fsiqologiis Sesavali

fsiqologiis Sesavali
leqtori: maia mestviriSvili
konspeqti
avtori: aleqsandre xanTaZe
fsiqologia
fsiqologia swavlobs rogorc individSi mimdinare procesebs, ise
fizikur da socialur garemoSi aRmocenebul Zalebs. am TvalsazrisiT
fsiqologias formalurad ganvmartavT rogorc individis qcevis da
fsiqikuri procesebis mecnierul Seswavlas. fsiqologebi ikvleven Tu
ras da rogor akeTebs individi mocemul garemoSi da ufro farTo
socialur da kulturul konteqstSi. fsiqologebs surT aRmoaCinon
rogor muSaobs qceva.
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mecnieruli meTodi – im procedurebis wyeba, romlebic obieqturi
informaciis Segrovebisa da interpretaciisTvis gamoiyeneba, Tanac
imgvarad, rom Secdoma minimumamdea dayvanili.
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qceva – is moqmedebebi, romliTac organizmi garemos ergeba.
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qcevis monacemebi – organizmis qcevis da im pirobebis aRwera,
romlebSic es qceva mimdinareobs, an icvleba.
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organizmuli cvladebi – organizmis qcevis Sinagani determinanti
– motivacia, mocemuloba, tenetika, inteleqtis done.
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dispoziciuri cvladebi – organizmis cvladi, anu qcevis Sinagani
determinanti romelic adamianSi Cndeba – organizmuli cvladebi.
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situaciuri cvladebi – garegani zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
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kombinirebuli cvladebi – dispoziciuri da situaciuri cvladebis
erToblioba.
fsiqologiaSi winaswarmetyveleba niSnavs rom qceva an mocemuli
kavSiri raRac albaTobiT gamovlindeba. mecnieruli winaswarmetyveleba
imis gagebas emyareba, Tu rogor aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan
movlenebi da varaudobs, romeli meqanizmebi akavSirebs am movlenebs.
mizez-Sedegobrivi winaswarmetyveleba azustebs im pirobebs, romelSic
qceva Seicvleba.
struqturalizmi
vilhem vundtis fsiqologiuri tradiciis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia
aqcenti mecnierul meTodebze, zust gazomvebsa da mocanemTa
statistikur analizze. vundtis gamgrZelebelma titCenerma Tavisi
midgoma Camoayaliba romelsac struqturalizmi ewoda. anu swavleba
fsiqikis da qcevis struqturis Sesaxeb. am midgomis mizani iyo fsiqikis
struqtura SegrZnebis da fsiqikuri cxovrebis sxva gancdebis
Semadgneli elementebis analizis gziT ekvlia. mas ar ainteresebda
kiTxvebi ‘ratom’ da ‘rogor’. am midgomas sam frontze ebrZvian:
1. is reduqcionalistulia – yvelaferi martiv SegrZnebebze daiyvana.
2. is elementaruli iyo – elementebs erT mTelSi aerTebda.
3. is mentalisturi iyo – radgan adamianis gancdis mxolod verbalur
aRweras swavlobda.
funqcionalizmi
miuxedavad imisa rom uiliam jemsi titCeners nawilobriv eTanxmeboda,
misTvis cnobiereba ar daiyvaneboda elementebze da struqturebze:
‘TiToeuli adamiani unikaluria da ver daiyvaneba firmulebze an testis
qulebze’. funqcionalizmi fokusirdeba organizmis garemosTan
urTierTqmedebis dros fsiqikis da qcevis funqciebze. am skolis
damaarsebeli aris jon diui.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis mimdinareobebi
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biologiuri mimdinareoba qcevis mizezs genebis, tvinis da nervuli,
endokrinuli sistemebis funqcionirebaSi eZeben. yvelaze rTuli
fenomenebic ki daiyvaneba mcire, sfecifikur erTeulebze.
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fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebis mixedviT qcevas marTavs an mis
motivs warmoadgens Zlieri Sinagani Zalebi. froidis
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriis mixedviT adamians aqeT-iqiT eqaCeba
Sinagani da garegani Zalebi da qcevebi SeiZleba iseTi motivebiT
iyos gamowveuli, romlebic ar aris gacnobierebuli.
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bihevioristuli mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi swavloben Tu
rogor akontrolebs konkretuli tipis qcevas garemos konkretuli
stimuli. ainteresebs dakvirvebadi qceva, romelic obieqturad
fiqsirdeba da dakvirvebadi qcevis mimarTeba garemos stimulebTan.
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humanisturi mimdinareoba aqcents individis fenomenur samyaroze,
racionaluri arCevanis gakeTebisa da maqsimaluri potencialis
ganviTarebis Tandayolil unarze akeTebs. swavlobs individis mier
gancdil subieqtur samyaros.
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kogniruti mimdinareobis centrSi dgas adamianis Semecneba da
codnis SeZenis yvela procesi: yuradReba, azrovneba, adamaxsovreba
da gageba. kognituri xedvis mixedviT adamianebi moqmedeben radgan
azrovnebene, xolo azrovneben radgan adamianebi arian. am
mimdinareobis azriT qcevebi rogorc Sedegi, ise mizezia.
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evoluciuri mimdinareoba cdilobs Tanamedrove fsiqologia
biologiuri mecnierebis ZiriTad ideebs, darvinis bunebrivi
SerCevis gziT evoluciis Teorias daukavSiros. misi ZiriTadi
amxsneli principi evoluciis ukiduresad xangrZlivi procesia. is
xazs usvams qceviT da adapturobis mniSvnelobas im varaudis
safuZvelze, rom fsiqikuri unarebi milionobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi
viTardeboda.
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kulturuli mimdinareoba aqcents qcevis mizezebis da Sedegebis
kros-kulturul sxvaobaze akeTebs. es mimdinareoba uamrav sferoze
vrceldeba: zemoqmedebs Tu ara kultura adamianis mier samyaros
aRqmaze? ganapirobebs Tu ara ena samyaros aRqmas? rogor
zemoqmedebs kultura ganviTarebaze?...
adre fsiqologebs miaCndaT rom fsiqologiuri procesebi
determinizmis doqtriniTaa marTuli – fsiqikuri da fizikuri movlenebi
ganpirobebulia konkretuli mizezebiT. arsebobda 2 ZiriTadi
mimarTuleba, struqturalisturi da funqcionalisturi, axla ki
Tanamedrove fsiqologia 7 ZiriTad mimdinareobas moiTvlis.
kvlevis meTodebi
ideis aRmoCenis/Camoyalibebis etapi kvlevis sawyisi fazaa. romlis
ganmavlobaSic dakvirvebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad codnas
movlenis axleburi xedvisken mivyavarT.
 Teoria aris cnebaTa organizebuli wyeba, romelic movlenas an
movlenaTa erTobas xsnis
 determinizmi aris doqtrina romelic gulisxmobs rom yvela
movlena – fizikuri/qceviTi/fsiqikuri – ganpirobebulia
konkretuli dadgenadi mizezebiT.
 hipoTeza – Semowmebadi debuleba mizezebsa da Sedegebs Soris
mimarTebaze. xSirad gamoxatulia winaswarmetyvelebis formiT.
mecniereba moiTxovs Ria – kritikul da skeptikul damokidebulebas
nebismieri daskvnisadmi manam sanam is ar aris miRebuli damoukidebeli
mkvlevarebis mier.
dasabuTebis etapi kvlevis is fazaa romelSic hipoTezis
Sedamowmeblad faqtebis mopovebaa saWiro. fsiqologebi iyeben mecnierul
meTods, romelic aris monacemTa Segrovebisa da interpretaciis
procedurebis erToblioba, romlis saSualebiTac minumumamdea
dayvanili Secdomis wyaro da sandro daskvnebia miRebuli.
arsebobs aseve damkvirveblis tendeciuroba, anu realobis
damaxinjeba, romelic damkvirveblis pirovnuli motivebisa da
molodinebisgan momdinareobs. rodesac dakmvirvebeli realobas aRiqvams
Tavisi molodinidan gamomdinare. am tendeciurobis minimumamde
dasayvanad mecnierebi iyeneben standartizacias, eqsperimentSi
monawilisadmi mipyrobis an monacemebis dafiqsirebis unificirebul
proceduras.
arseboben damokidebuli da damoukidebeli cvladebi. damokidebuli
cvladis mniSvneloba erTi an ramdenime damoukidebeli cvladis
cvlilebis Sedegia. damoukidebeli cvladi ki nebismieri sxva
cvladisgan damoukideblad icvleba. ise ki, cvladia nebismieri faqtori,
romelic raodenobrivad an Tvisebrivad icvleba. aseve arseboben
damatebiTi cvladebi, romlebic monawilis qcevaze zemoqmedeben
eqsperimentatoris mier Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladebis garda.
╬ operaciuli gansazRvreba – axdens vladis an pirobis definicias
konkretuli operaciebis an procedurebis terminebiT.
╬ molodinis efeqti – Sedegi, romelic maSin Cndeba, roca mkvlevari
Zalauneburad mianiSNebs monawileebs, ra tipis qcevas moelis
maTgan, riTic mosalodnel reaqcias iRebs.
╬ kontrolis procedurebi – meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac
eqsperimentatori cdilobs mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi da
piroba, garda ganzrax Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladebisa.
axla ki cotaTi placebo efeqtze visaubroT. es efeqti Cndeba maSin
roca eqsperimentis monawileebi eqsperimentuli manipulaciis Carevis
gareSe icvlian qcevas, anu roca qceviT reaqciaze zemoqmedebas axdens
pirovnebis molodini da ara rame realuri gamomwvevi mizezi. placebo
kontroli eqsperimentuli pirobaa rodesac Careva ar xdeba da im
SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, roca placebo efeqtis saSiSroeba Cndeba.
eqsperimentaruli molodinis asacileblad aseve iyeneben ormagad brma
kontrolis meTods, rodesac arc asistentma da arc monawilem ar icis
romel pirobebSi arian moxvedrilebi.
♥ SerCeva – populaciis nawili romelic eqsperimentSi
monawileobisTvis gadaarCies.
♥ populacia – individTa sruli erToblioba, romelzec
eqsperimentul SerCevaze dayrdnobiT, generalizacia keTdeba.
♥ reprezentatuli SerCeva – SerCeva populaciis reprezentatulia,
Tu is imeorebs populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs, rogorebicaa
sqesi, asaki, da sxva.
♥ cdis pirTa SigniT sqema – kvlevis sqema sadac TiTOeuli cdis
piri sakuTari Tavis kontrolia, cdis pirs eqsperimentul pirobaSi
qceva SeiZleba SevadaroT missave qcevas im pirobamde an mis Semdeg.
♥ A-B-A sqemaSi ki cdis pirebi jer xcdebian safuZvlis pirobebSi,
Semdeg eqsperimentalur CarevaSi da Semdeg isev safuZvlis
pirobaSi, es mkvlevas saSualebas aZlevs daamtkicos rom cvlileba
marTla mxolod eqsperimentaluri CareviT iyo ganpirobebuli.
♥ korelaciis meTodi – gansazRvravs, Tu ra zomiTaa erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli ori cvladi. koleracia mizez-Sedegobrioba ar
aris!
♥ koleraciis koeficienti – statistika, romelic or cvlads Soris
kavSiris xarisxs aCvenebs.
♥ validoba niSnavs rom kvleva an testireba fsiqologiur cvlads an
Tvisebas zomavs, romlis gazomvasac apirebda.
♥ sandooba aris xarisxi, romliTac testi msgavs Sedegebs iZleva
yoveli gamoyenebisas, instrumentis gamoyenebiT miRebuli qulebis
stabiluroba da Sesabamisoba.
♥ TviTangariSi aris adamianis mier sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebis
Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi.
♥ qcevis gazomva – garegani qcevebi da reaqciebi, romlebsac
akvirdebian da iweren, eqskluziuri an TviTangariSiT aRwerili
qceva.
♥ variabilobis sazomebi – statistikebi, rogorebicaa
diapazoni(yvelaze maRali da dabali qulebis sxvaoba) da
standartuli gadaxra(qulaTa saSualo sxvaoba maTi saSualodan),
romelic aCvenebs ramdenad mWidrodaa ganlagebuli qulebi
ganawilebaSi.
sanam adamianebs fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi CarTaven, maT xels
awerineben gancxadebaze, sadac weria rom kvlevis Sesaxeb sruli
informacia miawodes da Tanaxmaa monawileobaze. amasTanave, monawileebs
nebismier momentSi SeuZliaT eqsperimentis datoveba da Civilic ki.
amerikis fsiqologTa asociacis instruqciebic ki gaaCnia imis Sesaxeb
Tu rodis SeiZleba eqsperimentis monawilis motyueba(placebos acilebis
mizniT). xandaxan tardeba kvlevis Semdgomi interviuebic raTa
darwmundnen rom monawile damorcxvebuli da aRelvebuli ar aris.
statistikuri nawili
aRweriTi statistika monacemebSi arsebuli kanonzomierebis
Sejamebul suraTs gvaZlevs. esaa statistikuri procesebi romlebic
qulebs ajamebs. arsebobs aseve daskviniTi statstika romelic mkvlevars
saSualebas aZlevs gansazRvros adasturebs mis hipoTezas Sedegi Tu is
ubralod SemTxveviTaa miRebuli.
sixSireTa ganawileba rac imis Sejamebaa Tu ramdenad xSirad Cndeba
TiToeuli qula monacemTa mwkrivSi.
cnobiereba
Cveulebrivi fxizeli cnobiereba moicavs Cvens aRqmebs, azrebs,
grZnobebs, warmodgenebsa da survilebs, anu mTel mentalur aqtivobas,
razec vaxdens yuradRebis koncetrirebas – es yvela erTad aRebuli
qmnian cnobierebis Sinaars, yvela am gamocdilebas cnobierad aRviqvamT
drois garkveul momentebSi. martivad rom vTqvaT cnobiereba aris
Sinagani movlenebisa da garemos pirobebis cnobierad aRqmis
mdgomareoba. cnobierebis maRali donea TviTcnobiereba, romelic
pirovnuli istoriis da identurobis SegrZnebas gvaZlevs. faqtebi da
mogonebebi romlebic mxolod maSin xdeba xelmisawvdomi rodesac maTze
yuradRebas vamaxvilebT, winarecnobieri mexsiereba ewodeba. aracnobieria
ki is informacia rac cnobierebisTvis da mexsierebisTvis
xelmiuwvdomelia, magaliTad wnevis regulacia sxeulSi da a.S
aracnobieris Sesaxeb pirveli Teoria zigmund froids ekuTvnis
romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda im dros gavrcelebul mosazrebas adamianis
azrovnebaze. froidis Teoriis mixedviT, individSi mimdinare mentaluri
procesebi gandevnien xolme adamianisTvis miuRebel motivebs, ideebs,
azrebs.
ℜ xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi - angariSi romelic iqmneba Tavad cdis
pirTa mier da aRweren mentalur procesebsa da strategiebs
romelTac isini mimarTaven davalebis Sesrulebisas.
ℜ gamocdilebidan nimuSebis SerCevis meTodi – eqsperimentuli
meTodi, romelic exmareba mkvlevarebs cnobierebis tipuri
Sinaarsebis aRweraSi, cdris pirs evaleba signalis miRebisTanave
daafiqsiros Tavisi azrebi da grZnobebi.
cnobiereba sami xerxiT gvexmareba garemosTan adaptaciaSi:
1. cnobiereba amcirebs stimulTa nakads da amiT igi gamoricxavs
imwuTieri miznebisTvis Seusabamo informaciis did nawils. amas
SemzRudveli funqcia ewodeba.
2. cnobierebas gaaCnia SerCeviTi Senaxvis funqcia anu igi
gadaamuSaovebs da mcire cnobad paternebad anawevrebs Semaval
masalas da gvaZlevs saSualebas SevarCioT da SevinaxoT is
stimulebi, romlebzec reagireba momavalSi gvsurs.
3. aRmasrulebeli makontrolebeli funqcia Zlieri survilebis
daTrgunvis SesaZleblobas da alternatiuli gzebis gaazrebis
saSualebas gvaZlevs.
ℜ realobis personaluri konstruqti aris situaciebis
individualuri unikaluri interpretacia, romelic yvela adamians
sxvadasxvanairi aqvs. erT kulturaSi gazrdil adamianebs zogierTi
interpretacia erTnairi aqvs da Sesabamisad maT erTian
interpretaciebs realobis kulturul konstruqtebs uwodeben.
Zili da sizmari
cirkularuli ritmi aris organizmis aqtivobis Sinagani saaTiT
determinirebuli mdgradi paterni, romelic 24-25 saaTs grZeldeba.
aqtivoba umeteswilad SuadRiT aRwevs Tavis piks xolo SuaRamiT
minimumamde dadis. cirkularus ritmze moqmedebs JET LAG-i rac niSnavs
gadafrenisas an mogzaurobisas droiTi sartyelis darRveviT ritmis
darRvevasac. Tumca es darRveva ufro naklebad SeiniSneba Tuki adamiani
aRmosavleTidan dasavleTiT mogzaurobs.
Zilis sferoSi umniSvnelovanesi aRmoCena iyo Tvalebis swrafi
moZraobis dafiqsireba(REM) romlis drosac adamiani sizmriseul
aqtivobebs axorcielebs da misi Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis gareSe
Zilisgan gamoyofa(NREM). rodesac adamiani Zils iwyebs is jer gadis
xangrZliv nrem fazas, Semdeg ki ramdenime wuTian rem fazas, Semdeg isev
nrems da Tuki adamians saSualod 7-8 saaTi sZinavs, es cikli 4-5 jer
meordeba magram TiToeul jerze nremis xangrZlivoba mcirdeba remisa ki
izrdeba.
Zils umTavresad ori funqcia gaaCnia, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis. Zili
exmareba adamians Seinaxos energia rodesac araa Sromisa da aqtiurobis
aucilebloba, xolo aRdgenis funqciiT igi tvins avsebT mTeli dRis
ganmavlobaSi daxarjuli energiiT.
 insomnia – daZinebis qronikuli uunaroba. simptomebSi Sedis
sirTuleebi daZInebisas, xSiri gaRviZeba, diliT adre gaRviZeba da
Zilis Sebrunebis uunaroba.
 narkolefsia – Zilis darRveva romelic xasiaTdeba dRis
ganmavlobaSi daZinebis dauZleveli moTxovniT.
 Zilis apnoe – zeda sasunTq gzebTan dakavSirebuli Zilis darRveva,
rac aiZulebs adamians rom Zilis dros sunTqva Sewyvitos.
 dRis Zilianoba – moWarbebuli Zilianoba dRis aqtivobebis dros.
zigmundi da sizmrebi
sizmarSi ori Zala moqmedebs – survili da cenzura. cenzura
axorcielebs dafaruli mniSvnelobis, faruli Sinaarsis gardasaxvas
sizmris manifestirebul anu xilul Sinaarsad, romelic mowodebulia
sizmris realuri mniSvnelobis(romelic SeiZleba raime tabudadebuli
da saTakiloc ki iyos mZinaresTvis) SesaniRbad.
zogierTi fiziologi Tvlis rom sizmari SemTxveviTi signalebis
Sedegia, magram am mosazrebas ewinaaRmdegeba sizmris Sinaarsebis
analizis kvlevebi. arsebobs dakvirvevbadi sizmrebi, igive luciduri
sizmrebi, romlis Tanaxmadac sizmris xedvis procesis cnobieri aRqma
daswavladi unaria romelic iZleva sizmir absoluturi kontrolis
saSualebas.
luciduri sizmrebidan SegviZlia hipnozzec visaubroT. hipnozi aris
cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareoba, romelic Zalian Rrma modunebiT,
STagonebisadmi mimReblobiTa da motivaciis/kontrolis cvlilebebiT
xasiaTdeba. hipnozis dros adamiani transSi gadadis da motivaciis
momateba aReniSneba. xalxSi gavrcelebulia stereotipi rom hipnozis
Zala hipnozistzea damokidebuli. sinamdvileSi yvelaferi damokidebulia
Tu ramdenad hipnobiluria TviT obieqti. Tuki mas dabali
mgrZnobelobiTi maCvenebeli aqvs hipnozisadmi, misi daqvemdebareba
SedarebiT Zneli an saerTod SeuZlebeli iqneba. hipnozi xSirad
gamoiyeneba tkivilgamayuCeblad rodesac adamians warmoadgenineben rom
misi daSavebuli kiduri ubralod xis an rkinis naWeria da is masze
mgrZnobelobas hipnozis dros kargavs da a.S.
hipnozisTan axlosve dgas meditacia – cnobierebis Secvlis forma,
romelic mowodebulia TviTcnobieris Semcirebis saSualebiT sakuTari
Tavis Sesaxeb codnisa da SegrZnebis gaumjobesebisken. halucinacia am
bolo ukanasknelisgan gansxvavebiT aris mcdari aRqma, romelic
ubieqturi gamRizianeblebis ararsebobis pirobebSi Cndeba.
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi qiumiuri narTebia, romelic cnobieri
aRqmis droebiTi SecvliT zegavlenas axdens mentalur procesebsa da
qcevaze. eseTi nivTierebebis umetesoba iwvevs tolerantoba – anu
mdgomareobas rodesac xSiri gamoyenebis Semdeg sxeuli nivTierebas
eCveva da efeqtis misaRwevad ufro meti da meti dozis miRebaa saWiro.
zogierTi nivTiereba fiziologiur damokidebulebasac iwvevs da
organisms damokidebuls xdis mis Semcvelobasa da ingredientebze. am or
ukanasknels miCvevac, adiqciac Tan sdevs xolme, rodesac sxeuli iTxovs
narkotiks raTa funqcionireba gaagrZelos. zog SemTxvevaSic
damokidebuleba mxolod fsiqologiuri mxariT Semoifargleba da amas
fsiqologiuri damokidebuleba ewodeba.
arsebobs oTxi uZlieresi halucinogenebi, meskalini, fsilocibini,
LSD da PCP , isini moqmedeben tvinis receptorul ubnebze serotoninze da
iwveven Zlier halucinaciebs. kanafisgan damzadebuli produqtebi mcire
dozis SemTxvevaSi gabruebas iwveven, xolo did dozaze iwyeba
xangrZlivi halucinaciebi da regularulad moxmarebis SemTxvevaSi Tavs
iCens SfoTva an piriqiT eiforia.
opiatebi, rogorebicaa heroini da morfini, Trgunavs fizikur
mgrZnobelobasa da gamRizianeblebze sapasuxo reaqciebs. iwvevs Zlieri
eiforias. opiatebi Seicaven nivTierebebs romlebic isedac arseboben
tvinSi da maTi moxmareba Semdeg tvinSi balans anadgurebs.
depresantebi(valiumi, alkoholi) fizikur aqtivobas aneleben da
nervuli impulsebis gadacemas amcireben. alkoholi mudam dadebiT
emociebs ar iwvevs adamianSi.
stimulatorebi, rogorebicaa amfetamini da kokaini, aRznebisTvis
miiReba. isini tvinSi dopaminisa da serotoninis dones zrdian. xSirad
iwveven paranoidul SiSebs.
kofeini da nikotini es is ori stimulatoria romelic ar iTvleba
fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebebad. nikotins Samanebi iyenebdnen transis
misaRwevad xolo kofeini xSirad Zilis dasaTrgunad gamoiyeneba.