form TL - Textile Architecture

Transcrição

form TL
Lightweight Landscape architectural workshop
01.02.2012 Politecnico di Milano
ingenieure für
tragwerk und leichtbau gmbh
J:\PUBL\VORTRAG\12LLAW_Milano\paper\membrane_structures_stimpfle.doc
Seite 1
membrane structures principles, details and projects
Bernd Stimpfle
formTL ingenieure für tragwerk und leichtbau gmbh, Radolfzell, Germany
1
Introduction
Membrane structures are often used if large spans need to be realised in short time with a
reasonable budget.
Most of the times short realisation time means that the design process is parallel to the
realisation, a high level of prefabrication and short installation time.
The reduction to few suppliers and interfaces is an advantage for timing and costs.
With reduced requirements on insulation values cost optimised structures can be realised.
These structures are extremely light, starting with approximately 2 kg/m² above foundation. High
tension forces cause a higher foundation effort.
2
Theory
Membrane structures carry their load as tension in the plane of the membrane. Every applied
load needs therefore a change in geometry to reach a new equilibrium state.
Loads are carried biaxial in the membrane. To guarantee the biaxial load bearing behavior and
to avoid slack areas the membrane is pretensioned in both directions.
We differentiate between mechanically tensioned structures with anticlastic curvature and
pneumatic structures with synclastic curvature.
form TL ingenieure für tragwerk und leichtbau gmbh, Kapellenweg 2b, D-78315 Radolfzell, +49 7732 9464-40, [email protected]
form TL
ingenieure für
Fig.1
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design parameters for lightweight structures:
With these design parameters we can develop the typical construction principles. Most tensile
structures can be classified with the following categories or a combination of them:
Hypar surface
Arch membrane
Cone structure
Ridge and valley cable membranes (folded plates)
Cushion
Bubble
Cable girder
form TL
ingenieure für
Fig.2
3
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types of tensile structures
Detailing
Characteristic is the concentration of membrane-stress in border-, ridge- or valley-cables. These
cable forces are collected in individual nodes, redirected and anchored in the ground or in
neighbour buildings.
3.1
Typical details
Important for the achievable strength is the joining technology.
Furthermore the seam layout plays an important role in the architectural appearance.
Typical details are:
Welded seam
Clamping joint
Cable cuff
Clamped border line (typical for PTFE-glass)
Fixed clamping
Cone rings
Membrane tips
Cut outs
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Fig.3 Clamping joint
3.2
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Fig.4 Cable cuff
Cutting pattern:
To generate the double curved shape the membrane needs to be cut along predefined cutting
lines (typically geodesic lines). The pattern width is to be defined in accordance with the
allowable distortion and the material width.
Fig.5 Sample of a seam layout
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4
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Projects
The following projects show the great variety within the field of textile architecture.
The atrium roof for the Shopping Mall Forum Kirchberg in Luxemburg has been developed to
bring sufficient daylight into the high mall, with still a reasonable shading, so that the cooling
energy can be reduced.
After the failure due to a thunderstorm, the Velodrome in Abuja has been rebuilt as a redundant
system with a primary cable net, that is still stable even if in the future one or more panels
should be damaged.
The project Nouvelle Destination was one of the federal pavilions on the Expo in Switzerland in
2002. The concept was a breathing air supported hall with noticeable deflections.
For a road show through Germany the health insurance company GEK needed an adaptable
exhibition space for the indoor use that would fit for whatever location in different cities.
The former CargoLifter Airship hangar was converted into a leisure area with a 20.000 m²
transparent cushion roof on the south side.
The stage roof for the Kongsberg Jazzfestival is an example for extreme variations in radius
over the roof surface. The long cutting pattern varied from full with down to few centimetres
back to almost the full width.
To celebrate the mass one night at the Weltjugendtag 2005 an altar was realised sitting on a hill
and covered with an illuminated cushion, glowing like a bulb.
The pneumatic sphere for Bancoposta was used for a roadshow through Italy. Inside is a stiff
steel structure, so that no airlocks are required.
For training purposes the LTA in Wimbledon built a temporary covered clay court, so that the
training is also possible from autumn to spring.
The Zénith de Strasbourg is covered with 12000 m² highly translucent orange membrane.
The atrium of the shopping mall Athens Heart is covered with the combination of a retractable
roof and ETFE cushions towards the north.
The city of Frankfurt got as a present from Japanese companies the Modern Teahouse, a
double layer inflatable roof, used for tea ceremonies.
Fig. 6 Forum Kirchberg
Fig, 7 Velodrome Abuja
form TL
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Fig. 8 Nouvelle Destination
Fig. 9 GEK Travelling Exhibition
Fig. 10 Tropical Islands
Fig. 11 Kongsberg Jazzfestival
Fig. 12 Weltjugendtag Köln
Fig. 13 Bancoposta
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form TL
ingenieure für
Fig, 14 NTC Wimbledon
Fig. 15 Zénith de Strasbourg
Fig. 16 Athens Heart
Fig. 17 The Modern Teahouse
5
Credits; Photos and Graphics:
Fig 1 to 8, 10, 12, 15 form TL
Fig. 9, Schienbein + Pier
Fig. 11, 13 Canobbio S.p.A.
Fig. 14 Morley von Sternberg
Fig. 16 Stelios Tzetzias
Fig. 17 Museum für Angewandte Kunst Frankfurt
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form TL - Textile Architecture

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