmoadgens es ‘TviT’? nacionalistisaTvis am kiTxvaze
pasuxi mxolod avTenturobis cnebaSi SeiZleba iqnas
moZiebuli. ‘namdvilad’ TavisTavad yofna niSnavs, rom
Cveni yofierebis ‘avTenturi’ elementebi aRmovaCinoT da
isini epoqaTa danaleqisagan gavwmindoT. ase magaliTad,
XIX saukuneSi germanuli skolis istorikosebi leopold
fon rankes winamZRolobiT cdilobdnen avTenturi
warsuli iseve gamoetanaT dRis sinaTleze, rogoric is
sinamdvileSi iyo (wie es eigentlich war); Tanamedrove
musikaTmcodneebi
miznad
isaxaven
adreuli
musika
avTenturi stiliT da avTenturi epoqis instrumentebiT
Seasrulon;
Tanamedrove
arqeologebi
da
xelovnebaTmcodneebi avTenturi Zveli obieqtebis an
Zveli
ostatebisaken
miiltvian.
am
SemTxvevaSi
avTenturoba
‘WeSmaritis’
fard
cnebad
moiazreba,
rogorc originalis dapirispireba nayalbevTan, magram
igi imasac aRniSnavs, rac obieqtis Tavdapirveli versia,
stili an arsebobis wesi iyo. amas TandaTanobiT
mivyavarT
avTenturobis,
rogorc
Tavdapirvelobis,
gamomxatvel cnebamde, rac nacionalistur konteqstSi
warmoSobisa da STamomavlobis miTs Seesabameba: kiTxva
‘vin varT’ drosa da sivrceSi funqciuria kiTxvisa
‘saidan
movdivarT’;
xasiaTi
warmomavlobiTaa
determinebuli,
magram
igi
nawilobriv
sxva
mniSvnelobasac
atarebs:
Tavdapirvelobis
da
adgilobrivobis
ideas,
rac
niSnavs
ara
marto
pirvelobas, aramed avtoqTonobasac, uSualod niadagidan
amozrdas. amas, Tavis mxriv, mivyavarT avTenturobis iseT
mniSvnelobasTan, rogoricaa siwminde da Seurevloba,
sadac namdvili ‘Cven’ xeluxlebel Tavdapirvels, magram,
Cveni dRevandeli samwuxaro mdgomareobis gamo, Senarevs
warmoadgens. magram, albaT, yvelaze ufro zogadi
mniSvneloba,
romliTac
iyeneben
nacionalistebi
zedsarTavs ‘avTenturi’, imis aRniSvnaa, rac ‘Zalian
Cvenia’, da meti aravisi, da, amitomac, unikaluri, magram
aseve
Sinaganad
determinebulic.
am
SemTxvevaSi
avTenturobis cneba avtonomiurobis cnebas gadafaravs:
‘namdvili’
erToba
TviTgamorkvevad
naciasac
warmoadgens.9
56
xSirad
nacionalistebis
mier
yvela
es
mniSvneloba
savsebiT
gulwrfelad
gamoiyeneba
da
problemas imdenad konceptualuri siRatake ki ar qmnis,
ramdenadac
konceptualuri
aracalsaxoba.
msgavsi
problemebiTaa
daxunZluli
sxva
nacionalisturi
cnebebic. aviRoT gangrZobadobis cneba. is SeiZleba
identobis zogadi cnebis monaTesave cnebas aRniSnavdes,
magaliTad,
droSi
erTgvarobas;
aqedanaa
drois
msaxvrali zemoqmedebis qveS ucvlelad myofi, sakuTari
aRorZinebis wamis momlodine naciis idea. magram
gangrZobadobis
cneba
SeiZleba
agreTve
niSnavdes
TandaTanobiT cvalebadobas da transformacias, an
arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas gamoCenili Sreebis msgavsad,
warsulis
mdgomareobaTa
fenebis
akumulacias.
evoluciis am modelSi gangrZobadoba ar upirispirdeba
cvalebadobas;
cvalebadobaa
gangrZobadi,
da
gangrZobadoba – zrdis gangrZobadoba – im cvalebadobas
warmoadgens, romelic yovelTvis SeumCneveli rCeba. aq
Tavad termini ganapirobebs aracalsaxobas, anu iseT
rames, rac nacionalists Zlierad nagrZnobic aqvs da
misi gamoiyenebac icis.10
arc nacionaluri Rirsebis cnebaa ise martivi,
rogorc erTi SexedviT Cans. awmyoSi damcirebasa da
Seviwroebas
upirispireben
Rirsebas,
romelsac
Tavisufleba moitans, magram es TavisTavad ar warmoqmnis
Rirsebis survils. Rirseba SigniT unda iqnas ‘xelaxla
aRmoCenili’. aqedan modis Rirsebis meore mniSvneloba:
garegani simaxinjiT Sefaruli ‘WeSmariti simdidre’.
mizani isaa, rom moinaxos es Sinagani simdidre, moxdes
avTenturi TviTis Rirsebis realizeba, rac xandaxan erTi
aRmosavluri
gamonaTqvamiT
gamoixateba:
‘dasavluri
daxelovneba, aRmosavluri zneoba’, romelic aziis
Tandayolil
sulier
upiratesobas
gulisxmobs
dasavleTis teqnologiuri warmatebebis sapirispirod.
amgvari pozicia icavs damcirebulis Sinagan Rirsebas da
aCens imeds, rom Seviwroebuli da meorexarisxovani
aRidgens Tavis Zvel didebas, garegani mdgomareoba ki
Sinagan simdidres aireklavs – es gaxldaT meiZis
liderebis sentimenti iaponiaSi. Rirsebas isic ZaluZs,
rom keTilSobili warmomavlobiTa da siZveliT movides,
57
rac mowiwebasa da mokrZalebas gvinergavs. koleqtiuri
Rirsebis Zieba, Tanamedrove damcirebul mdgomareobasa
da uRirs gareSeebTan Sedarebis gziT, iwvevs ‘WeSmariti’
nacionaluri
TviTobis
amaRlebas.
gansakuTrebul
SemTxvevas ganekuTvneba koleqtiuri awmyos Sefaseba
dokumentirebuli heroikuli ‘oqros’ xanis standartis
gaTvaliswinebiT.11
nacionalistebis azriT, nacia imgvari erTobaa,
romelsac aqvs saerTo istoria da bediswera, ufro
zustad ki erToba, romlis istoria saWiroebs da
ganapirobebs mocemuli naciis bedisweras. bedisweris
idea
bevrad
ufro
meti
emociuri
datvirTvis
matarebelia, vidre momavlis cneba. bediswera istoriiTaa
winaswargansazRvruli; bediswera moxazavs unikalur
mimarTulebasa
da
beds;
bediswera
amowmebs
trancendentobas, iqneb ukvdavebasac, ramdenadac Cven
STamomavlobis maxsovrobasa da gankiTxvaSi ‘vcocxlobT’.
nacionalistisaTvis
naciis
bediswera
yovelTvis
didebulia, msgavsad misi Soreuli warsulisa; marTlac,
oqros warsuli, dafaruli arasaxarbielo awmyoSi, kvlav
gamoanaTebs
naciis,
Tumc
jer
kidev
arSobilis,
WeSmariti sulis aRorZinebiT. ase rom, bediswera
TiToeuli naciis diad warsulSi dabrunebas ki ar
moaswavebs,
aramed
Tanamedroveobasa
da
Secvlil
pirobebSi misi sulis aRorZinebas (ix. Anderson 1999).
nacionalistebisaTvis
Tanabrad
mniSvnelovania
naciasTan
cnobieri
mijaWvulobis ideali. amgvari
sentimentisadmi
cnobieri
swrafva
araa
martooden
nacionalizmisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli;
ukve
perikle,
Tukidides Rirssaxsovari sityvebis Tanaxmad, mouwodebda
aTenel Tanamoqalaqeebs
‘TavdaviwyebiT SeeyvarebinaT
TavianTi qalaqi’. Cven SegviZlia, rogorc moqalaqeobriv,
aseve
religiur
konteqstebSi
mijaWvulobisaken,
siyvarulisaken,
Tavganwirvisaken
mowodebebis
sxva
magaliTebic
vipovoT.
magram
nacionalizmma
es
koleqtiuri
mijaWvuloba
sruliad
gansakuTrebul
simaRleze aiyvana. ‘naciis siyvaruli’ misTvis mTavari
politikuri Rirsebaa. aqedanaa yvela mowodeba didi
‘ojaxis’ wevrebisadmi ‘nacnobebisa da naTesavebis’, ‘kerisa
da
saxl-karis’
dasacavad
da
‘Cveni
qveynis’
58
keTildReobisaTvis Tavganwirvis saWiroeba. rogorc XX
saukunis 50-ian wlebSi siriis baasis (aRorZinebis)
partiis Tanadamaarsebelma miSel aflakma Camoayaliba,
‘nacionalizmi
siyvarulia’.
keduris
TqmiT,
es
is
abstraqtuli siyvarulia, romelic terorizmis udides
aqtebs asazrdovebda (ix. Binder 1964; Kedourie 1971:
Sesavali).12
politikuri
‘siyvaruli’
naciis
abstraqcias
sagrZnob eqspresias aniWebs. es xom, bolos da bolos,
erTi didi ojaxis siyvarulia. magram ‘ojaxi’ da ‘saxli’
xalxis SegnebaSi ganuyrelia. siyvaruli moiTxovs, rom
ojaxebs sakuTari ‘saxlebi’ hqondeT; usaxlkaro ojaxebi
Tavze politikur Wers saWiroeben. nacia ‘samSoblo miwis’
gareSe parias warmoadgens. ase rom, ‘mijaWvuloba’ da
‘samSoblo
miwa’
fesvebisadmi
dasabrunebeli
gzis
Ziebisas urTierTs aZlierebs. is naciebic ki, romlebic
samSobloSi cxovroben, fesvebis ‘xelaxla gaSvebas’,
TavianT namdvil warmomavlobasTan, TavianT avTentur
TviTTan
kvlav
mijaWvas
saWiroeben.
swored
esaa
samSoblo miwis cnebis mraval mniSvnelobaTagan erTerTi.
samSoblo miwis cnebas isec SeuZlia moqmedeba,
rogorc samarTlebriv dokuments, rogorc politikur
pretenzias miwis garkveul farTobze da mis resursebze,
miuxedavad imisa, rom xSirad mtrulad ganwyobili
pretendentebi
erTmaneTs
upirispirdebian.
am
TvalsazrisiT, samSoblo miwa ganuyofelia ekonomikuri
keTildReobisa da fizikuri usafrTxoebisagan; misi
sasoflo-sameurneo
da
mineraluri
resursebis
eqsploatacia
nacionalisturi
ganxilvis
upirveles
sagnad iqceva. is biZgs aZlevs nacionalistur moZraobas
ekonomikuri
TviTkmarobis,
yovel
SemTxvevaSi,
TviTSenarCunebis
gaZlierebisaTvis.
amiTve
aixsneba
nacionalistis
agraruli
idilia,
misi
emociuri
mijaWvuloba ‘xalxTan’ da cxovrebis glexur wesTan da
tradiciebTan,
maSin
rodesac
xSirad
praqtikaSi
nacionalizmebi
ganuxrelad
misdeven
swrafi
industrializaciis politikas.13
sxva
doneze,
samSoblo
miwa
istoriul
teritorias, winaparTa miwas Seadgens. igi mama-papaTa
59
miwaa, sadac maTi samudamo gansasveneblia. is agreTve
didi pirovnebebis samoRvaweo asparezia da naciis
istoriaSi gardamtexi movlenebis – brZolebisa da
xelSekrulebebis, sinodebisa da asambleebis, gmirTa
Tavdadebisa da samarxebis, da wmindanTa da brZenTa
swavlebaTaTvis aucilebel garemos warmoadgens. Semdegi
aq Tavad landSaftia. rogor ar adidebs nacionalisti
‘Cveni’ gorakebisa da mTebis, Cveni mdinareebis, Cveni
tbebisa da mindvrebis gansakuTrebul mSvenierebas,
romelic
RvTaebam
(an
RvTaebebma)
akurTxes.
Cven
gagviWirdeba nacionalizmis msoflmxedvelobis wvdoma im
‘poeturi landSaftebis’ Sefasebis gareSe, romlebic
naciis wevrTa didi nawilis (rogorc nacionalistebis,
iseve aranacionalistebis) Segnebaze Zlier moqmedeben. es
is
aspeqtia,
romelsac
bolo
dros
arasaTanado
yuradReba eqceoda da romelsac qvemoT mivubrundebi.14
imas rodi vamtkiceb, rom yoveli nacionalisturi
ideologia da moZraoba yovelTvis erTi da imave
xarisxiT warmoSobs am cnebas. cxadia, ase ar aris. pol
gilbertis marTebuli mtkicebiT, mtrulad ganwyobil
nacionalizmebs Soris arsebuli zogierTi uTanxmoebis
mizezi naciebis gansxvavebuli da dapirispirebuli
birTvi-cnebebia. magaliTad, is nacionalizmi, romelic
naciis cnebas teritorias da samSoblo miwas ukavSirebs,
imas
upirispirdeba,
romelic
eTnikurobidan
da
kulturidan amodis. magram, ramdenadac istoria amgvari
konfliqtebiTaa aRsavse, darwmunebuli ara var, rom
adekvaturia miseuli pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ratom unda
miiCnion am konfliqtebis monawileebma (da Cvenc) yvela
maTgani ‘nacionalizmad’. esesxeba ra veberis miniSnebas,
gilberti amtkicebs, rom maT saziaro aqvT is, rasac
Tavad ‘nacionalizmis damfuZnebel princips’ uwodebs. am
principis
mixedviT,
naciebi
warmoadgenen
jgufebs,
romelTac aqvT nacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis ufleba,
rasac, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlia moicvas ‘nacionaluri
ufleba damoukidebel saxelmwifoebriobaze’; da kidev:
‘nacia aris imgvari jgufi, romelsac aqvs ufleba’ (Gilbert
1998: 16). magram yvela nacionalisti rodi gamoTqvams
amgvar
pretenzias.
magaliTad,
kulturuli
nacionalistebi amtkiceben, rom nacias aqvs kulturuli
60
avtonomiisa da moraluri regeneraciis ufleba, rac
sakmaod axlosaa saxelmwifoebriobasTan; kulturuli
nacionalistebi SeiZleba arc ki miiCnevdnen, rom,
sasurvelia, maTi nacia (an romelime nacia) gaxdes
damoukidebeli da hqondes sakuTari saxelmwifo. ufro
xSirad bevri nacionalizmisaTvis mniSvnelovani, magram
ara erTaderTi mizania saxelmwifoebriobis mopoveba,
nacionalur gamTlianebasa da identobasTan erTad (ix.
Hutchinson 1994: Tavi 1).
iqneb
jobdes
kidec,
rom
nacionalistur
ideologiebs ise SevxedoT, rogorc Cems mier ganxiluli
‘nacionalizmis’
urTierTgadamfarav
cnebaTa
ojaxis
magaliTebs, rac emsgavseba ‘TamaSis’ zogad cnebas,
romelsac ramdenime urTierTgadamfaravi elementi aqvs,
magram yvela es elementi yovel calkeul TamaSSi da
TamaSis yovel tipSi ar vlindeba; albaT, gamonaklisis
saxiT, yvela am nacionalistur ideologiaSi Cven
SegviZlia gavarCioT sami (Tumc sxvadasxva xarisxiT
warmodgenili) farTo mizani: nacionaluri identoba,
mTlianoba da avtonomiuroba. am gagebiT, birTvi-cnebebi
formas aZleven nacionalisturi ideologiebis zogad
msoflxedvas da maTgan momdinare politikur programebs;
magram am cnebebis sxvadasxvagvari kombinacia maT
sxvadasxva
mimarTulebiT
warmarTavs,
qmnis
ra
nacionalizmebis CvenTvis cnobil sxvadasxva saxes. Tumc,
es ideologiebi ar da verc moicavs im sakiTxebs da
kiTxvebs, romlebic sxva politikuri ideologiebs
axasiaTebs, konceptualurad isini bevrad ufro mdidarni
arian,
vidre
amas
kritikosebi
varaudoben.
isini
problemebis, saWiroebebis, sazrunavebis farTo wres
miemarTebian, romelTac, sakuTari Tavis sazianodve,
xSirad ugulebelyofen sxva ‘ZiriTadi mimarTulebis
mimcemi’ politikuri ideologiebi. amas garda, rogorc es
kedurim daasabuTa, ‘erTi ideologiis kategoriebis
meore, sruliad gansxvavebuli, ideologiis gamocdisa da
misi doqtrinebis klasifikaciisaTvis’ gamoyeneba ar
amarTlebs (Kedourie 1960: 90). is, rom nacionalizmebs
mxolod Zalian iribad da bundovnad, an sulac ar
gaaCniaT
mimarTeba
socialuri
samarTlianobis
an
resursebis distribuciis problemebTan, ganpirobebulia
61
imiT,
rom
maTi
mzera
mipyrobilia
identobis,
avtonomiurobis, erTianobis da avTenturobis idealebze,
romelTac sxva ideologiebi Znelad Tu Seexeba.
nacionalizmi, rogorc
kultura da religia
meore pasuxi oponentTa mwvave kritikaze imis
CvenebaSi mdgomareobs, rom nacionalizmi ufro metia,
vidre politikuri ideologia. is agreTve aris kulturis
forma da ‘religia’. amgvari pasuxis fokusSi moqceulia
nacionalizmis centraluri cneba – ‘nacia’.
naciis nacionalisturi koncefcia, cxadia, ar aris
monoliTuri da me mis zogierT ideologiur variants
mogvianebiT ganvixilav. miuxedavad amisa, yvela varianti
imaSi Tanxmdeba, rom nacia sajaro kulturis formas
warmoadgens, romelic erTobis yvela wevrisaTvis an
‘nacionaluri saxelmwifos’ yvela moqalaqisaTvis Riaa.
rogorc
davinaxeT,
nacionalizmi
unikaluri
nacionaluri
identobis
xelaxal
aRmoCenasa
da
ganaxlebas moiTxovs; es winaparTa samSobloSi mosaxle
istoriul-kulturul erTobaSi avTenturi fesvebisadmi
dabrunebas niSnavs. nacionalistTaTvis nacia, rogorc
kulturis
forma,
is
erTobaa,
romlis
wevrebsac
gacnobierebuli aqvT TavianTi kulturuli erTianoba da
nacionaluri
istoria
da
TavdadebiT
iRvwian
vernakuluri enebis, tradiciebis, xelovnebis dargebis,
landSaftis, nacionaluri ganaTlebisa da instituciebis
meSveobiT
nacionaluri
individualobis
ganviTarebisaTvis. kvlav movixmoT amonaridi rusodan:
Ce sont les institutions nationales qui forment le génie, le
caractère, le goûts et les moeurs d’un people… qui lui inspirent cet
ardent amour de la patrie (es nacionaluri instituciebia,
xalxis genias, xasiaTs, gemovnebas da znes rom
ayalibeben……isini unergaven xalxs mamulis mwvel
siyvaruls) (Rousseau 1915, II: 431, Considérations sur le
gouvernement de la Pologne).
62
is, rac adgilobrivia, nacionalistisaTvis ipso facto
xalxuricaa. amitom, saxalxo ganaTlebis gziT, Tavidan
unda aRmovaCinoT ‘xalxis’ kultura da davnergoT
xalxis nacionaluri siyvaruli. aqedan warmodgeba,
xSirad miTiTebuli, nacionalizmebis umetesobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Zlieri populisturi da romantikuli
elementebi (Nairn 1977: Tavi 2).15
magram
es
saxalxo,
nacionaluri
kultura
ubralod kerZo saqme ar aris. naciis kultura sajaro
gamoxatvas
moiTxovs
da
politikur
simbolizms
ganapirobebs. avTentur istoriasTan dabrunebam da
vernakulurma kulturam sajaro forma unda miiRos da
politizirebul
unda
iqnas.
kulturuli
nacia
politikuri naciac unda gaxdes, romelsac eqneba sajaro
kultura – sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos forma da
sazomi. amitomaa, rom nacia ‘politikuri kulturiT’, misi
gansakuTrebuli politikuri rolebiTa da instituciebiT
da misi unikaluri simboloebiT – droSebiT, himnebiT,
zeimebiT, ceremoniebiT da maTi msgavsi atributebiT
xasiaTdeba.
iq, sadac nacia winare eTnikuri mocemulobis
safuZvelzea
aRmocenebuli,
kulturis
vernakuluri
formebi mis sajaro yofierebas gamsWvalavs da mis
politikur kulturasTan igivdeba, rogorc es iyo
poloneTSi.
sadac
nacia
polieTnikuria
da
‘moqalaqeobriv’ xasiaTze aqvs pretenzia, SesaZlebelia
vernakuluri kulturis zogi elementis sesxeba, rogorc
es moxda indoeTSi, Tumca nawilobriv nacionaluri
erTianobis sazianod. sxva SemTxvevebSi, safrangeTis
msgavsad, sadac winaparTagan momavali kultura naciis
moqalaqeobrivi
koncefciis
da
teritorialuri
nacionalizmis safuZvelSi Zevs, vernakulur kulturul
kodebs gauWirdebaT Tanaarseboba ufro universalur
respublikur simbolizmTan.
am variaciebis miuxedavad, naTelia nacionalizmis
jamuri impulsis arsi: nacia sajaro kulturisa da
politikuri simbolizmis da, sabolood, politizebuli
masobrivi kulturis formaa, romelic naciis siyvarulis,
misi kanonebis gatarebisa da samSoblo miwis dacvisaTvis
moqalaqeebis mobilizacias eswrafvis.
63
magram nacionalizmi mainc ufro metia, vidre
sekularuli
kultura.
miuxedavad
Mmisi
impulsis
sekularizebisa, saboloo jamSi, nacionalizmi mainc
ufro
‘politikuri
religiis’
monaTesavea,
vidre
politikuri ideologiisa. aq me religiis durkhaimiseul
definicias viyeneb, romlis mixedviTac, religia ‘aris
rwmenisa da praqtikis erTiani sistema, dakavSirebuli
sakralur sagnebTan, romlebic, unda iTqvas, gareSe da
akrZalulia – rwmenebi da praqtika, romelic eklesiad
wodebul zneobriv erTobad kravs yvelas, vinc misi
principebis erTgulia’ (Durkheim 1915: 47). es funqciuri
midgoma nacionalizmis surogatuli religiis gagebaSi
dagvexmareba, ramdenadac Tavad durkhaimi usvams xazs
siwmindisa da ritualis rols. es faqti TvalsaCinoa im
mniSvnelobiTac,
romelsac
nacionalizmi
did
winamZRolTa da brZolebSi daRupulTa mosagonebel
ceremoniebs,
sakuTari
qveynisaTvis
TavganwirulTa
‘didebul sikvdils’ aniWebs. amgvar momentebSi, Cven
SegviZlia nacia davinaxoT, rogorc ‘moqalaqeTa wminda
erToba’. es gageba eTanxmeba nacionalizmis, rogorc
‘surogati religiis’, interpretacias.16
nacionalizmis
sxva
aspeqtebic
avlens
misi,
rogorc surogatuli politikuri religiis, xasiaTs.
drodadro Cven vxvdebiT rCeuli naciis, gansakuTrebuli
istoriisa da bedisweris mqone unikaluri xalxis
TviTxats, rac eTnikuri rCeulobis, ‘rCeuli xalxis’
Zveli
religiuri
rwmenis
sekularul
memkvidres
warmoadgens.
amgvar
warmodgenebs
SeiZleba
iseT,
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul da daSorebul qveynebSi
wavawydeT, rogorebicaa safrangeTi da iaponia, indoeTi
da
SeerTebuli
Statebi.
amas
garda,
arsebobs
kvazimesianisturi
mgznebarebac,
romelic
naciaTa
fuZemdeblebs da winamZRolT axasiaTebT. afrikisa da
aziis axal saxelmwifoebSi adamianebma, romlebmac xalxs
damoukidebloba moapovebines – nerum da sukarnom,
nkrumam da keniatam iseve, rogorc Tavis droze
winaswarmetyvelebma da mxsnelebma, TiTqmis wmindanobis
statusi
moipoves,
auwyes
ra
TavianTi
xalxebs
Tavisuflebis, samarTlianobisa da siyvarulis axali
epoqis dadgoma. rogorc ukve vaCveneT, ufro metad
64
mniSvnelovanic kia nacionaluri bediswerisa da eTnikuri
STamomavlobis tyupi rwmenebi. es rwmenebi avsebs da
zogjer
anacvlebs
sikvdilis
Semdgomi
cxovrebis
tradiciul religiur rwmenas, romelic maT miwier
planSi
gadaaqvT,
jer
kidev
arSobil
TaobebSi
koleqtiuri ukvdavebis aRTqmis gziT (ix. A.D.Smith 1999a:
Tavebi 3, 9).
es
yvelaferi
erTgvar
warmodgenas
gviqmnis
nacionalizmis
kompleqsurobaze.
nacionalizmi
xan
politikur ideologiad warmogvidgeba, xan ki sajaro
kulturis formad da surogatul politikur religiad.
amitom ar unda SevadaroT nacionalizmis tout court sxva,
‘mimarTulebis mimcem’ politikur ideologiebs TviT
dasavluri samyaros SigniTac ki, romelic misTvis
sakuTari saxli da mTavari asparezia. nacionalizmi unda
miviCnioT mravalwaxnagovan globalur fenomenad da mis
amosaxsnelad vaRiaroT misi yoveli waxnagis Seswavlis
aucilebloba.
voluntarizmi da organicizmi
aqamde
nacionalizmis
ideologiebs
me
garkveulwilad
aradiferencirebulad
ganvmartavdi.
veswrafvodi saerTo principebi, saziaro idealebi da
birTvi-cnebebi gamomeyo, raTa SesaZlebloba momcemoda
nacionalizmebs Soris zogierTi aSkarad sistematuri
gansxvavebebi
meCvenebina.
am
gansxvavebaTa
arseboba
moiTxovs
nacionalisturi
ideologiis
bazisuri
formebis tipologiis SemuSavebas. yvelaze cnobili
tipologia imavdroulad yvelaze martivi da Sors
mimavalia:
me
mxedvelobaSi
maqvs
nacionalizmis
‘voluntaristuli’ da ‘organikuli’ saxeebi, romelTac
didi xnis istoria aqvT da dramatuli Sedegebi mosdevT
xolme.17
nacionalizmis ideologiis am or saxes Soris
dapirispireba locus classicus SeiZleba ernst renanis mier
hainrix fon tretSkes kritikaSi vipovoT, romelic
arsebobs 1882 wels wakiTxuli leqciis saxiT Qu’est-ce
qu’une nation?
tretSkesagan
gansxvavebiT,
romelmac
germaniis mier
elzasisa
da
lotaringiis
sadavo
65
teritoriebis
aneqsirebis
kanonierebis
saCveneblad
eTnolingvisturi kriteriumi ixmara da amtkicebda, rom
elzaselebi,
miuxedavad
maTi
naTlad
gamoxatuli
politikuri
nebisa
da
istoriuli
maxsovrobisa,
‘obieqturad’ iyvnen eTnikuri germanelebi, renani ufro
politikurad da erTgvarad voluntaristulad udgeboda
sakiTxs.
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom,
garkveulwilad,
simarTled
miiCnevda
safrangeTis
warmoSobis
‘germanikul’ Teziss (imdenad, ramdenadac monarqiuli
mTavroba da myari teritoriuli dayofa dasavleT
evropaSi germanikulma (frankulma) tomebma moitanes), igi
asabuTebda naciebis sulierebas da maTTvis istoriuli
maxsovrobisa
da
politikuri
nebis
mniSvnelobas.
eTnikuri determinizmis sawinaaRmdegod, renani kerZo
nacionalur
kulturebze
‘adamianuri
kulturis’
upiratesobas da ‘Tanxmobisa da erTad cxovrebis
gagrZelebis naTlad gamoxatuli survilis’ saWiroebas
amtkicebs: ‘naciis arseboba (mapatieT es metafora)
yoveldRiuri plebiscitia, iseve rogorc individualuri
arsebobaa sicocxlis mudmivi dadastureba’ (Renan 1882,
citatisaTvis ix. Bhabha 1990: 19). es kargad cnobili pasaJi
xSirad amoglejilia konteqstidan, roca, germanuli
romantikuli
ideologiis
organicizmisa
da
determinizmis sapirispirod, nacionalobis liberaluri
da voluntaristuli idealis saCveneblad aris xolme
moxmobili. gadaWriT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom renans Tavi
Sors eWira rogorc determinizmisagan, ise organuli
analogiisagan. magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom igi
voluntaristuli nacionalobis doqtrinas an individis
im uflebis icavs, romliTac igi Tavad irCevs nacias.
renani ufro metad naciis istoriuli da aqtivisturi
politikuri
gagebis
dacvas
eswrafvis,
romelmac
‘winaparTa kults’ da ‘gmirul warsuls’ saTanado wona
unda mianiWos. naciis individTan analogia imisaTvis araa
gamiznuli, rom individis preferenciaTa da jgufuri
identobebis situaciuri analizis liberalur Teorias
dauWiros
mxari.
misi
daniSnulebaa
naciaTa
Camoyalibebisas aCvenos warsulis – istoriisa da
maxsovrobis (da daviwyebis) iseve, rogorc gangrZobadi
politikis, roli:
66
nacia, individis msgavsad, xangrZlivi warsuli
miswrafebebis,
Tavganwirvis
da
erTgulebis
kulminacias warmoadgens. kultTa Soris yvelaze
gamarTlebuli
winaparTa
kultia,
radgan
winaprebma Segvqmnes Cven imad, vinc varT. gmiruli
warsuli, didi adamianebi, dideba (romelSic me
namdvil didebas vgulisxmob), is socialuri
kapitalia, romelsac efuZneba nacionaluri idea.
saerTo didebis qona warsulSi da saerTo nebis
qona awmyoSi; diadi saqmeebis erTad keTeba, da
momavalSic maTi kvlav keTebis survili – esaa
aucilebeli pirobebi xalxad yofnisaTvis (iqve:
19).
maqs veberic, miuxedavad imisa, rom germaneli
nacionalisti iyo, msgavs daskvnamde mivida. isic
daJinebiT miuTiTebda istoriuli maxsovrobisa da
politikuri nebis rolze. kolmaris muzeumSi Tavisi
vizitis Sesaxeb igi mogviTxrobs:
mizezi imisa, rom elzaselebi Tavs germaneli
naciis
kuTvnilebad
ar
miiCneven,
maT
maxsovrobebSi unda veZioT. maTi politikuri
bediswera metismetad xangrZlivad warimarTeboda
germanuli garemos miRma. amitomaa, rom maTi
gmirebi franguli istoriis gmirebi arian. Tu
kolmaris muzeumis mcvels imis Cveneba surs,
rasac
Tavis
saganZurSi
yvelaze
metad
eloliaveba,
mas
Tqven
griunvaldis
sakurTxevlidan
Sors
mihyavxarT,
oTaxSi,
romelic savsea samferovani droSebiT, Sablonuri
nivTebiTa da cxadia, Tavisi arsiT, sruliad
umniSvnelo
muzaradebiTa
da
sxvadasxva
samaxsovroebiT;
dro,
romelsac
isini
ganekuTvnebian, misTvis gmiruli epoqaa (Weber 1948:
176).
Semdeg is agrZelebs da SeniSnavs elzaselebSi
franguli erTobis grZnobas da maT mijaWvulobas mis
67
reliqviebTan da, ‘gansakuTrebiT, franguli revoluciis
samaxsovroebTan’. erTobis es grZnoba, wers igi, ‘saerTo
politikuri da, iribad, socialuri gamocdilebis ZaliT
iqmneba.
orives,
rogorc
feodalizmis
rRvevis
simboloebs, didad afaseben masebi, da am ambebis Txroba
primitiuli xalxebis heroikuli legendebis adgils
ikavebs’ (Weber 1968, I: 396).
veberis
zogadi
Sexeduleba
naciebze
da
nacionalizmze, miuxedavad imisa, rom arasodes yofila
srulad Camoyalibebuli, garkveulwilad, axlos dgas
renanis SexedulebasTan. kerZod, imiT, rom veberic,
istoriul
maxsovrobasTan
erTad,
gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas
aniWebda
politikur
qmedebebsa
da
instituciebs. amave dros, veberi jer kidev ganicdida
saukunis
ganmavlobaSi
gabatonebuli
germanuli
romantikuli tradiciisaTvis centraluri, nacionalobis
eTnolingvisturi kriteriumis Zalian did gavlenas.
aRniSnuli tradiciis suliskveTeba herderidan da
kantidan, da kidev ufro adreuli xanidan – rusos
‘naturalizmidan’, im Tvalsazrisidan momdinareobda, rom
naciebi SeiZleba Caisaxon ‘bunebiT mdgomareobaSi’ (Tumca
kanonmdebels
SeuZlia
bunebis
xarvezebis
Sevseba),
rogorc es siiesma, XVIII saukunis dasasrulis frangma
politikis
filosofosma
da
saxelmwifo
moRvawem
gamoxata.
XIX
saukunis
dasawyisis
germaneli
romantikosebi
–
fixte,
arndti
da
iani aseve
darwmunebulni
iyvnen
(eTnolingvisturi)
naciebis
bunebriobis safuZvlianobaSi, magram es rwmena maT
mtkice saxelmwifo savaldebulo ganaTlebas im mizniT
Seuxames, rom swori nacionaluri neba da namdvili
Tavisuflebis
miRwevisaTvis
brZolis
moTxovnileba
daenergaT da WeSmariti nacionaluri TviTgamorkveva
ganexorcielebinaT (ix. Kedourie 1960: Tavi 3).
romantikosebisaTvis, iseve rogorc renanisaTvis,
nacia sulieri principi, ‘nacionaluri suli’ (Volkgeist)
iyo da yovel nacias Tavisi gansakuTrebuli bediswera
da misia hqonda, iseve rogorc moepoveboda unikaluri
kultura,
‘Seucvleli
kulturuli
Rirebulebani’,
romelTa rwmena vebers nacionalizmis damRad esaxeboda.
renanisagan
gansxvavebiT,
germanelma
romatikosebma
68
nacionaluri sulis wyaro ara istoriaSi an politikaSi,
aramed ‘kulturiT Seqmnil nebaSi’ hpoves, im organul
lingvistur kulturaSi, romelic saxelmwifoebriobaSi
TviTrealizaciisaTvis
nacionaluri
nebis
ZiebaSi
gamoixateboda.
nacionaluri
sulis
es
kriteriumi
germanulenovani teritoriebis istoriasa da Tanamedrove
mdgomareobas asaxavda. 1871 wlamde es teritoriebi
mraval iseT samefod da samTavrod iyo dayofili,
romelTa erTaderT saziaro niSans germanuli ena da
literatura warmoadgenda. Tumca zogierTi germaneli
romantikosi ukve eyrdnoboda saerTo istorias: cnebam
germania
farTo
gavrceleba
hpova
renesansis
germanulenovan humanistebs Soris. Semdeg ki, roca
wminda romis imperia germanulenovan teritoriebs Seexo,
enam da eTnikurobam swrafad SeiZina ufro didi
mowodebis Zala, romelic Tavdapirvelad gareSe mtris –
franguli kulturis, mogvianebiT ki upiratesad Sina –
ebraeli ‘rasobrivi mtris’ winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.
birTv-RirebulebebTan da kulturuli bmis ZalasTan
dakavSirebulma
am
gaurkvevlobam,
kulturuli
da
eTnikuri Seryvnis mzard SiSTan erTad, gavlena moaxdina
germanuli nacionaluri ideologiis kursze, misca ra mas
eTnikuri nacionalizmisa da biologiuri determinizmis
mimarTuleba. ufro zogadad ki amgvarma
kulturulma
kvanZma naciis ufro naturalisturi da organuli
ideologiebis ganviTarebis tendencias Seuwyo xeli (ix.
Mosse 1964; Kohn 1965; Conversi 1997).18
‘eTnikuri’ da ‘moqalaqeobrivi’
nacionalizmebi
germanuli nacionalizmis kursisaTvis Tvalis
midevneba mniSvnelovan faqtorad iqca hans konis
‘dasavluri’
da
‘aRmosavluri’
nacionalizmebis
diqotomiis gasaviTareblad, romelic kvlavac rCeba
nacionalizmis
yvelaze
naqeb
da
gavlenianian
tipologiad. hans konis mTavari Sroma nacionalizmis
idea 1944 wels gamovida. werda ra nacizmisa da omis
aCrdilTa
pirobebSi,
igi
eswrafvoda
aRmoeCina
gansxvavebebi dasavleTSi arsebul nacionalizmis ufro
69
keTil formasa da mis im ufro saSiS saxesxvaobebs
Soris, romlebic rainis aRmosavleTiT gamoCndnen. koni
amtkicebda, rom nacionalizmis dasavluri formebi
dafuZnebuli iyo ideaze, rom nacia warmoadgenda
moqalaqeTa
racionalur
asociacias,
gaerTianebuls
saerTo kanonebiTa da saziaro teritoriiT, maSin roca
misi aRmosavluri saxesxvaobebi saerTo kulturisa da
eTnikuri warmomavlobis rwmenas efuZneboda da nacias
ganixilavda
rogorc
urRvev,
erTian,
organul,
individualur wevrebze maRla mdgom organizms, romelic
dabadebidan dagyveba da nacionalur daRs gasvams. am
kontrastis
warmoSobis
wyaro
nacionalizmebis
gansxvavebul klasobriv SemadgenlobaSi unda veZeboT.
dasavleTSi
Zlier
da
Tavis
TavSi
darwmunebul
burJuazias SeeZlo aeSenebina masobrivi samoqalaqo
suliskveTebis mqone moqalaqeTa nacia, maSin rodesac
aRmosavleTs amgvari burJuaziuli klasi ar gaaCnda da
imperiuli
avtokratebisa
da
naxevradfeodaluri
miwaTmflobelebis mier imarTeboda. es qmnida noyier
niadags
naciis
organuli
koncefciebisa
da
nacionalizmis mkveTri, avtoritaruli, xSirad mistikuri
formebisaTvis (Kohn 1967a).
miuxedavad konis diqotomiis mkveTri kritikisa
(dayofis miseuli moralisturi miuReblobis gabuqva,
misi geografiuli fokusis kritika im mizeziT, rom
mxedvelobis
aredan
mniSvnelovani
‘gamonaklisebia’
gamorCenili, magaliTad, irlandia da CexeTi, da ori
tipis
miseuli
gamocalkevebis
zedmet
simkveTreze
miTiTeba), igi mainc inarCunebs WeSmaritebis marcvals.
naciis ‘voluntaristul’ koncefciaSi individebi floben
garkveul Tavisuflebas; marTalia, ‘naciaTa msoflioSi’
da nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis arsebobis pirobebSi
isini nacias unda ganekuTvnebodnen, magram, principSi, maT
SeuZliaT Tavi miakuTvnon sasurvel nacias. naciis
‘organul’ koncefciaSi amgvari arCevani gamoricxulia.
individebi naciaSi arian Sobilni da, sadac ar unda
wavidnen, mainc maTi dambadebeli naciis ganuyrel
nawilad rCebian.19
es,
cxadia,
ideologiuri
kriteriumia
da
normatiul tipebs aRwers. Carlton heisis Sromidan da
70
luis snaideridan moyolebuli da ufro gviandeli
formulirebebiT damTavrebuli (rogorebicaa hug setonuotsoniseuli gamijvna, romelic (upiratesad) dasavleT
evropaSi arsebul ‘Zvel, gangrZobad naciebs’ aRmosavleT
evropisa da aziis axali, mizanmimarTulad Seqmnili
naciebisagan (‘Canafiqris naciebisagan’, rogorc maT
Carlz tili uwodebda) gamoyofda; da nacionalizmebis
Cemeuli dayofa imis meSveobiT, rom erTni efuZnebian
‘teritorias’, xolo meoreni – ‘eTnikurobas’) iyo cdebi,
rom gamijnva ufro metad istoriul da sociologiur
safuZvelze momxdariyo. am tipologiam SesaZloa kargad
dagvanaxos naciebsa da nacionalizmebs Soris arsebuli
umTavresi gansxvavebani. magram problema isaa, rom droTa
ganmavlobaSi imdenad bevri nacionalizmi icvlis Tavis
‘bunebas’ da ise xSirad urevs erTmaneTSi orive
tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebel elementebs, rom Tavdapirveli
analitikuri
gamijnva
erTgvarad
kargavs
Tavis
praqtikul Rirebulebas.20
garda amisa, nacionalizmis sociologiur tipebSi
normatiuli Tvalsazrisebis Setanis safrTxec arsebobs.
esaa naciis amJamad moduri ‘eTnikur’ da ‘moqalaqeobriv’
koncefciebs Soris gamijvnis problema. maSin, roca
politikis
filosofosebis
TvalSi
‘moqalaqeobriv’
nacionalizms SeuZlia rom liberalizms SeuTavsdes da,
am
gziT,
garkveul
respeqtabelurobas
miaRwios,
‘sisxlisa da miwis’ nacionalizmis eTnikuri formebi
moraluri
sazRvris
miRma
rCeba;
aRmoufxvreli
partikularizmi ar aZlevs maT saSualebas hqondeT raime
civilizebuli
urTierToba
‘mimarTulebis
mimcem’
politikur ideologiebTan. SesaZloa liberaluri axsna,
romelic gansaxlebas, istorias da sajaro kulturas da
ara genealogiasa da eTnolingvistur kulturas efuZneba,
imisaTvis iyos saWiro, rom upirvelesi yuradReba
TanamemamuleTa saWiroebebs daeTmos. aRniSnuli kargad
esadageba naciis cnebis devid mileriseul definicias,
romlis komponentebic moicavs istorias, teritorias da
sajaro kulturas, magram yuradRebis gareSe tovebs
yovelgvar miTiTebas eTnikuri STamomavlobis miTze.
imaves gagrZelebaa mauricio virolis mier respublikuri
71
patriotizmis dacva eTnokulturuli nacionalizmis
pretenziebisagan (Miller 1995; Viroli 1995; Sdr. Barry 1999).
magram nacionalizmis amgvar Sekvecil versiasac
ki
ZaluZs
sakmaod
araliberaluri
qsenofobiuri
politikis
gamowveva.
moqalaqeobrivi
nacionalizmis
‘saxlidan’
amis
klasikur
magaliTs
safrangeTis
respublikaSi
ebraelebisadmi
damokidebuleba
warmoadgenda. ‘ebraels, rogorc individs, Cven vaZlevT
yvelafers, ebraels, rogorc ebraels – arafers’
ganacxada klermon-tonem safrangeTis asambleaze 1790
wels. moqalaqeobrivi nacionalizmis mier umciresobaTa
uflebebis dacvaSi sakuTari marcxis aRiareba, SeiZleba
Seesabameba
kidec
liberalur
individualizms
da
pirovnul adamianur uflebebs, magram es mxolod jgufis
uflebebze Tvalis daxuWviT, umravlesobis (maspinZeli)
naciis TanxmobiT xdeba. aRniSnuli ufleba-movaleobani
gulisxmobs moqalaqeTa mier dominanturi (franguli)
enis Seswavlas, saqmis warmoebas am enaze; umravlesobis
(franguli) istoriis da literaturis Seswavlasa da
deklamacias; franguli tradiciebis dacvas; franguli
simboloebisa da instituciebis aRiarebas da a.S.
ebraelebisaTvis es niSnavs maTi unitaruli TviTaRqmis
da maTi eTnoreligiuri erTobis gaxleCas religiur
aRmsareblobad da eTnikur kuTvnilebad, ganZarcvas am
ukanasknelisagan da asimilacias maspinel naciaSi. esaa
is procedura, romelsac liberaluri moqalaqeobrivi
nacionalizmi
umciresobaTa
mimarT
dRes
mraval
nacionalur saxelmwifoSi iyenebs (ix. Vital 1990: Tavi 1;
Preece 1998).
moqalaqeobrivi
nacionalizmi
Zalian
Sorsaa
imisagan, rom gansxvavebuli kulturebis mqone jgufTa
moTxovnilebani
daakmayoflos.
namdvili
multikulturizmis
arseboba
mxolod
‘mravlobiTi’
naciis CarCoebSia SesaZlebeli. amgvari nacia dadebiTad
ekideba mravalferovnebas da nacionalur saxelmwifoSi
yvelaferze
maRla
ayenebs
instituciebisa
da
simboloebis SigniT sxvadasaxva kulturebis komponentTa
arsebobas. es SesaZlebeli Seiqna amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos mxolod
gadasadnobi qvabis ideologiaze uaris Tqmis Semdeg.
72
Tumc faqtobrivad, SeerTebuli Statebi protestantuli
eTnies
safuZvelze
aSenda,
monobam,
inglisuri
adgilobrivi amerikelebis dapyrobam da imigraciis
erTimeoreze
miyolebulma
talRebma
igi
namdvil
mravaleTnikur da pluralistur naciad aqcia, romelic
amasTanave SekavSirebuli iyo saerTo eniT, saerTo
kanonebiT,
saziaro
politikuri
simboloebiTa
da
‘sekularuli religiiT’ – droSisadmi pativis migebiT,
sajaro dResaswaulebis aRniSnviT, konstituciisa da
damfuZnebel
mamaTa
kultiT,
saxelovan
omebSi
daRupulTa mosagonari RonisZiebebiT da a.S.
miuxedavad yvela am TvalsaCino gansxvavebisa,
msgavsebac gansacvifreblad didia SeerTebuli Statebis
am sasiamovno nacionalizmsa da safrangeTis, ruseTis da
britaneTis ‘misionerul’ nacionalizmebs Soris, rac maT
‘didi
naciebad’,
‘progresis
Suqurebad’,
‘uvic
adgilobrivebSi’
‘civilizaciis
gamavrceleblebad’
dasaxvas gulisxmobs. es msgavseba adasturebs, rom,
miuxedavad
TvalsaCino
kontrastisa
nacionalizmis
ideologiis ‘organul’ da ‘voluntaristul’ formebsa da
naciis ‘eTnikur’ da ‘moqalaqeobriv’ koncefciebs Soris,
maT mier warmoSobili politikuri qmedebani imaze ufro
axloa erTmaneTTan, vidre warmogvedgina. es imas niSnavs,
rom
mizezobrivi
analizis
Catarebisas,
Cven
nacionalizmis, rogorc fenomenTa erTi krebulis,
ganixilva gvWirdeba. Tumca, amave dros, arc mis
sxvadasxva formebs Soris arsebuli ideologiuri
gansxvavebebi unda dagvaviwydes. nacionalizmis bazisuri
principebi,
idealebi
da
birTvi-cnebebi
aSkarad
ucvlelia droSi da sxvadasxva kulturebSi; da es
gvexmareba
avxsnaT,
Tu
ratom
arian
mecnierebi
darwmunebulni, rom SeuZliaT warmoadginon naciebisa da
nacionalizmebis
yovlismomcveli
ganmartebani
da
mtrulad
ganwyobil
nacionalistebs
SesaZlebloba
miscen erTmaneTTan debatebSi CaerTon, miuxedavad imisa,
rom terminTa yvelasaTvis misaRebi definiciebisa da
amxsneli paradigmebis Taobaze ver SeTanxmebulan.
73
3
paradigmebi
________________________________
1789 wlis dasawyisSi abatma siiesma gamoaqveyna
pamfleti saTauriT Qu’est-ce que le Tiers Etat? siiesi
Tavadaznaurebisa
da
klerikalebis
privilegiebis
winaaRmdeg
ilaSqrebda,
mesame
wodebas
naciasTan
aigivebda da naciis suverenobas acxadebda:
nacia yvelaferze uwinaresia da yvelaferis
sawyisia. misi neba yovelTvis kanonieria, radganac
is Tavadaa kanoni… dedamiwaze arsebuli naciebi,
pirovnebebis msgavsad, yovelgvari socialuri
kavSirisagan
Tavisufalni,
anu
sxvagvarad,
bunebriv mdgomareobaSi unda Casaxuliyvnen. maTi
nebis ganxorcieleba yovelgvari moqalaqeobrivi
formisagan
Tavisufali
da
damoukidebelia.
arseboben ra mxolod bunebriv wesrigSi, maTi neba,
sruli efeqtisaTvis mxolod nebis bunebriv
maxasiaTeblebs saWiroebs. rogorc nacias surs, is
sakmarisia imisaTvis, rac surs. yvela forma
misaRebia, da misi neba yovelTvis uzenaesi kanonia
(citatisaTvis ix. Cobban 1963, I: 165; kursivi
dedniseulia).
adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciam
erTi wlis Semdeg saqmis arsi ufro mkafiodac ki
gadmosca: ‘arsebiTad, nacia yovelgvari suverenobis
wyaroa: arc erT adamians, arc erT pirovnebas ar
SeiZleba hqondes raime Zalaufleba, romelic calsaxad
misgan ar momdinareobs’ (ix. Baker 1988: 271). erTi wlis
Semdgom, 1790 wlis zafxulSi, frangebma Fête de la Fédération
izeimes:
erovnuli
gvardielebi
da
loialurad
ganwyobili moqalaqeebi Seikribnen, raTa axali franguli
74
federaciis Seqmna edResaswaulaT. yvelgan aRmarTuli
iyo
sakurTxevlebi
warweriT:
‘moqalaqe
ibadeba,
cxovrobs da kvdeba mamulisaTvis’. moewyo msvlelobebi,
mRerodnen himnebs, Jak-lui-davidis naxatis horaciusis
ficis (1784) mibaZviT, gaSlili urTierTgadaWdobili
mklavebiT debdnen fics. ‘wminda saZmoSi’ gaerTianebuli
moqalaqeebi
safrangeTs
samudamo
erTgulebas,
nacionaluri
erTianobis
mxardaWeras
da
suvereni
xalxisadmi morCilebas aRuTqvamdnen. 14 ivliss parizSi
marsis mindorze lafaietma fici dado, xolo taleiranma
masobrioba
da
gaSlili
droSebis qveS
kurTxeva
uzrunvelyo,
ismoda
‘simRera
da
iyo
sixarulis
cremlebis Rvra, radganac es iyo dRe safrangeTis
ganaxlebisa’. amave dros notr-damSi naxevrad sakraluri,
naxevrad profanuli kantata Prise de la Bastille sruldeboda,
romelic ivdiTis patriotuli wignis pasaJebis nakrebs
warmoadgenda (Schama 1989: 502–512).
revoluciis
winsvlasTan
erTad
xalxis
enTuziazmic
matulobda.
miRebuli
iqna
axali
samferovani
droSa
axal
nacionalur
himn
‘marseliozasTan’ erTad, romelic SemdgomSi saxelmwifo
himni gaxda. mefis tituli: ‘lui, uflis madliT,
safrangeTisa da navaris mefe’ ase Seicvala: ‘lui, uflis
madliTa
da
saxelmwifos
konstituciuri
kanoniT,
frangTa mefe’. rogorc politikur, aseve kulturul
regionalizms lagami amosdes ‘la république, une et indivisible’
Sesaqmnelad. 1793 wlidan frangul enas abat greguarisa
da
robespieris
meTvalyureobiT
moqmedi
saxalxo
usafrTxoebis
iakobinuri
komitetis
wevris
bares
ZalisxmeviT mTel qveyanaSi eniWeboda upiratesoba.
pirveli plebiscitebi Catarda papis or anklavSi, raTa
maTi mosaxleobis (franguli) neba dadasturebuliyo.
axalwveulTagan
moqalaqeTa
nacionaluri
armia
Camoyalibda. man ramdenime marcxi agema monarqTa
SemoWril armiebs valmisTan 1792 wlis seqtemberSi da
Semdegac;
‘patriotTa’
(ase
uwodebdnen
Tavs
revolucionerebi) gamarjvebis talRis moqcevisas daiwyo
maT
mier
xelSi
Cagdebul
‘ganTavisuflebul’
teritoriebze Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis da Zmobis
idealebis
eqsporti.
nacionaluri
ganaxlebis
75
aRsaniSnavad 1793 da 1794 wlebSi didi saxalxo fêtes iqna
organizebuli. maTi dadgma davids ekuTvnoda, musika –
goseks, poezia ki – andre Senies. es dResaswaulebi
gamoirCeoda didi procesiebiT da aRlumebiT, himnebiT,
Tavisuflebisa da bunebis kolosaluri qandakebebiT da
iseTi ritualebiT, rogoricaa miwis xelaxla monaTvla
wyliT, caSi aTasobiT mSvidobis mtredis gaSveba da
robespieris, viTarca axali moses, daSveba TabaSirisa da
muyaos
giganturi
mTidan,
romlis
mwvervalzec
herkulesis qandakeba da Tavisuflebis xe iyo aRmarTuli
(Schama 1989: 746–750, 831–836).1
modernizmi
mainc zustad ras zeimobda franguli burJuazia?
es ar iyo ubralod xelisuflebaSi mosvla da
aristokratiisa
da
klerikalTa
privilegiebis
dasasruli. es sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara franguli
respublikis formiT safrangeTis axali naciis dabadeba.
nacionaluri krebisa da misi memkvidreebis muSaobis
Sedegad axali naciis mSeneblobis procesSi biZgi mieca
uzarmazar energiasa da Zalisxmevas ganmanaTlebeli
filosofosebis
racionaluri
gegmebis
Sesabamisi
konstituciuri cvlilebis ganxorcielebaSi.2
amgvari gegmiuri ‘naciamSenebloba’ Tvisebrivad
axali procesi iyo, romelsac 1789 wlamde paraleli ar
moeZebneba.
marTalia,
wina
epoqebSic
adgendnen
ganaTlebuli monarqebi keTildReobis programebsa da
diadi
gardaqmnebis
proeqtebs;
administraciis
farTomasStabiani ‘modernizaciis’ mcdelobebic ki iyo,
dawyebuli hamurabis kanonebidan Zvel babilonSi da
avgustusis reformebidan romSi da ruseTSi petre
didisa da avstriaSi ioseb II modernizaciis programebiT
damTavrebuli. magram maT qmedebaSi aranairi koleqtiuri
Canafiqri ar iyo. is xorcieldeboda erTi pirovnebis an
mmarTveli klasis saxeliTa da misi interesebisaTvis.
arc raime ideologia arsebobda saerTo istoriisa da
kulturis mqone suvereni xalxisaTvis, romlisadmic
uzenaesi erTguleba unda gamogeCina da Tavic gagewira.
adreul
epoqebSi
centrSi
mimdinare
politikur
76
movlenebSi monawileobis misaRebad xalxis mobilizebis
sakiTxi ar idga; ar arsebobda araTu qalebis, aramed
mamakacebis politikurad gacnobierebul da aqtiur
‘moqalaqeebad’ gadaqcevis saWiroebac ki. Sesabamisad, arc
raime interesi arsebobda, rom sazogadoebas moqalaqeTa
saWiroebaTa
da
interesTa
dasakmayofileblad
infrastruqtura da instituciebi hqonoda, romelTa
meSveobiTac
mosaxleobaSi
farTod
dainergeboda
masobrivi
savaldebulo
standartuli
saxalxo
ganaTleba ‘moqalaqeTaTvis’ aucilebeli unar-Cvevebis
gasaviTareblad, raTa, SeZlebisdagvarad, amaRlebuliyo
naciis keTildReoba da moqalaqeebi wmindad sekularuli
pativiscemiT gamsWvaluliyvnen naciis kanonebis mimarT.3
es yvelaferi axali iyo da XVI saukunidan XVIII
saukunis
bolomde
periodis
evropis
absolutisti
monarqebis centralizaciisaken mimarTuli programebis,
maT pretenziebze mzardi reaqciebis Sedegs warmoadgenda,
reaqciebisa,
romlebmac
pirvelad
XVII
saukunis
holandiisa da inglisis puritanul ajanyebebSi iCines
Tavi da kulminacias amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da
safrangeTis revoluciebSi miaRwies. da es mxolod
XVIIIBsaukunis
miwurulis
safrangeTSi
gaxda
SesaZlebeli,
rom
430
wels
perikles
mowodeba
gamosaTxovar
sityvaSi
aTeneli
TanamoqalaqeTadmi,
‘sigiJemde SeeyvarebinaT TavianTi qalaqi’, cxovrebis
kredod gadaiqceuliyo. mxolod amis Semdgom Camohkra
koleqtivis gulis simebs xeli sazogadoebrivad aqtiuri
moazrovne aTeneli moqalaqis perikleseulma idealma.
sulac ar aris sakvirveli, rom ruso da misi megobrebi
klasikuri aTenis, spartas da respublikuri romis
istoriaSi eZiebdnen moqalaqeobrivi solidarobisa da
istoriuli erTobis modelebs. franguli revoluciis
komentirebisas durukhaimi werda: ‘faqtobrivad imave
dros, sayovelTao enTuziazmis gavleniT, Tavisi arsiT
pirwmindad sekularuli sagnebi – mamuli, Tavisufleba,
goneba – gardaiqmnen sakralurad. gamoikveTa religiis
(Tavisi dogmatikiT, simboloebiT, sakurTxevlebiT da
dResaswaulebiT) dafuZnebis tendencia’ (Durkheim 1915: 214).
Sesabamisad, nacionalizmi, rogorc ‘naciis mSeneblobis’
procesi da rogorc ideologia da moZraoba, da
77
nacionalizmis idealebi – nacionaluri avtonomiuroba,
erTianoba da identoba – modernuli fenomenebia,
romlebic politikuri scenis centrSi suveren, erTian da
unikalur nacias aTavseben da mTels msoflioSi am
formiT moqmedeben.4
Sexedulebas, romelic me movxaze da istoriul
ganviTarebas, romelic mis arss warmogvidgens, SeiZleba
‘modernistuli’
ewodos.
‘modernizmis’
ori
forma
arsebobs: qronologiuri da sociologiuri. pirveli,
rogorc vasabuTebdi, amtkicebs, rom nacionalizmi –
ideologia, moZraoba da simbolizmi – SedarebiT
bolodroindeli
movlenaa.
meores
mtkicebiT
ki,
nacionalizmi Tvisebrivadac axalia. amMmeore formaSi
nacionalizmi raRac bevrad ufro Zvelis ubralod
ganaxlebuli versia ki ar aris, aramed inovacias
warmoadgens da adre misi msgavsi Aaraferi arsebula. igi
ubralod istoriis mudmiv mdinarebas ki ar ukavSirdeba,
aramed warmoadgens fenomens, romelsac suli sruliad
axalma epoqam da mTlianad axalma pirobebma STabera.
mokled, nacionalizmi modernuli drois produqtia da
sxva araferi. swored es ukanaskneli mtkicebulebaa is,
rac WeSmarit modernizms gamoarCevs.
magram ara mxolod nacionalizmia axali. aseTive
arian naciebi, nacionaluri saxelmwifoebi, nacionaluri
identobani da mTeli ‘internacionaluri’ erToba. es
yvelaferi
modernistisaTvis
ara
mxolod
qronologiuradaa
axali,
aramed
Tvisebrivadac.
frangulma revoluciam ara ubralod axali ideologiis,
aramed adamianuri erTobis axali formis, koleqtiuri
identobis axali saxis, saxelmwifos axali tipis,
dabolos, saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebis axali
wesrigis
gamoCena
gvauwya.
am
axali
fenomenebis
urTierTSexamebasa
da
Sida
kavSirebSi
airekleba
modernuli drois axali msoflio wesrigi. magram,
msgavsad
amisa,
modernistisaTvis
isini
TanadroulobisTvis damaxasiaTebel axal pirobebsac
asaxaven.5
ra aris nacionaluri fenomenis specifikurad
modernuli maxasiaTeblebi, da ra ZiriTadi pirobebia
78
saWiro
imisaTvis,
rom
xeli
Seewyos
naciebis,
nacionaluri
saxelmwifoebisa
da
nacionalizmis
warmoSobas? am kiTxvebze gacemul pasuxebSi, modernizmis
mravali tipi gamovlindeba, da me, maTgan gamomdinare,
zogierT Teoriasa da debatebs Semdgom TavSi ganvixilav.
axla ki SegviZlia mokled davaxasiaToT modernistTa
yovlismomcveli paradigmis Semdegi tipebi:
1.
2.
3.
socialur-ekonomikuri: am versiiT nacionalizmi
da naciebi iseTi ekonomikuri da socialuri
faqtorebisagan
warmodgebian,
rogoricaa
industriuli
kapitalizmi,
regionaluri
uTanasworoba da klasobrivi konfliqti. tom
nairnis
da
maikl
heCTeris
mixedviT,
TviT
nacionaluri
sentimentebi
da
idealebi
gamowveulia Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa SigniT
SedarebiTi siRaribis arsebobiT regionebs da
klasebs Soris da saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebis
gadakveTiT,
ganuviTarebel
periferiul
da
ganviTarebul centralur regionebs an centralur
da periferiul elitebs Soris, rodesac am
ukanasknels
mxars
periferiis
axlad
mobilizebuli ‘masebi’ umagrebs (Hechter 1975; Nairn
1977).6
socialur-kulturuli: ernst gelneris mixedviT,
nacionalizmi da naciebi modernuli, industriuli
epoqis
socialurad
aucilebeli
fenomenebia,
romlebic ‘modernizaciis’ gardamaval periodSi
warmoSvnen. Nnaciebi wignieri, skolis meSveobiT
gavrcelebad,
specialistebisa
da
masobrivi,
standartuli, savaldebulo saxalxo ganaTlebis
sistemis mier mxardaWerili ‘maRali kulturis’
gamoxatulebani
arian.
Tavis
mxriv,
naciebi
mobiluri
da
daostatebuli
samuSao
Zalis
momzadebiT
zustad
iseve
exmarebian
industrializms, rogorc es ukanaskneli uwyobs
xels nacionalizmis warmoSobas (Gellner 1964, Tavi
7; 1973; da 1983).
politikuri:
aq
naciebi
da
nacionalizmi
yalibdeba
modernul,
profesionalTa
79
4.
5.
saxelmwifoSi an misi meSveobiT uSualod an
specifikur (imperiul/koloniur) saxelmwifoebTan
dapirispirebaSi.
iseTi
TeoretikosebisaTvis,
rogorebic arian jon brili, entoni gidensi da
maikl mani, ara marto modernuli saxelmwifoa
naciebisa da nacionalizmis saukeTeso macne, misi
urTierToba
sazogadoebasTan
reintegraciuli
nacionalizmis im mkacr gamocdasac atarebs,
romelic
saxelmwifoebrivi
suverenitetis
gardauvlad Tanmdevi movlenaa (Giddens 1985; Breuilly
1993; Mann 1995).
ideologiuri: aq fokusSi xvdeba nacionalisturi
ideologiis evropuli warmoSoba da modernuloba,
misi kvazireligiuri Zala da roli imperiebis
msxvrevaSi da naciebis SeqmnaSi iq, sadac amgvari
ram ar arsebobda. eli keduri nacionalisturi
ideologiebis
kvals
ganmanaTleblobaSi
da
TviTgamorkvevis kantiseul ideebSi, sabolo jamSi
ki,
mileniur
Suasakunebriv
qristianul
doqtrinebSi
poulobs;
manve
gamoavlina
araevropel xalxebze aRniSnuli ideologiebis
destruqciuli zemoqmedeba, rodesac ukmayofilo
inteligenciam
am
xiliasturi
evropuli
doqtrinebis
adaptacia
moaxdina
mSobliuri
eTnikuri da religiuri tradiciebisaTvis (Kedourie
1960; da 1971: Sesavali).7
konstruqcionistuli: es modernizmis sakmaod
Taviseburi formaa imdenad, ramdenadac yuradRebis
centrSia modernulad miCneuli naciebisa da
nacionalizmis
socialurad
konstruirebadoba.
erik
hobsbaumis
mixedviT,
axlad
ganTavisuflebuli masebis energiis saTanadod
mimarTvas
mmarTveli
elitis
interesebis
gasatareblad
naciebi
socialuri
inJineriis
produqts
–
‘gamogonil
tradiciebs’
unda
umadlodnen. meores mxriv, benediqt andersoni
naciaSi
iseT
warmosaxviT
erTobas
xedavs,
romelic kosmiuri religiebisa da monarqiebis
gaqrobiT datovebul sicarieles avsebs iq, sadac
drois axali koncefcia da ‘beWvdiTi kapitalizmi’
80
saSualebas iZleva wrfiv droSi moZravi naciebi
warmovidginoT (Hobsbawm and Ranger 1983; Anderson
1991).
miuxedavad maT Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebisa,
modernulobis
paradigmis
yvela
am
variaciisaTvis
saziaroa imis rwmena, rasac SeiZleba ‘struqturuli
modernizmi’ ewodos. es arc ‘pirobiTi modernizmia’ da
arc
ubralo
dakvirveba
nacionalizmisa
da
Tanadroulobis
istoriul
korelaciaze,
aramed
modernulobis
Tandayolili
nacionaluri
da
nacionalisturi
bunebis
rwmenaa.
sxvagvarad
verc
iqneboda.
modernuloba
xom,
am
TvalsazrisiT,
aucileblad naciebis formiT gvevlineba da, rogorc
wesi,
gardauvlad
warmoqmnis
nacionalistur
ideologiebsa da moZraobebs.
perenializmi
dRes
modernizmi
nacionalizmis
Taobaze
orTodoqsuli mecnierebis Sexedulebas warmoadgens.
bevrisaTvis naciebis, nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis da
nacionalizmis
modernuloba
martivad
misaRebia,
sxvebisaTvis Zneli dasajerebelia. Tumca es yovelTvis
ase ar iyo. meore msoflio omamde bevri mecnieri
iziarebda Sexedulebas, rom, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu
nacionalisturi ideologia bolodroindeli movlenaa,
Tavad naciebi yovelTvis, istoriis yvela periodSi,
arsebobdnen, da bevri nacia uxsovari drodan arsebobda.
esaa xedva, romelic SeiZleba ‘perenializmad’ iwodos.
albaT, samarTliani iqneba Tu vityviT, rom sazogadoebis
bevri wevri dResac perenialistur Tvalsazrisze dgas,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme maT sakuTar nacias
Seexeba. XIX saukuneSi da XX saukunis 40-ian wlebamdec
perenializmis ama Tu im variants bevri mecnieric
iziarebda, iseTebic ki, rogoric renani gaxldaT,
romelic ufro nacionalizmis ‘voluntaristul’ versias
amjobinebda. amgvari viTarebis Seqmnas nawilobriv
‘rasisa’ da ‘naciis’ gaTanabrebis farTod gavrcelebuli
praqtika uwyobda xels. termini ‘rasa’ ufro xSirad
81
STamomavlobiTi
jgufis
gancalkevebul
kulturas
aRniSnavda, vidre memkvidreobiT ucvlel biologiur
niSnebsa da genebs (dRes igi Cven termin ‘eTnikurobiT’
SegveZlo Cagvenacvlebina). perenializms xeli ewyoboda
agreTve socialuri evoluciis ideiT, romelic maxvils
gradualizmze, progresis safexurebze da socialur da
kulturul kumulaciaze akeTebda. naciebSi koleqtiuri
gradualizmis, ganviTarebisa da kumulaciis elementebis
mqone egzemplarebis danaxva advilic iyo da bunebrivic,
gansakuTrebiT
maTTvis,
visac
organuli
analogia
izidavda. mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes arc
nacionalisturi koncefciebiT nasazrdoebi nacionaluri
istoriografiis da arqeologiis mier win gadadgmuli
nabiji. es disciplinebi xom xels uwyoben da mxars
uWeren amgvar koncefciebs TavianTi ‘uryevi monacemebiT’
da Soreuli materialuri kulturebis xelSesaxebi
naSTebiT.8
perenializmi im ideiTac SeiZleba waxalisdes, rom
naciebi ‘bunebriv’ erTobebs warmoadgenen, da rom
zogierTisaTvis
es
ueWvelad
iyo
misi
erTi-erTi
mimzidveli
mxare.
magram
perenializmi
naciis
naturalistur koncefciaSi ar unda avurioT, rac
axlandeli
‘primordializmis’
safuZvelia.
perenialistebs SeuZliaT gaiziaron an ar gaiziaron
naciis
‘primordialisturi’
koncefcia.
is,
rac
aucilebelia perenializmisaTvis, aris rig empiriul
dakvirvebebze dafuZnebuli rwmena, rom naciebi, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, zogi nacia mainc, raRac mizezis gamo drois
didi monakveTis ganmavlobaSi arsebobs. sulac araa
savaldebulo, rom perenialistebi naciebs naturalurad,
organulad an primordialurad miiCnevdnen; sinamdvileSi
maT
SeuZliaT
uaryon
amgvari
araistoriuli
Sexedulebebi da xSirad asec iqcevian. perenialistebs ar
sWirdebaT
rom
iyvnen,
da
xSirad
arc
arian,
primordialistebi. Cven ki mxedvelobidan ar unda
gamogvrCes maT Soris arsebuli zRvari.
perenializmi ori umTavresi formiT gvxdeba.
ufro gavrcelebul variants SegviZlia ‘gangrZobadi
perenializmi’ vuwodoT. am TvalsazrisiT, zogierT
nacias grZeli, gangrZobadi istoria aqvs da amitomac
82
maTi warmoSobis kvals Sua saukuneebSi an, ufro
iSviaTad, antikurobaSi SeiZleba mivakvlioT. aq aqcenti
gangrZobadobaze.
rRvevebisa
da
wyvetebis
keTdeba
ignorireba ar xdeba. koleqtiuri kulturuli identobis
nel ritmebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT, isini fardobiT
xasiaTs atareben. realurad, naciis identoba da istoria
SeiZleba arc ki midiodes renesansis an gviani Sua
saukuneebis epoqebis iqiT, rogorc es, magaliTad,
SvedeTis, holandiis, ruseTis SemTxvevebSi gvaqvs. sxvagan
naciis warmoSobis kvals bevrad ufro adreul epoqaSic
SeiZleba mivakvlioT. hug seton-uotsoni amtkicebda, rom
Cven SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT ‘Zveli, gangrZobadi naciebi’
ufro gviandeli naciebisagan, romlebic mizanmimarTul
qmedebaTa
Sedegs
warmoadgenen;
pirvel
jgufs
ganekuTvneba safrangeTi, inglisi, Sotlandia da espaneTi.
maTi xandazmuloba mosaxleobis mier uxsovari drodan
naciadyofnis
gancdas
istoriul
substanciurobas
aniWebs. am poziciam, rogorc vnaxavT, bolo dros kvlav
moipova
mxardaWera.
magram
am
SemTxvevaSi
SemoTavazebuli iqna ara perenializmis zogadi modeli,
aramed
mxolod
kerZo
SemTxvevebi,
romlebSic
specifikuri naciebis siZvelisa da gangrZobadobis
saCveneblad istoriuli gadmocemani SeiZleba iyos
damowmebuli. miuxedavad amisa, ramdenadac am saxis
perenializms ZaluZs garkveuli naciebis premodernuli
warmoSoba
aCvenos,
igi
seriozuli
gamowvevaa
modernizmis mtkicebebisaTvis da im rwmenisaTvis, rom
naciebi Tanadroulobis produqts warmoadgens (SetonWatson 1977: Tavi 2; ix. agreTve Gillingham 1992; Hastings 1997).
perenializmis meore mTavar formas SegviZlia
‘perioduli perenializmi’ vuwodoT. is bevrad mkafiod
gamokveTs
debulebas
naciebis
antikur
periodSi
warmoSobis Sesaxeb. igi gveubneba, rom zogierTi nacia
istoriulia. droTa ganmavlobaSi naciebi icvlebian.
renanis sityvebiT, ‘maT TavianTi dasawyisi aqvT, da isini
dasruldebian’. magram nacia rogorc aseTi, rogorc
adamianuri
asociaciis
kategoria,
perenialuri
da
yvelgan myofia, amitomacaa, rom igi istoriis yvela
periodSi dedamiwis yovel kontinentze Tavidan Cndeba. aq
Cven
koleqtiuri
identobis
imave
tipis
83
ganmeorebadoba
gvipirispirdeba,
romelsac
SeuZlia
istoriis sxvadasxva periodSi sxvadasxva gziT hpovos
gamoxatuleba. Tumca konkretuli naciebi SeiZleba
movidnen da wavidnen, naciadyofnis idea TavisTavad
universaluri amouZirkvavi fenomenia da igi mravali
kulturuli an politikuri erTobis mimarT SeiZleba
iqnas gamoyenebuli yvelgan da yovelTvis.9
primordializmi
perenializmi gansakuTrebiT zogi istorikosis
damaxasiaTebel paradigmas warmoadgens. ‘primordializms’
ki metwilad socialuri mecnierebis warmomadgenlebi da
organuli nacionalistebi mimarTaven. is TviT rusosagan
warmodgeba, romelic mogviwodebda gavqceodiT urbanul
gaxrwnilebas
da
dakarguli
umankoeba
‘bunebaSi’
dabrunebiT
aRgvedgina.
am
‘naturalisturma’
suliskveTebam male TviT naciadyofnis ganmartebaSi
SeaRwia. misi danaxva ukve SegviZlia abat siiesis zemoT
moyvanil citataSi. igi amtkicebs, rom naciebi iseve,
rogorc individebi, yovelgvari socialuri kavSirebis
miRma, ‘bunebriv mdgomareobaSi’ unda Casaxuliyvnen; da
isini mxolod ‘bunebrivi wesrigis pirobebSi’ arseboben.
marTlac, maT yvela saganze adre arsebul da yvelafris
warmomSob RmerTTan saziaro Tviseba aqvT. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, naciebi ‘primordialurni’ arian, isini drois
Tavdapirvel wesrigSi arseboben, da Semdgomdroindeli
procesebisa da ganviTarebis safuZvels warmoadgenen.
SeiZleba, rom siiesi (da rusos sxva mimdevrebi) zustad
am frazebs ar iyenebdes da arc Tavs miiCnevdes
‘primordialistad’; magram mas ufro farTo moTxovnebi
ekuTvnis, romelTa gamoyenebac ukve 1789 wels iwyeba
naciis nebis absoluturi suverenobis gasamarTleblad.
aman
fixtesa
da
romantikosebis
mier
germaneli
naciisadmi wayenebul moTxovnebze karga xniT adre
gaiJRera. am saxis ‘naturalizaciisaken mimarTuli’
diskursi nacionalizmis esencialistur da organul
formebs uTavisuflebda gzas (amas me ukve Sevexe) da,
garda amisa, nacionalizmis ufro metad voluntaristul
tipebzec axdenda gavlenas.10
84
biologia da kultura
maS ase, saqme gvaqvs primordializmis iseT tipTan,
romelic organistul nacionalizms warmoadgens. sul
axlaxan, Cven ori sxvadasxva saxis primordialzmis
warmoSobis
mowmeni
gavxdiT.
pirveli
maTgani
sociobiologiuri versiaa. am versiis mixedviT, naciebis,
eTnikuri
jgufebis,
da
rasebis
kvals
individTa
genetikuri
reproduqciuli
mamoZravebelis
da,
‘nepotizmisa’ da ‘inkluziuri Sesabamisobis’ strategiebis
Sedegad,
maT
mier
genofondis
maqsimalizaciamde
mivyavarT. pier van den bergi Tvlis, rom es strategiebi
individualuri
genofondis
uSualo
sanaTesaos
sazRvrebs miRma, ufro vrcel eTnikur sanaTesaoSi
gasavrceleblad gamoiyeneba. am SemTxvevaSi, kulturuli
jgufi gagebulia, rogorc ufro farTo naTesauri qseli,
xolo kulturuli simboloebi (ena, religia, kanis feri
da a.S.) biologiuri markerebis rols asrulebs. van den
bergis azriT, es gamorCeulad racionalur strategias
warmoadgens, radganac eTnikuri warmomavlobis miTebi
realur
biologiur
warmomavlobas
umeteswilad
Seesabameba.
amitomacaa,
rom
adamianebi,
romlebic
erTmaneTis uSualod ar enaTesavebian, mainc mzad arian
ucnobi TanaeTnoselebi ‘naTesavebad’ miiCnion da TavianT
msgavsad uzrunvelyon sarCoTi da usafrTxoebiT (Van den
Berghe 1978 da 1995).
am Tvalsazriss ramdenime sirTule ukavSirdeba.
yvelaze xSirad problemuria individualuri qcevis
ganzogadeba koleqtiur reproduqciul qcevamde da
politikur moqmedebebamde. didi ojaxic ki, ramdenime
gamonaklisis garda, Zalian pataraa imisaTvis, rom
politikuri mniSvnelovneba SeiZinos, da, miTumetes,
Znelia imis warmodgena, Tu rogor SeiZleba aixsnas
farTomasStabiani socialur-politikuri
ganviTareba
individualuri an ojaxuri qcevis meSveobiT. amasTan
dakavSirebuli meore sirTule ki isaa, rom warmoSobis
miTebi iSviaTadaa korelirebuli realur biologiur
warmomavlobasTan, Tu davuSvebT, rom maTTvis Tvalis
midevnebis SesaZlebloba arsebobs. rogorc uolker
konorma (Connor 1994: 202) dagvanaxa, miTebi warmoSobis
85
Sesaxeb, rogorc wesi, ar Seesabameba cnobebs realur
STamomavlobiT kavSirebze. naciebs, Cveulebriv, ramdenime
eTnikuri modgma da warmomavloba Seadgens, maSin roca
warmoSobis da STamomavlobis miTebi mxolod erT,
SeTanxmebul an oficialur, wyaros moicavs. dabolos,
‘kulturuli niSnebis’ donis SemotaniT, van den bergi
reduqcionistul biologiur Tvalsazriss arbilebs da
kulturul da socialur faqtorebs bevrad ufro did
rols aniWebs, riTic uciloblad amcirebs genetikuri
faqtorebis gavlenas.
primordializmis meore, ufro gavleniani, versiis
mixedviT, eTnikuri jgufebi da naciebi socialuri
arsebobis
‘kulturul
monacemebTan’
mijaWvulobis
safuZvelze Camoyalibdnen. edvard Silsma da kliford
geercma
aCvenes,
Tu
rogor
xdeba
sekularuli,
moqalaqeobrivi
kavSirebis
gverdiT
primordialuri
kavSirebis SenarCuneba industriul sazogadoebebSic ki.
kerZod,
geercma
primordialuri
mijaWvulobebi
modernuli saxelmwifo mowyobisa da sazogadoebis
racionaluri wesrigis samoqalaqo kavSirebs Seadara.
afrikisa da aziis axal saxelmwifoebSi geerci or
mZlavr mamoZravebels gamohyofs: personalur identobas,
romelic efuZneba gangrZobad simtkices da moicavs
sanaTesaosTan,
rasasTan,
enasTan,
religiasTan,
tradiciebsa
da
teritoriasTan
mijaWvulobas;
da
momgebianobas da stabilurobas, rac gamoxatulebas
axali politikuri wesrigis samoqalaqo kavSirebSi
hpovebs. faqtobrivad, wesrigisa da sargeblianobis
Zlieri survili ubralod amZafrebs primordialur
mijaWvulobebs axali saxelmwifoebis eTnikur jgufebSi,
radganac
suverenuli
saxelmwifos
Zala
da
misi
patronaJi iqceva axal jildod, romlis mosapovebladac
unda
ibrZolo
da
axal
gamowvevad
metoqesTan
Sesajibreblad (Shils 1957; Geertz 1973).
dRes ‘primordializma’ umoZraobis, esencializmisa
da naturalizmis damamcirebeli konotacia SeiZina. misi
aseTi saxe nawilobriv primordializmis nacionalizmis
organul tipTan aramarTebul asocirebas, nawilobriv ki,
geercis cnobili eseis ‘gamaerTianebeli revoluciis’
araswor gagebas efuZneba. imis mtkicebiT, rom eTnikuri
86
mijaWvulobebi
da
naciebi
socialuri
arsebobis
‘kulturuli mocemulobebidan’ momdinareobs da, rom
xalxis mier ‘TviTobis gancda sisxlis, rasis, enis,
adgilis,
religiis
an
tradiciis
mravalricxovani
gamovlinebebisagan
ganuyofelia’,
geerci
ar
xdeba
organuli
nacionalizmis
mimdevari.
amis
damadastureblad mas iqve Semoaqvs arsebiTi Sesworeba,
roca ambobs, rom:
primordialuri mijaWvulobis qveS igulisxmeba is,
rac
‘mocemulobebidan’
an,
ufro
zustad,
socialuri
arsebobis
navaraudevi
‘mocemulobebidanaa’
warmoSobili
(ramdenadac
kultura
ueWvelad
aris
CarTuli
amgvar
movlenebSi)… sisxlis, enis, tradiciebis da a.S.
harmonia gaigeba rogorc maTSi da maTiT arsebuli
eniT gamouTqmeli da drodadro gadaulaxavi
iZuleba (Geertz 1973: 259–260).
am pasaJSi, sityvebi ‘navaraudevi’ da ‘gaigeba’ da
kulturasTan
mimarTeba
niSnavs,
rom
geercisaTvis
primordialuri mijaWvulobani percefciebsa da rwmenebs
emyareba da, rom Sinagani buneba araa is, rac am
mijaWvulobebs ‘mocemulobad’ da Zlevamosilad aqcevs;
Cveulebrivi adamianuri qmnilebani arian isini, vinc am
kavSirebs, rogorc mocemulobebs ise aRiqvamen da maT
gadaulaxavi iZulebis Zalas miaweren. geerci mxolod
imas amtkicebs (da es mniSvnelovania primordialisturi
midgomisaTvis),
rom
Cven,
rogorc
individebi
da
koleqtivebis wevrebi, vgrZnobT da gvwams Cveni eTnieebis
da naciebis primordialoba – maTi bunebrioba, maTi
dRegrZeloba da Zala – da is, rom Tuki am rwmenebisa da
grZnobebis
arsebobas
ugulebelvyofT,
xelidan
dagvisxlteba eTnikurobisa da nacionalizmis sferoSi
saWiro ganmartebis erT-erTi centraluri amocana.
rac Seexeba sakvanZo kiTxvas, romelic naciisa da
nacionalizmis nebismieri Teoriis winaSe wamoiWreba, igi
imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu ratom badeben isini amden vnebasa
da ase Zlier mijaWvulobas. am kiTxvaze pasuxis Ziebisas
primordialistebi miuTiTeben aRniSnul mijaWvulobaTa
87
droSi ganfenilobaze da maT aSkarad iZulebiT xasiaTze,
imis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobaze, rasac ‘monawileTa
primordializms’ vuwodebT. es monawileTa mier imis
cxovelmyofeli gancdaa, rom maT koleqtiur identobas
primordialisturi xasiaTi aqvs. magram, rogorc elerma
da kuglanma miuTiTes, TavisTavad es pasuxi ar aris
amomwuravi. CvenTvis aucilebelia imis codna, Tu ratom
aqvs amden adamians primordialobis gancda da ratom
SeigrZnobs
am
mijaWvulobebs.
es
ki
eTnikuri
mijaWvulobebis
racionalur,
empiriul
analizs
moiTxovs da ara liton gancxadebas amgvari kavSirebis
aprioruli bunebisa da emociuri Sinaarsis Taobaze. am
kiTxvaze sapasuxod stiven grosbim gaakeTa saintereso
miTiTeba, rom adamianebi mijaWvulobis am grZnobas imis
rwmenaze afuZneben, rom amgvar koleqtivs sicocxlis
gagrZelebis
unari
aqvs,
xolo
naTesaobas,
ufro
konkretulad ki teritorias – sicocxlis SenarCunebis
Tviseba. grosbis mosazreba damafiqrebelia, magram mas
mxolod
garkveuli
mimarTulebiT
SeuZlia
Cveni
warmarTva. Tavad ki Znelad Tu dagvexmareba kulturuli
erTobebis sxvadasxva saxis arsebobisa an droTa
viTarebaSi maTi transformaciis sociologiur axsnaSi.
amgvari paradigma verc imas mohfens Suqs, Tu ratom arian
adamianebi mijaWvulni mocemul istoriul koleqtivs da
ara sxvas (magaliTad, ratom germanias da ara prusias) da
ratomaa, rom amgvari mijaWvulobebi ase gansxvavdebian
gavrcelebis arealiT, intesivobiTa da xangrZlivobiT.11
instrumentalisturi kritika
am sakiTxSi garkveuli daxmarebis gaweva SeuZlia
‘instrumentalistur’ kritikas. primordializmis msgavsad,
instrumentalisturma midgomam Tavi iCina ara imdenad
naciebTan an nacionalizmTan, aramed eTnikurobasTan
mimarTebaSi. igi TvalsaCino Seiqna XIX saukunis 60-70-ian
wlebSi SeerTebul StatebSi efeqturad miCneuli sadnobi
qvabis
SigniT
(TeTrkanianTa)
eTnikuri
gamZleobis
Taobaze mimdinare debatebTan dakavSirebiT. maSin, roca
uil herbergi miuTiTebda, rom samTa (protestantebis,
kaTolikeebisa da ebraelebis) amerikuli sadnobi qvabi
88
arsebobda,
naTan
gleizeri
da
daniel
moiniani
aCvenebdnen, Tu rogor miiRes amerikuli cxovrebis
stili niu-iorkis sxvadasxva eTnikurma jgufebma ise, rom
sakuTari identobebic SeinarCunes. XX saukunis 70-ian
wlebSi aman debatebi im donemde gaacxovela, rom
SeerTebul StatebSi arsebuli eTnikuri jgufebi saerTo
interesTa mqone an Seviwroebis Sedegad warmoqmnil
jgufebad miiCnies, romlebic politikur bazarze ise
gamodiodnen, rogorc saSualeba. momdevno TaobebSi isini
swrafad kargavdnen TavianT kulturul TviTmyofadobas
an
am
ukanasknels
metad
simbolurad
da
arasavaldebulod
miiCnevdnen.
igulisxmeboda,
rom
eTnikuri
liderebi
da
elita
Zalauflebisa
da
resursebisaTvis cilobisas sakuTar kulturul jgufebs
ise iyenebdnen, rogorc masobrivi mobilizaciis adgils
da erTgvar saarCevno ubans, vinaidan Tvlidnen, rom
amgvari jgufebi socialur klasebTan SedarebiT ufro
efeqturia.12
didi xani araa gasuli mas Semdeg, rac naciebis
genezisTan dakavSirebiT instrumentalisturi midgoma
iqna
gamoyenebuli.
amis
gansakuTrebiT
TvalsaCino
magaliTia pakistanis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT pol
brassa
da
francis
robinsons
Soris
gamarTuli
nayofieri
polemika.
brasis
azriT,
pakistani
muslimanurma elitam Seqmna. im dros, roca britanuli
politika, etyoba, muslimanTa interesebis sawinaaRmdegod
Sebrunda, igi, Crdilo-dasavleT indoeTis muslimanuri
masebis
mobilizebis
mizniT,
islamur
simboloTa
arsenaliT manipulirebda. robinsonis SexedulebiT ki,
yvelaferi sapirispirod moxda: arsebulma muslimanurma
mijaWvulobebma da ideologiebma (gansakuTrebiT umam)
daarwmuna muslimanuri elita muslimanuri erTobisa da
kulturis
dacvis
mizniT
Crdilo-dasavleTis
gaerTianebul provinciebsa da bengalSi muslimanTa
ufro didi avtonomiisaTvis ebrZola. Tumca situaciis am
or interpretacias Soris gansxvaveba arc ise didia,
rogorc es erTi SexedviT Cans. brasi, magaliTad,
aRiarebda
arsebuli
tradiciebis
mniSvnelovnebas,
gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac arsebobda mdidari kulturuli
memkvidreoba
da
institucionaluri
(magaliTad,
89
religiuri) CarCo, maSin roca robinsoni frTxilad,
magram
daJinebiT
amtkicebda
muslimani
elitis
moqmedebaTa politikur racionalurobas (Brass 1979 da
1991; Robinson 1979).
meores
mxriv,
instrumentalisturi
midgoma
mkacrad modernistuli paradigmis dasacavadac SeiZleba
iqnas
gamoyenebuli.
amgvar
midgomas
vxvdebiT
nacionalizmis jon briliseul politikur TeoriaSi,
romelsac ufro detalurad momdevno TavSi ganvixilav.
amjerad ki yuradReba mis meTodologiur miznebs minda
mivapyro. maT brili Tavisi wignis nacionalizmi da
saxelmwifo
1993
wlis
gadamuSavebuli
versiis
Semajamebel TavSi warmoadgens. Tumca nacionalizmis
briliseuli
definicia
kulturas
miemarTeba,
igi
nacionalizmis
(romelsac
igi
rogorc
mkacrad
politikur da modernul fenomens ise ganmartavs)
ganmsazRvrel maxasiaTeblad kulturuli identobis
miCnevis
yovelgvar
SesaZleblobas
gamoricxavs,
ramdenadac
miaCnia,
rom
es
ukan,
iracionalur
primordialistur
‘Tavis
mikuTvnebis
saWiroebasTan’
dagvabrunebs. igi imasac uSvebs, rom nacionalizmi
‘Tavisi Zalis did nawils im naxevarsimarTlisagan iZens,
romlis gansaxierebasac warmoadgens’, da dasZens:
adamianebi eswrafvian erTobis wevrobas, aqvT
Cvenisa da maTis, teritoriis, rogorc samSoblo
miwis, kulturulad gansazRvruli da Sekruli
samyarosadmi kuTvnilebis Zlieri gancda, rac
azrs aniWebs maT cxovrebas. amaTgan umetesoba xom
racionaluri
analizis
miRma
dgas,
me
ki
istorikosTa ganmartebis unars vendobi (Breully
1993: 401).
SesaZloa
es
asecaa,
magram
brilis
xelSi
nacionalizmis
cnebis
sazrisis
sazRvrebi
wminda
politikur mniSvnelobamde da mkacrad instrumentalur
gamoyenebamde
viwrovdeba.
nacionalizmi
warmodgeba,
rogorc mxolod argumenti, romlis
meSveobiTac
subelitebs xalxis mobilizeba, socialuri jgufebis
mravalferovani interesebis koordinacia da Tavis
90
qmedebaTa legitimacia SeuZliaT, raTa xelT igdon an
SeinarCunon Zalaufleba modernul saxelmwifoSi. esaa
wminda politikuri argumenti, romelic ambobs, rom
arsebobs nacia gamokveTili da gansakuTrebuli xasiaTiT,
rom misi interesebi da Rirebulebebi yvelaferze
upiratesia, da rom nacia damoukidebeli unda iyos.
brilisaTvis
nacionalizmi
ar
Seexeba
identobas,
erTianobas, avTenturobas, Rirsebas, samSoblo miwas an
raime sxvas, politikuri Zalauflebis gamoklebiT, rac
modernuli saxelmwifos politikur miznebs warmoadgens.
nacionalizmi ubralod politikuri miznebis miRwevis
instrumentia da mxolod modernul pirobebSi SeiZleba
aRmocendes. yvelaferi sxva racionaluri analizis
sazRvrebs miRmaa datovebuli (iqve: 2).
triada – racionaluroba, modernuloba, politika
–
instrumentalizmis drodadro ganmeorebad niSnebs
warmoadgens da es argumentTa amowurvas moaswavebs. misi
efeqti imaSi mdgomareobs, rom moaxdinos alternatiuli
midgomebis
delegitimacia
da,
modernizmis
garda,
nacionalizmis yvela paradigmis diskvalifikacia. magram,
praqtikulad, amgvari sakuTari Tavis uarmyofeli gegma
mxolod imas uTavisuflebs adgils, rac unda movides
ara marto racionaluri analiziT Semowmebis Sedegad,
aramed im analizis Sedegadac, romelic bevrad ufro met
Semowmebas dauSvebs, vidre amas zeda fenebisgan qveda
fenebisaken mimarTuli, elitis mier marTuli da
racionaluri arCevanis mqone politikuri modelebi
axerxeben, dRes amden modernists Soris rom aqvT
gasavali.
eTnosimbolizmi
erT-erT aseT alternativas eTnosimbolistur
paradigmaze
dafuZnebuli
socioistoriuli
da
kulturuli analizi waarmoadgens. es am sferoSi
arsebul oTx umTavres paradigmas Soris ukanasknelia.
SesaZlo mexuTe – ‘postmodernizmi’, romelsac bolo
TavSi ganvixilav, jer kidev metismetad fragmentuli da
zedapirulia imisaTvis, rom ‘paradigmis’ saxelwodeba
daimsaxuros.
eTnikurobisa
da
nacionalizmis
91
modernistuli, perenialisturi da primordialisturi
paradigmebis sapirispirod istoriuli eTnosimbolizmi
Tavis fokusSi konkretulad eTnieebis TviTSenarCunebis,
naciebis
formirebis
da
nacionalizmis
impulsis
subieqtur elementebs aqcevs. es imas ar niSnavs, rom igi
‘obieqtur’ faqtorebs TavisTavad nagulisxmevad miiCnevs
an analizis sferos miRma tovebs. es mxolod imas
niSnavs, rom igi subieqtur elementebs – maxsovrobas,
Rirebulebebs, sentiments, miTsa da simbolos – ufro met
mniSvnelobas aniWebs, da, rom amgvarad eswrafvis
SeaRwios eTnikurobisa da nacionalizmis siRrmeebSi da
axsnas isini.
eTnosimbolisturi
xedvisas
rigi
mimarTeba
moqmedebs. pirveli, es aris Tavis arideba eqskluziurad
elitaze
orientirebuli
analizisaTvis,
rac
modernizmisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. amis sapirispirod,
eTnosimbolizmi xazs usvams sxvadasxva elitebis dabal
fenebTan
(‘xalxTan’)
urTierTobis
da
maTi
warmomadgenlobis
aucileblobas.
magram
es
araa
calmxrivi
urTierToba.
araelitebi,
nawilobriv,
TavianTi kulturuli tradiciebisa da, nawilobriv,
vernakuluri mobilizaciis meSveobiT da inovaciebis
garkveul kulturul parametrebSi moqceviT gavlenas
axdenen
inteligenciaze,
politikur
liderebze
da
burJuaziaze, xolo kulturul proeqtebsa da politikur
amocanebs
Sesabamisi
motivebiTa
da
personaliT
uzrunvelyofen.
amis
kargi
magaliTia
gaeluri
aRorZinebis inteleqtualuri da saxalxo moZraoba
gviani XIX saukunis irlandiaSi, romelic jon haTCinsons
mdidari dokumenturi masalis moxmobiT aqvs ganxiluli
(Hutchinson 1987: Tavebi 4–5). aq glexobis da kaTolikuri
dabali klasebis tradiciebma irlandiel inteleqtualTa
amaRorZinebeli formulirebebi Sesabamisi parametrebiT
da kulturuli masaliT uzrunvelyo.
meore saerTo mimarTeba grZelvadian analizs
ukavSirdeba – es socialuri da kulturuli modelebis
la longue durée analizia. mxolod ramdenime Taobis da
saukuneebis SeswavliT ZaluZT mecnierebs gamoavlinon
warsuls,
awmyosa
da
momavals
Soris
arsebuli
urTierTmimarTebani da adgili gamounaxon eTnieebsa da
92
naciebs istoriaSi. es saSualebas mogvcems Tavidan
aviciloT ‘retrospeqtuli nacionalizmis’ anaqronizmi,
romelic awmyos koleqtiuri miznebisa da nacionalistTa
miswrafebebis amokiTxvas adreuli epoqebis pirobebsa da
politikaSi
cdilobs,
miuxedavad,
imisa,
rom
imavdroulad,
adreuli
saukuneebis
koleqtiuri
identobebis bevr cvalebad formas akritikebs. pirvel
rigSi, eTnosimbolisturi midgoma sakuTar yuradRebas im
gzebis Ziebisaken miapyrobs (ramdenadac amis saSualebas
istoriuli CanawerebSi arsebuli mravali rRveva da
wyveta iZleva), romlebiTac koleqtiuri identobis
adrindelma formebma SeZles gavlena moexdinaT naciebis
warmoSobaze.13
mesame, es niSnavs, rom naciebisa da nacionalizmis
warmoSobis analizi adreuli koleqtiuri kulturuli
identobebis da, gansakuTrebiT, eTnikuri erTobebis anu
eTnieebis CarCoebSia moqceuli. magram naciebis mimarTeba
eTnieebTan kompleqsuria. aq adgili ara aqvs martiv
wrfiv
progresias.
erTi
mxriv,
naciebi
SeiZleba
ganxilul iqnan rogorc eTnieebis specializebuli
(teritorializebuli, politizebuli, masobriv-sajaro,
da a.S.) formebi; meore mxriv, orive, naciebica da
eTnieebic, koleqtiuri kulturuli identobis formebs
warmoadgens,
romelTac
SeuZliaT
Tanaarseboba
an
konkurencia, Sejibri im ramdenime eTniesTanac ki,
romlebic xSirad naciis politikuri erTobis sazRvrebs
SigniT arsebobs. am paradigmisaTvis nacionalizmi da
naciebi sulac ar arian eqskluziurad modernul
epoqasTan dakavSirebuli, aramed, rogorc amas naciis
cnebis ganmartebis Taobaze Cemi adrindeli (pirvel
TavSi) msjelobac miuTiTebs, koleqtiuri identobebisa
da miswrafebebis ufro farTo ‘ojaxis’ nawils Seadgenen.
amiT isic aixsneba, Tu ratom cdiloben nacionalistebi
ase xSirad im mizniT apelirebis, rom xelaxla
aRmoaCinon im Zveli mosaxleobis kulturuli da
simboluri
repertuari,
romelTanac
isini
Rrma
kulturuli kavSiris uwyvetobas amtkiceben.14
sxva mniSvnelovani problema, romelsac yvela
aRiarebs,
gaxlavT
koleqtiur
vnebaTa
mimarTeba
mijaWvulobasTan. maSin roca modernistebi am problemis
93
wamowevisas, Cveulebriv, marcxdebian an mxolod zogadad
exebian mas, xolo perenialistebi, romelnic yvelgan
varaudoben naciebis gangrZobadobas da drodadro kvlav
gamoCenas, ubralod mis ganmartebasac ver axerxeben,
eTnosimbolistebi mas ganixilaven eTnikurobisa da
nacionalizmis
gagebisaTvis
sakvanZo
problemad.
primordialistebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelTac didididi
metafizikuri
pasuxi
SeiZleba
hqondeT,
eTnosimbolistebi
warmogvidgenen
istoriul
da/an
sociologiur axsnas im mizezebisa, Tu ratom aqvs amden
adamianis sakuTar eTnikur erTobebTan da naciebTan
mdgradi emociuri mijaWvuloba da riTaa gamowveuli am
mijaWvulobaTa
unari
fanatikuri
terorizmi
da
Tavganwirva gamoiwvion maTi interesebisaTvis.
dabolos, eTnikuri da nacionaluri identobebis
saxalxo,
moralur
da
emociur
ganzomilebebTan
mimarTebis gamo eTnosimbolistur midgomas SeuZlia
dagvexmaros rogorc kulturul koleqtiur identobaTa
mier
TviTSenarCunebis,
ise
maTi
transformaciebis
swrafad
aRqmaSi.
nacionaluri
identobebis
winare
eTnikur jaWvTan dakavSirebiT da saziaro simboloebis,
miTebis da maxsovrobebis subieqturi ganzomilebebis
CvenebiT eTnosimbolizmi Suqs hfens dRes amden adamianze
modernuli naciebis gavlenis SenarCunebis sakiTxs. amave
mizezebis gamo, eTnosimbolistur paradigmas SeuZlia
mimdinare eTnikuri konfliqtebis intensivobasa da
Sinaarsze
arsebuli
Cveulebrivi
ekonomikuri
da
politikuri
Tvalsazrisebisadmi
alternatiuli
axsnebisaken gvibiZgos. es alternatiuli Tvalsazrisi
saTanado wonas aniWebs sakvanZo simbolur sakiTxebs,
romlebic, rogorc irkveva, yvelaze Znelad gansamartia.
amas mowmobs muslimanur-induisturi Sejaxeba meCeTis
gamo aiodiaSi, oranJistTa ordenis marSebi olsterSi an
ierusalimis
statusi.
radgan,
rogorc
saxelic
miuTiTebs, ‘eTnosimbolizms’ analizis fokusi wmindad
garegani
politikuri
da
ekonomikuri
an
sociobiologiuri
faqtorebisagan
kulturul
faqtorebze
–
simboloze,
maxsovrobaze,
miTze,
Rirebulebebze da tradiciaze gadaaqvs.15
94
eTnosimbolizmi,
sxva
paradigmebis
msgavsad,
gansxvavebul formebs iZens. jon armstrongi ufro
perenialisturi
Tvalsazrisisaken
ixreba,
romelic
avlens tendencias daamcros naciebsa da eTnikur
identobebs
Soris
arsebuli
gansxvaveba
(Tumc
armstrongi, diaxac xedavs sxvaobas ‘nacionalizmis’
wyalgamyof 1800 welze uwinares da amis Semdgom
warmoSobil naciebs Soris). es, nawilobriv, imitom xdeba,
rom armstrongi fenomenologiur Tvalsazriss iziarebs,
romelic eTnikur identobebs ise ganixilavs, rogorc
percefciebis, sentimentebis, mimarTebebis wanacvlebad
klasterebs. amave dros igi kulturuli da simboluri
sazRvrebis analizs iyenebs (romlis pioneric frederik
barti iyo) da xazs usvams ‘miTosimboluri kompleqsebis’
kvlevis saWiroebas la longue durée imisaTvis, rom gavigoT
eTnikurobis mdgradobis arsi (Armstrong 1982 da 1995; Sdr.
Barth 1969: Sesavali).
meores mxriv, jon haTCinsonma veberiseuli midgoma
ufro
gaiziara,
raTa
modernuli
nacionalizmis
kulturuli da politikuri tipebi urTierTisagan
ganesxvavebina
da
TvalsaCino
gaexada
kulturuli
formebis dinamika. haTCinsoni im rolsac exeba, romelic
iTamaSa warsulma premodernul eTnikur aRorZinebasa da
Tanamedrove nacionalizmSi, da im gzebsac, romliTac
instituciebis meSveobiT miTebis, maxsovrobebis da
simboloebis premodernuli kulturuli repertuari
‘gadmotanil iqna’ modernul epoqaSi. Cemi sakuTari
analizi mesame problemas – naciebis bunebasa da
istoriaSi maT rols Seexeba. vacnobierebdi ra, rom
nacionalizmi,
rogorc
ideologia,
moZraoba
da
simbolizmi, modernuli fenomenia, me davinteresdi imiT,
Tu
ramdenad
SeiZleba
arsebobdnen
naciebi
nacionalizmamde, yovel SemTxvevaSi zogjer mainc, da ra
dgas amis miRma. magram, sazogadod, Cemi interesis
fokusSia is gza, romelic naciebs win uswrebs da
premodernulia:
eTnikuri
kavSirebi
da
eTnieebi,
romlebmac gavlena moaxdines momdevno naciebsa da
nacionalizmebze da, zog SemTxvevaSi, Seuqmnes kidec maT
safuZveli (Hutchinson 1987 da 1994; A.D.Smith 1986 da 1991).
95
daskvna
eTnosimbolizmi dapirispirebuli modernistuli
da
perenialisturi
paradigmebis
mtkicebebiT
daukmayofileblobam
da
primordializmis
axsniTi
mcdelobebis marcxma warmoSva. roca saqme gvaqvs iseT
naciasTan, romelsac arc uZvelesi istoria aqvs da arc
reproduqcia axasiaTebs, an iseTTan, romelic arc axalia
da arc modernizaciis produqts warmoadgens, dgeba
iseTi paradigmis monaxvis saWiroeba, romelic moicavs da
gamoavlens naciebisa da nacionalizmebis ase xSirad
aRniSnul dualur, orsaxovani ianusis bunebas. amgvari
paradigma
sagareo-politikuri,
geopolitikuri
da
ekonomikuri
faqtorebis
ugulebelyofis
subieqtur
simbolur da socialur-kulturul elementebze unda
iyos
fokusirebuli,
xels
unda
uwyobdes
ufro
niuansirebul xedvebsa da midgomebs da amgvarad
miemarTos eTnikuri identobis, miTebis da maxsovrobis
sasicocxlod aucilebel simbolur sakiTxebs, romlebic,
xSirad,
rogorc
irkveva,
Zneli
gasamartia.
arc
perenializmi da arc modernizmi ar cdilobs SeaRwios
nacionalizmis
Sida
samyaroSi;
amis
gareSe
ki,
eTnosimbolistebis mtkicebiT, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia sxva
xalxebis nacionalizmis gageba da maTi satkivaris da
sentimentebis
(romlebic
konfliqtebisaTvis
sawvavs
warmoadgenen) Cawvdoma.
am oTxi paradigmis mimdevrebs Soris kamaTi
warimarTa or doneze: Teoriulze da istoriulze. Tu
sqematurad warmovadgenT am oTx paradigmas, SeiZleba
vTqvaT, rom modernistebi Zlierni arian Teoriul
doneze da sakmaod sustni istoriulze, perenialistebi
ki piriqiT. primordialistebs an mcdari Teoria aqvT an
sulac ara aqvT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas istoriaze – an
mciredi
aqvT
an
ara
aqvT,
vinaidan
isini
an
reduqcionistebi (sociobiologebi) arian an metismetad
spekulatiurni
da
araistoriulni
(kulturuli
primordializmi). rac Seexeba eTnosimbolistebs, isini
mxolod midgomebs aviTareben da ara raime Teorias.
magram,
rogorc
mosalodneli
iyo,
isini
exebian
makroistorias da mis socialur-kulturul elementebs,
96
da, Cemi azriT, aucilebeli koreqtivebi SeaqvT danarCeni
mTavar
paradigmebis
momxreTa
xSirad
uvargis
mtkicebebSi.
97
4
Teoriebi
________________________________
am TavSi minda ganvixilo nacionalizmis arsebobis
zogierTi, oTxi paradigmis momxreTa mier mocemuli axsna
da Sevexo im problemebsa da debatebs, romlebic amgvari
axsnebis Sedegad dagrovda. aseT farTo sferoSi
SeuZlebelia romelime calkeuli cda yovlismomcveli
gamodges. magram mainc vimedovneb, rom winamdebare
seleqciuri
ganxilvac
ki
Segviqmnis
garkveul
warmodgenas
wamoWrili
ZiriTadi
sakiTxebisa
da
argumentirebis mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb. mTavar axsnaTa
CamoTvlis nacvlad, me varCie isini
punqtobrivi
warmosaxviTi ‘debatebis’ saxiT warmomedgina. am gziT
vimedovneb daganaxoT nacionalizmis mecnieruli kvlevis
inovaciuri da STambeWdavi xasiaTi, romelic man XX
saukunis 60-ian wlebSi SeiZina, da ufro naTlad
gamovavlino am sferoSi arsebuli dapirispirebuli
poziciebis konturebi.
ideologia da industrializmi
Tu ar CavTvliT sociobiologiis pretenziebs,
bolo dromde am sferoSi realurad mxolod erTi
Teoria arsebobda.1 igi ernst gelneris 1964 wels
gamocemuli wignis Canafiqri da cvlileba meSvide TavSi
iyo gadmocemuli. am Teorias Tavisi konteqsti hqonda:
nacionalizmis
warmoSobis
talRaze
empiriuli
dakvirveba marokoSi, sadac gelneri anTropologiur
savele samuSaos eweoda, da, aseve, londonis ekonomikuri
skolidan misi kolegis eli keduris inteleqtualuri
gamowveva.
98
keduri amtkicebda, rom nacionalizmi ‘evropaSi
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi SemoRebuli doqtrina iyo’
(Kedourie 1960: 1), ufro konkretulad ki, igi germaniaSi
iqna SemoRebuli 1806–1807 wlebSi iohan gotlib fixtes
nayofieri wignis mimarTvebi germanel nacias meSveobiT.
nacionalizms hqonda rogorc inteleqtualuri, ise
socialuri mizezebi. erTis mxriv, nacionalizmi nebis
doqtrina
iyo,
romelsac
germaneli
romantikosebi
qadagebdnen, da warmoadgenda imanuel kantis nebis
avtonomiurobis koleqtivizebasa da mis gamoyenebas
kulturuli,
gansakuTrebiT,
lingvisturi
jgufebis
mimarT,
romlebic
kulturuli
mravalferovnebis
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT moxvdnen gotfrid herderis
interesTa fokusSi. kedurisaTvis orive – kantis aqcenti
keTil nebaze, rogorc Tavisufal nebaze, da herderis
davalebuloba
adgilobrivi
kulturuli
jgufebis
avTenturi
gamocdilebisagan
–
ganmanaTlebelTa
moraluri
da
inteleqtualuri
ueWvelobis
racionalisturi Ziebis nayofi iyo.2
meores
mxriv, nacionalizmi damangrevel
da
revoluciur
pasuxs
warmoadgenda
im
tradiciebis
mimdevari da mamebis kmayofaze myofi germaneli da
saqmegamoleuli evropeli inteleqtualebis uZlurebasa
da
gaucxoebaze,
romlebmac
biurokratiuli
absolutizmis
gamo
dakarges
Zalaufleba,
romlis
Rirsni, rogorc Tvlidnen, Tavad iyvnen ganmanaTlebluri
ganaTlebis
gamo.
kedurisaTvis
(Kedourie
1960),
nacionalizmi gaucxoebuli axalgazrdebis ideologia,
‘bavSvebis
jvarosnuli
laSqroba’
iyo.
amgvari
mfarvelobis qveS dabadebul doqtrinas mxolod cudis
gakeTeba SeeZlo; da, rogorc gairkva, asec moxda.
dezorientirebuli
inteleqtualebis
mileniurma
nacionalizmma gamoRviZebisas sxva araferi moitana Tu
ara terori da ngreva, gansakuTrebiT, eTnikurad Wrel
mxareebSi.
gelnerma
sakiTxis
kvlevas
keduris
rigi
mtkicebulebebis ganxilvasTan erTad mohkida xeli.
Tavdapirvelad, man uaryo kanti nacionalizmis mTavari
arqiteqtoris rangSi; kantis keTili nebis avtonomiuroba
mxolod
individebisaTvisaa
gamosadegi
da
ara
99
jgufebisaTvis.
meorec,
man
nacionalizms
ufro
pozitiurad Sexeda. amas gvafiqrebinebs ara misi sakuTari
Sefasebebi, romelTac, Cveulebriv, gamotovebda xolme,
aramed mis mier nacionalizmis socialuri ganviTarebis
ideologiur instrumentad dasaxva. mesame, misi azriT,
Tumca kritikulad ganwyobili inteleqtualebi ueWvelad
warmoadgendnen nacionalisturi moZraobis liderebs, maT
mxardaWera esaWiroebodaT dabali klasebis mxridan,
‘proletariatisagan’, romelSic gelneri did qalaqebsa
da barakul dasaxlebebSi Tavmoyril, sakuTar fesvebs
mowyvetil glexobas gulisxmobda. dabolos, Tumc
gelneri
eTanxmeboda
keduris,
rom
nacionalizmi
modernuli fenomenia, igi miiCnevda, rom nacionalizmi
arc SemTxveviTia da arc vinmes mieraa ‘SemoRebuli’. igi
modernul epoqaze gadasvlis aucilebeli Sedegia, raSic
XVIII saukunis Semdeg msoflios yvela sazogadoeba iqna
CaTreuli. aqedan is daskvna gamomdinareobs, rom
modernul msoflioSi nacionalizmi, misi logikuri
pirobiTobis miuxedavad, sociologiurad aucilebeli
iyo (Gellner 1964: Tavi 7).
SemdgomSi gelneri Tavis Teorias ZiriTadad imis
gadmocemiT
agrZelebs,
Tu
ratom
moxda
es
ase.
modernizaciam, romelSic gelneri industrializaciasa
da mis Tanamdev socialur da kulturul movlenebs
gulisxmobs, iseve gardaqmna TiToeuli sazogadoeba,
rogorc es neoliTurma revoluciam 8000 wliT adre. man
industriuli
sazogadoebis
axal
tipi
warmoqmna,
romelic
saWiroebda
mobilur,
wera-kiTxvisa
da
angariSis kargad mcodne samuSao Zalas, romelsac
semantikur
SromaSi
da
konteqstisagan
Tavisufal
komunikaciebSi CarTvis unari eqneboda. maSin, rodesac
adreul, agrarul sazogadoebebSi, wigniereba mxolod
rolebis
struqturiTa
da
xSirad
naTesaobiT
ganpirobebuli instituciebiT urTierTze gadajaWvul
adamianTa
viwro
wris
kuTvnilebas
warmoadgenda,
modernul,
industriul
sazogadoebebSi
‘kulturam
struqturis adgili daikava’. ‘ena da kultura’ axal
cementad gadaiqca daqucmacebuli sazogadoebisaTvis,
romelic
efuZneboda
industriul
manqanaSi
integrirebisaTvis
gamzadebul
fesvebdakargul,
100
tradiciebisagan ganZarcul individebs, romelTaTvisac
axali da erTaderTi misaRebi identoba wignierebaze da
kulturaze damyarebuli moqalaqeoba iyo. amitomac
waSala
modernizaciam
tradicia
da
tradiciuli
sazogadoebebi da identobis erTaderT safuZvlad ena da
kultura wamoayena. dRes, ambobda gelneri, ‘Cven yvelani
klerkebi varT’, da imisaTvis rom SeviZloT klerkoba da
moqalaqeoba, ganswavluli unda viyoT axali, masobrivi,
savaldebulo, standartuli, saxalxo saganmanaTleblo
sistemis
meSveobiT,
romliTac
saxelmwifo
uzrunvebelgvyofs (iqve).
magram modernizaciis didma talRam sxva, ufro
savalalo Sedegic gamoiRo. rogorc ki dasavleT
evropaSi mdebare sakuTar Rrma zurgs gamoscda, Tavisi
araTanabari, dakbiluli frontiT moZraobis Sedegad man
mxareebi dahyo,
utevda
ra erTmaneTis
miyolebiT
regionebs sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva siCqariT da
intensivobiT.
igi
mosaxleobasac
hyofda:
didi
urbanistuli centrebis Zvel mosaxleebad da axal,
fesvebdakargul proletariatad, romlebic sul ufro da
ufro
Sordebodnen
iseT
sasicocxlo
urbanul
resursebs,
rogoric
sacxovrebliT,
samuSaoTi
da
ganaTlebiT uzrunvelyofaa. axla, Tu am gamoZevebulT
igive ena da kultura hqondaT, rac Zvel mosaxleebs,
warmoqmnili
ukmayofileba
klasobrivi
konfliqtiT
imuqreboda. magram Tu es saerTo maT Soris ar
arsebobda,
Tu
axalmosulebs
Zveli
urbanuli
mosaxleobisagan kanis feri, ena an religia ganasxvavebda,
maSin klasobriv konfliqts eTnikuri antagonizmic
daemateboda. am viTarebaSi proletarul axalmosulebs
gauCndebodaT cTuneba yurad eRoT Tanakultureli
inteligenciis
mowodebebi
da
monawileoba
mieRoT
savsebiT axali naciis Camoyalibeba-damkvidrebaSi; aq ori
nacionalizmi gamyofi sazRvris sxadasxva mxares or
nacias udebda saTaves. ase rom, nacionalizmi sakuTari
xatovani ritorikis safarqveS Tavs avlens, rogorc
obieqturad aucilebeli, praqtikuli programa (iqve: Tavi
7; ix., agreTve, Gellner 1973).
mogvianebiT
gelnerma
ramdenjerme
moaxdina
sakuTari Teoriis reformulireba. upirveles yovlisa,
101
man aCvena Tu ratom ar SeeZloT arc naciebs da arc
nacionalizms premodernul epoqebSi earsebaT. ubralod,
amis arc saWiroeba iyo da arc gamoyeneba im ‘agrarulwignier sazogadoebebSi’, romlebic cicqna elitebis mier
imarTeboda da, romlebic sakuTar kulturas maT dabla
mdgom sursaTis mwarmoebelTa did masas ar uziarebdnen
da verc saimiso safuZvels xedavdnen, Tu ratom unda
gaekeTebinaT es. sursaTis mwarmoebelni, Tavis mxriv,
mravalricxovan
urTierTgadamfarav
lingvistur
kulturebad
iyofodnen,
ris
Sedegadac
maTi
ukmayofileba arasodes iZenda nacionalur formas. TviT
samRvdelobasac ki, im erTaderT fenas, romelic
kulturis
monopolizacias
eswrafvoda,
amis
gasakeTeblad sakmarisi resursebi ar moepoveboda (Gellner
1983).
meore,
gelnerma
ufro
detalurad
axsna
industriul sazogadoebaTa kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis
tipi. am mizniT man gamoiyena termini ‘maRali kultura’,
romelSic gulisxmobda ara elitis kulturas, aramed
wignier da standartul sajaro, ‘baRis’ kulturas,
romelsac specialistebi da ‘egzosocializaciis’ sistema
anu saxalxo ganaTleba ganamtkicebs. amas gelneri
mravalnair velur arakultivirebul ‘dabal’ kulturebs
upirispirebda,
romlebic
premodernuli
sazogadoebebisaTvis
iyo
damaxasiaTebeli,
magram
romlebsac ar SeeZloT modernul pirobebSi gadarCena.
isini an maRal kulturad unda gardaqmniliyvnen, anda
daRupuliyvnen. mesame, gelnerma perenialistebisa da
primordialistebisagan sakuTari gansxvavebuloba ara
marto
imiT
gamokveTa,
rom
nacionalisturi
ideologiebis mtkicebebs safuZveli gamoacala, aramed
imiTac, rom xazi gausva naciebisa da nacionalizmebis
sociologiur da istoriul siaxles, romlebsac Tumca
SeeZloT
arsebuli
(premodernuli)
kulturebis
elementebi
gamoeyenebinaT,
magram
faqtobrivad
ar
saWiroebdnen maT: ‘kulturis is naglejebi da nakuwebi,
romelsac iyenebs nacionalizmi, xSirad TviTnebur
istoriul gamonagonebs warmoadgens. nebismier Zvel
naglejsa Tu nakuws SeuZlia samsaxuri gagviwios’ (iqve:
56). am sakiTxze igive Tvalsazrisi ufro mkafiod mis
102
bolo
leqciaSi
iyo
Camoyalibebuli,
roca
igi
amtkicebda, rom naciebi Seiqmna XVIII saukuneSi da
manamade realurad xelSesaxebi araferi arsebobda.
naciebs, adamis msgavsad, Wipi ar sWirdebodaT (Gellner
1996).
yovelive aman gelneris Teoriis saboloo versias
(1983) ufro materialisturi da deterministuli xedva
SesZina.
nacionalizms
axla
rogorc
industriuli
modernuli epoqis aucileblobasa da funqcionals
uyureben, zustad iseve, rogorc Tavad modernuli epoqa
gaxda
garduvalad
nacionalisturi.
socialurekonomikuri formaciis garkveuli saxeoba kulturisa da
ideologiis garkveul saxeobas moiTxovda da piriqiT
(ix., agreTve, Gellner 1997).3
aseTive
pozicia
ekava
tom
nairns
wignSi
britaneTis
daSla
(1977),
sadac
amtkicebda
rom
ganviTarebis araTanabroba nacionalizmis upirvelesi
mamoZravebelia.
magram,
nairnisaTvis
es
iyo
ara
industrializmis,
aramed
kapitalizmis
araTanabari
talRa. amas garda, kapitalizmi periferiaSi xelcarieli
ar misula; is imperializmis ‘borkilebiT’ midioda.
koloniebis eqspluataciaSi metropoliis kapitalistur
burJuazias did daxmarebas uwevdnen didi dasavluri
saxelmwifoebis administraciebi da armiebi. am sastiki
Semotevis winaSe kolonizebadi periferiis elitebi
sruliad umweoni aRmoCndnen. maT arc Sesabamisi iaraRi,
arc simdidre, arc teqnologia da arc unar-Cvevebi ar
gaaCndaT. magram hqondaT erTi ganZi. uimedo pirobebSi,
‘ganuviTareblobis’ WeSmariti mniSvnelobiT, maT iseT
rames mimarTes, ris naklebobasac ar uCiodnen: xalxs. maT
mxolod xalxi hyavdaT – potenciuri iaraRi. maT
moaxdines ‘xalxis’ mobilizacia da misTvis gasageb enaze
da misi kulturis donis gaTvaliswinebiT Sedgenili
mosawvevi baraTebiT igi istoriaSi SeipatiJes. ‘masobrivi
sentimentebi’ nacionalur winaaRmdegobaSi gadaizarda.
amitomac
nacionalizmi
yovelTvis
populisturi,
romantikuli
da
klasobrivi
dayofis
gadamkveTi
moZraobaa da masebis eTnikur sentimentebs asazrdoebs
(Nairn 1977: Tavebi 2, 9).4
103
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom nacionalizmis xasiaTi
da idealebi yovelTvis misi socialuri adgilisa da
geopolitikuri
situaciis
funqciebs
warmoadgens?
elitac isevea moklebuli realur saSualebebsa da
arCevanis unars, rogorc masebi, da maTi ideebi aseve
uadgiloa
situaciaSi,
romelic,
saboloo
jamSi,
globaluri
socialur-ekonomikuri
procesebiTaa
ganpirobebuli? ueWvelia, rom amaSia modernizaciis
Teoriis
qveteqsti;
aRniSnuli
viTarebis
Tavad
gelneriseuli aRweriT, ‘ “ganuviTarebeli samyaros”
yvela
filosofosi
mefe
ise
moqmedebs,
rogorc
vesternizaciis kursis gamtarebeli, xalxosaniviT ki
saubrobs’ (Gellner 1964: 171).
keduris ideologiur determinizms modernizaciis
Teoria socialur-ekonomikur determinizms upirispirebs.
kerZod, gelnerisaTvis ideologia – nacionalisturi
ideologia – yovlad uadgilo da mcdaria. naciebi ar
arian bedisweriT ganpirobebulni da arc adamianebs
gaaCniaT nacionalurobis bunebrivi moTxovnileba. es
modernuli epoqaa, naciebisa da nacionalobis arsebobis
bunebrivobas rom gvaCvenebs, es modernuli epoqaa,
romelic ueWvelad ‘nacionalizmis’ formiT gvevlineba,
da swored nacionalizmia is, rac naciebs qmnis:
‘nacionalizmi … igonebs naciebs iq, sadac isini ar
arsebobdnen, magram moqmedebisaTvis sWirdeba zogi adre
arsebuli ganmasxvavebeli niSani, Tundac … wmindad
negatiuri’ (iqve: 168). ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis sakiTxs me
mogvianebiT
davubrundebi.
amjerad
ki
yuradRebis
koncentrireba
im
saSualebebze
minda
movaxdino,
romelTa
meSveobiTac
ideebi
da
konkretulad
(nacionalizmis) ‘ideologiebi’ mizezobrivi jaWvidanaa
amoRebuli. sirTule, romelic am SemTxvevaSi Cndeba,
gaxlavT ara marto determinizmi, elitisaTvis arCevanis
SezRuduloba,
aramed
‘perspeqtivaSi
xatvac’,
risi
wyalobiTac
mravalmniSvnelovani
da
mizezobrivad
adekvaturi axsnebis sakvanZo elementebi da arsebiTi
safexurebia gamotovebuli.5
gelneri amtkicebs, rom naciebs ‘nacionalizmi’
qmnis, rac, Tavis mxriv, modernuli epoqis kulturis
formaa da modernul industrializacias warmoadgens. am
104
Teoriis mixedviTNnacionalizmi kulturis aucilebeli
forma, ‘maRali kultura’ xdeba. igi araa aqtiuri
wammarTveli Zala, da arc raime damoukidebeli wvlilis
Semtania
sazogadoebis
ganviTarebaSi;
is
mxolod
industrializms gardatexs kulturis prizmaSi. e.i.
realurad mniSvneloba ar hqonia nacionalizmis formasa
da intensivobas, arc imas, Tu sad, rodis da romel
nacias gamoixmobs igi (industrializmi) yofierebaSi.
‘sazogadod
nacionalizmis’
arsebobis
globaluri
saWiroebisaTvis es yvelaferi meorexarisxovania da mas
ar SeuZlia naTeli mohfinos sakiTxs nacionalizmis
aucileblobis axsniT. ase rom, Teoria ar gveubneba Tu
ratomaa,
rom
nacionalizmi
zog
naciebsa
da
saxelmwifoebSi ufro keTilia, sxvebTan ki ufro
sastiki, ratomaa, rom igi zog nacias qmnis, xolo sxvebs
anadgurebs, ratom gvxdeba aq religiuri nacionalizmi,
iq revoluciuri da sxvagan kidev rasistuli an
faSisturi.6
sxva
sityvebiT
rom
vTqvaT,
gelneris
‘nacionalizms’ Zalian cota an sulac araferi aqvs
saerTo
imasTan,
rasac
adamianTa
umravlesoba
gulisxmobs am terminSi: ideologiebi da moZraobani,
romelTa droSis qveS adamianebi eZieben erTobas,
identobas da avtonomiurobas TavianTi naciebisaTvis.
iTvleba, rom keduri am ideebisa da moZraobebis rols
azviadebs. Tumca man scada aRniSnuli disbalansis
koreqtireba
afrikasa
da
aziaSi
Seqmnili
nacionalisturi nawarmoebebis anTologiisaTvis mis mier
mogvianebiT gakeTebul SesavalSi (Kedourie 1971). magram
Cndeba kiTxva: igi ar idga imave Tvalsazrisze, roca
gviCvenebda,
Tu
rogori
enTuziazmiT
miiRes
nacionalisturi ideologiis mesianisturi danapirebi
dezorientirebulma da gaucxoebulma, sakuTar erTobaTa
tradiciebsa da dasavleTis iluzorul dapirebebs Soris
gaCxerilma axalgazrda marginalebma?7
kedurisaTvis
nacionalizmi
nebis
doqtrinaa.
gelnerisaTvis es aris kulturis forma, miRebuli
industrializmis mier. kedurisaTvis nacionalistur
idealebs sakuTari Zalaufleba aqvT; sinamdvileSi isini
mcdar gzaze ayeneben xalxs, orientacias ukargaven da
105
sabolood anadgureben kidec. gelnerisaTvis ideebi
amgvar Zalas ver floben, nacionalizmis ideologia
ubralod industriuli kulturis namdvil qmedebas
niRbavs. magram Tu es asea, maSin mosalodneli iyo
naciaTa samyaroSi, kerZod, naciebis xasiaTebisa da maTi
ideologiebis
Sinaarsisa
da
Sedegebis
meti
erTgvarovneba da meti regularuloba. is garemoeba, rom
es aSkarad araa ase, modernizaciis Teoriis TvalSisacem
xarvezze miuTiTebs: igi adgils ar utovebs individebsa
da maTi idealebis rols. am mimarTebiT, keduris
Tvalsazrisi, mTel misi naklovanebaTa miuxedavad,
faseul koreqtivs gvaZlevs. is ufro metad da Rrmad
wvdeba
nacionalisturi
ideologiebisa
da
inteleqtualTa Sida samzareulos; da, miuxedavad imisa,
rom
misi
difuzionisturi
Tezisi
nacionalizmis
gavrcelebis Sesaxeb sakmaod araadekvaturia, is bevrad
ufro mets ambobs rogorc evropaSi nacionalizmis
filosofiuri
fonis,
aseve
afrikisa
da
aziis
ganaTlebuli
axalgazrdobis
motivaciisa
da
iq
arsebuli situaciis Sesaxeb. keduris Tvalsazrisi,
mTeli Tavisi ideologiuri determinizmiT, Segvaxsenebs
durkhaimis Segonebis WeSmaritebas, rom ideebi, raki
erTxel iSvebian, Semdeg sakuTari cxovrebiT cxovroben.
goneba da emocia
kedurisa da gelners Soris debatebi modernistTa
banakSi mimdinareobda da es namdvili debatebi iyo.
danarCeni
argumentebi
sxvadasxva
dapirispirebul
paradigmebis SigniT momuSave mecnierTa poziciebidan
momdinareobs
da
maTi
argumentebis
Cemeulma
rekonstruqciam warmosaxviTi debatebis forma Seisxa.
poziciaTa amgvari sxvaoba da debatebi motivaciis
sakiTxs Seexeba da, kerZod, imas, Tu ratom unda
SeigrZnobdnen Tavs adamianebi nacionalistebad da
xdebodnen
aseTni.
maikl
heCTerisaTvis
es
mniSvnelovanwilad ‘racionaluri arCevanis’ sakiTxia.
auara ra gverdi ganviTarebul dasavleTSi ‘Sinagani
kolonianizmis’ arsebobis sakuTar, adrindel wminda
struqturul
Tvalsazriss,
heCTerma
solidarobis
106
zogadi Teoria gaiziara, romelic erTob davalebulia
racionaluri
arCevanis
analizisa
da
misi
meTodologiuri
individualizmisagan.
rasakvirvelia,
‘individualTa
suverenuli
preferenciebi’
iseT
struqturaSi operireben, romelic maTi moqmedebis
arealSi akrZalvebis sistemas gansazRvravs metnaklebad;
magram am sazRvrebs SigniT individTa qmedebebis kursi
racionalurad airCeva, e.i. danaxarjebisa da mogebis
daangariSebiT. eTnikuri jgufebi solidarobis jgufebis
gamokveTil
magaliTebs
warmoadgenen,
romelTac
piraduli
jildosa
da
sasjelis
Sejerebis
da
informaciis gakontrolebis unari aqvT iseve, rogorc
SeuZliaT kriminalebis da anarqistebis TareSi aRkveTon.8
SeuZlia ki amgvar zogad sqemas naTeli mohfinos
nacionalur sesecias da nacionalistur Zaladobas?
sesecia Cveulebriv riskiani moqmedebis mimarTulebaa da
mxolod da mxolod piradulma motivebma, rogoricaa
samuSaos perspeqtiva, SeiZleba saSualo klass am
kursisaken
ubiZgos;
da
am
SemTxvevaSic
seseciis
albaToba
maspinZeli
saxelmwifos
Zalis
gaTvaliswinebaze iqneba damokidebuli (Hechter 1992: 273–
275).
rac
Seexeba
nacionalistur
Zaladobas,
Cveulebriv, igi opoziciuri jgufebis saxelmwifos mier
represirebis funqciaa da amitomac saguldagulodaa
Semowmebuli:
‘uamravi
ram
miuTiTebs
imaze,
rom
nacionalisturi
jgufebi
Zaladobis
strategias
mimarTaven,
rogorc
saSualebas
im
saerTo
keTildReobaTa
mosapoveblad,
romelTa
Sorisac
suverenobas gansakuTrebiT didi adgili ukavia’ (Hechter
1995: 62). heCTeris azriT, CrdiloeTi irlandiis magaliTi
imis dadasturebaa, rom nacionalisturi Zaladobis
SezRuduloba
ganpirobebulia
susti
solidaruli
nacionalisturi
jgufis
konfrontaciiT
mZlavr
saxelmwifo aparatTan, romelsac imis unari Seswevs, rom
seseciis
survili
represiebiT
CaaxSos.
Zaladobis
eskalacia mxolod iq moxdeba, sadac dasustebuli
saxelmwifo
mZlavr
solidarul
nacionalizms
daupirispirdeba.9
107
aseTia problemis yvelaze bolo da sabuTebiT
gamyarebuli heCTeriseuli warmodgenis konteqsti. aq igi
amtkicebs, rom nacionalizmi, kerZod, is principi, rom
nacia unda emTxveodes mmarTvelobas (da ara aucileblad
saxelmwifos), modernulia, ramdenadac igi pirdapiri
mmarTvelobisaken modernizaciis globaluri moZraobis
funqciaa.
premodernul
imperiul
saxelmwifoebSi
periferiul
elitebs
ZiriTadad
eZleodaT
imis
saSualeba, rom emarTaT sakuTari regionis mosaxleoba
arapirdapiri mmarTvelobis sistemis farglebSi, imperiis
efemeruli
Zalauflebis
pirobebSi,
rac
savsebiT
akmayofilebda
yvela
mxares.
magram
modernul
msoflioSi,
centralizebuli
saxelmwifo
normad
gadaiqca da regionebis (periferiis) mosaxleobis marTvas
ucxoebma mohkides xeli. isini ar icnobdnen maT
saWiroebebs.
ase
rom,
periferiuli
elitebisaTvis
mxolod
amis
Semdeg
iZens
azrs
nacionalisturi
politikis aReba damoukideblobis mosapoveblad; da
amitomac
nacionalizmis
povna
mxolod
modernul
msoflioSia SesaZlebeli (Hechter 2000, kerZod, Tavebi 2–3).
aq heCTeri kritikas uSualod ‘racionaluri
arCevanis’ Taobaze sakuTari winandeli Tvalsazrisken
mimarTavs, romelic Zalian cotas an sulac arafers
ambobda nacionalizmis specifikis Sesaxeb; sqema SeiZleba
nebismieri saxis amboxs an Zaladobas miusadago. axla,
Zalauflebis tipebSi momxdari cvlilebis gamo, is azrs
iZens sakuTriv ‘nacionalizmTan’ mimarTebaSi, rogorc
erTiani ‘naciis’ meSveobiT periferiis mosaxleobis
periferiul
elitasTan
mibmis
saSualeba
centralizebuli saxelmwifos sawinaaRmdegod. magram
ibadeba kiTxva, ratom unda dahyves mosaxleoba maT
xelmZRvanelobas? heCTeris sxvadasxva mosazreba uSvebs
individualuri
racionalurobis
arsebobas
nacionalizmis saZirkvelSi, romelic adgils aRar
tovebs
koleqtiuri
Rirebulebebis,
maxsovrobebis,
simboloebisa da emociebisaTvis, aq adgili mxolod
simdidris obmokidebuli keTildReobis, sazogadoebrivi
mdgomareobisa da ZalauflebisTvis Tu rCeba. magram gana
es
yvelaferi
marTlac
sakmarisia
nacionalizmis
vnebaTaRelvisa
da
sayovelTao
mimzidvelobis
108
asaxsnelad? gana SegviZlia ugulebelvyoT, magaliTad,
gardasuli omebisa da saSinelebebis xsovnis mniSvneloba
politikuri
krizisis
dros,
im
sargebelisagan
damoukideblad, romelic SeiZleba miiRon individebma
konkretul amboxsa Tu moZraobasaTan maTi SeerTebis
SemTxvevaSi?10
uolker konorisa da joSua fiSmanisaTvis amas
kiTxvac ki ar dasWirdeboda. nacionalizmi maTTvis
arasodes yofila koleqtiuri keTildReobis mxolod
racionaluri
Zieba,
radgan,
igi,
pirvel
rigSi,
patriotizmis sapirispirod, eTnonaciis siyvarulia, rac
teritorialuri
saxelmwifos
mimarT
loialobas
warmoadgens. ‘moqalaqeobrivi nacionalizmi’, romelsac
modernistebi
upiratesobas
aniWeben
da
romelic
realurad
sxva
araferia
Tu
ara
patriotizmi,
sinamdvileSi loialobis ‘racionaluri’ saxea da misi
axsna racionaluradac SeiZleba, rogorc amas konori
amtkicebs; magram ‘eTnonacionalizmi’, romelic mxolod
da
mxolod
nacionalizmia,
verasodes
aixsneba
racionalurad. igi SeiZleba mxolod gaanalizdes da
aRiZras. es ki zustad isaa, rasac nacionalisti
liderebi akeTeben, da isini bevrad met warmatebasac
aRweven, vidre mecnierebi, radgan intuiciurad xvdebian,
rom ‘saziaro sisxlis gancda eTnofsiqologiis centrSi
Zevs da uyoymanod mimarTaven mas’ (Connor 1994: 197).
uolker konorisaTvis nacia warmoadgens ‘adamianTa
jgufs, romelsac swams, rom maT saerTo winapari
akavSirebT. es aris yvelaze didi dajgufeba, romelic
amgvar rwmenas iziarebs’ (iqve: 212; kursivi dednisaa).
nacia saboloo jamSi naTesauri jaWvis gancdas efuZneba;
mis arss fsiqologiuri Zafi warmoadgens, romelic
xalxs misi wevrebis naxevradcnobier warmodgenaSi
aerTianebs da, amavdroulad, maT yvelasagan ganasxvavebs
(iqve: 92).
rasakvirvelia, araviTari saWiroeba araa, rom
saerTo naTesauri jaWvis arsebobis rwmena da saziaro
eTnikuri
warmomavlobis
miTi
Seesabamebodes
(da,
Cveulebriv,
arc
Seesabameba)
realur
biologiur
STamomavlobas da imas, rac faqtebze dayrdnobiT
istoriidanaa CvenTvis cnobili. magram nacionalizmis
109
SeswavlaSi mniSvnelovania ara is, Tu ra aris, aramed is,
Tu ra ganicdeba. saerToOwinapris rwmena efuZneba ara
faqtebs da gansjas, aramed wevrebis mZlavr da
araracionalur
(da
ara
iracionalur)
grZnobas.
nacionalizmis
mowodeba
da
stimulebi
SeiZleba
SeviswavloT,
magram
maTi
racionaluri
axsna
SeuZlebelia. Tu amas SevecdebiT, es niSnavs, rom
nacionaluri rwmenis siRrme da Zala mxedvelobidan
gamogvrCeba.11
es originaluri da mZlavri mosazrebaa, romelic
ise aRiqmeba, rogorc ukiduresi perenializmis (Tu ara
primordializmis) gamovlineba. esaa xedva, romelic
eTnikur jgufebsa da naciebs Soris urTierTobis
konoriseuli analiziTaa gamagrebuli. konorisaTvis
naciebi realurad sxva araferia, garda TviTcnobieri
eTnikuri jgufebisa. maSin, roca eTnikuri jgufebisaTvis
sakmarisia, rom isini gareSeTa mier iyvnen Secnobilni da
gansazRvrulni, da TviTcnobierebas ar saWiroeben,
naciebisTvis es ganmsazRvrelia. amitomac eTnikuri
jgufebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc ‘prenacionaluri
xalxebi’ da potenciuri naciebi. naciebi, meores mxriv,
srulad TviTcnobieri erTobebia, da ramdenadac isini
masobriv fenomenebs warmoadgenen, maT mxolod maSin
SeuZliaT
daiwyon
arseboba,
roca
maTi
wevrebis
umravlesoba nacionalurad gacnobierebuli gaxdeba.
praqtikaSi, da demokratiebSi, es niSnavs, rom naciis
cxovrebaSi umravlesoba unda monawileobdes; sakuTriv
konorisaTvis ki es saarCevno uflebas niSnavs (iqve: 98–
103).
perenializmTan,
rom
aRaraferi
vTqvaT
primordializmze, ukiduresad dapirispirebuli konoris
Tvalsazrisi orTqldeba, arsebobas wyvets. irkveva, rom
igi modernizmis radikaluri variaciaa, TumcaRa sakmaod
Taviseburi. konori xom askvnis, rom naciebi Cndebian
mxolod XX saukunis dasawyisSi, roca maTi wevrebi,
qalebis CaTvliT, sajaro cxovrebaSi monawileobas da
xmis micemas iwyeben. cxadia, Cven verafers SevityobT imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ras grZnobdnen an ras fiqrobdnen glexTa
masebi am dromde. realurad mxolod 1789 wlis Semdeg,
roca dogma, rom ‘ucxoelis mmarTveloba arakanonieri
110
mmarTvelobaa’,
eTnikurad
gacnobierebul
xalxebs
moedeba, TandaTanobiT Cndebian naciebi. da, rogorc
irkveva, am procesSi mniSvnelovani katalizatoris rols
modernizacia da masobrivi komunikaciebi asrulebs.
regularuli kontaqtebiT modernizaciam paradoqsulad
ganacalkeva da TviTcnobieri gaxada xalxebi iq, sadac
adre, imperiuli mmarTvelobis dros, isini kulturulad
asimilirebulni iqnebodnen (iqve: 169–174).
am konteqstSi es ucnauri daskvnaa. igi sakmaod
eulad gamoiyureba konoris Sromis suliskveTebasTan
mimarTebaSi
da
definiciasa
da
istoriul
interpretaciasTan dakavSirebiT rig kiTxvebs wamoWris.
iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom nacionaluri modernizmi
ukan, eTnikuri perenializmisaken, gaWenda. magram am
Tvalsazrisis dakvirvebiT ganxilva miuTiTebs, rom Cvens
winaSe mxolod da mxolod qronologiuri anu ‘pirobiTi’
modernizmia. Nnaciebi, konoris azriT, arc realurad,
Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli arian eTnikuri jgufebisagan,
da arc modernizaciis produqtebs warmoadgenen, rogorc
amas
sociologiuri
an
‘struqturuli’
modernizmi
miiCnevs. amis mTavari mizezi, konoris SexedulebiT, is
aris, rom naciebi, eTnikuri jgufebis msgavsad, masobrivi
fsiqologiis da, saboloo jamSi, naTesaobis gancdis
fenomenebia.
gamodis,
rom
nacionalizmSi
araviTari
racionaluroba araa? Tu igi, rogorc romantikosebi
gvarwmuneben, ubralod sisxlis da emociis saqmea? iqneb
joSua fiSmans moepoveba amaze pasuxi, roca amtkicebs,
rom eTnikuroba ‘arsebobis’ saqmea, iseve rogorc
‘codnisa’ da ‘keTebis’ da rom
eTnikuroba
yovelTvis
ganicdeboda
rogorc
naTesauri fenomeni, gangrZobadoba TviTSi da
maTSi,
visTanac
arsebobs
saerTo
winapris
TaobaTaSorisi kavSiri. eTnikuroba nawilobriv
ganicdeba rogorc ‘Zvali ZvalTagani, xorci
xorcTagani
da
sisxli
sisxlTagani’.
Tavad
adamianis sxeuli danaxulia rogorc eTnikurobis
gamoxatva da eTnikuroba mTlianad ganicdeba
111
rogorc sisxli, Zvlebi da xorci (Fishman 1980: 84–
85).
meores mxriv, rogorc heCTeric amtkicebs, gana
xalxi (maT Soris nacionalistebic), frTxilad ar
angariSobs
nacionalistur
amboxebaTa
zedmetobebs,
nacionalisturi
moZraobebSi
monawileobis
miRebis
sazRaursa da ‘fraternité’ (da axla ‘sorotité’) misaReb mogebas?
im SemTxvevaSi Tu Cven davaskvniT (mgoni, SegviZlia ase
moviqceT),
rom
naciebi
da
nacionalizmi
mZlavr
subieqtur elementebs Seicavs, rom zogjer xalxi
‘sisxliT
fiqrobs’
da,
konoris
sityvebi
rom
moviSvelioT, ‘Tavisi nebiT arasodes iRupeba raime
racionaluris gamo’ (Connor 1994: 206), aqedan is ar
gamomdinareobs, rom es fenomeni araracionaluria da
misi axsna struqturuli da kulturuli terminebiT
SeuZlebelia, da arc is, rom, radgan Cven saSualeba
gvaqvs naciebi da nacionalizmi socialuri fsiqologiis
terminebis meSveobiT ganvmartoT, Cven principSi ar
SegviZlia maTi axsna racionaluri terminebiT. es
gasagebad SeiZleba rTuli aRmoCndes, magram es ori
araviTar SemTxvevaSi araa erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebeli. is,
rom modernistebi (magaliTad, gelneri da heCTeri) mcire
yuradRebas uTmoben socialuri fsiqologiis cvladebs,
ar niSnavs, rom Cven unda gaviziaroT naciebisa da
nacionalizmis analizis fsiqologiuri (da aqedan
gamomdinare ‘araracionaluri’?) pozicia da uari vTqvaT
istoriul da sociologiur axsnebze. piriqiT, am
sakiTxis buneba yvelafers, rasac Cven ase vakeTebT, met
mniSvnelovnebas sZens da uzrunvelyofs imas, rom ‘axsnis’
Cveneulma gagebam moicvas emociis, nebis, simbolos,
maxsovrobis, naTesaobis gancdis sxvadasxva kulturuli,
socialuri
da
socialur-fsiqologiuri
elementebi,
romlebzec samarTlianad svams maxvils uolker konori
da romlebsac instrumentalistebi ugulebelyofen an
uaryofen.12
112
politika da kultura
mesame
gansaxilveli
sakiTxi
naciebisa
da
nacionalizmis formirebaSi modernuli saxelmwifos,
ufro zogadad ki masSi politikis, rols exeba. amas Cven
kulturuli
nacionalizmis
an,
ufro
farTod,
kulturuli identobis problema SeiZleba vuwodoT.
XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi rigi
postmarqsistuli Teoria xazs usvamda saxelmwifos
fardobiT avtonomiurobas. maTTvis SedarebiT misaRebi
iyo politikis prioritetis veberiseuli gageba. yvela es
midgoma
da
modeli
modernistuli
da
instrumentalisturia. es exeba nacionalizmis maikl
maniseul da entoni gidensiseul interpretaciebsac.
orive maTgans miaCnia, rom modernuli, centralizebuli,
profesionalTa
da
teritoriuli
mowyobis
mqone
modernuli saxelmwifo aRviZebs nacionalizms imasTan
erTad, rasac entoni gidensi ‘Sekruli nacia-saxelmwifos
SigniT
arsebuli
administratiuli
xelisuflebis
koordinaciis
Tanamdevi
suverenobis
kulturul
SegrZnebas’ uwodebs (Giddens 1985: 219). maikl manic,
britaneTsa
da
safrangeTSi
saxelmwifos
mier
mxardaWeril
nacionalizmebze
saubrisas,
naTlad
ayalibebs Tavis azrs: ‘naciaze, rogorc saxelmwifos
aRmniSvnel
terminze,
fokusirebis
gamWvirvaloba
politikuri axsnisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebaa’ (Mann
1995: 48). igive iTqmis habsburgTa imperiis ‘provincialTa’
(xorvatebis,
ungrelebis,
Cexebis)
nacionalizmebzec,
sadac regionaluri administraciis arseboba-ararseboba
‘naciis
warmoSobis
ukeTesi
mauwyebelia,
vidre
eTnikuroba’ (iqve: 50).13
adreMmanma ufro dawvrilebiT ganixila evropaSi
nacionalizmis ganviTarebis oTxi safexuri. pirveli,
Tavisi xasiaTiT, religiuri iyo. igi XVI saukuneSi
evropaSi daiwyo, roca protestantulma reformaciam da
kaTolikurma
kontrreformaciam
‘intensiuri
Zalauflebis’ Zlieri mobilizeba ganaxorciela elitis
wignierebis axali qselebis Camoyalibebis xelSewyobiT.
daaxloebiT 1700 wlidan amas komerciuli eqspansiiT da
saxelmwifo militarizmiT gamowveuli diskursiuli
113
wignierebis
gafarToeba
mohyva,
romelmac
‘saero
moqalaqeobis’ SegrZnebis mqone zeda klasi warmoqmna. 1792
wlidan mesame, gadamwyvet fazaSi, samxedro krizisma es
‘protonaciebi’ mcire, magram namdvilad zeklasobriv
naciebad
aqcia.
savaldebulo samxedro
samsaxuris
SemoRebam, omis gadasaxadebma da omis regresulma
sesxebma,
mdidari
klasebis
moTxovnas
politikuri
elferi SesZina da ‘naciisa’ da ‘xalxis’ cnebebis
politizeba gamoiwvia. ukanasknel fazaSi, XIX saukunis
miwurulidan
moyolebuli,
saxelmwifos
organoebis
meSveobiT
naciebisaTvis
xelSewyobas
industriuli
kapitalizmi
iwyebs,
romelic
funqciebis
farTo
mravalferovnebaze xdeba pasuxismgebeli. es garemoeba,
Tavis mxriv, mas ufro warmomadgenlobiTad, homogenurad
da ‘nacionalurad’ aqcevs da ufro agresiul, fanatikur
nacionalizms axalisebs (Mann 1993: 216–247).
Tumca,
aqac
pirveli,
mosamzadebeli,
fazis
Semdegve mani maxvils saxelmwifos rolze da mis
samxedro da fiskalur Zalauflebaze akeTebs. ismis
kiTxva, Tu ratom unda miekuTvnoT saxelmwifoebs ase
didi roli naciebis CamoyalibebaSi, roca maTgan
momdinare pirvel impulsebs Tavad mani mxolod 1700
wlis Semdgomi xaniT, xolo maT seriozul intervencias
arauadres 1792 wliT aTariRebs. inglisis SemTxvevaSi da,
iqneb, safrangeTis, Sotlandiis, espaneTis da SvedeTis
SemTxvevebSic, XVI saukuneSi aristokratiasa da saSualo
klasis zeda fenebSi naciadyofnis gancdis arseboba
ueWvelia. imis mtkiceba, rom isini ar arian ‘realuri’
naciebi, niSnavs, rom Cven ar SegviZlia vilaparakoT
naciebze XIX saukunis miwurulamde, roca mosaxleoba
pirvelad iRebs saarCevno uflebas, rogorc amas uolker
konori amtkicebs. Tu Cven mzad ara varT ase Sors
wasasvlelad,
maSin
SegviZlia
davuSvaT
‘naciebis’
arseboba garkveuli azriT militaristul-kapitalistur
saxelmwifoebamde da, iqneb, maTgan gankerZoebuladac.14
aRniSnuli
zogadi
midgomis
yvelaze
metad
damuSavebul da mkafio formulirebas jon brilis mier
SemoTavazebuli
politikuri
modeli
warmoadgens.
brilis nacionalizmi modernul da wminda politikur
moZraobad esaxeba; modernul msoflioSi ki politika
114
saxelmwifoze kontrolSi mdgomareobs. nacionalizmi
amgvari kontrolis misaRwevad da SesanarCuneblad
saWiro argumentia. misi mniSvnelovneba ganpirobebulia
unariT,
sxvadasxva
subelitas,
maTi
miznebisa
da
interesebis
mobilizaciis,
koordinaciis
da
legitimaciis gziT, saerTo platforma SesTavazos.
nacionalisturi moZraoba miznad isaxavs orives, rogorc
saxelmwifos gaerTianebas, ise mis ganaxlebas, ufro
xSirad ki arsebul saxelmwifosTan dapirispirebas,
rogorc amas brili gadmogvcems:
[nacionalisturi argumenti] sam mtkicebulebaze
dafuZnebul politikur doqtrinas warmoadgens:
(a)
nacias Tavisi mkafiod gamokveTili da
gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi aqvs.
(b)
naciis interesebi da Rirebulebebi yvela
sxva interessa da Rirebulebaze maRla
dgas.
(g)
nacia SeZlebisdagvarad Tavisufali unda
iyos,
rac,
Cveulebriv,
sul
mcire,
politikuri
suverenitetis
mopovebas
moiTxovs (Breully 1993: 2).
nacionalisturi
argumentebi
mxolod
maSinaa
mimzidveli, roca modernuli pirobebi – kerZod,
absolutisturi saxelmwifos gamocalkeveba samoqalaqo
sazogadoebisagan
–
bevr
ganaTlebul
adamianSi
gaucxoebisa da imedgacruebis grZnobas badebs, ris gamoc
isini
TavianT
mzeras
iseT
doqtrinebs
apyroben,
romlebic saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas aRdgenas
hpirdebian.
aqedanaa
herderis
msgavsi
istoriuli
argumentebis mimzidveloba. herderi cdilobda xelaxla
aRmoeCina avTenturi TviTi da, kulturuli naciis
politikur naciasTan damTxveviT, erToba Tavis bunebriv
mdgomareobaSi aRedgina. brili cnebis aseT nawvaleb
xelaxal ganmartebas yalbad miiCnevs, magram, miuxedavad
amisa, nacionalizmi savsebiT realuri problemis dasmis
seriozul mcdelobas warmoadgens (iqve: 55–64).
dabolos,
ideologia
mxolod
meoradia
politikasTan mimarTebaSi. esPpolitikuri urTierTobebi
115
da instituciebia is, rac nacionalizmebis miznebs
formas sZens. magaliTad, 1871 wels germaniis naciasaxelmwifos Seqmnis procesis dasasruls Zalian cota
Tu hqonda saerTo kulturasTan da kidev ufro cota
romantizmTan da mis ideologiebTan. rasTanac masMsaqme
hqonda, gansakuTrebiT prusiasa da avstrias Soris
metoqeobasTan dakavSirebiT, es Zalauflebis politika,
geopolitika da ekonomika iyo. is ki, rac warmoiqmna, iyo
‘germania’
–
bismarkis
prusiis
mfarvelobis
qveS
sayovelTao TanxmobaSi mcxovrebi germaneli nacia da
ara prusiuli ‘nacia-saxelmwifo’. da swored germania
moiTxovda loialobas da mraval samTavros Soris
ganawilebuli germanulenovani mosaxleobis didi masis
vnebebs aRviZebda. germaniisaTvis sazRvrebis Seqmna Cven
SegviZlia bismarkis Kleindeuschland politikiT avxsnaT,
magram rogor avxsniT im vnebas, romelic procesis
dasasrulisaTvis
daubrkoleblad
scdeboda
am
sazRvrebs, an riT unda aixsnas sazRvrebis SigniT Tu
gareT ‘germaniis’ pangermanuli xedvis mqone bevri
eTnikuri germanelis mZlavri identifikacia (Breuilly
1996a)?15
pasuxi SeiZleba nacionalisturi mtkicebulebebis
briliseul definiciaSive, da mis mier SeerTebuli
Statebis 1776 wlis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
nacionalizmad monaTlvis uaryofaSi iyos. brilis
azriT, camet amerikul kolonias aklda kulturuli
identoba – ‘mkafiod gamokveTili da gansakuTrebuli
xasiaTi’ – romelsac dedaqveynisagan da britaneli
mmarTvelebisagan maTi gamocalkeveba SeeZlo. mCagvrelTa
msgavsad, maTac britanuli warmoSoba hqondaT, iyvnen
qristianebi (umeteswilad protestantebi) da inglisurad
metyvelebdnen.
magram
aqcentis
gakeTeba
identobis
kulturul kriteriumze ar esadageba nacionalizmis
wminda politikur definicias. meore TavSi moxseniebuli
brilis mier miTebisa da ceremoniebis Zalis aRiarebac
ar Seesabameba nacionalizmis sworxazovnad politikur
axsnas.
imave
yaidis
kriticizmi
sxva politikuri
modernistebis mimarTac gamodgeba.16
SegviZlia ufro Sorsac wavideT. miroslav hroCma
(Hroch 1985) gamoikvlia ra ramdenime aRmosavleTevropuli
116
nacionalizmi, nacionalistur moZraobaTa ganviTarebis
saerTo modeli aRmoaCina. igi mecnierTa, mweralTa da
xelovanTa patara wreebiT iwyeba, romlebic naciis ideas
amuSaveben
(faza
a);
grZeldeba
agitatorebis,
ganmanaTleblebis da Jurnalistebis patriotuli wreebis
mier am ideis gavrcelebiT (faza b); farTovdeba
saarCevno ubnamde, rac saSualo da dabali klasebSi
masobriv moZraobamdea miyvanili (faza g). aq kulturidan
masebis mobilizaciisaken mimarTul elitis politikamde
sworxazovan ganviTarebas aqvs adgili; am SemTxvevaSi
‘kulturis’ gamocalkeveba ‘politikisagan’ SeuZlebelia.
magram
kidev
ufro
daxlarTuli
situaciac
SeiZleba
Segvxvdes.
jon
haTCinsonma
irlandiuri
nacionalizmisa da gaeluri aRorZinebisadmi miZRvnil
detalur
gamokvlevaSi
aCvena,
rom
saxelmwifoze
fokusirebuli
politikuri
nacionalizmebis
svla
damoukideblobisaken,
Cveulebriv,
kulturuli
nacionalizmebiTaa Sevsebuli,AromelTa mizanic sruliad
gansxvavebulia: naciis, rogorc moraluri erTobis,
regeneracia
sakuTar
niadagze.
kulturuli
nacionalizmebi, pirvel rigSi, kulturuli identobis
sakiTxebs, socialur harmoniasa da moralur miznebs
exeba; da es mimarTebebia maTTvis prioritetuli da raime
politikuri qmedebisa Tu gamoxatvisagan damoukidebeli.
praqtikaSi nacionalizmis kulturuli da politikuri
formebi xSirad enacvleba erTmaneTs da SeiZleba
nacionalistebi maT Soris meryeobdnen. Tu politikuri
nacionalizmi
Tavisi
miznebisaken
mimaval
gzaze
borZikobs, kulturul nacionalizms SeuZlia gaCenili
bzari erTobis koleqtiuri kulturuli resursebis
ganmtkicebiT amoavsos; xolo, roca misi Zala sustdeba,
asparezze nacionalizmis politikuri moZraoba gamodis.
maSasadame, nacionalizmi ar SeiZleba politikuri an
romelime sxva sferos tyveobaSi aRmoCndes; ‘politikis’
‘kulturasTan’ an ‘eTnikurobasTan’ amgvari dapirispireba
ar gvaZlevs saSualebas Rrmad CavwvdeT iseT kompleqsur
fenomenebs,
rogorebicaa
naciebi
da
nacionalizmi
(Hutchinson 1987: Tavi 1 da 1994: Tavi 1).17
haTCinsonis farTomasStabiani kritika mokled
exeba
meore
sakiTxs
–
kulturis
modernizmTan
117
mimarTebas. kulturuli regeneraciisa da eTnikuri
aRorZinebis moZraobebi, SesaZloa, ufro modernuli
periodisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, magram yvela epoqaSi
SeiZleba maTi povna. marTlac, modernuli epoqis
kulturulma
nacionalistebma
naciis
regeneraciis
procesSi
CasarTvelad
‘xalxis’
mobilizaciisaTvis
eTnikuri simboloebis, miTebis da maxsovrobebis adre
arsebuli
repertuaridan
unda
amoirCion.
amgvari
saqcielis sixSire ki imas miuTiTebs, rom,
miuxedavad
premodernul
da
modernul
sazogadoebebs Soris arsebuli mniSvnelovani
gansxvavebebisa,
didi
xnis
damkvidrebuli
kulturuli repertuari (miTebi, simboloebi da
maxsovrobani)
mZlavri
instituciebis
(saxelmwifoebis, armiebis, eklesiebis) saSualebiT
modernul eraSic ‘gadmodian’, da aRorZinebasa da
xelaxal
ganviTarebas
ganicdian,
ramdenadac
populaciebi periodulad aRmoCndebian xolme
fizikuri
da
simboluri
gadarCenis
msgavsi
amocanebis winaSe (Hutchinson 2000: 661).
es isev brilis modernizms exeba, romelsac
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli retrospeqtuli nacionalizmisa
da, identobis kulturuli elementebis premodernuli
periodebidan
modernul
eraSi
gadmoyolis
faqtis
pirispir darCenili istoriuli skepticizmis surneli
udis. brilis miaCnia, rom: ‘identobis problema, romelic
instituciebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, farTo socialur da
geografiul
sivrceebze
adamianTa
erTmaneTTan
damakavSirebeli instituciebis miRmaa gasuli, imaSi
mdgomareobs,
rom
igi
aucileblad
fragmentuli,
wyvetili da mouxelTebelia’ (Breuilly 1996b: 151).
saxelmwifo
da
eklesia,
premodernuli
instituciebi, romelTac eTnikuri identobis gadatana
SeeZloT, iyvnen rogorc nacionaluri identobebiT
SezRudulni, aseve universalisturni. ase rom,
premodernul eTnikur identobas, lokaluri donis
garda, cota ram Tu hqonda imisaTvis, rom
118
instituciurad gardaqmniliyo. TiTqmis yvela
didi institucia, romelic agebs, inaxavs da
gadascems nacionalur identobebs, da romelic am
identobebs interesebTan akavSirebs, modernulia:
parlamentebi, farTod gavrcelebuli literatura,
sasamarTloebi, skolebi, Sromis bazrebi da a.S. …
nacionaluri identoba arsobrivad modernulia da
am sakiTxisadmi nebismieri midgoma, romelsac
raime
sargeblobis
motana
SeuZlia,
am
wanamZRvaridan unda amodiodes (iqve: 154).
es
nacionalizmis
genezisSi
instituciebis,
kulturisa da eTnikurobis rolis viwro da SezRuduli
gagebaa. CamoTvlil ‘instutuciaTagan’ bevris aRmoCena
premodernul sazogadoebebSic SeiZleba. maSinac ki,
rodesac isini ar iyvnen ise inkluziurebi, rogoric
dRes arian, isini emsaxurebodnen eTnikuri identobisa da
kulturis ‘gadatanas’ ufro farTo mosaxleobaSi. metic,
sxva instituciebi ufro inkluziurnic ki iyvnen (da ara
fragmentuli da mouxelTebeli): lingvisturi kodebi,
ritualebi da dResaswaulebi, savaWro gamofenebi da
bazrebi, armiebi da ‘samSoblo miwebi’ – es yvelaferi
mraval TaobaSi saerTo eTnikurobis grZnobas nergavda,
xolo modernul epoqaSi gadmoxeTqa. kidev erTxel unda
iTqvas,
rom
arc
‘kulturisa’
da
‘identobis’
gamocalkevebaa saWiro premodernuli instituciebisagan,
da arc imis apriorulad daSveba, rom maT ar ZaluZT
Semdgomi naciebisaTvis safuZvlis Semzadeba.18
konstruireba da reinterpretacia
bolo sakiTxi, romelsac Sevexebi, uSualod
momdinareobs winare mimarTebebidan: arian Tu ara naciebi
nacionalisti inteligenciebis mier de novo Seqmnilni an
rekonstruirebulni arsebuli kulturuli ‘masalisa’ da
eTnikuri sentimentebis gareSe.
es mravalwaxnagovani kompleqsuri argumentia.
Tvalsazrisi, rom nacia ‘socialurad konstruirebulia’,
Tuki is truizmi ar aris, raRac ufro mets unda
niSnavdes, vidre primordializmis an perenializmis
119
ubralo uaryofa iqneboda, radganac igi modernizmis
yvela
formisaTvis
saerToa.
axal
elements
aq
warmoadgens aqcenti socialur inJineriasa da teqnikur
inovaciaze, kulturuli artefaqtebisa da teqstebisaTvis
formis
micemaze,
Tvisebrivad
axali
formebis
Sesaqmnelad unar-Cvevebisa da warmosaxvebis gamoyenebaze.
socialuri
konstruqcionizmis
es
‘Zlieri’
forma
gelneris Sexedulebebs scdeba, radgan miuTiTebs, rom
naciebi, Tuki Seiqmna, SeiZleba gaqres kidec TavianT
warmosaxvebTan da narativebTan erTad, msgavsad sxva
artefaqtebisa da teqstebisa.
is Tvalsazrisi, rom nacia, upirveles yovlisa,
kulturuli artefaqtia, unda daiyos misi warmosaxvis
stilis da warmodginebis modusis mixedviT, rac
harmoniaSia postmodernizmis movardnil talRasTan,
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavdapirvelad misi formulireba
postmarqsistul
CarCoSi
ganxorcielda.
benediqt
andersonisaTvis nacionalizmi umTavresad diskursis
forma, narativis tipia, romelic politikur erTobas
warmosaxavs,
rogorc
sasruls,
suverenulsa
da
horizontalurad zeklasobrivs. naciebi vernakulur
‘beWdur erTobebs’ efuZnebian, esaa vernakuluri beWduri
enebisa da literaturebis – umetesad warmosaxviTi
politikuri erTobebis sociologiurad cxovelmyofeli
da
advilad
gasagebi
saSualebebiT
gadmocemuli
romanebisa da gazeTebis – mkiTxveli publika.Ees beWduri
erTobebi, Tavis mxriv, ifurCqnebian pirveladi masobrivi
moxmarebis sagnebis, nabeWdi wignebis gaCenis Sedegad,
gansakuTrebiT ki mas Semdeg, rac elitaruli laTinuriT
gajerebuli
wignis
bazari
bevrad
ufro
farTo
vernakuluri
bazrebiT
gamoidevna.
mkiTxveli
mosaxleobis ricxvis zrdas xels uwyobda vernakulaze
naTargmni wminda
werilis kiTxvis protestantuli
ideali
da
centralizebuli
saxelmwifo
enebis
warmoSoba, rac teritoriulad diskretul mxareebSi
garkveuli enebis fiqsirebulobisa da stabilurobis
gancdas
iZleoda.
andersonisaTvis
Tanabrad
mniSvnelovani
iyo
drois
koncefciaSi
momxdari
revolucia. Tuki adreul periodebSi dro mesianistur da
kosmologiur movlenaTaTvis winasaxis mimniWeblad da
120
xorcSemsxmelad moiazreboda, axla mas sul ufro da
ufro metad uyurebdnen rogorc wrfivsa da homogenurs.
erTobebi ‘cariel homogenur droSi’ moZraobdnen, xolo
movlenebi ki saaTisa da kalendris Cvenebebze iyvnen
mibmulni (Anderson 1991: Tavi 3).
am adremodernuli istoriuli ganviTarebebis ukan
didi socialuri cvlilebebi da perenialuri pirobebi
dgas. sayovelTao cvlilebebSi Sedioda wminda werilis
erTobebis (didi religiebis) da im wminda monarqiuli
umaRlesi centrebis (didi imperiebis) gaqroba, romlebmac
politikuri da kulturuli sivrce gamouTavisufles
gviandel naciebs. Tumca saboloo jamSi naciebis
arseboba damokidebulia or, ufro metad perenialur
pirobaze:
babilonis
godolze
–
globaluri
lingvisturi
mravalferovnebis
fatalurobaze,
da
sikvdilis Tanmdevi daviwyebis damTrgunveli ukvdavebis
universalur Ziebaze. swored aseTi ukvdaveba, romelic
adamianis STamomavlobiT, erTobis jer kidev arSobil
wevrTa meSveobiT miiRweva, aris is, risi moniWebac nacias
SeuZlia. es gvixsnis imas, Tu ras niSnavs ‘aCrdilebi’
ucnobi
jariskacis
saflavTan
da
imasac,
Tu
TaobaTaSorisi Zmoba ratom ‘xdis SesaZlebels bolo
ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi amdenma milionma adamianma
ara imdenad moklas, aramed Tavi Seswiros ase SezRudul
warmosaxvebs’ (Andersen 1991: 7).19
aq andersoni mokled wamoWris
naciis mimarT
vnebisa
da
mijaWvulobis
grZnobis
centralur
(primordialistur) problemas. magram rogoria misi
midgoma?Aandersoni amtkicebs, rom Cven mzad varT Tavi
gavwiroT mxolod imisaTvis, rac keTilSobilad da
uangarod migvaCnia, magaliTad, ojaxis an naciisaTvis.
miuxedavad marTlac xSiri gaTanabrebisa naciis ojaxTan
(‘Cveni ojaxi’ da ‘Cveni nacia’) (rogorc naTlad daasabuTa
kidec uolker konorma (Connor 1994: Tavi 8)), es xdeba ara
imitom, rom ojaxebisa da naciebisaTvis gaRebuli
msxverpli miCneulia wmindad da uangarod. sworedac
piriqiT: ase imitom xdeba, rom Cveni identobani,
saWiroebani
da
interesebi,
Cveni
WeSmariti
xsna
ukavSirdeba da damokidebulia ‘Cvens’ ojaxze, ‘Cvens’
naciaze, amitomacaa, rom maT mimarT amgvar erTgulebas
121
ganvicdiT da mzad varT ase Tamamad gavwiroT Tavi
misTvis. es naciebs erTnairad aqcevs rogorc emociisa da
nebis, ise warmosaxvisa da Semecnebis erTobebad (Anderson
1991: 141–143; agreTve, ix. A.D.Smith 1998: 140–141).20
arc erik hobsbaumisa da terenc reinjeris (da
maTi mimdevrebis) mier tradiciis gamogonebaSi (romelic
imave
1983
wels
gamoCnda,
rodesac
andersonis
warmosaxviTi
erTobebi
gamovida)
SemoTavazebuli
modernistuli Tvalsazrisi exeboda koleqtiuri nebisa
da emociis rols. kerZod, hobsbaumi Tvlis, rom naciebi
da nacionalizmebi didad unda umadlodnen nacionaluri
istoriis literaturul da istoriul gamonagons,
miTologiasa
da
simbolizms,
romelTa
gafurCqvna
evropaSi 1830 wlidan, gansakuTrebiT ki 1870 wlis Semdeg
iwyeba. 1914 wlamde ganvlilma aTwleulebma amgvari
‘gamogonili tradiciebis’ warRvna ixiles – nacionaluri
dResaswaulebi,
brZolaSi
dacemulTa
sapativsacemo
ceremoniebi, droSebi da himnebi, statuomania, sportuli
Sejibrebebi da sxv.
adrindeli tradiciebisagan
gansxvavebiT,
romlebic
cvlilebebs
moergnen,
‘gamogonili’ variantebi kulturis im inJinerTa mier
winaswargaTvlil
da
invariantul
qmnilebebs
warmoadgenda, romlebic simboloebs, ritualebs, miTebs
da istoriebs qmnidnen modernuli epoqis industriisa da
demokratiis mier mobilizebuli da politizebuli
masebis saWiroebebis dasakmayofileblad. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, isini mmarTveli klasis xelSi socialuri
kontrolis
winaswargaTvlil
instrumentebs
warmoadgendnen. amitomac, hobsbaumis TqmiT,
Zalze
saSuri
saqmea
SedarebiT
gviandeli
inovaciebis, ‘naciisa’ da masTan asocirebuli
fenomenebis – nacionalizmis, nacia-saxelmwifos,
nacionaluri simboloebis, istoriaTa da sxvaTa
Seswavla. es yvelaferi socialur inJineriaSi
ganxorcielebul qmedebebs efuZneba, romelebic
xSirad
winaswarmofiqrebuli
da
yovelTvis
inovaciuria, Tundac imitom, rom istoriuli
siaxle inovacias gulisxmobs (Hobsbawm and Renger
1983: 13–14).21
122
kidev erTxel gavimeoreb, rom cneba ‘gamonagoni’
sims ufro maT sulSi atokebs, visTvisac naciebi da
nacionalizmi
saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSi
‘istoriis
moZraobidan’ samwuxaro gadaxraa, xolo uaresSi –
masebis
cru
cnobierebis
upirveles
magaliTs
warmoadgens. magram Tundac nacia srul inovacias
warmoadgendes, mainc Riad rCeba misi sakiTxi, iseve
rogorc gamosarkvevia am sferoSi winaswar dagegmili
socialuri inJineriis moculobac. hobsbaumis analogia
am
SemTxvevaSi
aSkarad
meqanikuria;
naciebi
an
konstrurebulni
arian
an,
teqnikuri
xasiaTis
gamogonebis msgavsad, socialuri inJineriis fabrikaciebs
warmoadgenen. isini gegmis Sesabamisad arian awyobilni
elitaruli ostatebis mier. aq adgili aRar rCeba
emociis
an
moraluri
nebisaTvis
da
masebis
monawileobisaTvisac
ki.
es
ukanasknelni
elitis
socialuri Canafiqris pasiur msxverplni arian, romelic
maTi
axlad
gamoTavisuflebuli
energiisaTvis
mimarTulebis micemas cdilobs. naciebi da nacionalizmi
modernuli epoqis panem et circenses warmoadgenen (iqve: Tavi
7).
magram aris Tu ara masebi ubralo tabula rasa,
romelic Tavisi mmarTvelebis nacionalistur mesijebs
elodeba, raTa isini gonebaSi CaibeWdos da gulis
ficarze
daiweros?
hobsbaumi
problemas
mxolod
‘zemodan qvemoT’ udgeba, magram igi damoukidebeli
teritoriuli saxelmwifos Ziebisas Tavidanve uaryofs
yovelgvar
kavSirs
masebis,
Tundac
regionalur,
religiur Tu lingvistur, ‘protonacionalur bmebsa’ da
modernul nacionalizmebs Soris. igi uSvebs, rom
premodernul periodebSi Cven SegviZlia regionalur
enebsa da lokalur religiebze dafuZnebuli bevri
‘protonacionaluri’
erToba
aRmovaCinoT,
magram
amtkicebs, rom isini winaprobas da winamorbedobas ver
gauweven naciebs, radganac ‘maT arc hqoniaT da arca aqvT
aucilebeli kavSiri teritoriuli politikuri
is
organizaciis
qvedanayofTan,
romelic
gadamwyveti
kriteriumia imisaTvis, rasac dRes Cven “naciaSi”
moviazrebT’ (Hobsbawm 1990: 47; kursivi dedniseulia).
123
arsebobs
ramdenime
gamonaklisi
SemTxveva
(magaliTad, inglisis da safrangeTis, ruseTis da
serbeTis) roca didi instituciebi (saxelmwifo an
eklesia)
gamZle
aRmoCnda,
an
modernul
epoqaSi
adrindeli politikuri erTobis xsovna didxans SemorCa
da masobrivi nacionalizmisaTvis safuZveli gaxda. yvela
sxva istoriuli kavSiri yalbia, radgan imis miRma
moqmedebs,
rasac
hobsbaumi
‘efeqtur
istoriul
gangrZobadobas’ uwodebs (Hobsbawm and Ranger 1983: 7; ix.,
agreTve, Hobsbawm 1990: Tavi 2).
es istoriuli kavSirebi marTlac yalbia? zustad
ras warmoadgens ‘efeqturi istoriuli gangrZobadoba’?
amas garda, is marTlac niSnavs raimes naciebis
warmoqmnisaTvis?
obieqturi
istoriuloba
SeiZleba
mniSvnelovani iyos drois xangrZliv periodSi, magram
mosaxleobis
masisaTvis
narativi
emociurad
‘rezonansulic’ unda iyos da ‘SinaarsiT WeSmaritic’. es
aris eTnosimbolistebis da, maT Soris, Cemi mTavari
Teoriuli mosazreba. naciebisa da nacionalizmis Zalisa
da mdgradobis unaris asaxsnelad. mTavaria naciis
narativi da
misi saxeebi im xalxis gulis simebs
arxevdes, vis misazidadacaa Cafiqrebuli, da ‘xalxma’ da
misma
kulturebma
Tavis
mxrivac
SeZlon
naciis
rekonstruqciaSi wvlilis Setana. elitebs mxolod maSin
ZaluZT raRac gavlenis moxdena da erTgvari lideroba,
roca isini mosaxleobis masas ‘Tavidan warmoudgenen’
misTvis misaReb da STamagonebel saxes an narativs
naciis Sesaxeb.
am argumentisaTvis centraluria urTierToba
Semecnebasa da emocias Soris. Tu Cven gvsurs Rrmad
CavwvdeT nacionalizmis unars daeuflos adamianebs da
mis sayovelTao mizidulobas, wminda SemecnebiT da
interesebze dafuZnebul modelebs versad gaveqceviT. Cven
gvWirdeba nacionalizmis, rogorc moraluri erTobis
koleqtiur
nebaze
da,
TiTqos,
erTi
winapridan
warmomdgari erTobis saziaro emociebze dafuZnebuli
koleqtiuri qcevis tipis gageba; es niSnavs imas, rom Cven
gvWirdeba
nacia
gaviazroT,
rogorc
moqalaqeTa
sakraluri erTobis politikuri forma. Tumca andersoni
uSvebs
warmosaxviTi
politikuri
erTobisaTvis
124
lingvisturi bazisis arsebobas da mokled exeba
nacionaluri
identobis
ufro
Rrma,
religiur,
safuZvels, misi emociuri potencialis gaxsnasac ki ver
axerxebs, moralurze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT. nacvlad
amisa, igi nacias misi inteleqtualuri da artistuli
gadmomcemis saTvaliT uyurebs ‘warmosaxvis’ cnebis
farglebSi.
aseve,
Tumca
hobsbaumi
uSvebs
nacionalistebisaTvis Rrma istoriuli gangrZobadobis
mniSvnelovnebas, is maT narativebs rogorc nayalbevs ise
eqceva
da
amitomac
gamoricxavs
maTi
emociuri
mimzidvelobis wvdomis SesaZleblobas. am ukanasknels
araferi esaqmeba maT ‘inovaciur’ RirsebebTan, rom
aRaraferi
vTqvaT
maTi
Sinaarsis
WeSmaritebaze.
samagierod mas saqme aqvs nacionalizmebiT gamowveul,
mowodebis funqciis mqone xalxuri eTnikuri miTebis
tradiciebTan, simboloebTan da maxsovrobebTan. amis
uaryofa an ugulebelyofa naciebis da nacionalizmis
xalxuri bazisis ufro Rrma gagebas uSlis xels.
amitomaa, rom eTnosimbolistebi, romlebic me
mokled
gagacaniT
mesame
Tavis
bolos,
naciaTa
Camoyalibebis process ganixilaven ara imdenad rogorc
konstruirebas (maT winaswarCafiqrebul ‘gamogonebas’ rom
Tavi
davaneboT),
aramed
rogorc
adre
arsebuli
kulturuli motivebis reinterpretacias da adrindeli
eTnikuri jaWvebisa da sentimentebis rekonstruqcias.
Tuki modernistebi da konstruqcionistebi mTlianad
arian dakavSirebulni ‘retrospeqtul nacionalizmTan’,
eTnosimbolistebi miuTiTeben, rom aseTive seriozul
safrTxes
warmoadgens
‘damblokavi
prezentizmic’,
romelic uSualod warsulisaTvis formis miniWebis
Sesaxeb awmyos Taobis Sexedulebebsa da interesebzea
fokusirebuli. es Znels, iqneb SeuZlebelsac ki, xdis im
mravali gzis wvdomas, romelTa meSveobiTac eTnikuri
warsuli
kulturuli
CarCoebisa
da
parametrebis
uzrunvelyofiT awmyos mimarTebebis formirebas uwyobs
xels. swored amgvari CarCoebisa da parametrebis
saSualebiT da maT SigniT yalibdeba da gamoiTqmeba
awmyos moTxovnebi da gagebani. imis garda, rom
istoriulad zedapirulia, prezentistuli Tvalsazrisi
125
ubralod ver uZlebs istoriis gamocdas. tabula rasa arc
arasdros arsebula (ix. Peel 1989; A.D.Smith 1998: Tavi 8).
iseTi
eTnosimbolistebisaTvis,
rogorebic
armstrongi, haTCinsoni da me gaxlavarT, nacionalizmis
gageba mxolod koleqtiuri kulturuli identobebis la
longue durée analiziTaa SesaZlebeli. magram warsulis
kavSiri awmyosa da momavalTan SeuZlebelia calmxrivi
mizezobrivi
urTierToba
iyos;
arsebobs
gareSe
garemoebebsa da erTobis resursebze damokidebuli
kavSirebis sxvadasxva saxe (ix. Armstrong 1982 da 1995;
Hutchinson 1994; A.D.Smith 1986 da 1999a: Sesavali).
dasawyisisaTvis Cven SegveZlo gangvesxvavebina sami
amgvari urTierTmimarTeba – kulturuli gangrZobadoba,
ganmeorebadoba da reinterpretacia. gangrZobadoba iseT
komponentebSi
SeiZleba
aRmovaCinoT,
rogoricaa
koleqtiuri TviTdasaxelebebi, enobrivi kodebi da
eTnikuri
landSaftebi,
romelTaganac
TiToeuls
arseboba mas Semdegac SeuZlia ganagrZos, rac maTi
erToba gaqreba, rogorc es karTagenelTa punikuri
kulturis SemTxvevaSi moxda romaelTa mier karTagenis
totaluri ganadgurebidan daaxloebiT xuTi saukunis
Semdeg. magram am komponentebs isic SeuZlia, rom,
bedukuRmarTobis da transformaciebis Semdeg, erToba
axali
formiT
aRorZinebisaTvis
saWiro
CarCoTi
uzrunvelyos;
saxelebis,
enisa
da
landSaftebis
gangrZobadobis meSveobiT amgvari aRorZinebisa da
reidentifikaciis karg magaliTs berZnebi iZlevian.22
eTnieebis da naciebis ganmeorebadoba ufro
kompleqsuria. misi arsi konkretuli naciis fesvebis
arsebobis dadastureba ki araa Sua saukuneebSi an ufro
adre, aramed imis demonstrirebaa, rom koleqtiuri
kulturuli identobis nacionaluri forma sxva epoqebSi
da kontinentebze meordeba da, maSasadame, momavalSic
SeiZleba gagrZeldes. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, naciis
cneba
kulturuli
resursebis
da
adamianuri
asociaciebis im tips miemarTeba, romlis arsebobac
potenciurad istoriis yvela periodSia SesaZlebeli.
warsuls, awmyosa da momavals Soris kavSiris es tipi
axlos dgas perenialistebis mtkicebebTan. Tumca maTgan
ukve
imiTac
gansxvavdeba,
rom
dasaSvebad
miaCnia
126
Sesvenebebi istoriaSi, uwyvetobis darRveva, rogorc
erTi
da
imave
arealis
sxvadasxva
naciebis
gangrZobadobaSi, ise TviTigiveobrivi erTobis mier imave
an sxva arealSi mocemul nacionalur formebSi. ase rom,
konkretul arealSi eTnieebis gverdiT naciebis gaCenis
mowmeebi vxdebiT, rogorc, magaliTad, elinisturi
periodis axlo aRmosavleTSi, rasac Sua saukuneebis
evropasa an Soreul aRmosavleTSi maTi gaqroba an
gaTqvefa da sxva naciebis warmoSoba mohyva. Cven agreTve
SegviZlia vaCvenoT is manZili, romlzedac konkretuli
eTnieebi, magaliTad, somxebi an ebraelebi, gvian antikur
periodSi miuaxlovdnen erTobis nacionalur formas, am
nacionaluri formisgan Semdgomdroindeli daSoreba an
‘dakargva’ da modernul periodSi misi xelaxali
warmoSoba an xelaxali SeZena. am gadasaxedidan naciebi
gvevlinebian,
rogorc
adamianuri
sazogadoebis da
politikis
ganmeorebadi,
magram
ara
uwyveti,
maxasiaTeblebi. am sakiTxebs kvlav mivubrundebi.
warsuls, awmyos da momavals Soris bolo da
yvelaze
naklebad
sakamaTo
urTierTmimarTebad
reinterpretacia
SeiZleba
miviCnioT.
aq
maZiebeli
erTobebis inteleqtualebi da liderebi cdiloben
xelaxla aRmoaCinon maTi ‘avTenturi’ istoria da
sakuTari eTnikuri warsulis, viTomcda, ‘oqros xanas’ im
mizniT daukavSiron, rom maTi ‘didebuli bediswera’
aaRorZinon da aRadginon. amas isini mocemuli eTnikuri
kulturis parametrebSi yoveli TaobisaTvis warsulis
mniSvnelobebis SerCeviTa da reinterpretaciiT axerxeben,
acalkeveben
ra
sinamdvilis
elementebs
araavTenturisagan,
Sinagans
gareganisagan.
Tumca
urTierTmimarTeba
am
SemTxvevebSi
aSkarad
ideologiuria, rac bevri magaliTiTac dasturdeba, mas
imis Zala mainc Seswevs, rom adamianTa didi raodenobis
mobilizeba
moaxdinos
da
ganmsWvalos
isini
im
koleqtivis
miznis
SegrZnebiT,
romelic
rogorc
‘sakuTriv maTi’ erToba ise ganicdeba. dasaxmareblad
eTnikuri warsulisaTvis Tundac sust mimarTvas ‘xalxSi’
TanamemamuleTaTvis Tavganwirvis iseTi survilisa da
nebis
gamowveva
SeuZlia,
risi
msgavsiTac
bevri
ideologia ver daikvexnis. mas, erTobaSi da msoflioSi
127
sakuTari adgilis gasacnobiereblad, aseve SeuZlia
yovlismomcveli CarCo Seuqmnas individs, iseve rogorc
mTeli naciis – gansakuTrebul msoflxedvasa da
programas.23
aqedan
is
gamomdinareobs,
rom
konstruqcionistulisagan
gansxvavebiT
eTnosimbolisturi
midgomebi
aucileblad
miiCneven
modernuli
naciebis
warmoSobis
sakiTxis
CarTvas
premodernuli epoqebis winare koleqtiuri kulturuli
identobebis konteqstSi. am erTobebs Soris yvelaze
mniSvnelovania eTnie, adamianTa saxeldebuli populacia,
romelic dakavSirebulia garkveul teritoriasTan da
romelic iziarebs winaprTa miTebsa da istoriul
maxsovrobebs,
iseve,
rogorc
saerTo
kulturis
elementebs. es aris socialuri formacia, romelic
mTlianadaa
ignorirebuli
konstruqcionistebisa
da
modernistebis mier; da es aris is, rasac perenializmi
dumiliT uvlis gverds. SesaZloa, andersonis miTiTebani
enaze, rogorc erTobis kriteriumze (‘nacia imTaviTve
enaSi gaiazreboda da ara sisxlSi’ (Anderson 1991: 145)),
CavTvaloT imis niSnad, rom igi aRiarebs eTnies
mniSvnelobas da keduric TavisTavad cxadad miiCnevs
kacobriobis
eTnikur
mravalferovnebas
da
misiT
gamowveul problemebs, rodesac nacionalizmi eTnikurad
Wrel
arealebs
moedeba.
magram,
sazogadod,
modernistebis mier moTxrobili ambavi istoriulad
moikoWlebs,
progresul,
modernul
epoqaze
postrevoluciuri monagonebi Slis warsulis nakvalevs
da eTnikuri da religiuri kulturebis nakuwebisagan
Semdgar
siWreles, maSin,
roca
eTnosimbolistebis
mixedviT,
nacia
eTnikurobis
samyaros
gareT
Seumecnebadia
da
konkretuli
naciebis
warmoSoba
SeuZlebelia adrindeli eTnikuri jaWvebis bazisis
gareSe. eTnikurad erTgvarovani nacia Zalze cotaa,
magram
es
ar
niSnavs,
rom
yoveli
naciisaTvis
aucileblad unda arsebobdes winare sabaziso eTnie. es
niSnavs,
rom
naciebi
ufro
Tavisufali
eTnikuri
jgufidan an jgufebidan ganviTarda da, rom istoriulad
eTnikuri erTobebi daedo safuZvlad bevr nacias. Cemi
azriT, am faqtis dafarulobam seriozulad SeuSala
128
xeli naciebisa da nacionalizmis Seswavlis ganviTarebas
da
Sedegad
im
eTnikuri
maxsovrobebis,
miTebis,
simboloebis da tradiciebisadmi uyuradReboba miviReT,
romlebSic kulturuli identobebisa da erTobebis
gamZleobis mniSvnelovani gasaRebi devs (A.D.Smith 1986 da
1999a; Sdr. Kedourie 1960: Tavi 6).24
daskvna
me warmogidgineT XX saukunis ukanaskneli sami
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi eTnikurobisa da nacionalizmis
kvlevis sferoSi mimdinare diskusiebisa da debatebis
zogierTi mTavari mimarTuleba. cxadia, es debatebi da
yvela
mniSvnelovani
Teoriuli
Sroma
amiT
ar
amoiwureba. SeuZlebelia mokle wignSi kritikulad
gansajo am swrafad mzard sferoSi arsebuli yvela
argumenti, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT kvlevaze. zogierT
bolodroindel
debatebs,
konkretulad
naciebis
hibridizaciasa da globalizacis Sedegebs, ukanasknel
TavSi Sevexebi. magram es bolodroindeli ganviTarebac
mxolod im ‘paradigmuli debatebis’ konteqstSi SeiZleba
iqnas
gagebuli,
romelic
zemoT
ganvixile.
is
uzrunvelgvyofs safuZvlebiT da im CarCoebiT, romelTa
farglebSic unda imoqmedos Semdgomma argumentebma. me
davasabuTeb, rom bolodroindeli debatebi arsebiTad
ufro adreuli midgomebidan amodis da raime axali
paradigmis gamoyofaze ar miuTiTebs.
aRniSnuli bolodroindeli Teoriuli debatebi
aramarto adreuli midgomebis arsebiT ganviTarebas
warmoadgens,
aramed
sakuTar
TavSi
naciisa
da
nacionalizmis garkveul istoriografiasac Seicavs da
mis Zireul paradigmebs emyareba. Cven unda aRvweroT da
movicvaT sxvadasxva ‘istoriani naciisa’, romelTac
gvTavazoben urTierTsawinaaRmdego midgomebi ara marto
Tavad maTdami interesis gamo, aramed imis gamoc, rasac
isini
bolodroindeli
Teoriuli
debatebis
da
nacionalizmis
empiriuli
perspeqtivebis
arsis
wvdomisaTvis gvaZleven. axla am istoriebs mivapyrob
mzeras.
129
5
istoriani
________________________________
arsebobs farTod gaziarebuli ‘nacionalizmis
istoria’ da igi, udavod, modernistulia.
is
XVIII
saukunis
ukanasknel
meoTxedSi
poloneTis dayofiTa da amerikis revoluciiT iwyeba da
safrangeTis revoluciis gavliT aRwevs reaqciamde,
napoleonis
mier
prusiis,
ruseTisa
da
espaneTis
dapyrobamde. aseTi Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, nacionalizmi
am ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoiSva. mogvianebiT, XIX
saukunis 10–20-ian wlebSi igi konvulsiurad vrceldeba
evropis sxvadasxva nawilSi – serbeTSi, saberZneTSi,
poloneTSi (kvlav), iseve rogorc laTinuri amerikis
kreolur elitebs Soris. nacionalizmis pirvelma didma
talRam kulminacias evropaSi 1848 wlis revoluciebSi –
e.w. ‘xalxebis gazafxulze’ – miaRwia, rac, pirvel rigSi,
prusiisa da piedmontezis egidiT germaniisa da italiis
gaerTianebasa
da
habsburgTa
imperiaSi
ungreTis
aRzevebaSi gamoixata. XIX saukunis ukanasknel mesamedSi
nacionalizmis meore talRa agorda aRmosavleT da
CrdiloeT evropaSi: es iyo Cexuri, slovakuri, ruminuli,
bulgaruli, litvuri, finuri, norvegiuli, ebrauli
nacionalizmebi evropis gareTa ramdenime nacionalizmTan
erTad
(meiZis
iaponiaSi,
indoeTSi,
somxeTsa
da
egvipteSi).Amale (XX saukunis pirvel aTwleulebSi) am
talRas SeuerTda sxvadasxva eTnikuri nacionalizmebi
aziaSi – Turquli, arabuli, sparsuli, birmuli, iavuri,
filipinuri, vietnamuri da Cinuri, da nacionalizmis
pirveli ryeva afrikaSi (nigeriaSi, ganaSi da samxreT
afrikaSi). XX saukunis 30–40-iani wlebisaTvis dedamiwis
zurgze Znelad Tu moiZebneboda kuTxe, romelsac
nacionalizmis mZlavri Seteva ar Sexeboda, maSin, roca
130
igive
periodi,
evropaSi
nacionalizmis
apogeiT
(romelmac kulminacias miaRwia nacizmsa da meore
msoflio omisdroindel genocidSi), xolo afrikasa da
aziaSi
postkoloniuri
‘ganmaTavisuflebeli’
nacionalizmebiT xasiaTdeba.1
esaa
am
ambis
arcTu
martivi
daboloeba.
dasavleTSi XX saukunis 60–70 wlebSi, roca bevrs
nacionalizmis
Zala
amowurulad
miaCnda,
Seiqmna
STabeWdileba, TiTqos igi, kidev erTxel gacocxlda
moZraobebSi eTnikuri avtonomiis moTxovniT kataloniasa
da euskadaSi, korsikasa da bretanSi, flandriaSi,
Sotlandiasa da uelsSi da kvebekSi, oTxmocian wlebSi
Cacxra da Semdeg kvlav aRorZinda, roca 1988 wlidan
perestroikam da glasnostma daiwyo nacionalizmebis
waxaliseba sabWoTa kavSiris satitulo respublikebSi.
aman Tavisi wvlili Seitana 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlaSi. XX saukunis ukanasknel aTwleulSi molodinis
am
Tavbrudamxvev
atmosferoSi,
Cven
eTnikuri
nacionalizmiT gamowveuli axali tragediebis mowmeni
gavxdiT indoeTis naxevarkunZulze, Sua aRmosavleTSi da
afrikis rqaze, ruandasa da kavkasiaSi, pirvel rigSi ki,
iugoslaviis omebSi, maTi jer kidev gaurkveveli
SedegebiT.
‘didi naciebi’, patara eTnieebi
me
sqematurad
warmovadgine
Tanamedrove
ideologiad da moZraobad gaazrebuli nacionalizmis
mravali
modernistuli
istoriisa
da
tipologiis
bazisuri Tanamimdevroba. zog SemTxvevaSi istoriis
morali
ampartavnebisaTvis
damsaxurebul
sasjelSi
mdgomareobs: simwifis pirvelma fazam romantikuli
aRmavloba warmoSva, romelmac 1871 wlis Semdeg did
saxelmwifoTa agresiul nacionalizmamde migviyvana,
rasac mohyva katastrofebi, ori msoflio omis saxiT, da
nacionalizmis
gafantva.
magram,
ramdenadac
vada
gaxangrZlivda da nacionalizmi ar gaqra, aucilebeli
gaxda am martivi istoriis gadaxedva. es, Tavis mxriv,
moaswavebda uaris Tqmas erTaderT, sworxazovan modelze
ufro pluralistuli, geokulturulad mravalferovani
131
midgomis sasargeblod, romlis farglebSic andersonis
sityvebi rom moviSvelioT, msoflios yoveli kuTxis
elitebi, originalur evropul produqtze ‘patentis
miTvisebiT’
mis
asimilirebas
Seudgnen
TavianTi
sazogadoebebisa
da
kulturebis
saWiroebebTan
da
problemebTan (ix. Anderson 1991: Tavebi 4–9).2
miuxedavad
amisa,
kvlav
Zalze
mimzidvelad
gamoiyureba erTiani modeli, raSic modernistuli
paradigmidan
warmomdgari
midgomebis
zemoqmedeba
poulobs Tavis gamoxatulebas. erT-erTi aseTi midgoma,
romelmac gavlena moipova, ‘gamogonili (nacionaluri)
tradiciebis’ konstruqcionistuli modelia. rogorc
avxseni, es socialuri inJineriisa da socialuri
kontrolis modelia, romelSic industriuli dasavluri
elitebi kapitalizmisa da demokratizaciis epoqaSi
mimarTulebasa
da
formas
aZleven
axlad
ganTavisuflebuli masebis qmedebebsa da grZnobebs. am
midgomas irCevs erik hobsbaumi Tavis faqtebiT mdidar da
detalur istoriaSi nacionalizmis ori saxeobis Sesaxeb.
hobsbaumi,
rogorc
meoTxe
TavSi
vnaxeT,
nacionalizms mkacrad Tanamedrove politikur moZraobad
ganixilavs,
romlis
mizanic
teritoriuli
saxelmwifoebis Seqmnaa. es niSnavs, rom Cven, rogorc
istorikosebs,
ar
SegviZlia
Tvali
mivadevnoT
nacionalizmis ideologias safrangeTis revoluciamde.
magram kuriozi isaa, rom hobsbaumis istoria iwyeba ara
1780 wlidan, aramed, rogorc misi 1990 wels gamosuli
wignis saTauri gvamcnobs, 1830 wlidan, parizis ivlisis
revoluciis Semdgomi xanidan, roca xelaxla dafuZnda
franguli revoluciis moqalaqeTa nacia da rodidanac
vxedavT mzard burJuaziul-demokratiul winaaRmdegobas
1815 wlis meternixis zavisadmi. am dros pirvelad
britaneTsa da safrangeTSi, xolo Semdgom germaniasa da
italiaSi srulad Camoyalibdnen ‘didi naciebi’, is
naciebi, romelTa gamorCeul niSan-Tvisebas vrceli
teritorebi
da
mravalricxovani
mosaxleoba
warmoadgenda.
hobsbaumis
mixedviT,
es
naciad
da
saxelmwifodyofnis legitimaciis ‘amosavali principia’.
frederik listis ideebis Sesabamisad, sayovelTaod iqna
aRiarebuli
(TviT
mazinis
msgavsTa
mierac
ki)
132
saxelmwifoebad mxolod im naciebis Seracxva, romelTac
moipoves aseTi teritoria, hyavT mosaxleobis didi
raodenoba da ekonomikurad momZlavrdnen. 1830–1870
wlebSi, hobsbaumis azriT, amosavali principi Tavis
gavlenas inarCunebs, rac imas niSnavs, rom ‘nacionalobis
principi’
‘praqtikaSi
mxolod
garkveuli
sididis
nacionalobebis
mimarT
gamoiyeneboda’,
radgan
ekonomikurad da kulturulad mxolod didi naciebi
iyvnen sicocxlisunarianni (Hobsbawm 1990: 30–32).3
es
agreTve
niSnavda,
rom
didi
naciis
nacionalizms unda hqonoda gamaerTianebeli, inkluziuri
da eqpansionisturi xasiaTi. liberalebis TvalSi, es iyo
istoriis svlis mimarTuleba – yovelTvis ufro didi
teritoriuli
erTeulebis,
mosaxleobisa
da
resursebisaken.
imave
niSniT
didi
naciebis
nacionalizmebi umTavresad moqalaqeobriv, masobrivdemokratiul xasiaTs atarebdnen, radganac, franguli
revoluciis droindeli konstituciebis nimuSad miCneviT,
isini eswrafodnen politikur arenaze nacionaluri
mosaxleobis,
rogorc
moqalaqeebis,
ufro
didi
raodenobis gamoyvanas.4
hobsbaumi
kargad
acnobierebs
am
midgomis
samTavrobo anu ‘zemodan qvemoT’ mimarTul xasiaTs da
gulmodgined axdens mis koreqtirebas Tavis analizSi
enis,
regionisa
da
religiis
im
mravalgvar
‘protonacionalur’ erTobaTa CarTviT, romlebic xSirad
winamodernuli
epoqebis
mosaxleobis
masebSi
yalibdeboda. Tumca, rogorc wina TavSi davinaxeT, es
erTobebi
iSviaTad
an
sulac
ar
monawileobdnen
nacionalizmis
ganviTarebis
dramaSi.
saxalxo
sentimentebsa
da
mijaWvulobebis
mxedvelobaSi
miuReblobisaTvis,
miuxedavad
gelneris
kritikisa,
hobsbaumi praqtikulad mis azrs iziarebs mosaxleobis
masebis iseT diskretul kulturul jgufebad dayofisas,
romlebic, lokalurobisa da xSirad apolitikurobis
gamo, naciebis konstruriebisaTvis tramplinis rols ver
asruleben. arsebobs ramdenime gamonaklisi, rogoricaa
inglisis, serbeTis an ruseTis SemTxvevebi, roca xalxis
protonacionalizmi
daemTxva
Suasaukuneobriv
saxelmwifosa da eklesias, da am gangrZobadma gaigivebam
133
xeli Seuwyo modernuli politikuri nacionalizmis
zrdas. amgvarad, ‘istoriuli (an arsebuli) saxelmwifos
wevrobas Cveulebrivi adamianebSi uSualod SeuZlia
warmoSvas protonacionalizmi an sulac modernuli
patriotizmis msgavsi ram, rogorc amas tiudorebis
inglisSi hqonda adgili’ (Hobsbawm 1990: 75). serbebis
SemTxvevaSic adreuli saxelmwifos tradiciam samsaxuri
gauwia
modernul
serbul
nacionalizms,
radgan
‘Turqebis mier damarcxebuli Zveli samefos mogoneba
simRerebsa da sagmiro gadmocemebSi, da, iqneb ufro
metad ki, serbuli eklesiis yoveldRiur liturgiaSi iyo
Semonaxuli, im eklesiisa, romelmac Tavis mefeTa
umravlesobis kanonizacia moaxdina’ (iqve: 76).
maSasadame, aqac iseve, rogorc renanTan da
veberTan, politikuri maxsovrobani da instituciebi
Zalas la longue durée inarCuneben, maSin rodesac eTnikuri
da
lingvisturi
identifikaciebi
modernulad
da
gamogonilad arian miiCneulni. es Zalian waagavs hegelis
‘uistorio xalxebis’ Teoriis romeliRac versias, im
Tvalsazriss, rom momavalSi mxolod is xalxebi
SeZleben
modernuli
naciebisa
da
nacionaluri
saxelmwifoebis
aSenebas,
romelTac
saxelmwifos
gaZRolis politikuri tradicia warsulidan mosdgamT
(Rosdolsky 1964).
es
garkveulwilad
Seesabameba
hobsbaumis
uaryofiT Sexedulebas evropaSi nacionalizmis mogviano
ganviTarebis Taobaze. radganac igi acxadebs, rom 1830–
1870 wlebSi evropuli nacionalizmis pirveli didi
epoqis Semdeg, romelic inkluziuri, moqalaqeobrivi da
demokratiuli iyo, aRmosavleT evropaSi misi meore tipi
gavrcelda,
romelic
eTnikurobasa
da
enas
an
erTdroulad
orives
miemarTeboda.
magram
hobsbaumisaTvis
eTnikuroba
da
ena
ganusazRvreli
cnebebia da verc erTi maTgani ver uzrunvelgvyofs
naciadyofnis mkafiod gamokveTili kriteriumebiT. meore
tipis nacionalizmi, hobsbaumis ganmartebiT, pirvelisagan
sami ramiT gansxvavdeba:
pirvel
rigSi,
igi
uars
ambobs
‘amosaval
principze’, romelic, rogorc vnaxeT, liberalur
134
eraSi yuradRebis centrSi iyo moqceuli. aqedan
moyolebuli, TviTgamorkvevis uflebis pretenzia
uCndeba adamianTa nebismier jgufs, romelic Tavs
naciad miiCnevs. rac, zemoTqmulis Tanaxmad, maTi
teritoriisaTvis calke, suverenul, damoukidebel
saxelmwifos
Seqmnaze
uflebas
gulisxmobda.
meore, potenciuri ‘araistoriuli’ naciebis amgvari
gamravlebis Sedegad, eTnikuroba da ena gadaiqca
potenciuri naciadyofnis centralur, gadamwyvet
da erTaderT kriteriumadac ki. Tumca iyo mesame
cvlilebac,
romelmac
ara
imdenad
naciasaxelmwifosaken
mimarTul
nacionalur
moZraobebze
moaxdina
gavlena,
ramdenadac
nacionalur
sentimentebze
ukve
arsebuli
saxelmwifoebis SigniT. es gaxldaT mkveTri
wanacvleba naciis politikuri uflebebisaken da
droSa, risTvisac (faqtobrivad) SemoRebul iqna
termini ‘nacionalizmi’ XIX saukunis ukanasknel
aTwleul(eb)Si
(Hobsbawm
1990:
102;
xazgasma
dedniseulia).
am periodSi, e.i. 1870–1914 wlebSi, urbanuli
industrializmis afeTqebis Sedegad saarCevno uflebis
swraf gavrcelebasTan erTad, evropaSi Zlier izrdeba
eTnolingvisturi nacionalizmebi. es axali klasebis
warmoSobisa
da
eTnikuri
migraciebis,
umTavresad
saSualo klasebis qveda fenebis (‘gamoucdeli klasebis’)
mier ucxoelTa (gansakuTrebiT ebraelTa) winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli masobrivi rasistuli qsenofobiis epoqac iyo
(iqve: 109–111, 121, 133).
am periodma da nacionalizmis am tipma Tavis
apogeas XX saukunis Sua xanebSi rasobriv faSizmSi da
nacizmSi miaRwia. 1945 wlis Semdeg, SedarebiTi simSvidis
periodSi, adgili hqonda damyofi da damanawilebeli
eTnolingvisturi
nacionalizmebis
aRorZinebas,
romlebic XIX saukunis miwuruls mcire nacionalobebis
nacionalizmebis
memkvidreebad
iTvlebodnen.
Tumca
arsebobs erTi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba. nacionalizmi
dRes ‘istoriuli ganviTarebis umTavres veqtors aRar
warmoadgens’. rogorc Cans, eTnikuri nacionalizmi
135
‘sisustesa da safrTxeze reaqcias ganasaxierebs, igi
cdilobs barikadebis aRmarTvas modernuli msoflios
Zalebis
winaSe’,
romelSic
masobrivi
globaluri
ekonomikuri
transformaciebi
da
mosaxleobis
gadaadgilebani mravali adamianis dezorentacias da
SiSs ganapirobebs. dRes nacionalizmi Seusabamo xdeba.
man dakarga saxelmwifos Semqmnelisa da ekonomikis
Camomayalibebelis adrindeli funqciebi da ‘dakargul
ocnebaTa Semcvlelad’, surogatad gadaiqca (iqve: 164, 175–
176, 181).
hobsbaumi imedian notaze asrulebs: ‘hegelis mier
iTqva, rom minervas sibrZnis momtani bu Sebindebisas
gamofrinda gareT. es ki keTilis momaswavebelia, radgan
axla igi naciebsa da nacionalizms dastrialebs Tavs’
(iqve: 183).
naciebi nacionalizmamde
hobsbaumis
Tvalsazrisi
ramdenadme
vrclad
imitom gadmoveci, rom igi sakmaod gavleniania da
TvalsaCinodac warmogvidgens modernistuli paradigmis
konstruqcionistuli versiis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs,
romlebic moicavs Semdegs:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Sexedulebas,
rom
nacionalizmi
modernul
saxelmwifosTan erTad qmnis naciebs;
rom, msgavsad nacionalizmisa, arc naciebia XIX
saukuneze adrindeli;
rom
naciebi
da
nacionalizmi
TavisTavad
inteligenciisa da burJuaziis mier Seqmnil
artefaqtebs warmoadgens;
rom unda ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisgan eTnikuri
(‘eTnolingvisturi’) da moqalaqeobriv-politikuri
nacionalizmebi;
rom
nacionalizmma
da
naciebma
Seasrules
TavianTi
daniSnuleba
da
dReisTvis,
globalizaciis epoqisTvis, moZveldnen.5
naciebisa
periodizaciasa
da
da
nacionalizmis
bunebaze,
rolze
amgvari
modernistuli
136
Sexedulebani mwvave kritikas awydeba. hobsbaumis yoveli
modernistuli mtkiceba sakamaTod gadaiqca. me momdevno
TavSi davubrundebi bolo sadavo sakiTxs naciebisa da
nacionalizmis SesaZlo moZvelebis Taobaze. manamade ki
danarCens ganvixilav rigrigoboT.
naciebi – nacionalizmis produqti?
nacionalizmi
bevris
mier
modernul
ideologiadaa miCneuli, ris gamoc azri, rom igi Tavad
qmnis
naciebs,
niSnavs
ara
mxolod
imas
rom
nacionalizmamde araviTari nacia ar arsebobda, aramed
imasac, rom nacionalistebamde SeuZlebelic ki iyo
naciis arseboba. metic, is uSvebs, rom ‘naciebi’ diskursis
formas da kulturul artefaqts, iseT konstruqciebs
warmoadgens,
romlTac
mniSvneloba
mxolod
nacionalizmis ufro farTo ideologiis farglebSi
eniWebaT. saamiso argumenti is gaxlavT, rom terminis
‘nacia’ adrindeli mniSvnelobebi sruliad gansxvavebulia
da dRevandel, nacionalizmze damokidebul modernul
(1789 wlis Semdgomdroindel) mniSvnelobebTan araviTari
kavSiri ara aqvs.
aRsaniSnisa da aRmniSvnelis urTierTmimarTebis
garda, dgeba kidev ori problema. pirveli isaa, rom
terminis ‘nacia’ modernuli mniSvnelobebi cvalebadi da
xSirad aracalsaxaa. Cven isRa dagvrCenia, mivuTiToT,
rom
Tavad
mkvlevarTa
Soris
es
termini
sxvadasxvagvaradaa
gagebuli.
es
exeba
politikur
moRvaweebsac da farTo sazogadoebasac. imis gasarkvevad,
Tu ras gulisxmoben adamianebi am terminSi, msoflios
sxvadasxva
nawilSi
sxvadasxva
kriteriumi
an
kriteriumTa
erToblioba
gamoiyeneba
da
moicavs
religias, enasa da Cvulebebs, eTnikurobas, teritoriasa
da saxelmwifoebriobas. rogorc vnaxeT, sxvadasxva
nacionalisturi
ideologiebi
sayovelTao
‘nacionalistTa ojaxis’ farglebSi naciis sakmaod
gansxvavebul koncefciebs ayalibeben. rogorRa gavigoT,
modernul
mniSvnelobaTagan
Zireulad
romeli
gansxvavdeba
terminis
‘nacia’
adrindeli
mniSvnelobebisgan?6
137
meore problema ufro seriozulia. romc davuSvaT
am terminis erTaderTi, misaRebi gageba, viqnebiT Tu ara
darwmunebuli imaSi, rom ‘naciis’ adrindeli (vTqvaT,
Suasaukuneobrivi)
mniSvnelobebi
marTlac
Zalze
gansxvaveulia modernuli mniSvnelobebisagan? am sakiTxs
adrian heistingsi ikvlevs. igi amtkicebs, rom XIV
saukunidan inglisuris magaliTze kargad Cans terminis
‘nacia’
mniSvnelobis
aSkara
gangrZobadoba.
iseTi
sityvebi, rogorebicaa ‘nacion’ (forteske) an ‘nacyon’
(fabiani) XV saukuneSi da ‘nacioun’ (uiklifi da role) XIV
saukuneSi TiTqmis imave mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda, riTic
SedarebiT
gviandeli
gamoyenebani,
magaliTad,
miltoniseuli (1644) Areopagitica (‘isic ki mgonia, rom
warmosaxvaSi vxedav keTilSobil da mZlavr nacias,
romelic ise wamoimarTeba, rogorc Zlieri kaci Zilis
Semdeg’), an samoel jonsoniseuli (1755 wlis leqsikonSi),
romelic nacias ganmartavs rogorc ‘xalxs, romelic
sxva xalxisagan gansxvavdeba eniT, warmomavlobiT an
mmarTvelobiT’, anda pit umcrosis mowodeba ‘Cveni,
viTarca naciis, arsebobisaken… Cveni WeSmariti saxelis
– ingliselisaken’. yvelaferi es imis maCvenebelia, rom,
sul mcire, XIV saukunis dasawyisidan, ‘ingliselebs Tavi
naciad miaCndaT’ (Hastings 1997: 14–16).
terminis amgvari Tanmimdevruli gamoyenebisEerTi
myari
safuZvelTagania
vulgatas
versiis
bibliis
inglisuri
Targmanebi,
rasac
reformaciis
Semdeg,
roledan da uiklifidan dawyebuli,
yovelkvireuli
kiTxva daerTo Tan. iq, sadac vulgata berZnul ‘ethnos’
rogorc ‘natio’ ise Targmnida, inglisuri iyenebda
terminebs ‘nacioun’ an ‘nacion’, mogvianebiT ki termins ‘nation’.
Sedegad, sityva ‘natio’ ‘Sua saukuneebSi regularulad
gamoiyeneboda
vulgatas
gagebiT,
rogorc
“eniT,
kanonebiT, sacxovrisiT, msjelobiTa da wes-CvulebebiT”
gansxvavebuli
xalxis
aRmniSvneli.
magaliTisTvis
mivmarToT sant devidis pirveli normani episkoposis
bernaris TiTqmis definiciis tolfas frazas, romliTac
igi daaxloebiT 1140 wels paps ise aRuwerda uelselebs,
rogorc ‘natio’ ’ (iqve: 17). am mokle lingvisturi eqskursis
safuZvelze heistingsi askvnis, rom inglisur enaSi
naciis ‘eqvs aseulze meti wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoyenebis
138
gangrZobadobis gasaocari simyare’ dasturdeba, rasac
Rrma bibliuri da vulgaturi fesvebi aqvs da termins
‘nacia’
amgvari
farTod
gavrcelebuli
gamoyenebis
mxedvelobaSi miuRebloba da misi dakavSireba mxolod
Sua saukuneebis universitetebSi arsebul studentur
dajgufebebTan, absurdia (iqve: 17–18).7
cxadia ‘sityva’ igive ar aris, rac misiT
aRniSnuli ram, magram, Tu naciisadmi kuTvnilebis gancda
naciadyofnis kriteriumad miiCneva, maSin lingvisturi
gamoyenebis am Tanamimdevrulobisa da mis safuZvelSi
arsebuli
da
misiT
gamoxatuli
nacionaluri
kuTvnilebis rwmenis gamo, inglisis SemTxveva, sul
mcire, prima facie SemTxveva maincaa imis saTqmelad, rom
‘naciebi nacionalizms win uswreben’.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, modernistebs argumentad
gamoadgebaT is, rom, Tumca zogjer dasturdeba, rom
nacia Tavis nacionalizmze ufro Zvelia, ufro metia
iseTi SemTxveva, sadac nacia nacionalizmis nayofia. es
ki naciis gagebis imgvar models moiTxovs, romelsac
nacionalisturi
ideologia
TviTgamorkvevis
erTad
nacionalisturi
idealis
gaaqtiurebasTan
gvTavazobs. metic, modernuli anu ‘realuri’ naciis
Taviseburebas,
pirvel
rigSi,
moqalaqeobis
gaCena
warmoadgens,
rac
imas
niSnavs,
rom
nacia
aris
sayovelTao
fenomeni,
romlis
SigniTac
(nacionalisturi ideologiis Tanaxmad) yoveli wevri ipso
facto moqalaqea. mxolod modernul periodSi gaxda
moqalaqeoba yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi.8
am kontrarguments heistingsi (kvlav inglisis
magaliTis
moSveliebiT)
Suasaukuneobriv
naciaTa
‘nacionalizms’ upirispirebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom am
naciebs ar gaaCndaT nacionalizmis Teoria, mainc
avlendnen aSkara da aqtiur nacionalizms, gansakuTrebiT
safrTxisa da konfliqtebis pirobebSi. heistingsisaTvis
nacionalizmi WeSmaritad partikularistuli moZraobaa.
swored
esaa
misi
Zlierebis
wyaro,
da
ara
TviTgamorkvevis raRac zogadi Teoria. 1800 wlis Semdeg
kidev
SeiZleboda
bevri
nacia
Camoyalibebuliyo
winmswrebi nacionalizmis (ideologiis) wyalobiT. magram
amaze adre piriqiT xdeboda: safrTxis pirobebSi naciebi
139
Tavad
qmnidnen
sakuTar
nacionalizms
da
iseve
TviTgamorkvevadni
iyvnen,
rogorc
1789
wlis
Semdgomdroindeli (‘II gvaris’) naciaTa mravalferovneba.
premodernuli naciebi?
heistingsis mixedviT, modernizmi nacionalizmis
istoriis mxolod naxevars mogviTxrobs; meore, 1789
wlamde, naxevarze ki arafers ambobs.
heistingsis mier wamoweuli neoperenialisturi
istoria SerCeviTia, magram misi gamosvlis mizans
naciebs, nacionalizmsa da modernul xanas Soris
arsebuli kavSiris uaryofa (rasac daJinebiT amtkiceben
hobsbaumi da sxva modernistebi) da garkveuli naciebis
igiveobisa
da
gangrZobadobis
Cveneba
warmoadgens
premodernuli saTaveebidan moyolebuli maT Tanamedrove
manifestaciebamde.
heistingsis
rCeulni
upiratesad
dasavleTevropelebi,
ufro
ki
britanelebi
arian:
pirvelia inglisi, romelsac Sotlandia, irlandia da
uelsi mosdevs; merea safrangeTi, holandia, Sveicaria,
SvedeTi, germania da espaneTi. es hug seton-uotsoniseul
stilia, romelic ‘Zvel, gangrZobad’ naciebs 1800 wlis
Semdgom upiratesad aRmosavleT evropasa da aziaSi
axlad Seqmnili naciebisagan ganasxvavebda: ‘evropaSi 1789
wels Zveli naciebi iyvnen ingliselebi, Sotlandielebi,
frangebi,
kastilielebi
da
portugalelebi
–
dasavleTSi; danielebi da Svedebi – CrdiloeTSi;
ungrelebi, polonelebi da rusebi – aRmosavleTSi’ (SetonWatson 1977: 7).
aseT SemTxvevebSi nacia spontanurad izrdeboda,
rac niSnavs, rom igi nacionalistebisa da sxva elitebis
mier ar iyo gamoxmobili arsebobisaTvis. aseT naciebs
nacionalisturi dagegmareba an Canafiqri anu, heistingsis
terminologiiT, nacionalisturi Teoria, aklda. magram,
miuxedavad amisa, isini ‘nacionalisturnic’ iyvnen da
naciebsac warmoadgendnen.9
mTlianobaSi
gangrZobadi
perenializmis
heistingsiseuli
versia
evropuli
nacionaluri
identobebis ‘ganviTarebis sam did safexurs’ gamoyofs.
pirveli moicavs, regionebis mixedviT, V–XIV saukuneebSi
140
arsebul
‘adgilobriv
eTnikur
jgufebs,
romelTa
umravlesobac sakmaod arastabiluria’, maT xSirad ara
aqvT damwerloba, Tumca zogma maTganma ganaviTara
damwerloba
da
vernakulurma
literaturam
damoukidebeli naciebis sazRvrebis dafiqsireba daiwyo.
meore safexurze, XV saukunisaTvis, literaturuli
enebis ganviTarebam da didma saxelmwifoebma eTnikuri
rukis
sirTule
da
aramdgradoba
Seamcires,
ris
Sedegadac
ukve ganirCeoda dasavleT evropis mTavar naciaTa
umetesoba. adamianebi regularulad moixseniebdnen
maT
naciebad.
modernizmis
Teoretikosebis
mixedviT,
zustad
igive
naciebi
warmoqmna
nacionalizmebma
XVIII
saukunis
bolodan.
korelacia iseTi axloa, rom misi SemTxveviTobad
miCneva absurdi iqneboda (Hastings 1997: 114).
naciadyofnis mesame safexuri, romelsac ‘modernistebi
SecdomiT miiCneven mTlian istoriad’, XVIII saukunis
dasasruls franguli monarqiis kolafsiT iwyeba, ramac
‘dambebi gauxsna revoluciur moZraobebs, romlebic aseve
nacionalisturni iyvnen’ (iqve: 119). es nacionalizmis mier
Seqmnili naciebis periodia, razedac modernistebi
akeTeben fokusirebas, magram igi moqalaqeobrivi da
parlamentuli modelis zemoqmedebis Sedegi ufroa,
vidre ‘modernizaciisa’, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTSi.10
amgvarad,
heistingsis
msgavsi
perenialistebi
SesaZleblad miiCneven premodernuli naciebis arsebobas.
dasavleT evropaSi maT umetesobas inglisuri prototipi
aqvs. heistingsis Sexedulebas iziarebs jon gilinamic da
ingliss XIV saukunemdec ki naciad aRiarebs. uiliam
malmsburisa
da
jefri
monmausis,
iseve
rogorc
jeraldus kambrensisis SromebSi vpoulobT XI–XII
saukuneebSi
inglisel
naciadyofnis
mkafio
formulirebas, uelsurTan da irlandiurTan kontrastSi.
anJuelTa
mier
safrangeTSi
teritoriebis
flobis
miuxedavad, es adreuli ‘inglisuri imperializmis’
magaliTad SeiZleba miviCnioT (Gillingham 1992).
141
amaT msgavsad, jozef lobera daJinebiT amtkicebs
ra
nacionalisturi
ideologiis
SedarebiT
modernulobas, Semdgomdroindeli naciebis safuZvels
evropis ZiriTad arealebSi (rogorebicaa ‘francia’,
‘germania’ da ‘hispania’) arsebuli eTnikuri da politikuri
mijaWvulobebis da sentimentebis xangrZliv istoriaSi
xedavs. nu gveqneba imedi, rom amgvari kulturulpolitikuri
formaciebis
adgilmdebareobis
da
maxsovrobebis analizis gareSe, SemdgomSi cnobili
modernuli
politikuri
naciebis
gamoCenis
axsnas
SevZlebT (Llobera 1994: Pnawili I).11
amgvarad,
neoperenialistebi
amtkiceben,
rom
naciebi da nacionalizmebi XVI saukunemdec arsebobdnen,
gansxvavebiT jon brilis msgavsi modernistebisagan,
romelTaTvisac XVI saukuneSi nacionaluri sentimentebis
zrda sxva araferia, Tu ara nacionalizmis ‘preludia’.
rasakvirvelia, reformaciam, individualuri locvis da
bibliis vernakulaze TargmanebSi kiTxvis aqcentirebiT,
naciadyofnis grZnobebi gaaZliera da gaavrcela, rogorc
es aRniSnulia lia grinfeldis didebul da detalur
gamokvlevaSi
modernulobisaken
mimavali
umTavresi
nacionalisturi
gzebis
Sesaxeb.
marTlac,
grinfeldisaTvis
inglisuri
nacionalizmi
odnav
uswrebda reformacias, radgan SegrZneba, rom nacia
mTeli xalxis identuri iyo (rac, misi SexedulebiT,
nacionalizmis arsebobis mTavari kriteriumia) farTod
pirvelad XVI saukunis 20–30-ian wlebSi gavrcelda
inglisur elitaSi. magram protestantulma inglisurma
bibliam da saerTo locvebis wignma, foqsis (protestant)
mowameTa wignTan erTad, am nacionalur sentiments romis
eklesiisa da misi espaneli mokavSiris sawinaaRmdegod
uzarmazari mxardaWera gamoucxada da damajerebeli
motivi mouZebna. armadas dros raionebis umetesobaSi
inglisel
naciadyofnis
gancda
saSualo
klasebSi
gavrcelda
da
man
safuZveli
Cauyara
momdevno
nacionalizmebis
models
safrangeTSi,
germaniaSi,
ruseTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi (Greenfeld 1992: Tavi 1).12
142
nacionalizmis wyaroebi
neoperenialisturi TvalsazrisiT, nacionalizmis
wyaroebi
upiratesad
elitis
warmosaxvebsa
da
gamogonebebSi ki ar unda veZioT, aramed saxalxo
sentimentebsa da kulturaSi. Sesabamisad, SeuZlebelia
naciebis axsna urTierTdapirispirebuli elitebis mier
Seqmnili modernuli artefaqtebiT. Tumca elitebi
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben, naciebisa da nacionaluri
identobebis fundameturi wyaroebi yvelgan da gacilebiT
adre unda veZeboT.
rogorc vnaxeT, adrian heistingsis mixedviT,
premodernuli
naciebi
cvalebadi
eTnikurobebisagan
saliteraturo enebisa da literaturebis ganviTarebis
gziT warmodgebian, romelic afiqsirebs kulturebisa da
xalxebis sazRvrebs. udavoa, rom premodernuli epoqis
‘inteleqtualebs’
–
poetebs,
mwignobrebs
da
samRvdeloebas – amaSi gadamwyveti roli ekisrebodaT.
magram heistingsisaTvis nacionalizmis mTavari wyaro
religiaa,
ufro
konkretulad
ki
qristianoba.
samRvdeloeba ara marto mTavar saganmanaTleblo da
socialuri keTildReobis qsels uzrunvelyofda, aramed
yoveldRiuri Sexeba hqonda soflis mosaxleobasTan.
yovelkvireulad wesebis aRsrulebisa da qadagebebis
gziT eklesia mZlavr gavlenas axdenda masebis emociebsa
da
msoflxedvaze.
metic,
eklesiam
gza
gauxsna
vernakuluri enebis gamoyenebas, ris Sedegadac mesiji,
romelsac igi qadagebda, imdenadve iyo nacionaluri,
ramdenadac universaluri, radgan saxarebasTan erTad
eklesiam Zveli aRTqma da miseuli wminda nacionalobisa
da mefobis politikuri idealebic gaiTavisa. maSinac ki,
roca bibliis xalxs uaryofda, eklesia, romelic
saxarebaSi idealuri saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis models
isaklisebda,
israelis
naciis
ebraul
prototips
mimarTavda, vinaidan Tavs WeSmarit israelad (verus Israel)
da uflis rCeuli xalxis memkvidred moiazrebda.
saboloo mesiji martivi aRmoCnda: yovel nacias SeeZlo
Zvel ebraelTa msgavsad yofiliyo uflis rCeuli xalxi,
anu WeSmariti qristiani da eklesiis rwmeniT aRsavse
(Hastings 1997: Tavebi 1, 9).13
143
maSasadame,
nacionalizmis
saTaveebi
da
ganviTareba literaturasa da samRvdeloebaSi, eklesiasa
da bibliur religiaSi unda veZioT. qristianobis da,
ufro adre iudaizmis gareSe, arc naciebi iqneboda da
arc nacionalizmi.
imave daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba konor kruz
o’braienis ‘wminda nacionalizmis’ bunebisa da saTaveebis
analizidan da xalxis miseuli gaRmerTebidan, romelic
bibliuri teritorializmis, eTnikuri erTobisa da Zvel
aRTqmaSi
ukvdavyofili,
religiasTan
Sewyvilebuli
aRTqmuli miwis unificirebul xedvas ubrundeba (O’Brien
1988a). o’braieni imis CvenebiT agrZelebs, Tu rogor
narCundeba es tradicia evropaSi da axal gamovlinebas
amerikul nacionalizmis sakralur xasiaTSi, droSisadmi
pativiscemasa da sayovelTao locvebSi poulobs.
maSasadame,
neoperenialistebi
naciebisa
da
nacionalizmis wyaroebs eZeben ara saero inteligenciaTa
gegmebSi an modernuli epoqis saSualo klasebis
interesebSi, aramed enis, eTnikurobisa da religiis
‘siRrmiseul kulturul resursebSi’. amgvari daskvna
bevrad
aadvilebs
orive
Tvalsazrisis
gaziarebas:
‘naciebi nacionalizmamde’ da ‘naciebi modernul epoqamde’.
amas istoriuli speqtris meore bolodan mivyavarT
heistingsis samnawiliani sqemis ganxilvamde. naciebisa da
nacionalizmis
arsebobaze
antikur
epoqaSi
Tavad
heistingsi migvaniSnebs, roca miuTiTebs inglisamde
izolirebul naciaTa arsebobaze somxeTsa da eTiopiaSi
da, rasakvirvelia, Tavad Zvel israelSi. es is sakiTxia,
romelsac davubrundebi.14
am Rrma kulturuli resursebis yvelganmyofoba
da gangrZobadoba perenialistebisa da modernistebis
evrocentristul midgomasac kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs,
ramdenadac biZgs aZlevs debatebs evropis gareT, kerZod,
iransa da Soreul aRmosavleTSi premodernuli naciebis
arsebobis
Taobaze.
heistingsis
azriT,
aziaSi
nacionalizmi
evropidan
qristianobisa
da
kolonializmis meSveobiT Sevida. rogorc Cans, igi arc
ki uSvebs SesaZleblobas, rom misive kriteriumebiT,
iaponia, korea da CineTi, iseve rogorc warmarTuli birma
da sefeviduri sparseTi, Sua saukuneebSi ukve naciebs
144
warmoadgendnen. yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, maT
hqondaT vernakuluri enebi da literatura, iseve
rogorc
unikaluri
warmoSobisa
da
saerTo
STamomavlobis miTebi. metic, maTi saxelmwifo wyoba
mZlavri religiuri instituciebiTa da idealebiT iyo
gamyarebuli.
saxelmwifos
mowyobis
modeli
konfucianelobaSi
(rom
araferi
vTqvaT
budizmze)
SeiZleba arc ise dinamikuri iyo da arc iseT
Zalisxmevas
saWiroebda,
rogorc
Zvel
israelSi
(romelic qristianobam miiRo) an islamSi. da am azriT,
heistingss SeuZlia dagvexmaros imis axsnaSi, Tu ratom
momdinareobs nacionalisturi ideologia dasavleTidan
da ratom Seuwyo xeli reformaciam, ebraul Zvel
aRTqmasTan dabrunebiT, dasavluri naciebis pirveli
talRis
konsolidirebas.
Tu
Cven
naciadyofnis
heistingsis kriteriumebs da dasavleTSi nacionaluri
ganviTarebis miseul periodizacias gaviziarebT, maSin
Cven swored imave Sua saukuneebSi unda davuSvaT naciebis
arseboba aziaSic.15
eTnikuri da moqalaqeobrivi naciebi
modernistebisa
da
konstruqcionistebisaTvis
eTnikuri nacionalizmis saukeTeso gageba misi elitis
gamogonebis
naturalizebul
formad
miCnevaa.
igi
‘fiqtiuri eTnikurobis’ politikur versias warmoadgens.
etien balibarisa da imanuel valerSteinis sityvebiT
bunebrivad arc erT nacias ar aqvs eTnikuri
bazisi, magram, ramdenadac socialuri formaciebi
nacionalizdeba, maTSi CarTuli mosaxleoba maT
Soris nawildeba an maTi zegavleniT ganicdis
eTnizacias, rac niSnavs, rom isini warsulSi an
momavalSi ise arian warmodgenilni, rom TiTqos
bunebriv erTobas qmnidnen da TavisTavad hqondeT
pirovnebebsa da socialur pirobebze aRmatebuli
warmoSobis, kulturisa da interesebis identobani
(Balibar
and
Wallerstein
1991:
96;
xazgasma
dedniseulia).16
145
aseTsave dekonstraqcionistul midgomas vxvdebiT
didi moqalaqeobrivi naciebis (droebiT) ekonomikur da
politikur
moTxovnilebaTa
Sedarebisas
enisa
da
eTnikurobis bunebasa da rolTan modernuli naciebis
CamoyalibebaSi, rasac kritikulad aanalizebs hobsbaumi.
magram
perenialistebisaTvis,
sazogadod,
viTareba
sxvagvaradaa. moqalaqeobrivi nacionalizmi anu, uolker
konoris terminologiiT, patriotizmi, xelovnuri Tu
ara, garkveulwilad racionaluri konstruqcia mainc
aris, maSin roca eTnikuri nacionalizmi, romelic,
saboloo
jamSi,
naTesauri
kavSirebis
gancdaSia
fesvgadgmuli, adamianuri gamocdilebisa da ojaxuri
urTierTobisagan warmomdgar bazisur emociebs esadageba.
aqedan gamomdinare, nacia ‘naturaluri’ warmonaqmni Tu
araa,
eTnikurobasa
da
eTnolingvisturi
jaWvebis
arsebobas mainc efuZneba. Tumca calkeul naciebs didi
daxmarebis miReba sakuTari saxelwifodanac SeuZliaT.
es
aris
Sexeduleba,
romelsac
heistingsi
irlandiur da, ufro naklebad ki uelsis, SemTxvevebSi
gaxazavs. aq, miuxedavad irlandiis pirquSi uzenaesi
mefeebisa, da ingliselTa mier uelsis dapyrobamde
uelselTa erTianobis xanmokle periodisa, saxelmwifo
minimalur
rols
asrulebda
naciis
gansazRvraSi.
irlandia
sakuTari
religiuri
istoriiT
ganisazRvreboda, romelic iwyeba wminda patrikis misiiT
da misi kunZulovani geografiiTa da wminda adgilebiT,
rogorc insula sacra, amas mxars uWers jeims lidonis
Tvalsazrisi Sua saukuneebSi irlandiursa da inglisurs
Soris mkafiod gamoxatuli gansxvavebis arsebobis
Taobaze (magaliTad, 1317 wlis ‘SegonebaSi’ anda 1366
wlis kilkenis aqtebSi, kulturuli da kvazirasobrivi
stereotipebiT, rac bevrad uswrebda win reformaciasa
da
irlandiaSi
protestanti
Sotlandielebis
dasaxlebebis gaCenas). aseTi gansxvavebebi vlindeboda
uelsursa
da
inglisurs
Sorisac,
romelic
simbolizebuli iyo kamris saxeliT, ufro adre ki,
(romanuli) britaneTis miTiT. eseni didi xnis win
dafuZnebuli eTnikuri nacionalizmebia, da iseve rogorc
nacionalizmTa umetesobas dRes (yofil iugoslaviaSi,
146
kavkasiaSi Tu afrikaSi), maTac safuZveli eTnikurobam
Cauyara (Hastings 1997: Tavebi 3, 5, 6; Lydon 1995).17
‘eTnikur’
da
‘moqalaqeobriv’
naciebsa
da
nacionalizmebs Soris gansxvavebis dafiqsireba (dRes
rom ase modaSia), neoperenialisturi SexedulebiT,
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi meoradia, uaresSi ki mcdari.
praqtikulad, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, yvela nacia da
nacionalizmi Tavisi fesvebiT ‘eTnikuria’; da, Tumca
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
nacias
SeuZlia
mocemuli
eTnikurobis sazRvari gadakveTos da ufro farTo
politikur erTobaSi sxva eTnieebic moicvas, Tavis
mamobilizebel Zalas igi unikaluri winaprisa da
istoriis saziaro rwmenaSi poulobs. es ar warmoadgens
eTnikuri safuZvlis ‘naturalurad’ gadaqcevis raime
mcdelobas; magram igi arc interpretaciaa da arc
nacionalistTa mieraa Tavsmoxveuli. es ufro niSnavs
eTnikurobis, enisa da religiis aRiarebas naciadyofnis
istoriul da struqturul safuZvlad da garkveuli
naciebis socialur-istoriul konteqstad. modernistebi,
mxedvelobaSi aqvT ra dasavleTi evropa da amerika da
maTi
perspeqtiva,
kanonikur
naciebad
miiCneven
Tanamedrove
dasavleTis
teritoriul
politikur
erTobebs, maSin roca, faqtobrivad, isini yofili
eTnikuri naciebis specifikuri SemTxvevebia, romelebic
mZlavri saxelmwifoebis mier gamoizardnen da saukuneTa
ganmavlobaSi upiratesad teritoriuli safuZvlis mqone
naciebad da politikur nacionalizmebad gadaiqcnen.18
am Tvalsazriss erTgvarad amagrebs is faqti, rom
dasavluri
saxelmwifoebi
istoriulad
‘eTnikuri
eTnieebis
garSemo
birTvis’
–
im
dominanturi
Camoyalibdnen, romlebmac saTave daudes an daafuZnes
erToba
da
saxelmwifos
elitaruli
personalis
umetesoba warmoSves, rogoric amas pirveli nacionaluri
saxelmwifoebis – inglisis, safrangeTis, holandiis,
espaneTis da SvedeTis, da aseve ungreTis, poloneTis da
moskovis ruseTis SemTxvevebSi hqonda adgili. TviT
iseTi
imigrantuli
naciac
ki,
rogoric
amerikis
SeerTebuli
Statebia,
dominanturi
protestantuli
britanuli eTnies mier Seiqmna, Tumca SemdgomSi misi
eTnikuri xasiaTi imigrantTa farTomasStabiani talRebis
147
Sedegad gadasxvaferda. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi es
mZlavri saxelmwifoebi teritoriulad gafarTovdnen da
sxvadasxva regionebisa da maTi xalxebis aneqsia ise
moaxdines,
rom
XX
saukuneSic
ki
SeinarCunes
dominanturi eTnies poziciebi (ix. A.D.Smith 1989).
am
SemTxvevebSi
‘eTnikur-moqalaqeobrivi’
diqotomia istoriulad arazustia, xolo sociologiuri
TvalsazrisiT – SecdomaSi Semyvani. es gaxlavT eTnikuri
naciebi,
romlebic
TandaTanobiT
upiratesad
teritoriulad dafuZnebul multikulturul politikur
erTobebad gardaiqmnen. kontrasti teritoriasa da
genealogias, ius soli da ius sanguinis Soris, romelsac
rojers brubeikeri frangul da germanul saimigracio
da moqalaqeobis miniWebis politikasa da praqtikas
Soris gansxvavebis saCveneblad iyenebs, ar unda iyos
gadaWarbebulad
Sefasebuli.
naciebis
umetesoba
socialuri organizaciis orive principis magaliTad
gamodgeba, imis miuxedavad, rom mocemul droisaTvis
isini erT-erT maTgans aniWeben upiratesobas (Brubaker 1992;
Sdr. Schnapper 1997).
naciebi antikur epoqaSi?
heistingsis mier SemoTavazebuli nacionaluri
ganviTarebis
samnawiliani
sqema
–
zepirsityvieri
eTnikurobebis adreSuasaukuneobrivi epoqa, I gvaris
naciebis gvianSuasaukuneobrivi/adremodernuli epoqa, da
II gvaris ideologiurad marTuli naciebis modernuli
era – evrocentrizmis gamo SeiZleboda gakritikebuliyo
da kiTxvis niSnis qveSac dayenebuliyo kacobriobis
istoriis adreuli epoqebis ugulebelyofisaTvis. erTi
gamonaklisis garda, heistingsi warumateblobas ganicdis
antikuri epoqis mimarT Tavisi kriteriumis gamoyenebisas
da iudeur-qristianul tradiciaze adre an mis miRma
naciebis arsebobis SesaZleblobis ganxilvisas. Tuki
geografiiTa
da
saxelmwifoebriobiT
gamagrebuli
vernakuluri
literatura
naciadyofnis
umTavresi
kriteriumia, rogorc amas inglisis SemTxvevaSi aqvs
adgili, rogorRa SegviZlia naciaTa ricxvSi CavrToT
israelebi
da
gamovricxoT
Zveli
egviptelebi,
148
babilonelebi da sparselebi? Tuki imas veTanxmebiT, rom
bibliaze dafuZnebuli qristianoba evropasa da Crdilo
da
samxreT
amerikaSi
naciis
ideis
gavrcelebis
mniSvnelovan
faqtors
warmoadgenda,
ratom
unda
mivaniWoT
mas
prioriteti
im
eTnolingvistur
kriteriumebTan SedarebiT, romlebmac unda gvibiZgos
‘naciebis’
xasiaTis
amocnobisaken
sxva,
adreul
erTobebSi?
aq
perenialistebis
umetesoba
maxvils
gangrZobadobaze akeTebs. heistingsi da sxvebi SeiZleba
mzadac arian antikuri epoqis sxva erTobebsac darTon
naciis titulis tarebis ufleba, magram maT istoriuli
mniSvnelovneba akliaT, radganac calkeul SemTxvevebs
warmoadgendnen da, rogorc naciebi, ver gadarCnen, maSin,
roca inglisi, sul mcire, XIV saukunidan ara marto iyo
gangrZobadi nacia, aramed warmoSva sxva gangrZobadi
naciebis mTeli wyebac. egvipte, sparseTi, asureTi da
saberZneTic ki, rogorc naciebi, STamomavlobis gareSe
‘miicvalnen’, inglisi ki naciebis diad kolonadas edga
saTaveSi.19
rasakvirvelia,
am
ganzogadebas
erTi
didi
gamonaklisi aqvs: ebraelebi. isini naciis amosaval
idealsa
da
prototips
Seadgendnen,
Tumc,
heistingsisaTvis maT TavianTi naciadyofna daaxloebiT
ori aTasi wlis win ‘dakarges’ da mxolod axla
aRadgines is israelSi. amas CixSi SevyavarT, radganac
naciadyofnis heistingsiseuli kriteriumebiT (kerZod, (1)
eTnikurobiT, romelic (2) fiqsirebuli iyo vernakulur
enaSi da literaturaSi, da (3) bibliuri prototipis
mixedviT iyo modelirebuli) ebraelebi, diasporaSic da
devnilobaSic (Galut), gamorCeulad gangrZobad naciad,
wignier
xalxad
rCeboda,
sakraluri
eniTa
da
literaturiT, rasac TavianT diasporaSi mudmivad
xelaxla ismendnen da ganavrcobdnen, ise rom TavianTi
aRTqmisa da aRTqmuli miwis erTgulni rCebodnen.20
cxadia, aq sxva kriteriumi moqmedebs: mSobliur
teritoriaze cxovreba da misi floba. es, udavod,
mniSvnelovan
da
istoriulad
xSirad
gadamwyvet
kriteriums warmoadgens naciadyofnisaTvis, iseve rogorc
sasicocxlod
arsebiTia
nacionalisturi
149
ideologisaTvis. sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad
SesaZlebelia,
rom
momavalSi
‘naciebi’
deteritorializebul erTobebad iqnen gaazrebuli, me
momdevno TavSi ganvixilav. magram amgvari formulireba
teritoriulobas
naciadyofnis
normad
miiCnevs:
warsulSi
nacia
yovelTvis
teritoriul
erTobad
moiazreboda.21
magram, Tu teritoriaa sasicocxlod aucilebeli
naciadyofnisaTvis, ra SeiZleba iyos Zvel egviptelebze
ukeTesi magaliTi? ratom ara aqvT maT ‘naciis’ titulis
tarebis an WeSmaritad ‘nacionaluri saxelmwifos’ qonis
ufleba?
isini
nilosis
orive
napirze
udabnoTi
garSemortymuli teritoriis viwro klaknilSi iyvnen
momwyvdeulni da uaxloesi mezoblebis – nubielebisa da
azielebisagan wes-CveulebebiT, religiiT, eniTa da
garegnobiT aSkarad gansxvavdebodnen. yovelive amis
garda, maT hqondaT saerTo, unificirebuli religia da
mZlavri saxelmwifo da (rogorc eqnatonis himnic
mowmobs)
mkafiod
acnobierebdnen
TavianT
gansxvavebulobas sxva naciebisa da enebisagan (ix. Trigger
et al. 1983).
modernistebi SeiZleba Semogvedavon, rom Zveli
egvipte izolirebuli SemTxveva iyo; igi ar warmoadgenda
nacionalur saxelmwifoTa sistemis nawils, rac dRes
naciadyofnis
savaldebulo
kriteriumia.
Tu
aRar
davuSvebT,
rom
modernuloba
da
awmyo
iZlevian
naciadyofnis im modelebs, romelTac yvela sxva unda
Seesatyvisebodes, maSin SevniSnavT, rom qristeSobamde
meore aTaswleulSi egvipte aqtiurad iyo CarTuli
saxelmwifoTa
axloaRmosavlur
‘sistemaSi’
xeTebis
imperiasTan, miTanis samefosTan da kasitur babilonTan
erTad. es is periodia, romlis Sesaxebac Cven raRac
mainc
viciT
tel-el-amarnas
diplomatiuri
korespondenciis wyalobiT. magram sul sxva sakiTxia,
ramdenad marTebulia am saxelmwifoTa ‘naciebad’ miCneva
maT Soris geopolitikuri urTierTkavSirebis arsebobis
gamo (Roux 1964).
bevrad
ufro
gvian,
elinistur
epoqaSic,
ptolemaiosTa egviptem axlo aRmosavleTSi regionaluri
‘saerTaSoriso sistemis’ nawili Camoayaliba, romelic
150
moicavda selevkidur sirias, pergamons, makedoniasa da
parTias. am SemTxvevaSic sazRvrebis mqone gansxvavebul
teritoriebze Semokrebili saxelmwifoebi Camoyalibdnen,
romelTaganac TiToeulis erToba flobda sakuTar
kults, enas, kalendars, kanonebsa da wes-Cveulebebs
(Tumca selevkiduri imperia, faqtobrivad, ramdenime
amgvar erTobas Seicavda). savaraudod, amitom unda
vuwodoT
am
politikur
erTobebs
‘naciebi’
da
daveTanxmoT doron mendelsis msjelobas, rom ‘Zveli
axlo aRmosavleTis im naciebs, romlebic ebraelTa
mezoblebi
iyvnen,
politikuri
nacionalizmisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri da kargad gansazRvruli
simboloebi hqondaT, saxeldobr, taZari, teritoria,
mefoba da jari’ (Mendels 1992: 1).
im
SemTxvevaSic
ki,
Tu
Zveli
samyaros
nacionalizmi ‘modernul droTagan’ gansxvavebuli azris
matarebelia, xolo elinistur epoqasTan dakavSirebuli
problema,
mendelsis
sityvebiT
rom
vTqvaT,
iyo
‘eTnikurobis
problema,
rasac
moxerxebulobisaTvis
“nacionalizmi” unda vuwodoT’, ar unda vamtkicoT
antikur epoqaSi imgvari naciebis sayovelTao arseboba,
romlebic
yvela
Tavisi
mTavari
niSan-TvisebiT
modernuls hgavs? da am mizeziT ar unda gaviziaroT
azri naciebis mudmivi ganmeorebadobis Taobaze momdevno
epoqebSi?22
es
aris
stiven
grosbis
Tvalsazrisi,
SemuSavebuli Zveli israelis dakvirvebuli analiziT.
igi Zvel ebraelebs, Zveli welTaRricxvis VII saukunidan
moyolebuli, sxva iseT erTobebs udarebs, rogorebic
arian Zveli berZnebi, arameelebi, edomitebi, egviptelebi
da somxebi, da seriozulad miiCnevs maT naciebad,
koleqtiur TviTxatad da xazs usvams xalxis sakuTar
miwasTan urTierTmimarTebis primordialur xasiaTs: misi
formulirebiT, ‘xalxs aqvs Tavisi miwa da miwas hyavs
Tavisi xalxi’. am droisaTvis iudeas samefos elitebs
mainc hqondaT uryevi rwmena, rom arsebobs ebraeli
‘xalxi’, romelic sakuTar translokalur, SemosazRvrul
sakralur teritoriaze cxovrobs, Tayvans scems erT
RmerTs, iahves, specialurad amisaTvis gamiznul centrSi,
ierusalimis taZarSi (Grosby 1991: 240).
151
Amis msgavsad Zveli egviptelebic avlendnen
mijaWvulobas (nilosis) ‘miwasTan’, inaxavdnen marxvas im
rwmenisaTvis, rom egvipte mxolod egviptelebs ekuTvnoda
da miwis uzenaesi RmerTis – Tebes amon-ras dacvisa da
gamgeblobis qveS iyo, rwmenisaTvis, romelic grosbis
mixedviT, aklda Zvel saberZneTs, magram misi povna Zvel
somxeTSi SeiZleboda (iqve: 247; 1997: 21).23
amgvari
interpretaciebi
damatebiT
komentars
moiTxovs. Zveli msoflios Sesaxeb SemorCenili cnobebis
simwire da ‘retrospeqtuli nacionalizmidan’ momdinare
safrTxe imisa, rom adreuli epoqebi gviandeli cnebebisa
da sazrunavis Suqze iqnas gagebuli, am analizs, ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi, mcdelobad aqcevs. Tavad grosbisaTvis
cnobilia cnebebisa da kategoriebis analizis sirTule:
‘koleqtivs zustad iSviaTad Tu miesadageba calkeuli
analitikuri kategoria. es exeba ara marto antikuri
xanis
koleqtivebs,
aramed
modernul
nacionalur
saxelmwifosac’ (Grosby 1997: 2).
amasTan dakavSirebiT sxva problemac arsebobs. im
SemTxvevaSic
ki,
Tu
SevZlebdiT
argumentirebul
msjelobas
antikuri
xanis
‘naciebze’,
mainc
ver
davasabuTebdiT maT gangrZobadobas calkeul modernul
naciebSi. Zvel egviptel an berZen nacias modernuli
epoqis egviptel an berZen naciebTan cota ram Tu
akavSirebs,
miuxedavad
teritoriuli,
berZnul
SemTxvevaSi ki, agreTve, lingvisturi gangrZobadobisa. es
amZimebs berZnuli nacionaluri istoriografiisa da
berZnuli nacionalizmis paskalis kitromilidisiseul
mwvave modernistul kritikas. igi ambobs, rom XIX
saukunis Sua xanebSi konstantinos paparigopulosis mier
dawerilma diadma istoriam berZeni naciisa pirvelad
warmoadgina
gangrZobadi
berZeni
naciis,
rogorc
koleqtiuri aqtoris, idea, romelic uwyvetad grZeldeba
klasikuri antikurobidan berZnuli, bizantiuri didebis
gavliT,
modernul
damoukidebel
berZnul
saxelmwifomde. maSin roca, kitromilidisis azriT,
faqtebze dayrdnobiT, Sua saukuneebidan XIX saukunis
dasawyisamdec ki berZnebi da saberZneTi bizantiis
vrceli imperiisa da marTlmadidebluri oikumenas (da
mogvianebiT, otomanTa imperiis) nawilad moiazreboda,
152
iseve rogorc serbeTis, bulgareTis da rumineTis
modernuli politikuri erTobebis SemTxvevaSi (Kitromilides
1989 da 1998; ix., agreTve, Just 1989).
berZeni nacionalistebi cdebodnen, roca berZeni
nacia
bizantiis
imperiis,
da,
lamis,
klasikuri
saberZneTis periodSi warmoSobilad gamoacxades, Tu,
piriqiT, simarTles Seefereba modernistebis mtkiceba,
rom berZnuli nacia mxolod XIX saukunis dasawyisSi
modernulobis mosvlasTan erTad warmoiSva? vinaidan
modernistebi nacias sayovelTao moqalaqeobis, sajaro
kulturisa da sazRvrebis qonas ukavSireben, sadavo ar
unda iyos berZeni naciis arsebobis SeuZlebloba
modernul epoqaze adre. Tu am kriteriumebs viziarebT,
SegviZlia realurad vilaparakoT berZen naciaze ufro
adre, vidre mas 1922 wels Turqebi daamarcxebdnen, rasac
Sedegad mohyva mosaxleobis gacvla da sazRvrebis
stabilizacia? modernistebi (berZen) naciaSi ‘masebis
monawileobis’ problemasac ejaxebian da amis gamo XX
saukunemde berZen ‘naciaze’ laparaki Znelia. meore mxriv,
Tu, neoperenialistebis msgavsad, nacias eTnikurobis,
vernakuluri enisa da religiuri kulturis cnebebiT
ganvmartavT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom berZeni nacia gvian
bizantiur imperiaSi arsebobda, iseve rogorc mis
momdevno marTlmadideblur mileTSi, romelsac berZnebi
da berZnulad metyveli samRvdeloeba edga saTaveSi.
metic, VI saukunidan moyolebuli, avarebis, slavebisa da
albanelebis mier saberZneTis dapyrobebiT klasikur
saberZneTTan
sagrZnoblad
Seryeuli
demografiuli
uwyvetobis
miuxedavad,
gvianbizantiur
imperiaSi
berZnuli
filosofiisa
da
enis
aRorZinebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, susti kulturuli kavSiris arsebobac
ki SeiZleba dasabuTdes (Baynes and Moss 1969: Tavi 1;
Armstrong 1982: 174–181).
istoriis interpretaciisas msgavs problemebs
vawydebiT
im
modernul
naciebTan
dakavSirebiTac,
romlebic
antikur
epoqamde
gangrZobad
warsulze
acxadeben pretenzias. yvelani – egviptelebi, sparselebi,
somxebi
da
ebraelebi
masobriv
demografiul
da
kulturul
cenzuras
ganicdidnen,
rogorc
maTi
adrindeli ganviTarebisa da damoukideblobis miwaze, ise
153
‘samSoblodan’
gaZevebis
da
migraciis
dros.
egviptelebisa da sparselebis SemTxvevaSi, religiur
moqcevas aq kulturuli mtrebis – berZnebis, arameelebis,
arabebisa da Turqebis didi nakadis Semosvla daerTo.
mtrul eTnikur jgufebs sxvadasxva dros ekavaT qveyana
da iq TavianT dinastiebs afuZnebdnen – egviptis
SemTxvevaSi
–
XX
saukunemde,
xolo
sparseTis
SemTxvevaSi – XX saukunis dasawyisis sakonstitucio
moZraobamde.
somxebisa
da
ebraelebis
SemTxvevaSi
ucxoelebis – babilonelebis, sparselebis, elinebis,
romaelebisa
da
bizantielebis
mier
warmatebul
dapyrobiT omebs emigracia da gaZeveba daemata, SemdgomSi
ki upiratesoba iseT diaspora-erTobas mieniWa, romelsac
kavSiri istoriul samSoblosTan arasdros gauwyvetia.
magram SegviZlia ki diaspora-erTobas ‘nacia’ vuwodoT?
Tu
somxur
da
ebraul
naciebze
Cven
SegviZlia
vilaparakoT mxolod XX saukuneSi im kriteriumiT, rom
maT metnaklebad damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi Seqmnes
istoriuli teritoriebis nawilSi, sazRvrebis dadgeniT
da sajaro kulturiT da masebis monawileobiT?24
naciebi istoriaSi:
alternatiuli Tvalsazrisi
magram gana romelime am interpretaciaTagan
misaRebia? TiToeuli ganmartebis dasabuTeba, saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSi, gaurkvevelia. aviRoT sazRvrebis sakiTxi.
gidensi,
magaliTad,
win
wamoswevs
modernistul
arguments imis Taobaze, rom premodernul saxelmwifoebs
aramdgradi da daudgeneli sazRvrebi hqondaT, maSin,
roca modernuli saxelmwifoebi metnaklebad mudmivi da
fiqsirebuli sazRvrebiT xasiaTdebian. am kontrastis
Taobaze
saTqmeli
bevria,
magram
igi
arc
ise
absoluturia, rogorc amas gidensi amtkicebs. Zvel
imperiebs Zalian mkafio warmodgena hqondaT sakuTari
teritoriuli farglebis Sesaxeb; magaliTad, romis
CrdiloeTi
sazRvari
saukunis
ganmavlobaSi
fiqsirdeboda, iseve rogorc Cinelebi cdilobdnen
daefiqsirebinaT TavianTi CrdiloeTi sazRvari didi
kedliT.
Zvel
egviptelebs
gangebam
aRmosavleTiT,
154
dasavleTiT da CrdiloeTiT mkafio da fiqsirebuli
sazRvrebi arguna, aseve iaponelebs, mas Semdeg rac ainu
daipyres. rac Seexeba ebraelebs, aRTqmuli miwis
sazRvrebs biblia ki warmogvidgens, magram ramdenadme
gaurkvevlad.
igive viTarebaa masobrivi ‘sajaro kulturisa’ da
‘moqalaqeobis’
kriteriumebTan
dakavSirebiTac.
XX
saukunis
standartebiT
midgomisas
irkveva,
rom
premodernuli erTobebis umravlesobas orive maTgani
aklda. am erTobaTa umravlesoba wevrobisa da kulturis
eTnoreligiur gansazRvras efuZneboda. rac Seexeba
meores, gavixsenoT, rom moipoveba ramdenime cnoba imis
Taobaze, Tu rogor iyo premodernuli mosaxleoba
CarTuli sakuTari erTobebis elitarul kulturaSi.
meores mxriv, arsebobs miniSnebebi didi religiuri
zeimebis, sataZro RvTismsaxurebis, dakanonebuli wesebis,
bazrebisa da savaWro gamofenebis, aseve omSi gawvevis
Sesaxeb, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeboda CarTva Zvel
samyaroSi; xolo Sua saukuneebSi, didi msoflio
religiebis egidiT, amgvari CarTva ufro regularuli da
uSualo gaxda, Tumca iSviaTad iRebda politikur
xasiaTs.
Yyovelive es gvafiqrebinebs, rom modernistebi
marTalni arian, roca modernul msoflioSi aRmoCenil
naciis tipsa da adreul kulturul identobebs Soris
gansxvavebis mniSvnelobas usvamen xazs. amave dros,
frTxilad unda viyoT, raTa metismetad ar gavmijnoT
‘premodernuli erTobebi’ da ‘modernuli naciebi’, da arc
imTaviTve gamovricxoT (rogorc amas hobsbaumi akeTebs)
raime saxis gangrZobadobis arseboba premodernul
erTobebsa
da
modernul
naciebs
Soris.
amgvari
ufskruli mxolod maSin Cndeba, roca yuradRebas
mxolod zeda fenaze vaCerebT, romelic premodernul
epoqaSi kosmopolituri da mravalkulturiani iyo,
modernul
epoqaSi
ki
mzardad
nacionaluri
da
nacionalisturi
gaxda.
amgvari
ufskruli
maSinac
arsebobs,
roca
Cven
modernul
epoqas
erTian
‘premodernul’ xanas vupirispirebT, romelic TiTqmis
monoliTurad
migvaCnia
da,
amitomac,
movlenebis
asaxsnelad vqmniT movlenaTa msvlelobis ‘uwin-da-
155
Semdgom’
xelovnur
models.
adreuli
antikurobis
istoriul kvlevebze dayrdnobiT, SegviZlia gamovyoT
koleqtiuri
kulturuli
identobebis
gansxvavebuli
modelebi da safexurebi da warmovadginoT saimedo,
detaluri
da
kompleqsuri
Tvalsazrisi
maTi
ganviTarebis Taobaze (ix. McNeill 1986; Sdr. A.D.Smith 1994).
eTnikuri kategoriebi da eTnieebi
istoriaSi dadasturebul pirvel amgvar modelsa
da, savaraudod, yvelaze adreul safexursac warmoadgens
‘eTnikuri kategoria’ – mosaxleoba, romelsac aqvs
koleqtiuri sakuTari saxeli da erTi an meti saziaro
kulturuli atributi, Cveulebriv, ena da wes-Cveuleba,
rac maT sxvebisagan gamoarCevs. rogorc wesi, mosaxleoba
erTgvarad
dakavSirebulia,
an
iTvleba,
rom
dakavSirebulia,
konkretul teritoriasTan, romelic
Tumca SeiZleba cvalebadi da gaurkveveli iyos. amgvari
kategoriebi gareSe TvalisaTvis ‘eTnikuria’. es niSnavs,
rom maT aqvT saerTo warmomavloba da istoria maSinac
ki, roca TviT mosaxleobas saerTo winapris Sesaxeb
aranairi miTi ar gaaCnia. amgvari mouxelTebeli da
gardamavali kategoriebis dafiqsireba, heistingsis TqmiT,
Wirs, radganac maT arc aranairi mudmivi sazRvrebi
moepovebaT da arc raime teqstebsa da artefaqtebSi
kodirebuli simboloebi an miTebi. ucxo ki miawers
populacias saerTo eTnikurobas, magram SigniT amis
gancda ar arsebobs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cven saimiso
monacems ar vflobT an saSualeba ara gvaqvs, rom
SevityoT mis wevrebs aqvT Tu ara raime koleqtiuri
mijaWvuloba da sentimentebi.
situacia da misi aRwera genealogiebis gaCenasTan
erTad icvleba. ojaxebi sofelSi an samezobloSi
qorwinebebis gziT iqmneboda. isini iwyebdnen saerTo
winaprebisgan warmomavlobis Zebnas. amgvari genealogiebi,
Cveulebriv,
zepirad
gadaecemoda
Taobebs,
magram
mogvianebiT SeiZleba werilobiT qronikebsa da epikur
poemebSi dafiqsirebuliyo. eTnikuri warmoSobis da
waromavlobis es saojaxo miTebi xSirad dakavSirebulia
migraciis
maxsovrobebTan
da
saerTo
kultis
156
ritualebTan, simboloebTan da miTebTan, romlebic
adamianis samyaros kosmosTan akavSireben da ojaxTa
gaerTianebas aqceven uflis dacvis qveS. rac ufro
mWidrodaa gadaxlarTuli genealogiuri miTebi da
migraciaTa maxsovrobani kultTan da ritualebTan, miT
ufro
Zlieri
xdeba
wevrTa
mijaWvulobani
da
sentimentebi, rac maT jer saziaro qmedebebisa da
urTierTobebis mtkice eTnikur qselad gardaqmnis, xolo
Semdeg ki sruliad momwifebul ‘eTnikur erTobad’ anu
eTnied aqcevs – TviTdasaxelebis mqone adamianTa jgufad
Tavisi
miTebiT
saziaro
warmomavlobze,
saerTo
istoriuli maxsovrobebiT, saerTo kulturis erTi an
meti
elementiT,
samSoblosTan
kavSiriTa
da
solidarobis mZlavri sentimentiT (elitaTa Soris
mainc). amgvar erTobebs, Cveulebriv, mravalferovani
ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri instituciebi,
myari da xelSesaxebi sazRvrebi da gareSeTa anu ucxoTa
kargad
gamokveTili
gancda
aqvT,
rac
xSirad
gamyarebulia sakuTari teritoriis gareT mimdinare
iseTi regularuli aqtivobiT, rogoricaa vaWroba,
mosaxleobis moZraoba da ideebisa da teqnikis gacvla
(ix. Barth 1969: Sesavali; Nash 1989; Eriksen 1993).
Sedegad adreul epoqebSi ori an sami modeli
warmoiqmna – eTnikuri kategoriebi, qselebi da erTobebi.
da
mosaxleoba
gamudmebiT
moZraobs
am
eTnikur
formaciebs Soris. rasakvirvelia, es safexuri ar
Semofargleba oden adreuli antikurobiT da pirveli
fiqsirebuli
istoriebiT.
eTnikur
dajgufebaTa
mravalferovnebas – kategoriebs, qselebsa da erTobebs –
TviT modernul epoqaSic SexvdebiT, ara marto afrikasa
da aziaSi, aramed zogierT evropul populaciaSic ki. es
imis
mauwyebelia,
rom
koleqtiuri
kulturuli
identobebis modelebi, romlebsac aq mokled Sevexe,
evoluciur mwkrivebs ver qmnis. nimuSebi sagrZnob
mdinarebasa da urTierTgadafarvas avlenen, da maTi
istoriuli
Tanamimdevrobac
gaurkvevelia,
Seuqcevadobaze rom araferi vTqvaT.
157
eTnikuri saxelmwifoebi da adreuli naciebi
Zveli
msoflio,
iseve
rogorc
qalaqsaxelmwifoebi, samefoebi da imperiebi, umetesad eTnikur
dajgufebebs warmoadgens. bevri, SedarebiT naklebad
Sekruli, eTnikuri dajgufeba politikur formas ar an
ver iRebs da arc politikur miswrafebebs avlens. meores
mxriv, isini, vinc srulyofil eTnikur erTobebad
Camoyalibdnen,
iseT
politikur
gamoxatulebas
da
gaformebas eswrafvian, rasac ‘eTnikur saxelmwifo’
SegviZlia vuwodoT. ase xdeba maSin, roca mZlavri
samRvdeloeba
kulturuli
monopoliis
mopovebas
cdilobs da mWidrod SekavSirebuli da unitaruli
eTnikuri samefos Seqmnisas mmarTveli elitis mokavSire
xdeba. amis magaliTia Zveli egvipte da, garkveulwilad,
eTnikurad bevrad ufro heterogenuli aqemeniduri,
mogvianebiT, ki sasaniduri irani. aq cota ram Tu iyo
populaciis Semkvreli im horizontaluri zeklasobrivi
sentimentebidan, romelTac vxvdebiT naciebSi, radgan
didgvarovnebi
da
sasuliero
wodeba
sxvadasxva
ganaTlebas Rebulobda, Tumca, Zvel egvipteSi maRali
klasebis kultura, unikaluri geografiisa da nilosis
dablobis geopolitikisa da kulturaze sasuliero
fenis TiTqmis sruli monopoliis wyalobiT, mainc
aRwevda qveda fenebamde (ix. Frye 1966; David 1982).
situacia Zvel israelsa da somxeTSi sakmaod
gansxvavebuli
iyo
(arameelTa
Sesaxeb
samsjelod
sakmarisi informacia ar mogvepoveba). erTobis mZlavri
miTebisa da simboloebis, maxsovrobebisa da tradiciebis
warmoSoba, migracia, teritoria da istoria somxebsa da
ebraelebs
ara
marto
ucxoTagan
gansxvavebulobas
acnobierebinebda,
aramed
erTmaneTisadmi
naTesaobis
gancdasac.
aq
monoTeisturi
religia
ueWvelad
warmoadgenda
mZlavr
Camomayalibebel
faqtors.
koleqtiuri bedis SegrZneba da politikuri solidaroba
sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi dasturdeba, miuxedavad imisa,
rom klasobrivi gansxvavebebi aqac aSkara, gansakuTrebiT
somxeTSi, romelsac miwaTmflobeli aristokratia hyavda.
yvelaze
naTlad
amas
adasturebs
ebraeli
winaswarmetyvelebis
monaniebisa
da
Torisadmi
158
dabrunebisaken mowodebaTa gamoZaxili. saerTo bedis
gancdas
somxeTis
samefos
ganadgurebis
Semdgomdroindel somxur elitebSi, somex istorikosTa
adreqristianul
TxzulebebSic
vpoulobT,
gansakuTrebiT, mose xorenelTan. orive SemTxvevaSi
gansxvavebulobisa da erTobis gancdas politikuri
avtonomiurobis survili axlavs. miuxdevad imisa, rom es
survili ver asrulda, igi mainc ukan, damoukideblobis
‘oqros xanis’ idealisaken miuTiTebs da momavali
politikuri aRorZinebis imedsac asazrdoebs (ix. Lang
1980; Zeitlin 1984; Grosby 1997; Panossian 2000).
ai,
am
SemTxvevebSi
SeiZleba
vilaparakoT
‘naciebze’ Zvel msoflioSi Tumc frTxilad da mcire
masStabiT, rac niSnavs eTnikuri saxelmwifoebis adre
gavrcelebuli modelis gverdiT axlis Semotanas. Tumca
Cven ver davasabuTebT masebis monawileobas politikaSi
(an Tundac mxolod zrdasruli mamakacebisas klasikuri
xanis aTenSi), verc, miTumetes, samarTlebiv moqalaqeobas
an ekonomikur erTianobas. magram, rogorc vnaxeT, am
kriteriumebis
sistematur
gamoyenebas
bevri
e.w.
modernuli naciis saTvalavidan amogdebac ki SeuZlia
iseve, rogorc ‘naciaTa’ umravlesobis warmoSobis drois
pirveli
msoflio
omis
Semdgom
gadaweva
TviT
demokratiis qveynebSic.
albaT, swored es aris saqmis arsi. modernistebis
umravlesobisaTvis realurad naciebis povna mxolod
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba, vinaidan mxolod
amgvar sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba masobriv moqalaqeobaze
darwmunebiT
saubari.
mxedvelobis
areSiKkvlav
nacionaluri
ganviTarebis
evoluciuri
sqemisadmi
evrocentruli da dasavluri midgoma eqceva. da es kvlav
modernuli konteqstebis da kriteriumebis Tavs moxvevaa
im epoqebisaTvis, romelTac sakmaod gansxvavebuli
mimarTebebi da midgomebi hqondaT. Zveli msoflios
xalxebis umravlesobisaTvis arsebiTi iyo auxsnel da
mZvinvare bunebis ZalebTan Widili. es Zalebi im
RmerTebis mier imarTeboda, romelTa gulis mogebac
koleqtiuri
ritualebis
aRsrulebiTa
da
msxverplSewirviT SeiZleboda. am viTarebaSi modernul
msoflioSi arsebuli moqalaqeobis horizontaluri Zmoba
159
farTomsaStabiani
kultmsaxurebisa
da
ritualebSi
xalxis
monawileobis,
eTikuri da religiuri
valdebulebebis aRsrulebis (rac warmosaxviTi winapris
erTobas rwmenisa da RvTismsaxurebis erTobaSi aqsovs),
eTnikuri warmomavlobisa da rCeulobis simboloebiT da
miTebiT gamowveuli erTobis gancdis, winaparTa saziaro
maxsovrobebis da sagmiro saqmeebis analogiuria. iq,
sadac adgili hqonda amgvar erTianobas, Cven SegviZlia
naciadyofnaze vilaparakoT, Tavisi religiuri kanoniTa
da
ritualiT,
romlebic
modernuli
moqalaqeobis
samarTlebrivi uflebebisa da movaleobebis ekvivalentis
rols asrulebda. am gagebiT SeiZleba saubari naciis
gansxvavebul, Zvel formebze.25
dinastiuri da patriciuli naciebi
mesame modelis sqema adrian heistingsma SeimuSava
Suasaukuneobrivi
dinastiuri
da/an
patriciuli
naciebisaTvis evropaSi. erTis mxriv, esaa dasavleTis
‘lateralur’
eTnieebsa da mZlavr saxelmwifoebze
(inglisi, Sotlandia, safrangeTi, dania, SvedeTi da
espaneTi) dafuZnebuli Zlieri dinastiuri naciebi,
romlebic XII–XV saukuneebSi warmoiSva da romelTa
eqoc aRmosavleT evropis ramdenime saxelmwifoSic
(poloneTSi, ruseTSi da, erT dros, ungreTSic) ismoda.
patriciaTa da saSualo klasze dayrdnobiT gaCnda
naklebad
unificirebuli,
Tumca
eTnikuri
gansxvavebulobis mZlavri gancdis, religiuri Zmobis
grZnobebis matarebeli da politikuri avtonomiurobis
mosurne naciis sxva saxec. amgvari nacia religiuri an
enobrivi
TvalsazrisiT
(an
oriveTi)
winaparTa
konkretul
samSoblosa
da
saerTo
kulturas
ukavSirdeboda. me, pirvel rigSi, mxedvelobaSi maqvs
gvianSuasaukuneobrivi Sveicaria da niderlandebi, ufro
naklebad ki, imdroindeli irlandia, miuxedavad misi
mudmivi
politikuri
daqucmacebisa.
aseTi
erTob
eqskluziuri da sarwmunoebaze orientirebuli, magram
naklebad monoliTuri erTobis tipi warmoSva Zlierma
miTebma, simboloebma da sagmiro saqmeebis maxsovrobam
(ix. de Paor 1986; Schama 1987; Im Hof 1991).
160
gviandeli
Sua
saukuneebis
naciis
am
or,
dinastiur da patriciul tips Soris gansxvaveba ar unda
gavazviadoT.
orive
metnaklebad
im
‘lateraluri’
eTnieebis
produqtia,
romelTa
aristokratiuli
mmarTveli klasebis kulturac saSualo klasebamde da
zogierT Soreul regionamde aRwevda. dinastiur naciaSi
kulturis amgvari gavrcelebis agenti mZlavri eTnikuri
saxelmwifo iyo, romlis mmarTvelebic, ‘biurokratiuli
inkorporaciis’ procesis meSveobiT, sxvadasxva klasisa
da
regionis
kompaqtur
nacionalur
saxelmwifoSi
SemWidrovebasa
da
unificirebas
eswrafvodnen.
patriciul naciaSi metnaklebad kompaqturi aristokratia
an urbanuli patriciati gareSe ZalebTan da erTmaneTTan
konfliqtebis
wyalobiT
Seiqmna.
amas
xSiri
da
intensiuri
religiuri
cieb-cxelebis
periodebSi
exmarebodnen sulieri liderebi. ASedegad miRebuli
geopolitikuri daSoreba da izolaciis garkveuli
xarisxic ki xels uwyobda religiuri kulturis
gavrcelebas saSualo da qveda fenebSi. Sua saukuneebSi
naciaTa
Camoyalibebis
amgvari
neli
tempiT
da
araTanabrad mimdinare procesebi unda ganvasxvavoT
modernul periodSi inteligenciisa da burJuaziis mier
saSualo
klasis
naciaqmnadobis
ufro
metad
SemWidroebuli da mizanmimarTuli procesebisagan (ix.
A.D.Smith 1989).
ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom am periodis msoflioSi
sxvadasxva saxis eTnikuri dajgufeba sWarbobs. naciebi,
iqneba es dinastiuri Tu ufro patriciuli da saSualo
klasis zeda fena, renensansisa da reformaciis Semdegac
gamonaklisad
rCeba.
revoluciuri
nacionalizmis
mosvlamde evropaSi (msoflioze rom araferi vTqvaT) ar
ganmeorebula Sveicariis, holandiis da irlandiis
magaliTebi.
amave
mizeziT,
arc
dasavluri
da
Crdiloevropuli
dinastiuri
nacionaluri
saxelmwifoebi arsebobda, garda poloneTis, ruseTis da,
erTi
periodi,
ungreTisa.
Soreuli
aRmosavleTis
‘eTnikuri saxelmwifoebis’ – CineTis, koreisa da iaponiis,
iseve rogorc tailandis, kambojisa da vietnamis da,
kidev ufro dasavleTiT, sasaniduri sparseTis (maTgan
bevri, faqtobrivad, mcire an did eTnikur umciresobebs
161
Seicavda) SigniT Zmobis grZnoba susti, xolo erTianoba
aramyari iyo saimisod, rom ucxoTa pirispir sakuTari
eTnikuri
gansxvavebulobis
gancda
Seesabamebina
winaparTa
miwaze
politikuri
avtonomiurobis
SenarCunebis survilisaTvis. klasobrivi gansxvavebebi
moniSnuli iyo, mTels mosaxleobasa da teritoriaze
susti iyo kultis msaxurebaSi masebis monawileoba
(SesaZloa, iaponiis gamoklebiT), ekonomikuri erTianoba
da samarTlebrivi standartizacia.
iaponiaSi aseTi viTareba gaxldaT tokugava
siogunTa dinastiamde (1603–1868). meCvidmete saukunidan
gare samyarosagan iaponelTa gaZlierebulma izolaciam,
saSualo klasis kulturisa da solidarobis zrdam,
rasac xels uwyobda iaponelTa SedarebiTi eTnikuri
homogenuroba
da
kunZulis
geografiac,
gamoiwvia
rCeulobis gancdis gaCena da istoriul da kulturul
aRorZinebas daudo saTave, rac mogvianebiT, meiZis
reJimis
dros,
imperatoris
taxtis
aRdgenis
momaswavebeli Seiqna. meiZis liderebi cdilobdnen diadi
warsulis gamoyenebas awmyosTvis da, Tumca dasavluri
dapyrobebi cvlilebebisTvis stimulis momcemi iyo, maTi
forma da Sinaarsi mainc tokugavas iaponiis da kidev
ufro adrindeli imperiuli warsulidan momdinareobda.
ase Cauyara safuZveli modernul iaponur nacionalizms
eTnikurad SedarebiT homogenurma, saSualo klasis
naciam 1868 wlidan (ix. Lehmann 1982, magram Sdr. Doak
1997).
sxvagvari
gamonaklisi
gaxldaT
sefeviduri
sparseTi (1501–1722). iranis platos nawilebSi erTmaneTis
monacvle
mmarTvelma
dinastiebma
gazardes
iranis
eTnikuri da geografiuli mravalferovneba, riTac xeli
SeuSales
yovelgvari
zeklasobrivi
Zmobisa
da
Tanamonawileobis
Camoyalibebas.
gansakuTrebuli
sparsuli identobisa da rCeulobis gancda, romelic X–
XI saukuneebis axali sparsuli enis aRorZinebaSi
gamovlinda, momdevno saukuneebSi ganaTlebuli elitis
viwro wriT ifargleboda. magram 1501 wlidan mZlavrma
Turquli warmoSobis dinastiam saTave daudo politikur
aRorZinebasa da kulturul renensanss, rac maTi
mebrZoli Siituri sarwmunoebiT iyo gaRvivebuli. da
162
piruku, am dinastiis mier iranis gaerTianebam xeli
Seuwyo
TormetTa
Siizmis
gavrcelebas
Sah-abasis
dedaqalaqidan, ispahanidan, rasac Sedegad 1722 wlisaTvis
mTels iranSi sparsul enaze molaparakeTa umetesobis
Siitobaze moqceva mohyva. xolo sparsuli identoba
mzardad, da iqneb mizanmimarTuladac, emTxveoda Siizms.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aRorZineba SemdgomSi, yajarTa
avRanuri dinastiis (1796–1925) dros Senelda, man mainc
moaswro
safuZveli
moemzadebina
solidarobis
gansxvavebuli, saSualo klasis eTnikuri sparsuli
gancdisaTvis, romelmac politikuri gamoxatuleba 1905–
1906 wlebis sakonstitucio moZraobaSi hpova (ix. Cottam
1979; Keddie 1981: Tavebi 1–3).
revoluciurad nacionalisti naciebi
saSualo
klasis
nacionalizmi.
holandiis
amboxebam da inglisis samoqalaqo omma naciis axali da
bevrad ufro koheziuri da mizanmimarTuli tipi Sva.
pirvel rigSi, mas asazrdoebda qristianobis mebrZoli,
reformirebuli
da
puritanuli
versia
eTnikuri
rCeulobis amaRlebuli gancdiT, romelmac ara marto
erTbaSad wamoayena reJimis axali tipi (puritanul
islamur
moZraobebs
amis
gasakeTeblad
saukuneebi
dasWirda), aramed Zveli aRTqmis modelebze dafuZnebuli
politikuri avtonomiurobisa da saxalxo monawileobis
axali
saxis
moTxovnilebebic
warmoSva.
es
moTxovnilebebi
Sejamda iseT
sakvanZo cnebebSi,
rogoricaa ‘nacia’ da ‘moqalaqe’. maT gaukvales gza
burJuaziul
demokratiul
nacionalizms,
romelSic
kulturulad
mravalferovani
‘xalxi’
Zalauflebis
erTaderTi legitimuri wyaro unda gamxdariyo, xolo am
xalxis
wevroba
–
moqalaqeebisaTvis
gankuTvnili
Tavisuflebebisa da uflebebis mopovebis erTaderTi
saSualeba.
saSualo
klasis
amgvari
nacionalurdemokratiuli logikiT franguli ganmanaTleblobis
filosofosebma
da
publicistebma
dawyvites
absolutisturi saxelmwifos xundebi da safuZveli
gamoacales mas da privilegiebis miseuli sistemis
163
principebs, dafuZnebulTU ZiriTadad warmomavlobaze (ix.
Walzer 1985).
magram am ganviTarebis nacionalisturi elementi,
yvela aspeqtiT, iseTive sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda,
rogoric demokratiuli. ‘naciisadmi’ mowodebam (romelic
parlamentebis mier centralistur absolutizmTan misi
Tavisuflebis dacvisaTvis brZolebidan safrangeTSi
pirvel adgilze wamoiwia) isev ‘nacionaluri xasiaTisa’
da ‘naciis geniis’ cnebebs mimarTa. es cnebebi wodebis
armqone miwaTmflobelebisa da saSualo klasis zeda
fenis mier Tavdapirvelad inglisSi, xolo Semdeg ki,
XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi, safrangeTSic ganviTarda. am
ideebma, Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro Zveli eTnikuri
maxsovrobebi da eTnikuri rCeulobis religiuri rwmenebi
(imis Taobaze, rom RmerTi mfarvelobs da akurTxebs im
xalxebs,
romelnic
mas
emorCilebian
da
rwmeniT
aRasrulebden maTze dakisrebul misias) amokribes da
maTi sekularizeba moaxdines. safrangeTSi amgvari, Zveli
israelis prototipTan dakavSirebuli da mefis figurasa
da mis saufloze centrirebuli, rwmenis povna XIII
saukuneSic ki SeiZleba, xolo adreul formebs ufro
adrec, frankebis samefoSi da anglo-saqsebSic ki,
vpoulobT (ix. Armstrong 1982: 154–159; Beaune 1985).
Ees moxda ‘vertikalur’ an demotur eTnieebsa da
sekularizaciis gzaze mdgom inteligenciaSi, romelSic
am ideebma garkveuli gamoZaxili hpoves. XX saukunis
dasawyisSi centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi, Semdeg
ki aziasa da afrikaSi inteleqtualebi cdilobdnen
TavianT
eTnikur
memkvidreobasa
da
vernakulur
kulturebTan
dabrunebas,
da
saSualo
da,
garkveulwilad,
dabali
klasebis
mobilizebas
politikuri qmedebisaTvis. ‘vernakuluri mobilizacia’
demotikuri eTnieebis saxeliT moicavda dabrunebuli
inteligenciis mier adgilobrivi kulturis Tavidan
aRmoCenas,
misakuTrebas
da
politizebas,
rogorc
saZirkvels
saxalxo
agitaciisa
da
politikuri
pretenziebisaTvis. amgvari ‘qvemodan zemoT’ mimarTuli
midgoma gansakuTrebiT maTTvis aRmoCnda mimzidveli, visi
erTobebic
didi
xani
iyo
inkorporirebuli
da
daqvemdebarebuli did da xSirad damrTgunvel imperiebs,
164
da moklebuli iyo mZlavr instituciebs, romelTac
SeeZloT etarebinaT da Tavs moexviaT axali xedva da
Sesabamisi politikuri miznebi (ix. A.D.Smith 1986: Tavi 4
da 1989).
amis Semdeg sxva araevropel xalxebs didi xani ar
dasWirvebiaT, TavianTi inteligenciebis winamZRolobiT,
eTnieTa
kulturuli
unikalurobisa
da
demotur
eTnikuri rCeulobis rwmenaze dafuZnebuli naciadyofnis
gancdis Zebnisa da povnisaTvis. siaxle iyo XVIII saukunis
bolos gaCenili nacionaluri avtonomiurobis, erTobisa
da
identobis
rwmenebis
politikur
programad
gardasaqmneli mza gegma. inteleqtualebisa da saSualo
klasis wamowyebiT, nacionalizmi, rogorc politikuri
ideologia, eTnikuri winaprisa da rCeulobis adreve
arsebuli
gancdis
saxalxo
monawileobisa
da
avtonomiurobis
revoluciur
idealebTan
SednobiT
daibada. am kavSiridan iSva nacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis
doqtrina
da
misi
memkvidre
sxvadasxva
saxis
nacionaluri
identobebi,
dafuZnebulni
iseT
mravalferovan
kriteriumebze,
rogorebicaa
ena,
eTnikuroba, teritoria, religia, istoria da kanis feri,
kriteriumebze, romlebmac, nacionalizmis teritoriulpolitikuri da eTnolingvisturi tipebis garda, sxvebic
warmoSva (ix. Armstrong 1995).
masobrivi
nacionalizmebi.
saSualo
klasiis
anglo-franguli nacionaluri modelis warmatebam Rrma
kvali daaCnia socialur da geopolitikur azrs rogorc
evropaSi,
ise
mis
gareT.
upirveles
yovlisa,
sxvebisaTvisac gaxda SesaZlebeli am warmatebis rogorc
ideologiuri,
aseve
ekonomikuri
da
politikuri
komponentebis gaanalizeba. es niSnavda, rom am warmatebis
formisa
da
Sinaarsis
gegma
SeiZleboda
gamocalkevebuliyo,
rasac
Sedegad
mohyveboda
nacionaluri formati, dafuZnebuli Semdegze:
(1)
(2)
istoriul teritoriaze an samSobloze, imisda
mixedviT, Tu romeli iyo SedarebiT kompaqturi;
Tu ara homogenur, teritoriulad unificirebul
da socialurad koheziur mosaxleobaze mainc;
165
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
mTel teritoriaze unificirebul ekonomikaze
erTiani profesiuli sistemiTa da mobilurobiT;
erTian, saziaro da Tavisebur sajaro kulturaze,
umjobesia, erTiani eniT;
gansxvavebulobis
miTebisa
da
koleqtiuri
maxsovrobebis
simravleze,
umjobesia,
unificirebuli istoriiT; da
yvela wevris saerTo ufleba-movaleobebze misi,
rogorc moqalaqis, CarTviT farTo avtonomiur da,
umjobesia,
damoukidebel
da
suverenul
nacionalur erTobaSi.
nacionaluri
identobis
kriteriumebis
mravalferovnebis fonze sulac araa gasakviri, rom
TviTgansazRvradi ‘xalxebis’ simravle sxvadasxva xerxiT
cdilobs
nacionalisturi
gegmis
gamoyenebas
meti
avtonomiurobis, erTobisa da identobisadmi sakuTari
miswrafebebis
xorcSesasxmelad.
gaerTianebul
irlandielTa 1798 wlis ajanyebis Semdeg, XIX saukunis
dasawyisi mowme Seiqna espaneTSi, ruseTsa da germaniaSi
napoleonis
imperiul-nacionalisturi
ambiciebisadmi
nacionaluri winaaRmdegobis zrdisa, da serbeTsa da
saberZneTSi
erTmaneTis
miyolebiT
ori
amboxebisa
otomanTa imperiis winaaRmdeg, romelsac maleve mohyva
polonelTa warumatebeli ajanyeba caristuli imperiis
winaaRmdeg, xolo belgiam pretenzia ganacxada calke
saxelmwifos Seqmnaze da miaRwia kidec amas. metic, 1810
wlidan moyolebuli, espaneTis laTinur amerikuli
provinciebis kreolTa elitam gaimarjva espaneTis
imperiis daSlisaTvis brZolaSi da daafuZna rigi
laTinur amerikuli saxelmwifoebisa. miuxedavad imisa,
rom sadavoa, Tu im dros ramdenad hqonda am amboxebebs
sakuTriv nacionalisturi ganzomileba, magram ueWvelia,
rom XIX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan maTSi nacionalizmi
momZlavrda,
rac
kidev
erTxel
gvidasturebs
nacionalur-demokratiuli ganviTarebis logikurobasa
da nacionalisturi gegmis Zalasa da vargisianobas (ix.
Humphreys and Lynch 1965; Anderson 1991: Tavi 4).
XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi evropasa da, Semdgom,
aziaSi ara marto imata amgvari TviTganmsazRvreli
166
naciebis
ricxvma,
aramed
nacionalisturi
gegmis
demokratiulma logikamac male sruli gamoxatuleba
hpova saarCevno uflebis gafarToebasa da yvela wevris,
rogorc kanonis winaSe Tanasworuflebiani moqalaqis,
nacionalur erTobaSi CarTvaSi. Tumca amas Tan axlda
brZolebi, ukan daxevebi da wyvetilebi. XX saukunis
dasawyisSi qalebi, xolo XX saukunis bolos orive
sqesis srulwlovani adamianebi erTvebian procesSi.
mzardad socialur-ekonomikuri Sinaarsis demokratiulma
masobrivma nacionalizmma, romelic, pirvel rigSi,
msoflio omebisa da modernuli teqnologiis produqti
iyo, revoluciuri ganviTarebis saxiT iCina Tavi. magram
igi arc uprecendento yofila da arc mxolod saSualo
klasis mza nacionalisturi gegmis logikur ganviTarebas
warmoadgenda;
misi
saTaveebi
warsulSi,
zogierTi
adreuli da Suasaukuneobrivi naciis mier rCeulobisa da
sakuTari misiis gancdaSi unda veZioT. ‘xalxisa’ da misi
socialur-kulturuli
moTxovnebis
gakeTilSobileba,
rac modernuli masobrivi eTnikuri nacionalizmisaTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli, sarwmunoebrivi erTobis gancdasTan
gvabrunebs, romelsac adreul eTnikur erTobebsa da
Zveli da Sua saukuneebis msoflios naciebSi vxvdebiT,
da romelTaganac zogi gviandeli naciebis prototips
warmoadgens. XX saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis, amgvari
bolodroindeli ‘rCeuli xalxebi’ da maTi masobrivi
nacionalizmebi
gamoxatulebas
poulobdnen
da
icdebodnen
omSi,
maT
mier
xelaxla
aRmoCenili
identobebi ki – miTebSi, simboloebSi, Rirebulebebsa da
konfliqtebSi,
dapyrobebisa
da
winaaRmdegobis
maxsovrobebSi da mTeli xalxebis devna-ganadgurebaSi
(ix. Carr 1945; Marwick 1974; A.D.Smith 1981b).
daskvna
revoluciuri
nacionalizmis
gavrcelebisa
masobrivi naciebis SeqmnaSi da misi rolis mTeli
istoriis
(dawyebuli
1848
wlis
revoluciebidan,
rasobrivi
nacionalizmis
CaTvliT
da
1945
wlis
Semdegdroindeli antikoloniuri nacionalizmebiTa da
bolodroindeli eTnikuri nacionalizmebis gafurCqvniT
167
damTavrebuli) gadmocema aucileblad ar mimaCnia. magram
am moZraobebis sami aspeqti ki saWiroebs gamokveTas.
ideologiuri
siaxle.
arseboben
pirvelia
ideologiuri safuZvlis mqone moZraobebi da, Sedegad,
Cveulebriv, ideologiurad dafuZnebuli naciebi. isini
damokidebulni arian nacionalizmis kanonierebis TiTqmis
universalur gaziarebze, misi principebiT gansjian da
ganisjebian,
e.i.
isini
sakuTar
Tavs
udgebian
nacionalisturi gegmis komponentebis mixedviT da sxvaTa
mxridanac am komponentebiT fasdebian. es ganaxlebuli
nacionalizmebi stagnaciis an dacemis periodis Semdeg
cdiloben gegmas ufro metad dauaxlovdnen. me vfiqrob,
rom swored es ganasxvavebs modernuli nacionalisturi
safuZvlis mqone naciebs adreuli, Sua saukuneebisa da
antikuri
xanis
prenacionalisturi
naciebisagan,
romlebsac ar gaaCndaT ideologiuri gegma an raime
standarti.
maTi
nacionalizmebi
wmindad
partikularistuli iyo da imave istoriuli viTarebebis
gavlenas ganicdida, romlSic Tavad premodernuli nacia
imyofeboda. maT ar gaaCndaT naciebis raime ‘Teoria’,
aramed mxolod miznebi da mocemuli naciisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli sentimentebi. aqedan gamomdinare, maT
nacionalizmebs ganmeoreba an gavrceleba ar SeeZloT;
xelmisawvdomi ar iyo sayovelTao ideaTa raime sistema,
romelic SeiZleboda universalurad gamoyenebuliyo da
saerTo miznebisaken mimarTuli garkveuli saxis qmedeba
gamoewvia. am azriT, nacionalizmma, rogorc ideologiam,
daadastura
Tavisi
wyalgamyofi
roli
adamianTa
asociaciebisa da komunikaciebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi.
meore aspeqtia modernuli naciebisaTvis eTnikuri
safuZvlis mniSvnelovneba. mis kvals vxedavT ara
mxolod adreul naciebSi, aramed XX saukunis saxalxo
nacionalizmebSic. isinic wina eTnikur kavSirebsa da
sentimentebsaa morgebuli, isini sxvadasxa kriteriumiT
gansazRvraven ‘nacionalur TviTs’, Tumca yovelTvis
cdiloben dominanturi eTnies kulturul warsulTan,
rac
SeiZleba,
met
gangrZobadobas
miaRwion.
nacionalistTa fabrikaciebisa da miTiuri gamonagonebis
mcdelobisTvis Tvalyuris midevneba advilia. udavoa,
rom zogierTi nacionalisti inteleqtuali Tavs ityuebs
168
anda,
rogorc
keduri
amtkicebs,
cinikuradac
ki
manipulirebs masebis sentimentebiT, magram maTi xSiri
warmatebuloba miuTiTebs gansxvavebul interpretaciaze,
romlis centrSic moqceulia xalxSi ‘gamoZaxilisa’ da
xalxisadmi
‘mowodebis’
saWiroeba.
vinaidan
wminda
gamonagons ar ZaluZs didi xniT daainteresos adamianTa
didi raodenoba (gaixseneT Eesperanto), inteleqtualTa
da
sxvebis
xelaxali
aRmoCenebica
da
axali
konstruqciebic saxalxo percefciebTan rac SeiZleba
axlos unda darCeniliyo. maT ‘xalxis tradiciebis’
kulturuli parametrebiT unda esargeblaT, rodesac
eTnikuri
erTobis
gancdis
politizebasa
da
am
tradiciebis,
rogorc
nacionaluri
TviTgamorkvevis
politikuri brZolisaTvis Rrma kulturuli resursebis,
reinterpretacias axdendnen.
bolo Tvalsazrisi Seeexeba eTnieebisa da naciebis
Sinagan samyaros. ‘xalxisaTvis’ mowodeba SesaZlebelia
mxolod maTi koleqtiuri maxsovrobebis, simboloebis,
miTebis, Rirebulebebisa da tradiciebis aRmoCenisa da
gamoyenebis gziT. Sida samyaros Casawvdomad Cveni
analizic mimarTuli unda iyos eTnosimbolisturi
elementebis moZiebisa da ganxilvisken. es saziaro
maxsovrobani oqros xanebis, winaprebis, didi gmirebis
Sesaxeb da is sazogado Rirebulebebi, romelTac isini
ganasaxiereben, eTnikuri warmoSobis, migraciiis da
RvTiTrCeulobis miTebi, erTobis simboloebi, teritoria,
istoria da gansakuTrebuli bediswera, iseve rogorc,
naTesaur urTierTobaTa wes-Cveulebebi da Tavganwirvis
tradiciebi
dagvexmareba
eTnikuri
warsulis
nacionaluri
awmyosa
da
momavlTan
urTierTobis,
konkretulad ki, eTnikur erTobebs da premodernul da
modernul
naciebs
Soris
urTierTkavSirebis
da
wyvetilebis
gacnobierebaSi.
naciebis
amJamindeli
TviTSegnebis gageba, sakuTari istoriisa da bedisweris
gamorCeulobis
rwmenis
Cawvdoma
warmoudgenelia
romelime eTnosimbolisturi elementis ugulebelyofiT.
naciebis Sida istoriis adekvaturi wvdomis gareSe ki,
Cven umweoni aRmovCndebiT, SevafasoT maTi momavali
ganviTareba globalur eraSi.
169
6
perspeqtivebi
________________________________
saxalxo socialuri nacionalizmebis Zalasa da
sayovlTaobas veraferi daaklo ukuRmarTma movlenebma
da msoflio omebis holokostebma. piriqiT, maT axali
Zala da biZgi miecaT samoqalaqo pirTa totaluri
monawileobiT saomar moqmedebebSi. nacionalizmis Temaze
dasavleTisa
da
komunisturi
qveynebis
mdumarebis
miuxedavad, romelic mxolod afrikasa da aziaSi
kolonizaciis sawinaaRmdego moZraobaTa Tanmdevma imedis
didma talRam daarRvia, evropel da amerikel naciebs
politikaSi ufro Rrmad hqondaT fesvi gadgmuli, vidre
odesme. gaeros wevroba mxolod saxelmwifos SeeZlo da,
misi
wesdebis
Tanaxmad,
TviTgamorkvevis
principis
gamoyeneba dasaSvebi iyo mxolod ganTavisuflebuli
koloniebis mimarT. sayovelTaod iqna gaziarebuli
saxalxo
Tanxmobis
arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi
‘nacionalisturi’ mtkicebulebebis, rogorc saxelmwifo
Zalauflebis erTaderTi safuZvlis, kanoniereba. aman
dagvanaxa, Tu ras miaRwia naciam, rogorc saxelmwifoTa
Tanamegobrobis qvakuTxedma, XX saukunis meore naxevarSi.
mzardi nacionalizmi
Semdgomma movlenebma odnav Tu Searyia naciisa da
nacionalisturi principis centraluri pozicia. amaTagan
uadresi,
dekolonizaciis
procesi
evropuli
da
amerikuli nacionaluri legitimurobisa da saxalxo
suverenobis principis safuZvelzeve warimarTa. axla es
principi bolo dros ganTavisuflebuli koloniebidan
axali naciebis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneboda, oRond Zvel
sazogadoebebsa da kulturebze dayrdnobiT. es ‘naciaTa
mSeneblobis’ era iyo, roca umeteswilad evropuli
170
modelis Targze gamoWrili axali saxelmwifoebi miviReT
afrikasa da aziaSi.1
mZimed Semoabija e.w. ‘eTnikurma aRorZinebam’
dasavleTis industriul sazogadoebebSi – kvebeksa da
flandriaSi, Sotlandiasa da kataloniaSi, bretansa da
euskadaSi,
korsikasa
da
uelsSi.
aq
ZvelTaganve
damkvidrebuli saxelmwifoebis dominanturi eTnikuri
umravlesobebisa da maTi centralizebuli mTavrobebis
winaaRmdeg upiratesad saSualo klasis ‘periferiul
umciresobaTa’ amboxma klasikuri evropuli masobrivi
nacionalizmebis zogierT uZveles simbolos, miTs da
maxsovrobas mimarTa,
Tumca igi ufro socialuri da
xSirad socialisturi programebiT da ufro SezRuduli
politikuri
amocanebisaTvis,
xSirad
ki
sulac
kulturuli
da
ekonomikuri
avtonomiisaTvis
xorcieldeboda,
vidre
sruli
damoukideblobis
mopovebis surviliT. XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos
da 70-ian wlebSi eTnikuri avtonomiis misaRwevad
wamowyebuli
moZraoba
(amerikaSi
adamianis
uflebebisaTvis
brZolasTan
erTad)
studentur,
feministur da ekologiur moZraobas gadaexlarTa, ramac
sagrZnoblad
daZaba
situacia
myari
demokratiis
saxelmwifoebSi.
es
miznad
isaxavda
aRorZinebadi
eTnoregionaluri loialobebis samyaroSi funqciebisa da
sicocxlisunarianobis gadafasebas.2
am gamowvevis gamoZaxili dasavleTSi jer kidev
ismoda, roca yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi perestroikisa da
glasnostis axalma politikam aRmosavleT evropasa da
sabWoTa
respublikebSi
nacionaluri
ganxeTqileba
warmoSva
da
eTnikuri
miswrafebebi
gamoaRviZa.
poloneTSi ufro adrec, XX saukunis 80-ani wlebis Sua
xanebSi ki ukve baltiispireTSi, ukrainaSi, kavkasiasa da
centralur
aziaSi
Seqmnilma
daZabulobam
da
konfliqtebma, daaCqara, an, iqneb, sulac gamoiwvia,
sabWoTa
kavSirisa
da
misi
imperiis
msxvreva
eTnonacionaluri
sazRvrebis
gayolebiT.
eTnikuri
nacionalizmebis am axal talRas erT-erTi Sedegad
patara
xalxebisa
da
damokidebuli
naciebis
miswrafebebisaTvis,
zogadad,
nacionalizmisaTvis,
sajaro legitimurobis met-naklebi aRdgena mohyva,
171
ramdenadac maSin ise Canda, rom saxalxo moZraobis
motivi koleqtiuri Tavisuflebisa da demokratiisaken
WeSmariti miswrafeba iyo. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi da,
gansakuTrebiT, balkaneTSi imedi ar gamarTlda, amis
magivrad
TiTqosda
dadasturda
urRvevi
kavSiri
eqskluziur eTnikur nacionalizmsa da neofaSizms,
rasizms da ‘eTnikur wmendas’ Soris, evropis politikuri
ruka arsebuli eTnonacionaluri dayofis Sesabamisad
kidev
erTxel
sagrZnoblad
Seicvala,
ramdenadac
aRmosavleTi evropis politikosebi sul ufro da ufro
eqceodnen nacionalurad Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifoebis,
maTi elitis moTxovnebisa da interesebis tyveobaSi.3
Tuki movlenaTa amgvar ganviTarebas davumatebT
eTnikuri nacionalizmebis gangrZobad gavrcelebas da
teritoriuli nacionalizmebis mdgradobas afrikisa da
aziis axal saxelmwifoebSi Tamilebidan da morodan
dawyebuli
da
qurTebiT,
samxreTsudanelebiT
da
eritrielebiT damTavrebuli, gagvikvirdeba kidec, rom
romelime mkvlevari jer kidev seriozulad saubrobs
nacionalizmis Semcirebaze, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, mis
imanentur aRsasrulze.
erik hobsbaumi swored amas amtkicebs eTnikuri da
teritoriuli
nacionalizmebis
swraf
gavrcelebaze
dakvirvebiT.
ras
gulisxmoben
hobsbaumi
da
misi
momxreebi?
hobsbaumisaTvis nacionalizmebis
momZlavreba
droebiTia; is mxolod niRabia ‘istoriis moZraobisaTvis’,
romelic
sinamdvileSi
adamianTa
ufro
didi
gaerTianebisakenaa mimarTuli. nacionalizmi kvlavac
iarsebebs, magram ufro mcire da meorexarisxovan rols
Seasrulebs. hobsbaumi arafers ambobs imaze, Tu ratom
naciebma
mniSvnelovneba.
‘naciaunda
dakargon
saxelmwifoebma’ adrindeli ekonomikuri da samxedro
funqciebi romc dakargon (rac gardauvlad miaCnia
hobsbaums), ratom unda gamoiwvios aman ‘naciebis’
amoZirkva?
gana
saxelmwifo
suverenobis
dakargva
nacionaluri
identobis
SezRudvas
gulisxmobs?
(Hobsbawm 1990: Tavi 6).
amgvari kiTxvebi im sakiTxTa kompleqsurobaze
miuTiTebs, romlebic naciebisa da nacionalizmis e.w.
172
‘monacvleobas’
an
‘transcendetobas’
exeba.
Cven,
faqtobrivad, sul mcire, sami sxvadasxva mtkicebis da
maTgan gamomdinare debatebis pirispir vdgavarT. pirveli
‘nacia-saxelmwifos’ da mis imanentur aRsasruls an
mdgradobas Seexeba, meore ‘nacionaluri identobis’
transformaciebsa
da
SesaZlo
fragmentaciazea
fokusirebuli,
maSin,
roca
mesame
yuradRebis
koncentrirebas ‘nacionalizmis’ ideologiebis dacemasa
da
maT
SesaZlo
monacvleobaze
axdens.
me
maT
rigrigobiT ganvixilav.
nacia-saxelmwifos dasasruli?
imis mtkiceba, rom politikuri erTobis garkveuli
tipi, romelic xSirad ‘nacia-saxelmwifod’ iwodeba,
sabolood mospobis winaSea, Cveulebriv ekonomikur da
politikur
safuZvlebze
dayrdnobiT
keTdeba.
is
gulisxmobs, rom:
(1)
(2)
(3)
terminiT ‘nacia-saxelmwifo’ iseTi gamokveTili da
gansxvavebuli politikuri erToba aRiniSneba,
romlis calke moazrebac SesaZlebelia;
Sesabamisad, SesaZlebeli xdeba am tipidan droTa
ganmavlobaSi momxdari gadaxrebis Sefaseba da,
meore msoflio omis Semdeg, misi Zalis da/an
koheziurobis Sesustebis Cveneba;
amgvari traeqtoria im istoriuli cvlilebebiTa
da
socialur-politikuri
transformaciiTaa
gamowveuli,
romlebic,
‘nacia-saxelmwifoebs’
aRarsad utoveben adgils, garda folklorisa.
1.
rogorc vnaxeT, wminda ‘nacia-saxelmwifod’
wodebuli politikuri erToba Zalian iSviaTad gvxvdeba.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nacia-saxelmwifo mxolod iq
arsebobs,
sadac
saxelmwifos
mTeli
mosaxleoba
metnaklebad erTsa da imave eTnonacionalur jgufs
ganekuTvneba da, sadac jgufis sazRvrebi saxelmwifosas
Seesabameba. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi Tanxvdeba ‘nacia’ da
‘saxelmwifo’. amgvari damTxveva Zalian iSviaTia, kerZod,
dRevandel,
migraciebisa
da
kulturuli
Serevis
173
msoflioSi. ufro gavrcelebulia politikuri erTobis
is tipi, romelic cnobilia, rogorc ‘nacionaluri
saxelmwifo’.
misi
mosaxleobis
umravlesoba
erT
dominantur eTnonacionalur jgufs ganekuTvneba da, imis
miuxedavad, rom saxelmwifo sazRvrebis SigniT mcire
eTnikuri jgufebic moiZebneba, masSi politikuri erToba
nacionalisturi ideologiis doqtrinis farglebSia
legitimuri (ix. Connor 1972; Wiberg 1983).
2.
kidevac rom movaxerxoT da davamtkicoT,
rom ‘nacia-saxelmwifos’ cnebis gamoyeneba farTodaa
SesaZlebeli, mainc gagviWirdeboda misi Zalis da/an
koheziis dacemisaken mimarTuli gamokveTili tendenciis
Cveneba; kidev ufro rTulia amis gakeTeba nacionaluri
saxelmwifoebis SemTxvevaSi. argumenti gulisxmobs, rom
XIX
saukunis
garkveul
momentSi
nacionaluri
saxelmwifo
(an
nacia-saxelmwifo)
politikuri
organizaciis dominanturi forma iyo. misi dacema,
gansakuTrebiT meore msoflio omis Semdeg, mTavari
funqciebis dakargvis Sedegad Zalisa da koheziis
simaRleebidan daSvebiT iwyeba. am ukanasknelTa mTavar
maCveneblad, Cveulebriv, miiCneven sruli suverenitetis
an, Tundac, sagareo saqmeebis warmarTvaSi farTo
avtonomiurobis qonas. faqtobrivad, ori ukanaskneli
saukunis ganmavlobaSi mxolod ramdenime nacionalur
saxelmwifos
hqonda
SeuzRudavi
suvereniteti;
saxelmwifoebi
SeboWilni
iyvnen
sxvadasxva
xelSekrulebebiTa da SeTanxmebebiT da ar flobdnen
berketebs efeqturi cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad
SedarebiT
ganuviTarebeli
teqnologiebisa
da
komunikaciebis gamo. es exeba rogorc sagareo saqmeebisa
da
saomari
moqmedebebis
warmoebas,
ise
saSinao
kontrolsa da infrastruqturul cvlilebebs. marTalia,
XIX
saukunis
dasasrulidan
saxelmwifoTa
SesaZleblobebi didad gaizarda, magram isini mainc ver
Seedrebodnen Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa Zalauflebas,
da mxolod erTi muWa didi saxelmwifoebisaTvis iyvnen
misawvdomi. igive iTqmis saxelmwifoTa koheziurobazec.
roca Tanamedrove eTnikur da regionalur moZraobebs
vafasebT, ar unda daviviwyoT arc gasuli ori saukunis
ganmavlobaSi bevr nacionalur saxelmwifoSi mimdinare
174
eTnikuri, religiuri da regionuli moZraobebi, maTi
mcire
masStabis
miuxedavad.
dRes
politikuri
solidarobis dacvis Sansic bevrad metia, radganac
saxelmwifo elitas masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebi,
propagandis teqnika da saxalxo ganaTlebis sistema
saSualebas aZlevs mosaxleobas saerTo Rirebulebebi,
sentimentebi da rwmenebi Caunergos, gansakuTrebiT Tu
isini ‘nacionaluri’ xasiaTisaa. es teritoriuli da
eTnikuri nacionalizmebis gamZleobis erT-erTi mizezi
unda iyos (ix. Kahan 1968).
3.
savsebiT
marTalia,
rom
nacionalurma
saxelmwifom mravali Tavisi adrindeli ekonomikuri
funqcia dakarga da, birTvuli, qimiuri da biologiuri
iaraRis Seqmnis Semdeg, misi samxedro Tavisuflebac
mkacrad SeizRuda. fulis uzarmazari brunvis, gasaRebis
bazrebisa da giganturi transnacionaluri kompaniebis
warmoSobam (romelTac TavianTi biujetebiT, personaliT,
investiciebiT
da
teqnikuri
gamocdilebiT
bevrad
gauswres
SedarebiT
patara
saxelmwifoebs)
da
uzarmazari politikuri da samxedro blokebisa da
multinacionaluri
marTvis
struqturebis
Seqmnam
ueWvelad
amoSala
ekonomikuri
avtonomiuroba
da
umZlavresi
saxelmwifoebis
samxedro
arCevanic
ki
SezRuda. magram amgvari eroziis xarisxis Sefasebas
aZnelebs adreuli periodis nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis
mier
ekonomikuri
da
samxedro
Zalauflebis
ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb arsebuli informaciis simwire.
yovel
SemTxvevaSi,
mas
enacvleba
nacionaluri
saxelmwifos
axali
funqciebi,
romelsac
igi
nacionaluri xasiaTisa da moqalaqeTa keTildReobis
saxeliT asrulebs. Cven vxedavT saxelmwifosa da
xelisuflebis funqciebi rogor inacvlebs ekonomikuri
da samxedro sferodan socialur da kulturul
sferoSi, sagareo suverenobidan Sida kontrolisaken.
sakmarisia
gavixsenoT
saxelmwifo
regulirebis
uzarmazari zrda iseT sferoebSi, rogorebicaa masobrivi
saxalxo ganaTleba, janmrTelobisa da dedaTa da
bavSvTa dacva, mosaxleobisa da garemos dagegmva,
imigracia, masmedia, xelovneba, sporti da kultura,
profesiebi da SromiTi saqmianoba, profkavSirebi da
175
xelfasebi, gadasaxdebi da fiskaluri politika da kidev
bevri sxva ram, raTa davaskvnaT, rom nacionalur
saxelmwifos gaqroba ar emuqreba da igi ufro
centralizebuli, koordinirebuli da mZlavri xdeba.
garedan zewolis miuxedavad, saxelmwifos upirvelesi
funqcia – kanoniereba da wesrigi, xelSeuxebeli rCeba da
saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da kontrolis umTavres
berketad gadaiqceva, da aseve moiazreba. mTlianobaSi
nacionalur saxelmwifos axla Tavisi monitoringiT,
maregulirebeli da biurokratiuli kontroliT bevrad
ufro pirdapir, mdgradad da yovlismocvelad SeuZlia
Careva, vidre odesme modernuli (premodernuls rom Tavi
davaneboT) istoriis ganmavlobaSi.4
magram es medlis erTi mxarea. nacionaluri
saxelmwifos Sesustebis gardauvlobas aseve ukavSireben
globalizaciis Sedegebs. me aq am cnebis Taobaze kamaTSi
ver CaverTvebi. ubralod aRvniSnav, rom, ekonomikur
damoukideblobasa
da
mosaxleobis
masobriv
gadaadgilebasTan erTad, viwrovdeba dro da sivrce. amis
maCvenebelia
msoflios
erT
nawilSi
mimdinare
movlenebis myisieri gamoZaxili mis meore nawilSi, rasac
globaluri masobrivi komunikaciebis swraf zrdasa da
sainformacio teqnologiebs da maT msgavsT unda
vumadlodeT. magram sakiTxavia, aqcevs Tu ara es mTel
Cvens samyaros ‘erT adgilad’. miuxedavad imisa, rom
ukanasknel
aTwleulebSi
nacionaluri
saxelmwifos
sazRvrebi ufro SeRwevadi gaxda, masobriv komunikaciebs
sazRvrebis kvali mTlianad ar wauSlia da arc
nacionaluri
saxelmwifos
maregulirebeli
da
sazedamxedvelo
funqciebi
Seumcirebia.
piriqiT,
saxelmwifo elitebi informaciis gavrcelebaze da
kulturis sferoSi TavianTi Zalauflebis gazrdas
eswrafvian, risTvisac sxva saxelmwifoebTan xSirad
deben mravalmxriv SeTanxmebebsa da xelSekrulebebs.
mTels msoflioSi mTavrobaTaSorisi da arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis momravlebam sxvadasxva konvenciebiT da
xelSekrulebebiT zog did saxelmwifos moqmedebis
Tavisufleba SeuzRuda, patara saxelmwifoTa umetesoba
ki arc arasdros sargeblobda didi avtonomiurobiT.
magram
yvelaferma
aman
gazarda
nacionaluri
176
saxelmwifos Zalaca da xangrZlivobac, romelic axla
erTaderT
legitimur
internacionalur
aqtorad
gaiazreba.5
amas is SeiZleba davupirispiroT, rom axla
ekonomikurma da kulturulma Zalebma bevrad ufro didi
politikuri erTeulebis da kulturuli sivrceebis
saWiroeba
Seqmnes
da
amitomac
SeiniSneba
axali
kontinentaluri asociaciebisa da kavSirebis zrda. maT
Soris aRsaniSnavia evropis kavSiri, romelic viwro
sabaJo kavSiridan namdvili evropuli federaluri
saxelmwifosa da evropuli kulturuli identobis
Seqmnisaken mimarTul did ekonomikur da politikur
Tanamegobrobad
gardaiqmna.
miuxedavad
dRevandeli
evropis kavSiris devizisa ‘erToba mravalferovnebaSia’,
panevropelTa mier namdvili evropuli erTobisa da
identobis miRweva mxolod nacionaluri identobis
xarjze naklebad saeWvoa. yovel SemTxvevaSi, isini unda
moelodnen
nacionaluri
identobaTa
Zalisa
da
intensivobis mniSvnelovan Semcirebas da, XVIII saukunis
bolosa da XIX saukuneSi SeerTebuli Statebis an
germaniis Seqmnis analogiurad, arsebuli loialobebis
nacionaluri saxelmwifosagan federaluri kavSirisaTvis
gadacemas. federaluri centrisaTvis funqciebisa da
Zalauflebebis
TandaTanobiTi,
usafrTxo
gadacemis
uzrunvelyofiT
isini
varaudoben
iseTi
institucionaluri politikuri CarCos Seqmnas, romelic
xalxis loialobebs sabolood gaakontrolebs; sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, maT dasaSvebad miaCniaT, rom
suverenobis gadacemas identobis Secvla mohyveba (ix.
Wallace 1990; Reikmann 1997).
saxelmwifo
suverenobasa
da
nacionalur
identobas Soris
savaraudo kavSiri evrofilebsa da
evroskeptikosebs
Soris
mimdinare
debatebis
umravlesobas udevs safuZvelad, iseve rogorc evropuli
integraciis etapebis ganviTarebis Taobaze Catarebul
ramdenime referendums. amiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli
evrovalutis sivrceSi Sesvlaze uaris gancxadeba daniis,
britaneTis da, SesaZloa, SvedeTis mierac iseve, rogorc
evrokavSirSi Sesvlaze ganacxades uari norvegiam da
Sveicariam. magram gana suvereniteti da identoba ase
177
mWidrodaa
urTierTdakavSirebuli?
ruso
urCevda
polonelebs,
romelTac
is-is
iyo
damoukidebloba
dakarges,
Tavisi
wes-Cveulebebi
da
kultura
SeenarCunebinaT. Semdgom ki davinaxeT, rom asi wlis
ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielebulma mravalgvarma mcdelobam
SeesustebinaT
an
srulad
aRmoefxvraT
polonuri
identoba, kraxi ganicada. evropaSi xom saxelmwifoTa
amgvari
danawevrebis
msgavsi
araferi
ar
aris
ganzraxuli.
piriqiT,
igulisxmeba,
rom
evropuli
direqtivebi
nacionaluri
saxelmwifosa
da
misi
instituciebis meSveobiT unda aRsruldes, rac kidev
metad aRWuravs maT legitimurobiTa da ZalauflebiT.
metic,
saxelmwifoebs,
rogorc
‘damxmareebs’,
unarCundebaT
garkveuli
Tavisuflebebi
da
Zalauflebebi, sanacvlod ki ‘zemodan gaerTianebis’
procesis
meSveobiT
saxelmwifo
kanonebisa
da
moqmedebebis harmonizaciis uzrunvelyofa moeTxovebaT
jer ekonomikur da socialur, xolo Semdgom politikur
da samxedro sferoebSi. aq sakiTxavi is aris, Tu
daaxloebiT ramden xans dauWers am proeqts mxars
Semadgenel nacionalur saxelmwifoebSi xalxi da,
ramdenad Seaviwroebs evropuli federaluri saxelmwifo
arsebul nacionalur
saxelmwifoebs
maT
umTavres
funqciebsa da ZalauflebebSi, iseve rogorc moqalaqeTa
politikur sentimentebSi.6
hibriduli identobani?
nacionaluri saxelmwifo Tu gamowvevas zemodan,
ufro didi politikuri jgufebisa da asociaciebisagan
iRebs,
nacionalur
identobas
anu
politikuri
solidarobis Sida kavSirs safrTxe qvemodan, ufro
patara jgufebis pretenziebis gamo eqmneba. ukanaskneli
ramdenime
aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi
msoflioSi
mosaxleobis masobrivi gadaadgilebebi moxda, ris gamoc
bevri
sazogadoebis
(gansakuTrebiT
dasavleTSi)
kulturuli Semadgenlobis da TviTxatis Secvla daiwyo.
ltolvilebis da TavSesafris mZebnelTa, Gastarbeiters da
yofili koloniebis mcxovrebTa axalma nakadma erTiani,
homogenuri
nacionaluri
identobis
tradiciuli
178
Rirebulebebi da rwmenebi Searyia. es nacionaluri
ideologiebisa da erTiani naciis Sesaxeb damrigeblur
moTxrobaTa
gamowvevad
iqca,
zog
SemTxvevaSi
ki
‘nacionalur
erTobaSi’
sustad
SekavSirebul
rig
kulturul
erTobebs
Caenacvla.
‘multikulturul
naciaSi’ yoveli TviTi ‘sxvebTan’ kavSirSi ganisazRvreba.
homi babas azriT, oficialuri teqstebi gzas uTmoben
xalxis
yoveldRiur,
‘Teatralizebul’
Txrobas,
romelSic istoriisa da identobis percefcia ixliCeba
da ordeba, nacia Semadgenel kulturul nawilebad
fragmentirdeba,
nacionaluri
identoba
ki
‘hibridizirdeba’ (Bhabha 1990: Tavi 16).7
bolodroindelma masobrivma migraciebma bevri
naciis kulturuli Semadgenloba, udavod, Secvales,
iseve, rogorc masobrivma satransporto gadazidvebma da
turizmma, sateliturma komunikaciebma da sainformacio
teqnologiebma; maT sxva kulturebis da xalxebis Sesaxeb
codnis done aamaRles, ramac naciis kulturuli
erTianobis da misi saerTo, Tundac Soreuli, warmoSobis
Sesaxeb
Zvel
TvalsaCino
garkveulobas
safuZveli
gamoacala. Tumca realurad isini arc arasodes yofilan
ueWvelni. yovelTvis arsebobda urTierTsapirispiro
miTebi warmoSobis Sesaxeb da nacionaluri kulturis
alternatiuli maxsovrobani (maSinac ki, rodesac zogi
maTgani droebiT dominanturi da oficialuri xdeboda).
es niSnavda, rom ‘nacionaluri identoba’ yovelTvis,
yoveli Taobis mier xelaxla gaiazreboda da axal
formas iZenda. iqneb romantikul eTnikur nacionalizms
homogenuri, erTiani Seukowiwebeli nacia swyuroda,
romelic erTaderT avTentur ‘suls’ gamoxatavda, magram
es Soreul ideals ganasaxierebda da mxolod iSviaTad
Tu iqceoda politikur programad. maSinac ki, roca
nacionaluri saxelmwifo masobrivi saxalxo ganaTlebis
gziT unificirebuli moqalaqeobis Seqmnas eSureboda,
igi ‘nacionaluri identobis’ bunebis rwmenebisa da
koncefciebis cvlilebebzec reagirebda, mis gamoWedvas
da axali TaobisaTvis gadacemas cdilobda. yvelafers
rom
Tavi
davaneboT,
modernul
saxelmwifoTa
umravlesoba eTnikurad pluraluri da heterogenulia,
da nacionalistebis umetesoba nacionalur erTianobas
179
eswrafvis,
homogenurobas
ki
Zalze
iSviaTad.
nacionaluri erTianoba SeiZleba sulac ar iyo miraJi,
rogorc uiliam makneili amtkicebs; Cveulebriv mas
zogadi interpretacia eZleoda, rogorc koleqtiur
miRwevasa da movaleobas, renanis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
‘farTomasStabian solidarobas, warsulSi gaRebuli
msxverplis Sedegad miRweuls, iseTs, romlisTvisac
momavalSic gawiraven Tavs’ (1882, citirebulia Bhabha 1990:
19; Sdr. McNeill 1986: Tavi 2). kulturuli pluralizmis
Sedegad
an
xangrZlivi
istoriis
wyalobiT,
bevr
dasavlur saxelmwifoSi amoqmedda nacionalizmis ufro
moqalaqeobrivi da teritoriuli varianti, romlis
meSveobiTac
imigrantebma
da
devnilebma
SeZles
moqalaqis kanonieri adgilis damkvidreba maspinZel
naciaSi.
maT
zogjer
sTavazoben
naciis
reinterpretaciisa da politikuri identobis Seqmnisaken
mimarTul kulturul saqmianobaSi monawileobis miRebas,
raTa maTi kulturebi da msoflmxedva axali saerTo
nacionaluri identobis Semadgenel elementad iqces.
miuxedavad amisa, nacionaluri reinterpretaciis
SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia. erTiani sajaro kultura
da saerTo ufleba-movaleobaTa Taviseburi nakrebi
istoriul samSoblosTan mimarTebaSi identifikaciasa da
legitimacias
saWiroebs.
politikuri
solidaroba,
warmoSobis zogierTi miTis, istoriuli maxsovrobebisa
da koleqtiuri simboloebis kultivirebas moiTxovs,
raTa adamianebi koleqtiuri kuTvnilebisa da saerTo
qmedebaSi
CarTvis
azrs
Cawvdnen.
amgvari
miTebi,
simboloebi da maxsovrobebi saxeldebuli naciis an
nacionaluri saxelmwifos mosaxleobis didma segmentebma
unda aitacos. es ufro mets moiTxovs, vidre wminda
moqalaqeobrivi
da
teritoriuli
nacionalizmia,
romlisaTvis sacxovrebeli adgili da respublikisadmi
loialoba naciis moqalaqeobis mTavar kriteriumebs
warmoadgens. am ukanasknels SeiZleba kombinireba an
Canacvlebac ki dasWirdes naciadyofnis sxva, kulturuli
kriteriumebiT (SesaZloa, nacionaluri solidarobis
genealogiuri testis CaTvliTac), romelTa mixedviTac,
mxolod dominanturi eTniedan SobilT SeuZliaT Tavi
miaCndeT naciis wevrebad da, maSasadame, nacionaluri
180
saxelmwifos moqalaqeebad. amgvarad, Cven imis mowme
vxdebiT,
rom
iseT
racionalur
da
liberalur
saxalmwifoSic ki, rogoric safrangeTia, revoluciis
droindeli, Tavdapirvelad ufro moqalaqeobrivi da
teritoriuli franguli nacionalizmi dreifusis saqmis
periodSi da viSis reJimis dros franguli naciis
Sesaxeb bevrad ufro SezRudul Tvalsazriss uxsnis
gzas, romelic gulisxmobs naciisadmi mxolod imaT
mikuTvnebas, vinc safrangeTSi frangul kaTolikur
ojaxSi daibada. aqedan gamomdinareobs logikuri daskvna,
rom es kulturuli safrangeTi kulturulad da
fizikurad
unda
ganiwmindos
koroziis
gamomwvevi
mtruli elementebisagan, romlebic, rogorc irkveva,
safrTxes
uqmnian
naciis
moralur
kohezias
da
kulturul individualobas (ix. Viroli 1995).8
Tuki
aseTi
ram
xdeba,
sifrTxiliT
unda
movekidoT im mtkicebas, rom modernuli dasavluri
saxelmwifoebis nacionaluri identobebi ‘hibriduli’ da
fragmentuli
gaxda,
da,
rom
adgilobrivi
Tu
imigrantuli warmoSobis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi segmenti,
iseT kulturul jgufad gadaiqca, romelic ufro
maRali rangis da zemdgom nacias upirispirdeba. SeiZleba
modernul nacias erTze meti saxe hqondes da Sereulma
qorwinebebma
mosaxleobis
Sereva
kulturuli
TvalsazrisiT daaCqaros uaxloes warsulTan SedarebiT.
magram gansaxilvel saxelmwifoTagan bevri inarCunebs
didi xnis winandel dominantur eTnieebs. xolo didi
qalaqebis gareT mcxovrebi dominanturi eTnies wevrebi
inarCuneben mSobliur (Tumca cvalebad) kulturebs,
maxsovrobebs, simboloebsa da warmoSobis miTebs. is
faqti, rom nacionaluri identobis idea dasavleTSi
dausrulebeli
debatebis
sagans
warmoadgens
da
periodul revizias ganicdis, imaze miuTiTebs, rom
amgvari koleqtiuri kulturuli identoba mniSvnelovan
miznebs emsaxureba da modernuli epoqis sasicoxlo
moTxovnebs
akmayofilebs.
saerTod,
nacionalur
identobas ufro metad dasavleTis gareT eswrafvian,
sadac kolonializmis mier gadamterebuli xalxebisaTvis
adgilis povna da politikuri usafrTxoebisa da
kulturuli kuTvnilebis garkvevis saWiroeba ufro
181
metadac ver iTmens. rogorc parTa CaTerjim naTlad
dagvanaxa, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca mravalricxovan da
mravalferovan
mosaxleobas
(magaliTad,
indoeTis
naxevarkunZulze) erTze meti ‘nacionaluri identoba’
aqvs, naciis politikuri erTobisTvis tradiciebis,
simboloebis, miTebis da maxsovrobebis gaerTianebis
cdebs aucileblad sdevs Tan politikuri brZolebi da
mosaxleobis farTomasStabiani mobilizacia afrikisa da
aziis axal saxelmwifoebSi (Chatterjee 1993; ix., agreTve,
Brown 1994).
nacionalizmis gaqroba?
nacionalur
identobas
jer
kidev
eniWeba
mniSvneloba. ra SeiZleba iTqvas Tavad nacionalizmze?
aqvs ki mas momavali? nacionalizmis da naciebis
perspeqtivebze radikaluri Tezisi wamoayena msoflio
istoriis gamoCenilma specialistma uiliam makneilma. is
asabuTebs, rom civilizebuli sazogadoebis warmateba
ganpirobebulia misi unariT didi raodenobiT miizidos
sxvadasxva unar-Cvevebis mqone adamianebi. maSasadame,
polieTnikuroba warmoadgens istoriul normas da ara
nacionaluri
erTianoba.
premodernuli
imperiebis
kulturulad Sereuli xasiaTi Rrmavdeboda maTze
simdidrisa da Zalauflebis moSurne tomebis perioduli
TavdasxmebiT,
xSiri
epidemiebiT
(rac
urbanul
mosaxleobas fitavda da muSaxelze moTxovnilebis
dasakmayofileblad
qalaqis
mosaxleobis
soflidan
Sevsebis saWiroebas iwvevda) da Soreul qveynebTan
vaWrobiT
(rac
iseTi,
xSirad
urTierTmtrulad
ganwyobili gaerTianebebis mier iyo organizebuli,
romelTac sakuTari, wminda werilTan dakavSirebuli da,
Sesabamisad, Tan gadasatani, religiebi hqondaT). amis
gamo civilizebuli sazogadoebi warmoadgendnen ostatTa
kosmopolitur ierareqiebs. barbarosobis mxolod iseTma
avanpostebma SeinarCunes TavianTi monoeTnikuri xasiaTi,
rogorebic premodernuli inglisi da iaponia iyo (McNeill
1986: Tavi 1).
es yvelaferi daaxloebiT 1700 wlis Semdeg
Seicvala. klasikuri humanizmis gavlenam da politikuri
182
solidarobis miseuli idealebma, mkiTxveli publikisa da
vernakuluri literaturebis aRorZinebam, adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis swrafma zrdam dasavleT evropaSi (romelic
samuSao Zalaze urbanuli moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis
saSualebas eTnikurad homogenuri sasoflo raionebidan
SevsebiT iZleoda), da, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,
(infanteriis
gamowvrTnaSi
revoluciis
mibaZviT)
sazogadoebis
cxovrebaSi
samxedroTa
farTo
monawileobis gaCenam solidarobisa da Zmobis axali
gancda waaxalisa: XVIII saukunis bolos yvela es
faqtori erTad modis dasavleTSi ‘raTa modernuli
nacionalizmi Svas’, Tavisi ‘nacionaluri Zmobisa da
eTnikuri erTianobis miTiT’ (iqve: 51, 56).
magram ori msoflio omis Sedegad situacia
Seicvala
da
nacionalisturi
ideali
daimsxvra.
yvelaferma:
zizRma
nacistTa
barbarosobisadmi,
uzarmazarma materialurma zaralma da totaluri omis
martod warmoebis SeuZleblobam, aTasobiT eTnikurad
heterogenuli
muSaxelis
da
jariskacis
SerCevis
saWiroebam, farTo transnacionaluri warmoebebis da
masobrivi komunikaciebis, iseve rogorc mravalmxrivi
samxedro blokebis ricxvis zrdam Ziri gamouTxara
nacionaluri
saxelmwifos
avtonomiurobas
da
Zalauflebas. Sedegad polieTnikuri ierarqia dabrunda,
raTa kvlavac saTanadod dakmayoflebuliyo gadaudebeli
moTxovnileba kvalificiur muSaxelze. faqtobrivad,
nacionaluri erTianobis pirvelyofili ideali ara
marto kacobriobis istoriis cdomileba iyo, saboloo
jamSi igi miraJic aRmoCnda; socialur realobas
yovelTvis polieTnikuri ierarqia warmoadgenda TviT
‘nacionalistur’ dasavleTSic ki.
erTi
SexedviT,
es
damajerebeli
Tezisia.
polieTnikuroba iyo da kvlavac rCeba adamianuri
yofierebis
erT-erT
mudmiv
maxasiaTeblad.
magram
eTnieebsa da naciebs,
makneilis
Tezisi
eyrdnoba
eTnikurobasa da nacionalizms Soris imaze bevrad didi
ufskrulis arsebobas, vidre amis safuZvels istoriuli
monacemebi iZleva. Tu ar CavTvliT ramdenime kompaqtur
eTniesa da, iqneb, naciasac, araviTari myari safuZveli ar
arsebobs imisaTvis, rom premodernul polieTnikur
183
epoqebSi (da ara ‘civilizaciis’ mijnaze) eTnikurobisa da
naciadyofnis urTierToba uSedegod miviCnioT. Tumca maT
Soris arsebuli analitikuri gansxvaveba kritikuli
mniSvnelobisaa. praqtikaSi, makneilis azriT, eTnikuroba
da
naciadyofna
urTierTgadamkveTi
da,
zogjer,
erTmaneTTan Sezrdilic kia. rogorc vnaxeT, mxolod
fanatikur organul nacionalistebs surT namdvili
kulturuli homogenuroba; eTnikuri nacionalistebis
umravlesoba kulturis, nebisa da miznebis ufro zerele
erTianobas sjerdeba. metic, eTnikuroba aseve xSirad
ayalibebs
kulturul
baziss
nacionalizmis
teritoriuli da politikuri pretenziebisaTvis, xolo
Tanamedrove nacionalizmebis umetesoba erTi an meti
eTnies arsebobas emyareba. makneili ver amCnevs, Tu
rogor qmnian kuTvnilebisa da loialobis koncentrul
wreebs
postmodernuli
civilizaciis
mis
mier
SemoTavazebuli eTnikuri komponentebi, verc imas, rom
adamiani SeiZleba erTdroulad ramdenime inkluziur
erTobas miekuTvnebodes da yoveli maTganis mimarT
hqondes movaleobis grZnoba, iqneba es ojaxi, klani,
eTnie, nacia an, iqneb, kontinenturi kulturuli erToba.
yoveli
maTganis
doneze
moqmedebs
‘Zmobisa
da
erTianobis’ miTebi.
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom nacias dRes aRara
aqvs sxva kulturul erTobebze meti mniSvneloba; rom is
‘mraval identobaTa’ Soris mxolod erT-erTi arCevania
individis sxva SesaZlo identifikaciaTa Soris? Tu asea,
globalur sazogadoebasa da kulturaSi, bevrad meti
adamianisaTvis
mdidari
da
mravalferovani
SesaZleblobebis
pirobebSi,
Sesustdeba
Tu
ara
nacionalisturi arCevani? Tu arsebobs naciisaTvis ufro
fundamenturi da yovlismomcveli ram, ris gamoc
nacionalisturi
arCevani
postmodernistul
sazogadoebebisTvisac
SeiZleba
darCes
ganmeorebad
Taviseburebad?9
momxmarebeli sazogadoeba
P
mosazreba, rom postmodernistuli sazogadoeba
‘postnacionaluricaa’, rasac Tan sdevs nacionaluri
184
sentmentebis gaqroba da nacionalisturi ideologiebis
mimarT imedgacruebis zrda, imgvari kosmopolituri
globaluri kulturis warmoqmnis Teziss emyareba,
romelic erTimeores miyolebiT ierTebs da Slis
nacionalur kulturebsa da identobebs.
am Tezisis ori versia arsebobs. pirveli xazs
usvams masebis momxmareblobas, arnaxul materialur
sargeblianobas sul ufro da ufro meti adamianisaTvis
mTels msofloSi, ramdenadac dasavluri warmoebis
produqtebi,
teqnologiebi
da
kapitali
axal
samomxmareblo bazrebs eZeben da csovrebis dones
TandaTanobiT
amaRleben
dasavleTis
gareT.
es
Tvalsazrisi
iTvaliswinebs,
rom
uzarmazari
transnacionaluri
kompaniebi
masiurad
awarmoeben
moxmarebis sagnebs da izrdeba moxmarebis Sablonebis
standartuloba, ramdenadac cxovrebis standartebiT
yvelganaa misaRebi dasavluri nawarmisa da momsaxurebis
SeZena. moxmarebis sagnebis nakadi da momxmareblobis
xibli
nacionalur
sazRvrebsa
da
nacionaluri
mTavrobis mier regulirebas sul ufro auZlurebs da
uadgilod aqcevs. magram nacionalizmis dacemis mTavari
faqtori mainc nacionaluri kulturebis ugulebelyofaa.
masobrivi momxmareblobis ‘kulturuli imperializmi’
Slis
nacionalur
kulturaTa
Soris
arsebul
gansxvavebebs, ramdenadac isini sagnebis SefuTvamde da
folkloramde dahyavs. aseve, igi safuZvels aclis
avtonomiuri
kulturisa
da
sazogadoebis
Seqmnis
SesaZleblobas yvelaze ufro unariani pirovnebebis
naRebis
moxdiT,
emigraciisa
da
transnacionalur
kapitalistur ekonomikaSi elitis kooptirebis gziT (ix.
Tomlinson 1991: Tavi 3).
ukanaskneli
ormocdaaTi
wlis
ganmavlobaSi,
udavod, gaizarda sagnebis warmoebac da moxmarebac, ris
Sedegadac kulturulma msgavsebam sxvadasxva sferoSi
(arqiteqturidan
da
transportidan
dawyebuli
da
jandacviT, ganaTlebiT da masmediiT damTavrebuli)
gadawona nacionaluri kulturuli sxvaobani. kerZod,
masobrivi
komunikaciis
saSualebebma
dasavluri
produqtebisa
da
saqmiani
aqtivobis
sabiTumo
transferebiT SesaZlebeli gaxada dasavluri stilisa da
185
instituciuri modelebis reproduqcia. amave dros, es
reproduqciebi da transferebi nacionaluri mTavrobebis
mieraa organizebuli da adaptirebulia nacionaluri
erTobebis konkretul principebTan da kulturul
praqtikasTan. metic, dasavluri teqnologiebisa da
komunikaciebis (inglisuri enis CaTvliT) miRebasTan
erTad,
bevri
nacionaluri
saxelmwifos
elita,
kulturul imperializmTan dasapirispirebisas cdilobs
Tavisi kulturuli praqtika, rwmenebi da stilebi
danergos,
eswrafvis
ra
nacionalur
kulturul
avtonomias,
miuxedavad
globaluri
momxmareblobis
miRebisa. es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa religiis, enisa
da literaturis da istoriis sferoebSi, magram igi
agreTve
SeiZleba
gamovlindes
xelovnebasa
da
arqiteqturaSi,
musikaSi
(dasavluri
popkulturis
gverdiT), dasvenebasa da yoveldRiur yofaSi, iseve
rogorc politikur da samarTlebriv praqtikaSi. am
SemTxvevebSi kulturul nacionalizms samomxmareblo
globalizmTan
Tanaarseboba
da
misiT
sazrdooba
SeuZlia (ix. Richmond 1984; Schlesinger 1987 da 1991: nawili
III).
magram ‘nacionalizmi’, rogorc es meore TavSi
vnaxeT, ufro metia, vidre nacionaluri sentimentebi anda
nacionalisturi ideologia. igi agreTve ‘avTenturobaze’
dafuZnebuli sajaro da politizebuli kulturis
formaa, iseve rogorc winaparTa miwaze moqalaqeTa
sakralur
erTobaSi
nacionaluri
identobis,
avtonomiurobisa da erTianobis maZiebeli politikuri
religiis tipi. sxva sityvebiT, nacionalizmi eswrafvis
naciebis
Seqmnas
adrindeli
(Tumca
modernuli
geopolitikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli pirobebis
Sesabamisad transformirebuli) eTnikuri da religiuri
erTobebis ‘avTenturi’ suliskveTebisa da saxis mixedviT.
es
SeiZleba
gulisxmobdes
adreuli
miTebis,
simboloebis, kodebis, tradiciebis da maxsovrobebis
erTgvar
seleqciasa
da
reinterpretacias,
magram
yovelTvis
arsebuli
kulturebisa
da
erTobebis
parametrebisa da avTenturi suliskveTebis farglebSi.
vinaidan axlad
Seqmnili naciebis
elitebs surT
momxmareblobis imperialistur formebs winaaRmdegoba
186
gauwion, erTianobisa da avtonomiis misaRwevad isini
mimarTaven adre arsebul zog kulturul resurss. aqedan
momdinareobs maTi unaric ekonomikuri da socialuri
ganviTarebisaken mimaval gzaze moaxdinon moqalaqeTa
mobilizacia
TavganwirvisaTvis,
maSinac
ki,
roca
dasavluri
teqnologiebisa
da
praqtikis
miRebas
eswrafvian da dasavlur saqonelsa da momsaxurebas
iyeneben da iZenen.
globaluri
kultura?
‘postnacionaluri’ wesrigisa da nacionalizmis
dasustebis Tezisis meore versia eleqtronul masobriv
komunikaciebze
dafuZnebuli
globaluri
kulturis
cnebiT iwyeba. amtkiceben, rom marqsisa da engelsis
winaswarmetyvelebidan
saukunis
gasvlis
Semdeg
informaciulma
sazogadoebam
da
masobrivma
komunikaciebma globalur kulturas swored iseTi
pirobebi Seuqmnes, romelebSic erTiani, kosmopolituri
da samecniero kultura mTels msoflios moicavs da
auqmebs yvela adre arsebul eTnikur da nacionalur
kulturas.
axalma
cifrulma
revoluciam
da
kompiuterizebuli sainformacio teqnologiis farTod
gavrcelebam
safuZveli
gamoacala
adre
arsebuli
kulturebis
mimzidvelobas
da
Seusabamo
gaxada
aramecnieruli gagebebi. rac mTavaria, isini amgvar
kulturebs
warmoaCenen
rogorc
nawilobrivs,
araracionalursa
da
‘romatikuls’
da,
aqedan
gamomdinare, maT ganmartaven, rogorc kacobriobis
istoriis sxva, warsuli epoqis kuTvnilebas, romelic
(albaT,
imdroindeli
xelovnebis
qmnilebebis
gamoklebiT) ‘arafers gvaswavlis’. am epoqis kvlevas,
msgavsad nebismieri, winarecifruli epoqisa, SeiZleba
Tavisi xiblic hqondes, magram, gelneris TvalsazrisiT,
is Cvens dRevandel kulturul mimarTebebs ufro metad
ar
Seesabameba,
vidre
premodernuli
kulturebi
nacionalur modernul dros. am Sexedulebis mixedviT,
nacia da nacionalizmi romantikuli xanis, modernizaciis
epoqis kuTvnilebaa, magram masobrivi komunikaciebis,
187
kosmopolitizmisa da hibriduli kulturis pirobebSi
maT CvenTan aRaraferi esaqmeba.10
masobrivi
komunikaciebis
epoqa
masobrivi
migraciebis
epoqacaa.
postnacionalur
epoqaSi
makneiliseuli eTnikuri jgufebisa da kulturebis
aRreva da homi babaseuli kulturul identobaTa
hibridizireba kargad Tavsdeba imis saWiroebasTan, rom
Tavs yvelgan ise grZnobde, rogorc sakuTar saxlSi.
amisTvis
yvelasaTvis
xelmisawvdom
mediumSi
unda
SegeZlos komunikacia. anonimur, impersonalur qalaqSi
nacionaluri ‘ena da kultura’ ki aRar aduRabebs
modernul,
industriul
sazogadeobas,
aramed
sainformacio teqnologia da kompiuteruli ganaTleba,
romelic masobrivi komunikabeluri, hibriduli da
postmodernuli globaluri sazogadoebis Sesaqmnelad
yovelgvar kulturul bariers laxavs. ekonomikuri
damoukideblobis ZalebTan erTad, es faqtorebi ubiZgebs
hobsbaums
daamcros
damanawevrebeli,
viwro
nacionalizmis talRis mniSvneloba, romelsac igi
miiCnevs droebiT da meorexarisxovan movlenad, gadaxrad
WeSmariti
‘istoriiis
msvlelobidan’,
cvlilebis
soliduri
Zalebisadmi
SiSis
reaqciad,
ucxoelis
yvelgan yofniT da ojaxuri fesvebis gaxmobiT gamowveul
aRSfoTebad (Hobsbawm 1990: 164, 167–168; Sdr. A.D.Smith 1998:
123–124, 216–218).
kvlav araferi Cans iseTi, am Tezisis pozitiur
mtkicebulebebs rom daupirispirdes. ueWvelia, Cven
masobrivi komunikaciebis formebis, gavrcelebis arealis
da intensivobis farTo cvlilebaTa mowmeni varT, Tumc
es SeiZleba ufro kumulaciuri xasiaTis iyos, vidre
revoluciurisa. aseve didi zrda SeimCneva migraciebis
tempebsa da moculobaSi, Tumc amis proporciul
precendentebsac hqonda adgili ukanaskneli ori saukunis
manZilze. magram aris ki es axali, globaluri tipis
kulturis Semotana? Tu Cven ubralod saqme gvaqvs
sakomunikacio teqnologiebisa da enis axal saxeobasTan,
anu mediumTan mesijis gareSe?
imis Tqma, rom ‘virtualuri realobis’, e.i.
samyaros gareT samyaros Seqmna, mxolod teqnologiuri
miRwevebis tolfasia, udavod masobrivi komunikaciebis
188
revoluciis inteleqtualuri monapovrebisa da misi
potencialis Seufasebloba iqneboda. magram, meores
mxriv,
axali
sainformacio
teqnologiis
Seqmnis
‘kulturis’ gansxvavebul globalur formad miCneva
niSnavs
mniSvnelobaTa
garkveuli
simravlis
mqone
sityvebis savsebiT sxva mniSvnelobebiT gamoyenebas.
termini ‘kultura’ miemarTeba ara marto ‘komunikacias’ da
tout court mis teqnologias, aramed cxovrebisa da
gamoxatvis gansxvavebul stils, esTetikur stilsa da
medias, adamianur Rirsebebs, emociebsa da saqmianobis
formebs. am azriT, isini yovelTvis ufro iyvnen
kulturebi, vidre kultura, cxovrebis istoriulad
gansxvavebuli
stilebi
da
adamianuri
Rirsebebis,
emociebisa da
qmedebebis
cvalebadi
gamovlinebani.
amgvari kulturebi konkretul koleqtiur moTxovnebsa
da
problemebs
pasuxobdnen
sakuTar
specifikur
istoriul konteqstebSi. isini ganagebdnen sicocxlesa da
sikvdils, dardsa da usamarTlobas, siyvarulsa da
danakargs. isini aswavlidnen adamianebs cxovrebasTan
gamkvlavebis xelovnebas da sikvdilisaTvis Tvalis
gasworebas. TaobebisaTvis isini ganasaxierebdnen erTobis
saerTo azrs, dagrovil sibrZnesa da koleqtiur
maxsovrobebs Taviseburi wes-Cveulebebis, ritualebis,
zneobis, manerebisa da artefaqtebis meSveobiT. am gziT,
isini gamoxatavdnen calkeuli koleqtivebis da maTi
individualuri
wevrebis
sxva,
analogiuri
koleqtivebisagan gansxvaveul msoflxedvasa da emociebs.
maS, raRaa ‘globaluri kultura’? ra Tqma unda,
araviTar sakomunikacio eleqtronul teqnologias da mis
virtualur qmnilebebs ar SeuZlia momavlis ‘globaluri
moqalaqeebis’
emociuri
da
fsiqologiuri
moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofileba,
iseve
rogorc
ar
SeuZlia
gvaswavlos
cxovrebis
tvirTis
zidva,
sixarulis
gaziareba,
tkivilTan
da
danakargTan
gamklaveba da sxva, cxovrebiT motanilis gadatana.
globaluri kultura iqneba winaswarprognozirebadi,
erTdroulad mecnierulic, emociurad neitraluric da
teqnikuric. mas ar eqneba adgili, dro da maxsovroba.
maradiuli
virtualuri
awmyo
Tvals
moaSorebs
warsulisa da
momavalis
panoramebs. virtualurad
189
yvelganmyofobis
SesaZlebloba
gvaTavisuflebs
adgilmdebareobaze fiqrisagan. droisa da sivrcis
koordinatebi,
ase
Rirebuli
naciebisa
da
nacionalizmisaTvis, azrs kargaven, ramdenadac dro da
sivrce im erT wertilSi ikumSeba, romelsac uSualod
damkvirvebeli
warmoadgens.
teqnikuri
diskursiT
mojadoebuli msoflio aris aq da axla, nebismier
adgilas da yvelgan; maxsovrobis an bedisweris, winapris
an STamomavlobis saWiroeba aRar arsebobs, amis mizeziT,
aRarc uSualo erTobisa. mxolod erT nabijze myof
CrdilebTan TamaSia saWiro.11
amgvar asketur xedvas ar gulisxmobs adamianebis
umravlesoba, roca globalur kulturaze saubrobs.
gavixsenoT Mmarqsi da engelsi, romlebic nacionalur
literaturas
msoflio
literaturasTan
Serwymas
uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen.
es
iqneboda
nacionalur
kulturaTa daaxloeba, magram ara mospoba, rogorc
uadgilo winaremecnieruli gadmonaSTisa. es imas niSnavs,
rom kompiutizirebuli informaciuli teqnologiisa da
mis mier Seqmnili virtualuri realobis ConCxma
arsebuli kulturebis xorci unda Seisxas; anda am
kulturebidan amorCeuli motivebisa da elementebis
(‘naglejebi da nakuwebi’) gasarTob cinikur satiraSi
CarTviT maTi Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobani yvelgan myofi
mouxelTebeli awmyos Sesatyvisad gardaqmnas. amgvarad,
postmodernuli da kosmopolituri globaluri kultura
SeiZleba
iyos
mxolod
ekleqturi,
hibriduli,
fragmentuli, prezentistuli, mudmivad ganaxlebadi,
mudmivad ‘Sesabamisobis’ maZiebeli. aseT ezoTerul da
danakerebiT savse kulturas SeiZleba hqondes mxolod
SezRuduli
mowodebis
unari
(maSinac
ki,
roca
popkulturebs
iyenebs)
da
naklebi
gamZleoba
da
moqniloba (im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca cdilobs Tavi
daaRwios stilizebas).
internacionalizebadi nacionalizmi
is, rom globaluri kulturis verc mecnieruli
da verc ekleqtikuri versia xalxSi gamoZaxils ver
poulobs
da
arc
gamZlea,
gvafiqrebinebs,
rom
190
nacionalizmis postmodernuli Semcvlelis pirobebi jer
kidev
araa
realizebuli
da,
rom
sinamdvileSi
globalizaciam
SeiZleba
kidec
gaaZlieros
nacionalizmi,
radgan
Sorsaa
imisagan,
rom
mis
Semcvlelamde migviyvanos. es daskvna sam arguments
eyrdnoba. pirveli Seexeba globalizaciis procesebis
Sedegebs
naciebisa
da
nacionalizmisaTvis;
meore
argumenti gvabrunebs nacionalizmis eTnikur bazisTan da
postmodernul epoqaSi mis kulturul memkvidreobasTan;
mesame nacionaluri identobis sakraluri safuZvlebisa
da misi grZelvadiani sazrisebis ganxilviT amagrebs
eTnikur bazisebs.
daviwyoT
globalizaciiT.
entoni
gidensi
damajereblad
asabuTebs,
rom
arsebobs
kavSiri
globalizaciis tendenciasa da mis gverdiT da mis
Sedegad warmoqmnili lokalizmis aRorZinebas Soris.
globalizaciis
Zalebi
lokalur
arealebTan,
sakiTxebTan da problemebTan axali mijaWvulobis
gaCenas uwyobs xels. amiT aixsneba farTomasStabiani da
mzardi
zenacionalizmisa
da
daSladi
eTnikuri
nacionalizmis paradoqsi, rac, erTis mxriv, kontinenturi
asociaciebisa da Tanamegobrobebis gaCenas niSnavs,
meores mxriv ki, iseTi mciremasStabiani eTnikuri
moZraobebis
swraf
gamravlebas,
romelTac,
sxva
regionalur da lokalur ekologiur moZraobebTan
erTad,
hobsbaumi
mcire
mniSvnelobas
aniWebs.
es
yvelaferi klasze dafuZnebuli politikidan axal,
‘identobis politikaze’ gadasvlis nawilia, rac sakuTar
TavSi mzard feministur, regionalur da mwvaneTa
moZraobebs
moicavs.
postmodernul
epoqaSi
am
politikaSi sami done gamoikveTeba: lokaluri eTnikuri,
regionaluri,
genderuli
da
ekologiuri
done;
nacionaluri saxelmwifos done; dabolos, kontinenturi
(sxvagvarad, globaluri) erTobis zenacionaluri done
(Giddens 1991).
am interpretaciaSi bevri ram aris mimzidveli.
klasze dafuZnebulma politikam dasavleTSi ukan daixia
manufaqturuli warmoebidan momsaxurebaze dafuZnebul
industriaze gadanacvlebasTan erTad. misi adgilis
dasakaveblad warmoiSva mTeli rigi sruliad axali
191
politikuri
moZraoba,
aRorZinebadi
eTnikuri
nacionalizmis CaTvliT. Zneli saTqmelia, gamogvadgeba
Tu ara ‘identobis politikis’ cneba maT saerTo niSanTvisebaTa
gansasazRvrad.
magaliTad,
genderuli
politika
Zalian
gansxvavebuli
Cans
eTnikuri
mobilizaciisagan,
romelsac
genderuli
sazRvrebis
gadakveTa SeuZlia, iseve rogorc am ukanasknels SeuZlia
eTnikuri dayofis gadalaxva. marTlac, nacionalizmis
Sesaswavlad iseTi umniSvnelovanesi sfero, rogoricaa
naciebisa da nacionalizmis genderizacia, win uswrebs
globalizacias da, iqneb, modernulobasac ki. metic,
gaurkvevelia aqvT Tu ara globalur tendenciebs raime
aucilebeli kavSiri lokaluri an genderuli sakiTxebis
win wamowevasTan (an SenarCunebasTan); iolad ergeba Tu
ara eTnikuri nacionalizmi ‘globalur-lokalur’ sqemas?
me mgoni, ‘eTnikuri aRorZineba’ da ‘identobis politikis’
eTnikuri
done
sxvagvar
axsnas
saWiroebs
da
zenacionaluri donis asociaciebis momravleba (romelic
TavisTavad mzardad mniSvnelovani sakiTxia) damatebiTi
efeqtia
(iqneb,
xelSemwyobi
faqtoric),
da
ara
globaluri Zalebisa da lokaluri mijaWvulobebis
dakavSirebis aucilebeli piroba (ix. Melucci 1989; YuvalDavis 1997; Sluga 1998).12
paradoqsia,
rom
realurad
globalizaciis
procesebs udidesi efeqti nacionaluri saxelmwifos
Sualedur doneze aqvT. magram, vimeoreb, globalizaciis
or did Zalas – ekonomikur urTierTdamokidebulebas
(rac mohyva transnacionaluri korporaciebis moqmedebas)
da informaciuli da cifruli teqnologiebis Semotanis
Sedegad warmoqmnil masobriv komunikaciebs – mxolod
ukve arsebuli politikuri tendenciis daCqareba da
gafarToeba SeuZliaT.
Cven
am
tendencias
‘nacionalizmis
internacionalizacia’ SeiZleba vuwodoT. mas samgvari
forma
aqvs.
pirvel
adgilzea
nacionalizmi
da
nacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis doqtrina rogorc gaeros
wesdebisa
da
sxvadasxva
konvenciebisa
da
xelSekrulebebis ZiriTadi principi, romelsac xSirad
mimarTaven yovelgvari kamaTisa da krizisis dros. Cven am
procesSi SeiZleba naciebisa da nacionalizmis (rogorc
192
farTod gavrcelebuli da gaziarebuli ideologiebisa
da Cveuli da Tanazomieri koleqtiuri aqtorebis),
‘normalizaciisaken’ mimarTuli tendencia SevniSnoT (ix.
Mayall 1990).
meore, nacionalisturi moZraobebi yovelTvis
mimarTaven
maxlobel
Tu
Soreul
winamorbedebs
strategiis, taqtikisa da STagonebisaTvis da, xSirad,
garkveuli daxmarebisaTvisac. nacionalizmi axal da
axal
warmatebul
regionebs
ipyrobs,
aCens
axal
pretenziebsa
da
Sesabamis
moTxovnebs
ayenebs.
rasakvirvelia, nacionalizmebis ‘demonstrirebis efeqts’
didad
Seuwyes
xeli
masobrivma
komunikaciebma,
politikurma
aliansebma
da
ekonomikurma
urTierTdamokidebulebam;
magram
maT
mxolod
ganaviTares bazisuri nacionalisturi mesiji.
D
dabolos, vinaidan zogma nacionalizmma orive
msoflio omis dawyebaSi gadamwyveti mizezis roli
Seasrula,
es
omebi
ki,
Tavis
mxriv,
axali
nacionalizmebis katalizatorebi iyvnen, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom es adreuli nacionalizmebi mTels msoflioSi,
nacionalizmis, rogorc aseTis, gavrcelebisa da naciis
politikuri
organizaciis
saerTaSoriso
normad
gardaqmnis
saSualebebs
warmoadgendnen.
maSasadame,
pirdapir Tu iribad, nacionalizms Seswevs unari yvela
kontinentze
da
yovelgvari
reJimis
pirobebSi
ganmeordes.13
saerTaSoriso
Tanamegobrobaze
zegavlenas
teritoriuli suverenuli saxelmwifoebis ‘politikuri
pluralizmis’ ukve arsebuli CarCo imiT unda ganevrco,
rom
mas
bevri
axali
saxelmwifo
Semateboda
saxelmwifoqmnadobis
meore
principis,
kerZod,
‘kulturuli pluralizmis’, SemoRebis Sedegad. adre
nacionalur
saxelmwifod
mxolod
politikuri
suverenitetis mqone iseTi qveyana miiCneoda, romlis
iurisdiqciac did teritoriaze vrceldeboda. axla
saxelmwifos,
politikuri
suverenitetis
da
teritoriuli iurisdiqciis garda, moeTxoveba metnaklebi kulturuli erTianoba da solidaroba da
sasurvelia garkveuli xarisxis kulturuli unikaloba
enaSi, religiaSi, wes-CveulebebiSi, instituciebSi da
193
kulturis
istoriaSi.
saerTaSoriso
kulturuli
pluralizmi
didad
davalebulia
globalizaciis
procesebiT, gansakuTrebiT ki masobrivi komunikaciebiT.
maT bevrad gauioles saxelmwifoebs maT mier marTuli
nacionaluri saganmanaTleblo sistemis meSveobiT, iseve
rogorc
nacionalur
kulturebs
Soris
arsebuli
gansxvavebebisaTvis
meti
gamokveTilobisa
da
gamomsaxvelobis
miniWebiT,
nacionaluri
kulturis
daenergva da, amgvaradve, erTobis yovel wevrs amis
Sedegad
miRebul
politikur
kulturaSi
CarTva.
amgvarad, irkveva, rom globalizaciis procesebi arc
nacionalizmis gavlenas asusteben da arc naciebs
aqroben. sinamdvileSi isini avrceleben am gavlenas da
xels uwyoben naciebs, rom ufro metad monawile da
gansxvavebulni gaxdnen (A.D.Smith 1995: Tavi 6).
araTanabari eTnoistoriebi
globalizaciis procesebis garda, arsebobs Rrma
mizezebic,
romlebic
migviTiTeben,
Tu
ratomaa
SeuZlebeli nacionalizmis monacvlis warmoSobis da
naciaTa gaqrobis pirobebis Seqmna. am mizezTagan pirveli
premodernuli
eTnikurobis
memkvidreobidan
momdinareobs. es araa ubralod ‘gadmonaSTis’ argumenti,
rom raki modernul epoqasa da mis naciebSi premodernul
eTnieTa elementebi SenarCundnen, maSasadame, zustad
aseve modernul naciebsa da nacionalizmsac SeuZliaT
gaZlon postmodernul xanaSi. es argumenti msoflioSi
eTnoistoriebis araTanabar gavrcelebas da naciebisa da
nacionalizmis gamZleobaze mis gavlenas ufro exeba.
gavixsenoT, rom eTnoistoria imiT gansxvavdeba
‘istoriisagan’, rom es ukanaskneli warsulSi metnaklebad
uintereso, profesiul ZiebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, maSin
roca pirveli erTobis wevrebis sakuTar Canawerebs da
mis mierve maxsovrobebisa da ‘avTenturi’ koleqtiuri
warsulis an warsulebis xelaxal aRmoCenas efuZneba.
aseTi mcdelobisas koleqtiuri warsuli WeSmariti
zneobrivi gakveTilebisa da Tvalwarmtaci suraTebis
seriis saxiT gvevlineba, romelic identobasa da
unikalobas cxovlad warmoaCens, iseve rogorc erTobis
194
mniSvnelovnebas da arsobriv sikeTes, miuxedavad imisa,
Tu
ra
naklovanebebi
aqvT
calkeul
wevrebs.
eTnoistoriis
yuradRebis
centrSi
socialurekonomikuri problemebi an politikuri instituciebis
ganviTareba ki ar eqceva, aramed gmiroba da Tavganwirva,
SemoqmedebiTi unari da aRorZineba, wmidanoba da
RvTismsaxureba, genealogia da tradicia, erToba da misi
lideri. yvelaze xSirad eTnoistoria erT an ramdenime
‘oqros xanas’ ixsenebs, raTa maTi SegonebiTa da
magaliTiT momavalSi aRadginos erToba. amgvari ‘oqros
xanebi’
erTobis
‘arss’,
mis
‘WeSmarit’
xasiaTs
ganasaxiereben, Tumca mravalgvar formas iReben. ‘oqros
xana’
SeiZleba
iyos
politikuri
da
ekonomikuri,
simdidris, Zlevamosilebis da brwyinvalebis (Zvel
egvipte, inkebis peru), an religiuri, asketuri rwmenisa
da wmindanobisa da sibrZnis epoqebi (konfucis xana,
upaniSidebis xana, bibliisa da yuranis epoqebi),
an
kulturisa da xelovnebisa, rodesac didi moazrovneebi,
mwerlebi da xelovanni ikribebodnen did qalaqebsa da
imperiebSi
(Zvel
aTensa
da
aleqsandriaSi,
Sua
saukuneebis italiis qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi an XVII
saukunis niderlandebis provinciebSi). erTobis momdevno
TaobebisaTvis es xanebi kanonikurad gadaiqca; isini
konspeqturad gvawvdian yvelafers, rac diadi da
keTilSobilia
‘Cvens
erTobaSi’,
da
rac
axla,
samwuxarod, dakargulia, magram male aRorZindeba naciis
xelaxal dabadebasTan erTad (ix. A.D.Smith 1997).
Tu arc oqros xana arsebobda da arc gmirebi, arc
didebuli teqstebi da artefaqtebi, Cven, Tanamedrove
naciam, rogorRa ganvsazRvroT ‘ra aris Cveni namdvili
TviTi’? gana ara varT naciadyofnis Rirsi Tu Cveni
miswrafebebia ukanono? nacionalisturi kanonis mixedviT,
yovel nacias aqvs Rirseuli da sasargeblo warsuli;
saqme mxolod misi povnaa. amitomac gasakviri araa, rom
sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebsa da xalxebSi vawydebiT erTsa
da imave kulturul miznebsa da qmedebebs iqneba es
istoriuli
da
literaturuli
sazogadoebebis
Camoyalibeba, materialuri naSTebis da dokumentebis
Zieba, vernakuluri enebis Seswavla da gavrceleba,
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis TaviseburebaTa fiqsireba,
195
Zveli folkloruli tradiciebis Tu wes-Cveveulebebisa
da ritualebis xelaxali aRmoCena. Cven am TviTigivuri
moqmedebebisa da miznebis povna SegviZlia afrikaSi,
saharis samxreTiT da aziaSi koloniuri mmarTvelobis
dros, iseve rogorc evropaSi. Sedegi iyo e.w. ‘uistorio
naciebis’ istoriul naciebad gadaqceva, maTTvis gmirebis,
kulturebis aRdgena da SemorCenili dokumentebidan da
artefaqtebidan cnobebis saguldagulo amokrefiT oqros
xanebis miRebac ki. elias lonrotis mier kareliuri
baladebis xelaxalma aRmoCenam da epikur kalevalaSi
gaerTianebam finelebis yuradReba sibrZnisa da gmirobis
xanas miapyro; slovakebi svatoplukisa da sxva mefeebis
droindel
adremoraviul
samefos
miubrundnen;
ukrainelebi aseve eZiebdnen TavianT fesvebsa da didebas
kazakTa tradiciebSi da, kidev ufro adre, kievis
ruseTSi; zimbabvelebma sakuTari winapris didebis xana
im civilizaciaSi hpoves, romelmac diadi zimbabves
monumentebi aRmarTa.14
avTenturi eTnoistoriis araTanabari ganawileba,
ris
Sedegadac
zogierT
nacias
‘mdidari’,
kargad
dokumentirebuli warsuliT SeuZlia iamayos, xolo
sxvebi
warsulze
bundovani
warmodgeniT
unda
dakmayofildnen, gauTavebel Sedarebasa da konkurencias
uwyobs
xels.
mTels
msoflioSi
nacionalizmebis
mamoZravebeli
ara
marto
fardobiTi
ekonomikuri
siRaribea, aramed kulturuli da eTnosimbolisturi
resursebis SedarebiTi naklovanebac. es exeba ara
mxolod
‘utyuar
cnobebs’,
aramed
avTenturobis
percefciasac
Tavad
naciis
wevrebis
nawilSi
da
ucxoebSic, anu naciis kulturis avTenturi xasiaTis
aRiarebas SinaurTa da gareSeTa mier. im eTnieTa
raodenoba, romlebic naciadyofnisa da saxelmwifod
yofnis potenciuri kandidatebi arian da maT mier imis
gacnobiereba,
rom
Tavadac
da
gareSenic
unda
darwmundnen
maTi
pretenziebis
safuZvlianobaSi,
eTnoistoriasa da eTnikur kulturas gadamwyvet rols
aniWebs naciadyofnis dasabuTebasa da dakanonebaSi. es
gvafiqrebinebs, rom eTnonacionalizmebis Zala moimatebs
da maTi gavrcelebis arealic gafarTovdeba.
196
aRniSnuli daskvna Cems adrindel mtkicebas
ukavSirdeba imis Taobaze, rom nacionalizms unda
SevxedoT ara rogorc zustad politikur ideologias,
aramed rogorc sajaro da saxalxo da ‘avTenturi’
kulturis politizebul formas. vernakuluri eTnikuri
kulturebis politikur saxalxo sajaro kulturebad
gadakeTebis farTo gavrceleba nacionalizmis erT-erTi
centraluri mimarTulebaa. mTels msoflioSi eTnieebis
raodenoba XXI saukunis dasawyisSi nacionalizmis
SenarCuneba-gafarToebis mizezs gasagebs xdis.
sakraluri safuZvlebi
rac zemoT vTqvi, ambis mxolod nawilia. is, risi
meSveobiTac
SegviZlia
nacionaluri
identobis
gangrZobadobasa da naciTa gamZleobas CavwvdeT, ufro
metad naciebis sakraluri safuZvlebis SeswavlaSia.
es TiTqos paradoqsia. bolos da bolos, Cven xom
sekularul epoqaSi vcxovrobT, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
dasavleTSi, sadac materialurma faseulobebma da
preferenciebma
sakraluris
gancda
daamxo,
transcedenturi Rirebulebebis Zveli rwmena ki gaaqro.
identobani,
romelTa
Seqmnasac
vcdilobT,
arsiT
pragmatulia; isini ekonomikur safuZvelzea damyarebuli
da politikur gamoxatulebas mxolod maSin iZens, roca
surs moicvas da ganaviTaros materialuri interesebi.
Cven kulturasac, romelic, yovel SemTxvevaSi xalxur
doneze, komerciuli midgomebis Zlier gavlenas ganicdis,
aklia sakraluri, transcendenturi ganzomileba, rwmena
imisa,
rac
uSualod
awmyosa
da
mis
efemerul
gamoxatulebaTa miRmaa. politikuri idealebis mimarT
farTod
gavrcelebuli
apaTiis
da
cinikuri
damokidebulebis pirobebSi gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom
nacionaluri ideali araTu loialobas gvinergavda,
aramed sakmao indeferetulobas iwvevda.
es problema marto dasavleTSi rodi dgas.
nacionalizmisadmi gaorgulebis niSnebi sxva qveynebSic
SeiniSneba. politikuri damoukideblobis miRwevasTan
erTad nacionalisturi vnebebic dacxra, radganac cxadi
Seiqna, rom nacionalizmi ekonomikis swrafi ganviTarebis
197
araviTar
recepts
ar
flobs,
da
rom
naklebad
ganviTarebuli
sazogadoebebis
ekonomikuri
da
kulturuli
daqvemdebarebulobis
mdgomarebidan
gamosayvanad sxva ideologiebia saWiro, iseve rogorc
mniSvnelovani resursebi da teqnologiebi.15
amis gacnobierebas sulac ar SeuSlia xeli
mraval
postkoloniur
saxelmwifoSi
(dawyebuli
indoeTidan
da
indoneziidan
da
palestiniTa
da
israeliT,
eTiopiiTa
da
angoliT
damTavrebuli)
eTnikurobasa
da
religiaze
dafuZnebuli
nacionalisturi vnebebis amofrqvevisaTvis. mas arc is
nacionalisturi
mgznebareba
daucxria,
romelic
msoflioSi mimdinare mraval mniSvnelovan teritoriul
davas
axlda
–
qaSmirSi,
Sri-lankaSi,
kavkasiaSi,
balkaneTSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da afrikis rqaze. mark
iurgensmaieri ‘religiuri nacionalizmebis’ ganxilvisas
yuradRebas
amaxvilebs
sekularuli
saxelmwifo
nacionalizmis marcxze (rac bevris azriT faqtia) da
ufro
radikaluri,
religiuri
Zirebis
mqone
nacionalizmis
mimzidvelobaze,
romelic
cdilobs
socialuri gardaqmnebi Zveli religiuri teqstebisa da
praqtikis
mkacri
interpretaciebis
mixedviT
ganaxorcielos (Juergensmeyer 1993). Tumca realurad ‘axal
civ omze’ laparaki ar SeiZleba, udavoa, rom religiuri
nacionalizmebis sxvadasxva tipTa Soris erTianobis
ararseboba, maTi magaliTebi, seriozuli sasuliero da
politikuri
gamowvevaa
xSirad
araefeqturi
aradasavluri saxelmwifo naconalizmebisaTvis.
TviT dasavleTSic ar gamqrala naciis sakraluri
safuZvlebi.
maT,
udavod,
miiRes
sekularuli
racionalizmis
gamowveva
da
iZulebulni
gaxdnen
socialur da politikur cvlilebebs morgebodnen.
magram
sekularuli
nacionalizmis
‘politikuri
religias’ kvlav izidavs Zveli religiuri motivebi
Tavisi liturgiiT, simbolizmiTa da miTebis SeqmniT,
vinaidan igi sakuTar Tavs racionalistur epoqaSi xsnis
erTaderT sicocxlisunarian dramad warmosaxavs. bolos
da
bolos,
koleqtiur
doneze
racionalizmis
gamovlineba, garkveulwilad uSvebs kooperirebasa da
politikur solidarobas, es ki kargad gansazRvrul
198
CarCosa da politikur arenas saWiroebs. axlo momavalSi
teritoriis
mflobeli
erToba,
nacia
–
Tavisi
istoriiTa da bedisweriT,
gansxvavebuli
sakuTari
ueWvelia, yvelaze metad saxalxo da mosaxerxebel
CarCos uqmnis politikuri solidarobas.
naciis es oTxi bazisuri kategoria – erToba,
teritoria, istoria da bediswera – warsulSi, da me
vityodi, awmyoSic ganixileba, rogorc ‘sakraluri’, im
azriT, rom wevrebis umetesoba maT pativiscemisa da
Tayvaniscemis TviTkmar obieqtebad miiCnevs. ver vityviT,
rom romelime maTganis aspeqtebi sadavo ar gamxdariyos.
zogierTma
erToba,
rogorc
aseTi,
globalur
kosmopolitizmSi gacvala. uamravi kiTxva wamoiWra
samSoblos cnebis bunebisa da ganfenilobis, miRebuli
eTnoistoriebis WeSmariti Sinaarsisa da moralis da
erTobis
bedisweris
sxvadasxva
xedvis
viTomcda
RirsebebTan da naklovanebebTan dakavSirebiT. ukve is,
rom msoflio erTobebad da naciebad iyofa, romlebic
TavianT teritoriebs anu samSoblo miwebs floben,
romelTac sakuTari istoriebi da bediswerebi aqvT,
imgvar rwmenas nergavs, romelsac adamianTa umravlesoba
iSviaTad Tu uRalatebs. es forma, rasac ‘sakraluri
Tvisebebi’ an, ufro zustad, naciis bazisuri Tvisebebi
SeiZleba ewodos, misi wevrebis sakralur Tanaziarebad
gaiazreba.16
ai, es sakraluri Tvisebebi, romlebic me meore
TavSi ganvixile:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
eTnikuri rCeulobis rwmena, naciis, rogorc
rCeuli
xalxis
idea,
maszed
dakisrebuli
sagangebo misiiT an eqskluziuri RvTaebrivi
aRTqmiT;
mijaWvuloba sakralur teritoriasTan, wmindanTa,
gmirTa da brZenTa, winaparTa saflavebiTa da
ZeglebiT kurTxeul winaparTa samSoblo miwasTan;
‘oqros xanaTa’ saziaro maxsovrobani, rogorc
naciis eTnoistoriis mwvervalebi, materialuri
da/an sulieri da mxatvruli simdidris epoqebi;
‘saxelovan micvalebulTa’ da naciisa da misi
xvedrisaTvis gmiruli Tavdadebis kulti.
199
eTnieebSi, qalaq-saxelmwifoebsa da imperiebSi am
rwmenebis, maxsovrobebisa da mijaWvulobebis magaliTebs
premodernul epoqebSic SexvdebiT. TviT saxelovan
micvalebulTa kultsac ki hyavs winamorbedi dakrZalvis
ceremoniebisa da winaparTa kultis saxiT. rogorc georg
mosma
germaniis
magaliTze
dagvanaxa,
adreulma
germanelma nacionalistebma TavianTi demonstraciebisa
da
zeimebisaTvis
qristianuli
liturgikuli
da
ritualuri
elementebi
gamoiyenes.
zogadad,
nacionalistebi am tradiciul religiur safuZvlebs
eyrdnobian, sakuTari miznebisaTvis arCeven da aaxleben
Zvel motivebs, simboloebsa da miTebs. nebismier (ufro
metad
bazisur)
doneze
nacionalizmi,
rogorc
politikuri religia da rogorc ‘xalxis religia’,
modernuli nacionaluri identobebis rekonstruqciaSenarCunebisaTvis am oTx sakralur Tvisebas uciloblad
mimarTavs (Mosse 1975 da 1994).
cxadia, yvela nacias Tanabrad ara aqvs es
sakraluri
Tvisebebi.
Cven
vnaxeT,
Tu
ramdenad
araTanabradaa
ganawilebuli
msoflioSi
kargad
dokumentirebuli movlenebiT aRsavse eTnoistoriebi. es
uTanabroba sxva sakralur Tvisebebsac Seexeba. zog
SemTxvevaSi dakavebuli teritoriebisadmi sakralurad
aRqmuli
mijaWvuloba
naciis
arsebobis
amosavali
wertili,
misTvis
Taviseburebisa
da
intensivobis
mimniWebelia, rogorc
es gaWianurebuli teritoriul
davebis dros xdeboda. sxva SemTxvevebSi win oqros
xanebis
saziaro
maxsovrobani
wamoiweven,
raTa
koleqtiur qmedebas mimarTuleba dausaxon. zogjer
eTnikuri rCeulobis rwmena, erTobis, viTarca rCeuli
xalxis, sayovelTao idea, nacias energiiT aRavsebda, mis
moqalaqeebs ki mkveTrad mijnavda ucxoTagan. yvelaze
ufro zogadad, albaT, omSi dacemul gmirTa kulti da
maTi monumentebi, da ‘saxelovan micvalebulTa’ xsovnis
ceremoniebi
ganmartaven
moqalaqeTa
koleqtiuri
kavSirebisa da bedisweris bunebas.
am
koncefciis
safuZvelze
gavbedav
zogadi
hipoTezis wamoyenebas nacionaluri identobis gamZleobis
Taobaze. iq, sadac oTxive es sakraluri Tviseba farTod
warmodgenili iyo da aris kidec eTnonacionalur
200
mosaxleobaSi, Sedegad miRebuli nacionaluri identobac
gansakuTrebiT mZlavri da moqnilia da aseTad darCeba.
is mkveTrad gamijnavs erTobis wevrebs ucxoTagan da a.S.,
uxalisod
moekideba
axalmosulebis
nacionaluri
kulturuli erTobis sruluflebian wevrebad miCnevas.
da piriqiT, iq, sadac am sakralur TvisebaTagan erTze
meti sustia an saerTod ar aris, nacionaluri identobis
Zalac, Sesabamisad, Semcirebuli iyo da aris da mas
mimzidvelobac
dakarguli
aqvs
sxva
kulturuli
identobebis winaSe mdgari mosaxleobisaTvis. amitom Tavs
iCens naciis socialuri da kulturuli sazRvrebis
simkveTris Semdgomi Sesusteba da ucxoTa ara mxolod
moqalaqeebad, aramed nacionaluri erTobis srulfasovan
wevrebad miRebisTvis mzadyofnis zrda.
daskvna
amgvarad, am bazisur doneze nacia SeiZleba
ganxilul
iqnas,
rogorc
moqalaqeTa
sakraluri
Tanaziareba, xolo nacionalizmi, rogorc ‘politikuri
religiis’
forma
sakuTari
wminda
werilebiT,
liturgiebiT, wmindanebiTa da ritualebiT. naciebTan an
nacionalizmebTan
dakavSirebiT
monoliTuri
da
statikuri
araferia.
imave
mizeziT,
ris
gamoc
tradiciuli religiebi axal pirobebTan Sesagueblad
periodulad
ganicdida
cvlilebebs,
Cveulebriv,
modernuli
nacionaluri
identobebic
axleburad
moiazreboda momdevno Taobebis mier; da zustad iseve,
rogorc
religia
Seicavs
variantul
formebs,
nacionalizmebSic
vpoulobT
nacionaluri
warmomavlobisa da ganviTarebis konkurentul miTebs.
durkhaimis sityvebi, romlebiTac igi aboloebs religiis
miseul analizs, naciebsa da nacionalizmsac kargad
esadageba:
amrigad,
aris
raRac
maradiuli
religiaSi,
romelsac bedisweram arguna yvela specifikuri
simbolo
Semoinaxos,
romelTa
garsSic
religiurma azrma sakuTari Tavi moxerxebulad
moaqcia. ar arsebobs iseTi sazogadoeba, romelic
201
ar saWiroebdes erTianobisa da TviTmyofadobis
Semadgeneli
koleqtiuri
sentimentebisa
da
koleqtiuri
ideebis
dacvasa
da
periodul
gadaazrebas (Durkheim 1915: 427).
maSasadame, sanam naciis sakraluri safuZvlebi arsebobs
da sekularul materializmsa da individualizms jer ar
gamouclia
safuZveli
istoriisa
da
bedisweraze
damyarebuli erTobis umTavresi rwmenebisaTvis, manamde
nacionalizms, rogorc politikur ideologias, sajaro
kulturasa da politikur religias, daWknoba ar uweria,
xolo
nacionaluri
identoba
darCeba
Tanamedrove
msoflio wesrigis qvakuTxedad.
202
SeniSvnebi
________________________________
Tavi 1 cnebebi
1
2
3
4
5
6
am sakvanZo cnebebis ufro sruli ganxilva ix.
zernatosTan (Zernatto 1944), snaiderTan (Snyder 1954)
da kemilainenTan (Kemiliainen 1964).
nacionalizmis
nacionalur
sentimentTan
gamaigivebeli ganmartebebis Sesaxeb ix. miCelati
da Tomasi (Michelat and Thomas 1966), koni (Kohn 1967a:
Tavi 1) da seton-uotsoni (Seton-Watson 1977: Tavi 1).
nacionalisturi moZraobebis strategia da taqtika
ix. brilisTan (Breuilly 1993) da esmanTan (Esman 1994).
dasavleTSi
usaxelmwifo
naciebis
nacionalisturi
miznebi
da
taqtika
gaanalizebuli aqvs gibernaus (Guibernau 1999).
nacionalizmis, rogorc upiratesad diskursiuli
warmonaqmnis analizis magaliTi ix. kalhunTan
(Calhoun 1997); ix. agreTve brubeikeri (Brubaker 1996).
vinaidan ar mogvepoveba nacionaluri simbolizmis
ganmazogadebeli
gamokvlevebi,
mniSvnelovnad
migvaCnia hobsbaumisa da reinjeris redaqciiT
gamocemul krebulSi (Hobsbawm and Ranger 1893)
moTavsebuli statiebi da mosis Sroma (Mosse 1975
da 1990). ix., agreTve, hedetofti (Hedetoft 1995:
nawili I, Tavi 4) da statiebi SesaniSnavi opusidan
frangi xalxis ‘xsovnis adgilTa’ Sesaxeb noras
redaqciiT (Nora 1997–1998, gansakuTrebiT, tomi III).
‘antikoloniuri
nacionalizmebis’
umetesoba
eTnikurad
homogenur
mosaxleobaTa
SigniT
koloniuri
administraciis
xelSewyobiT
urTierTwakidebul
umciresobaTa
ideologiur
moZraobebs warmoadgenda, rogorc amas nigeriasa
203
7
8
9
10
11
12
da indoeTSi hqonda adgili. evropuli modelis
nacionaluri bazisis uqonlobis gamo, am qveynebis
elitas ganzraxuli hqonda misi Seqmna. isini
‘ganzraxvis naciebi’ iyvnen (Rotberg 1967). ix.,
agreTve, Caterji (Chatterjee 1986).
aq upriani iqneba gavixsenoT uolker konoris mier
SeniSnuli gansxvaveba istoriul da gancdil
realobas Soris (Connor 1994: 202); mniSvneloba aqvs
ara imas, rac aris, aramed imas, rac ganicdeba.
mosazreba, rom nacia da nacionaluri xasiaTi
nacionalizmis ideologias, sul cota, saukuniT
mainc, uswrebs win ix. kemilainenisa (Kemilainen 1964)
da
grinfeldis
(Greenfeld
1992:
Tavebi
1–2)
dawvrilebiT gamokvlevebSi.
naciis cnebis ganmartebis problemebis Taobaze
sayuradRebo diskusia ix. doiCTan (Deutsch 1966:
Tavi 1), rastousTan (Rustow 1967) da konorTan
(Connor 1994: Tavi 4).
diasporebis Taobaze ix. koeni (Cohen 1997).
eTnieebis
umetesoba,
faqtobrivad
sakuTar
teritoriebze
saxlobs,
magram
premodernul
warsulSi maT xSirad ar hqondaT sazRvrebi. sxva
eTnieebs SeeZloT winaparTa miwazec ecxovraT da
gafantulnic
yofiliyvnen,
rogorc
moxda
zogierTi otomanuri mileTis SemTxvevaSi; ix.
armstrongTan (Armstrong 1982: Tavi 7).
es gansazRvrebebi ix. e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith 1986:
Tavi 2; 1991: Tavi 1). ix., agreTve, motilTan (Motyl
1999: Tavebi 4–5).
naciebi ubralod eTnieebis delokalizebul da
politizebul formebs ar warmoadgenen, rogorc
amas akzini (Akzin 1964) amtkicebda; Yyvelafers rom
Tavi davaneboT, eTnie iseve SeiZleba iyos didic
xalxmravalic da politikurad organizebulic,
rogorc eTnikuri saxelmwifo. xolo rac nacias
eTniesagan ganasxvavebs, (sajaro) kulturis tipia,
(erTiani
teritoriuli)
ekonomika
da
samarTlebrivi wesrigi (yvela wevrisaTvis saerTo
ufleba-movaleobani). am TvalsazrisTa damuSavebis
204
13
14
15
16
17
magaliTi ix. e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith 2000a: Tavi 3), da
qvemoT, mexuTe TavSi.
saerTaSoriso politikaSi modernuli diasaporaerTobebis rolis Sesaxeb ix. Seferi (Sheffer 1986);
xolo
modernuli
multilokaluri
somxuri
diasporas Taobaze ix. panosiani (Panossian 2000).
aq Cven ori saxis ‘warumatebeli’ nacionalizmi
SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan: eTnikuri
kategoriis anu eTnies warumatebloba mZlavri
nacionalisturi moZraobis ganviTarebaSi; da am
nacionalizmis
warumatebloba
politikuri
miznebis miRwevaSi. pirveli saxis warumateblobis
magaliTebad oqsitanebi an koptebi SeiZleba
miviCnioT, maSin roca qurTebi da Tamilebi
(dRemde) SeiZleba meore saxis ‘warumateblobis’
magaliTad mogvexmo. ix. e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith 1983:
Tavi 9).
termin ‘nacia-saxelmwifos’ Taobaze ix. zartmani
(Zartmann 1964). eTnikuri jgufebisaTvis koloniuri
xelisuflebebis mier Seqmnili axal teritoriuli
sazRvrebis efeqts aRwers horovici (Horowitz 1985:
Tavi 2).
aRmosavleT evropaSi eTnikurobisa da enas Soris
arsebuli
siRrmiseuli
bmebis
sakiTxis
originaluri
analizisas
amgvaria
fiSmanis
midgoma (Fishman 1980), romelTa gabundovnebac, misi
SexedulebiT, modernistul midgomebs Cvevad aqvT
gadaqceuli. kritika ix. e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith 1998:
159–161).
am saxis intergeneraciuli analizis saWiroebis
Sesaxeb Tvalsazrisi centraluria armstrongisa
(Armstrong 1982: Tavi 1) da, sazogadod, istoriuli
eTnosimbolizmis mimdevarTaTvis.
Tavi 2 ideologiebi
1
nacionalisturi ideologiis inteleqtualuri da
moraluri kritikisaTvis ix. minogu (Minogue 1967),
dani (Dunn 1978: Tavi 3) da pareki (Parekh 1995).
205
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
adreuli nacionalisti moazrovneebis erTgvari
arasruli Sefasebis mcdeloba ix. baronTan (Baron
1960), konTan (Kohn 1965, 1967a da 1967b) da
virolisTan (Viroli 1995); Sdr., agreTve, sluga (Sluga
1998).
rasakvirvelia, es naciebis sasruli bunebidan
gamomdinareobs; rogorc andersoni (Anderson 1991)
Segvaxsenebs, yovelTvis moiZebnebian naciis gareT
myofi adamianebi.
Cven SegviZlia vikiTxoT: mainc ras warmoadgendnen
‘nacionaluri
komunizmebi’,
nacionaluri
mimarTulebis
komunizmebs,
Tu
komunisturi
mimarTulebis nacionalizmebs? amis Sesaxeb ix.
kaucki (Kautsky 1962: Sesavali da louentalis
statia).
kamaTi saxelmwifoebriobas moklebuli naciebis,
rogorc politikuri aqtorebis, mniSvnelobis
zrdasTan dakavSirebiT, ix. gibernausTan (Guibernau
1999).
evropul istoriaSi iridentizmis rolis Sesaxeb
ix. seton-uotsoni (Seton-Watson 1977: Tavi 3) da
alteri
(Alter
1989);
afrikaSi
arsebuli
iridentizmisa da sazRvrebis Taobaze ix. asivaju
(Asiwaju 1985); xolo kavkasiuri iridentizmebisa da
separatizmebisaTvis ix. raiti, goldenbergi da
Sofildi (Wright, Goldenberg and Schofield 1996).
iridentizmsa da separatizms Soris arsebuli
gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb ix. horovicTan (Horowitz
1992).
fixtes, ianisa da miuleris ideebis Sesaxeb ix.
keduri (Kedourie 1960) da koni (Kohn 1965).
patriotebisaTvis
frangul
rasakvirvelia,
revoluciaSi
pirvelxarisxovani
Zmuri
siyvarulisa da erTianobis ideebi iyo; ix. Sama
(Schama 1989: Tavi 12).
herderis Sesaxeb ix. barnardis (Barnard 1965) da
berlinis (Berlin 1976) brwyinvale gamokvlevebi.
‘nacionaluri gamoRviZebis’ metaforebis Taobaze
ix. pirsoni (Pearson 1993); nacionalizmis mier
206
9
10
11
12
13
samecniero disciplinebis gamoyeneba e.d.smiTma
gamoikvlia (A.D.Smith 1986: Tavi 7).
warmoSobisa da STamomavlobis nacionalisturi
miTebis analizi ix. statiebSi hoskingisa da
Sopflinis redaqciiT gamocemuli krebulidan
(Hosking and Schöpflin 1997) da e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith
1999a: Tavi 2). ix., agreTve, Tamas hoferis
saintereso
moxseneba
(‘glexuri
kulturebis
eTnikuri modeli’) ‘avTenturi’ glexuri kulturis
ungruli modelis Sesaxeb (Suger 1980).
arqeologiaze nacionalizmis gavlenis Sesaxeb ix.
diaz-endriu da Cempioni (Diaz–Andreu and Champion
1996), da jounsi (Jones 1997). israelis nacionaluri
tradiciis Sesaqmnelad istoriisa da arqeologiis
gamoyenebis aRwera mocemuli aqvs zerubavels
(Zerubavel 1995).
jgufis Rirsebis cneba horovicma gamoikvlia
(Horowitz 1985: Tavebi 4–5). zogierTi aziuri
magaliTisaTvis
ix.
statiebi
tonesonisa
da
antlovis (Tønnesson and Antlov 1996), da leiferis
(Leifer 2000) redaqciiT^gamosul krebulebSi.
es garemoeba wamoWris saintereso kiTxvas imis
Taobaze, SesaZlebelia Tu ara aTenis, spartas,
florenciisa
da
veneciis
msgavsi
qalaqsaxelmwifoebis miCneva mcire masStabis naciebad,
aris Tu ara maTi ‘patriotizmi’ nacionalizmis
WeSmaritad
moqalaqeobrivi
tipi
an
misi
prototipi
(ix.
Cohen
2000).
respublikur
patriotizmsa
da
(germanul
eTnokulturul)
nacionalizms Soris gansxvavebebis aRweris arcTu
savsebiT warmatebuli mcdeloba ix. virolisTan
(Viroli 1995); Zveli berZnuli polisis SemTxvevaSi
arsebuli zogierTi konteqstualur sxvaobisaTvis
Sdr. (Fondation Hardt 1962) da fainli (Finley 1986:
Tavi7).
ix. maTosianis klasikuri analizi (Matossian 1962).
daniur SemTxvevisaTvis ix. ulf ostergardis
‘glexebi da danielebi: daniuri nacionaluri
identoba da politikuri kultura’ elisa da sunis
redaqciiT gamosul krebulSi (Eley and Suny 1996).
207
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
es dargi XX saukunis 90-ian wlebamde SedarebiT
ugulebelyofili iyo. Tu ar CavTvliT, husenis
(Hoosen 1994), da herbisa da kaplanis (Herb and Kaplan
1999) mier Sedgenil sasargeblo krebulebs. garda
amisa, kanaduri da Sveicaruli eTnikuri birTvis
SesaniSnavi analizi mocemulia kaufmanisa da
cimeris mier (Kaufman and Zimmer 1998).
amgvari romatikuli, populisturi elementebis
povna TviT moqalaqeobriv da teritorialur
nacionalizmebSic SeiZleba, magaliTad, amerikis
SeerTebul Statebsa da meqsikaSi; ix. tuvesoni
(Tuveson 1968) da adesi (Ades 1989) da meqsikuri
eTnikuri
kulturebis
SesaniSnavi
gadmocema
gutieresis mier (Gutierrez 1999).
durkhaimisa da nacionalizmis Sesaxeb ix. mitCeli
(Mitchell
1931).
brZolis
velze
dacemulTaMmosaxsenebeli
ceremoniebis
rolis
Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT, germaniaSi ix. mosi (Mosse
1975, 1990 da 1994).
nacionalizmis tipologiis analizi ix. e.d.smiTTan
(A.D.Smith 1983: Tavebi 8–9); Sdr., agreTve, plamenacs
(Plamenatz 1976).
germaniis idealis Taobaze ix. lobera (Llobera 1994:
nawili I); xolo veberis nacionalizmis Sesaxeb ix.
biTemi
(Beetham
1974).
lingvisturidan
ufro
rasobriv germanul nacionalizmze gadasvla kons
(Kohn
1965)
da
breCers
(Bracher
1973)
aqvT
gaanalizebuli.
konis diqotomiis kritikisaTvis ix. haTCinsoni
(Hutchinson 1987: Tavi 1); da, agreTve, ix. e.d.smiTi
(A.D. Smith 1983: Tavi 8).
ix. heisi (Hayes 1931) da snaideri (Snyder 1976); Sdr.
tili (Tilly 1975: Sesavali da daskvna) da setonuotsoni (Seton-Watson 1977: Tavi 1).
Tavi 3 paradigmebi
1
revoluciuri fêtes Sesaxeb ix. herberti (Herbert
1972);
ix., agreTve, krou (Crow 1985: Tavi 7)
208
2
3
4
5
6
7
revoluciamde da revoluciis periodSi daviTisa
da
sxvaTa
xelovnebis
da
am
ukanasknelis
politikasTan kavSiris Taobaze.
ganmanaTlebluri safuZveli da misi gavlena
revoluciaze
beikers aqvs gamokvleuli (Baker
1988). franguli revoluciisa da nacionalizmis
Sesaxeb ix. kobeni (Cobban 1963), koni (Kohn 1967b) da
o’braieni (O’Brien 1988b).
safrangeTSi revoluciis Semdgomi moqalaqeobis
Sesaxeb ix. brubeikeri (Brubaker 1992). naciebisa da
nacionalizmis genderizireba revoluciisa da
romanticizmis
droidan
moyolebuli
kargad
dokumentirebuli da gaanalizebulia slugasTan
(Sluga 1998).
rusosa da nacionalizmis Sesaxeb ix. kobeni
(Cobban 1964) da koleri (Cohler 1970). safrangeTSi
klasikuri modelebisadmi dabrunebis Taobaze ix.
kobeni (Cobban 1963: 162–169) da kenedi (Kennedy 1989:
Tavi 4).
realurad, sociologiur modernizms is pozicia
ukavia, rom (a) nacionalizmi axalic aris da
siaxlec,
(b)
naciebi
da
nacionaluri
saxelmwifoebic aseve axali da siaxlea da (g)
yvela es nacionaluri fenomeni modernuli epoqis
da/an modernizaciis Sedegebs warmoadgens. bevrad
ufro vrclad ix. e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith 1998:
nawili I).
nairnis bolodroindeli Sroma (Nairn 1997) met
mniSvnelobas aniWebs socialur fsiqologiasa da
kulturul anTropologias, gansakuTrebiT ki
nacionalobis kulturul da socialur Zalas.
maSin
roca,
heCTeri
nacionalizmis
ufro
politikuri, racionaluri arCevanis, modelisaken
ixreba (Hetcher 1992 da 2000).
im sxva mkvlevrebs, romlebic nacionalisturi
ideologiis gansakuTrebul rolsa da Zalas
usvamen xazs, ganekuTvnebian kapfereri (Kapferer
1988),
o’braieni
(O’Brien
1988a),
iurgensmaieri
(Juergensmeyer 1993) da van der veeri (Van der Veer
1994).
209
8
9
10
11
12
nacionalizmisa
da
arqeologiis
urTierTdamokidebulebisadmi
interesis
bolodroindeli
zrda
da
arqeologiis
politikuri konteqsti SeiniSneba kolTan da
fosetTan (Kohl and Fawcett 1995), diaz–andreusa da
CempionTan (Diaz–Andreu and Champion 1996), da diaz–
andreusa da e.d.smiTTan (Diaz–Andreu and A.D.Smith
2001).
miuxedavad imisa, rom gangrZobadi da periodulad
ganmeorebadi
perenializmebi
analitikurad
gancalkevebadia erTmaneTisagan, praqtikulad maTi
gamyofi xazi mtkiced da myarad dafiqsirebuli
araa.Gzogi iseTi mkvlevris SromaSi, rogoric jon
armstrongia (Armstrong 1982), orive tips SeiZleba
gadavawydeT: konkretuli naciebis (sparselebis,
somxebis) warmoSobis kvleva Sexamebulia Sua
saukuneebis axlo aRmosavleTsa da evropaSi
mudmivad ganaxlebad naciadyofnis fenomenis da
naciebis
kvlevasTan;
gvaqvs,
erTis
mxriv,
modernuli
nacionaluri
identobebis
neli
amozrda
Suasaukunoebrivi
fesvebidan,
xolo,
meores mxriv, eTnikur da nacionaluri identobaTa
la longue durée uwyveti formireba da re-formireba.
nacionalisturi naturalizmisa da esencializmis
kritikisaTvis ix. penrouzi (Penrose 1995); Sdr.,
agreTve, brubeikeri (Brubaker 1996: Tavi 1), xolo
nacionalizmis
konstruqcionistuli
da
feministuri kritikis konteqstSi ix. iuval–devisi
(Yuval–Davis 1977).
primordializmSi SesavlisaTvis ix. steki (Stack
1986: Sesavali). teritoriis, rogorc sicocxlis
gamavrcobeli
Zalis
idea,
grosbis
mieraa
SemoTavazebuli
(Grosby
1995);
Sdr.
primordializmis
elerisa
da
kuglaniseul
kritikasa (Eller and Coughlan 1993) da grosbis pasuxs
(Grosby 1994), agreTve e.d.smiTis mier gadmocemul
diskusias (A.D.Smith 1998: Tavi7).
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi eTnikurobisa da
instrumentalizmis
Sesaxeb
mravalricxovani
literatura
moipoveba.
kerZod,
ix.
herbergi
210
13
14
15
(Herberg 1960); gleizieri da moinaiheni (Glazer and
Moynihan 1963: Sesavali); beli (Bell 1975); gansi (Gans
1979); okamura (Okamura 1981); da skoti (Scott 1990).
ZiriTadad amas Seexeba jon armstrongis mier
premodernul
islamur
da
qristianul
civilizaciebSi eTnikuri identobebis pioneruli
gamokvleva (Armstrong 1982).
koloniuri nigeriis detaluri gamokvlevis gziT,
eTnikurobis da naciadyofnis aseTi xasiaTis
adreuli klasikuri analizi ix. koulmenTan
(Colemman 1958, gansakuTrebiT, DdanarTi).
miuxedavad amisa, ar unda gavazviadoT subieqturi
elementebis
roli.
eTnosimbolistebis
mier
eTnieebi
iseT
sociokulturul
formaciebad
moiazreba,
romlebic
sociologiur
axsnas
saWiroebs; isini, pirvel rigSi, gancdil da
namoqmedar realobebs moicavs da ara diskursul
formaciebs.
nacionalizmis,
rogorc
qcevis
formis, Taobaze ix. besinjeri (Beissinger 1998).
Tavi 4 Teoriebi
1
2
maikl
heCTerma
sul
axlaxan
wamoayena
nacionalizmis Teoria arapirdapiridan pirdapir
mmarTvelobze gadasvlis azriT (Hechter 2000),
risTvisac
racionaluri
arCevani
savsebiT
modernistuli
paradigmis
SigniT
arsebul
politikur struqturul midgomas Seuxama. sxva
bolodroindeli midgomebi qvemoT, meeqvse TavSia
ganxiluli. TiToeuli maTgani imave modernistuli
paradigmis
farglebSi
moqmedebs,
romlis
aRmatebasac
isini
gansxvavebuli
gzebiT
eswrafvian.
kedurisaTvis,
rogorc
kantis,
ise
herderis
doqtrinebi, ganmanaTleblobis mier garkveulobisa
da srulyofilebis Ziebis produqtia. magram,
faqtobrivad, kulturuli mravalferovnebisa da
avTenturobis
herderiseuli
ideebi,
rusos
naturalizmTan
erTad,
ganmanaTleblobis
racionalizmisa
da
universalizmis
kritikas
211
3
4
5
6
7
8
warmoadgens; ix. barnardi (Barnard 1969) da berlini
(Berlin 1999: Tavi 3).
ufro sruli kritika ix. haTCinsonTan (Hutchinson
1987: Tavi 1) da e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith 1998: Tavi 2).
gelneris Teoria iseve, rogorc misi adrindeli
Sexedulebebi, am bolo dros mwvaved gaakritika
o’lirim (O’Leary 1998). gelneris Teoriis sxva,
modernistuli Sefasebebi ix. holTan (Hall 1998).
ix.
nairnis
gviandeli,
ufro
socialurfsiqologiuri da anTropologiuri analizi (Nairn
1997, gansakuTrebiT, Sesavali da Tavi 5).
evropaSi bolodroindeli, 1989 wlis Semdgomi
nacionalizmebis,
gelneris
TeoriiT
didad
davalebuli, gadmocema ix. dikhofTan (Dieckhoff
2000).
umarTebulod meCveneba keduris mcdeloba, rom
modernuli
nacionalizmi
antinomuri
Suasaukuneobrivi
milenianuri
qristianobidan
gamoiyvanos; ix. e.d.smiTi (A.D.Smith 1979: Tavi 2).
Tumca, nacionalizmis dakavSirebiT religiasTan,
swored
kedurim
gza
gauxsna
nacionalzmTa
mravalferovnebisa
da
maT
mier
gamowveuli
vnebebis ufro srul aRweras.
heCTers magaliTad boSebis saintereso SemTxveva
moaqvs. isini SedarebiT daxurul erTobas qmnian,
sulerTia iqneba es arCevanis Tu aucileblobis
mizeziT (Hechter 1988: 275–276). boSebis Sesaxeb ix.
kerniki da paqsoni (Kernick and Puxon 1972).
magram
sapirispiro
SemTxvevebzec
SeiZleba
dafiqreba rogorebicaa, magaliTad, palestinuri
intifada
israelis
Zlieri
saxelmwifos
winaaRmdeg, anda irlandiuri nacionalisturi
reaqcia mZlavr britanul represiebze, romelic
1916 wlis saaRdgomo ajanyebas mohyva. metic,
iugoslaviaSi 1980 wels titos gardacvalebis
Semdeg gadasvla moxda mmarTvelobis ufro sust,
naklebad
centralizebul
da
kolegialur
sistemaze,
romelmac
niadagi
moumzada
eTnonacionalistur Zaladobas; ix. rameti (Ramet
1996, gansakuTrebiT, I da IV nawilebi).
212
9
10
11
12
13
aq kvlav iugoslaviis magaliTi gvagondeba: gana
SeeZleboda
vinmes
aexsna
nacionalizmebis
intensivoba da Zaladoba meore msoflio omis
saerTo maxsovrobis mxedvelobaSi miuReblad
(ustaSebis mier serbTa xocva-Jletis xsovnis
CaTvliT)?
irlandiaSi
maxsovrobis
rolis
Taobaze ix. laionsi (Lyons 1979) da haTCinsoni
(Hutchnson 1987: Tavebi 2–4).
es myari Tvalsazrisic joSua fiSmanma SeimuSava
(Fishman
1980).
modernistebisgan
gansxvavebiT,
fiSmani
xazs
usvams
‘aramobilizebuli
eTnikurobis’ yvelganmyofobasa da
xangrZliv
xasiaTs. ix. agreTve neSi (Nash 1989).
aq konoris argumenti iujin veberis im Teziss
eyrdnoba (Weber 1979), romlis mixedviTac mxolod
XIX saukunis miwurulisaTvis, mesame respublikis
mier
gatarebuli
modernizaciis
politikis
Sedegad iqca safrangeTSi xalxis didi masa –
glexebi – namdvil frangebad Tavisi kulturiTa
da
msoflxedviT.
magram
aqedan
sulac
ar
gamomdinareobs, rom frang naciaze laparaki XIX
saukunis
dasasrulamde
ar
SeiZleba.
instituciurad, kulturulad da politikurad
frangi ‘nacia’ am TariRze bevrad ufro adre
moevlina samyaros da ganaTlebuli klasebis
cnobierebasa
da
qcevaSi,
sul
mcire,
XVI
saukunidan mainc cocxlobda da moqmedebda.
magaliTisaTvis ix. heistingsi (Hastings 1997: Tavi 4);
xolo ufro adreuli periodisaTvis – biuni
(Beaune 1985).
beli (Bell 1975) da brasi (Brass 1991) sakuTari,
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli gzebiT cdiloben
instrumentalistur CarCoSi moaqcion emocia da
simbolizmi, awonasworeben ra ‘interessa’ da
‘afeqts’.
saxelmwifoze
koncentrirebuli
sxva
modernistuli midgomisaTvis ix. tili (Tilly 1975:
Sesavali
da
daskvna)
ufro
geopolitikuri
midgomebisaTvis ix. oriji (Orridge 1982) da meioli
(Mayall
1990).
makkroni
gawonasworebulad
213
14
15
16
17
gadmoscems ‘saxelmwifosa da naciis’ Taobaze
mimdinare debatebs (McCrone 1998: Tavi 5).
irlandiuri da uelsuri ‘naciebis’ adreuli
SemTxvevebic arsebobs, romlebsac, Tumca arasodes
hqoniaT erTiani saxelmwifo, mainc gansakuTrebul
lingvisturi kulturebi, teritoriebi da bevri
wevrisaTvis
saerTo
zogierTi
samarTlebrivi
ufleba
hqondaT,
iseve
rogorc
gareSes
gamokveTili grZnoba; ix. heistingsi (Hastings 1997:
Tavi
3).
sainteresoa
Sveicariis
SemTxvevac,
romelic, sul mcire, XV saukunis Semdeg TiTqos
Zvel konfederaciaSi (Eidgenossenschaft) Sedioda da,
romelmac 1291 wels rutlis fici dado da mas
habsburgi mmarTvelebis mxridan Tavisi adrindeli
Tavisuflebebis
xelyofisadmi
winaaRmdegobis
iaraRad
iyenebda.
amasTan
dakavSirebiT
ix.
steinbergi (Steinberg 1976) da im hofi (Im Hof 1991).
agreTve,
Sveicarul
nacionalur
identobaSi
‘eTnikuri’
da
‘moqalaqeobrivi’
komponentebis
cimeriseuli damafiqrebeli analizi (Zimmer 1999).
Canasaxovan
mdgomarobaSi
myofi
germanuli
nacionaluri sentimentis renesansis humanistebis
mier Sedgenili aRweriloba ix. konTan (Kohn 1967a:
Tavi
4),
xolo
‘germaniis’
Suasaukuneobrivi
samflobelos formirebis analizi – loberasTan
(Llobera 1994: nawili I).
germanuli
da
afrikaneruli
nacionalizmebis
Zalian gansxvavebuli gadmocemebisa da maTi
miTebis Sesaxeb ix. koni (Kohn 1965) da kauTeni
(Cauthen 1997 da 2000). SeerTebuli Statebisa da
misi
miTis
providencialuri
misiis
Sesaxeb
(‘gancxadebuli bediswera’) ix. tuvesoni (Tuveson
1968), o’braieni (O’Brien 1988a) da grinfeldi
(Greenfeld 1992: Tavi 5).
amis msgavsad, haTCinsoni miiCnevs (Hutchinson 1987:
Tavi
1),
rom
kulturuli
da
politikuri
nacionalizmebi ar unda
gavaerTianoT; swored
esaa mis mier keduris kritikisas arsebiTi momenti.
214
18
19
20
21
22
23
saxelmwifoebisa da eTnieebis fardobiTi wonis
Taobaze gamarTuli Semdgomi kamaTi ix. e.d.smiTTan
(A.D.Smith 1998: Tavebi 4, 8).
hobsbaumisagan gansxvavebiT, andersoni fiqrobs,
rom naciebsa da nacionalizms bediT ar uweriaT
arsebobis Sewyveta postmodernul epoqaSi. magram
amgvari
mtkicebuleba
iolad
sulac
ar
gamomdinareobs miseuli Teoriis modernistuli
elementebidan.
aucilebelia
mivmarToT
sxva
elementebs
anda
mis
midgomaSi
aRniSnul
‘fatalurobebs’ – daviwyebis SiSsa da globaluri
lingvisturi babilonis godols – rom misma
winaswarmetyvelebam azri SeiZinos. ix. andersoni
(Anderson 1999).
andersoni xazs usvams nacionalizmis kognitur
aspeqts da mogviwodebs nacionalizmSi, upirveles
yovlisa, garkveuli politikuri praqtikisa da
kategorizaciebisaken
mimarTuli
‘diskursiuli
warmonaqmni’ davinaxoT; kerZod, ix. brubeikeri
(Brubaker 1996) da kalhuni (Calhoun 1997). andersonis
naazrevis ufro istoriuli da struqturuli
gamoyenebisaTvis ix. kitromilidisi (Kitromilides
1989).
hobsbaumis gadmocemam Zalze Zlieri gavlena
moaxdina;
magaliTisaTvis
ix.
israelis
nacionalizmis ramiseuli gadmocema (Ram 1995) da
XIX
saukunis
dasasrulis
Sveicaruli
nacionalizmis gadmocema kreisis mier (Kreis 1991).
Semdgomi analizi ix. qvemoT, mexuTe TavSi.
berZnuli gangrZobadobis elementebis Sesaxeb,
bizantiuri epoqidan mainc, ix. kempbeli da
Sererdi (Campbell and Sherrerd 1968: Tavi 1), da
armstrongi (Armstrong 1982: 174–181). ix., agreTve,
rudometovi (Roudometov 1998).
‘oqros xanis’ miTebis analizisaTvis ix. hoskingi
da Sopflini (Hosking and Schöpflin 1997). Cemi
eTnosimbolisturi
midgomis
ufro
sruli
gadmocemisaTvis ix. e.d.smiTi (A.D.Smith 1999a:
Sesavali; 2000a: Tavi 3).
215
24
eTnikurobis
cnebasTan,
umetesad
mis
mouxelTeblobasTan, dakavSirebiT, rasakvirvelia,
arsebobs problemebi. zogierTi (gansakuTrebiT,
anTropologebi)
amas
Tavs
aaridebda.
sxva
naciebisa da nacionalizmebis axsnisaTvis am faqts
naklebmniSvnelovnad miiCnevda; ix., magaliTad,
puli (Poole 1999: 34–43). amgvar Tavis aridebas an
ignorirebas SeiZleba raRac saerTo hqondes
eTnikuri sentimentebis damRupvel politikur
gamoyenebebTan,
ramdenadac
inteleqtualTa
seriozuli
eWviT,
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
monawileTa qmedeba da vneba gansazRvrulia, es
ararealisturi
da
gamouvali
mdgomareobiT
nakarnaxev rCevad moCans. ramdenadac sakuTriv
eTnikurobas
naciebisa
da
nacionalizmis
saTaveebisa da mimzidvelobis ‘axsna’ ar ZaluZs,
miTebi
saerTo
warmoSobaze
da
eTnikuri
mijaWvulobebi mkafiod unda gamoixatos naciebisa
da nacionalizmis problemebisadmi istoriul
midgomaSi.
eTnikurobisadmi
gansxvavebuli
anTropologiuri
midgomebis
dawvrilebiTi
ganxilva ix. eriksenTan (Eriksen 1993).
Tavi 5 istoriani
1
2
3
4
evropuli nacionalizmebis meore talRis Sesaxeb
ix. trevor-roperi (Trevor-Roper 1961). nacionalizmis
ideologiuri variaciebi ganxilulia hiesisa (Hayes
1931) da konis (Kohn 1967a) mier.
ufro adrindeli versiisaTvis ix. snaideri (Snyder
1954)
da
koni
(Kohn
1955);
xolo
ufro
gviandelisaTvis ix. snaideri (Snyder 1976), alteri
(Alter 1989) da Sulci (Schulze 1996).
gelneri naciebis zomisa da masStabis originalur
sociologiur axsnas gvTavazobs (Gellner 1973); ix.,
agreTve,
habsburgTa
imperiaSi
gamovlenili,
argailis mier moxmobili magaliTebi (Argyle 1976).
socialuri evoluciis am mTavari tendenciis
Taobaze
ix.
parsonsi
(Parsons
1966).
‘naciaTmSeneblobisa’ da moqalaqeobis modeli
216
5
6
7
8
9
aRwerilia doiCTan da folcTan (Deutsch and Foltz
1963), da bendiqsTan (Bendix 1996).
hobsbaumis midgomam bevr mecnierze iqonia gavlena
(ix. zemoT, Tavi 4, SeniSvna 21). adre aRniSnul
magaliTebs SeiZleba daematos kitromilidisis
mosazreba,
rom
berZeni
istorikosebis
mier
saberZneTis
bizantiasTan
identificireba
SedarebiT bolodroindeli movlenaa (Kitromilides
1998), da im azris zerubavelis analizi, rac
israelebma mianiWes bar-koxbas amboxebasa da
masadas miTs (Zerubavel 1995).
nacionalizmTa am nairsaxeobebis Sesaxeb ix. koni
(Kohn 1967a), snaideri (Snyder 1976) da gilberti
(Gilbert 1998).
aq naCvenebia grinfeldiseuli Suasaukuneobrivi
gamoyenebebis SezRudulobis (ix. Greenfeld 1992:
Sesavali)
implicituri
kritika.
ufro
didi
mniSvneloba
msoflio
krebebze
‘nacionalur’
dayofebs eniWeboda, rac SuasaukuneebSi farTo
gamoyenebas asaxavda.
esaa brilis mier modernizmis sasargeblod
wamoyenebuli mTavari argumenti (Breuilly 1993),
romelsac xazi gausves bendiqsma (Bendix 1996) da,
impliciturad, konorma (Connor 1994: Tavi 9).
teleologiuri
elementi
seton-uotsonis
midgomaSi siuzan reinoldsma gaakritika (Reynolds
1984: Tavi 8). misi SexedulebiT, Suasaukuneobrivi
erTobebis
klasificireba
retrospeqtulad,
sakuTari sazRvrebisa da sentimentebis (rogorc
modernul
naciebad
winaswar
navaraudebi
gardaqmnis pirveli niSnebis) mqone embrionul
naciebad ki ar unda moxdes, aramed isini unda
ganvixiloT rogorc erTobebi sakuTari wesCveulebebiT, kanonmdeblobiT, memkvidreobiT da
mmarTvelobiT, anu rogorc regna TavianTi saxalxo
sentimentebiT, ris gamoc saxeldebulni rogorc
‘samefo’. miuxedavad amisa, paraleli, erTis mxriv,
am
adreul
Suasaukuneobriv
erTobebsa
da
samefoebs, xolo, meores mxriv, modernul naciebsa
da nacionalur sentimentebs Soris, aSkaraa; Cven
217
10
11
12
13
aRar gvacvifrebs maT Soris urTierTkavSiris
SesaZlebloba. ix. loberas komentari: ‘modernuli
nacionalizmebi
Suasaukunoebrivi
realobebis
rekreaciebs
warmoadgens;
faqtobrivad,
maT
mxolod maSin SeuZliaT miaRwion warmatebas,
rodesac Suasaukuneobriv warsulSi aqvT fesvi
gadgmuli, Tundac masTan kavSiri arasworxazovani
iyos’ (Llobera 1994: 86).
ix.
heistingsi
(Hastings
1997):
‘naciebisa
da
nacionalizmis gageba mxolod maSin waiwevs win,
roca ukugdebul iqneba maTi ganuxreli kavSiri
sazogadoebis modernizacasTan’.
Suasaukuneobrivi
‘naciebis’
sxva
saintereso
SemTxvevebisaTvis ix. noli – XV saukunis
polonuri nacionaluri cnobierebis Sesaxeb (Knoll
1993), im hofi – XV da XVI saukuneebis Sveicaruli
konfederaciis qronikebSi dafiqsirebuli adreuli
bazisuri miTebis rolis Sesaxeb (Im Hof 1991) da
uebsteri – damoukideblobisaTvis warmoebuli
omebis
Semdeg
Sotlandiuri
nacionaluri
sentimentebis zrdis Sesaxeb (Webster 1997). ix.,
agreTve,
Tanamedrove
Sotlandielebis
mier
premodernuli
Sotlandiuri
identobis
gamoyenebebis iCijouseuli analizi (Ichijo 1998),
romelic Semdgomi kvlevis survils aRZravs.
sxva gamokvlevebi aqcents am periodze akeTeben,
romelmac inglisuri nacionalizmi Camoayaliba.
ix. koni (Kohn 1940), da korigani da seieri (Corrigan
and Sayer 1985). am periodSi britaneTis kunZulebze
arsebuli politikis, religiisa da eTnikurobis
urTierTdamokidebulebs kompleqsurobas ufro
frTxilad ekideba kidi (Kidd 1999). britanuli
nacionalizmis Semdgomdroindeli zrdis Taobaze
ix. koli (Colley 1992).
gelneris msgavsad, heistingsic amtkicebs, rom
islamisaTvis nacionalizmi miuRebelia, radganac
yvelafris momcveli umas miseuli koncefciiT
nacia mokveTilia, xolo yuranze dafuZnebuli
arabulis
sakraluri
statusis
Sesaxeb
misi
daJinebuli mtkiceba gamoricxavs vernakuluri
218
14
15
16
17
18
enebis
sakralizebas
raime
formiT.
amis
sawinaaRmdegod Cven SegviZlia mivuTiToT im
xerxze, romliTac kaTolikurma eklesiam da
saqristianom aRkveTa da xeli SeuSala naciebis
warmoSobas, da imaze, Tu rogor ekava vulgatas
laTinurs
arabulis
msgavsi
adgili
reformaciamde. XI saukunidan moyolebuli, arc
arabebis pirveloba uSlida xels sparsuli
eTnikurobisa da enis aRorZinebas an Turqulisa
da sxva eTnikurobebis SenarCunebas islamis
farglebSi. garda amisa, ulemebi exmareboda
erTmaneTisadmi
mtrulad
ganwyobil
islamur
dinastiur
saxelmwifoebs,
romlebic
xSirad
premodernuli
eTnikuri
sentimentebiT
sazrdoobdnen da Zlierdebodnen. ix. armstrongi
(Armstrong 1982: Tavi 3) da frai (Frye 1975).
heistingsis
kriteriumebis
mixedviT,
gviani
antikurobis ‘naciaTa’ siaSi SegveZlo Segveyvana
maronitebi, koptebi da samaritianelebic, ris
Sesaxebac ix. atia (Atiayah 1968), purvisiP(Purvis 1968)
da e.d.smiTi (A.D.Smith 1986: Tavi 5).
budizmis,
rogorc
gansxvavebuli
politikuri
religiis, xedvis Taobaze ix. sarqisianci (Sarkisyanz
1964)
da
d.i.smiTi
(D.E.Smith
1974),
xolo
Suasaukuneobrivi Sri-lankis eTnikurobisa da
religiis da misi modernul nacionalizmTan
kavSiris Taobaze ix. robertsi (Roberts 1993) da
subaratnami (Subaratnam 1997).
‘eTnikurobis’ problematuri bunebis Sesaxeb ix.
zemoT,
meoTxe
Tavi,
SeniSvna
24.
sxvagvari
kritikisaTvis
ix.
statiebi
uilsmenisa
da
makalisteris (Wilsmen and McAllester 1996), da
kalhunis (Calhoun 1997) redaqciiT gamocemul
krebulebSi.
Tvalsazrisebi uelselebisa da irlandielebis
Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb ix. uiliamsTan (Williams 1985)
da de paorTan (de Paor 1986).
ufro
zusti
imis
Tqma
iqneboda,
rom,
am
SemTxvevebSi, saxelmwifo da nacia viTardebian pari
passu da erTmaneTs aZliereben. modernizmisa da
219
19
20
21
22
23
24
eTnocentrizmis mentaluri ‘blokpostebis’ Sesaxeb
ix. fiSmani (Fishmaan 1980).
gelneric mzad iyo emtkicebina nacionaluri
sentimentebis adreuli gamoCena inglisSi (Gellner
1983: 91–92, sqolio); Sdr. missave Sexedulebas
(Gellner 1997: 51), rom dasavleT evropis did
arealSi
kulturisa
da
saxelmwifo
wyobis
erTianoba imaze bevrad ufro adre dafuZnda,
vidre
amas
modernuli
(industriuli)
sazogadoebis
logika
moiTxovda.
es
imaze
miuTiTebs, rom mizezs inglisis an britaneTis
kunZulebis
raime
gansakuTrebuloba
ki
ar
warmoadgens,
aramed
dasavleT
evropis
geopolitikuri
da
kulturuli
rukebi,
ris
Sesaxebac ix. oriji (Orridge 1982).
ebrauli diasporisa da misi aSkenazebad da
sefardebad dayofis Sesaxeb ix. seltceri (Seltzer
1980), elazari (Elazar 1986), keduri (Kedourie 1992) da
goldbergi (Goldberg 1996).
nacionalizmsa da teritorias Soris arsebuli
mWidro istoriuli kavSirebis Sesaxeb ix. statiebi
husonis (Hooson 1994), da herbisa da kaplanis (Herb
and Kaplan 1999) redaqciiT gamosul krebulebSi.
Sama maxsovrobisa da landSaftis damafiqrebel
gadmocemas gvTavazobs (Schama 1995, gansakuTrebiT,
Tavebi 1–4). ruseTis mravlismomcveli gamokvleva
ix.
basinTan
(Bassin
1991);
xolo
sakraluri
teritoriebisaTvis ix. e.d.smiTi (A.D.Smith 1999b).
igive
Tvalsazrisi,
Zvel
ebraelebTan
dakavSirebiT mainc, gaziarebulia brendonTan
(Brandon 1967) da sternTan (Stern 1972). ufro
zogadad
drodadro
ganmeorebadi
perenializmisaTvis ix. armstrongi (Armstrong 1982).
ufro sruli ganxilva ix. e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith
2000a: Tavi 2).
Zvel msoflioSi am xalxebis Sesaxeb ufro meti
informaciisaTvis ix. uaizmani (Wiseman 1973) da
e.d.smiTi (A.D.Smith 1986: Tavebi 2–5). Zveli da Sua
saukuneebis iranis Sesaxeb ix. frai (Frye 1966 da
220
25
1975);
xolo
faraonTa
egviptis
xelaxeli
aRmoCenisa da aRorZinebis Sesaxeb ix. gerSoni da
jenkovski (Gershni and Jankowski 1987). zogadad
diasporebis Sesaxeb ix. armstrongi (Armstrong 1976)
da koeni (Cohen 1997).
Zvel
babilonsa
da
israelSi
am
sajaro
ritualebisa da kanonebis Sesaxeb ix. frankforti
(Frankfort 1948) da zeitlini (Zeitlin 1984).
Tavi 6 perspeqtivebi
1
2
3
4
5
‘naciaTmSeneblobisaTvis’ ix. doiCi (Deutsch 1966).
dekolonizaciaSi nacionaluri TviTgamorkvevis
gamoyeneba maials aqvs ganxiluli (Myall 1990,
gansakuTrebiT, Tavi 4).
evropaSi XX saukunis 60–70-ian wlebSi e.w.
‘eTnikuri
aRorZinebis’
Sesaxeb
didZali
literatura arsebobs; ix., maT Soris, esmani (Esman
1977), stouni (Stone 1979), e.d.smiTi (A.D.Smith 1981a)
da gibernau (Guibernau 1996).
sabWoTa
kavSiris
memkvidre
saxelmwifoebSi
nacionalizmisa da eTnikurobis rolis Sesaxeb ix.
bremeri da tarasi (Bremmer and Taras 1993) da suni
(Suny 1993). aRmosavleT evropis Sesaxeb ix. gleni
(Glenny 1990), xolo balkaneTis Sesaxeb ix. rameti
(Ramet 1996). Tanamedrove evropul, gansakuTrebiT
ki,
centralur
da
aRmosavlur
evropul
nacionalizmebSi eTnikurobisa da saxelmwifos
rolis bolodroindeli originaluri Teoriuli
analizi ix. SopflinTan (Schöpflin 2000).
ufro sruli ganxilvisaTvis ix. gidensi (Giddens
1985) da e.d.smiTi (A.D.Smith 1995: Tavi 4).
soisolTan ix. imis dasabuTeba (Soysal 1994), rom,
Tumca imigrantebs metnaklebad saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli
igive
adamianTa uflebebi da SeRavaTebi aqvT, rac
evropuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs, es uflebebi
da
SeRavaTebi
TiToeuli
nacionaluri
saxelmwifosTvis specifikuria. evropaSi eTnikur
221
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
umciresobebze zemoqmedebaTa Sesaxeb ix., agreTve,
prisi (Preece 1998).
evropuli kulturuli ‘identobisa’ da politikuri
unifikaciis ufro dawvrilebiTi ganxilva ix.
e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith 1992), SlesinjerTan (Schlesinger
1992) da pitersTan (Pieterse 1995), xolo kritika –
delantisTan (Delanty 1995).
ix., agreTve, baba (Bhabha 1994). axali, ufro
arCeviTi
da
simboluri
eTnikurobebisaTvis,
multikulturul sazogadoebaSi ix. holi (Hall
1992). ix., agreTve, Ddevid mileris Sromisadmi
miZRvnili
simpoziumis
masalebi
o’liris
redaqciiT
(O’Leary
1996).
multikulturul
argumentebis
Zlieri
liberaluri
kontrargumentebi ix. barisTan (Barry 1999).
‘safrangeTis’ cnebis gagebebisaTvis dreifusis
saqmis periodSi ix. kedvordi (Kedward 1965), xolo,
ufro
zogadad,
franguli
nacionalizmebis
Taobaze – koni (Kohn 1967b), iujin veberi (Weber
1991) da gildea (Gildea 1994).
simboluri eTnikurobis Taobaze ix. gansi (Gans
1979). mravlobiTi, situaciuri identobebis ideis
Sesaxeb ix. kolmeni (Coleman 1958: danarTi), okamura
(Okamura 1981), da balibari da uolersteini (Balibar
and Wallerstein 1991).
postmodernuli
epoqis
teqnologiuri
revoluciebis Sesaxeb ix. harvi (Harvey 1989); ix.,
agreTve, gidensi (Giddens 1991).
es paragrafebi efuZneba e.d.smiTs (A.D.Smith 1995:
Tavi 1) da statiebs krebulSi feTerstonis
redaqciiT (Featherstone 1990).
genderisa da nacionalizmis urTierTmimarTebis
Sesaxeb mravalricxovani literatura moipoveba;
kerZod, ix. iuval–devisi da anTiasi (Yuval–Davis and
Anthias 1989) da specialuri gamocema kandiotis
redaqciiT (Kandiyoti 2000).
omisa da naconalizmis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb
ix. marvikTan (Marwick 1974) da e.d.smiTTan (A.D.Smith
1981b);
omis
msxverplTa
moxseniebisa
da
222
14
15
16
wlisTavebis aRniSvnis Taobaze ix. mosi (Mosse
1990), gilisi (Gillis 1994) da uinteri (Winter 1995,
gansakuTrebiT,
Tavi
4).
axal
omebSi
partikularistuli jgufebis mier warmoebuli
brZolebis
TaviseburebaTa
aspeqtebi
ix.
kaldorTan (Kaldor 1999, gansakuTrebiT, Tavi 4).
finelebis mier kalevalas gamoyenebis Taobaze ix.
branCi
(Branch
1985:
Sesavali);
slovakuri
aRorZinebisaTvis – broki (Brock 1976); kievis
ruseTis istoriisa da kazakTa memkvidreobis
aRorZinebisaTvis – subtelni (Subtelny 1994: Tavebi
1–2, 13); xolo didi zimbabves politikisaTvis –
Cemberleni (Chamberlin 1979: 27–35).
amgvari
gadamwyveti
qmedebis
karg
magaliTs
(gansakuTrebiT zogierT inteleqtualTa Soris)
iZleva
postsionistur
ganwyobilebaTa
bolodroindeli zrda israelSi, ris Sesaxebac ix.
rami
(Ram
1998),
Tumca
saeWvoa,
rom
mas
mosaxleobis didi nawili iziarebdes. msgavsi
damokidebuleba elitasa da umravlesobas Soris
SeiZleba SevniSnoT ‘evropul’ mimarTebebSi, ris
Sesaxebac ix. delanti (Delant 1995).
es Tezisi ufro srulad ganxilulia e.d.smiTTan
(A.D.Smith 2000b), religiisa da nacionalizmisaTvis
ix. armstrongi (Armstrong 1997).
223
damowmebani
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