Brasiliens Markt für erneuerbare Energien wächst/Energy

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Solarstrom
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Brasiliens Markt für erneuerbare Energien wächst/Energy Generation
Using Renewable Resources Gains Force in Brazil
Was machen die
Weltmeister?
Pünktlich zur Fußballweltmeisterschaft richten wir unseren Blick Richtung Zuckerhut und fragen, was der
amtierende Weltmeister in der Energieversorgung so drauf hat. Die Fachautorin Juliana Radler, die in
Brasilien seit Jahren zu umweltpolitischen Themen arbeitet, stellt exklusiv für die SONNENENERGIE die
neuen Initiativen vor und sprach dafür mit zahlreichen Energieexperten ihres Heimatlandes. Eine deutschsprachige Zusammenfassung des englischen Artikels finden Sie auf Seite 59.
Von Juliana Radler
Brazil is vulnerable to being almost totally dependable on hydroelectric power plants. There was an electricity shortage in 2002 when the whole country had to cut
down its consumption of electricity due to lack of rain. Picture: Caro/Hoffmann
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SONNENENERGIE
JULI 06
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“Among all countries Brazil is the most important one considering the usage potential of renewable energy. We have a huge coast area where wind energy could be
produced easily and also a lot of solar radiation, besides these we have an enormous potential to produce biomass energy. It is important to have however, a conjunction of all renewable sources as they are incredibly complementary”, points out Hamilton Moss de Souza, the coordinator to the Reference Center for Solar and Wind
Energy (CRESESB), based in Rio de Janeiro. Picture: Juliana Radler
Due to the necessity to reduce fossil fuel
burning and thus the emissions of greenhouse gases, Brazil puts itself as one of the
main countries with an enormous potential
to generate energy using renewable sources.
“Among all countries Brazil is the most important one considering the usage potential
of renewable energy. We have a huge coast
area where wind energy could be produced
easily and also a lot of solar radiation, besides
these we have an enormous potential to produce biomass energy. It is important to have
however, a conjunction of all renewable
sources as they are incredibly complementary”, points out Hamilton Moss de Souza,
the coordinator to the Reference Center for
Solar and Wind Energy (CRESESB), based in
Rio de Janeiro.
To stimulate the segment the Brazilian
government has launched a program to
encourage electric light production using
renewable sources, the PROINFA. Normally
energy produced by alternative sources are
used by specific factories in Brazil. However,
this program expects to generate 3300 MW
which will be bought and incorporated to the
National Integrated Electric System – SIN.
This means that the energy produced will
be used by the whole population.
One third of the total amount (3300MW) of
the energy produced will come from wind
farms, the other third will come from small
central hydroelectric power plants (PCHs)
and the final third from biomass projects.
The energy produced by these units will then
be bought by Eletrobrás, the national electricity estate company.
Beside the environmental matter, which has
been stimulated as a result of the Kyoto
Protocol coming into force on February, 2005,
there is in Brazil a real necessity to provide
electric light for communities living in remote areas. As a result, the use of renewable
sources is expanding. According to the
Ministry for Mining and Energy, there are
around 12 million Brazilians without electric
light. This corresponds to around 7 per cent
of the country's population. In a program
created in 2004 Electric light for all, the current government aims to reduce that number
to zero by 2008.
“There is a huge electricity gap in the country that must be dealt with and resolved by
investing in infrastructure projects. Often
these people are too far from the electric
distribution system. Due to that we went on
to work with renewable energy. We had to
keep it simple by generating and delivering
the energy all in the same place. By using
solar modules – Photovoltaics (PV), an old
problem could be resolved converting sunlight directly into electricity” says Fábio Rosa,
an engineer who founded the Institute for
the Development of Alternative Energy
(Ideaas), which in 1997 was created to strive
for electric light in rural areas through the
use of renewable energy.
According to Mr. Rosa to have a service which
is based in only one source, like the Brazilian,
contributes to making that system vulnerable.
The energy used in Brazil depends mainly on
large hydro-electrics. There was an electricity shortage in 2002 when the whole country
had to cut down its consumption of electricity due to lack of rain. This caused a huge
crisis affecting the economy of the country
directly. Solar energy became then even more
import for Brazil.
“Solar energy, in some rural areas, is the only
possible solution and at a lower cost than
building extension wiring from the distribution net. In urban areas it has advantages because of the energetic efficiency since it can
be used not only to generate energy but also
to heat water. The latter would reduce the
electric shower consumption problem.”
SONNENENERGIE
JULI 06
55
Biomasse
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Solares Bauen
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Like in many other countries there is a real necessity
in Brazil to provide electric light for communities living in remote areas. As a result, the use of renewable
sources is expanding. According to the Ministry for
Mining and Energy, there are around 12 million Brazilians without electric light. This corresponds to
around 7 per cent of the country's population. In a
program created in 2004 Electric light for all, the
current government aims to reduce that number to
zero by 2008.
Picture: Gesellschaft für technische Zusammenarbeit
(GTZ)
According to the Sociedade do Sol, a NGO
that works with the dissemination of the use
of low cost solar heating, around 36 million
people in Brazil use electric shower. This
technology as it is used today, at peak time
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energy consumption (from 6pm to 9pm)
uses up something like 6 GW (Gigawatt).
In other words, electric shower consumption
responds for 10 % of the whole energy used
in Brazil.
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SONNENENERGIE
JULI 06
Sociedade do Sol believes that it is possible to
diminish electric shower huge energy consumption by using energy produced by solar
heating instead. To illustrate this if Brazilians stopped to use electric shower we could
save 6 GW of energy per year which correspond approximately to US$ 9 billion.
For Mr. Rosa, solar energy in Brazil has reached a maturity stage, where we have reliable equipments and good knowledge to do
their maintenance. “The collectors that we
use have 3-day autonomy, which means 3
days receiving no light whatsoever. Even in
a cloudy day it can still be charged as what
ensures energy production is luminosity”,
says the specialist.
However, the biggest obstacle for the dissemination of solar energy (both for heating and
electricity generation) is still the high cost of
the initial implantation and the lack of loan
programs with low interest that would stimulate the sector. “High interest gets on the
way and frustrates the development and the
propagation of renewable energy in Brazil.
The advancing of thermal solar energy in
Brazil is fundamentaly only a question of
cost”, says Hamilton Moss from Cresesb.
For Martin Green, from the New South Wales
University, Australia, the problem of high
cost will only be overcome with time since
the industry still needs to develop as a whole
not only in Brazil but generally in the whole
world. Mr. Green believes that with maturity
of this market, solar energy will be able to
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Only 28.6 MW wind energy are installed in 11 projects at present in Brazil. This represents 0.03 % of the total
energy generation capacity in the country. With the PROINFA project there will be a significant leap in the
Brazilian installed capacity of wind energy. This is because of 53 new projects which have been selected in nine
different states totalizing 1.4 GW of installed potency. This volume is superior than 1.1 GW initially expected. So
far, 145 different wind energy business ventures have been granted by the government, adding up to 6.6 GW
of energy potency. Picture: Mucuripe Windfarm, Brazil
achieve the same platform of usage as fossil
fuels (petroleum, coal and natural gas).
“If we use the photovoltaic model at large
scale, we can stimulate the industry and
therefore we will be able to obtain lower
prices”, says Mr. Green. According to him,
the development of a cheaper electricity production through solar energy that combines
optical and glass fiber in a material known
as thin film can bring down costs and prices
for solar. In Mr. Green opinion solar energy
will respond for 1 % of the whole world
energy produced in 2020, 10 % in 2030, and
25 % in 2040.
Potencial
According to the Swera Project (The Solar
and Wind Energy Resource Assessment),
financed by the United Nations Environment
Program, the most appropriated areas to explore solar energy in Brazil are the states of
Bahia, Pernambuco, and Piauí, along with
the South, South East and Central regions, in
this order.
“On a cloudy day with no sun light at all, the
incidence of solar radiation in Rio de Janeiro
is 3.6 kWh per square meter per day and in
the state of Ceará it is 4.5 kWh. In Germany,
where this type of energy is most used, the
daily incidence is only about 1.0 kWh per
square meter”, says Stefan Krauter, the
Latin America president for the Renewable
Energy World Board. According to him, the
solar energy generation capacity in one year
is 14 thousand times bigger than the world
energy consume in the same period.
Talking now about wind energy there is in
Brazil, at present, only 28.6 MW (megawatts)
installed in 11 projects which represents
0.03 % of the total energy generation capacity in the country. With the PROINFA project
there will be a significant leap in the Brazilian installed capacity of wind energy. This is
because of 53 new projects which have been
selected in nine different states totalizing
1.4 GW of installed potency. This volume is
superior than 1.1 GW initially expected. So
far, 145 different wind energy business ventures have been granted by the government,
adding up to 6.6 GW of energy potency.
The biggest of these projects will be the Wind
Farm based in the state of Rio Grande do
Sul in the South of Brazil which will have a
investment of US$ 240 million and the capacity to generate 150 MW of electricity.
This will be the largest project in Brazil and
the second in the world. The program has
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been financed by the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES)
from Brazil and it is also part of the
PROINFA.
One of the positive points in investing in
wind energy, according to specialists, is its
contribution for the diversification of the
Brazilian energetic model. This adds a new
renewable source of energy without any risk
of having a energy shortage due to lack of
rain. Brazil is vulnerable to being almost
totally dependable on hydroelectric power
plants.
Apart from this, wind farms do not emit
greenhouse gases thus it could create an enormous market for carbon credit in Brazil. In
relation to Biomass, according to the School
of Pharmaceutical Science of University of
Sao Paulo, Brazil is one of the world’s largest producers of alcohol from biomass at
low cost and is responsible for more than
1 million direct jobs. In 1973, the Brazilian
Program of Alcohol (Proalcool) stimulated
the creation of a bioethanol industry that has
led to large economic, social, and scientific
improvements. In the year 1984, 94.5 % of
Brazil's cars used bioethanol as fuel. In
2003/2004, 350.3 million tonnes of sugarcane produced 24.2 million tonnes of sugar
and 14.4 billion litres of ethanol for an average 4.3 million cars using ethanol.
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Since its inception, cumulative investment
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SONNENENERGIE
JULI 06
59
MARKT
Biomasse
Solares Bauen
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BRASILIEN
According to Martin Green from the New South Wales University, Australia, the development of a cheaper
electricity production through solar energy that combines optical and glass fiber in a material known as thin
film can bring down costs and prices for solar. In Mr. Green opinion solar energy will respond for 1 % of the
whole world energy produced in 2020, 10 % in 2030, and 25 % in 2040. Picture: CEPEL (Centro de Pesquisas
de Energia Elétrica – Center of Research in Eletric Energy, Rio de Janeiro)
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SONNENENERGIE
JULI 06
The program offered by the bank expects to
finance up to 70 % of the total investments
living out only, assets and services which
might come from abroad as much as the land
for premises building.
The investors will have to guarantee 30 % of
the project with their own capital. The financing conditions will have long term interest
rate (called TJLP in Brazil) plus 2 % of basic
spread and up to 1.5 % of risk spread per year.
The main objective of PROINFA is to diversi- The first installment will only be due six
fy the Brazilian energetic model. Created in months after the operation starts. Also there
will be a ten year period to pay off the loans
April 2002, by a law numbered 10.438,
and there will be no interest charged during
PROINFA aims to achieve a production of
the plant building.
3.3 GW from alternative renewable sources.
Eletrobrás, the national electricity estate comWith this amount, Brazil will double its
pany, will buy the energy produced by these
production by using sources such as wind,
biomass and small central hydroelectrics that new plants throught long terms contracts
at the moment correspond to 3.8 % of the to- (called PPAs). This will guarantee to the ental produced and which until the end of this trepreneur a minimum revenue of 70 % of
year, could reach 5.9 %.
its contracted energy during the financing
The PROINFA counts on the National Bank period and also an integral protection confor Economic and Social Development
cerning short term market exposition risks.
(BNDES) to support financially such projects. Contracts will have a 20-year duration and
It has created a program to support investwill involve select projects which will have
ments in renewable energy.
to start operating by December 2006.
Although, at present, there remain technical
obstacles to the economic use of some ethanol industry residues, several research projects have been carried out and useful data
generated. Efficient utilization of ethanol industry residues has created new opportunities for new value-added products, especially
in Brazil, where they are produced in high
quantities.
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The PROINFA program implementation estimates to create 150 thousand direct and indirect jobs during the construction and operation of these new businesses. The private
sector expected investments are around
US$ 4.3 billion. One of the PROINFA law
requirements is that 60 % of the total cost
of the project will come from national capital.
Brazil withholds the knowledge to produce
machines for the small hydro-electric power
stations (PDHs) and also for the biomass
power plants and is progressing in wind technology. There are already two equipment
factories installed in Brazil, one in the South
and the other in the North East of the country.
The regionalization criteria anticipated by the
PROINFA law N° 10.762 establishes to undertake a limit of 20 % per state of the total
energy generated there by wind and biomass
sources and a 15 % limit by the small hydroelectrics power stations (PDHs). This will allow all states with vocation to generate energy
by using renewable sources to take part in
the program. The objective of this policy is
to avoid a possible centralization of projects
happening in only a few states.
In relation to electricity supplying, PROINFA
intends to be a complementary instrument to
the energy produced by hydro-electrics which
are responsible for 80 % of the energy produced in the country. This is because the rain
period is the opposite to the period when
wind is most blown. The same will happen
with biomass in the South and South East regions where the harvest time for crops favorable for electric energy generation (sugar cane
and rice for example) occurs also at the opposite time to the rainy season.
According to the Balanço Energético Nacional (a national study which analysis the
world energy scenery) whereas the general
world average for energy produced from
renewable sources is 14 % and in developed
countries only 6 %, in Brazil this number
goes up to 41 %. This is mainly due to the
use of hydro-electrics. With the PROINFA
project the use of renewable sources to produce energy in Brazil will reduce the emission of carbon dioxide by 2.5 million tons.
Surely there will be an increase for the
Brazilian Carbon Credit market as stated in
the Kyoto Protocol. Another goal of the project is to allow a larger insertion of the small
energy producer, diversifying the number of
agents in the sector.
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To stimulate the segment the Brazilian government has launched a program to encourage electric light production using renewable sources, the PROINFA. Normally
energy produced by alternative sources are used by specific factories in Brazil. However, this program expects to generate 3300 MW which will be bought and
incorporated to the National Integrated Electric System – SIN. This means that the energy produced will be used by the whole population.
Picture: CEPEL (Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica – Center of Research in Eletric Energy, Rio de Janeiro)
The electricity exclusion map in Brazil reveals
that families without access to electricity are
mostly in areas with the lowest Human
Development Index and also in low income
families.
This indicates that the lack of electricity is
connected to a low Human Development
Index (HDI).
Around 90 % of these families earns less
than 3 minimum wages per month, which
correspond to about US$ 500 in total; 80 %
of the families are in rural areas.
Therefore, the Brazilian government aims
to use electricity as a vehicle of social and
economic development for such communities, contributing in this way for poverty reduction and for an increase in families income. With electricity people will have easier
access to health care services, education (and
that would also allows digital inclusion), water
supply and sanitation.
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SONNENENERGIE
JULI 06
With the Luz para Todos Program (Electric
light for all), the federal government intends
to antecipate in 7 years the universalization
of electricity in the country, allowing 100 %
of the Brazilian homes to have electric light
by the end of 2008. According to the current
legal legislation, the electricity companies
have to guarantee that electricity reaches every
home in Brazil until December 2015.
About the author
Juliana Radler is a freelancer journalist based in Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil. She has been writing about
environmental matters since 2000 for important
newspapers and news agency in Brazil, such as
Gazeta Mercantil, Jornal do Brasil and Agência Carta
Maior. Now, Juliana Radler works also with social and
environmental documentaries for an NGO called
Sumaúma Documentários.
[email protected]/[email protected]
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Erneuerbare Energien in
Brasilien – Zusammenfassung
Vor dem Hintergrund steigender CO2Emissionen und des enormen Kaufkraftverlustes durch den Import fossiler Energien will Brasilien den Anteil erneuerbarer Energien drastisch vergrößern. Der
aktuelle Energiemix am Zuckerhut sieht
wie folgt aus:
Wasserkraft:
Stromimporte:
Erdgas:
Erneuerbare Energien
(Wind- Bio- und Solarenergie):
Erdöl:
Kernenergie:
Steinkohle:
75,7 %
8,8 %
4,5 %
3,8 %
2,8 %
2,7 %
1,7 %
Quelle: Ministry for Mining and Energy (MME),
Brasilien, Stand Mai 2006
Der geplante Ausbau von erneuerbaren
Energien soll auch Brasiliens jetzige Abhängigkeit von der Wasserkraft aufheben.
Längere Trockenzeiten führten in der Vergangenheit zu zahlreichen Stromausfällen. Gleichzeitig haben etwa 12 Millionen
Brasilianer überhaupt keinen Zugang zur
Elektrizität – dies entspricht immerhin 7 %
der gesamten Bevölkerung. Programme
zur ländlichen Elektrifizierung versuchen
vor allem durch den Einsatz von Solarenergie dieses Problem zu beseitigen. Mit
der Nutzung solarer Wärme will man die
im Land immer noch stark verbreiteten
elektrischen Boiler verdrängen. Die elektrische Warmwasserbereitung benötigt
insgesamt 6 GW Leistung und verbraucht
damit allein 10 % der installierten Stromkapazität des Landes.
Der Anteil der Windenergie in Brasilien ist
zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt immer noch verschwindend gering: Nur 28,6 MW (in insg.
11 Windparks) bedeuten einen Anteil von
0,03 % der am Netz befindlichen Leistung.
Im Rahmen des sog. PROINFA-Programmes
sollen weitere 1,4 GW an das Netz gehen.
In der Planung befinden sich 145 verschiedene Windenergieprojekte, die ein Potenzial von weiteren 6,6 GW haben.
PROINFA, das auf ein Gesetz aus dem Jahre 2002 zurückgeht, versucht mit staatlicher Subventionierung und zinsgünstigen
Krediten den Anteil erneuerbarer Energien
von jetzt 3,8 auf 5,9 % anzuheben. Im
Bereich Bioenergie gibt es bereits zählbare Erfolge: durch Bio-Ethanol aus Zuckerrohr konnte Brasilien seine Ölimporte
reduzieren und 27 Milliarden US-Dollar
sparen.
uf der
Sie uns a
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