RESULTS FOR CHILDREN

Transcrição

RESULTS FOR CHILDREN
Cover: A young Ivorian refugee suffering from
FOREWORD
malaria sits on a bed at the UNICEF-supported
Martha Tubman Hospital in the town of Janzon
in Grand Gedeh County, Liberia.
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
THE VALUE OF REGULAR RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
ABOUT OUR DONORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
HOW UNICEF SPENDS ITS REGULAR RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Programme assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Countries with UNICEF programmes of cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Strategic and innovative activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Allocation of Regular Resources in support of the equity agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Emergency Programme Fund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
14
16
17
18
RESULTS FOR CHILDREN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Focus Area 1: Young child survival and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Case study 1: Afghanistan Reducing neonatal, infant, and child mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Case study 2: Democratic Republic of the Congo Promoting integrated child survival
approaches at the community level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Case study 3: Iran Integrating nutrition into routine health programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Focus Area 2: Basic education and gender equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Case study 4: Ethiopia Tackling disparities in education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Case study 5: Lebanon Ensuring quality primary education for all Palestinian children . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Case study 6: United Republic of Tanzania Providing education to marginalized children . . . . . . . . . 30
Focus Area 3: HIV/AIDS and children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Case study 7: Belize Reducing the socio-economic vulnerability of adolescent girls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Case study 8: Mozambique Reaching those most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Case study 9: Nigeria Addressing the challenge of mother-to-child transmission of HIV . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Focus Area 4: Child protection from violence, exploitation, and abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Case study 10: Cameroon Changing the child protection environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Case study 11: Pakistan Building a child protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Case study 12: Uzbekistan Working to keep families united . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Focus Area 5: Policy advocacy and partnerships for children’s rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Case study 13: Burkina Faso Developing a national social protection policy for children . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Case study 14: India Delivering basic services through community empowerment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Case study 15: Uganda Reaching marginalized children through effective policy-making . . . . . . . . . . 42
UNICEF’s ability to reach the children, families, and communities in greatest need depends on the generosity and
commitment of donors: governments, civil society, private citizens, and private sector partners all over the world.
As this report shows, these partnerships and the unrestricted Regular Resources they supply enable us to provide
millions of children with lifesaving vaccines, bed nets, and micronutrients; safe drinking water and basic sanitation;
education; and protection from violence, exploitation, and abuse.
These core resources also strengthen our response in emergencies, enabling us to act quickly and effectively
when crises strike. In some of the most difficult operating environments, Regular Resources are usually the very
first funding that our country offices can use in the hours and days immediately following the onset of a crisis.
And Regular Resources are essential to our commitment to equity, aimed at giving all children, wherever and whoever they may be, the opportunity to survive and thrive. Because these funds are unrestricted, they can be shifted
as required to cover funding gaps, support vital services, or address specific challenges. They enable our country
offices to invest in and scale-up innovative programmes, products, processes, and partnerships – all of which can
help accelerate our progress to access the hardest to reach.
This is critically important as we support the efforts of governments to achieve the Millennium Development Goals
– and as we work with all our partners to define and advance the post-2015 agenda.
This report details UNICEF’s 2011 Regular Resources income and expenditure trends, and includes 18 case studies
that illustrate our work across our five Focus Areas and humanitarian action.
We are enormously grateful that donor support to UNICEF has more than doubled over the past decade, enabling
us to reach millions more children than ever before. But the ratio of these core resources to overall income continues to decline – a troubling trend. In an environment of continued fiscal austerity and shrinking budgets, we need
the support of our donors more than ever. At the same time, we understand that we must become ever more efficient, effective, and innovative in all our work, making the best possible use of the funds entrusted to us… knowing
that every dollar saved can help buy a vaccine, or a bed net, or a school book.
The support of our donors has never been more important. We thank you for recognizing the critical importance
of unrestricted resources – and more, for your continued commitment to our shared goal: achieving results in the
lives of the world’s most vulnerable children. Together, we are helping to fulfil their rights to survive, thrive, and
make the most of their potential.
Humanitarian action and post-crisis recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Case study 16: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Combatting malnutrition in
under-five children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Anthony Lake
Executive Director, UNICEF
Case study 17: Liberia Ensuring education in emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Case study 18: Philippines Bolstering disaster preparedness and response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
REGULAR RESOURCES PARTNERS AND DONORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inside back cover
REPORT ON REGUL AR RESOURCES 2011
1
ACRONYMS
CEE/CIS . . . . . . . . Central/Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States
DPRK . . . . . . . . . . Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
DRC . . . . . . . . . . . . Democratic Republic of the Congo
EMOPS . . . . . . . . . Office of Emergency Programmes
EPF . . . . . . . . . . . . Emergency Programme Fund
FAO . . . . . . . . . . . . Food and Agriculture Organization
LDC . . . . . . . . . . . . Least developed country
MDG(s) . . . . . . . . . Millennium Development Goal(s)
MENA . . . . . . . . . . Middle East and North Africa
MTSP . . . . . . . . . . Medium-term Strategic Plan
NGO . . . . . . . . . . . Non-governmental organization
OR . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Resources (restricted)
OVC . . . . . . . . . . . Orphans and vulnerable children
PAHO . . . . . . . . . . Pan American Health Organization
RR . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regular Resources (unrestricted)
UNAIDS . . . . . . . . Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
UNDG . . . . . . . . . . United Nations Development Group
UNDP . . . . . . . . . . United Nations Development Programme
UNEP . . . . . . . . . . United Nations Environment Programme
UNESCO . . . . . . . United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UNFPA . . . . . . . . . United Nations Population Fund
UN-HABITAT . . . . United Nations Human Settlements Programme
UNHCR . . . . . . . . . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF . . . . . . . . . United Nations Children’s Fund
UNMAS . . . . . . . . United Nations Mine Action Service
UNOCHA . . . . . . . United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
UNODC . . . . . . . . . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
UNOPS . . . . . . . . . United Nations Office for Project Services
UNRWA . . . . . . . . UN Relief and Works Agency
USD . . . . . . . . . . . United States dollars
WASH . . . . . . . . . . Water, sanitation, and hygiene
WFP . . . . . . . . . . . World Food Programme
Regular Resources (RR) – that is, funds contributed
without any restrictions on their use – are critical to
UNICEF’s extensive operations worldwide. They are the
core resources that enable the organization to promote
the fulfilment of the rights of all children in all situations. They enable UNICEF to participate in all phases
of the development cycle and humanitarian assistance, including emergencies, post-conflict settings,
and recovery environments.
Only through Regular Resources can UNICEF be assured
of steady and predictable funding, which in turn allows
the organization to undertake its work with a measure of
certainty and continuity. In 2011, 60 per cent of Regular
Resources were spent in least developed countries,
where nearly half the population is under 18 years of age
and the needs of the disadvantaged are greatest. And
while these nations are the “richest” in terms of their
numbers of children, they are the most challenged in
terms of child survival and development – home to the
highest rates of child mortality and the poorest access to
such basic social services as education; health care; safe
drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene; and child protection. Regular Resources are equally critical in helping
UNICEF and its partners to develop and strengthen laws,
systems, services, policies, and standards that promote
and protect the rights of children.
UNICEF has a long-term and highly-developed global
presence that reaches even to the most remote areas
of the world. Many of the more than 150 countries and
territories in which it works, however, are out of the
public spotlight, and consequently do not attract muchneeded donor attention. Given this situation, Regular
Resources are essential in enabling the organization to
provide stability and continuity for all its country
programmes of cooperation – maintaining offices
and the specialized expertise to support programmes
for children, and using this in-country presence to promote robust local and international partnerships, as well
as to support one of the largest supply networks in the
world. All these components form the building blocks
of better results for children.
Regular Resources play a pivotal role in enabling UNICEF
to quickly respond to changing circumstances or
emerging challenges. Because these funds are unearmarked, they can be easily moved from programme
to programme, or within programmes, covering essential supplies, services, and technical expertise that may
not be addressed by restricted donations. This has been
the case with UNICEF’s equity agenda, whereby tens
of millions of dollars have been redirected to focus on
the needs and rights of the most marginalized children.
Regular Resources, for instance, have funded the
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and other essential
tools that have facilitated the monitoring of results for
equity, which are central to the success of this agenda.
Regular Resources enable UNICEF to respond quickly
to emergencies, particularly in fragile states that face
new security risks or natural disasters. At a time when
UNICEF is called upon to respond to an increasing
number of humanitarian crises throughout the world,
it is these unrestricted resources that ensure the
organization’s quick response and rapid implementation. UNICEF’s Emergency Programme Fund (EPF),
for instance, is a $75 million RR revolving fund that is
available to country offices in the days and even hours
immediately following the onset of a crisis. Countries
such as Liberia, Pakistan, and Somalia were among
those that benefitted from the EPF in 2011.
WHO . . . . . . . . . . . World Health Organization
UNICEF
2
3
UNICEF is also uniquely placed – because of Regular
Resources – to simultaneously support the delivery
of services to the most vulnerable groups and to work
at all levels of government to inform and shape policies that address the specific needs of children and
women. UNICEF’s presence at the grassroots level,
working with partners in local communities, informs
and enhances its engagement at the government and
senior decision-making level.
Importantly, Regular Resources also help to ensure
UNICEF’s independence, neutrality, and role as a
trusted partner to all parties, including national governments and non-state actors. RR funds are not driven by
any individual donor priorities or agendas, enabling the
organization to focus on implementing programmes and
delivering the best quality services for children, often in
challenging environments.
In a world where comprehensive and up-to-date data is
essential to success, UNICEF is the unrivalled source
of information on the global situation of children,
combining local understanding with global knowledge to
provide innovative and timely solutions. With more than
65 years of experience, the organization has an extraordinary level of technical expertise that is backed by a
network of highly skilled field staff in public health, disease prevention, logistics, nutrition, water and sanitation,
child protection, human rights, education, gender, and
emergency response. UNICEF offices are able to undertake these activities utilizing information gathered through
tried and tested data collection and survey methodologies
as well as monitoring and reporting tools. The organization’s ability to undertake this important work, however, is
largely dependent on Regular Resources, which allow for
consistent and world-class technical expertise, operational support, monitoring and evaluation, data collection,
and reporting.
Simply put, the value of RR funding cannot be overstated. It increases programmatic and cost efficiencies, which are critical in an era of tighter fiscal
budgets. It lessens the administrative burden on
the organization, host countries, implementing partners, and donors alike. It ensures a global and adequate
country presence. It secures a platform for countrydriven programme activities and allows UNICEF to
invest in innovative programmes that can later be
scaled-up. And it is UNICEF’s most effective funding
tool as it seeks to reach children around the globe, fairly
and equitably, with services that enable them to grow,
develop, and thrive.
REGULAR RESOURCES ALLOW UNICEF TO WORK FOR ALL CHILDREN –
EVERYWHERE, ALL THE TIME, AND WITH EQUITY – BY:
•maintaining a global presence
•reaching those most in need
•responding rapidly to emergencies
•implementing programmes with predictability
and continuity
•protecting the rights of the most
vulnerable children
•influencing the development of national laws
and policies in favour of children
•disseminating cutting-edge knowledge on the
global situation of children
•innovating and advancing solutions on behalf
of children
•investing in new projects that can be brought
to scale to reach more children
•addressing children’s immediate needs
and those of future generations
•engaging in all phases of the
development cycle
•allocating funds to priority programmes
based on a proven allocation formula
•implementing programmes independently,
flexibly, and impartially
•increasing overall efficiency by lessening
the administrative burden on UNICEF and
its partners
•reducing transaction costs associated with
managing donor relations
•partnering with governments, development
agencies, civil society, the corporate sector,
and local communities
A boy holds a new
backpack during a
ceremony launching
the 2011–2012
school year at the
UNICEF-assisted
Tabarre School in
Port-au-Prince, the
capital of Haiti.
UNICEF
4
5
UNICEF derives its income entirely from the voluntary
contributions of governments and private donors. These
consist of unrestricted Regular Resources (RR), the
organization’s preferred type of income, and restricted
Other Resources (OR), which donors can direct to
specific programmes according to their interests or
priorities. Such unrestricted and restricted resources
are complementary to one another, and it is the balance between these two funding modalities that allows
UNICEF to drive its agenda for children and to commit
to predictable results. Regular Resources enable
the organization to invest in new programming from
which many of its earmarked programmes are subsequently built. Further, the higher the share of Regular
Resources, the lower are UNICEF’s transaction costs
and the greater the organization’s effectiveness and
efficiency in reaching those who are most vulnerable.
such as the European Commission and inter-organizational arrangements, which are government contributions to UNICEF through other UN agencies.2 Income
from private sources and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) was $1,089 million (29 per cent of total
contributions).3 This latter figure includes $813 million
(22 per cent of total contributions) from 36 National
Committees – UNICEF’s network of national NGOs –
which mobilize resources through fundraising appeals
and ongoing relationships with individuals, civil society
groups, companies, and foundations, as well as through
the organization’s cards and gifts operations. A further
$276 million (7 per cent of total contributions) was
raised through UNICEF country offices, private sector
income provided directly to UNICEF Headquarters, and
donations from other NGOs.
There were significant variances in the type of income
received in 2011 as compared to the previous year
primarily due to the impact of the 2010 Haiti earthquake
and Pakistan floods. Specifically, these two humanitarian crises led to a marked shift in Regular Resources
to Other Resources in 2010, with RR declining $101
INCOME BY TYPE OF RESOURCES (2011)
Total income remained relatively stable between 2010 and 2011, with Regular
Resources as a share of total resources increasing from 26 per cent to 29 per cent.
This was an encouraging trend, as donors acknowledged that UNICEF’s global
presence and its capacity to provide leadership on child-related priorities largely
depend on a strong and reliable core income base.
In 2011 governments, including such inter-governmental organizations as the
European Commission, accounted for 61 per cent of UNICEF’s total resources.
Another 8 per cent was received through inter-organizational arrangements.
Private sector resources, including income from National Committees and NGOs,
and funds raised through UNICEF country offices accounted for 29 per cent of
the organization’s income.
$1,078 million
In 2011, UNICEF donors contributed $3,711 million, an
increase of $29 million (1 per cent) over 2010.1 In all, 92
governments contributed $2,567 million (69 per cent
of total contributions) in public sector income directly
to UNICEF or through inter-governmental organizations
Regular Resources, 29%
In 2011 governments and inter-governmental organizations provided 60 per cent
of UNICEF’s Regular Resources, and private sector sources and NGOs contributed
35 per cent.
Total: $1,078 million
$646 million
Governments and
inter-governmental organizations, 60%
$2,260 million
$2,633 million
$377 million
Governments and intergovernmental organizations, 61%
Other Resources, 71%
Private sector and NGOs, 9 35%
$307 million
$55 million
Inter-organizational arrangements, 8%
INCOME TRENDS BY TYPE OF RESOURCES (2002–2011)
Other,10 5%
$1,089 million
Although income has more than doubled over the past decade, there has been a widening gap between restricted funds (OR) and unrestricted funds (RR). Despite a slight
narrowing of this variance in 2011, there remains a disproportionately high level of Other Resources to Regular Resources. The gap between OR and RR must continue to
narrow, and RR income must eventually even surpass OR income, if UNICEF is to promote and protect the rights of children effectively.
3,000
TOTAL RR INCOME BY SOURCE (2011) 8
TOTAL INCOME BY SOURCE (2011) 5
million (9 per cent) and OR increasing $527 million
(24 per cent) over 2009.4 These figures underscore the
ability of UNICEF’s donors to respond at scale to major
emergencies. Income for 2011, however, witnessed a
rebalancing of the RR and OR figures, with RR income
increasing $113 million (12 per cent) over 2010 – including $71 million (12 per cent) from the public sector and
$42 million (13 per cent) from the private sector. In the
same year, OR contributions decreased $84 million
(3 per cent), resulting from a $57 million (3 per cent)
increase in public sector funding and a $141 million
(17 per cent) reduction in private sector income.
Private sector and NGOs, 6 29%
$55 million
Million (USD)
Other,7 1%
2,500
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR INCOME TRENDS (2002–2011)11
2,000
Over the past decade annual public and private sector contributions to UNICEF have risen 181 per cent and 126 per cent, respectively. This commitment to increasing income
to the organization is reflected in the results that UNICEF has achieved across the globe. There remains a concern, however, that Other Resources continue to rise at a
significantly higher pace than unrestricted Regular Resources, especially given the international community’s commitment to the Paris Declaration to increase aid effectiveness by untying aid. As UNICEF continues to face the ongoing global economic crisis, it is critical that Regular Resources assume an increasingly higher share of total income.
1,500
Million (USD)
2,000
1,000
1,800
1,600
500
1,400
0
2002
Regular Resources
Other Resources
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
ASIAN TSUNAMI
HAITI EARTHQUAKE
1,200
1,000
800
600
100%
400
80%
200
60%
0
40%
2002
Public Sector OR
Public Sector RR
20%
0%
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Private Sector OR
Private Sector RR
4
In 2010, private sector OR income increased 60 per cent and National Committee OR donations increased 76 per cent.
Regular Resources
5
Because of rounding, in some charts dollar values may not add up to their true total value; in other cases, the percentages may not add up to 100 per cent.
Other Resources
6
National Committees contributed $ 813 million (75 per cent); other private sources (including income from individuals, corporations, and foundations provided directly to
UNICEF) and NGOs contributed $276 million (25 per cent).
7
Other income includes contributions from interest and miscellaneous sources, such as small donations and gains/losses on foreign exchange transactions.
8
RR figures include refunds and adjustments to income recognized in previous years.
9
National Committees contributed $ 365 million (97 per cent) in Regular Resources; other private sources (including income from individuals, corporations, and
foundations provided directly to UNICEF) and NGOs contributed $11 million (3 per cent). The data in this chart includes all income after the cost of goods delivered and
other operating expenses incurred by UNICEF’s Private Fundraising and Partnerships Division have been deducted.
1
Total public sector income in 2011 increased $128 million (5 per cent) and private sector income decreased $ 99 million (8 per cent).
2
Contributions from inter-organizational arrangements have come through the following sources: FAO, PAHO, UNAIDS, UNDG, UNDP, UNEP, UNESCO, UNFPA,
UN-HABITAT, UNHCR, UN Human Security Trust Fund, UNMAS, UNOCHA, UNODC, UNOPS, UNRWA, UN Secretariat, UN Women, WHO, World Bank, as well as UN
Joint Programmes where UNICEF is the Administrative Agent.
3
The remaining 1.5 per cent includes contributions from interest and miscellaneous income, such as small donations and gains/losses on foreign exchange transactions.
UNICEF
6
2003
10
Other income includes contributions from interest and miscellaneous sources, such as small donations and gains/losses on foreign exchange transactions.
11
This chart includes income after the cost of goods delivered has been deducted. The 2006–2011 figures include income adjustments to prior years for public and private
sector contributions.
7
TOP 20 GOVERNMENT, INTER-GOVERNMENTAL, AND NATIONAL COMMITTEE DONORS (2011)
TOP 20 GOVERNMENT RR DONORS (2011)
TOP 20 NATIONAL COMMITTEE RR DONORS (2011)
Among the top 20 donors to UNICEF in 2011, 13 were governments and seven were National Committees. The ratio of RR to OR income varies considerably
among these donors, with the largest RR ratios belonging to the National Committees of Japan, the Republic of Korea, and the Netherlands, and to the
Government of Switzerland.
Among the top 20 government RR donors, the United States provided $132 million,
followed by Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom with between $68 million
and $76 million each.
Among the top 20 National Committee RR donors, Japan provided $104 million,
followed by Germany, the Netherlands, the Republic of Korea, and France with
between $41 million and $48 million each.
DONOR TYPE
RR
(USD million)
RR
(%)
United States
Government
132
United Kingdom
Government
68
Norway
Government
Inter-Governmental
COUNTRY
European Commission
OR
(USD million)
OR
(%)
TOTAL
(USD million)
38%
213
62%
345
United States
23%
223
77%
291
Norway
76
33%
150
67%
226
–
–
217
100%
RR (2010)
(USD million)
RR (2011)
(USD million)
148
104
50
48
RR (2010)
(USD million)
RR (2011)
(USD million)
132
132
70
76
Germany
Sweden
61
75
Netherlands
42
47
217
United Kingdom
33
68
Republic of Korea
25
42
COUNTRIES
COUNTRIES
AND TERRITORIES
Japan
Japan
Government
18
9%
175
91%
193
Netherlands
43
48
France
38
41
Sweden
Government
75
43%
101
57%
176
Australia
25
35
Sweden
20
34
Netherlands
Government
48
34%
95
66%
143
Spain
29
29
Spain
25
29
Australia
Government
35
25%
103
75%
138
Denmark
28
29
United States
13
25
Canada
Government
19
14%
114
86%
132
Belgium
25
27
Italy
22
23
Japan
National Committee
104
81%
24
19%
128
Finland
22
23
Finland
12
13
Germany
National Committee
48
47%
54
53%
101
Switzerland
21
21
United Kingdom
3
11
United States
National Committee
25
29%
62
71%
87
Canada
17
19
Belgium
7
10
France
National Committee
41
50%
41
50%
82
Japan
15
18
Norway
6
7
Netherlands
National Committee
47
65%
25
35%
72
Ireland
10
12
Canada
1
6
Sweden
National Committee
34
48%
37
52%
71
Germany
8
6
Denmark
10
6
Republic of Korea
National Committee
42
68%
20
32%
62
New Zealand
4
5
Australia
4
6
Government
29
50%
28
50%
57
Luxembourg
4
4
Switzerland
12
6
National Committee
23
46%
27
54%
51
Italy
4
4
Hong Kong, China
10
5
Spain
Government
29
58%
21
42%
50
Republic of Korea
3
3
Austria
3
4
Belgium
Government
27
56%
21
44%
48
France
9
2
Greece
4
3
Denmark
Italy
TOP 20 DONOR COUNTRIES (2011)
The following list shows the top 20 donor countries, aggregating public and private sector contributions.
PUBLIC SECTOR
DONOR
United States
United Kingdom
PRIVATE SECTOR
RR
(USD million)
OR
(USD million)
RR
(USD million)
OR
(USD million)
GRAND TOTAL
132
213
25
62
432
68
223
11
30
332
Japan
18
175
104
24
321
Sweden
75
101
34
37
248
Norway
76
150
7
9
241
Netherlands
48
95
47
25
215
Australia
35
103
6
8
151
Canada
19
114
6
9
148
Germany
7
21
48
54
129
France
2
18
41
41
102
Spain
29
21
30
18
98
Belgium
27
21
10
21
79
Republic of Korea
3
11
42
20
77
29
28
6
10
73
4
11
23
27
66
Finland
23
18
13
7
61
Switzerland
21
8
6
16
50
Ireland
Denmark
Italy
12
11
1
8
32
Argentina
–
–
1
13
15
Haiti
–
14
–
–
14
UNICEF
8
9
UNICEF is guided by the fundamental principle that all
children have equal rights. However, not all developing
countries and communities receive adequate international financial and technical assistance to address the
needs of their children and young populations. In some
cases, countries are out of the public eye; in others,
they do not meet the financing requirements of bilateral donors. Whatever the reason, Regular Resources
ensure that UNICEF can address the basic needs of
children, especially the most vulnerable, in the most
remote corners of the globe.
The largest share of Regular Resources contributes to
Programme Assistance, which is spent by country
and regional offices in cooperation with governments
and other partners (e.g., local and international NGOs)
to promote and realize the rights of children. These
funds enable UNICEF to deliver more programmes in
more countries than any other organization working for
children. The balance of RR funds sustains UNICEF’s
Support Budget, which includes costs associated
with implementing country programmes of cooperation
and with regional programme management, support,
and advocacy.12 It also includes costs of supporting the
core structure and mission of the organization.13 The
Support Budget is approved by the UNICEF Executive
Board, which ensures that the percentage of resources
allocated to these support functions remains a modest
proportion of RR expenditure.
TOTAL RR EXPENDITURE (2011)14
In 2011, $789 million (71 per cent) of Regular Resources was spent on Programme
Assistance. The remaining $322 million (29 per cent) was spent on the organization’s Support Budget, including $107 million (10 per cent) on Management and
Administration and $215 million (19 per cent) on Programme Support, the latter
directly related to supporting country and regional offices to implement
programmes in the field.
$789 million
Programme Assistance, 71%
$215 million
Programme Support, 19%
$107 million
Management and Administration, 10%
RR EXPENDITURE TRENDS (2002–2011)
Between 2002 and 2011 the share of RR Programme Assistance directly reaching children more than doubled, while the share of the Support Budget dropped from 39 per cent to
29 per cent as a proportion of total RR expenditure. Between 2010 and 2011, Programme Assistance dropped $7 million (1 per cent), whereas the Support Budget increased $46
million (17 per cent). The Support Budget change includes an increase of $5 million (5 per cent) in Management and Administration as well as an increase of $41 million (24 per
cent) in Programme Support. The latter figure represents significant RR investments in initiatives designed to create an ever-more efficient organizational structure. These include
the development and global roll-out of VISION, an enterprise resource management system, which is an integrated platform for planning, monitoring, and reporting on resource
use. It also includes investments around the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), whereby UNICEF now joins other parts of the United Nations system in
complying with these principles of greater accountability and oversight. Further, RR was used to cover mandatory security costs in several field offices.
The following expenditure trends highlight UNICEF’s commitment to maintaining effective and efficient operations and to continually improving its business practices in line
with UN reform efforts. In many countries, for instance, UNICEF offices have now moved into shared premises or set up joint service agreements with other United Nations
agencies. Among the 50 UNICEF offices with these arrangements, administrative expenses have dropped by about one third.
900
Million (USD)
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
A young girl writes
on her chalkboard at
a pre-school in
2002
2003
Programme Assistance
Programme Support
Management and Administration
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Bangladesh. UNICEF
promotes children’s
development within
12
This component of the Support Budget is Programme Support, which covers the activities of UNICEF organizational units whose primary functions are the
development, formulation, delivery, and evaluation of the organization’s programmes. This will typically include units that provide backstopping of programmes, either
on a technical, thematic, geographic, logistical, or administrative basis.
13
This component of the Support Budget is Management and Administration, which includes all costs that are not directly attributable to a particular programme,
but are necessary to support the organization’s executive direction, oversight, communications, fundraising, financial, and human resources functions. They include
corporate leadership and oversight, the safeguarding of financial resources entrusted to UNICEF, and the transparent utilization of such resources. They also ensure
services to the more than 9,000 staff members implementing programmes in over 150 countries and territories.
14
RR expenditure figures include write-offs ($2 million) and Support Budget transfers that represent income taxes paid by UNICEF on behalf of citizens of governments
that contribute to UNICEF’s Regular Resources ($19 million).
a joyful, safe, and
child-friendly learning environment.
UNICEF
10
11
PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE
Funds for Programme Assistance at the country
and regional level are distributed among the following
six categories.
The following chart shows RR expenditure across the above-mentioned six categories.
$68 million
The UNICEF Executive Board established the current system for determining country programme
planning levels for Regular Resources in 1997. For the past 15 years it has provided a measure of consistency and predictability in funding that has helped country offices plan their programmes, while
concurrently demonstrating to the donor community that the organization’s planning processes are
robust and thoughtfully considered.
$14 million
A number of principles guide the allocation of Regular Resources:
Total: $789 million
$689 million
1. Countries with UNICEF programmes of cooperation: These funds are allocated to UNICEF country
programmes of cooperation based on three key indicators affecting children: gross national income per capita,
under-five mortality rate, and child population.
Countries with UNICEF programmes
of cooperation, 87%
2. Strategic and innovative activities: At the discretion of the Executive Director, 7 per cent of RR
Programme Assistance supports strategic and innovative programmes, including advancing the equity
agenda in countries and regions.
Advocacy and programme
development, 2%
3. Emergency Programme Fund: In addition to the
availability of Regular Resources allocated through
the above mechanisms to support humanitarian
programmes, many country offices also rely upon the
Emergency Programme Fund, a $75 million revolving
fund that can be accessed to finance immediate
emergency needs.
4. Advocacy and programme development:
These are allocations to support global advocacy,
development, and the roll-out of UNICEF strategies
and programmes.
5. Net income on product sales: These are allocations of Regular Resources to country offices that generate additional RR through the sales of cards and gifts.
6. Income adjustments: These are refunds and adjustments to income recognized in previous years.
RR PLANNING LEVELS AND UNICEF FUNDRAISING TARGETS
RR PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE EXPENDITURE
BY TYPE OF ALLOCATION (2011)
Strategic and innovative activities, 9%
Emergency Programme Fund,15 2%
$16 million
$0.09 million
Adjustments, <1%
$2 million
Product sales (net income), <1%
BY REGION (2011)
The following chart shows the regional distribution of RR Programme Assistance
expenditure in 2011. The allocation of these funds was based on the Boardapproved criteria: 60 per cent was distributed to sub-Saharan Africa and 25 per
cent to Asia, while between 3 and 4 per cent was distributed to each of the
remaining three regions: the Middle East and North Africa, Central/Eastern Europe
and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CEE/CIS), and Latin America and
the Caribbean.
• RR planning levels are established based on the
organization’s Medium-term Strategic Plan:
Planned financial income and expenditure estimates, which is approved by the Executive Board.
• In allocating RR, UNICEF gives highest priority
to the needs of children in low income countries,
particularly least developed countries (LDCs)
and those in sub-Saharan Africa, ensuring that
LDCs receive at least 60 per cent of Regular
Resources and countries in sub-Saharan Africa
receive at least 50 per cent.16
•Allocations are determined by applying three
core criteria: gross national income per capita,
under-five mortality rate, and child population.
•All countries are guaranteed a minimum allocation of $750,000 until such time as they achieve
‘high income’ status based on World Bank country classification, and maintain such status for
two consecutive years.17
•Abrupt changes in country allocations are to
be avoided.
PREDICTABILITY OF PLANNING LEVELS
Total: $789 million
Planning levels fluctuate very little from year to year. An analysis of RR allocation targets from 2009 to 2012 shows that
RR allocations at the regional level remained stable throughout this period, fluctuating less than 1 per cent in all cases.
The one significant change in allocations was a redistribution of approximately $115 million in RR income from low income
countries to low-middle income and upper-middle income countries. In 2009, low income countries received 80 per cent
of RR and low-middle income countries received 18 per cent. In 2012, the ratios were 62 per cent and 32 per cent, respectively. Further, during this period, the share of RR allocations to upper-middle income countries rose from 3 per cent to
6 per cent. These changes reflect relative increases in the standard of living in a number of countries.
$476 million
Sub-Saharan Africa, 60%
$29 million
Middle East and North Africa, 4%
$26 million
Inter-regional, 3%
$201 million
Planning levels are based on the needs of children and the requirements of UNICEF programmes to consistently achieve
better results for children. All country offices use these planning levels to help guide them in formulating their programmes and budgets. To take an example, the Mozambique Country Programme Plan for 2012–2015 includes a Regular
Resources budget of $64 million for this four-year period. This figure was based on the Executive Board-approved RR
planning levels set for 2012, which was $16 million for Mozambique.
$29 million
PREDICTABILITY OF RR ALLOCATIONS ENSURES HIGH EXPENDITURE RATES
$27 million
CEE/CIS, 3%
Asia, 25%
Latin America and the Caribbean, 4%
There is a strong correlation between RR planning levels and high expenditure rates from year to year. This is because
the predictability of future RR funds enables country offices to effectively plan and spend as much RR as possible during
each calendar year.
The following table shows the alignment of allocations and expenditures for RR Programme Assistance for the
2009 to 2011 period.
RR Programme
Assistance allocation
RR Programme
Assistance expenditure
Expenditure as
% of allocation
2009
$688 million
$678 million
99%
2010
$690 million
$691 million
100%
2011
$690 million
$689 million
100%
RR INCOME FULLY SPENT YEAR-ON-YEAR
RR income is fully spent year-on-year, reinforcing the argument that the core of UNICEF’s business is dependent on
Regular Resources, including RR Programme Assistance and the Support Budget. The following table, which shows total
RR income and expenditure levels for the 2009–2011 period, underscores the organization’s need to raise additional RR
funding. Expenditure data typically includes carry-over funds from earlier years as well as some RR taken from reserves.
15
The expenditure of Regular Resources on humanitarian programmes includes RR spent in countries that are allocated such resources through the Board-approved
formula, as well as countries that benefit from loans through the biennial Emergency Programme Fund (EPF). EPF loans are treated as “estimated expenditure” of
Regular Resources until they are repaid. Loans that are not repaid are converted to non-reimbursable loans and treated as RR expenditure. Further, decisions on
whether or not to waive reimbursement can be made until the end of the second year of the biennium. Because most EPF loans are repaid, the RR expenditure
figure presented in the above chart is less than the $75 million in available EPF funds. The $14 million in EPF expenditure includes adjustments made in 2011 for
EPF loans issued in prior years.
UNICEF
12
RR income
RR expenditure
Expenditure as
% of income
RR income
shortfall
2009
$1,066 million
$1,090 million
102%
$ 24 million
2010
$ 965 million
$1,072 million
111%
$107 million
2011
$1,078 million
$1,093 million
101%
$ 15 million
16
In 2011, 56.6 per cent of all UNICEF resources, including Regular Resources and Other Resources, were spent in least developed countries and 56.8 per cent
in sub-Saharan Africa, which includes Djibouti and Sudan.
17
The current $750,000 minimum allocation figure was approved by the UNICEF Executive Board in 2008.
13
COUNTRIES WITH UNICEF PROGRAMMES OF COOPERATION
In 2011, $689 million (87 per cent) of RR Programme
Assistance was designated for countries with UNICEF
programmes of cooperation that were selected based
on the Executive Board-approved criteria of gross
national income per capita, under-five mortality rate,
and child population.
EQUITY-FOCUSED
PROGRAMMES SUPPORTED
BY REGULAR RESOURCES
RR PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE EXPENDITURE: TOP 50 COUNTRIES (2011)18
Among the top 50 countries that received RR Programme Assistance funds in 2011, the highest RR expenditures were in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, and
India, and the lowest in the Philippines, Haiti, and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic.
COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Nigeria
India
Ethiopia
Afghanistan
Uganda
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Niger
United Republic of Tanzania
Burkina Faso
Mozambique
Myanmar
Mali
Chad
Côte d'Ivoire
Kenya
Madagascar
Somalia
Malawi
Liberia
Ghana
China
Burundi
Rwanda
Sierra Leone
Guinea
Zambia
Nepal
Angola
Yemen
Benin
Senegal
Cameroon
Cambodia
Zimbabwe
Indonesia
Pacific Island Countries19
South Sudan 20
Togo
Viet Nam
Central African Republic
Uzbekistan
Sudan20
Caribbean Regional21
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Egypt
Philippines
Haiti
Lao People’s Democratic Republic
U5MR
(/1,000 live births)
170
143
63
106
149
99
87
48
143
76
176
135
66
178
173
123
85
62
180
92
103
74
18
142
91
174
130
111
50
161
77
115
75
136
51
80
35
–
–
103
23
159
52
–
–
33
22
29
165
54
GNI/CAPITA
(USD)
180
1,180
1,340
380
330
490
1,050
640
360
530
550
440
–
600
600
1,070
780
440
–
330
190
1,240
4,260
160
540
340
380
1,070
490
3,960
1,060
750
1,050
1,160
760
460
2,580
–
–
440
1,100
460
1,280
–
–
–
2,340
2,050
650
1,010
CHILD POPULATION
(‘000)
35,056
77,907
447,309
40,380
16,781
18,471
73,227
55,938
8,611
22,964
8,576
11,849
14,937
8,266
5,846
9,407
19,817
10,331
4,772
7,863
1,989
10,977
322,163
3,761
5,170
2,902
4,940
6,937
12,874
10,167
12,401
4,453
6,282
9,261
5,560
5,866
77,787
–
–
2,796
25,981
2,069
9,940
–
–
6,839
30,264
38,970
4,260
2,605
TOTAL RR EXPENDITURE
(USD million)
59.4
52.1
43.0
40.0
38.5
22.9
22.2
21.4
20.4
20.1
16.6
16.5
15.4
15.3
13.7
13.5
11.9
11.8
11.2
10.6
10.3
10.3
10.2
10.0
9.7
9.2
8.9
8.5
8.0
7.6
7.4
7.3
7.0
6.8
6.7
6.1
5.6
5.6
5.4
4.6
4.3
4.1
4.0
4.0
3.9
3.9
3.7
3.6
3.5
2.6
18
Excludes any RR expenditure for Strategic and Innovative Activities and RR expenditure through the Emergency Programme Fund.
19
Countries in the Pacific Islands include the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Samoa,
Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.
20
Following the secession of the Republic of South Sudan from the Republic of the Sudan in July 2011, and its subsequent admission to the United Nations,
disaggregated data for these separate States is not yet available.
21
The Caribbean Region includes Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, the British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia,
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Turks and Caicos Islands.
UNICEF
14
MONITORING OF RESULTS
FOR EQUITY
WATER, SANITATION,
AND HYGIENE
$3.1 million was allocated to provide support
to 22 country offices, plus the East Caribbean
Multi-Country Programme and the Gulf Area
Office, to undertake Multiple Indicator Cluster
Surveys, which are central to the success of
UNICEF’s equity agenda. These surveys provide
an important source of data for monitoring the
situation of children and women, which in turn
helps to assess progress in achieving the MDGs
with equity. Specifically, they identify the most
vulnerable population groups by generating
information on wealth distribution, urban-rural
residence, sex, age, and ethnicity, among
other factors.
$1.9 million was allocated to seven priority countries to narrow gaps, strengthen monitoring, and
improve access to water, sanitation, and hygiene
services in vulnerable and underserved regions,
including poor urban settlements.
SAFE AND FRIENDLY CITIES FOR
WOMEN AND CHILDREN (URBAN
SLUMS) PROGRAMME
$1.6 million was allocated to eight countries
to combat and raise awareness about urban
violence. Funds were used to conduct baseline
surveys about the incidence of such violence,
coordinate activities in consultation with
communities, and establish work plans with
municipal partners.
CHILDREN IN ARMED CONFLICT
$7.8 million was allocated to support programmes for children in armed conflict and to
put in place monitoring and reporting mechanisms that address six grave violations against
children in such situations.
CHILD PROTECTION
$5 million was allocated to 33 priority countries
to increase birth registration and address violence and harmful practices against children.
Funds were focused on the most disadvantaged
and marginalized girls and boys, including those
without parental care who are placed in largescale residential institutions, children with disabilities, children exposed to violence in schools,
and children at risk of maltreatment in the
justice system.
ERADICATING GUINEA WORM
DISEASE IN GHANA
$4.7 million was allocated to breaking the transmission of guinea worm and reducing the vulnerability of rural communities in the endemic
Northern Region of Ghana.
GLOBAL POLIO
ERADICATION INITIATIVE
$15 million covered shortfalls in polio vaccines,
helping to stop the widespread transmission of
the disease in marginalized populations.
15
STRATEGIC AND
INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES
ALLOCATION OF REGULAR RESOURCES
IN SUPPORT OF THE EQUITY AGENDA
Each year a portion of total Regular Resources is allocated at the discretion of the Executive Director, upon
the recommendation of UNICEF’s Allocation Advisory
Committee, to support government and civil society
partnerships in strategic and innovative activities that
help achieve the Millennium Development Goals.
Two funding windows are available: 7 per cent of
Regular Resources that are set aside to respond to
evolving needs, to encourage innovation, and to promote UNICEF’s equity agenda (7 per cent set aside);
and Regular Resources that support programmes
that have remained unfunded for more than one year
(RR for OR ).
Regular Resources in support of strategic and innovative activities enable country programmes to minimize
wide fluctuations in funding and to allocate sufficient
In 2011, UNICEF allocated $46 million in Regular
Resources, out of the total $68 million for strategic and
innovative activities, to fund equity programmes and
strategies in 92 countries. This included $41 million in
7 per cent set aside and $5 million in RR for OR. These
country offices used the funds to sharpen their analyses of development challenges; to better understand
disparities among children, young people, and their families through household surveys and situation analyses;
to identify the priority constraints impeding access and
utilization of basic services by disadvantaged children
and communities, as well as to implement programmes
to remove these constraints; and to strengthen monitoring and evaluation.
funds to programmes approved by the UNICEF
Executive Board. Maintaining a degree of funding stability strengthens results-based planning and the effective implementation of programmes. Further, the use
of Regular Resources to offset unfunded programmes
provides critical support to countries that are the furthest from achieving the objectives of the Millennium
Declaration, the MDGs, and UNICEF’s Medium-term
Strategic Plan.
In 2011, $68 million of Regular Resources was spent
on strategic and innovative activities, representing
9 per cent of total RR Programme Assistance. Of this,
$45 million was funded from 7 per cent set aside and
$23 million from RR for OR. Of the 20 top recipients,
16 were in sub-Saharan Africa, 2 in the CEE/CIS
region, and 2 in Asia.
RR PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE ALLOCATION:
TOP 20 COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES RECEIVING
DISCRETIONARY FUNDS IN SUPPORT OF
THE EQUITY AGENDA (2011)
RR PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE EXPENDITURE:
TOP 20 RECIPIENT COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES OF STRATEGIC AND INNOVATIVE FUNDS (2011)
EXPENDITURE OF STRATEGIC
AND INNOVATIVE FUNDS
(USD million)
TOTAL RR
EXPENDITURE
(USD million)
4.4
59.4
7%
Côte d'Ivoire
3.5
13.5
26%
Chad
2.3
13.7
16%
Benin
2.2
7.3
30%
Mali
2.0
15.3
13%
Niger
1.7
20.4
9%
Burkina Faso
1.7
16.6
11%
Ghana
1.5
10.3
15%
Kosovo 22
1.5
1.8
86%
South Sudan
1.4
5.4
25%
Nepal
1.3
8.0
16%
Togo
1.1
4.6
25%
Nigeria
1.0
52.1
2%
Kenya
0.9
11.9
8%
Sudan
0.9
4.0
24%
Somalia
0.9
11.2
8%
Senegal
0.9
7.0
13%
Mauritania
0.7
2.5
29%
Uzbekistan
0.6
4.0
16%
Lao People’s Democratic Republic
0.6
2.6
23%
COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES
22
UNICEF activities in Kosovo under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999).
UNICEF
16
STRATEGIC AND
INNOVATIVE FUNDS AS %
OF TOTAL RR
COUNTRY
22
ALLOCATION OF
EQUITY FUNDS
(USD million)
Ghana
5.1
4.4
Chad
2.6
Sudan
1.9
Côte d'Ivoire
1.6
Congo
1.6
Kosovo 22
1.5
Central African Republic
1.4
Kenya
1.3
Somalia
1.3
Yemen
1.3
Nepal
1.2
Philippines
1.2
South Sudan
1.0
Madagascar
0.6
Occupied Palestinian Territory
0.5
Caribbean Regional
0.5
Tajikistan
0.5
Guinea
0.4
Republic of Moldova
0.4
Regular Resources that promote the equity agenda
allow UNICEF to support countries in eliminating the
high levels of disparities that so disproportionately
affect excluded and marginalized children and their
families. They are allocated to least developed countries
as well as to middle income countries in order to enable
the organization to strategically address serious disparities in both contexts.
The availability of these discretionary RR funds in 2011
enabled UNICEF to achieve several strategic programming shifts and to engage in interventions that have the
greatest potential for leveraging additional funds and for
scaling-up results for the most disadvantaged children.
RR allocations supported global coordination for monitoring equity-focused results ($3.1 million); combatting and
raising awareness about urban violence ($1.6 million);
monitoring and reporting on children affected by armed
conflict ($7.8 million); narrowing gaps related to access
to water, sanitation, and hygiene services ($1.9 million);
increasing birth registration and addressing violence
and harmful practices against children through prevention and response ($5 million); eradicating guinea worm
disease in Ghana ($4.7 million); and covering shortfalls
in polio vaccines among marginalized populations
($15 million).
REGIONAL ALLOCATION OF DISCRETIONARY FUNDS
IN SUPPORT OF THE EQUITY AGENDA (2011)
Total: $46 million
$30 million
Sub-Saharan Africa, 64%
$3 million
Middle East and North Africa, 7%
$4 million
CEE/CIS, 9%
$5 million
Asia, 11%
$2 million
Latin America and the Caribbean, 4%
$2 million
Inter-regional, 4%
UNICEF activities in Kosovo under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999).
17
HUMANITARIAN CRISES
SUPPORTED BY THE EPF
The number and type of crises funded
through the Emergency Programme Fund in
2010 and 2011 show the wide range of critical
life-saving operations supported by Regular
Resources. These included large-scale natural disasters in Haiti, the Horn of Africa, and
Pakistan as well as smaller natural disasters in such countries as the Philippines and
Turkey. They also included UNICEF’s response
to conflicts and complex emergencies in the
Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Kyrgyzstan, and Liberia.
Perhaps no other humanitarian crisis dominated 2011 as the drought and severe nutritional crisis in the Horn of Africa, which
affected over 13 million people. Amid armed
conflict, this emergency escalated into
famine in parts of Somalia and precipitated a
mass refugee crisis. The EPF helped bolster
operations with an initial injection of $13.5
million to reach hundreds of thousands of
children in south-central Somalia through
traditional and innovative nutrition programmes, including blanket supplementary
feeding and cash transfers.
In Sudan and South Sudan, an EPF loan of
$11.15 million helped to alleviate the needs
of displaced Southern Sudanese returning
home, and it supported UNICEF and its partners in providing a comprehensive package of
interventions to newly displaced populations.
In the Middle East and North Africa, $6.8 million in EPF funds helped mobilize a response
to the Libya crisis and the consequent displacements in surrounding countries.
EPF funds were also used to kick-start
responses to health crises in Central Asia and
to sustain underfunded emergency nutrition programmes in the Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea.
In all these cases, the Emergency Programme
Fund demonstrated that Regular Resources
provide UNICEF with an indispensable tool to
respond rapidly and flexibly to the needs of
children in the widest range of emergencies.
EMERGENCY PROGRAMME FUND
UNICEF requires timely and flexible funding in order
to respond rapidly and effectively to emerging humanitarian crises. This is especially critical given the needs
of children and women in the immediate aftermath of
an emergency. Regular Resources enable the organization to invest critical funds in the hours and days following the onset of an emergency, without having to wait
for the release of formal appeals or the receipt of
donor funds.
In 2011, UNICEF responded to 292 humanitarian situations in 80 countries and territories, covering crises of
all scales, including rapid onset emergencies, largescale natural disasters, new and protracted conflicts,
and chronic, underfunded ‘silent’ emergencies. Many
of these countries relied on Regular Resources allocated through the Executive Board-approved formula
to support their ongoing humanitarian programmes.
Others relied on RR provided through the Emergency
Programme Fund (EPF), which is a $75 million revolving fund that country offices can access to respond to
humanitarian crises.
EPF funds are allocated over a two-year period, with
2011 the second year of the 2010–2011 biennium.
They are typically disbursed to country offices within
12–24 hours of submission to the Office of Emergency
Programmes (EMOPS). Funds are reimbursed with
donor income as and when they are mobilized. When
UNICEF offices are unable to raise adequate funding
to reimburse their EPF grants, a decision to waive reimbursement is made on a case-by-case basis, subject to
an analysis of funding levels and humanitarian needs.
The Emergency Programme Fund has consistently
proven to be an effective method for providing loans
to UNICEF offices, allowing the organization to initiate
its response to crises before even the most fast-acting
donors can respond. The EPF remains the quickest,
most reliable, and most adaptable source of emergency
funds, and is, therefore, an integral component of
UNICEF’s response capacity.
The EPF is available to all UNICEF offices to support
one or more of the following:
•Cash and supply requirements to kick-start response
actions in the first few days immediately following the
onset of emergencies;
•Emergency needs when no inter-agency appeal has
been launched;
•UNICEF participation in inter-agency assessment
missions;
For the 2010–2011 biennium, the EPF continued to be
an extremely critical tool for UNICEF, as it allowed the
organization to promote fast, flexible, and strategic
support to country offices most in need. Fifty-five EPF
loans were granted during the biennium, including
$43.16 million to 15 countries in 2011. Of the $123.43
million disbursed in 2010 and 2011, $80.59 million was
reimbursed and a further $42.85 million was converted
into non-reimbursable loans.
EMERGENCY PROGRAMME FUND ALLOCATIONS (2010–2011 BIENNIUM)
ORIGINAL ALLOCATION
COUNTRY
2010
2011
TOTAL
(USD million) (USD million) (USD million)
REIMBURSEMENT
TO DATE
(USD million)
CONVERTED TO
NON-REIMBURSABLE
LOANS
(USD million)
0.02
0.16
0.05
Algeria
0.18
–
0.18
Belize
0.20
–
0.20
0.15
Benin
1.00
–
1.00
1.00
–
–
0.37
0.37
0.22
0.15
Caribbean Regional
0.30
–
0.30
0.30
–
Chad
6.48
–
6.48
3.79
2.68
Chile
0.20
–
0.20
0.20
–
China
2.00
–
2.00
2.00
–
Congo
3.72
–
3.72
3.13
0.59
Côte d’Ivoire
–
3.63
3.63
1.77
1.86
Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea
–
2.00
2.00
–
2.00
Democratic Republic
of the Congo
5.00
1.00
6.00
6.00
–
–
1.00
1.00
0.55
0.45
EMOPS
–
0.40
0.40
–
0.40
Eritrea
0.08
–
0.08
0.08
–
Global Polio
Eradication Initiative
4.00
–
4.00
4.00
–
Haiti
2.00
–
2.00
2.00
–
Bhutan
Egypt
Kenya
–
1.00
1.00
1.00
–
Kyrgyzstan
3.15
–
3.15
1.15
2.01
Liberia
1.50
4.57
6.07
0.51
5.56
–
6.76
6.76
5.34
1.42
0.23
MENA Regional
Mongolia
1.10
–
1.10
0.87
Myanmar
0.60
–
0.60
0.60
–
–
0.25
0.25
0.24
0.01
8.00
–
8.00
5.81
2.19
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
1.10
–
1.10
1.10
–
Pakistan
17.15
5.00
22.15
10.90
11.24
0.98
Philippines
–
1.78
1.78
0.80
Republic of Moldova
0.30
–
0.30
0.30
–
Somalia
5.50
13.50
19.00
16.13
2.87
South Sudan
6.95
–
6.95
3.01
3.94
Sudan
4.20
–
4.20
0.94
3.26
Tajikistan
0.38
–
0.38
0.25
0.12
–
1.00
1.00
0.62
0.38
Tunisia
Turkey
–
0.90
0.90
0.90
–
1.69
–
1.69
1.39
0.30
Yemen
1.00
–
1.00
1.00
–
Zimbabwe
2.50
–
2.50
2.50
–
80.28
43.16
123.43
80.59
42.85
Uzbekistan
TOTAL
•Emergency staff and administration; and
UNICEF
18
•Preparedness to strengthen rapid response capacity
to deliver on UNICEF’s Core Commitments for Children
in Humanitarian Action.
19
UNICEF’s work is governed by the Medium-term
Strategic Plan for 2006–2013 (MTSP), which guides
the organization’s priorities: providing children with the
best possible start in life; helping to meet their basic
needs; enabling access to quality basic education; protecting children from violence, exploitation, and abuse;
providing ample opportunity for children and adolescents to reach their full potential; and advocating for
the promotion and protection of children’s rights. These
core principles are incorporated into five programmatic
Focus Areas, which reflect UNICEF’s primary contributions to the international development and humanitarian agenda. Each Focus Area describes results to be
achieved in UNICEF’s regular development programming and in the organization’s humanitarian action and
response. Because UNICEF takes a holistic approach
to the well-being of children, progress in any one area
leads to progress in all areas.
BY FOCUS AREA (2011)
Total: $789 million
$328 million
Young child survival and development, 42%
$125 million
Basic education and gender equality, 16%
$45 million
HIV/AIDS and children, 6%
$89 million
Child protection, 11%
$165 million
Policy advocacy and partnerships, 21%
$37 million
Other, 23 5%
SUMMARY OF CASE STUDIES
The following pages highlight a selection of key results
achieved with Regular Resources in 2011 in 18 countries – a modest sample of UNICEF’s work worldwide.
Of the programmes profiled, 15 were among the top 50
countries that spent Regular Resources on Programme
Assistance and three benefitted from Emergency
Programme Funds. The case studies were selected
based on a number of criteria, including high RR dollar
values; high RR reliance; regional diversity; and the size
of the country programmes.
PROGRAMME AREA
family are among many
Syrian refugees in the
country. Her father has
secured temporary
employment as a cook,
but his income is
insufficient to sustain
the family.
23
UNICEF
20
PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION
RR RELIANCE
OUNG CHILD
Y
SURVIVAL AND
DEVELOPMENT
1
Afghanistan
Reducing neonatal, infant, and child mortality
30%
2
Democratic Republic
of the Congo
Promoting integrated child survival approaches at the
community level
30%
3
Iran
Integrating nutrition into routine health programmes
89%
ASIC EDUCATION
B
AND GENDER
EQUALITY
4
Ethiopia
Tackling disparities in education
30%
5
Lebanon
Ensuring quality primary education for all Palestinian children
55%
6
United Republic
of Tanzania
Providing education to marginalized children
65%
HIV/AIDS AND
CHILDREN
7
Belize
Reducing the socio-economic vulnerability of adolescent girls
8
Mozambique
Reaching those most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS
30%
9
88%
Now living in Jordan,
this young girl and her
CASE STUDY
NUMBER
COUNTRY
Countries receiving the largest share of Regular
Resources tend to be among UNICEF’s bigger programmes, and those that have a higher reliance on
RR are typically smaller countries that are unable to
mobilize sufficient donor resources on their own. The
one exception in the following list is Nigeria, which has
a high population and a high RR reliance. In all cases,
enormous gains for children were achieved in 2011
as a direct result of unrestricted RR funding.
100%
Nigeria
Addressing the challenge of mother-to-child transmission of HIV
CHILD PROTECTION
FROM VIOLENCE,
EXPLOITATION,
AND ABUSE
10
Cameroon
Changing the child protection environment
86%
11
Pakistan
Building a child protection system
22%
12
Uzbekistan
Working to keep families united
87%
POLICY ADVOCACY
AND PARTNERSHIPS
FOR CHILDREN’S
RIGHTS
13
Burkina Faso
Developing a national social protection policy for children
96%
14
India
Delivering basic services through community empowerment
57%
15
Uganda
Reaching marginalized children through effective policy-making
63%
HUMANITARIAN
ACTION
16
Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea
Combatting malnutrition in under-five children
EPF
17
Liberia
Ensuring education in emergencies
EPF
18
Philippines
Bolstering disaster preparedness and response
EPF
These are interventions that country and regional offices implement in line with national priorities that may not fall under the MTSP
framework or any of the five Focus Areas.
21
FOCUS AREA 1
REASONS TO INVEST IN UNICEF
UNICEF is uniquely positioned to achieve results for children on a global scale. The organization’s work
ensures that children not only survive but that they thrive to become productive adults who can contribute to
their families, their communities, and their nations. Regular Resources make these achievements possible.
YOUNG CHILD SURVIVAL
AND DEVELOPMENT
Each of the following profiled countries and programmes demonstrates UNICEF’s capacity to change the lives
of children, and they show in a clear and profound way the role that RR has played in achieving these successes.
Further, each case study illustrates one or more of the four characteristics that, taken together, underpin all of
UNICEF’s efforts. These are:
RR funds have been essential for the UNICEF China office to take the ‘Ying Yang Bao’
vitamin and mineral complementary food supplementation model to 45,000 children
in remote communities, decreasing anaemia prevalence by almost half among
children under two.
— G I L L I A N M E L L S O P, U N I C E F R E P R E S E N TAT I V E
THE NEED
SCOPE
KNOWLEDGE LEADERSHIP
The totality of UNICEF’s programmes is much
greater than the sum of its parts. A child who is
hungry is more likely to suffer disease; a child in
poor health is less likely to go to school; and a child
out of school is more likely to need protection from
exploitation. Similarly, UNICEF’s solutions are multifaceted, tackling many interrelated issues at once.
The case studies illustrate the breadth, depth, and
interconnectedness of the organization’s work in
each country.
UNICEF is one of the world’s primary sources of
information on the global situation of children. The
organization researches, analyses, and publishes
crucial evidence on the various needs of children and
builds local knowledge from its direct experience on
the ground. Further, it uses this knowledge to inform
governments where children’s needs are not being
met, and to persuade and support them in addressing
these shortcomings. The case studies illustrate how
UNICEF combines local understanding with global
knowledge to innovate new scalable solutions.
SCALE
PARTNERSHIPS
UNICEF not only delivers more programmes in
more countries than any other organization working on behalf of children but – through its vast
network of partners – it has the capacity and scale
to reach even the most vulnerable children in the
most remote areas of a country. The following
case studies demonstrate UNICEF’s unique reach –
working with decision makers as well as with local
communities to pilot projects, scale-up successes,
and achieve sustainable results that better the
lives of all children in need.
UNICEF relies on partnerships to achieve the
greatest possible impact for children. It leverages
resources through national governments; brings
partners to the table to scale-up initiatives beyond
the capacity of any single organization; extends its
reach by working with local groups; harnesses the
power of the corporate sector; and engages individuals in achieving change for children. The case
studies underscore the essential contribution that
these partnerships make to UNICEF’s success.
UNICEF
22
Early childhood survival and development is at the very
heart of the Millennium Development Goals, and it is this
period of life that lays the foundation for the individual’s
physical, social, emotional, and intellectual wellbeing.
Yet every year nearly 7.6 million children die before their
fifth birthday. In 2010 alone, diarrhoea, pneumonia, and
malaria accounted for about one third of those deaths.
Children who survive beyond their fifth birthday still face
enormous health risks: 780 million people worldwide
have no access to an improved drinking water source,
2.5 billion people have no access to improved sanitation
facilities, and over 180 million children suffer from stunting, an indicator of poor malnutrition.
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
Every child has the right to survive and thrive. For
UNICEF, this means working with governments, civil
society, and development organizations to support
life-saving actions at every phase of a child’s life. The
organization provides financial and technical assistance in
the areas of basic health; nutrition; water, sanitation, and
hygiene; and early childhood development. This package of services is designed to end preventable deaths
through high-impact, low-cost interventions, including vaccines, antibiotics, insecticide-treated bed nets,
improved breastfeeding, and safe hygiene practices.
Through these efforts, countless children are protected
from such crippling and deadly diseases as measles,
polio, diphtheria, and tuberculosis. UNICEF also supports
local programmes that improve access to safe drinking
water and basic sanitation, which are in turn vital for
health, childhood development, and education initiatives.
Still, disparities continue to grow between rich and poor,
urban and rural.
24
EXPENDITURE BY TYPE OF RESOURCES:
YOUNG CHILD SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT (2011) 24
$328 million
Regular Resources , 18%
$805 million
Other Resources Regular, 44%
$689 million
Other Resources Emergency, 38%
KEY RESULTS
•UNICEF led the global movement to prevent
stunting in millions of young children as a result
of poor nutrition over long periods of time.
•Ten million children were vaccinated in measles
campaigns in 2011. Globally, there has been a
74 per cent reduction in the disease since 2000.
•In Africa, some 39 million children were vaccinated
against meningitis.
•14.5 million households were given insecticidetreated nets, and 11.5 million rapid diagnostic
tests were distributed in over 30 countries to
prevent malaria.
•UNICEF’s direct support helped nearly 22 million
people gain access to improved drinking water,
continuing progress beyond the MDG target that
was met in 2010, and 14 million people gained
access to basic sanitation facilities.
•The deployment of Early Childhood Development
emergency kits quadrupled between 2009 and
2011, jumping from approximately 5,000 to almost
20,000 kits distributed in more than 50 countries.
In the charts that follow, Other Resources Regular refer to OR funds allocated towards regular development programmes and Other Resources Emergency refer to OR
funds allocated towards humanitarian programmes.
23
CASE STUDY 1:
CASE STUDY 2:
AFGHANISTAN
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
OF THE CONGO
Reducing neonatal, infant, and child mortality
Promoting integrated child survival approaches at the community level
I have many memorable experiences working in the
development sector, but one that gives me particular
satisfaction is the maternal newborn care project. Frankly,
I never expected such an enormous change, with 96 per
cent of all pregnant women delivering in a health facility!
— K H A K S A R YO U S U F I , U N I C E F C H I L D S U R V I VA L O F F I C E R
AFGHANISTAN CHILD
SURVIVAL PROGRAMME (2011)
Total: $57 million
$17 million
$35 million
$5 million
THE NEED
Other Resources
Emergency, 8%
There is an urgent need to improve newborn care in Afghanistan, where
the percentage of women delivering in a hospital or other health facility is
as low as 2 per cent in certain areas, and where resultant infant and maternal mortality rates are unacceptably high. While consistent improvements
have been achieved in antenatal care and skilled birth attendance coverage
across the country, many areas still require further improvement at both
the policy and programme implementation level.
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
UNICEF and Save the Children have developed an innovative pilot project
to document critical newborn care interventions within the context of
Afghanistan’s existing Basic Package of Health Services. Public health guidelines recommend that newborns and mothers receive four postnatal examinations, but in practice it is extremely difficult to implement and monitor these
guidelines. Thus, UNICEF conducted Afghanistan’s first newborn care project
at the community level by training community health workers, including
through the distribution of visual aids designed to compensate for low literacy
rates, and by establishing family health action groups to carry out the four
postnatal check-ups. Notably, UNICEF is uniquely placed to implement this
project as it is the only organization able to work at the national and regional
level to facilitate necessary policy change and to forge strategic partnerships.
THE VALUE OF REGULAR RESOURCES
The availability of unrestricted Regular Resources was essential for the
launching of the maternal and neonatal care pilot project in Afghanistan
– the very first of its kind – and was directly responsible for the project’s
success. It is no small matter to point out that these funds allowed UNICEF
to focus on implementation of the project on an equity basis, and as a result
the maternal mortality rate in the two pilot districts has plummeted to zero
since project implementation, and the skilled birth attendant rate has dramatically increased from a mere 2 per cent to 96 per cent.
VOICES FROM THE FIELD
Haseena comes from Istalif – one
of the villages selected as part of
UNICEF’s pilot project on maternal and newborn care. As Haseena
explains: “Before this project, I
didn’t know about the benefits
of delivery at the health facility,
and I didn’t know how a pregnant
woman should prepare during
pregnancy. When the community
health worker taught me about
the importance of health care
before and after delivery, I decided
to deliver at the health facility.
If I knew then what I know now,
I would not have delivered my
other children at home.”
As a result of Healthy Villages people proudly show
how, with a little support, they are able to have a
clean village with much less illness. And as a result
of therapeutic feeding, a four-month old girl who was
once near death is now gleamingly healthy in the
arms of her smiling mother.
— B A R B A R A B E N T E I N , U N I C E F R E P R E S E N TAT I V E
THE NEED
Among the primary causes of child mortality in the Democratic Republic of
the Congo (DRC) are malaria, acute respiratory infections, and diarrhoea.
Only 45 per cent of the population has access to improved drinking water,
and only 24 per cent to adequate sanitation facilities – exposing millions of
children to the risks of water-borne diseases. Children with severe acute
malnutrition (SAM) have a risk of mortality nine-times higher than those
who are not malnourished; and those who survive SAM often suffer from
brain damage and physical impairment. Among the 14 million DRC children
under five years, nearly 1 million suffer from SAM, and chronic malnutrition
affects more than 5 million children overall.
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
To help reduce child morbidity and mortality, UNICEF is implementing a
water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) programme known as Healthy
Villages, Healthy Schools. The population is fully connected to the process,
gaining access to safe drinking water, building their own latrines, and implementing key hygiene practices. The programme was designed with a view
to being an entry point for the integration of nutrition messages, especially
on optimal feeding practices for infants and young children (notably, breastfeeding and complementary feeding), the prevention of malaria, and the
treatment of diarrhoea.
As a result of UNICEF advocacy, severe acute malnutrition is now being
treated in health facilities in the same manner as cases of malaria, pneumonia, and diarrhoea. Since 2008, severely malnourished children have been
treated via a community-based approach whereby parents are given a
week’s worth of therapeutic food to be taken home and fed to the child – a
process that has increased the coverage of severely malnourished children
from about 4 per cent in 2007 (46,000 children) to about 16 per cent in
2011 (157,000 children).
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE
CONGO CHILD SURVIVAL PROGRAMME
(2011)
Total: $94 million
$28 million
$42 million
$24 million
Other Resources
Emergency, 26%
Albertine Ostshewo was one of
the first mothers whose child
was enrolled in UNICEF’s nutrition programme. As she explains:
“I had already lost two children
to malnutrition and I thought
my daughter would also die. The
project saved her life, and it has
also taught me how to take good
care of my children.” Following
advice from the local treatment
centre, Albertine started a kitchen
garden, began to breed chickens,
and learned how to cook healthful
foods at very low cost.
The DRC was the largest recipient of RR in 2011, with $59.4 million. These
funds were crucial in enabling the Child Survival Programme to purchase
such essential supplies as ready-to-use therapeutic food and other life-saving interventions, and they provided the office with the means to respond
to health and nutrition emergencies.
UNICEF
24
25
FOCUS AREA 2
CASE STUDY 3:
IRAN
BASIC EDUCATION AND
GENDER EQUALITY
Integrating nutrition into routine health programmes
Seeing first-hand how the nutritional status of
malnourished children could improve so dramatically
and quickly in response to proper care has been one of
the great motivating factors of my work with UNICEF.
— A M I R H O S S E I N YA R PA R VA R , N AT I O N A L P R O G R A M M E O F F I C E R
IRAN CHILD SURVIVAL
PROGRAMME (2011)
Total: $0.62 million
$0.55 million
$0.07 million
Regular Resources are of particular importance for Iran, where they have
been used to benefit programmes related to nutrition, immunization, and
the promotion of breastfeeding, among others. In 2011 the country office
also utilized Regular Resources to boost progress in establishing national
policies and for building institutional capacity to address child development
and survival issues.
UNICEF
26
THE NEED
BASIC EDUCATION AND GENDER EQUALITY (2011)
$125 million
The rate of underweight children in Iran experienced a 50 per cent reduction between 1991 and 2007, yet the prevalence of wasting (acute malnutrition) increased by 30 per cent from 1998 to 2007. Further, the levels of
stunting run as high as 20 per cent in some provinces; and almost 20 per
cent of children under five and pregnant women suffer from iron deficiency
anaemia. Also of concern, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding for the first
six months of a child’s life has declined from 50 per cent in 2005 to 23 per
cent in 2010 – a trend that can seriously threaten the nutritional status of
children from infancy.
Over the last several years UNICEF supported the piloting of a communitybased model for the management of malnutrition through nutritional
counselling centres and affiliated health posts in three provinces. This
pilot model has been subsequently adapted by the Ministry of Health and
expanded to 140 locations countrywide. In addition, UNICEF continues to
support the government to integrate malnutrition prevention and rehabilitation services into existing national health services. In 2011, for example,
UNICEF helped to develop two standardized national guidelines on nutritional care and rehabilitation.
— E G I D I O C R O T T I , U N I C E F R E P R E S E N TAT I V E
Currently, at least 67 million primary school-aged
Total: $708 million
children remain out of school, 53 per cent of whom
are girls. A further 73 million children of lower secondRegular Resources , 18%
ary school age are also out of school. Among the most
marginalized groups are orphans and other vulnerable
children – especially those affected by HIV/AIDS, armed
conflicts, and natural disasters; children with disabilities
and special needs; children from nomadic and pastoralOther Resources Emergency, 20%
ist communities; children of linguistic minority groups;
and children from poor households in remote rural areas
KEY RESULTS
and urban slums.
•Some 5.5 million children benefited from
THE NEED
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
Regular Resources have been a key element in providing support to UNICEF Uruguay’s
participation in the national discussion on secondary education. Currently, our office
is providing technical assistance to the Parliament and to the Ministry of Education to
develop a National Plan of Education, focusing on equity, quality, and participation.
$444 million
$139 million
To emphasize the importance of
vitamins and minerals, a nutrition
counsellor demonstrates fresh
vegetables to a group of Balouch
women at a UNICEF-supported
nutrition centre in the city of
Chabahar – located in the province
with the highest rate of child malnutrition in Iran. In addition to providing nutritious food for young
children, the centre provides
nutrition, health, and hygiene
counselling to mothers. “When
I came to this health centre to
have my son vaccinated, they told
me I could go to nutrition classes
on Mondays and Wednesdays,”
explains one of the women. “I find
the classes very useful. We also
have practical sessions in which
we learn how to cook nutritious
food for our children.”
improved physical and learning environments
School attendance and completion remain a challenge
and processes.
for millions of children who live in communities where
there is a lack of classrooms, learning materials, trained •An estimated 8.7 million children affected by
teachers, and quality standards. In addition, these
emergencies were provided access to formal and
children must cope with such daily hardships as poverty
non-formal basic education.
and the need to work. Even children who do attend
•UNICEF continued to promote quality basic
school often leave without acquiring the basic knowleducation through the child-friendly schools
edge, competencies, and skills to lead safe, healthy,
approach, which has now been adopted in the
and productive lives.
national policies of 88 countries – a two-fold
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
UNICEF recognizes that education is a fundamental
human right and that equitable access by all children
to quality education is an essential condition for social
inclusion and sustainable development. To that end, the
organization helps governments, civil society partners,
communities, and parents to develop the capacities and
skills necessary to fulfil their duties to provide all children with an education of the highest possible quality.
UNICEF helps schools to become more child-friendly
by providing early learning opportunities, building childcentred classrooms, providing safe water and sanitation
facilities, improving teaching and learning processes,
and supplying textbooks and other necessary materials.
UNICEF also actively promotes sport for development
as a means of stimulating the physical, mental, psychological, and social development of children and teens.
increase in six years.
•Since 2005, the Schools for Africa initiative – in
partnership with the Nelson Mandela Foundation
and the Peter Krämer Stiftung Foundation – has
supported improved education for over 5 million
children across 11 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
Building on this success, Schools for Asia is now
being established in 11 additional countries.
•As a member of the Global Partnership for
Education (GPE), UNICEF has supported countries
such as Afghanistan, Guinea, and Madagascar to
develop and implement their education sector plans
and to obtain critical allocations of GPE funds.
27
CASE STUDY 4:
CASE STUDY 5:
ETHIOPIA
LEBANON
Tackling disparities in education
School grants are an example of an initiative that
connects practical on-the-ground experience with
policy dialogue to improve the quality of education at
all levels. This is part of UNICEF’s equity agenda and
of its goal to ensure that all children are reached as
we head towards 2015 and beyond.
—T E D C H A I B A N , U N I C E F R E P R E S E N TAT I V E
THE NEED
Access to free primary education continues to improve, but not at the pace
required to meet MDG 2 (universal primary education). The 2010–2011 net
enrolment rate stood at 85 per cent, up from 77 per cent in 2004–2005,
but large disparities remain across the country. While the proportion of girls
has improved at all levels of schooling, there remains a gender gap in rural
areas. Furthermore, completion rates are very low. An estimated 20 per
cent of first graders either do not complete their first year or do not continue onto grade two. It is critical to provide children with access to quality
basic education and to keep them in school long enough to ensure that they
acquire sufficient literacy, numeracy, and life skills to survive and thrive.
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
Support to education in 2011 focused on the inequities hampering children’s
access to and completion of the primary school cycle, and on advocating
for early childhood care and education, primary school access, and school
retention for marginalized and vulnerable children. The aim is to show
that despite progress in net enrolment rates and the gender parity index,
significant imbalances remain in access to school and completion of quality
education. UNICEF’s role has been to bring these issues to the fore in policy
discussions with government and development partners, to leverage for
increasingly equity-based service provision and resource allocation, and to
demonstrate strategies to address these inequalities in a cost-effective way.
In 2011, Regular Resources were used to support the introduction of
Alternative Basic Education (ABE) centres in hard to reach, pastoralist communities; and they supported the Ministry of Education to develop guidelines for ABE standards and monitoring, which are now used by all regions.
Further, UNICEF’s child-friendly schools principles have been incorporated
into Ethiopia’s School Improvement Programme. RR funds also supported
the printing of the School Improvement Programme guidelines for distribution to every school in the country and the implementation of a high-level
gender mainstreaming capacity development workshop.
UNICEF
28
Ensuring quality primary education for all Palestinian children
UNICEF-supported youth projects have proved
extremely useful in informing Palestinian adolescents of
the educational and social conditions of their community,
and they have transformed these adolescents into
active community members who are involved in the
day-to-day life of their camps.
$4 million
— Z A H R A A L - WA K K A L , C O O R D I N AT O R , G E N E R A L U N I O N
O F PA L E S T I N I A N W O M E N
ETHIOPIA EDUCATION
PROGRAMME (2011)
Total: $23 million
$7 million
$12 million
Other Resources
Emergency, 18%
Nine-year-old Medina lives
with her parents and siblings in
Gemeto Udo, a pastoralist community in Ethiopia. Even though
it lies close to the thriving town
of Hawassa, the village still lacks
many basic services, such as
a primary school. Fortunately,
an Alternative Basic Education
centre was built there a few years
ago. “Before, I stayed at home
and helped in the house,” says
Medina. “Now, I can go to school
here. If it had not been for the
ABE centre, I would have had to
wait until I was at least ten to
start first grade.”
LEBANON EDUCATION
PROGRAMME FOR PALESTINIAN
REFUGEES (2011)
Total: $0.9 million
$0.5 million
$0.4 million
THE NEED
Lebanon currently hosts some 420,000 Palestinian refugees, 53 per cent
of whom live in 12 official camps under the UN Relief and Works Agency
(UNRWA) mandate. Roughly half the population are children below the age
of 18, and about two thirds of all Palestinian refugees in Lebanon live in poverty. They are also severely restricted in terms of their ability to work and to
move freely, and they do not enjoy access to government services. While a
large percentage of young children are enrolled in primary school, by age 16
almost half have dropped out. And as a recent UNICEF survey discovered,
nearly 50 per cent of all drop-outs were primarily motivated by the need to
augment family income.
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
In 2004, UNICEF began its remedial education programme by initiating
15 classes for Palestinian children in nine UNRWA camps, and today the
project continues to improve the quality of learning for all students in
grades three and four. These interventions have contributed to a remarkable improvement in scholastic achievement, as well as an increase in net
elementary enrolment. Indeed, in 2011 more than 92 per cent of students
enrolled in the remedial programme improved their total score by the end
of the scholastic year. Specifically, the programme focuses on developing
special math, Arabic, and English support materials for students at risk of
failing; promoting girls’ education; and partnering with civil society.
In 2011, Regular Resources supported the remedial education programme
by recruiting 227 teachers to work with students at risk of failing grades
three and four, complemented by 30 teachers and 8 supervisors provided
by NGOs who taught students in grades one, two, and five. In all, learning
materials were developed and distributed to 3,400 students. UNICEF also
supported the New Entrants Gap Camp for UNRWA schools in Lebanon,
which benefited some 2,000 incoming first-grade students with their transition to a school environment.
“My name is Samya and I go to the
Falouja UNRWA School in southern Lebanon. I was doing poorly
in school and was thinking of
dropping out. Then I heard about
the camp’s remedial education
programme. I asked my parents if I
could go, and they said it was OK.
The teacher was nice. We focused
on the main subjects, but we also
talked about child rights and the
importance of education. As the
other girls in my class were at the
same level as me, I found it very
easy to make friends and I
did very well in class.”
29
FOCUS AREA 3
CASE STUDY 6:
UNITED REPUBLIC
OF TANZANIA
HIV/AIDS
AND CHILDREN
Providing education to marginalized children
We appreciate all that UNICEF has done and is
continuing to do on behalf of children in Tanzania.
UNICEF gives a voice to the voiceless and
advocates on their behalf.
— N E E M A K I T U N D U, N AT I O N A L C O O R D I N AT O R ,
F O R U M O F A F R I C A N W O M E N E D U C AT I O N A L I S T S
UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
EDUCATION PROGRAMME (2011)
$4.47 million
$2.45 million
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
UNICEF works closely with UNESCO on teacher education and the development of alternative learning opportunities for those who have missed
out on formal education, and with both UNESCO and the World Food
Programme on building local capacities for better education planning and
management. To improve teaching skills, UNICEF supports the government
in developing a cost-effective and quality in-service teacher training system
for both the pre-primary and primary school level, thereby reaching approximately 140,000 children. Currently, the government has committed its own
limited resources to a national scale-up of this programme.
The flexibility of Regular Resources has enabled UNICEF to reach out
to underserved and older children who have missed out on their formal
education, and as a result in 2011 more than 2,500 out-of-school girls
and boys were able to continue learning beyond their primary education.
These funds were also vital in helping UNICEF to support the government
in developing a cost-effective, quality system for training pre-primary and
primary school teachers.
UNICEF
30
— I YA B O D E O L U S A N M I , U N I C E F R E P R E S E N TAT I V E
THE NEED
The AIDS pandemic has massive global implications
for health and economic advancement. An estimated
34.2 million people were living with HIV in 2011, including 3.4 million under the age of 15 – more than 90 per
cent of whom are in sub-Saharan Africa. The region
accounts for 69 per cent of all people living with the
virus and 72 per cent of new infections, despite being
home to only 12 per cent of the world’s population.
THE NEED
While the United Republic of Tanzania is on track to achieve the MDG of
equal primary school enrolment for girls and boys, the education system
struggles to deliver quality education. Only half of all students who took
the Primary School Leaving Examination in 2010 passed. Failure in school
examinations can be traced to the interaction of three key factors: the quality of the teaching and learning environment, a child’s readiness to learn,
and parental poverty. Learning is undermined when a shortage of textbooks
(often just one textbook for every five students) is combined with poor
teaching skills and under-staffing, particularly in rural areas. Access to safe
drinking water and basic sanitation in schools also remains a challenge.
Thanks largely to the flexibility of Regular Resources, Ghanian school children are
developing essential life skills not only for HIV prevention but in many other areas of
their lives as well. The consistency and reliability of RR has also made it possible for
UNICEF to support implementation of the national HIV/AIDS strategy.
The UNICEF-supported Tuseme
programme is designed to empower young people to address
the key issues that are affecting
them. As Rahim, age 14, explains:
“I was interested in joining the
Tuseme club because I liked the
way children used theatre to learn
and express themselves. We perform plays on various child rights
issues, such as HIV prevention and
teenage pregnancy. And we script
all the plays ourselves.” Faiba,
age 12, adds: “Before we end our
meetings we make sure we all
understand each other and we all
agree to change our behaviours.
I’m happy that we have a teacher
we can talk to openly about
our problems. It’s a huge relief,
because she listens, she understands, and she helps.”
HIV/AIDS AND CHILDREN (2011)
$44.6 million
$99.9 million
$6.9 million
Such inequities are rooted in age, geography, socioKEY RESULTS
economic status, and gender. Despite the fact that
women have more opportunities than men to be tested, •UNICEF distributed $145 million in HIV commodities to 54 countries – a 45 per cent increase over
only 35 per cent of pregnant women in low and middle
2010. These included antiretroviral drugs, test kits
income countries are tested for HIV. Further, in 2011
and diagnostics, and basic medical equipment,
only 28 per cent of children born to HIV-positive mothers
among other supplies.
received an HIV test within the first two months of life.
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
•UNICEF and WHO are coordinating a 29-member
partnership that is supporting the implementation
of the “Global Plan to eliminate new HIV infections
in children by 2015 and keeping their mothers
alive” in 22 priority countries.
To help combat this global epidemic, UNICEF focuses
its support on four areas: prevention, care, treatment,
and protection. UNICEF’s work includes developing
national capacities and providing technical assistance
•Working with partners to capitalize on cell-phone
to plan, implement, and monitor programmes to elimitechnology and other innovative communication
nate new HIV infections among children by 2015. It also
efforts, UNICEF is helping mothers and their
includes preventing mother-to-child transmission, providinfants to secure access to ongoing treatment,
ing paediatric treatment, and increasing the number of
care, and support.
children and women with access to antiretroviral drugs.
UNICEF also works closely with governments, NGOs,
youth groups, and religious organizations to help adolescents protect themselves against the virus through
training and peer support. Crucially, the organization
engages with communities, families, and civil society
to protect and support children affected by the virus,
including orphans and HIV-positive children.
•UNICEF spearheaded efforts in several countries
to undertake equity-based bottleneck analyses to
identify gaps, disparities, and inequities in access
to and utilization of HIV/AIDS services.
•The Unite for Children, Unite against AIDS campaign continues to influence global, national, and
local discourse to prevent children from “falling
through the cracks” in the HIV response.
31
CASE STUDY 7:
CASE STUDY 8:
BELIZE
MOZAMBIQUE
Reducing the socio-economic vulnerability of adolescent girls
One of the great things about UNICEF is that it is willing
to work on the ground with grassroots organizations
such as ours, where people come together to address
and find solutions to their unique problems. I have
found that UNICEF is willing to meet us wherever we
are in the community.
Reaching those most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS
BELIZE HIV/AIDS
PROGRAMME (2011)
Total: $0.1 million
$0.1 million
UNICEF’s staff in Mozambique have shown great
dedication and attention to all aspects of our HIV
work, and they have always been available and
interested in listening to, discussing, and supporting
new ideas and approaches.
— D R . M A R I A L AU R A M A S T R O G I A C O M O, P R O J E C T C H I E F,
DOCTORS WITH AFRICA
— M I C H E L L E I R V I N G , E X E C U T I V E D I R E C T O R ,
P R O D U C T I V E O R G A N I Z AT I O N F O R W O M E N I N AC T I O N
THE NEED
THE NEED
Belize has one of the highest rates of HIV infection in Central America,
estimated at 2.3 per cent in 2009, with young people aged 15 to 24 particularly affected. Further, a 2009 estimate puts the prevalence rate of females
in this age group at more than twice that of males of the same age. Early
sexual activity/child bearing, high levels of unemployment, and lack of
access to services are just a few of the issues that continue to place girls
and young women at a disadvantage. Collectively, these conditions work
to deprive girls and young women of the opportunity to develop adequate
employment skills, while increasing their level of insecurity, their dependency on males, and their exposure to violence.
It is estimated that 1.4 million Mozambicans were living with HIV in 2009,
and that of these nearly 55 per cent (760,000) were women, 9 per cent
(130,000) children under the age of 15, and 5 per cent (70,000) children
under the age of five. In addition, survey data show an HIV prevalence of
11.5 per cent among people aged 15 to 49. In 2010 alone it is estimated
that 15,000 children under 15 years died from AIDS. According to the 2009
National Child Mortality Study, AIDS was among the top four conditions
contributing to the mortality of children under five in Mozambique, accounting for almost 10 per cent of all deaths.
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
UNICEF Belize has been working to reverse these trends and to make the
rights of adolescent girls more visible. In 2011, the organization initiated a
partnership with the Population Council, other UN agencies, and a number
of national and local counterparts to implement a Joint UN Programme on
Adolescent Girls designed to provide them with the information, skills, programmes, and support services necessary to improve their socio-economic
situation, and thus reduce their vulnerability to HIV.
UNICEF has invested its Regular Resources primarily in upstream work –
an area where donor funds are least available. This has allowed the organization to take the lead in advocating for and then initiating the Joint UN
Programme on Adolescent Girls, including in remote communities. Regular
Resources were utilized to collect the data necessary to identify the most
vulnerable populations and thus ensure that the programmes and services
that were subsequently developed would serve those who are most in
need. They have also allowed UNICEF to mobilize communities and decision makers to secure their input and build national ownership.
UNICEF
32
Esther is a 14-year-old Mayan girl
who lives in Toledo. She is among
those adolescents most at risk
of HIV infection. A year ago she
dropped out of school after only
two years of secondary education,
as her parents could no longer
afford to pay for her education.
Esther now stays home in her
village, assisting her family with
daily chores. Nonetheless, as she
tells a visitor, “All I want to do is
go back to school!” The Joint UN
Programme on Adolescent Girls,
which includes HIV prevention
and life-skills programmes, is
designed to reach vulnerable girls
such as Esther, empowering them
with the opportunity for a healthy
and fulfilling life.
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
UNICEF’s work in responding to the epidemic extends from high government offices to small remote villages, and focuses on four key areas:
prevention, care, treatment, and protection. These efforts cover the entire
timespan from pregnancy through infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and
include mothers as well as children. UNICEF Mozambique has supported
the government in shaping various HIV policies and plans, and is working
to ensure that the needs of the poorest, including children and women in
particular, are considered in all national poverty and development plans
and programmes.
Unquestionably, the unrestricted nature of Regular Resources is crucial to
UNICEF’s work in Mozambique. The earmarking of funds by donors not
only restricts the use of those funds but it increases transaction costs and
the reporting burden for the country office. Given the flexibility of RR funding, UNICEF Mozambique has been able to target these vital resources to
underfunded areas, ensuring that all elements of the HIV/AIDS programme
can be implemented to achieve maximum results.
MOZAMBIQUE HIV/AIDS
PROGRAMME (2011)
Total: $6 million
$2 million
$4 million
It is another busy day at the
Munhava Health Care Centre,
located in a crowded neighbourhood in Beira – Mozambique’s
second-largest city. Women sit
attentively on long stone benches
as Isabelle Domingo, a 28-year-old
mother of three, addresses them
on early testing for HIV/AIDS.
“When I tested positive, my
husband blamed me for bringing
the disease into the family. He
refused to get tested, and after
a while we separated,” Isabella
tells the women. It was at that
time that Isabella and a few other
HIV-positive women decided that
they would all help one another,
and with the backing of UNICEF
they formed the support group
Kupulumussana (“We Will Save
Each Other”).
33
FOCUS AREA 4
CASE STUDY 9:
NIGERIA
CHILD PROTECTION FROM VIOLENCE,
EXPLOITATION, AND ABUSE
Addressing the challenge of mother-to-child transmission of HIV
As the coordinating body of the HIV/AIDS response in
Kaduna State, we have found it imperative to work with
UNICEF in order to achieve the universal goal of zero
new HIV infections and zero AIDS related deaths.
— H O N . PAT R I C K K AT U K A , E X E C U T I V E S E C R E TA R Y,
K A N D U N A S TAT E A I D S C O N T R O L AG E N C Y
NIGERIA HIV/AIDS
PROGRAMME (2011)
$3.78 million
$0.05 million
Other Resources
Emergency, 1%
Nigeria is estimated to have the second largest incidence of HIV worldwide,
with an HIV prevalence of 3.6 per cent among the general population as
well as among those aged 15 to 49. Women comprise about 52 per cent
of the estimated 3.3 million HIV-positive Nigerians. For every infected male
aged 20 to 24, there are 2.4 infected females of the same age. Further,
Nigeria’s 36 states have a wide range of infection rates, from 1.0 to 12.7 per
cent, reflecting the heterogeneous nature of the epidemic across various
geopolitical zones, states, localities, and population groups.
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
Working with a range of partners, UNICEF’s strategy in the area of HIV/AIDS
prioritizes advocating for policies and actions to reach the most vulnerable
children and women; strengthening the government’s capacity to respond
to the epidemic; understanding the scope of the problem through rigorous
data analysis; and changing social behaviours. In 2011, UNICEF supported
a number of initiatives, including compiling the annual Universal Access
Report, a critical data analysis of the HIV/AIDS situation in Nigeria produced
with WHO and UNAIDS; finalizing a national plan to eliminate mother-tochild transmission; and supporting oversight, monitoring, and tracking of
efforts to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV in nine states.
Regular Resources support the salaries of all nine UNICEF staff members
working on HIV and AIDS issues in Nigeria. These funds perfectly complement HIV funding from the US Government, The Global Fund, and the
World Bank, and also complement smaller pots of funding from restricted
Other Resources by enabling systemic ‘wrap-around’ support for discrete
activities.
UNICEF
34
— M A R K H E R E WA R D, U N I C E F R E P R E S E N TAT I V E
$0.49 million
THE NEED
Regular Resources make all the difference in Azerbaijan. Because of their
flexibility, when an opportunity suddenly presents itself, we can kick-start the
reform process and the government will then go on to assume the costs.
Primary Healthcare Centre (PHC)
Randagi is located about 250 kilometres from the state capital of
Kaduna, and is the only PHC serving
a community of over 20,000 people.
It is also one of 54 sites benefiting
from an innovative government-supported Midwifery Service Scheme,
which deploys midwives to rural
PHCs. Until recently, PHC Randagi
provided no HIV/AIDS services. In
response, UNICEF partnered with
the State Ministry of Health to train
four midwives in the prevention of
mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
“I have always wanted to know if I
am infected with HIV or not so that I
can be sure that my baby will not be
born with the virus,” said 22-yearold Ladi, who attended counselling
at PHC Randagi, “but I could not
afford to travel to the city to be
tested. Now I know my HIV status,
and I am empowered to take the
right steps.” During 2011, UNICEF
supported the training of more than
250 midwives at over 60 PHCs in
seven states.
THE NEED
Each day millions of children worldwide – from all socioeconomic backgrounds, and across all ages, religions,
and cultures – experience violence, exploitation, and
abuse. These children are typically the most excluded
members of society. They might face the isolation of a
disabled child, the exploitation of a poor girl in domestic labour, or the recruitment of a child into an armed
group. Although exact figures are unknown, the growing base of evidence reveals that poverty, urbanization,
and climate change continue to affect essential protective networks for children, including the family unit.
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
The Millennium Declaration acknowledges that without addressing protection issues the MDGs cannot be
achieved. All children have the right to be protected
from violence, exploitation, and abuse. UNICEF takes a
holistic approach to protecting children, with a particular focus on responding to violence and on prevention
– including strengthening national systems and community networks and supporting changes in harmful
practices. With partners, UNICEF is prioritizing birth
registration; preventing institutionalization of children
through improved access to services and direct support to families at risk; and preventing child violence
and exploitation from occurring in the first place. This
involves not only advocating for legislation, policies,
services, resources, and capacities to improve the
protective environment but also ensuring that communities are actively engaged in changing discriminatory and harmful social norms and practices.
EXPENDITURE BY TYPE OF RESOURCES: CHILD
PROTECTION FROM VIOLENCE, EXPLOITATION,
AND ABUSE (2011)
Total: $340 million
$89 million
$168 million
$83 million
KEY RESULTS
•UNICEF supported an estimated 126 countries
to address a variety of child protection issues
through systems strengthening and social change,
including birth registration, violence in homes
and schools, trafficking and migration, and justice
for children.
•At least 30 governments were assisted in creating
effective frameworks and laws for alternative care,
removing children from institutions and integrating them into homes and communities.
•UNICEF continued to actively support the release
and reintegration of children associated with
armed forces or armed groups.
•Working with legislators and policy makers,
UNICEF helped to improve legal and policy frameworks around child protection in 83 countries.
35
CASE STUDY 10:
CASE STUDY 11:
CAMEROON
PAKISTAN
Changing the child protection environment
Child protection in Cameroon is a programme on
the move. We certainly need more and more effort
and resources, but step by step we are building a
strong and protective environment for children.
— A N T O I N E T T E E K A M A B O G O, U N I C E F C H I L D P R O T E C T I O N O F F I C E R
Building a child protection system
CAMEROON CHILD PROTECTION
PROGRAMME (2011)
Total: $0.8 million
$0.7 million
$0.1 million
I can never forget the hope in the eyes of one of
the children studying in a UNICEF-sponsored
education centre. And today that project is being
run by the government.
— S H AG U F TA B H AT T I , U N I C E F N AT I O N A L O F F I C E R
THE NEED
THE NEED
Cameroon’s child protection environment is complex, with reports of violence against children and women, of exploitation, and of child trafficking
increasing every year. Early marriage also remains a concern, with 36 per
cent of women aged 20–24 married prior to turning 18, and 12 per cent of
girls under 15 already married. Other statistics are equally alarming: there are
1.2 million orphans and vulnerable children in the country, some 300,000 of
whom have been directly affected by HIV/AIDS; the child labour rate is more
than 30 per cent; and some 800 children are being held in detention.
Pakistan is home to over 70 million children, up to 11 million of whom are
believed to be engaged in child labour, and between 1.5 and 2.5 million
of whom are thought to be living on the streets. Multiple socio-economic
factors push these children and their families into a chronic cycle of poverty;
and recurrent natural disasters, such as the historic floods of 2010, and
persistent insecurity, especially in the country’s north-west areas, further
stretch the coping mechanisms of these families. One survival strategy for
large families living in poverty or made vulnerable by humanitarian crises
is to require their children to leave school to work.
In 2011, UNICEF’s child protection priorities would not have been realized
without RR funding, with 87 per cent of programme funds coming from
these unrestricted resources. The major portion of the funds covered an
evaluation of UNICEF’s training support for justice sector actors; of the
national birth registration system; and of alternative measures to child
detention. RR funding has been and will continue to be a critical lifeline for
the child protection reform initiative in Cameroon, and in 2012 it will have
a major impact on the planning and monitoring of future child protection
interventions.
UNICEF
36
At age 15, Zakiatou dropped out of
school to help support her family.
Her first job was as a housekeeper,
for a monthly salary of $20. The
owner’s son regularly sexually
abused her, and when she became
pregnant her employer told her to
terminate the pregnancy and subsequently fired her. As Zakiatou
recalls, “My family and I were
distraught because we had no
resources to support this pregnancy and we were under threat
from the owner’s family. However,
UNICEF’s awareness campaign
on sexual exploitation pushed my
father to seek help from the police
and a social service organization.” Today, Zakiatou, mother of a
14-month-old girl, is smiling again.
“I am aware that there are many
girls like me who need help. It
motivates me to give them advice
and to help them avoid the risk of
sexual violence.”
$3 million
$4 million
$8 million
Other Resources
Emergency, <1%
UNICEF is working with the government to identify capacity gaps and
bottlenecks in national protection strategies and systems – cooperation that
has extended to officials at the regional and district level. With coordinated
and comprehensive data at a premium, UNICEF has focused on supporting crucial evaluations and studies, which are in turn leading to changes in
the child protection environment. For example, UNICEF’s evaluation of birth
registration was linked to national civil status reform, including extending the
free birth registration period and establishing a National Civil Status Office.
Total: $15 million
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
PAKISTAN CHILD PROTECTION
PROGRAMME (2011)
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
Following the devolution of the social sector’s ministerial functions to the
provincial governments in 2011, UNICEF has been partnering with provincial
departments of social welfare to build a protective environment for all children. The organization is also working with national and provincial disaster
management authorities and other partners to ensure that child protection
is well integrated in emergency preparedness and response plans. Further,
through partnerships with Pakistan’s national social protection programmes,
UNICEF is reaching the most vulnerable children at the grassroots level and
providing them with access to education through conditional cash transfers.
Among the many accomplishments of 2011 was Pakistan’s ratification of
the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the
sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography.
Through UNICEF-supported programmes, more than 1 million children
accessed a broad range of social services in 2011, including special protection for child victims of trafficking; legal and psychological counselling;
sexual abuse units in hospitals; help lines; child-friendly desks in police
stations; second-chance education programmes; and non-formal education for children in bonded labour. Without access to flexible, unrestricted
funding many of these programmes would not have been possible. Going
forward, UNICEF Pakistan will continue to rely on Regular Resources for
such vital support.
Other Resources
Emergency, 55%
Fifteen-year-old Nazdana and her
friends used to be afraid to play
outdoors, where they found themselves subjected to the harassment of young men. UNICEF
helped to establish three child
protection centres in Quetta (the
capital of Balochistan province) to
provide children like Nazdana with
a protective environment in which
to learn life skills and to express
themselves freely and safely, thus
building self-confidence. To date,
nearly 3,000 children – girls and
boys alike – have benefited from
these centres. “I have learned how
to cut, sew, and make decoration
pieces,” said Nazdana. “And I have
become interested in education
and have received help to enrol in
a regular school.”
37
FOCUS AREA 5
CASE STUDY 12:
UZBEKISTAN
POLICY ADVOCACY AND PARTNERSHIPS
FOR CHILDREN’S RIGHTS
Working to keep families united
Although there are many obstacles to overcome in
ensuring a strong protective environment for children,
I am overwhelmed by the perseverance of those who
work tirelessly in the community – often with little
support – to fight for the rights of children.
— CHRISSIE GALE, UNICEF CHILD PROTECTION SPECIALIST
UZBEKISTAN CHILD PROTECTION
PROGRAMME (2011)
$0.29 million
$0.04 million
Other Resources
Emergency, <1%
THE NEED
In Uzbekistan, orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) are traditionally
placed in institutional care – a catch-all solution to the national OVC problem. At any given time, over 46,000 children may be living in institutions
across the country, the vast majority of whom are children with disabilities.
Other causes of institutionalization include poverty, ill-treatment, parental
abandonment, and parental migration for work. The institutionalization of
children is so socially entrenched in Uzbekistan that many parents and professionals think children are better off living in such institutions.
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
UNICEF is committed to preventing the separation of children from their
families wherever and whenever possible, and to supporting the government in providing assistance to children who are at risk of all forms of abuse
and neglect. UNICEF partners with the Republican Centre for the Social
Adaptation of Children, a national NGO, to pilot the work of family and child
support services (FCSS). This work helps identify children at risk, thereby
preventing further harm and institutionalization, and helps return children
from institutions to family care. Indeed, the success of the programme has
prompted the government to invite the FCSS teams to contribute to a working group on legislative reform to address the needs of children at risk and
their families.
Securing resources to invest in the development of protection legislation,
policy, and practice is challenging in Uzbekistan, as tangible results for
children are difficult to demonstrate in the short term. Fortunately, Regular
Resources allow for continued and steady investment in developing expertise in these areas, and for establishing a comprehensive national child
protection system. They also permit UNICEF to position resources where
funding is scarce but crucial to achieving results for children.
UNICEF
38
Mr. Rakhimov’s family was ripped
apart when he separated from his
former wife and local authorities
placed their children in a nearby
orphanage. After setting up a home
with his new wife, Mr. Rakhimov
requested the assistance of the
UNICEF-supported FCSS team in
Samarkand to help him get his two
sons returned to him, and the team
successfully worked with the family
and local authorities to reunite
the father and sons. “Obviously,
I’m very happy the boys have been
returned to me,” says Mr. Rakhimov.
“I’m doing everything I can for
them,” he declares, with obvious
devotion. “This is their home and I
don’t want them to be raised anywhere else.”
Because of Regular Resources, UNICEF has been able to support the youth
of Madagascar in becoming agents of positive social change, allowing them to
confidently deliberate on the challenges they face and to identify strategies
to more effectively pursue their own goals and dreams.
— S T E V E N L AU W E R I E R , U N I C E F R E P R E S E N TAT I V E
THE NEED
The world continues to be confronted with global crises,
broad inequalities, and the complex challenges of urbanization and climate change. Children, the most vulnerable members of society, are the most severely affected
by all these factors – representing more than half the
people trapped in poverty globally. As governments and
development agencies throughout the world work to
recover from the financial crisis, the food price crisis,
and the fuel price crisis, budgets are being squeezed,
potentially threatening social spending. An estimated 91
countries are planning such cuts in the coming year, and
nearly one quarter of developing countries are cutting
these expenditures below pre-crises levels.
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
Policy advocacy and partnerships underpin all of
UNICEF’s activities and are an essential aspect of
UNICEF’s work with governments, lawmakers, the
media, civil society, and international organizations.
UNICEF works to strengthen the capacities of its partners – to collect data, to design and implement policies
and legislation, and to budget adequately – so that they
can meet their obligations to children. Advocating for
children and helping communities to have a voice in the
development process are a critical catalyst for achieving equitable results for children. Because UNICEF’s
own resources represent a minimal share of the total
resources needed to address the rights and needs
of children, increasingly its strength is in leveraging
resources, rather than in providing direct services.
POLICY ADVOCACY AND PARTNERSHIPS FOR
CHILDREN’S RIGHTS (2011)
Total: $359 million
$165 million
$146 million
$48 million
KEY RESULTS
•UNICEF was a key partner in reporting on progress
towards the health-related MDGs and monitoring
key development indicators, including under-five
mortality rates, nutrition levels, immunization rates,
key maternal health statistics, and access to safe
drinking water and basic sanitation, among others.
•The organization continued to be a lead actor in
promoting child-sensitive social protection through
its engagement with 93 governments and its production of the first Social Protection Strategic
Framework, in consultation with partners.
•In order to address child poverty and disparities,
UNICEF advised 117 governments on regulatory,
legal, institutional, and financing reform, and
assisted a further 52 countries to conduct or substantially update their situation analysis of
children’s and women’s rights.
•UNICEF supported the rights of migrant children
through its 2011 chairmanship of the Global
Migration Group and its engagement with 63 governments on migrant-related issues.
39
CASE STUDY 13:
CASE STUDY 14:
BURKINA FASO
INDIA
Developing a national social protection policy for children
We know that our work needs continuity and cannot
yield results in just one or two years, and we greatly
appreciate the fact that UNICEF provides support for
our interventions on a long-term basis.
— O U S M A N E S AWA D O G O, C OA L I T I O N S U P P O R T I N G C H I L D R E N A N D
YO U N G P E O P L E O N T H E S T R E E T
Delivering basic services through community empowerment
BURKINA FASO POLICY ADVOCACY
AND PARTNERSHIPS PROGRAMME
(2011)
$2.71 million
$0.07 million
UNICEF has continually supported the State Planning
Commission in many of its endeavours. Notably,
the organization supports the state at critical times,
and its partnership is always stable, cooperative, and
need based.
— M A N G E S H T YAG I , A DV I S O R , S TAT E P L A N N I N G C O M M I S S I O N ,
M A D H YA P R A D E S H
$0.03 million
THE NEED
Other Resources
Emergency, 1%
The global economic downturn of the past few years reversed hard-earned
gains in Burkina Faso. Although the gross domestic product increased
in 2011, there was no significant impact in terms of poverty reduction.
UNICEF estimates that slightly more than half of all children in Burkina Faso
are poor, compared to 42 per cent of adults. Rural areas are home to 90 per
cent of poor children, which have a 50 per cent higher child mortality rate
than urban areas.
Regular Resources represented 96 per cent of UNICEF’s 2011 Policy
Advocacy and Partnerships budget in Burkina Faso. These funds were vital
in supporting the organization’s engagement with the government and
other partners to improve national coordination of social protection issues,
to facilitate genuine national debate, and to develop a social protection
policy. UNICEF actions in 2011 included conducting a joint review with the
World Bank of all existing safety nets in Burkina Faso and establishing a
joint partner group on social protection.
UNICEF
40
$14.7 million
$10.9 million
$0.3 million
Other Resources
Emergency, 1%
In 1993, India made significant amendments to its Constitution to decentralize governance, especially in the delivery of basic services and livelihoods.
Bringing decision-making closer to the people and increasing allocations
to the social sector were expected to result in improved service delivery
and outcomes. Yet, today 42 per cent of India’s population still lives below
the international poverty line of $1.25 per day – a situation partly due to a
lack of government capacity at the national and local level, especially in the
country’s poorer states.
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
In 2011, UNICEF contributed evidence, data, and policy analysis to Burkina
Faso’s new National Social Protection Policy to ensure that the policy is
child and women-focused and that national social protection systems
to address child vulnerabilities are strengthened. UNICEF also helped to
secure several crucial changes in government policy, including: (i) a commitment to develop a plan of action for implementing the social protection
policy; (ii) an agreement to provide cash transfers to alleviate chronic poverty, including enabling the poorest populations to cover education fees and
health services; and (iii) expanding access to health services through subsidies and gratuities in favour of children under five and pregnant women.
THE NEED
INDIA POLICY ADVOCACY AND
PARTNERSHIPS PROGRAMME (2011)
Baba was living on the streets
of Ouagadougou when he took
ill, but with help from friends he
made his way to the Renaissance
Centre – a sanctuary for streetchildren managed by UNICEF partner Samusocial, one of the NGOs
in the country’s Children and
Young People on the Street coalition. When Baba arrived, it was
discovered he needed emergency
surgery, and thanks to Samusocial
he received the care that he
required. Today, Baba teaches
first aid to street children and is
helping to raise awareness of their
conditions. Says Baba: “Thanks
to UNICEF and Samusocial, I am
not only alive today but I can help
children who are in need.”
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
As part of the government’s effort to strengthen the decentralization of
social services, UNICEF has supported a participatory approach that promotes community empowerment, behaviour change, and improved service
delivery. UNICEF encourages state governments and their institutions to
make meaningful contributions to the change process by factoring community needs, priorities, and preferences into their planning and implementation processes. The organization also provides technical advice to 35 priority
districts across seven states with the most compromised human development indicators.
UNICEF has invested Regular Resources in several innovative pilot projects
in India. And because these funds are fully flexible, they allow for activities
that would generally not be funded, including capacity building, influencing
the development of government policy, and strengthening social protection
systems. Such unrestricted resources have also enabled UNICEF to complement the government’s allocation of resources to districts with technical
expertise in decentralized planning, budgeting, and monitoring. Notably, as
capacities are strengthened, state and national governments absorb these
tasks into their own structures.
Mr. Hindusingh Pawar is the
elected head of the village governance structure in the Rajgarh
district of the state of Madhya
Pradesh. Recently he described
to a group of external evaluators
the process by which villagers
express their preferences for basic
services and projects to the village governing board. “Last year,”
Mr. Pawar explained, “villagers
requested access to safe drinking
water, integrated child development services, and pavements.”
The pavements have now been
completed, and Mr. Pawar pointed
to several houses constructed for
the poorer members of a village
who were selected by voters from
the village itself.
41
HUMANITARIAN ACTION
AND POST-CRISIS RECOVERY
CASE STUDY 15:
UGANDA
Reaching marginalized children through effective policy-making
It is the predictability and the flexibility of our response
at all times that makes us the most informed and the most
trusted organization anywhere and everywhere. And it is
Regular Resources that gives us the opportunity to be so
and that are the key to our success.
— S H A R A D S A P R A , U N I C E F R E P R E S E N TAT I V E
UGANDA POLICY ADVOCACY AND
PARTNERSHIPS PROGRAMME (2011)
Total: $8.3 million
$5.2 million
Despite significant progress in recent years, the children of Uganda continue to experience widespread deprivation. Malnutrition rates remain
extremely high; immunization rates are among the lowest in the region;
primary school completion is little over 50 per cent and pre-primary under
10 per cent; and children continue to face threats to their safety, including
many forms of violence and a poor juvenile justice system. Many of the
bottlenecks that prevent these children from being reached exist at the
policy level, yet the lack of comprehensive, coordinated data across ministries is hindering decision makers in effectively guiding and overseeing
programmes.
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
The foundation of UNICEF’s policy work is its strong relationship with government ministries, and one of its primary roles is to provide technical support to the development of key policies and plans. In 2011, UNICEF Uganda
supported: (i) the finalization of a National Nutrition Plan; (ii) a 10-year
expanded programme of immunization; (iii) the drafting of an updated
national Children’s Act; and (iv) completion of early learning development
standards and an inclusive education policy. Great strides were also made in
developing a social protection programme and policy, and work has begun
on drafting child-friendly budget guidelines with the Ministry of Finance.
Regular Resources are essential for the simple reason that other donor
resources tend to be tied heavily to implementing tangible, field-based programmes. Flexibility is especially vital, as the policy environment in Uganda
can move very quickly. These resources offer the organization the opportunity to seize opportunities as they arise, which is at the heart of effective
policy advocacy. Without such resources, UNICEF would miss the potential
to influence wide-ranging policy innovations that can dramatically improve
the lives of children and women today and in future generations.
UNICEF
42
— L O U I S - G E O R G E S A R S E N AU LT, D I R E C T O R O F E M E R G E N C Y P R O G R A M M E S , U N I C E F
$2.8 million
$0.3 million
THE NEED
Regular Resources allow us to be present in countries before, during, and after
emergencies, and are usually the very first funding that our country offices use
to respond to the critical needs of children in emergencies.
Other Resources
Emergency, 4%
The U-Report is a free short
messaging service (SMS, or
text message) designed to give
young Ugandans the ability to
collectively voice their opinions
on issues of concern to them.
Each week an SMS question is
sent to 115,000 “U-reporters” to
seek their views on development
issues affecting children and
youth. The answers are then analysed quantitatively and qualitatively, and the compiled responses
and opinions are subsequently
presented to government representatives. Esther Kalougho, from
the Kasese district, finds that the
U-Report enables her to share her
views with people of a similar age
all across Uganda, and says that
“without the U-Report my views
would never be heard.”
THE NEED
Emergencies – natural and human-caused – continue to
affect the lives of millions of people all over the world.
Children in fragile and conflict-affected states are twice
as likely to die before the age of five as those living elsewhere. In 2011 natural disasters had an impact on some
206 million people, while complex emergencies again
showed that the most vulnerable are disproportionately
affected. In this context, children are especially vulnerable to disease, malnutrition, and violence.
The drought and severe nutritional crisis in the Horn
of Africa affected more than 13 million people amid
armed conflict; and record floods devastated parts of
Pakistan, disrupting the lives of some 5 million rural
Pakistanis. Floods also had a deadly impact in Brazil and
Thailand. A tropical storm killed many in the Philippines,
and a destructive earthquake struck Turkey. Elsewhere,
conflict and civil unrest continued to take a heavy toll
on children and women.
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
EMERGENCY PROGRAMME FUND (2011)
$42.8 million
Non-reimbursed (RR), 35%
$80.6 million
Reimbursed (OR), 65%
KEY RESULTS
•Approximately 1.8 million severely malnourished
children were helped through therapeutic feeding programmes, 86.8 million received vitamin A
supplements, and 52.3 million were vaccinated
against measles.
•Over 10.2 million children gained access to safe
water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities in their
learning environment.
•Some 8.8 million school-aged children, including
adolescents, received formal and non-formal basic
education.
•More than 11,600 children associated with armed
In 2011, UNICEF responded to 292 humanitarian situforces or groups were reintegrated into their famiations in 80 countries and territories. Often the first
lies and communities, and over 18,300 separated
on the ground in emergencies, UNICEF is unique in its
children were reunited with family members.
capacity to deliver life-saving interventions in a timely
and effective way. Guided by a set of principles known
•UNICEF deployed 618 emergency personnel,
as the Core Commitments for Children in Humanitarian
including 135 standby partners from other organiAction, these commitments are more than a mission
zations, to respond to humanitarian needs.
statement – they are a humanitarian imperative. They
are a framework for providing timely and effective
collective humanitarian action based on global norms
and standards in key programme sectors, as well
as outlining UNICEF’s operational response. In addition, UNICEF’s action in emergencies is defined by
the “cluster approach” – that is, working with other
agencies to improve the predictability and quality of
humanitarian response in non-refugee settings. UNICEF
leads the global clusters for nutrition; water, sanitation,
and hygiene; and education (co-lead with Save the
Children), while continuing to play a critical role in the
health cluster.
43
CASE STUDY 16:
CASE STUDY 17:
DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S
REPUBLIC OF KOREA
LIBERIA
Ensuring education in emergencies
Combatting malnutrition in under-five children
Partnering with UNICEF has greatly improved our efforts
and resources in terms of saving and improving the lives
of children and mothers.
— P A K T O N G C H O L , U N I C E F F O C A L P O I N T,
M I N I S T R Y O F P U B L I C H E A LT H
(2011)
Total: $2 million
$2 million
Save the Children and UNICEF have an extremely strong
partnership, and it is a tribute to the UN agency that it
has such generous support.
— D R . C H E S T E R S H A B A , E D U C AT I O N M A N AG E R ,
S AV E T H E C H I L D R E N L I B E R I A
(2011)
Total: $4.6 million
$4.1 million
$0.5 million
THE NEED
THE NEED
Food insecurity has long been and continues to be a major concern in the
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), and for many years now
the country has been dependent on international food aid. Malnutrition –
especially among children under five – is a particularly serious concern.
A 2009 survey revealed that 32 per cent of children under five suffer from
stunting, 19 per cent are underweight, and 5 per cent suffer from acute
malnutrition (wasting), with clear geographical disparities. Malnutrition is
aggravated by food insecurity, the low quality of water, poor sanitation and
hygiene, and limited access to essential medicines and care services.
Liberia’s 14-year civil conflict (1989–2003) had a crippling effect on its
education system, where over 80 per cent of schools were either damaged
or destroyed. Forty-eight per cent of the population has never attended
school, inequity prevails in both quality and access to education, and rural
children in particular have only limited access to secondary schools. While
Liberia was still struggling to rebuild its education system, in late 2010
and early 2011 an influx of over 180,000 refugees fleeing violence in Côte
d’Ivoire poured into the country’s four impoverished eastern counties,
further worsening the situation.
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
Working with the World Food Programme, in 2011 UNICEF expanded
its programme of Community-based Management of Acute Malnutrition
(CMAM) to the 25 counties with the highest food insecurity out of the 114
counties targeted for food distribution – the first time CMAM was implemented in the DPRK on such a large scale. In addition, UNICEF supported
the Ministry of Public Health in training over 1,000 household doctors for
the rapid screening and treatment of severe acute malnutrition. As a result,
more than 181,000 children were screened for malnutrition and some
36,000 were targeted for emergency feeding. UNICEF also has a significant water, sanitation, and hygiene programme that addresses many of the
underlying causes of malnutrition in the DPRK.
Regular Resources have been essential to the work of UNICEF in the
DPRK, allowing the organization to push forward its critical CMAM programme and thus ensure the provision of high-quality technical expertise
in nutrition. Not only did UNICEF succeed in developing an ambitious
programme at a rapid pace, together with the government, but this expertise has raised the profile of nutrition at all levels in the country. It has also
attracted greater interest from development partners, thus paving the way
for a more sustained approach towards nutrition and, in turn, making an
enormous difference for children in the country.
UNICEF
44
In September 2011, UNICEF supported a train-the-trainers programme, whereby some 1,000
household doctors learned how
to screen and treat children for
severe acute malnutrition. Dr. Ri
Kum Hui, Director of the Paediatric
Hospital in South Hamgyong,
was one of the participants. As
he noted: “I learned a lot from the
experience. It was not only classroom work but also on-the-job
training for the screening process.
I have never been involved in such
a participatory exercise. We got
the chance to share our thoughts,
ideas, and knowledge on acute
malnutrition.”
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
Today, the education curriculum for Ivorian refugee students is in line with
the standards in Côte d’Ivoire, thus helping to make a smoother transition once the refugees return home. UNICEF Liberia collaborated with the
Ivorian Education Ministry and UNICEF Côte d’Ivoire in producing 315,000
primary textbooks in French as well as an Ivorian curriculum and teacher
guides. UNICEF and its partners ensured that the curriculum and textbooks
reached students shortly following the refugee influx, thereby allowing the
children to begin the school year at the same time as they would at home.
Early childhood development programmes and primary education in the
context of this emergency served both native and refugee children in
roughly equal numbers; and they provided adolescent girls and boys with
access to vocational training programmes as well.
Eric, age 11, came to Liberia with
his family to escape the violence
in Côte d’Ivoire. “My three sisters cried all the way and we had
to cross the river, but finally we
made it safely,” he explains. Eric,
who wants to be a teacher, now
attends school in Liberia and says
he does not want to go back home
– at least for now. “I want to stay
here because it is safe and I can
go to school and learn. I got a new
bag and books from UNICEF and I
don’t want to miss my classes!”
In 2011, Regular Resources enabled UNICEF Liberia to respond quickly
and effectively to the education needs of both large numbers of refugee
children and the children of their host communities. These unrestricted
funds ensured continued learning for over 10,000 Ivorian and Liberian children in early childhood development facilities, 20,000 Ivorian primary
school children, and an additional 18,000 Liberian children within schools
hosting refugees. Simply put, these resources met a crucial funding gap
at a time when other emergency funding was unavailable.
45
REGULAR RESOURCES
PARTNERS AND DONORS
CASE STUDY 18:
PHILIPPINES
Bolstering disaster preparedness and response
(in US dollars)
REGULAR RESOURCES
DONOR
Being exposed to various UNICEF projects and
networking with other UNICEF partners, I realize
now more than ever that children have the power
to change the world for the better.
— J A N I C E I A N M A N L U TAC , P R O J E C T M A N AG E R ,
OX FA M P H I L I P P I N E S
(2011)
Total: $1.8 million
$1.0 million
$0.8 million
THE NEED
The Philippines is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world,
experiencing frequent typhoons, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. The
most destructive storm to hit the Philippines in 2011 was Tropical Storm
Washi, which devastated two cities in northern Mindanao, leaving nearly
1,300 dead, almost a half-million persons displaced, and several schools
heavily damaged or destroyed. In this particular emergency, some 43,000
children were affected by the floods, with 14,000 finding their way to evacuation centres. In addition to such natural disasters, several areas suffer
from ethnic tension and armed conflict, particularly in Mindanao.
UNICEF’S RESPONSE
UNICEF has assisted the Philippines in mitigating the effects of humanitarian crises by adopting comprehensive disaster risk reduction and preparedness plans. Even before Tropical Storm Washi, the organization supported
nutritional assessments in Central Mindanao. More than 89,000 children
under five were screened for acute malnutrition by the Department of
Health, community-based volunteers, and UNICEF-funded partners such
as Save the Children. UNICEF also provided ready-to-use therapeutic food
and micronutrient powders, and infant and young child feeding counselling
for pregnant and lactating women. UNICEF’s response in the area of water,
sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) included providing latrines and hand-washing facilities to 23 schools, and constructing wells and supplying hygiene
and water kits to 10 villages. In addition, the organization helped thousands
more schoolchildren in conflict and flood-affected areas by providing temporary learning spaces for nearly 1,300 children, school packs for 11,400
children, and book sets for 49 flood-damaged schools.
Regular Resources enable the UNICEF country office to support emergency programmes that are either unfunded or have difficulty garnering
adequate donor support. For example, during the emergency operations for
Tropical Storm Washi, all of the funds that came from donors were committed to WASH – with no support for nutrition, education, or child protection. It was only through access to unrestricted Regular Resources that the
country office was able to initiate critical interventions in these areas during
the important first phase of response.
UNICEF
46
Lina Duave is mother to sixmonth-old Alexis. On December
16, 2011, raging floodwaters
completely destroyed their home.
As soon as the family was relocated to the evacuation centre,
one of Lina’s first decisions was to
continue exclusively breastfeeding Alexis, despite having access
to powdered milk substitutes that
had been provided by well-meaning donors. As Lina explained: “I
remember that during my prenatal
check-ups I was told that breast
milk is the best food for my baby.
It has the complete nutrients that
my baby needs.”
Afghanistan
Andorra
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Bhutan
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominican Republic
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong, China
Hungary
Iceland
India
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kuwait
Lesotho
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Mexico
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Myanmar
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Norway
Pakistan
PUBLIC SECTOR
GOVERNMENT
1,000
28,128
25,000
6,000
35,046,275
1,991,764
34,500
4,000
26,556,259
15,435
6,240
808
18,848,160
91,000
1,316,457
INTERORGANIZATIONAL
ARRANGEMENTS
PRIVATE SECTOR
NATIONAL
COMMITTEES 25
TOTAL
OTHER
CONTRIBUTIONS 26
284,895
1,184,349
6,139,034
3,533,243
10,281,499
6,453,795
8,907
16,425
550,190
10,000
24,624
63,397
28,577,350
4,000
204,796
2,213,577
6,271,281
1,866
48,821
23,239,425
1,994,350
3,500
6,480,044
34,614
13,001,468
40,547,451
47,537,597
3,312,588
22,526
30,006
132,843
688,249
841,320
56,617
11,549,290
100,000
3,708,801
18,288,364
20,000
4,942,986
8,864
1,470,462
11,012
1,187,932
23,303,053
104,250,926
22,976
200,000
2,000
54,230
3,732,393
284,000
214,000
10,685
11,403
5,000
84,309
393
48,433,000
4,580,160
2,000
75,555,000
35,700
8,379
924,503
5,954,338
8,935
47,249,800
1,704,545
7,170,449
1,000
313,023
1,209,349
6,000
41,185,309
5,525,007
34,500
4,000
36,837,758
15,435
6,240
808
25,301,955
91,000
1,316,457
8,907
16,425
550,190
10,000
229,420
2,276,974
34,848,631
4,000
1,866
83,435
36,240,893
42,541,801
3,500
54,017,640
3,312,588
22,526
30,006
4,942,986
141,707
2,158,711
841,320
67,629
12,737,222
100,000
27,011,854
122,539,290
20,000
22,976
200,000
2,000
54,230
8,379
4,656,895
6,238,338
214,000
19,620
11,403
5,000
84,309
393
95,682,800
6,284,705
2,000
82,725,449
35,700
47
REGULAR RESOURCES
DONOR
Panama
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Republic of Korea
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Russian Federation
San Marino
Saudi Arabia
Serbia
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sweden
Switzerland
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela (Bolivarian
Republic of)
Viet Nam
Zambia
Miscellaneous27
Income adjustments
to prior years28
Cost of goods delivered
and other expenses29
Subtotal
Inter-governmental
organizations
Income adjustments
to prior years28
Subtotal
Inter-organizational
arrangements
Income adjustments
to prior years28
Subtotal
Non-governmental
organizations
Tetsuko Kuroyanaqi, Japan
Miscellaneous 30
Income adjustments to
prior years28
Subtotal
Other income 31
TOTAL INCOME
25
PUBLIC SECTOR
GOVERNMENT
26,750
52,058
PRIVATE SECTOR
INTERORGANIZATIONAL
ARRANGEMENTS
NATIONAL
COMMITTEES 25
TOTAL
OTHER
CONTRIBUTIONS 26
19,179
199,303
117,365
1,560,128
45,929
251,361
198,493
2,741,975
100,000
45,394,785
2,000
14,759
1,000,000
8,362
1,000,000
207,546
50,000
76,902
1,236,460
58,800,999
15,500
109,339,798
27,246,783
1,154,996
2,000
15,000
26,316
900,795
100,000
79,427,317
157,029,497
117,365
1,560,128
597,165
(854,904)
41,109
103,667
597,165
1,385,367
198,493
2,441,975
300,000
100,000
3,000,000
2,000
14,759
1,000,000
42,394,785
8,362
1,000,000
207,546
50,000
16,000
63,972
29,333,260
15,500
75,024,000
21,231,400
247,928
2,000
15,000
26,316
150,000
100,000
68,038,164
132,250,000
60,902
1,172,488
29,467,739
34,315,798
6,015,383
907,068
750,795
11,389,153
24,779,497
41,109
103,667
897,279
1,342,992
(120,799,860)
646,176,409
0
486,171,303
10,700,218
1,022,248,070
213,509
213,509
213,509
0
0
0
213,509
716
716
0
716
0
0
716
381,128
254,243
4,447
381,128
254,243
4,447
639,818
54,833,934
1,077,936,047
0
0
0
639,818
646,389,918
716
486,171,303
11,340,036
PHOTO CREDITS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
cover © UNICEF/NYHQ2011-1795/Giacomo Pirozzi
page 1
© UNICEF/NYHQ2010-0697/Markisz
page 5 © UNICEF/NYHQ2011-1577/Marco Dormino
page 10 © UNICEF/BANA2012-00987/Afshan Khan
page 20 © UNICEF/NYHQ2012-0205/Giacomo Pirozzi
page 22© UNICEF/NYHQ2011-1782/Giacomo Pirozzi
© UNICEF/NYHQ2012-0465/Mia Brandt
© UNICEF/NYHQ2011-1495/Giovanni Diffidenti
© UNICEF/NYHQ2010-2648/Roger LeMoyne
page 24 © UNICEF/Afghanistan/2010
page 25 © UNICEF/Democratic Republic of the Congo/
2010/Jill Connelly
page 26 © UNICEF/Iran/2011/Shehzad Noorani
page 28 © UNICEF/Ethiopia/2011/Liv-Heidi Pederson
page 29 © UNICEF/Lebanon/2010/ Adda Lombardi
page 30 © UNICEF/United Republic of Tanzania/
2008/Giacomo Pirozzi
page 32 © UNICEF/Belize/2010/Sherlene Tablada
page 33 © UNICEF/Mozambique/2008/Graeme Williams
page 34 © UNICEF/Nigeria/2011
page 36 © UNICEF/Cameroon/2012/Kate Learmonth
page 37 © UNICEF/Pakistan/2012/Sam Phelps
page 38 © UNICEF/Uzbekistan/2011
page 40 © UNICEF/Burkina Faso/2009/Claude Tarpilga
page 41 © UNICEF/India/2011/Pandit
page 42 © UNICEF/Uganda/2011/Remie Nakintu
page 44 © UNICEF/Democratic People’s Republic
of Korea/2012/Rim Hui Yong
page 45 © UNICEF/Liberia/2011/Giacomo Pirozzi
page 46 © UNICEF Philippines/2011/Maitem
This document was prepared by UNICEF’s
RESOURCES
CREDITS
An electronic version of this report can be found
online at the following addresses:
Design services:
Douglas Tait, TaitDesign®
www.taitdesign.com
For UNICEF staff:
www.intranet.unicef.org/geneva/fundraising.nsf/
pageid/fund09a
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www4.intranet.unicef.org/geneva/fundraising.nsf/
pageid/fund09a
For public access:
Scan this QR code or visit
www.unicef.org/publications
Private Fundraising and Partnerships (PFP)
Division in collaboration with the Public
Sector Alliances and Resource Mobilization
Office (PARMO).
The authors of this report would like to thank
the many people from the country and regional
offices who provided advice and contributions
throughout the production process. We would
also like to thank the following UNICEF Divisions
for their review and comments on the various
chapters: Division of Communication, Division
of Financial and Administrative Management,
Division of Policy and Strategy, Office of
Emergency Programmes, Programme Division,
and the Office of the Executive Director.
Editor: John Tessitore
Production by Phoenix Design Aid A/S, Denmark.
ISO 14001/ISO 9000 certified and approved CO2
neutral company. This publication is printed on
official environmentally approved FSC paper using
vegetable-based inks. The printed matter is biodegradable and recyclable.
.
Income from UNICEF’s Private Fundraising and Partnerships Division (PFP).
26
Income from country office private sector fundraising and NGOs.
27
Miscellaneous income primarily consists of private sector income for which the source is not individually identified.
28
Includes refunds and adjustments to income recognized in previous years.
29
Cost of goods delivered and other operating expenses incurred by PFP, excluding commission retained by sales partners and sales expenditure by country offices.
30
Miscellaneous income primarily consists of income from NGOs.
31
Other income includes contributions from interest and miscellaneous income, such as small contributions and gains/losses on foreign exchange transactions.
UNICEF
48
© United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), August 2012
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RESULTS FOR CHILDREN

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