DANDELION Theme, discourse topic, and information structuring in
Transcrição
DANDELION Theme, discourse topic, and information structuring in
DANDELION Discourse Functions and Discourse Representation: An Empirically and Linguistically Motivated, Interdisciplinarily-Oriented Approach to Natural Language Texts esprit Basic Research Project 6665 Deliverable R1.2.2c Theme, discourse topic, and information structuring in German texts Claudia Villiger EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Theoretical background 3 2.1 Discourse purpose, subject matter and chaining strategies 2.2 Theme structure in texts : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 2.3 Focus and focus shift in texts : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 3 Text analysis 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Narrative text type : : : : Descriptive text type : : : Expository text type : : : Argumentative text type : Instructive text type : : : 4 7 8 9 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 10 15 18 21 24 4 Conclusion 26 5 Appendix: Sample texts and results of text analysis 28 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 Narrative text type: Heinrich Boll : : : : : : : Narrative text type: Bern : : : : : : : : : : : : Narrative text type: History of Granada : : : : Descriptive text type: `Guadix' : : : : : : : : : Descriptive text type: Description of book 1 : : Descriptive text type: Description of book 2 : : Expository: `Generierung' : : : : : : : : : : : : Argumentative text type: commentary : : : : Instructive text type: Kanadischer Sahne-Lachs Instructive text type: Kaee zubereiten : : : : 2 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 28 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 EP6665: DANDELION Public 5.11 Instructive text type: Einstellen der Benutzerkennung Deliverable R1.2.2c : : : : : : : : : : : : : 40 Document ID : Deliverable R1.2.2c: Theme, discourse topic, and information Issue date Responsible Version Status WP number Distribution Keywords : : : : : : : structuring in German texts March 18, 1996 Universitat Saarbrucken Final Public WP 1: Empirical analysis Dandelion consortium, CEC Chaining, global text structure, focus, thematic development c 1994 The Dandelion Consortium 1 Introduction In this paper we want to analyze to what extent the selection of a particular global chaining strategy in dependence on discourse purpose and subject matter is reected in text structure, especially in the selection of sentence theme and focus. We present an analysis of German texts which are samples for various text types. This report is based on the theoretical framework presented in Lavid, 1994a] and it follows the criteria of analysis given in Lavid, 1994b]. It is the aim of this report to deliver an analysis of German texts comparable to the analysis of English texts presented in Lavid, 1994b]. In the rst part of the report we summarize the theoretical background and the criteria of analysis. In the second part, we discuss one sample for each text type in detail. Additionally, we compare the results of the analysis of other samples (also presented in the appendix of this report) and the results of the corresponding analysis of English texts. 2 Theoretical background A central interest of this work is to emphasize correlations between global aspects of texts and particular linguistic realizations at sentence level. Therefore, we have to concretize our notion of global discourse phenomena such as discourse purpose, subject matter and chaining strategy and the notion of phenomena at local (sentence) level such as sentence theme and focus. In the following, these terms are dened (following Lavid, 1994a]) and the resulting criteria of analysis are presented. 3 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c 2.1 Discourse purpose, subject matter and chaining strategies Starting point of our consideration is, that texts should be understood as hierarchically structured units of linguistic action Rothkegel, 1993], Rothkegel et al., 1994]. We proceed that a dominant global goal - the discourse purpose - is underlying each text 1 . This discourse purpose covers the major intention of a writer when producing a text (cf. Neuendor, 1988], Mohn, 1991]). Of course, writers mostly pursue several goals when writing a text. But one goal - the discourse purpose is superior and determines the structure of linguistic action and has its eect on the organization of the particular text. In an advertising text e.g., we can asssume that the discourse purpose can be designated as REQUEST BUYING. At the same time, discourse goals like INFORMATION or ENTERTAINMENT may be pursued. When analyzing discourse purposes and the corresponding patterns of text which are common knowledge of writers and readers (cf. Sandig, 1986]) it seems to be reasonable to refer to text typologies. Texts may be categorized by the help of text-external criteria (communication situation, medium etc.) or text-internal criteria which are connected with the form or content of texts or a combination of these (cf. Linke et al., 1991], p. 248-251). We will concentrate on text typologies which are founded upon text-internal criteria. Most of these text typologies distinguish at least between three general patterns of text structure, which organize the dierent text types: narrative text type, descriptive text type and argumentative text type (cf. Heinemann and Viehweger, 1991], van Dijk, 1980]). We employ a text typology which consists of ve text types: the three text types mentioned above and the expository and the instructive text type (cf. Hansen, 1989], Virtanen, 1992a], Werlich, 1979]). We will illustrate the characteristics of these text types by the help of the examples used in chapter 3 of this report. The distinction between discourse type and text type proposed by Virtanen (Virtanen, 1992b], Virtanen, 1992a] see also Lavid, 1994a]) is conducive to seize the relation between the superior discourse purpose of a text and the particular text type (cf. gure 1): While discourse types are determined by the particular discourse purpose, text types are dened by the help of the particular linguistic realization of the discourse purpose.Virtanen, 1992a] emphasizes that these categories are prototypical abstractions. Often correspondence between discourse type and text type can be noticed. E.g., if the discourse purpose of a text is to present past or causally related events, the narrative discourse type ist chosen and the text is especially created by the help of the narrative text type, which is mainly characterized by the temporal connection of the text segments. For illustration of the potential divergence of discourse type and text type we again refer to the example advertising. The main discourse purpose of an advertising text is REQUEST BUYING. The discourse type, which is selected to achieve this goal is the argumentative discourse type. But often advertisements are not created by the means of the argumentative text type. E.g., a story may be presented (narrative text type), which emphasizes the importance of the product for which the text acvertises. In this case, the argumentative discourse type is presented with the means of the narrative text type. 1 in this context we deliberatly use the term discourse, which refers to spoken and written language. At the level of discourse purpose we are concerned with linguistic action structures, which underly texts. At this level we do not deal with the realization of this structure at the surface of texts. 4 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c Discourse goal INFORM APPEAL/REQUEST PERSUADE ... Discourse type NARRATIVE DESCRIPTIVE ARGUMENTATIVE EXPOSITORY INSTRUCTIVE Text type narrative descriptive argumentative expository instructive Figure 1: Discourse type and text type Preceeding from these considerations, the distinction between discourse type and text type is of interest at least corresponding to following aspects: the distinction facilitates the classication of texts realized by the means of various text types.2 Parameters of classication originating from other theories of text typology e.g., genre, register or Textsorte can be brought in relation to the levels of discourse type and text type. While classications originating from register theory and genre theory can be t in to discourse types (cf. Virtanen, 1992a]), highly conventionalized texts of a particular Textsorte (e.g. recipes) can be dened as a particular expression of a text type (e.g., recipes as a particular expression of the instructive text type, c.f. section 3.5). Apart from the discourse type and the corresponding text type the subject matter of a text inuences text structure (Lavid, 1994b]). The linguistic means which can be applied to ensure coherence of the text are dependent from the subject matter. E.g., when presenting the history of a town, the succession of historical events in time can be used to structure the text. For this reason, we chose texts with dierent subject matters for most of the text types (e.g., for the narrative text type biographies and texts which were concerned with the history of cities). A special interest of our work is to point out, in how far particular text types correspond in particular chaining strategies. After having decided on discourse purpose, discourse type, and text type, the next step in our analysis is to determine the global chaining strategy which structures the text. 2 the discourse type of an advertising remains argumentative, even if it is realized with means of e.g. the narrative and the descriptive text type 5 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c We rst present our notion of chaining (Rothkegel and Villiger, 1993]Chaining , p. 3): "CHAINING represents a specic type of connecting text parts on the basis of global coherence. The corresponding specications refer to the semantic level as well as to the pragmatic level of texts. In our model both of them are related to schemata which represent a coherent organization of information pieces. The role of CHAINING is to transform them into sequences according to particular sequential orders. The task of the text grammar is to specify the constraints for connecting text parts. Furthermore, it determines the consequences of those constraints for the description of sentences." In the analysis in section 3 we exemplify the role of CHAINING by presenting the global patterns of the sample texts. These patterns illustrate the subdivision of the text into parts and the sequentialisation of these parts. For examination of the interplay between discourse purpose, subject matter, and chaining strategy of a text, we based our analysis on the denition of chaining strategy presented by Julia Lavid (cf. Lavid, 1994b], p. 6) "Chaining strategies are devices used by the writer to steer his/her text along a specic line of development of frame with the purpose of achieving a maximally protable text organization, in view of the discourse purpose and the subject matter." (J. Lavid R1.2.2b, S. 6) Starting point of the analysis is the discourse purpose and the subject matter of a particular text. Further we assume, that particular chaining strategies are applied, when particular discourse purposes are pursued. Corresponding to this, approved chaining strategies are involved when realizing a particular text type (cf. e.g., results of experiments done by Faigley and Meyer, 1983] concerning text classication by readers). The following chaining strategies elaborated in Lavid, 1994b] (see also Virtanen, 1992a]) were applied in our samples: Text elements are connected through characterization of individuals or objects (characterization strategy) The text is held together by the help of the spatial strategy Explicit temporal markers warrant the connection of the text (temporal strategy) When a participant strategy is applied the text is connected by mentioning particular participants or objects of the text Connection through the explicit realiziation of the procedural structure of the text (sequential strategy) Text elements containing arguments may be connected by the through- or counter argument strategy Since the global chaining strategy is applied to ensure the coherence of a text as a whole, the classication of text type is closely associated with this global chaining strategy. The aim of our analysis is to illustrate in how far text type and subject matter in relation to particular chaining strategies have an inuence on the selection of sentence theme and sentence focus. In Lavid, 1994b] an overview of terms and denitions concerning theme and focus was presented. In the following we outline these notions with respect to the following text analyses. 6 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c 2.2 Theme structure in texts In the analysis we consider two aspects of theme structure: the global theme structure of a text as presented in Lavid, 1994a] and Lavid, 1994b] and the analysis of local/sentence themes of a text according to the assuptions of systemic functional grammar as proposed by (Steiner and Ramm, 1993], Steiner and Ramm, 1994]) Starting point of the analysis is the notion of global theme as introduced by Lavid, 1994a], p. 17: "Theme is that element that informs the reader as discourse unfolds how to relate the incoming information to what is already known, providing the attachment point to new information pieces from the discourse. More specically, theme acts as a signpost for the reader of a specic text structuring strategy or orientation." At text level, the global theme of a text in accordance with a specic chaining strategy is under consideration. Correspondingly, the classication of global themes coincides with the distinction of chaining strategies presented above. The following table (adopted from Lavid, 1994b]) presents the main chaining strategies found in the texts analyzed together with preferred thematic selection at sentence level. Chaining strategy Thematic selection Characterization Spatial Temporal Participant Sequential Through- or counter-argument Topical Location Time Topical Time and/or Process Conjunctive Table 1: Classication of global chaining strategy and local theme The analysis of theme at sentence level is based on the criteria presented by Steiner and Ramm, 1993] German grammar description. In this approach local/sentence theme highly corresponds with the notion of Vorfeld (cf. e.g., Drach, 1937]). Local/sentence theme is classied according to various parameters. We restricted our analysis of local/sentence theme on the following parameters: simple vs multiple themes, the analysis of the metafunctional type of the particular theme (experiential, textual or interpersonal), and if an element of the global chain is selected as local theme the type (corresponding to the type of the global chaining strategy, cf. table 1) is indicated. 7 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c The rst parameter is related to the complexity of the sentence theme as a whole. Simple themes mostly are classed with the experiential metafunctional type (cf. Steiner and Ramm, 1993] concerning the distinctions of simple themes in German). Multiple themes consist of at least two parts, of which each part presents the realization of a specic metafunction. With regard to the metafunctional type, especially textual themes are of interest. They can be considered as an explicit eect of text organization at sentence level. With this analysis of several text types we want to enlarge previous analyses concerning sentence themes in argumentative texts (cf. Rothkegel and Villiger, 1993], Rothkegel et al., 1994]). The third parameter characterizes the relation between the global chaining strategy of the text and the realization of this chain at sentence level. A further parameter of classication of sentence theme is the distinction beween marked and unmarked themes. The distinction of marked and unmarked themes in German is much more dicult than in English. (Steiner and Ramm, 1994]) emphasize, that the determination of marked sentence themes in German is essentially dependent on intonation. For the selection of a marked theme the interplay with other discourse phenomena as eg., gobale text theme and focus selection is important. In our anaylsis we concentrate on the correlation of these discourse phenomena and marked sentence themes, which can be determined as such without taking intonation into consideration. Through this analysis of various criteria at sentence level we want to illustrate the correlations between the particular realization of sentence themes and the global chaining strategy. 2.3 Focus and focus shift in texts Our notion of focus corresponds with the denition of Lavid, 1994a] Thematic Development in Texts. This approach integrates notions of focus developed in psychology, AI, and linguistics: "Focus is the locus, within each clause, of principal inferential eort. It is those concepts on which the speaker wants the hearer to spend the most thought." Lavid, 1994a], p. 13. Focus is dened at sentence level, which means that for each clause/sentence a focus is determined. We have adopted the categories of focus from McCoy and Cheng, 1990] (see also method in Lavid, 1994a]) . They propose to build a discourse focus tree as a mechanism for controlling focus shift in discourse. For each clause/sentence the category of focus is determined. McCoy and Cheng, 1990] distinguish following categories of foci: object focus nodes and subordinated attribute focus nodes setting focus nodes event focus nodes and action focus nodes, which are often subordinated nodes of event nodes As proposed by Lavid, 1994a] we add a further category, the category of fact focus nodes with subordinated evidence focus nodes which occur especially in the argumentative text type. 8 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c In a discourse focus tree the movement from one focus node to the next is presented. This notion of focus stipulates, that the focus in a clause/sentence covers as a rule the part of a clause/sentence, which is not part of the sentence theme. Our analysis should illustrate in how far the concepts of sentence theme, global theme and sentence focus as we apply them, are useful to present the interplay between particular discourse phenomena. The table below summarizes the criteria of classication at global and at sentence level. For each text segment (usually, this corresponds with sentences) of a particular text we investigate, if an element of the global chain occurs (column 1 Realization of global chaining strategy) and then classify it (column 2 Category of global chaining strategy). In the third column the realization of the local/sentence theme is presented and classied in column 4. The contents of the focus of the text segment is summarized in column 5 and classied in column 6. In the last column the existing correlations between the global chaining strategy on one hand and the local theme and the focus on the other hand are indicated. Text level Realization Cateof global gory of chaining global strategy chaining Local theme Category of local theme Sentence level Focus Focus category Correlation cha or spat or Text sim or mul, Text obj or attr or non or temp or part or exp and/or tex and/or int, set or even or (p:) gc-lt or seq or argu top and/or loc and/or tim act or fact (p:) gc-f and/or proc and/or conj cha = characterization, spa = spatial, tem = temporal, par = participant, seq = sequential, arg = through- or counter argument sim = simple, mul = multiple, exp = experiential, tex = textual, int = interpersonal top = topical, loc = location, tim = time, pro = process, con = conjunctive obj = object, att = attribute, set = setting, eve = event, act = action non = no correlation (p:) gc-lt = partial or complete correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = partial or complete correlation of global chaining strategy and focus) Text Table 2: Classication of chaining strategy, local theme and focus 3 Text analysis As mentioned in the introduction, this analysis of German texts should as far as possible provide a comparison to the analysis of English texts done in Lavid, 1994b]. We looked for texts similar to those presented in this work. Because of the number of criteria of analysis, we tried to nd short texts for the various text types. The analysis showed, that the shortness of texts occasionally had big inuence on the realization of the given text type. We discuss this problem when analyzing these texts. We analyzed 16 texts representing ve text types: four texts with a narrative discourse purpose, of which two were biographies and two were concerned with the history of cities. With exception of one biography which was structured by a participant chaining strategy, these texts displayed a global temporal chaining strategy. two texts which described place relations of some kind and two texts describing books. All of them had a descriptive discourse purpose. The texts describing place relations presented a spatial global chaining strategy. The book descriptions were structured 9 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c by an enumerative global chaining strategy reecting the structure of the books under consideration. two newspaper articles with an argumentativ discourse purpose, presenting a global chaining strategy of through- and/or counter argument. two expository texts originating from encyclopedia, which presented a global chaining strategy of characterization. four instructive texts, including recipes and chapters of instruction manuals. These texts are characterized by connecting text parts with a global chaining strategy by presenting the procedural verbs in local theme position. For each text type we present one detailed text analysis. The results of the analysis of the other texts are summarized in the appendix of this report. The tabular presented in table 2 serves as format for these results. In some cases (cf. e.g., analysis of the text `Ferdinand VII' in the next section) we additionally investigated local chaining strategies. This should serve as an illustration of the interplay between global and local chaining strategies. 3.1 Narrative text type There have been numerous investigations on narratives, not only linguistic work, but also in other disciplines (e.g. literature, psychology). In linguistics a remarkable amount of literature exists on narrative (to mention but a few, see e.g., van Dijk, 1980], Longacre, 1983], Polanyi, 1982], Quastho, 1980], Virtanen, 1992b]). The narrative text type seems to be the best explored text type. For our purpose the observation of Virtanen, 1992b] is interesting. She characterizes the narrative text type as a strong type of text, because it seems to be able to realize any type of discourse (narration, instruction, description, exposition, or argumentation). Virtanen, 1992b] even expresses the hypothesis, that the narrative text type seems to be some basic type of text. In contrast, the argumentative text type seems to be more or less restricted to direct use, i.e., to the realization of the argumentative discourse type. Characteristically, narratives are always, implicitly or explicitly, temporally organized. Often the temporal chaining strategy is used as global chaining strategy (cf. example `Ferdinand VII' below). The biographies which we analyzed come from an encyclopedia. In the text below the life of the Spanish king Ferdinand VII is presented. Ferdinand VII (01) Ferdinand VII., Konig (1808 und seit 1814), geb. San Ildefonso 14.10.1784, gest. Madrid 29.9.1833 (Ferdinand, King (1808 and since 1814), b. San Ildefonso 14.10.1784, ob. Madrid 29.9.1833) (02) Sohn KARLS IV. und MARIA LUISAS von Parma. (Son of KARLS IV. and MARIA LUISAS of Parma.) (03) 1807 lie sich Ferdinand von Gegnern des Min. GODOY in Beziehungen zu Frankreich verwickeln. (In 1807 Ferdinand became involved in relations with France by adversaries of minister Godoy.) (04) Diese 'Kronprinzverschworung von El Escorial' und das Zerwurfnis des span. Hofes erleichterte NAPOLEON I. (This 'Crown Prince Conspiracy' of El Escorial and quarrels at the Span. Court facilitated the occupation of Spain by 1808 die Besetzung Spaniens, die uber die 'Revolution von Aranjuez' (Ausrufung Ferdinands zum Konig, NAPOLEON I. in 1808, which lead from the 'Revolution of Aranjuez' (Ferdinand Proclaimed king, abdication of the father ) Abdankung des Vaters im Marz) zur Entthronung der Bourbonen im Mai 1808 in Bayonne (Thronverzicht Ferdinands in March to the dethronement of the Bourbons in Bayonne in May 1808 (abdication of the throne by Ferdinand and his father) und seines Vaters) und zum spanischen Unabhangigkeitskrieg fuhrte. and to the Spanish War of Independence.) (05) Ihn verlebte Ferdinand, vom Volk als Symbol des Freiheitswillens angesehen und herbeigesehnt (deshalb Beiname (During the war, Ferdinand lived at the French Valencay Palace considered and longed for by people as a (symbol 10 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c 'el Deseado','der Herbeigewunschte'), auf dem franzosischen Schlo Valencay. of the claim for freedom (therefore the appellation 'El Deseado', the desired). (06) Erst im M arz 1814 kehrte Ferdinand zuruck, hob am 4.5. die Verfassung von 1812 auf und regierte (Only in March 1814 Ferdinand returned, abolished the Constitution of 1812 and ruled as absolute monarch.) als absoluter Herrscher. (07) Die Liberalen lie er mit groter Harte verfolgen, die Monchsorden, Inquisition und die Folter wiederherstellen (The liberals were persecuted with toughness, the monastic orders, the inquisition and torture were restored) (08) die liberale Revolution von 1820 wurde mit franzosischer Hilfe niedergeschlagen (1823). (the liberal revolution of 1820 was suppressed with help of the French (1823).) (09) Nach dem Tod seiner dritten Frau, der sachsischen Prinzessin JOSEPHA (gest. 1829), heiratete (After the death of his third wife, the Saxon Princess JOSEPHA (ob. 1829) Ferdinand married MARIA CHRISTINA Ferdinand MARIA CHRISTINA, Tochter FRANZ' I., des Konigs beider Sizilien, die ihm 1830 (daughter of FRANZ I, King of both Sicilies, who gave birth to the heir of the throne ISBELLA II in 1820.) die Thronerbin ISABELLA II. gebar. (10) Um dieser die Thronfolge zu sichern, hob er durch die Pragmatische Sanktion (1830) das sal. Erbfolgerecht auf. (In order to ensure her succession to the throne, he abolished the Sal. law of succession through the 'Pragmatic (Sanction (1830) (11) Die Thronanspruche seines Bruders Don CARLOS fuhrten zu den fur CARLOS erfolglosen Karlistenkriegen. (The claim to the throne by Ferdinand's brother DON CARLOS lead to the 'Karlistenkriegen' which were unsuccessful for CARLOS.) (12) Wegen Ferdinands schwerer Krankheit leitete seit 1832 seine Frau die Regierungsgeschafte. (Because of Ferdinand's serious illness his wife led the government since 1832.) (Brockhaus, S. 1988, vol. 7, p. 197) Discourse purpose of the text is the presentation of the life of Ferdinand VII and the historical events in which Ferdinand was involved. In this text the interplay between two chaining strategies can be pursued. On the one hand, the text is temporally structured by mentioning the dates of historical events (cf. bold type in 01, 03, 04, 06, 08, 09, 10, 12 above and table 3 global chaining strategy). On the other hand, a topical connection is built up with the help of references on Ferdinand and his sphere (cf. table 3 realization of local chaining strategy). We consider the temporal chaining strategy to be the global chaining strategy, because the temporal elements ensure the progression of the text. The elements of the topical chain chiey warrant local coherence. The elements of the temporal chain are realized as local themes in text segments 03, 06, 08, and 09 (cf. table 3 local theme). In 03 the rst historically relevant event in Ferdinand's life is presented (Ferdinand's involvement in relations with France) with the temporal element 1807 as local theme. The consequences from Ferdinand's relations to France (Crown prince conspiracy, occupation of Spain by Napoleon I, revolution of Aranjuez, dethronement of the Bourbons, Spanish War of Independence and Ferdinand at the French Valencay Palace) are presented in text segments 04 and 05. In text segment 04 there is also a temporal element (1808), but it is not realized in local theme position. The next temporal element in local theme position introduces the next historically relevant date in the life of Ferdinand - Ferdinand's return to Spain (text segment 06). The last element of the temporal chain realized in local theme position (text segment 09 Nach dem Tod seiner dritten Frau) combines the temporal and the topical chain. The possessive pronoun seiner in this text segment refers to Ferdinand (topical chain) whereas the whole expression presents a date, which is specied within the same text segment (gest. 1829). A comparison of these observations concerning the lling of local theme positions with temporal elements of the global chain and the global pattern of the text (cf. gure 2) again illustrates that these temporal elements signal the beginning of new episodes (rst episode in 03, second episode in 06, and third episode in 09). The set of this text consists of text segments 01 and 02, in which the dates of birth and death of Ferdinand VII are presented (01) and his parents are designated (02). In 01 the period which the text covers is dened. These dates demarcate beginning and end of the temporal chain which is developed in the text. 11 EP6665: DANDELION Realization of global chaining strategy (01) 14.10.1784 ... 29.9.1833 Public Text level CateRealization gory of of local global chaining chaining strategy strategy tem (02) Ferdinand VII. Category of local chaining strategy Local theme par Sohn par Ferdinand VII., Konig (1808 und seit 1814) Sohn Karls IV. und Maria Luisas von Parma 1807 Deliverable R1.2.2c Sentence level CateFocus gory of local theme sim, exp, top sim, exp, top sim, exp tim sim, exp (03) 1807 tem Ferdinand par (04) 1808 tem Ausrufung Ferdinands ... Thronverzicht Ferdinands Ferdinand par Ferdinand par Erst im Marz 1814 sim, exp tim er par Die Liberalen sim, exp die liberale Revolution von 1820 Nach dem Tod seiner dritten Frau, der sachsischen Prinzessin JOSEPHA (gest. 1829) Um dieser die Thronfolge zu sichern Die Thronanspruche seines Bruders Don CARLOS Wegen Ferdinands schwerer Krankheit sim, exp, tim sim, exp tim top (05) (06) Marz 1814 tem (07) (08) (09) (10) 1820 (1823) Nach dem Tod seiner dritten Frau ... (gest. 1829) ... 1830 (1830) tem tem tem tem tem (11) (12) seit 1832 tem Diese `Kronprinzverschworung von El Escorial' und das Zerwurfnis des span. Hofes Ihn par seiner Ferdinand par par er par seines Bruders par Ferdinands seine Frau par par sim, exp sim, exp sim, exp top sim, exp top Focus category Date of birth (14.10.1784) and death (29.9.1833) Parents eve p: gc-f p: lc-lt attr non Involved in relations with France Span. War of Independence and eves at the head of it Ferdinand (`el Deseado') at the French Valencay Palace After Ferdinand's return (March 1814) he abolished the Constitution of 1812 (4.5.) and ruled as an absolute monarch Persecution of Liberals, restoration of the monastic orders, the inquisition, and torture 1823: Liberal revolution (1820) (1820) suppressed Marriage and birth of Isabella II. (1830), heir to the throne Pragmatic sanction (1830): sal. law of succession abolished Claim to the throne by Ferdinand's brother caused the `Karlistenkriege' Since 1832 Ferdinand 's wife led the government eve gc-lt p: lc-f p: gc-f p: lc-f eve eve p: lc-f eve p: gc-lt p: lc-f p: gc-f eve p: lc-f eve eve p: p: p: p: p: p: eve p: gc-f p: lc-f eve p: lc-lt eve p: gc-f p: lc-lt p: lc-f tem = temporal, par = participant sim = simple exp = experiential top = topical, tim = time, proc = process even = eve non = no correlation (p:) gc-lt = partial or complete correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = partial or complete correlation of global chaining strategy and focus, (p:) lc-lt = partial or complete correlation of local chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) lc-f = partial or complete correlation of local chaining strategy and focus Table 3: Chaining strategies, local theme, and focus of the text `Ferdinand VII' 12 Correlation gc-lt gc-f gc-lt gc-f lc-lt lc-f EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c NARR Hierarchy SET P01-02 PLOT EPIS1 P03-05 EPIS2 P06-08 EPIS3 P09-10 EPIS4 P11 EPIS5 P12 SET (P01-02) Sequence PLOT (P03-12) NARR Narrative pattern of global structures SET Setting PLOT Presentation of event or action EPIS Episodes Figure 2: Global structure of the text `Ferdinand VII' The category of local themes is simple and experiential (cf. table 3 local theme). As the subject matter of the text (presentation of historically relevant aspects of the life of Ferdinand VII) oers sucient possiblities to structure the text with experiential themes (especially the themes of the temporal chain) there is no need to use textual or interpersonal themes. The density of information is partly very high within the foci of the text segments (especially in text segments 04, 06 und 09). After the introduction of episodes by the realization of temporal elements in local theme position (text segments 03, 06, 09), elements of the global chain are also presented as part of the focus of text segments (1808 in text segment 04, (1823) in text segment 08, 1830 in text segment 09, 1830 in text segment 10 und seit 1832in text segment 12, see also table 3). As was to be expected in a narrative text, all foci are classied as event nodes with the exception of the focus in 02, which is an object node (cf. table 3). The focus tree for this text (gure 3) again illustrates the structure of the text emphasized above - text segments 03, 04 and 05, text segments 06, 07, 08 and text segments 09 and 10 form a unit. The second biography which we analyzed presents the life of the German writer Heinrich Boll. The text (cf. text in appendix, p. 28) comes from the same encyclopedia as the text `Ferdinand'. While in the text `Ferdinand VII' events of Ferdinand's life are in the center of interest, in the text about Heinrich Boll a lot of attention is spent to his work. The temporal and the participant chaining strategy are used in this text, but at sentence level we nd above all elements from the participant chain which refer to Boll (e.g., Boll in text segments 06, 13 and 14 , Er in text segments 07 and 18) and his work (cf. table 8 e.g., Seine Fruhwerke in 05, Die spaten Romane ... in 10, Viele Werke Bolls in 11). The temporal chain becomes more important at the end of the text. Here we nd dates in local theme position (1971-74 in 15, 1967 in16, 1972 in 17). A lot of dates are presented to the reader by mentioning the year of publication of all books of Boll referred to in the text. But much more elements of the participant chain are realized in local theme position than elements of 13 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c Ferdinand VII Dates of Birth (14.10.1784) and Death (29.9. 1833) 01 Parents Involved in relations with France 02 03 Span. War of Independence and events at the head of it Ferdinand ('el Deseado') at the French Valencay Palace 04 05 After Ferdinand's return (March 1814) he abolished the Constitution of 1812 (4.5.) and ruled as an absolute monarch 06 Marriage and birth of Isabella II. (1830), heir to the throne 09 Persecution of Liberals, restoration of the monastic orders, the inquisition and torture 07 1823: liberal revolution (1820) suppressed 08 Claim to the throne by Ferdinand's brother caused the 'Karlistenkriege' Since 1832 Ferdinand's wife led the government 11 12 Pragmatic sanction (1830): sal. law of succession abolished 10 Figure 3: Focus tree of the text `Ferdinand VII' the temporal chain. The temporal organization of the text is mainly implicit by following the chronology. Consequently, the participant chaining strategy is considered to be the global chaining strategy. Even more complicated is the classication of foci in the text. The verbs used in the text express action and this motivated the choice of event nodes. But especially in the parts, which present the work of Boll (text segments 05-11) objects are in the center of interest. This results from the fact that a lot of attention is payed to present the work of Boll. The foci are further characterized by a high informational density which certainly comes from the shortness of the text. This text illustrates how the subject matter of a text inuences the selection of the global chaining strategy and the foci. The analysis shows, that the boundary between the narrative and the descriptive text type is fuzzy. In the two texts in which the histories of towns were presented (cf. appendix pp. 30-31), the temporal chain clearly determines the global structure of the text (cf. tables 9 and 10). In both texts, apart from the gobal temporal chain a topical chain structures the parts of the texts. Especially in the text `Granada' which is longer than the text on Bern, regularities concerning the interplay of the global and the local chain can be observed. Similar to the text `Ferdinand VII' each time before new episodes of the history of the town are presented, an element of the temporal chain occurs in local theme postion (e.g. text segments 08, 10, 14, cf. appendix p. 32). In the following text segments persons which are important for the events presented in this part of text are mentioned in local theme position (e.g. references to Mohammed Al-ahmar and his successors in text segments 11, 12 and 13). In both texts all foci are classied as event nodes. Correspondingly, focus shift is determined by the movement from one event to the next event. 14 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c For the narrative text type we found no striking dierences to the English analysis (Lavid, 1994b]. As in the English analysis in most of the texts the temporal chaining strategy determines the global structure of the texts, while a participant strategy connects text segments at a more local level. The temporal chaining strategy inuences the choice of temporal local themes. Further, the selection of foci expressing events is characteristical for this text type. 3.2 Descriptive text type For the descriptive text type we selected two texts describing place relations (see also the analysis of English descriptive texts Lavid, 1994b]) coming out from a travel guide and two short descriptions of books (these samples are taken from Rothkegel, 1993]). It was the discourse purpose of all texts to give detailed information on an object. Similar to the English analysis the texts describing place relations presented a spatial chaining strategy. The text Seville below illustrates how the global structure of the text is determined by the spatial chaining strategy. Seville (01) Sevillas Zentrum liegt ostlich eines Seitenkanals des Rio Guadalquivir, der die Stadt etwa (The Centre of Seville is situated east of a side canal of the Rio Guadalquivir which runs through the city) in Nord-S ud-Richtung durchzieht. (roughly from north to south.) (02) Hauptstrae ist die Avenida de la Constitucion (The main street is the Avenida de la Constitucion.) (03) in ihrer unmittelbaren Umgebung liegen mit Kathedrale und Giralda sowie der Alcazaba die bedeutendsten (In its immediate surroundings, the most important sights of the city, the cathedral, the Giralda,) Sehenswurdigkeiten der Stadt. (and the Alcazaba, are situated.) stlich schliet sich das Barrio de Santa Cruz an, Sevillas lauschiges Vorzeigeviertel. (04) O (In the east, the Barrio de Santa Cruz, Seville's nice quietshowpiece quarter, borders on the city.) (05) Die Avenida de la Constitucion beginnt im S uden am Verkehrsknotenpunkt Puerta de Jerez und mundet im Norden (The Avenida de la Constitucion begins in the south at the Puerta de Jerez junction and leads into the double square) in den Doppelplatz Plaza San Francisco/Plaza Nueva (Plaza San Francisco/Plaza Nueva in the north.) (06) hier liegt auch das Geschaftsviertel um die Haupteinkaufsstrae Calle Sierpes. (Here also the shopping centre around the main shopping street, Calle Sierpes, is situated.) (07) S udlich des engeren Zentrums erstrecken sich der Park Parque de Maria Luisa und das Weltausstellungsgelande (South of the immediate centre the park Parque de Maria Luisa and the site of the world fair) von 1929, die Plaza de Espana. (1929, the Plaza de Espana, are located.) (08) Jenseits des Gualdalquivir sind zwei ehemals selbstandige Siedlungen zu abendlichen und nachtlichen (Beyond the Guadalquivir two formerly independent settlementshave developed into places to go to in the evenings) Anlaufadressen avanciert: das volkstumliche Barrio de Triana auf H ohe des Zentrums und, s udlich anschlieend, (and at night:the traditional Barrio de Triana,which is on a level with the centre and, bordering on this area in the south,) das neuzeitlichere Barrio de los Remedios auf Hohe des Parque de Maria Luisa. (the more modern Barrio de los Remedios, which is on a level with the Parque de Maria Luisa.) (T. Schroder: Andalusien. Erlangen: Muller Verlag, S. 332/333) The subject matter of the text, the centre of the city Seville Sevillas Zentrum, is mentioned in the rst text segment. In the same segment two further spatial clues are introduced: ostlich eines Seitenkanals des Rio Guadalquivir and in Nord-Sud-Richtung. Through these spatial elements the spatial chain of the text is anchored. This chain is pursued through the whole text and ends with the spatial elements Jenseits des Gualdalquivir, auf Hohe des Zentrums and sudlich anschlieend which lie beyond the area, which was demarcated in the rst text segment. This signals that the description of the centre of Seville is terminated - the discourse purpose is attained. At the beginning of almost all text segments the reader is told in which direction of the cognitive map he should move. This realization of the spatial elements in sentence theme position is especially advantageously, when the reader has the possibility to pursue the spatial 15 EP6665: DANDELION Text level Realization of global chaining strategy (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) spat = Sevillas Zentrum ... ostlich eines Seitenkanals ... Nord-Sud-Richtung in ihrer unmittelbaren Umgebung O stlich im Suden ... im Norden hier Sudlich des engeren Zentrums Jenseits des Gualdalquivir ... auf Hohe des Zentrums ... sudlich anschlieend spatial, sim = simple, Public Category of global chaining strategy spat spat spat spat spat spat spat Deliverable R1.2.2c Local theme Sentence level Category Focus of local theme Sevillas Zentrum sim, exp, loc Place of the the centre of Seville obj gc-lt gc-f Hauptstrae in ihrer unmittelbaren Umgebung O stlich Die Avenida de la Constitucion hier Sudlich des engeren Zentrums Jenseits des Gualdalquivir sim, exp sim, exp, loc sim, exp, loc sim, exp Avenida de la Constitucion Sights (Cathedral, Giralda, Alcazaba) Barrio de Santa Cruz Double square Plaza San Francisco/Plaza Nueva Puerta de Jerez Shopping centre around Calle Sierpes Parque de Maria Luisa and Plaza de Espana Barrio de Triana and Barrio de los Remedios attr attr attr attr non gc-lt gc-lt gc-f attr attr attr gc-lt gc-lt gc-lt gc-f spat spat spat spat spat exp = experiential, loc = location sim, exp, loc sim, exp, loc sim, exp, loc Focus category Correlation obj = object, attr = attribute non = no correlation, (p): gc-lt = Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p): gc-f = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and focus Table 4: Global chaining strategy, local theme, and focus of the text `Sevilla' description given by the text on a map (a map of the centre of Seville was enclosed in the travel guide). As landmarks are expressed in sentence theme position, all local themes are simple and experiential (cf. table 4). The global pattern of the text is subdivided into two main parts (cf. gure 4). In part SET (setting, text segment 01) the boundaries of the subject matter are demarcated. Part PROP (properties, text segments 02-08) consists of the single properties of the center of Seville. Text segments 02 and 05, which do not contain a land mark are bound together with text segments which deliver such a reference point (text segment 02 and 03 form PROP1 and text segment 05 and 06 form PROP3). As was to be expected in a descriptive text the mother focus of the text is an object node and the further foci are attribute nodes referring to this object node (cf. gure 5). While sentence themes consist of simple elements refering to a landmark, the foci of the text segments often are more complex. In text segment 03 e.g., the various sights in the surroundings of the main street (cathedral, Giralda and Alcazaba) are presented. As further landmarks are presented within the foci, there is not only a correlation between the elements of the global chaining strategy and local themes, but also a partial correlation between elements of this chain with sentence foci (cf. table 4 text segments 01, 05, and 08). The second text which we analyzed is also a tour from a travel guide (cf. appendix p. 33). It gives information on the town Guadix and although it is much shorter than the text on Seville it is also structured by a global spatial chain and foci are attributes to the mother object node Guadix (cf. table 11 in appendix). For the book descriptions the analysis emphasizes the importance of the subject matter for the global structure of the text. Again a reference point for the beginning of the description 16 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c DES Hierarchy SET P01 PROP PROP1 P02-03 PROP2 PROP3 PROP4 PROP5 P04 P05-06 P07 P08 SET (P01) Sequence PROP (P02-08) DES Descriptive pattern of global structures SET PROP Properties Setting Figure 4: Global structure of the text Sevilla Seville Place of the centre of Seville Parque de Maria Luisa and Plaza de Espana Barrio de Triana and Barrio de los Remedios 07 08 01 Avenida de la Constitucion 02 Sights (Cathedral, Giralda, Alcazaba 03 Barrio de Santa Cruz 04 Double square Plaza San Francisco/Plaza Nueva; Puerta de Jerez 05 Shopping centre around Calle Sierpes 06 Figure 5: Focus tree of the text Sevilla is needed. In the rst book description (cf. appendix p. 34) the object which is described is presented in the rst text segment and the rst attribute expressing the contents of the book is given (das Leben des groen Dichters Edurard Morike). This attribute node in the focus of the rst text segment gures as reference point for the rst element of the global chain Gleichzeitig in text segment 02 (cf. table 12 in appendix). The whole text is structured by this principle (cf. textual themes Daneben in text segment 04 and und zugleich in text segment 06 in table 12). An attribute node of the object node is presented and with the help of a textual theme the next attribute is added. The second book description (cf. appendix p. 32) exploits the fact, that the book which is described consists of two volumes. Reference point of the global chain is the book as a whole in text segment 01. (Julius Meier-Graefes Entwicklungsgeschichte der moderenen Kunst). The second text segment refers to the rst volume and the third text segment refers to the second volume of the book. The strategy used in this text is comparable with the global spatial chaining strategy used in the texts describing place relations. After having demarcated the space of description in the rst text segment further reference points in local theme position are presented to give information on all attributes to the reader. 17 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c For this text type the results of the English and the German analysis are alike. Although we have selected another subject matter for the second group of texts (book description), the chaining strategies which were applied are comparable. Concerning focus selection and focus shift candidates we found no dierences between the results of the analysis of English and of German texts. 3.3 Expository text type The discourse purpose of expository texts is denition and/or explanation and/or illustration of objects or facts. Related text types are the descriptive and the argumentative text type. Werlich, 1979]'s examples for expository texts are denition, explication, abstract, interpretation and essay. As examples for expository texts we selected two denitions (encyclopaedia entries). The rst text which is about Drongos has the same subject matter as one of the expository text of the analysis of English texts. It comes out from an encyclopedia about animals. Drongos (01) Drongos (Dircruridae) sind star- bis hahergroe Singvogel mit kurzen Beinen, breitem, kraftigem (Drongos are song-birds from starling size to jay size with short legs, broad and strong beak and forked tail, Schnabel und Gabelschwanz vorwiegend altweltlich-tropisch (Afrika, Sudasien, Australien und Neuginea) verbreitet. ranged mainly in tropical part of the Old World (Africa, South-Asia, Australia and New-Guinea.) (02) Die 20 Arten der Familie unterscheiden sich durch Vorhandensein oder Fehlen von Hauben, verlangerten (The 20 species of the family dier in existence or missing of crests, lengthened tail feathers and curled or velvet plumes.) Schwanzfedern und gekrauselten oder samtigen Schmuckfedern. (03) Das Geeder ist meist schwarz mit mattem grunem oder stahlblauem Glanz. (The plumage is mostly black with matt green or steel blue splendour.) (04) Die Drongos sind Wartenjager, (Drongos are perchers,) (05) sie fangen Insekten im Fluge oder nehmen sie Wurgern ahnlich vom Boden oder von Zweigen ab. (they hawk for insects or pick them from the ground like shrikes or pick them from twigs.) (06) In der Brutzeit leben sie paarweise in abgegrenzten Revieren, die sie sehr heftig gegen (In breeding time they live in pairs in demarcated breeding areas, which they vehemently defend ihresgleichen und gegen andere, groere Vogel verteidigen. against her own kind and against other bigger birds.) (07) Sie bauen freistehende Schalennester und legen 2-5 geeckte Eier. (They build exposed bowl nests and lay 2-5 spotted eggs.) (08) M annchen und Weibchen kummern sich um die Pege der Brut. (Male and female birds take care of the brood.) (09) Neben verschiedenartigen, meist rauhen Rufen verfugen einige Arten auch uber einen, Apart of various, mostly loud calls, some species also have a loud twittering song at their disposal.) lauten zwitschernden Gesang. (Lexikon der Tiere, S. Fischer 1970) Discourse purpose of this text is to explain the relevant features of Drongos. The text is determined by a global characterization strategy. In each segment of the text this chaining strategy is expressed explicitly (bold type in the text above). In text segment 01 Drongos are introduced without article, in text segment 02 the familiy of Drongos is addressed, and in text segment 03 a whole-part relation is set up by describing the plumage of Drongos. In text segment 04 we can observe recurrence of Drongos in the denite form (die Drongos). In text segments 05-07 there are further recurrences by using pronouns (sie). The global chain is continued in text segment 08 with (Mannchen und Weibchen) through which all Drongos are addressed. In the last segment the call of the Drongos in general is described (Neben verschiedenartigen, meist rauhen Rufen) in contrast to the call of some species of Drongos (einige Arten). 18 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c EXP Hierarchy GENER P01 FEAT FEAT1 FEAT2 FEAT3 FEAT4 FEAT5 P02 P03 P04-05 P06-08 P09 GENER (P01) Sequence FEAT (P02-09) EXP Expository pattern of global structures GENER General presentation FEAT Features Figure 6: Global structure of the text `Drongos' Concerning the global structure of the text we recognize that the text is not structured by paragraphs. Rather the text is structured by introducing the features of Drongos at the beginning of the segments (cf. table 5). Text segment 01 is considered as a unit (cf. gure 6 GENER) because of the general denition which is given within this segment (Drongos (Dircruridae) sind). This general denition refers to genus, characteristic features of body constitution, and geographical distribution of Drongos. As we found texts on Drongos which also started with the mentioning of the features genus and biodiversity, this seems to be a typical characteristic (cf. Brockhaus 1988, 15, p. 686 and Meyer Enzyklopadie Lexikon 1973, 7, p. 232). Further features of Drongos mentioned in the text (FEAT) are the onotology (text segment 02), the plumage (text segment 03), food and manner of hunting (04-05), breeding (06-08) and the calls and songs of Drongos (09). These features of the part FEAT could also be arranged in a dierent way, because the subject matter does not demand for a special structuring of the text. As shown above, only the features which should be mentioned at the beginning of the text (genus and biodiversity) seem to be some kind of conventionalized at least in German denitions of Drongos (the English text on Drongos Lavid, 1994b], p. 12 starts with mentioning the family name, the distribution of Drongos, and the forked tails). Concerning the relation of the global chaining strategy and the choice of the local theme we notice an almost complete correlation of the element which expresses the global chaining strategy and the local theme of the text segments (cf. table 5). Only in the last segment there is no correlation. The reader is lead along this line of local themes. This strategy of structuring the text by signalling the position within the domain with the help of features in sentence theme position (text segments 02, 03, 09) is sucient. No textual themes are needed. Therefore the category of all local themes is simple and experiential (cf. table 5). The information about these features is expressed in the corresponding sentence focus (cf. column focus of table 5). 19 EP6665: DANDELION (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) Public Text level Realization of Categlobal gory of chaining global strategy chaining strategy Drongos Die 20 Arten der Familie Das Geeder Die Drongos sie sie Sie Mannchen und Weibchen einige Arten cha cha cha cha cha cha cha cha cha Deliverable R1.2.2c Local theme Sentence level Category Focus of local theme Focus category Drongos Die 20 Arten der Familie Das Geeder Die Drongos sie In der Brutzeit Sie Mannchen und Weibchen Neben verschiedenartigen, meist rauhen Rufen sim, exp, top sim, exp, top sim, exp, top sim, exp, top sim, exp, top sim, exp sim, exp, top sim, exp, top sim, exp obj atr att att att att att att att General description of appearance Distinctive features of species Colour of plumage Percher Food and manner of hunting Demarcated breeding area, defence against other birds Nests Parental care in breeding time Calls and song Correlation gc-lt gc-lt gc-lt gc-lt gc-lt p: gc-f gc-lt gc-lt p: gc-f cha = characterization sim = simple, exp = experiential top = topical obj = object, att = attribute non = no correlation, (p:) gc-lt = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and focus Table 5: Chaining strategies, local theme, and focus of the text Drongos' The focus mother node of this text is the object Drongos and the children nodes are all attributes (cf. gure 7). Correspondingly focus shift candidates for the sentence foci are attributes from the object Drongos. The density of information is for some parts very high. In text segment 01 e.g., information about three features (size, genus characteristic features of body constitution, and geographical distribution) is presented. This probably is a result of the limited space, which is provided to present the features of Drongos. Our second sample about machine generation is taken out of a encyclopedia on linguistic terminology (cf. appendix p. 36). It illustrates again in how far the subject matter inuences the chaining strategy used in a text. Although a global characterization chaining strategy is applied, this strategy is not as obvious as in the text on Drongos. Only two from four elements of the global chain (Die maschinelle Generierung, Eine adaquate Generierung, Die Generierungskomponente, and Produzieren) are realized in local theme position (cf. table 14 in appendix). The analysis of foci of the text is typical of expository texts. All foci represent Drongos General description of appearance Distinctive features of species Colour of Plumage 01 02 03 Demarcated breeding area, defence against other birds Percher 04 06 Food and manner of hunting Nests Parental care in breeding time 05 07 08 Calls and song 09 Figure 7: Focus tree for the text "Drongos" 20 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c attribute nodes which are related with the object mother node (machine generation). Comparing the English and the German analyses we can summarize that again the results are similar. The most common global chainging strategy used in English and German denitions is characterization and the selection of focus nodes is done in correspondance to the knowledge domains which are involved. As to focus-shift candidates, all the texts which were analyzed presented attribute nodes as candidates to develop the information. 3.4 Argumentative text type In argumentative texts it is the discourse purpose to substantiate an assertion which is presented in the text (cf. e.g. Heinemann and Viehweger, 1991],Herbig, 1992]). A conclusion is presented and arguments which give the reasons for this conclusion are specied. As examples for the argumentative text type we selected two commentaries published in German newspapers. In the text below, similar to the descriptive sample text on Seville spatial information (geography of Germany) has to be presented, but as the text type is argumentative this is done in a dierent way. Nostalgie-Karte (01) Nostalgie-Karte Jahrgang 1992 (Nostalgia-Map of the Year 1992) (02) So war die politische Geographie einmal zu fernen Zeiten. (This is how the political geography used to be a long time ago.) (03) Deutschland noch nicht vereint, (Germany not yet united,) (04) der Saar-Lor-Lux-Raum ein weier Fleck auf der Landkarte. (the Saar-Lor-Lux-area a white spot on the map.) (05) Zu fernen Zeiten? (A long time ago?) (06) Mitnichten!!! (Far from it!!!) (07) Die oben abgebildete Deutschlandkarte ndet sich im neuen Taschen-Terminkalender (The map of Germany shown above is published in the new pocket-agenda 1992) 1992 der Sparkasse Saarbrucken. (of the savings-bank Saarbrucken.) (08) Dort hat man noch nicht mitbekommen, (Where no-one has so far noticed) (09) da Deutschland um die Kleinigkeit von funf neuen Bundeslandern groer geworden ist. (hat Germany has grown by the triing bit of ve new Bundeslander.) (10) Zudem gibt es jenseits der alten DDR-Grenze noch andere Stadte als Leipzig und Berlin, (Moreover, there are still other cities apart from Leipzig and Berlin beyond the former GDR-frontier,) so zum Beispiel Rostock, Dresden, Magdeburg oder Saarbuckens Partnerstadt Cottbus. (so for example, Rostock, Dresden, Magdeburg, or Cottbus, the twin city of Saarbrucken.) (11) Auerdem scheint den Herren von der Sparkasse entgangen zu sein, (Besides , it seems that the gentlemen of the savings-bank didn't realize) (12) da am Ende des Terminello-Jahres 1992 der europaische Binnenmarkt steht. (that at the end of the Terminello-Year 1992 the Single European Market will come into force.) (13) Nicht zuletzt vermittelt das Kartchen den Eindruck, (Last but not least the little map suggests,) (14) da Saarbrucken der Nabel (Alt-)Deutschlands zu sein scheint. (that Saarbrucken was the navel of (the former) Germany.) (15) Je nach anatomischer Sichtweise kann es aber auch ein anderes Korperteil sein. (But depending on the anatomical point of view it might also refer to another body part.) (From: Saarbrucker Zeitung, December 14./15. 1991, p. 5) The global structure of the text (cf. gure 8) consists of the parts conclusion (CONC) and arguments (ARGU). The latter was further divided into the pro-argumentative (PROARG) and the counter-argumentative part (CON-ARG). The conclusion of the text is realized implicitly and has to be reconstructed by the help of indications in the text. In this text a clear indication is given by the juxtaposition of Nostalgie and Jahrgang 1992 in the headline (text segment 01) of the text. If a map is nostalgic, it must be in some respects not current with the reality it should represent. 21 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c ARGU Hierarchy CONTRA PRO CONC 01 ARG1 02-04 ARG ARG1 08-09 ARG2 10 ARG3 11-12 ARG2 05-07 ARG4 13-15 CONC (01) Sequence CONTRA (02-07) PRO (08-15) ARGU Argumentative pattern of global structures CONTRA ContraArgumentation PRO ProArgumentation ARG Argument CONC Conclusion Figure 8: Global structure of the text `Nostalgie-Karte Jahrgang 1992' The counter-argumentative part of the text (text segments 02-07) constists of two arguments which present the perspective of the Sparkasse. It presents the specic knowledge that is needed to understand the following pro-argumentative part. Therefore, in the counterargumentative part simple and experiential themes are dominant. They create a topical local chain (cf. table 8 column `local chaining strategy'). The textual theme in text segment 02 refers to the following text segments and signals the beginning of the counter-argumentative part. In the pro-argumentative part of the text (text segments 08-15) arguments, which reect the opinion of the author are presented. In this part the structuring of the text is characteristical for argumentative texts. In text segments 10, 11, and 13 textual local themes create the global chain. These conjunctive expressions Zudem, Auerdem, and Nicht zuletzt enumerate the arguments which are set against the perspective of the Sparkasse presented in text segments 02-07. Concerning focus and focus shift candidates all foci are classied as fact and evidence nodes (cf. table 8). The focus tree (see gure 9) again illustrates the global structure of the text. While the focus mother node of text segment 02 with the children nodes in text segments 03 and 04 reects the perspective of the savings bank, the focus mother node of text segment 06 with it's children nodes in text segments 10, 12, 13, 14 represents the foci in which the author argues against the perspective of the saving banks. In this argumentative text the global structure of the text is created with the help of textual themes in local theme position. They are necessary to attain the argumentative discourse purpose of the text. The rst part of the text, the counter-argumentative part, is structured with the help of a local chain of simple and experiential themes which arise from the subject matter of the text. 22 EP6665: DANDELION Public Text level CateRealization gory of of local global chaining chaining strategy strategy Realization of global chaining strategy (01) (02) (03) (04) Nostalgie-Karte Jahrgang 1992 Deutschland der Saar-LorLux-Raum (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) Zudem arg (11) (12) Auerdem arg (13) (14) (15) Nicht zuletzt arg Category of local chaining strategy par top par par Die oben abgebildete Deutschlandkarte Dort par Deutschland par Saarbrucken par Deliverable R1.2.2c Sentence level CateFocus gory of local Local theme Nostalgie-Karte Jahrgang 1992 So Deutschland der Saar-LorLux-Raum Die oben abgebildete Deutschlandkarte Dort sim, exp, top da Deutschland Zudem sim, exp top sim, tex conj sim, tex, conj sim, exp Auerdem am Ende des Terminello-Jahres Nicht zuletzt da Saarbrucken Je nach anatomischer Sichtweise par theme sim, exp, sim, tex sim, exp, top sim, exp, top sim, exp sim, tex, conj sim, exp top sim, exp Focus category Nostalgia Map Past political geography Unity of Germany Importance of Saar-Lor-Lux area Relation of past and actual political geography Source of map fac fac evi evi non non lc-lt lc-lt fac fac non non lc-lt Facts not considered in the map Five new Bundeslander Cities beyond the former border to the GDR Responsibility for the map Introduction of the Single European Market Impression which the map provides Overestimation of Saarbrucken Correct estimation of Saarbrucken fac lc-lt evi evi non gc-lt evi evi gc-lt non evi evi fac gc-lt non p: lc-lt non par = participant, arg = through- or counter argument sim = simple, exp = experiential, tex = textual top = topical, conj = conjunctive fac = fact, evi = evidence non = no correlation, gc-lt = Correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-lt = partial or complete correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) lc-lt = partial or complete correlation of local chaining strategy and local theme, Table 6: Argumentative texts: Chaining strategies, local theme, and focus of the text `Nostalgie-Karte Jahrgang 1992' Nostalgiekarte Jahrgang 1992 Nostalgia map Past political geography 01 02 Relation of past and actual political geography 05 Unity of Germany Importance of Saar-LorLux area Five new Bundesländer 03 04 09 Source of map 07 06 Facts not considered in the map Responsibility for the map 11 08 Correct estimation of Saarbrücken 15 OverCities beyond Introduction Impression the former border of the Single which the map estimation of Saarbrücken to the GDR European Market provides 10 12 13 14 Figure 9: Focus tree of the text `Nostalgie-Karte Jahrgang 1992' 23 Correlation EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c The global pattern for the second text (cf. appendix p. 37) consists of two parts: the Conclusion (text segments 01, 02, 07) and the pro-argumentative part (text segment 0306). In the pro-argumentative part arguments are listed by presenting the attitude of the participants. These arguments support the opinion of the author of the text which is presented in text segment 02. The global chain of the text consists of two elements - aber schon jetzt: in text segment 02 and Noch nie in text segment 07. The conjunctive aber and especially the colon signall the beginning of the pro-argumentative part in the next text segment. The temporal adverb jetzt in text segment 02 provides a link to noch nie in text segment 07. As the text is short, this is sucient to indicate the connecting of the parts of the text. In general, the results of the analysis of commentary parts of German newspapers correspond with the results of the analysis of English texts. Concerning the focus selection (fact mother node and evidence children nodes) there is no dierence. In the rst text, as in the English texts, conjunctive themes were selected in order to emphasize the argumentative structure. 3.5 Instructive text type A text with an instructive discourse purpose should enable it to the reader to carry out the actions presented in the text. As in the English analysis we selected method sections from recipes and instructional sections from instruction manuals as samples for the instructive text type. The recipe below displays the sequential global chaining strategy, which is used in all the samples we analyzed. Eier mit Pilzk opfchen (01) Eier mit Pilzkopfchen (02) Die hartgekochten Eier sch alen und an den spitzen Enden jeweils einen Deckel abschneiden. (Peel the hard-cooked eggs and cut o the top from the peaked ends.) (03) Jetzt aus allen Eiern vorsichtig die Dotter herausnehmen. (Now, remove the yolks from all eggs.) (04) Vermengen Sie diese mit Sardellenpaste, saurer Sahne und dem Pfeer. (Mix them with anchovy-paste, sour cream, and pepper.) (05) Alles abschmecken und eventuell entsprechend nachw urzen. (Taste and then possibly season it.) (06) F ullen Sie diese Masse vorsichtig in die leeren Eierhalften und stellen Sie diese aufrecht hin. (Fill this mass into the empty egg halves and put them upright.) (07) Setzen Sie nun auf jedes Ei ein Pilzkopfchen, das Sie anschlieend mit Petersilie garnieren, durchziehen lassen. (Put a head of a mushroom on each egg, garnish afterwards with parsley and let them rest.) (08) Richten Sie zum Servieren alles auf einem mit Salatblattern ausgelegten Teller an. (Serve it on a plate laied out with salad leaves.) (From: Kostlichkeiten schnell gezaubert, Tomus Verlag Munchen, 1979, p. 39) This strategy is signalled by the selection of process themes in most of the text segments (text segments 04-07, cf. bold type in text). In text segments 01 and 02 the main ingredient, the eggs, is presented in local theme position. In text segment 03 the adverb Jetzt signals the next step of the procedure. From text segment 05 up to the end no textual themes are needed to indicate the steps of the procedure. Now these steps are marked by process themes (abschmecken, Fullen, Setzen, Richten, cf. table 7). The global structure of the text (cf. gure 10) is characterized by the steps (cf. part STEP in gure 10) which have to be performed to prepare the dish. We have included the title of the text Eier mit Pilzkopfchen in the analysis, because it presents the result (cf. part RES in gure 10) which is achieved by performing the actions presented in the other text segments. 24 EP6665: DANDELION Text level Realization of global chaining strategy (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) schalen ... abschneiden herausnehmen Vermengen abschmecken ... nachwurzen Fullen ... stellen Setzen ... garnieren ... durchziehen lassen Richten Public Category of global chaining strategy seq seq seq seq seq seq seq Deliverable R1.2.2c Local theme Sentence level Category Focus of local theme Focus category g mit Pilzkopfchen Die hartgekochten Eier Jetzt aus allen Eiern Vermengen Alles abschmecken Fullen Setzen Richten sim, exp sim, exp mul, tex, exp tim sim, exp, pro mul,tex, exp pro sim, exp, pro sim, exp, pro sim, exp, pro act act act act act act act act eggs with heads of mushrooms pre-treatment of eggs remove yolks mix with anchovy-paste, sour cream, and pepper taste and season lling of eggs head of mushrooms on eggs, garnish serve Correlation non p: gc-f p: gc-f gc-lt p: gc-lt gc-lt gc-lt p: gc-f gc-lt seq = sequential sim = simple, mul = multiple, exp = experiential, tex = textual tim = time, pro = process non = no correlation, (p:) gc-lt = (partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = (partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and focus Table 7: Instructive texts: Chaining strategies, local theme, and focus of the text `Eier mit Pilzkopfchen' INS Hierarchy PROD P01 STEP STEP1 P02 STEP2 P03 STEP3 P04 STEP4 P05 STEP5 P06 PROD (P01) STEP6 P07 Sequence STEP (P02-07) INS Instructive pattern of global structures PROD Product STEP Steps in a procedure Figure 10: Global structure of the recipe `Eier mit Pilzkopfchen' 25 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c Focus nodes and focus shift candidates are determined by the actions which are presented. The focus tree of the text (cf. gure 11) illustrates the focus shifts from one action to the next action. Further process verbs are presented in the foci of the text segments (cf. table 7 abschneiden in text segment 02, nachwurzen in text segment 05, garnieren and durchziehen lassen in text segment 07). Preparation of eggs with heads of mushrooms mix with eggs with pre-treatment remove anchovy-paste, filling head of mushrooms heads of of eggs yolk sour cream, and season of eggs on eggs, garnish mushrooms pepper 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 serve 08 Figure 11: Focus tree of the text `Eier mit Pilzkopfchen' In the second recipe which we analyzed (cf. appendix p. 38) we also found focus action nodes and the corresponding focus shift candidates. Further, a sequential chaining strategy is applied for connecting the text, but it is not signalled by the selection of process themes. Rather, the ingredients needed to perform the action described in the particular focus are presented in local theme position. We checked if other German recipes (also from other cookery-books) would apply this method and found it to be as convenient as the method applied in the rst recipe. It seems to be characteristical for the realization of this genre in German. All of the sections of instruction manuals which we analyzed (cf. appendix pp. 39-40) display the global sequential chaining strategy and signal it by the selection of process themes. The dierence to the English analysis concerning the emphasizing of the chaining strategy by process themes seems to be restricted to the recipe genre. In the sections of instruction manuals in most of the text segments process themes are presented, even when one predicate has to be repeated in nearly all text segments (cf. drucken in table 18 in appendix). In general the anaylsis came to the same result as the English analysis. The sequential chaining strategy is selected to ensure the connection of text parts and is signalled by process themes. Focus nodes are dependent of the actions presented in the text and therefore the focus tree consists of action nodes. 4 Conclusion The analysis above showed, that the results concerning the correlation between purpose and subject matter of discourse, and chaining strategies on the one hand and the correlations 26 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c between the global chaining strategy of a text and the specic selection of local themes and foci on the other hand are also valid for German texts. Dierences were either motivated by the specic realiziation of a highly conventionalized genre (cf. the discussion of the recipe in section 3.5) or through conditions which were dependent from subject matter (cf. discussion of biography in section 3.1). The analysis illustrated the importance of local themes selected corresponding to the global chaining strategy which was applied in the specic text. These sentence themes not only continued the global chain, but often signalled the beginning of a new part of the text. In this report we only outlined the role of further chaining strategies, which were used to ensure the local coherence of the text. For the analysis of longer texts it would be important to know more about the interaction of these local and global chaining strategies in texts. 27 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c 5 Appendix: Sample texts and results of text analysis 5.1 Narrative text type: Heinrich Boll (01) B oll, Heinrich, Schriftsteller, geb. Koln 21.12.1917, gest. Langenbroich (zu Kreuzau) 16.7.1985 (02) war Buchhandelslehrling, (03) studierte - mit Unterbrechung durch sechsjahrigen Kriegsdienst - Germanistik in Koln (04) begann als Schriftsteller 1947 mit Kurzgeschichten. (05) Seine Fr uhwerke behandeln Schicksale im Krieg: Erzahlung 'Der Zug war punktlich' (1949), Roman 'Wo warst du, Adam?' (1951). (06) B oll ging dann uber zu milieuechten Schilderungen seelischer und materieller Not im Nachkriegsdeutschland in Werken, die ihm den Ruf eines hervorragenden realistischen Erzahlers und Chronisten der sozialen Entwicklung verschaten: Romane 'Und sagte kein einziges Wort' (1953), 'Haus ohne Huter' (1954). (07) Er kritisierte in spateren Werken Mistande der sich restaurierenden westdt. Gesellschaft, etwa die Herrschaft der Wohlstandsideologie und des konformistischen Denkens, bes. auch einen etablierten Katholizismus ('Ansichten eines Clowns', 1963, Roman) (08) positiv gesehen werden einfache Menschen und Auenseiter. (09) Breiter angelegte Versuche der Zeitdarstellung sind die Romane 'Billard um halbzehn' (1959) und 'Gruppenbild mit Dame' (1971). (10) Die spaten Romane 'Fursorgliche Belagerung' (1979) und 'Frauen vor Flulandschaft' (1985) stieen z.T. auf Kritik wegen Einseitigkeit des hier gezeichneten Bildes der Bundesrep. Dtl., auch wegen formaler Mangel. (11) Viele Werke B olls, bes. die Erzahlungen, haben einen satirischen Einschlag: (12) den Hintergrund bilden meist rheinische Stadte. (13) B oll nahm in Reden, Interviews, Kommentaren, Essays engagiert zu politischen Fragen Stellung, v. a. im Sinne einer Kritik an als antidemokratisch angesehenen Entwicklungen in der Bundesrep. Dtl. und durch Eintreten fur Minderheiten und fur die Menschenrechte. (14) B oll war 1970-72 Pras. des P.E.N.-Zentrums der Bundesrep. Dtl., (15) 1971-74 Pras. des internat. P.E.N.-Clubs. (16) 1967 erhielt er den Georg-Buchner-Preis, (17) 1972 den Nobelpreis fur Literatur. (18) Er war Mitherausgeber der Zeitschrift 'L 76' (spater 'L 80') (19) schrieb auch Horspiele und ubersetzte engl. Texte. (Brockhaus, 1987, p. 509 ) 28 EP6665: DANDELION Realization of global chaining strategy (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) Boll, Heinrich Schriftsteller Seine Fruhwerke Boll Er Text level CateRealization gory of of local global chaining chaining strategy strategy par par par par par par par (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) Public Viele Werke Bolls par Boll par Boll par er par Er par par 21.12.1917 ... 16.7.1985 Category of local chaining strategy Local theme tem Boll, Heinrich, 1947 (1949) ... (1951) (1953) ... (1954) 1963 tem tem tem Seine Fruhwerke Boll (1959) ... (1971) (1979) ... (1985) tem 1970-72 1971-74 1974 1967 tem Er positiv gesehen Breiter angelegte Versuche der Zeitdarstellung Die spaten Romane... (1985) Viele Werke Bolls bes. die Erzahlungen den Hintergrund Boll tem tem tem tem tem Boll 1971-74 1974 1967 Er Deliverable R1.2.2c Sentence level CateFocus gory of local theme sim, exp top sim, exp top sim, exp, top sim, exp, top sim, exp top sim, exp top sim, exp top sim, exp sim, exp sim, exp sim, exp top sim, exp sim, exp top sim, exp top sim, exp tim sim, exp, tim sim, exp, tim sim, exp, top sim, exp, top Dates of Birth and Death Apprentice in a book-shop Studies and war Starts as an author of short stories Consideration of fates during war Acquires reputation by presenting need in post-war Germany Critizises the society of Western Germany Ordinary man and outsider Presentation of contemporary history in novels Criticism of Boll's one-sidedness and formal decencies Satiric elements in Bolls work Rhenish cities form background Interviews, essays etc. concerning political questions President of PEN W-Germany President of PEN International Georg Buchner Prize Nobel Prize Co-editor of L76 Writes radio plays and translations Focus category eve eve eve eve p: gc-lt p: lc-f gc-lt gc-lt gc-lt p: lc-f gc-lt p: lc-f no p: lc-f gc-lt p: lc-f non p: lc-f eve p: lc-f obj gc-lt eve eve non gc-lt eve eve eve eve eve eve p: gc-lt p: lc-f p: lc-lt p: gc-f, lc-lt gc-lt gc-lt eve eve eve eve eve tem = temporal, par = participant sim = simple, exp = experiential top = topical, tim = time, obj = object, eve = event non = no correlation, (p:) gc-lt = partial or complete correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = partial or complete correlation of global, (p:) lc-lt = partial or complete correlation of local chaining strategy and local theme Table 8: Global chaining strategy, local theme, and focus of the text `Heinrich Boll' 29 Correlation EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c 5.2 Narrative text type: Bern (01) Bern wurde 1191 von Herzog BERCHTOLD V., dem lezten Zahringer, im Anschlu an die Burg Nydegg auf Reichsboden gegrundet. (02) Nach dem Tod BERCHTOLDS wurde es 1218 Reichsstadt und bluhte rasch auf. (03) Die Regierung lag in den Handen einer adligen Oberschicht, der es gelang, das Mitspracherecht der Zunfte abzuwehren. (04) Um gegen den umliegenden burgund. und osterr. Adel einen Ruckhalt zu haben, verbundete sich Bern mit den eidgenoss. Orten Uri, Schwyz und Unterwalden, (05) siegte mit ihrer Unterstutzung bei Laupen (1339) (06) und schlo 1353 den Ewigen Bund. (07) Die Stadt gewann Herrschaft uber das umliegende Land, (08) eroberte 1415 den habsburg. Aargau bis zur Reu, (09) fuhrte die Eidgenossenschaft 1476-77 im Kampf gegen KARL DEN KU HNEN (10) und entri Savoyen 1536 die Waadt. (11) 1528 wurde die Reformation eingefuhrt. (12) Neben Zurich erlangte Bern die fuhrende Stellung in der Eidgenossenschaft. (13) Die Verfassung gestaltete sich im 17. und 18. Jh. aristokratisch, die Politik des Patriziats absolutistisch. (14) Verschiedene Aufstande dagegen (1653, 1723, 1749) wurden blutig unterdruckt. (15) 1798 besetzten frz. Truppen das Land und trennten den Aargau, Waadt und das Oberland ab, die zu selbstandigen Kantonen erhoben wurden. (16) Nur das Oberland el 1803 an den Kanton Bern zuruck. (Brockhaus, 1987, p. 158 ) Realization of global chaining strategy (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) 1191 Nach dem Tod Berchtolds 1218 Text level CateRealization gory of of local global chaining chaining strategy strategy tem tem Bern es Category of local chaining strategy par par Die Regierung Bern Die Stadt par par par par par (1339) 1353 tem tem (08) (09) (10) (11) (12) 1415 1476-77 1536 1528 tem tem tem tem par par par Bern par (13) (14) tem tem Die Verfassung par (15) im 17. und 18. Jh. (1653, 1723, 1749) 1798 tem das Land par (16) 1803 tem Kanton Bern par Local theme Bern Nach dem Tod Berchtolds Die Regierung Um gegen den ... zu haben und Die Stadt und 1528 Neben Zurich Die Verfassung Verschiedene Aufstande, dagegen (1653, 1723, 1749) 1798 Nur das Oberland Sentence level CateFocus gory of local theme sim, exp top sim, exp tim sim, exp top sim, exp sim, exp mul, tex, exp, top sim, exp top sim, exp sim, exp sim, tex, exp, top sim, exp, sim, exp sim, exp top sim, exp tim sim, exp tim sim, exp Focus category Foundation of Bern Bern becomes 'Reichsstadt' Aristocracy governs Bern Becomes member of `Eidgenossenschaft' Victory of Laupen top 'Ewiger Bund' Control of surrounding territory Conquest of Aargau Fight against Karl den Kuhnen Conquest of Waadt Reformation Leading position within the 'Eidgenossenschaft' Constitution and politics Revolts eve eve French occupation and loss of territories Oberland belongs to Bern eve eve eve eve eve gc-f lc-lt gc-lt gc-f lc-f lc-lt p: lc-f gc-f p: gc-f lc-lt p: gc-f lc-lt lc-lt eve eve eve eve eve p: gc-f lc-lt p: gc-f lc-lt p: gc-f lc-lt gc-lt lc-f eve eve p: gc-f lc-lt p: gc-lt eve gc-lt p: lt-f p: gc-f eve tem = temporal, par = participant sim = simple, mul = multiple, exp = experiential, tex = textual top = topical, tim = time eve = event non = no correlation, (p:) gc-lt = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and focus, (p:) lc-lt = (Partial) correlation of local chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) lc-f = (Partial) correlation of local chaining strategy and focus Table 9: Global chaining strategy, local theme, and focus of the text `Bern' 30 Correlation EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c 5.3 Narrative text type: History of Granada (01) Der Albacin war schon zu Zeiten der Iberer besiedelt, denen Romer und Westgoten folgten (02) besondere Bedeutung hatte die Siedlung damals aber nicht. (03) Das anderte sich mit der Eroberung durch die Araber im Jahre 711. (04) Machtige Verteidigungsanlagen entstanden, noch von den Romern stammende Bewasserungsanlagen wurden ausgebaut und verbessert, Palaste, Schulen und Moscheen errichtet. (05) Zwar stand die arabische Stadt Garnata ("Granatapfel") noch im Schatten von Cordoba, (06) doch galt sie damals schon als Sammelbecken von Gelehrten und Dichtern, die ihre Schonheit zu preisen nicht mude wurden. (07) Mit dem Zerfall des Kalifats von Cordoba 1031 rief dessen Statthalter Granada zur eigenstandigen Taifa (Teilkonigreich) aus. (08) Ab 1090 gelangte die Dynastie der Almoraviden, spater die der Almohaden an die Macht. (09) W ahrenddessen nahm die Reconquista ihren Gang (10) 1236 el das gleichfalls von den Almohaden regierte Cordoba an die christlichen Heere. (11) Mohammed Al-ahmar, ein echtes Schlitzohr, nutzte die Probleme der Almohaden auf seine Weise, erhob sich zum Konig Granadas und grundete so die Dynastie der Nasriden. (12) Als gewiefter Taktiker, der die militarische U berlegenheit der christlichen Heere erkannt hatte, verbundete er sich mit den Spaniern, beteiligte sich auf Seiten Kastiliens sogar aktiv an der Eroberung Sevillas 1248. (13) Seine Nachfolger agierten politisch nicht weniger geschickt, zahlten Tribut an Kastilien und hielten so Granada als letzte maurische Bastion bis ins Jahr 1492. (14) Unter den Nasriden erlebte Granada seine Blute, eine Zeit verfeinerter Kunst und Kultur, deren kostbarstes Zeugnis die Alhambra ist. (15) Die Vereinigung der Konigreiche Kastilien und Aragon durch die Heirat der Reyes Catolicos Isabella und Ferdinand II. sollte das Ende der Maurenherrschaft bedeuten. (16) Die strategischen Befestigungen Alhama de Granda und Malaga wurden 1482/85 erobert, (17) dem letzten Konig Boabdil "el Chico" ("der Knabe") blieb nur mehr seine Hauptstadt. (18) Am 2. Januar 1492 mute er auch sie aufgeben. (19) Boabdil tat es kampos (20) wie es heit, um die Alhambra nicht der Zerstorung preiszugeben. (21) Auf seinem Abzug in die Alpujarras soll er sich ein letztes Mal umgesehen und den Verlust tief beklagt haben (22) der Ort der Handlung, ein Pa an der heutigen N 323, heit seitdem Suspiro del Moro: "Seufzer des Mohren". (23) Die christlichen Herrscher zeigten sich den Mauren gegenuber anfangs vergleichsweise tolerant und gewahrten ihnen Aufenthaltsrecht. (24) Mit der Vertreibung der Morisken (zwangsgetaufte Mauren) 1570 und 1609 begann fur Granada ein rascher Niedergang (25) die einst so glanzvolle Konigsstadt verkam zum Provinznest. (26) Erst Anfang unseres Jahrhunderts setzte, ausgelost zunachst durch die Landwirtschaft, dann durch den Tourismus, ein neuer Aufschwung ein. (Thomas Schroder Andalusien. Erlangen: Muller Verlag, S. 164-166) 31 EP6665: DANDELION Realization of global chaining strategy (1) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) zu Zeiten der Iberer damals im Jahre 711 damals 1031 Ab 1090 Wahrenddessen 1236 Text level CateRealization gory of of local global chaining chaining strategy strategy tem tem tem tem tem tem tem tem (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) 1248 bis ins Jahr 1492 Unter den Nasriden tem tem tem tem (16) 1482/85 tem Am 2. Januar 1492 tem (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) Public 1570 und 1609 1609 tem Erst Anfang unseres Jahrhunderts tem Der Albacin die Siedlung Category of local chaining strategy par1 par1 die arabische Stadt Garnata sie par1 par1 Mohammed Al-ahmar Als gewiefter Taktiker Seine Nachfolger par2 par3 par3 par3 Auf seinem ... er par3 Der Albacin besondere Bedeutung Das Machtige Verteidigungsanlagen Zwar doch Mit dem Zerfall ... 1031 Ab 1090 Wahrenddessen 1236 Mohammed Al-ahmar ... Schlitzohr Als gewiefter Taktiker Seine Nachfolger Unter den Nasriden Die Vereinigung ... Ferdinand II Die strategischen ... Malaga dem letzten Konig Boabdil Am 2. Januar 1492 Boabdil wie es heit Auf seinem ...er der Ort der ... Die christlichen Herrscher Mit der Vertreibung ... 1570 und 1609 die einst so glanzvolle Konigsstadt Erst Anfang unseres Jahrhunderts par2 par2 dem letzten Konig Boabdil er Boabdil Local theme Deliverable R1.2.2c Sentence level CateFocus gory of local theme sim, exp top sim, exp sim, exp sim, exp sim, tex sim, tex sim, exp tim sim, exp tim sim, exp tim sim, exp tim sim, exp top sim, exp top sim, exp top sim, exp, tim sim, exp sim, exp sim, exp top sim, exp tim, top sim, exp, top sim, exp sim, exp top sim, exp sim, exp sim, exp tim sim, exp sim, exp tim First settlement Relevance Conquest by Arabian Infrastructure Relation to other towns Science and art Taifa 1031 Almoravides, Almohades Reconquista Cordoba conquered by the Christians Dynasty of the Nasrides Conquest of Sevilla Last bulwark Art and culture Marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand II Fall of Alhama de Granada and Malaga Boabdil stays in his capital Boabdil looses his capital Without ght No destruction of Alhambra Complaint Name of Suspiro del Moro Tolerance of Christians Expolsion of the Moriskes Descent of Granada Tourism at the beginning of the 20th century Focus category eve eve eve attr p: gc-f, lc-lt p: gc-f p: gc-f non eve eve eve eve eve eve p: lc-f p: gc-f, p: lc-f p: gc-lt gc-lt gc-lt gc-lt eve p: lc-lt eve eve eve eve p: gc-f, p: lc-lt p: gc-f, lc-lt gc-lt, lc-gc non eve p: gc-f eve eve eve eve eve eve eve eve lc-lt gc-lt, lc-f lc-lt non p: lc-lt non non p: gc-lt eve non eve gc-lt tem = temporal, par = participant sim = simple, exp = experiential top = topical, tim = time, eve = event non = no correlation, (p:) gc-lt: (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and focus, (p:) lc-lt: (Partial) correlation of local chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) lc-f = (Partial) correlation of local chaining strategy and focus Table 10: Global chaining strategy, local theme, and focus of the text `Granada' 32 Correlation EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c 5.4 Descriptive text type: `Guadix' (01) Ein freundliches Landstadtchen, seit der Einrichtung einer Ortsumgehung nach Murcia auch nicht mehr gar so verkehrsgeplagt. (02) Guadix ist bekannt fur seine Kathedrale, mehr aber noch fur das Barrio de Santiago, eine Ansammlung von tief in den weichen Lo gegrabenen Hohlenwohnungen. (03) Die Orientierung in Guadix ist einfach. (04) Das Zentrum liegt beim groen Kreisverkehr, an dem die U berlandstraen zusammentreen. (05) Wenige hundert Meter Richtung Almeria markiert, bei einem Park, rechterhand der weie Torbau Puerta de San Torcuato den Zugang zur Altstadt um die Plaza Mayor. (06) Ganz oben auf dem H ugel liegen die Reste einer maurischen Festung (Alcazaba), von denen man einen guten Ausblick auf das Hohlenviertel im S udwesten der Stadt geniet. (T. Schroder: Andalusien, Michael. Erlangen: Muller Verlag, S. 197) Text level Realization of global chaining strategy (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) Die Orientierung in Guadix Das Zentrum Wenige hundert Meter Richtung Almeria ... rechterhand Ganz oben auf dem Hugel ... im Sudwesten Category of global chaining strategy spa spa spa spa Local theme Sentence level Category Focus of local theme Ein freundliches Landstadtchen ... Guadix Die Orientierung in Guadix Das Zentrum Wenige hundert Meter Richtung Almeria Ganz oben auf dem Hugel sim, exp sim, exp sim, exp, loc sim, exp, loc sim, exp, loc sim, exp, loc trac in Guadix sights simple orientation location of centre old part of the town Alcazaba and view of cave-dwellings Focus category obj att att att att att Correlation non non gc-lt gc-lt gc-lt p: gc-f gc-lt p: gc-f spa = spatial top = topical, sim = simple, exp = experiential loc = location obj = object, att = attribute non = no correlation, (p:) gc-lt: (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and focus Table 11: Global chaining strategy, local theme, and focus of the text `Guadix' 33 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c 5.5 Descriptive text type: Description of book 1 (01) Peter Lahnstein erzahlt in seinem neuen Buch das Leben des groen Dichters Eduard Morike. (02) Gleichzeitig liefert er auch eine geistige Anatomie der Biedermeierzeit. (03) Die damonische Kehrseite der Idylle wird sichtbar: materielle Not, Krankheit, die Kriminalitat der Bruder und Morikes Ehe tragodie. (04) Daneben stehen die Freundschaft - fur Morike ein immer wieder bewahrtes und bewahrendes Lebenselement und Begegnungen mit bedeutenden Zeitgenossen: Holderlin, Storm, Hebbel, Turgeniew und Schwind. (05) Eine Dichterbiographie voll praziser Milieuschilderung (06) und zugleich ein Beitrag zur deutschen Kultur- und Sozialgeschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts. (Rothkegel, 1993], p. 146) (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) Text level Realization of Categlobal gory of chaining global strategy chaining strategy Gleichzeitig abs Daneben abs und zugleich abs Local theme Peter Lahnstein Gleichzeitig Die damonische Kehrseite der Idylle Daneben Eine Dichterbiographie und zugleich Sentence level Category Focus of local theme Focus category sim, exp sim, tex, loc sim, exp obj att att non gc-lt non att gc-lt att att non gc-lt sim, exp, loc sim, exp sim, tex, con contents of the new book is life of Morike describes Biedermeier dark sides of the life of Morike positive aspects of Morike's life describes milieu cultural and social history of 19th century Correlation top = topical, abs = abstract-spatial, sim = simple, exp = experiential, tex = textual, loc = location obj = object, att = attribute non = no correlation, (p:) gc-lt: (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and focus, (p:) lc-lt: (Partial) correlation of local chaining strategy and local theme Table 12: Global chaining strategy, local theme, and focus of the text `Book 1' 34 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c 5.6 Descriptive text type: Description of book 2 (01) Julius Meier-Graefes "Entwicklungsgeschichte der modernen Kunst gehort zu den Klassikern der Kunstgeschichte. (02) Der erste Band behandelt die Entwicklung der bildenden Kunst von den Meistern der italienischen Renaissance uber das 17. und 18. Jahrhundert bis zu den deutschen Impressionisten Liebermann und Vogt. (03) Band 2 beginnt mit den Idealisten um Feuerbach und Marees und fuhrt uber den franzosischen Impressionismus zu Max Beckmann. (Rothkegel, 1993, ?]) (01) Text level Realization Cateof global gory of chaining global strategy chaining strategy Local theme (02) Der erste Band abs Julius Meier Graefes Entwicklungsgeschichte der modernen Kunst Der erste Band (03) Band 2 abs Band 2 Sentence level Category Focus of local theme Focus category sim, exp obj lc-lt attr gc-lt sim, exp loc attr gc-lt sim, exp loc is a classic of the history history of art deals with development of art from classics, 17th and 18th century, and German Impressionists idealists, French Impressionism, and Max Beckmann Correlation top = topical, abs = abstract-spatial, sim = simple, exp = experiential, tex = textual, loc = location obje = object, attr = attribute non = no correlation, (p:) gc-lt: (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) lc-lt: (Partial) correlation of local chaining strategy and local theme Table 13: Global chaining strategy, local theme, and focus of the text `Book description 2' 35 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c 5.7 Expository: `Generierung' (01) Die maschinelle Generierung naturlichsprachlicher Satze bzw. Texte aus internen Reprasentationen (Bedeutungsreprasentationen) umfat die Phase der Planung des A uerungsinhalts (what to say) und der Form der A uerung (how to say). (02) Diese Aufgabenteilung spiegelt sich in der Systemarchitektur durch die Trennung in eine strategische und eine taktische Komponente wider. (03) Eine ad aquate Generierung ist jedoch nur moglich, wenn eine Interaktion zwischen den beiden Komponenten stattndet. (04) Eine gegenwartig oene Frage ist, inwieweit die Generierungskomponente auf die gleichen Typen von sprachlichem und auersprachlichem Wissen zugreifen kann wie die Verstehenskomponente. (05) Insbesondere ist nicht geklart, in welchem Umfang Verstehen und Produzieren als inverse Prozesse angesehen werden konnen. (Hadumod Bumann: Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft, Alfred Kroner Verlag: Stuttgart, 1990, p. 271) (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) Text level Realization of Categlobal gory of chaining global strategy chaining strategy Die maschinelle Generierung Eine adaquate Generierung par par Local theme Sentence level Category Focus of local theme Die maschinelle Generierung ... Bedeutgsreprasentationen Diese Aufgabenteilung Eine adaquate Generierung Eine gegenwartig oene Frage Insbesondere sim, exp top sim, exp sim, exp top sim, exp sim, exp stages of machine generation components of system architecture interaction between components access on knowledge processing and generating as inverse processes Focus category Correlation obj gc-lt att att att att gc-lt gc-lt non non par = participant, top = topical, absb = abstract-spatial, sim = simple, exp = experiential, tex = textual obj = object, att = attribute non = no correlation, (p:) gc-lt: (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and focus, (p:) lc-lt: (Partial) correlation of local chaining strategy and local theme Table 14: Global chaining strategy, local theme, and focus of the text `Generierung' 36 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c 5.8 Argumentative text type: commentary (1) Alle Welt hot, da es im Krieg um Kuweit nicht noch zu einem Einsatz von Atomwaen kommt. (2) Ein Beinahe-Atomkrieg ist der Golfkrieg aber schon jetzt: (3) Die alliierte Luftotte gibt an, das `irakische Atomwaenpotential' planmaig zerstort zu haben (4) Sadam Hussein hat erklart, die irakischen Mittelstreckenraketen konnten mit C-, B- und A-Waen ausgerustet werden (5) die israelische Regierung droht, bei einem Chemiewaenangri "vernichtend" zuruckzuschlagen, (6) die amerikanische Regierung hat sich ahnlich geauert. (7) Noch nie seit Hiroshima war die Welt dem Einsatz nuklearer Massenvernichtungswaen so nahe. (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) Text level Realization of Categlobal gory of chaining global strategy chaining strategy aber schon jetzt arg Noch nie arg Local theme Sentence level Category Focus of local theme Alle Welt hot, Ein Beinahe-Atomkrieg Die alliierte Luftotte Sadam Hussein die israelische Regierung die amerikanische Regierung Noch nie sim, exp sim, exp con sim, exp con sim, exp sim, exp sim, exp sim, exp con no use of nuclear weapons Golf war is almost a nuclear warfare nuclear weapons of Iraq destroyed nuclear equipment of Irac repulse with nuclear weapons similar reaction world is not far from employment of nuclear weapons Focus category fac fac evi evi evi evi fac Correlation non p: gc-f non non non non gc-lt arg = through argument chaining strategy sim = simple, exp = experiential, con = conjunctive fac = fact, evi = evidence non = no correlation, (p:) gc-lt = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and focus Table 15: Argumentative texts: Chaining strategies, local theme, and focus of commentary 37 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c 5.9 Instructive text type: Kanadischer Sahne-Lachs (01) Kanadischer Sahne-Lachs (02) O l, Saft einer halben Zitrone und Petersilie zur Marinade anruhren. (03) Lachs salzen, eine halbe Stunde liegen lassen, dann mit der Marinade betraufeln. (04) Nochmals etwas ruhen lassen. (05) Lachs dann in heiem Fett von beiden Seiten anbacken, die Marinade zufugen, alles langsam garen lassen. (06) Restliche Zitrone, Kapern und saure Sahne in den Fond zu den Lachsscheiben gieen, durchziehen lassen. (07) Eine Zitrone waschen, in Scheiben schneiden und das Gericht damit garnieren, daruber Petersilienzweige legen. (08) Dazu Salat, Puree oder Reis servieren. (From: Kostlichkeiten schnell gezaubert, Tomus Verlag Munchen, 1979, p. 60) Text level Realization of global chaining strategy (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) anruhren salzen ... liegen lassen ... betraufeln ruhen lassen anbacken ... zufugen ...garen lassen gieen, durchziehen lassen waschen ... schneiden ... garnieren ... daruber legen servieren Category of global chaining strategy seq seq seq seq seq seq seq Sentence level Category Focus of local theme Local theme Kanadischer Sahne-Lachs O l, Saft einer halben Zitrone und Petersilie Lachs Nochmals Lachs Restliche Zitrone, Kapern und saure Sahne Eine Zitrone Dazu Salat, Puree oder Reis sim, exp sim, exp sim, exp sim, exp sim, exp sim, exp sim, exp sim, exp preparation of Canadian salmon preparation of marinade preparation of salmon let soak cooking of salmon add ingredients and let soak garnishing serve Focus category act act act act act act act act Correlation non p: gc-f p: gc-f p: gc-f p: gc-f p: gc-f p: gc-f gc-f seq = sequential chaining strategy sim = simple, exp = experiential non = no correlation, (p:) gc-f = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and focus Table 16: Instructive texts: Chaining strategies, local theme, and focus of the text `Kanadischer Sahne-Lachs' 38 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c 5.10 Instructive text type: Kaee zubereiten (01) Wasser (02) - F ullen Sie den Wasserbehalter mit Wasser - nicht unterhalb der untersten und nicht oberhalb der obersten Anzeige (ABB.1). (03) - Verwenden Sie nur frisches kaltes Wasser (04) Die linke Markierung entspricht groen Tassen (125ml). (05) Die rechte Markierung entspricht kleinen Tassen (100ml). (06) Kaeepulver (07) - Filterpapier Typ "1x4" (08) Vergessen Sie nicht die Kanten zu falzen. (09) Geben Sie den gemahlenen Kaee in den Filter und verteilen Sie es gleichmassig (Abb.3). (10) - Je nach Ihrem personlichen Geschmack konnen Sie die Menge Kaeepulver und Wasser selbst bestimmen. (11) Verwenden Sie fur Kaeemaschinen gemahlenen Kaee. (12) Wenn Sie Ihren Kaee selber mahlen, mahlen Sie ihn nicht zu fein. (Philips HD7200/2/4 - Gebrauchsanleitung Kaeemaschine) (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) (10) (11) (12) Text level Realization of Categlobal gory of chaining global strategy chaining strategy Fullen Verwenden seq zu falzen Geben ... verteilen seq seq seq Verwenden mahlen seq seq Local theme Sentence level Category Focus of local theme Focus category Wasser Fullen Verwenden Die linke Markierung Die rechte Markierung Kaeepulver Filterpapier Typ "1x4" Vergessen Sie nicht Geben Je nach Ihrem personlichen Geschmack Verwenden Wenn Sie Ihren Kaee selber mahlen sim, exp sim, exp, pro sim, exp, pro sim, exp sim, exp sim, exp sim, exp sim, exp, pro sim, exp, pro sim, exp sim, exp, pro sim, exp, pro att act act att att att att act act act act act Water lling of the tank cold water big cups small cups ground coee type of lter paper preparation of lter put coee into lter, spread it quantity of coee and water only ground coee do not grind coee too ne Correlation non gc-lt gc-lt non non non non p: gc-f p: gc-lt-f non gc-lt gc-f seq = sequential chaining strategy sim = simple, exp = experiential, pro = process act = action, att = attribute non = no correlation, (p:) gc-lt = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and focus, (p:) gc-lt-f = (Partial) correlation of all categories Table 17: Instructive texts: Chaining strategies, local theme, and focus of the text `Kaee zubereiten' 39 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c 5.11 Instructive text type: Einstellen der Benutzerkennung (01) Hier kann Ihr Name, der Name Ihres Unternehmens oder jeder andere Name als Bestandteil der Kopfzeile einer Faxmitteilung eingetragen werden. (02) 1. Dr ucken Sie die FUNKTIONS-TASTE 0] und 4] oder die FUNKTIONS-TASTE, bis "TEILNEHMER NAME" angezeigt wird. (03) 2. Dr ucken Sie die START-TASTE und geben Sie uber den Ziernblock die Kennung ein. (04) Dr ucken Sie die Taste solange, bis das gewunschte Zeichen angezeigt wird. (05) Wenn sie sich vertippt haben, dr ucken Sie die LO SCHEN-TASTE und wiederholen Sie die Eingabe. (06) Mit der Taste #] springen Sie weiter auf das folgende Zeichen, mit *] ein Zeichen zuruck. (07) Mit der MODUS-TASTE wechseln Sie zwischen der Eingabe von Buchstaben und Zahlen. (08) 3. Dr ucken Sie die START-TASTE (09) Dr ucken Sie die RESET-TASTE, um in den Bereitschaftsmodus zuruckzukehren. (Amstrad FX 6000 AT FAX/ANTRUFBEANTWORTER, Benutzerhandbuch) (01) (02) (03) (04) (05) (06) (07) (08) (09) Text level Realization of Categlobal gory of chaining global strategy chaining strategy Local theme Sentence level Category Focus of local theme kann eingetragen werden Drucken Focus category seq seq Hier Drucken sim, exp sim, exp, pro act act p: gc-f gc-lt Drucken ... geben ... ein Drucken drucken springen wechseln Drucken Drucken seq seq seq seq seq seq seq seq Drucken Drucken Wenn sie sich vertippt haben Mit der Taste #] Mit der MODUSTASTE Drucken Drucken sim, exp, pro sim, exp, pro sim, exp sim, exp sim, exp sim, exp, pro sim, exp, pro act act act act act act act act gc-lt p: gc-f gc-lt gc-f p: gc-f p: gc-f gc-lt gc-lt ll in name FUNCTION BUTTON until TEILNEHMER-NAME is displayed ll in identication until sign appears press erase button and repeat input jump forward and backword changing input from letters to numbers START button return to stand-by mode Correlation seq = sequential chaining strategy sim = simple, exp = experiential, pro = process act = action non = no correlation, (p:) gc-lt = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and local theme, (p:) gc-f = (Partial) correlation of global chaining strategy and focus Table 18: Instructive texts: Chaining strategies, local theme, and focus of the text `Einstellen der Benutzerkennung' 40 EP6665: DANDELION Public Deliverable R1.2.2c References Drach, 1937] Erich Drach. 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