Subsídios para o Resgate de Identidade Céltica

BRAMAIGAR, Fratria Vinculada às FIAC Brasil, nos Termos da Convenção 169/O.I.T.
Subsídios para o Resgate de Identidade Céltica Britânica: Parte III – Galeses
Blog: http://bramaigar.wordpress.com/
Instruções Gerais
Os povos CELTAS das Ilhas Britânicas são, em ordem alfabética, e nomes originais Celtas de seus
países ou nações:
• Córnicos (Cornualha, condado; Kérnow)
• Escoceses (Escócia, nação constituinte com referendo de independência agendado para
2014; Alba)
• Galeses (Gales, nação constituinte; Cymrú)
• Irlandeses (Irlanda, país soberano, Irlanda do Norte, nação constituinte; Eire)
• Maneses (Ilha de Man, país com autogoverno mas dependente da Coroa Britânica; Mannin)
Sempre recordando que há outros povos Celtas em outras partes da Europa! Aqui estamos nos
dedicando aos Celtas das Ilhas Britânicas, não são de modo algum os únicos, muito pelo
contrário, estudos das universidades de Trinity, Leeds e Cambridge comprovaram geneticamente
que os Irlandeses descendem de Galegos e de outros povos do Norte da Península Ibérica.
Para maior agilidade, copiamos e colamos listas em inglês, apenas editando ou traduzindo quando
havia necessidade, maiores informações ou correções poderão ser buscadas nas fontes desta
coletânea!
Lista de Sobrenomes Galeses
A maioria dos sobrenomes Britânicos que vem do País de Gales:
ACE
BEAVEN
BEDDOE
BEEDLES
BEVAN
BEVANS
BEYNON
BOORE
BOUND
BOWEN
BOYDE
BREESE
BREEZE
BRICE
BRICK
BRODERICK
BRODRICK
1
BRAMAIGAR, Fratria Vinculada às FIAC Brasil, nos Termos da Convenção 169/O.I.T.
Subsídios para o Resgate de Identidade Céltica Britânica: Parte III – Galeses
Blog: http://bramaigar.wordpress.com/
BURRIS
CADOGAN
CLEAVES
CONNICK
COUGHLIN
DACEY
DAVIES
DEMERY
DONNE
EDWARDS
ELLIS
EMBREY
EVANS
EVENS
EYNON
FLOYD
GAMES
GERRISH
GILLAM
GILLIAM
GITTINS
GLYN
GRIFFIN
GRIFFITH
GRIFFITHS
GWILT
GWYN
HARGEST
HARRIES
HAVARD
HOWELL
HOWELLS
HUGHES
2
BRAMAIGAR, Fratria Vinculada às FIAC Brasil, nos Termos da Convenção 169/O.I.T.
Subsídios para o Resgate de Identidade Céltica Britânica: Parte III – Galeses
Blog: http://bramaigar.wordpress.com/
HUMPHREYS
JAMES
JOHNS
JONES
KNILL
LEAFE
LEWIS
LLEWELLYN
LLOYD
MABE
MATHIAS
MEREDITH
MORGAN
MORGANS
MORRIS
OWEN
PARRY
PENDRY
PHILLIPS
PHOENIX
PIERCE
POWELL
PREECE
PRESS
PRICE
PRICHARD
PRITCHARD
PROBERT
PROSSER
PROTHERO
PROWSE
PRYCE
PUGH
3
BRAMAIGAR, Fratria Vinculada às FIAC Brasil, nos Termos da Convenção 169/O.I.T.
Subsídios para o Resgate de Identidade Céltica Britânica: Parte III – Galeses
Blog: http://bramaigar.wordpress.com/
PUMPHREY
RAIKES
REECE
REES
REESE
RICHARDS
ROBERTS
ROSSER
ROWLANDS
SCALE
SKONE
SPEAKE
THOMAS
TRAYLOR
TUDOR
WILLIAMS
YANDLE
Fonte:
•
Welsh Surnames. URL: http://www.britishsurnames.co.uk/lists/Welsh+Surnames
Informações Auxiliares:
“WHY ARE THERE SO FEW WELSH SURNAMES?
The Welsh created surnames in a way which was fundamentally different from the way surnames
were used by the Anglo-Saxons and the Norman-French after them, and this is why there are far
fewer Welsh surnames today than English ones. There are currently over 30,000 different surnames
in use in England, but less than 5,000 in Wales, with most of these being non-Welsh in origin,
brought in by centuries of immigration. This difference needs to be explained somehow.
English surnames (sobrenomes derivados de nomes ingleses)
From 1066 until the present day England has experienced a steady influx of immigrants, often as a
result of major political and religious events in Europe. With the Norman Conquest came thousands
of French invaders, eager to take possession of land which was confiscated from the defeated
English, usually with the utmost brutality. In later centuries other parts of Europe supplied new
4
BRAMAIGAR, Fratria Vinculada às FIAC Brasil, nos Termos da Convenção 169/O.I.T.
Subsídios para o Resgate de Identidade Céltica Britânica: Parte III – Galeses
Blog: http://bramaigar.wordpress.com/
immigrants (and therefore new names) to England in a more peaceful manner, through migration
rather than invasion. Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Germany, were just some of the places they came
from, usually as the result of trade between Britain and these countries, but religious persecution
after the 16th century Protestant Reformation also brought large numbers of people to these shores
in search of refuge. Wales, in contrast, experienced little immigration other than Norman-French
incursions from the 11th century onwards. With the final defeat of the Welsh by Edward I in 1282,
the last enforced immigration into Wales began as English supporters of Edward and the successive
English Kings were given confiscated Welsh lands. The Welsh may have gradually adopted the
Christian names which the English brought with them but they continued to use the Welsh
‘patronymic' system for their names for some centuries after 1282 (see below).
It was noticed some time ago that native English surnames fall into four broad categories:
• Those derived from personal names: Richards, Jones, Johnson, Robinson, Thomas, Martin,
Williams, Matthews, Jackson, etc.
• Those derived from place names or geographic features: Essex, Kent, York, Telford, Stokes,
Carlisle, London, Marston, Lancaster, Charlton, Dover, Wood, Hill, Bush, Green, Field, Moore,
Moss, Marsh, Waters, Lake, Hedges, Banks, Burn, Hall, Towns, etc.
• Those derived from occupations: Butcher, Baker, Smith, Mason, Shepherd, Farmer, Cooper,
Hooper, Fletcher, Thatcher, Taylor, Wright, Skinner, Carpenter, Joiner, Weaver, Cook, Miller, etc.
• Those derived from nicknames or physical descriptions: Grey, Black, White, Green, King, Lord,
Baron, Earl, Noble, Bishop, Bold, Strong, Armstrong, Quick, Young, Long/Lang, Short, Broad, etc.
The overwhelming number of surnames found in Wales are those formed from personal names.
Some surnames from the other three categories are present but these make up a small fraction of
native Welsh names, which is why so few surnames exist, to the frustration of today's family
historians. Because there are a small number of Christian names in the first place, the result is an
equally small number of surnames. If, say, only a hundred or so Christian names are in circulation
in a region, then only the same number of surnames can be constructed from them. Even more
confusingly, it was the common practice for the first-born son to be given the Christian name of his
grandfather, so that the same names were recycled again and again down the generations.
Some Welsh surnames derive from pure Celtic sources like Owen (Owain); Morgan; Meredith
(from the native Welsh personal name Maredudd); Llewelyn (which became anglicised to Lewis in
time). Rhys is another native Welsh personal name which has furnished the modern Rees, Reese and
Reece, while Tudur is today's Tudor. Merrick comes from Meurig; Gruffydd has given us Grifftihs
and Hywel has become Howells, but the total list of surnames of pure Welsh origins is small, having
been supplanted by English personal names.
Descriptive/nicknames in Welsh (sobrenomes derivados de características
pessoais ou apelidos)
There are a small number of these surnames, like Lloyd (from the Welsh Llwyd, grey);
Gwynn/Wynn (from the Welsh gwyn, white); Vaughan (from the Welsh fychan, meaning boy, or the
younger). Coch (red), mutated to goch and corrupted in speech and writing became Gough, Goff
and Gooch. Du (black) has come down to us as Dee. Brace, from the Welsh bras (gross, coarse) is
another, but there are not many more.
5
BRAMAIGAR, Fratria Vinculada às FIAC Brasil, nos Termos da Convenção 169/O.I.T.
Subsídios para o Resgate de Identidade Céltica Britânica: Parte III – Galeses
Blog: http://bramaigar.wordpress.com/
Occupational names in Welsh (sobrenomes derivados de atividade ou ofício)
Even fewer occupational surnames exist in Welsh, not least because an almost entirely agricultural
society would have a limited number of occupations to provide surnames, and what few do exist are
even rarer than descriptive names. Gwas (servant) has become the rare Welsh surname Wace;
Crowther is another uncommon Welsh surname, derived from crythor, the player of the crwth (a
stringed instrument). The Welsh saer (carpenter) has become Sear/s around the PembrokeshireCarmarthenshire border.
Surnames derived from Welsh place names (toponímicos galeses)
Some names of this type exist, but not many. A few wealthy families took their surnames from the
names of their landed estates: Mostyn, Pennant and Nanny are said to be such examples in northEast Wales and Mansell is found in the south. But more often the ordinary people in an area adopted
their towns or region as a surname, such as Gower, Conway, Laugharne, Pembroke, Roch/Roach.
Glyn as a surname derives from glyn, a valley. Once again these are not only rare surnames, except
in localised areas, but tiny in number as well.
Without surnames from other sources, and without major immigration into Wales to bring in other
surnames and Christian names into the population before the 19th century industrial revolution, the
resulting pool of surnames is impoverished compared to England.
A table compiled by a notable Welsh family historian show this difference in stark terms:
…. by combining the information contained in the Report of the Registrar General
published in 1856 (in which he gives details of the incidence of the fifty most common
surnames in England and Wales combined) …. it is possible to derive separate listings
for each country, and hence to draw some broad comparisons. “
(...)
“3. EARLY WELSH SURNAMES
Surnames derived from ‘ap' or ‘ab' (son of) (sobrenomes derivados de 'filho de')
Surnames were never used in Wales until the arrival of the Normans, who conquered the border
areas and south Wales coastal areas during the 11th century, and then only by Welsh gentry families
eager to copy their new masters. This process was accelerated somewhat after the final conquest of
Wales by Edward I in 1282, but it wasn't until the highly centralised Tudor state created by the
Welshman thHenry VII and his successors that the system already in place in England became
applied to ordinary Welsh men and women. Before this the Welsh used the system of patronymics
(from the Latin ‘pater', father) whereby a son would carry his father's Christian name after his own,
with the word 'ab' or 'ap' (from the Welsh 'map' or ‘mab', son). Thus Rhys ap Thomas means Rhys,
son of Thomas. If he named his son Gruffydd, then he would become Gruffydd ap Rhys (Gruffydd,
son of Rhys) and so on.
A specialist in Welsh family history has written
In Wales surnames only started to be taken on any scale in the sixteenth century, a full
6
BRAMAIGAR, Fratria Vinculada às FIAC Brasil, nos Termos da Convenção 169/O.I.T.
Subsídios para o Resgate de Identidade Céltica Britânica: Parte III – Galeses
Blog: http://bramaigar.wordpress.com/
hundred years after they had become the norm in England. Prior to the sixteenth century
the traditional naming system in Wales involved a person having a given name and
attaching to it the given name of (normally) the father and, if necessary, the given names
of as many earlier generations as would uniquely identify the bearer within their
particular community. With the Acts of Union (1536-43), the people of Wales became
fully subject to English law and administration for the first time. They also became
subject to pressures to conform to English practices regarding surnames.
( Rowlands and Rowlands, page 165.)
Naturally, the switchover to the English system wasn't immediate, and it took several centuries
before the Welsh finally abandoned their patronymics and adopted the English system of adding the
possessive ‘s' to many Christian names to create a surname:
However, things did not change overnight, nor did they change in an even way across
Wales. Instead surnames were adopted earlier by the gentry than the ordinary people;
earlier in those areas subject to greatest English influence; and earlier in the richer
lowlands than the poorer, more isolated upland areas. The process of transition took
place over an extended period and it was not until the mid-nineteenth century that the
patronymic system could be said to have been fully replaced.
(Rowlands & Rowlands, pages 165-166)
There was a transition phase in which the word ‘ap' (son of) or ‘ab' (before a vowel) was dropped,
with the second Christian name retained. Another process saw the ‘ap' and ‘ab' absorbed into the
second Christian name to create a brand-new surname. So Thomas ap Hywel (Thomas, son of
Hywel) would first become anglicised to Thomas ap Howell before becoming plain Thomas
Howell. Similarly, John ab Owen would become John Owen. In time, the possessive ‘s' would be
added to create the surnames Howells and Owens, and both forms of these survive in Wales today.
Similarly ap Gruffydd could become plain Gruffydd before finally becoming Griffiths, with an
anglicising of spelling thrown in for good measure. Ap David and ap John became the surnames
David and John before becoming Davies and Jones. But there were regional variations in this
process also:
Of particular interest, however, is the effect this had on those holding the patronymic
names David or John. In those areas in which surnames became fixed relatively soon
after the dropping of the ap prefix this resulted in the survival as surnames of David and
not Davies, John and not Jones, as would be the case later on. Thus we have a high
incidence of both David and John as surnames in south Glamorgan (often well in excess
of 5%), in south Carmarthenshire (sometimes exceeding 5%), and in the northern part of
Pembrokeshire (often approaching 5%).
(Rowlands and Rowlands, page 167)
As a result of this dropping of ‘ap' and retaining the personal name, there are many Christian names
in Wales today which are also surnames. A surname such as Arthur, David, John, Howell, Owen,
George, Harry would give the owner a good chance of being either Welsh or of Welsh ancestry.
Christian names which are Old Testament in origin (see below) also became surnames but often
without the possessive ‘s' at the end. So Samuel, Daniel, Isaac, Abraham, Joseph are Christian
names and surnames which are found in Wales along with Samuels, Daniels, Isaacs, Abrahams,
7
BRAMAIGAR, Fratria Vinculada às FIAC Brasil, nos Termos da Convenção 169/O.I.T.
Subsídios para o Resgate de Identidade Céltica Britânica: Parte III – Galeses
Blog: http://bramaigar.wordpress.com/
Josephs.
The other group of patronymics to undergo a transitional phase were the ones where the ‘ap' or ‘ab'
was absorbed into the following patronymic to create a special class of surnames unique to Wales:
ab Owen (son of Owen), becomes Bowen; ab Evan, Bevan; ab Einon, Beynon; ap
Harry, Parry; ap Huw, Pugh; ap Hywel, Powell; ap Rhys, Preece and Price; ap Richard,
Prichard; ap Henry, Penry; ap Robert, Probert; ap Rhydderch, Prothero; ap Rosser,
Prosser; ap Robin, Probyn.
The incidence of surnames incorporating ‘ap' or ‘ab' in this way is overwhelmingly found in two
areas of Wales. The Welsh areas bordering with England were the first to be colonised by the
Normans, and later Anglicised by the English, so these are where the highest distribution is to be
found. These surnames are also found in north Wales but are relatively rare in the south and west of
the country, except for south-east Carmarthenshire and the Gower peninsular.
(...)
4. SURNAMES DERIVED FROM OLD TESTAMENT GIVEN NAMES (sobrenomes
derivados de nomes Bíblicos)
Biblical names are common throughout the Christian world. But the various Christian
denominations differ as to where these names are taken from. Catholic and Anglican Christian
names are taken overwhelmingly from the New Testament: Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Peter,
Simon, Paul, Thomas, James, Andrew, Philip, etc. Some Catholic countries will even go so far as
naming children Jesus or Xavier (ie Saviour,) though British Protestantism tends to stop short at
these names (the Welsh, however, have been happy in the past to give children the Christian name
Christmas). Needless to say the name Judas is never given to children in the Christian world. ”
Fonte:
•
Ammanford, Carmarthenshire. URL: http://www.terrynorm.ic24.net/welsh
%20surnames.htm
8