Zambujal - Institut für Botanik
Transcrição
Zambujal - Institut für Botanik
Archaeobotanical (and other) Investigations at and around the Chalcolithic Site of Zambujal in Portugal H.-P. Stika, Anika Herb, R. Böcker, Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim R. Dambeck, A.J. Kalis, H. Rittweger, A. Stobbe, J. Thiemeyer, University of Frankfurt/M. A. Lord, Senckenberg Institute, Frankfurt N. Herrmann,University of Leipzig M. Kunst, N. Lutz, DAI Madrid W. Van Leeuwaarden, IPA Lisbon Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal Zambujal Castro do Zambujal Torres Vedras Prov. Estremadura Western Portugal H-P Stika et al. Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal H-P Stika et al. Zambujal – Chalcolithic Fortification Discovery 1932 by L. de Freitas Sampaio Trinidade, Torres Vedras Monumento Nacional 1946 Excavations 1964 - 1973 by E. Sangmeister, Freiburg University & H. Schubart, DAI Madrid Since the 90th further excavations by M. Kunst, DAI Madrid Main publications: E. Sangmeister & H. Schubart 1981, MB 5, Zambujal, Text- und Tafelband M. Hopf, 1981: Pflanzliche Reste aus Zambujal M. Kunst, several publications Excavation in 2004 Meeting of the Generations Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal H-P Stika et al. Zambujal – Excavations of the Chalcolithic Site Up till now 4 lines of defence excavated Reconstruction of the three inner lines of defence with round huts displayed in a model Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal Zambujal – excavations at the 4th line of defence H-P Stika et al. Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal H-P Stika et al. Zambujal – 14C-dating of the 4th linie of defence 14C-dating with charcoal 14C-dating with bones 14C-dating with wheat grains 14C-dating with bones Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal H-P Stika et al. Zambujal – Construction phases of the inner lines of defence Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal H-P Stika et al. Zambujal – 14C-dating in the centre of the fortification 3rd millennium till mid of 2nd millennium BC profile between 1st and 2nd line of defence during excavation the sheltered profile in April 2013 Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal Free-threshing wheat H-P Stika et al. Zambujal – archaeobotanical results dominant Triticum aestivum/durum/turgidum Triticum cf. compactum Free-threshing barley subdominant Hordeum vulgare var. nudum Hordeum vulgare var. nudum Hulled wheats very few Triticum cf. monococcum Triticum cf. dicoccum Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal H-P Stika et al. Zambujal – archaeobotanical results Arbutus unedo Vicia faba - dominant Pinus pinea Pinus pinea Furthermore seeds/fruits of Olea europaea (olive), Linum usitatissimum (flax / linseed), Vitis vinifera (grape vine) and of Ficus carica (fig) Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal H-P Stika et al. Zambujal – archaeobotanical results Taxa counts dominant, subdominant, gathered dominant frequency Names (in % of 355 samples) Avena sp. grain 2 0,6% Oat Hordeum vulgare var. nudum grain 66 12,7% Naked barley Hordeum vulgare var. nudum rachis frag. 1 0,3% Naked barley Triticum cf. dicoccum grain 2 0,6% Emmer Triticum cf. monococcum grain 3 0,8% Einkorn Triticum aestivum/durum/turg. grain 8068 32,4% Naked wheat Linum ussitatissimum seed 45 7,0% Linseed / flax Linum ussitatissimum capsule frag. 17 1,1% Linseed / flax Papaver somniferum seed 6 1,4% Opium poppy Vicia faba seed 2432 60,3% Field bean Arbutus unedo seed/fruit 695 14,3% Arbutus Ficus carica seed 2 0,6% Fig Olea europaea fruitstone 13 2,3% Olive Pinus pinea seed 160 16,1% Stone pine Prunus spinosa fruitstone 13 2,6% Sloe Quercus sp. evergreen seed/fruit 527 14,1% Oak Vitis vinifera s.l. pip 2 0,6% Grape-vine Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal H-P Stika et al. Zambujal – charcoal results M. Hopf 1981, charcoal Pinus 47 Quercus 40 Olea 35 Arbutus 11 Crataegus 9 Pistacia 8 Vitis 6 Fraxinus 5 Chamaerops 4 Cistus 3 Alnus 1 Celtis 1 Populus 1 Tilia 1 Viscum 1 View from Zambujal to the south Monastery of Varatojo 2 km north of Zambujal Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal H-P Stika et al. Zambujal – upon the valley of Ribeira de Pedrulhos View to the south View to the west Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal H-P Stika et al. Zambujal – Ribeira de Pedrulhos and Rio Sizandro s. R. Dambeck, H. Thiemeyer, N. Herrmann, A.J. Kalis, M. Kunst, A. Lord, H. Rittweger, H.-P. Stika, A. Stobbe, 2010 Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal H-P Stika et al. Zambujal – Ribeira de Pedrulhos, Catena C s. R. Dambeck, H. Thiemeyer, N. Herrmann, A.J. Kalis, M. Kunst, A. Lord, H. Rittweger, H.-P. Stika, A. Stobbe, 2010 Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal H-P Stika et al. Zambujal – Rio Sizandro, Catena G, Sediment Waterlogged preservation botanical analyses s. R. Dambeck, H. Thiemeyer, N. Herrmann, A.J. Kalis, M. Kunst, A. Lord, H. Rittweger, H.-P. Stika, A. Stobbe, 2010 Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal H-P Stika et al. Zambujal – Rio Sizandro, Catena G, Palynology Pinus cal. 4340±90 cal. 4410±70 cal. 4520±60 cal. 4500±35 trees Mediterranean woodland, macchia, heathland flood plain salt Isoetes and marshes waterplants s. R. Dambeck, H. Thiemeyer, N. Herrmann, A.J. Kalis, M. Kunst, A. Lord, H. Rittweger, H.-P. Stika, A. Stobbe, 2010 Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal H-P Stika et al. Zambujal – Rio Sizandro, Catena G, Ostracods second half of 5th millennium cal BC dominant taxa of ostracods: Ilyocypris Ilyocypris – Cyprideis torosa Leptocythere, Callistocythere Leptocythere, Callistocythere Results of determination of ostracods in profile RS06_01 analysed by Alan Lord, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M. Confirmed by the result of mollusc analysis in profile RS06_01 analysed by Holger Rittweger, University of Frankfurt a. M. Palynology in profile RS06_01 between 1775 – 1905 cm depth, second half of 5th millennium cal BC Decrease of deciduous oak, increase of Olea, only little Pinus pollen, some human impact visible analysed by Astrid Stobbe, University of Frankfurt a. M. s. R. Dambeck, H. Thiemeyer, N. Herrmann, A.J. Kalis, M. Kunst, A. Lord, H. Rittweger, H.-P. Stika, A. Stobbe, 2010 Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal H-P Stika et al. Zambujal – Rio Sizandro, Catena G, Botanical Macroremains Vegetation types counts (minimum number of taxa) Coastal waters, saline Water some determined taxa, given exemplarily mostly waterlogged plant remains but some are charred 168 Ruppia maritima (different taxa) 5934 Characeen Shallow water (7 taxa) 248 Alisma, Potamog., Typha, Zannich., Schoenople., Ran. Batrach. Flood plain (3 taxa) 173 Alnus, Holoschoenus, Mentha aquatica Beach (10 taxa) 400 Glaux, Beta, Juncus marit., Matricaria marit., Triglochin mariti. Segetal and ruderal (27 taxa) 148 Glaucium cornic., Raphanus raph., Reseda luteola, Centranthus Ruppia maritima from 17,65 till 19,70 m depth second half of 5th millennium cal BC Segetal and ruderal, partly charred plant remains suggest Neolithic human impact s. R. Dambeck, H. Thiemeyer, N. Herrmann, A.J. Kalis, M. Kunst, A. Lord, H. Rittweger, H.-P. Stika, A. Stobbe, 2010 Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal H-P Stika et al. Rio Sizandro, Catena Coutada - Sediment Waterlogged preservation with botanical analyses H-P Stika et al. Rio Sizandro, Coutada 14 - Palynology Neolithic: human impact visible in the 6th millennium cal BC Confirmed by botanical macro-remain analyses Archaeological survey and GIS based landscape and soil reconstruction Rio Sizandro (Torres Vedras, Portugal) marshes Salzwiese Sp ör g el se n Salzwasser fla Fo gel la ra te n G mi än ni se fer f u en ßg ew äc h t in o m er g im waterplants Süßwasser lk H op aa f w rstr ild a e n Br S g ac ell hs eri en e kr au er Kräuter und Gräser rü St ne ei Ei Ad nlin ch d le e e rfa r n G rä se r As ph M od ar ill ge r As ite P te r P olle nt ol yp le nt yp Lö w en za hn Po lle nt yp Be se St nh ra ei d Ba uch e um he Er h ide ik eid a e en d be ve rl i la ub as e Es l ch Ef e eu w ild e Er We le in H id e ol le re n 1650 G et re Kr ä ut er p Ba um Ki po ef lle er n Lithology e Ei ch e Pinus Cerealia 1600 herbs and grases and heather Gehölze D woodland ausgewählte Pollentypen Ig e Profil Coutada-14 ± 5000 v.Chr. 1700 Tiefe unter Geländeoberfläche in cm 1750 ± 5200 v.Chr. 1800 1850 1900 ± 5400 v.Chr. 1950 2000 2050 2100 ± 5700 v.Chr. 2150 2200 2250 2300 ± 6000 v.Chr. 20 40 60 80 100 20 20 40 60 20 20 20 20 20 40 20 40 60 20 40 20 50 100 150 20 Analysen: W. van Leeuwaarden 2010 Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal Zambujal – Actual Vegetation H-P Stika et al. Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal Zambujal – Actual Vegetation Cover – Management Plan H-P Stika et al. Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal H-P Stika et al. Zambujal – Vegetation, in Cooperation with University of Coimbra Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal H-P Stika et al. Zambujal – Public owned ground at and around the excavation site of 51 ha needs a management plan how to treat the vegetation Chalcolithic Castro do Zambujal in Portugal – Praia Azul, Estuary Mouth of Rio Sizandro H-P Stika et al. Zambujal – Conclusions Main crops: naked wheat (Triticum aestivum/durum/turg.) and field bean (Vicia faba) Subdominant crops: naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. nudum) and flax (Linum ussitatissimum) Most important gathered plant: stone pine (Pinus pinea) Stone pine (Pinus pinea) was pobably gathered close to the sea coast Evergreen oak and arbutus carbonised while clearing a deserted part of the site Rio Sizandro and Ribeira de Pedrulhos valley profiles display Neolithic impact by sediments, pollen, botanical macroremains, and archaeological survey Mediterranean deciduous oak woodland degraded to macchia and heathland Erosion filled the valleys in the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic but mostly during Roman Period Saline impact in the sediments compared to today´s coastline display transgression Changes of the Prehistorical logoon of Rio Sizandro / Ribeira de Pedrulhos Monumento Nacional Castro do Zambujal needs to have a vegetation management plan