Condemi , S. - Senckenberg
Transcrição
Condemi , S. - Senckenberg
18th International Senckenberg Conference 2004 in Weimar Was the history of Middle Pleistocene peopling the same in Western and in Eastern Europe? SILVANA CONDEMI CNRS, Centre de Recherche Francais de Jérusalem, P. O. Box 547, 5 Shimshon St., Jerusalem 91004, Israel Directeur de Recherche, CNRS, UMR CNRS-DGRCST 9930, F-75013 Paris, France [email protected]; [email protected] The anthropological particularity of the European human population during the Middle Pleistocene, in relation to contemporary fossil human populations in other parts of the ancient world, may be attributed to the presence of the Neanderthals, a population showing well-distinguished characteristics. In Western Europe, the differentiation and evolution of the Neanderthal lineage is well documented by fossil specimens discovered in France, Spain and Italy, which show features that are undoubtedly Neanderthal. As has often been emphasized (TRINKAUS 1988; CONDEMI 1992, 2000, 2001; DEAN et al. 1998), Western Europe preserves a chronological sequence that permits us to reconstruct an evolutionary pattern that occurred over an extended period (at least 450,000 years). Over the course of time, the fossils increasingly exhibit Neanderthal traits. In our opinion, all of these Western European pre-Würmian fossils, beginning at about 450,000 years ago, must be considered to be pre-Neanderthals, which preceded the Würmian Neanderthals both chronologically and phylogenetically. The presence of Neanderthal traits among these fossils shows that the differentiation of this typical European population was already underway. Conversely, in terms of the peopling of Central Europe, some authors still consider the ancient fossils from the Holsteinian and the “Saalian complex” to be presapiens. One such example is the human cranium from Steinheim, which is supposed to display a “modern” morphology (CZARNETZKI 1989; ADAM 1984). Other authors believe that Homo erectus is present during the same period, for example the fossils found at the site of Bilzingsleben (MANIA & VLCEK 1981, 1987, 1993) and the human fossil from Reilingen (ADAM 1989; CZARNETZKI 1989, 1991). Our study of the European fossils from both Western and Central Europe has not led us to confirm the presence of presapiens or Homo erectus in Central Europe (CONDEMI 1996a, 1996b, 2000, 2001). When they are sufficiently complete to permit analysis, ancient fossils discovered in Central Europe clearly show the evolution and diversification leading to the Neanderthals that, far from brutal or sudden, was progressive, as in Western Europe. We would place all the European fossils after Mauer, from both Central and Western Europe, in the Neanderthal lineage. ADAM, K.D. (1984): The Chronological and Systematic Position of the Steinheim Skull. In: E. DELSON (ed.), Ancestors: The Hard Evidence.: 272-276; New York (Alan R. Liss, Inc.). ADAM, K.D. (1989): Alte und neue Urmenschen-Funde in Südwestdeutschland – eine kritische Würdigung. – Quartär, 39/40: 177-190; Bonn. CONDEMI, S. (1992): Les Hommes fossiles de Saccopastore (Italie) et leurs relations phylogénétiques. – Cah. Paléont. (Paléoanthropologie).: 190 pp.; Paris (Editions du C.N.R.S.). CONDEMI, S. (1996a): Le statut phylogénétique du fossile de Reilingen (Baden-Württemberg, Allemagne)»- Anthropol. Préhist., 107: 17-28; Bruxelles. CONDEMI, S. (1996b): Does the Human Fossil Specimen from Reilingen (Germany) belong to the Homo erectus or to the Neanderthal Lineage? – Anthropologie, 34 1-2: 69-78; Brno. CONDEMI, S. (2000): The Neandertals: Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis ? Is there a Contradiction between the Paleogenetic and the Paleoanthropological Data? In: J. ORSCHIEDT & G.-C. WENIGER (eds.), Neandertals and Modern Humans – Discussing the transition (Central and Eastern Europe from 50.000 - 30.000 B.P.). – Wissensch. Schrift. Neanderthal Mus., 2: 111-125; Mettmann. 86 18th International Senckenberg Conference 2004 in Weimar CONDEMI, S. (2001): Les Néanderthaliens de La Chaise «. – Doc. préhistoire, 15: 1-178 ; Paris. CZARNETZKI, A. (1989): Ein archaischer Hominidencalvariarest aus einer Kiesgrube in Reilingen, RheinNeckar-Kreis. – Quartär, 39/40: 191-201; Bonn. CZARNETZKI, A. (1991): Nouvelle découverte d’un fragment de crâne d’un hominidé archaïque dans le sud-ouest de l’Allemagne (rapport préliminaire). – L’ Anthropologie, 95 1: 103-112; Paris. DEAN, D., HUBLIN, J.-J., HOLLOWAY, R. & ZIEGLER, R. (1998): On the phylogenetic position of the preNeandertal specimen from Reilingen (Germany). – Journ. Human Evol., 34 5: 485-508; London. MANIA D., MANIA U. & VLCEK, E. (1993): Zu den Funden der Hominiden-Reste aus dem mittelpleistozänen Travertin von Bilzingsleben von 1987-1993. – Ethnogr.-Archäol. Z., 34: 511-524; Berlin. MANIA, D. & VLCEK, E. (1981): Homo erectus in middle Europe: the discovery from Bilzingsleben. In: B.A. SIGMON & J.S. CYBULSKI (eds.), Homo erectus.: 133-151; Toronto (Univ. Toronto Press). MANIA, D. & VLCEK, E. (1987): Homo erectus from Bilzingsleben (DDR). His culture and his environment. – Anthropologie, 25: 1-45; Brno. TRINKAUS E. (ed.)(1988): L’Homme de Néandertal 3: L’Anatomie. – Étud. Rech. Archéol. Univ. Liège, 30: 11-29; Liege. 87