Analogy Example 1: analogy Example 2: analogy or
Transcrição
Analogy Example 1: analogy Example 2: analogy or
Morphological Productivity: Rules and analogical processes Anke Lüdeling [email protected] Graduiertenkolleg Wintersemester 2002/2003 Question Are complex words formed by rule or by analogy? Or both? What is the internal structure of complex words? What are the parts? How are complex words ‚put together‘? What is the hierarchical structure? What are the correspondences between the parts/structure of a complex word and ist phonology/semantics How are complex words stored and retrieved in the mental lexicon? Example 1: Analogy Example 1: analogy „Obwohl ich aus den Erzählungen der anderen wußte, was mich erwartet, wurde es mir beim Anblick der Strecke und vor allem des Streckenprofils doch Angst und Bange - aber wer A sagt, muß auch B sagen und so zogen wir, versehen mit unseren Unterlagen, dem Hessischen Laufkalender 2002 und einigen Ausschreibungen, von dannen, um im Hotel die Henkerspasta zu essen und den Rest des Abends auszuruhen. „ Henkerspasta can only be understood if you know the meaning of the word Henkersmahlzeit the new word is formed analogous to a specific known word Question: how do we chose the original? aus einem Bericht über einen Marathon http://www.frau-werwolf.de/laufstall/arolsen2001/arolsen2001.htm Example 2: analogy or rule? example 2: analogy or rule? lach•te sag•te schnarch•te erzähl•te X lachen Æ lachen Æ lachte sagen Æ sagen Æ sagte schnarchen Æ schnarchen Æ schnarchte erzählen Æ erzählen Æ erzählte : : : : : lach•en sag•en schnarch•en erzähl•en frag•en ‚Proportionsformel‘: ab : ac :: db : dc rule: form the 1st p sg. past tense from a German infinitive form by deleting the final <en> and suffixing <te> 1 example 2: analogy or rule in these cases one cannot decide on the ‚original‘ analogical processes and rules are conceptually different: Pānini, 5th century BC (?) (brief) history of morphology from the 5th century BC to structuralism analogical processes presuppose that you remember instances/groups of instances and form similarity classes rules do not presuppose the storage of instances History: Sanskrit grammar today background relevant topics & research questions terminology History: ancient Greek grammarians phonology, phonotactics, morphology utterance – sentence – word – part of word ¾ word structure, bases, elements that occur with bases (‚affixes‘) philosophical treatment of language (grammar): ¾ ¾ Socrates, Platon, Aristoteles, 5th/4th century BC. the Stoics, 4th/3rd century BC to 4th century AD.: formal logic language as a ‚window‘ to thought language teaching (learner grammars) History: ancient Greek grammarians history: ancient Greek grammarians inflection: not morpheme-based but paradigm based ¾ part of speech ¾ grammatical categories like tense, number, aspect etc. ¾ is there a natural/necessary connection between sounds and meanings Naturalism, onomatopoetica, sound symbolism, rules of change vs. Conventionalism 2 History: Ancient Greek grammarians analogy (language is basically regular) vs. anomaly (language is mainly irregular, ‚data oriented‘ (irregular inflection, homonymy, synonymy etc.)) History: the Middle Ages ¾ ¾ Geschichte: Vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft 18th and 19th century: first comparative (multilingual) data collections ¾ (since the late 18th century) languages are grouped together (language families, genetic metaphor) early 19th century: linguistics (Sprachwissenschaft) becomes a subject at German (later European) universities History: Young Grammarians to Hermann Paul ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ Brugmann, Paul division of word formation and inflection: does word formation (esp. compounding) belong to morphology or to syntax? descriptive, diachronic, but focus more on ‚modern‘ stages of language loan words and analogy as explanation for language change psychological questions Latin learner grammars (paradigms, similar to earlier grammars) grammars in the vernacular rare later: Arabic influence Scholastics (Roger Bacon) Modistae (13th century, Paris) universal underlying structure (differences between languages accidental) meaning (formal logic) History: comparative linguistics Schlegel, Humboldt, Rask, Grimm, Schleicher, ... diachronic sound shift (Lautgesetze) ¾ word formation vs. inflection ¾ ergon vs. energeia ¾ ¾ History: structuralism ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ de Saussure American Structuralism: Bloomfield, Harris synchronic spoken language langue – parole methodology and terminology that is still in use 3 Terminology: morpheme Morpheme smallest meaningful unit „Ein Morphem ist die kleinste, in ihren verschiedenen Vorkommen als formal einheitlich identifizierbare Folge von Segmenten, der (wenigstens) eine als einheitlich identifizierbare außerphonologische Eigenschaft zugeordnet ist.“ (Grewendorf et al. 1987) Allomorphy is the conditional realisation of morphemes can be triggered lexically, morphologically phonologically free morphemes Haus, Musik, Wort, lach, rot bound morphemes -bar, -heit, be-, Plural morph: realisation of a morpheme bound morphemes: affix affixes that are attached outside a base: Terminology: cranberry morph, suppletion cranberry morph (Unikal) Schornstein, Himbeere Ablaut and suppletion (total vs. partial suppletion) trinken – trank gut – besser, sein – ist – war knife – knives, ox – oxen Frau•en, Tanne•n, Stift•e Bäum•e, Häus•er cat•s, dog•s, horse•s Terminology: affixes 1 abstract unit Terminology: allomorphy Terminology: free vs. bound morphemes prefix: be-, ent-, ver-, un-, ... beweinen, entgleisen, verschreiben, unangenehm suffix: -ung, -bar, -abel, -lich, ... Entgleisung, lesbar, präsentabel, freundlich circumfix: Ge- -e, ge- -t Gequengele, gequengelt Terminology: affixes 2 affixes that are inserted inside a root infix (examples from Bauer 1988, 23) Chrau (Vietnam): vǒh ‚to know‘ - v•an•ǒh ‚wise‘ căh ‚to remember‘ – c•an•ăh ,left over‘ Tagalog (Philippines) sulat ‚write‘ s•um•ulat ‚written‘ s•in•ulat ,was written‘ 4 Terminology: base, stem, root 1 (Caution: these terms are defined and used differently in the literature! We use the difinitions given by Bauer (1988)!) base: a base is something to which more elements can be attached. A base can itself be complex! Les•ung, Haus•tür•en, un•freundlich Terminology: form and function Form vs. Funktion 1:1 mapping from form to function Frau•en les•bar FRAU PLURAL LESEN POSS concatenative processes one-to-many mapping from form to function (portmanteau morph) lach•te Frau•en LACHEN 1.P.SG. PRÄT FRAU PL NOM FEM QUATSCHEN ITERATIV Terminology: concatenation stem: A stem is something to which inflectional affixes can be attached. A stem can itself be complex Tür•en, unfreundlich•er root: The root remains when all affixes are taken away. un•freund•lich•er Terminology: form and function many-to-one mapping from form to function Häus•er Ge•quatsch•e HAUS PLURAL Terminology: base, stem, root 2 composition: concatenation of free elements (we‘ll come back to linking elements/wordformation stem forms!) derivation: concatenation of bases and derivational affixes inflection: concatenation of stems and inflectional affixes Terminology: non-concatenative processes Conversion (Zero-affixing) NÆV surfaceN – surfaceV, schlafN – schlafV, urlaubN - urlaubV Adj Æ V grünAdj – grünV with umlaut/ablaut (Apophonie) NÆV hautN - häutV Adj Æ V schwarzAdj – schwärzV 5 Terminology: non-concatenative processes with stress shift tránsport – transpórt cóntrast – contrást ímport – impórt backformation (Rückbildung) Briefwahl – briefwählen, Notlandung – notlanden Terminology: non-concatenative processes abbreviations Terminology: non-concatenative processes initialisms, alphabetisms VP, PVC, Uawg, ... acronyms NATO, Inbus, Stasi, ... clippings Uni, Mathe, ... Cello, Bus, ... Hausi, Fundi, Hunni, ... reduplication Tagalog (Spencer 1991, 13): sulat ‚write‘ – susulat ‚will write‘ Latein curro ‚I run‘ – cucurri ‚I have run‘ transfixes (Semitic languages) blending, amalgamation brunch, Eurasien, Oxbridge... References Black, Jeremy (2000) The Ancient Near East. In Booij et al. (eds) 35 – 41 Cardona, George (2000) Old Indic Grammar In Booij et al. (eds) 41 – 52 Harris, Randy Allen (1993) The Linguistic Wars. Oxford University Press, Oxford Lyons, John (1968) Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Robins, Robert H. (2000) Classical Antiquity. In Booij et al. (eds), 52 – 67 Salmon, Paul (2000) The term morphology. In Booij et al (eds) 15 – 22 6