tradiciuli qarTuli sabrZolo iaraRi
Transcrição
tradiciuli qarTuli sabrZolo iaraRi
saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis departamenti ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti xaTuna ioseliani tradiciuli qarTuli sabrZolo iaraRi meomris biblioTeka #21 Tbilisi 2008 Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ ocdameerTe wigni; seria iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi. seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da a.S. seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro. didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns. seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba. vaJa kiknaZe seriis saredaqcio kolegia: recenzenti: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori Tamaz beraZe istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lnino gigani ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w. q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20 tel.: +995 32 91-19-83 faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83 2 Stabis Zalebis rTuli geopolitikuri mdebareobis mqone saqarTvelo, odiTganve iZulebuli iyo Tavis gadasarCenad gamudmebuli omebi ewarmoebina. xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze drois mcire monakveTsac ver movZebniT, romelsac SeiZleba mSvidobianad, omis gareSe Caevlo. mudmivi omianoba TavisTavad gulisxmobda did sabrZolo gamocdilebas, samxedro saqmis unaklo codnas, safortifikacio qselis ganviTarebasa da saomari iaraRis mravalferovnebas, romelTa erTobliobis gareSec, saqarTvelo verafriT moaxerxebda im istoriuli qartexilebisgan gadarCenas, romelTac msoflios mravali xalxi Seiwira. am viTarebis gamo, qarTveli Camoyalibda, rogorc meomruli suliskveTebis da samxedro xelovnebis SesaniSnavi mcodne, rasac kargad grZnobdnen TviTonac da Tavis Tavs ase axasiaTebdnen: `qarTvelni varT naTesaviT mxnenni, mxedrobiTa aRzrdilni da maradis Wirveulsa cxovrebasa Cveulni~ (grigol bakurianis Ze, petriwonis qarTvelTa monastris tipikoni, XIs.). daviT aRmaSenebelic aseve uwodebda Tavis Tavsa da eriskacebs: `Cven, mxedrobaTa Sina aRzrdilni~. omSi gamarjvebis erT-erT ZiriTad pirobas sabrZolo-TavdacviTi iaraRis mravalferovneba, gamZleoba da srulyofili saxe warmoadgens. rogorc Cans, iaraRis kultura saqarTveloSi odiTganve maRal doneze mdgara, rasac istoriul-arqeologiuri wyaroebi gvidastureben. saomari iaraRi, Tavisi daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, or ZiriTad jgufad iyofa: sabrZolo da TavdacviTi. TiToeuli maTgani, misi moxmarebisa da daniSnulebis mixedviT, calke klasificirdeba. qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebisa da leqsikologiuri monacemebis safuZvelze, ivane javaxiSvilma mogvca tradiciuli sabrZolo da TavdacviTi iaraRis klasifikacia. sabrZolo iaraRi iyofa Semdeg saxeobebad: 1. saZgerebeli 2. satyorcn-saZgerebeli 3. satyorcni 4. sasroli 5. dasartymeli 6. mkveTr-mkveTebeli xolo Tavdasacav iaraRebs igi oTx nawilad yofs: 1. Tavsaburavi 2. gulmkerdis sacavi 3. qveda nawilis sacavi 3 4. fari da CelTi X X X garda amisa, sabrZolo iaraRi iyofoda samxedro da saqveiTo iaraRad, romliTac gansxvavebulad iyo aRWurvili cxenosani da qveiTi meomari. amasTanave, TviTon sabrZolo iaraRic, ornairi iyo – sadResaswaulo-sazeimo da saomari. sazeimo iaraRi, romelsac ivane javaxiSvili, wyaroze dayrdnobiT, `gasaCvenos~ uwodebs Zvirfasi TvlebiT mokazmuli da figurebiT damSvenebuli iyo. cxadia, am iaraRiT omSi wasvla gaumarTlebeli iyo da mas mxolod dasamSveneblad iyenebdnen. aseTive sxvaobaa Tavdasacav iaraRSic; arsebobda rogorc sakaco, ise sacxeno abjrebi, romliTac cxens aRWurvavdnen, raTa igi mtrisgan daculi yofiliyo. am klasifikaciaSi calke ar aris gamoyofili sabrZolo saSualebaTa erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saxeoba, romelsac pirobiTad SeiZleba samtvrevi iaraRebi daerqvas. saqarTvelos teritoria safortifikacio qseliTaa dafaruli, rac, cxadia, ganapirobebda cixe-simagreTa rogorc dacvis, ise aRebis taqtikis, meTodebisa da Sesabamisi iaraRebis ganviTarebas. es sakiTxi dRemde ar aris gamokvleuli. migvaCnia, rom iaraRTa klasifikaciaSi, samtvrevi saSualebebi calke jgufad unda iqnas gamoyofili. saZgerebeli saZgerebeli, iaraRis erT-erTi uZvelesi saxeobaa, romelsac adamiani odiTganve iyenebda da sxvadasxva formisa da zomis iyo. saZgerebeli iaraRis aRmniSvnel zogad saxelad sulxan-saba laxvars miiCnevs da CamoTvlis mis saxeobebs: oroli (horoli), gmuri, saTxedi, geoni, Subi, xiSti, zufani, libandaki. ivane javaxiSvili sulxan-sabas ar eTanxmeba da Tvlis, rom laxvari konkretuli iaraRis aRmniSvneli termini unda yofiliyo. laxvari uZveles werilobiT ZeglebSi gvxvdeba. igi qarTuli sityvaa da Sedgeba `la` TavsarTisa da `xvra~ zmnisgan, romelic igivea, rac xvreta; e. i. laxvari iaraRia, romelic xvretda. is sxvadasxva zomis unda yofiliyo, TandaTan imdenad dapataravebula, rom igi ewodeboda Subisebur sefiskveris nawilis amosaRebs, romelsac eklesiaSi iyenebdnen. rogorc Cans, igi imdenad marjve da risxvis damcemi iaraRi 4 yofila, rom qarTvels aqedan nasaxelari zmna `dalaxvra~ da gamonaTqvami `dalaxvros RmerTmac~ uwarmoebia. saZgerebeli iaraRis aRmniSvnel erT-erT uZveles terminad qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi `horoli~ gvxvdeba. igi Subismagvari saZgerebeli iaraRi iyo. es termini XII s-Si ukve mwignobrul sityvad qceula da misi adgili `Subs~ daukavebia, romelsac daviT CubinaSvili arabul, xolo ivane javaxiSvili _ sparsuli warmomavlobis terminad miiCnevs. saqarTvelos teritoriaze Subis pirebi adrebrinjaos xanidan gvxvdeba. isini erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen formisa da xarisxis mixedviT (foTliseburpiriani, aliseburpiriani, samkuTxapiriani da a. S.). Subi Sedgeboda Subis piris, Subis wverisa da tarisgan. rogorc aRiniSna, mas omSi saZgerebel iaraRad iyenebdnen. xSirad meomrebi masze sxvadasxva feris almebs abamdnen. SubiT aRWurvil jariskacTa erTeuls Subosanni erqvaT. xevsureTSi samgvari formis Subebi scodniaT: xanjliseburi, wverkuTxa da samwvera, romelTaganac yvelaze saSiSi samwvera Subi yofila. arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, antikur periodSi (Zv. welTaRricxvis VI, ax. welTaRricxvis IV saukuneebi) saqarTveloSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli iaraRi Subi yofila, vinaidan yvelaze didi raodenobiT sxvadasxva saxeobis Subis pirebia aRmoCenili. am masalis mixedviT Cans, rom qarTvelebi uZvelesi droidan sxvadasxva saxeobis Subebs iyeneben. rogorc cnobilia, viwropiriani Subi jaWvis perangis gasarRvevad iyo gankuTvnili da mosaxerxebeli iyo cxenosanTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. aseTi saxis Subebi yvelaze masiurad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSia gavrcelebuli. berZeni istorikosebis monacemebis mixedviT, kolxebs mokle Subebi hqoniaT, xolo mosxebs da xalibebs (qarTveluri tomebia) _ grZeli. Subs, rogorc erT-erT ZiriTad sabrZolo iaraRs, saflavSi atandnen meomrebs. Aam kuTxiTac, sainteresoa arqeologiuri masala, romlis mixedviTac Cans, rom es wesi met-naklebad gansxvavdeboda aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi erTi an, maqsimum ori Subis Cayoleba scodniaT samarxSi, xolo dasavleT saqarTveloSi meomars Subebs sami mxridan uwyobdnen, Tan ise, rom Subis pirebi dasavleTisken yofiliyo mimarTuli. Subi Tavisi daniSnulebisa da formebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva saxisaa. saqarTveloSi Subis xuTi gansxvavebuli tipia warmodgenili. aqedan, patara, anu sasroli Subebis Sesaxeb momdevno TavSic gveqneba saubari. sulxan-sabas mixedviT, saZgerebeli iaraRia agreTve `gmuri~: `gmuri ars laxvari, pirbrtyeli da bungrZeli, romliTa macxovars ugmires~. es termini arc erT wyaroSi ar gvxvdeba, Tumca ivane javaxiSvili sabas cnobas sandod miiCnevs da ganmartavs, rom `gmera da gangmera~ saxel5 zmnebia da sulxan-sabas mier `gmuris~ aRweriloba cxadyofs, rom misi cnoba sinamdviles unda Seeferebodes. saZgerebeli iaraRis rigs miekuTvneboda `waTi~, romelic xis saCxvlets warmoadgenda. saWurvelTa Soris igi mxolod uZveles ZeglebSi gvxvdeba, xolo VII saukunis Semdeg qreba. XI-XII saukuneebidan gvxvdeba xiSti, romelic `pirgrZeli laxvari, Zgide maxvili~ iyo. mogvianebiT man calke mniSvneloba dakarga da cecxlsasroli iaraRis atributi gaxda. satyorcn-saZgerebeli iaraRi sabrZolo iaraRis meore jgufs miekuTvneba satyorcn-saZgerebeli iaraRebi: mazraki, zufini, saTxedi da geoni. sabas mazraki Subad aqvs miCneuli, Tumca ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, igi patara isar-xelSubia. zufani mokle sasroli Subia, romelsac Sestyorcnidnen. mas, amasTanave ganmkveTelobis didi Zala hqonda, magram vinaidan es termini xSirad ar gvxvdeba qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi, mecnieri mas qarTuli yofacxovrebisTvis ucxo da xanmokle `stumrad~ miiCnevs. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom arqeologiuri masaliT, saqarTvelos teritoriaze jer kidev brinjaos xanidan dasturdeba patara Subis pirebis arseboba; isini xel-Subis pirebad aris miCneuli, rac imasac gulisxmobs, rom es iaraRc Sesabamisi terminiT eqneboda aRniSnuli. saTxedi qarTuli terminia da ZiriTadad aRniSnavs gareul Rorze sanadiro iaraRs, romelic aseve ixmareboda omis dros. igi satyorcneli Subia. rac Seexeba geons, berZnuli `gesosis~-gan aris warmomdgari da aseve xelSubis aRmniSvnelia. satyorcni iaraRi upirveles sabrZolo saxeobaTa rigs miekuTvneba aseve, satyorcni iaraRi, romlis yvelaze martivi forma qva iyo. qvas xmarobdnen rogorc sasrolad, aseve sagorvelad da gzis Casaxergad. qvis satyorcnad Surduli qarTul laSqarSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. meSurduleni XI-XIII saukuneebSic ixseniebian. Surduli uZvelesi iaraRia, romelic advilad xelmisawvdomi da moxerxebuli iyo, amitomac, farTod gamoiyeneboda. is martivi konstruqciis iaraRia; orad mokecil bawars Soris qvis Casadebi tyavis naWeria damagrebuli. 6 arqeologiuri monacemebiT, antikur xanaSi Surduli farTod yofila gavrcelebuli, rasac adasturebs Zvel naqalaqarebTan da cixesimagreebTan blomad aRmoCenili, 4-6 santimetris diametris mqone, mrgvali moyvanilobis saSurdule qvebi. Surduli msubuqad SeiaraRebuli qveiTi laSqris sabrZolo iaraRadaa miCneuli. Surduli gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli iyo mTian regionebSi. xevsurebi mas xis qerqisa da tyavisgan amzadebdnen. cacxvis qerqisgan dawnavdnen Surdulis or wvers, romelsac SuaSi tyavis an naqsovis `saqves~ ukeTebdnen, sadac qva Tavsdeboda. ramdenimejer datrialebis Semdeg, Surdulis erT wvers gauSvebdnen da qvas gaisrodnen. eTnografiuli masalis Tanaxmad ki, svanebi SurdulTan erTad, qvis sasrolad zogjer `svanur qudsac~ iyenebdnen. Semdgom periodSi qvis sasroli manqanebi SemoiRes, romelTac cixeebis kedlebis Sesangrevad xmarobdnen. aseT mowyobilobas `filakavani~ erqva. sityva qarTulSi arabulidan aris Semosuli. svaneTSi gavrcelebuli iyo agreTve `laxupar~ _ `Casaxveti~; or mrgval qvaSi gayrili iyo grZeli mori, romelsac ferdobze daagorebdnen da mters `Caxvetavdnen.~ sasroli iaraRi sasroli iaraRis ZiriTad saxeobas mSvild-isari warmoadgenda. igi yvela Zvel qveyanaSi iyo gavrcelebuli. arqeologebis mier, saqarTvelos teritoriaze mravlad mopovebuli isris pirebi imaze metyveleben, rom mas farTod iyenebda uZvelesi mosaxleoba. qarTveluri tomebis mier, mSvild-isris kargad xmarebis Sesaxeb cnobebs vxvdebiT Zvel berZnul da romaul wyaroebSi. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia, strabonis (Zveli berZeni geografi) cnoba svanebTan dakavSirebiT. misi TqmiT, svanebi SesaniSnavi moisreebi arian. isini isris pirebis mosawamlad xmaroben raRac Sxams, romelic maSinve klavs adamians da iseTi saSineli suni aqvs, rom am sunisgan itanjebian ara mxolod daWrilebi, aramed maT siaxloves myofi sxva meomrebic. mSvild-isars saqarTveloSi gvianobamde ar daukargavs mniSvneloba. mas cecxlsasrol iaraRTan erTad, qarTul laSqarSi XVII saukunemde iyenebdnen. mSvild-isari zomiT da gamoyenebis wesiT gansxvavdeboda. magaliTad, samxreT saqarTveloSi adamianis simaRlis mSvild-isrebi iyo gavrcelebuli, romlis gamoyenebac mebrZols mxolod fexis daxmarebiT SeeZlo. mTian regionebSi SedarebiT mcire zomis mSvildebi hqondaT. 7 mSvild-isars mosaxleoba ZiriTadad TviTon amzadebda. SerCeuli hqondaT rogorc samSvilde, ise saisre xis jiSebi: dgnali, Sindi, Txili, maqaca, romlebic ufro moqnili da drekadi iyo. ivane javaxiSvili `mSvildis~ saxelwodebas Sindidad warmoebulad miiCnevs. mSvild-isari Sedgeba mSvildisa da isrisgan. mSvildi damuSavebuli da moRunuli xis toti iyo, romelzec sabeli iyo gabmuli. sabeli keTdeboda an kanafisgan, an abreSumisgan. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda isars, romelsac maxvili da wvetiani wveri unda hqonoda; mas zogjer ukeTdeboda frTebic, romlis saSualebiTac isari ufro swrafad da zustad midioda mizanSi. mebrZolebi isrebs saisreSi ilagebdnen, romelsac kaparWi erqva. svanuri eTnografiuli masala gvaZlevs imis varaudis saSualebas, rom garda sabrZolo isrebisa, SesaZlebelia hqonodaT cecxlis gasaCeni isrebic. almodebul isars mtris banakSi isrodnen da cecxls ukidebdnen iqaurobas. sasroli iaraRebis jgufSi Sedis, cxadia, cecxlsasroli iaraRi, romlis gamoCenamac Zirfesvianad Secvala samxedro xelovneba. denTi Cinelebma jer kidev Cvens welTaRricxvamde aRmoaCines, magram xangrZlivi drois manZilze mas mxolod foierverkebisTvis iyenebdnen. denTis gamoyeneba Cinelebisgan arabebma iswavles, romlebic mas brZolaSi XIII saukunidan iyenebdnen. arabebisgan denTi evropisTvis gaxda cnobili, sadac XIV saukuneSi pirveli klasikuri cecxlsasroli iaraRi Seiqmna. saqarTvelo, am periodSi, mZime saSinao da sagareo mdgomarebis gamo, ver axerxebda sabrZolo Zalebisa da saSualebebis saWiroebisamebr ganviTarebas, Tumca cecxlsasroli iaraRi qarTul SeiaraRebul ZalebSi XVI saukunidan Cndeba. am droisaTvis, qarTuli laSqari, marTalia, ZiriTadad civi iaraRiT iyo aRWurvili, magram mebrZolTa garkveul raodenobas evropidan Semosuli iaraRi ukve gaaCnda. magaliTad, XVI saukunis bolos, kaxeTis jarSi xuTasi Tofiani mebrZoli iricxeboda. Tofis damzadeba saqarTveloSi XVII saukunidan iwyeba, Tumca ukeTesi xarisxis iaraRis Semotana, marTalia Znelad, magram mainc evropidan (ZiriTadad yirimis mxridan) xdeboda, ramac asaxva hpova folklorSic: xevsurul, fSavur da svanur poeziaSi `yirimula, yiriml~ Tofis saxelad damkvidrda; aseve xalxuri saxeli Seerqva (`maJaro~ anu `majari~) ungrul Tofsac, romelic saqarTveloSi Semodioda. svaneTSi `yirimulTan~ erTad, Cans, Tofis saxeoba `kuTxa~ iyo gavrcelebuli, romelic folklorSic farTod aris asaxuli. es iyo dakuTxuli, xraxnilluliani SaSxana, romelic qaRaldis masriani vaznebiT iteneboda. am saxeobis Tofi evropaSi XVI saukuneSi gaCnda, 8 xolo jarebSi, masiurad XIX saukunidan gavrcelda. rodis Semodis aseTi formis Tofebi saqarTveloSi, ucnobia, Tumca misi asaxva folklorSi imis niSania, rom igi qarTveli mebrZolebisTvis XIX saukunidanve cnobili unda yofiliyo. dasartymeli iaraRi sabrZolo iaraRebSi mniSvnelovani adgili eWira dasartymel iaraRebs. aseTi iaraRebi iyo: laxti, gurzi, kverTxi, maTraxi. laxti sulxan-sabas mixedviT, `umkveTelo sacemi, saomari~ iaraRi iyo, romelsac qamarSi (welSi) CarWobils atarebdnen. misive ganmartebiT, laxtiviT iaraRi iyo `gurzi~ _ `laxtiviT didi, ufrTo~. wyaroebidan Cans, rom masac laxtiviT iyenebdnen. ivane javaxiSvili sabrZolo iaraRad miiCnevs kverTxs. sabas ganmartebiT, `kuerTxi saguemeli joxia.~ eTnografiuli monacemebiTac dasturdeba, rom joxi tradiciul iaraRs warmoadgenda. svanuri `mijJra~ amis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens. `mijJra~ masiuri xis joxia, romelsac wverze rkinis wveti aqvs gakeTebuli, xolo TavSi Tasmaa gayrili, romelic majaze ixveva. `mijJra~ rogorc mTaSi sasiarulod, ise sabrZolodac gamoiyeneboda. igi farTod iyo gamoyenebuli xalxur orTabrZolebSi. sainteresoa, rom svanurSi arsebobs zmna `lijJmri~, rac miwolas, mibjenas gulisxmobs. SesaZlebelia, aRniSnuli termini da zmna Sinaarsobrivad erTmaneTs ukavSirdebodes da `mijJra~ swored misi daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, `misawoli, misabjeni~ saSualeba iyos. dasartymel iaraRebs maTraxic miekuTvneboda, romelic Semdeg, mxolod sacxenosno iaraRad gadaiqca. qarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebidan Cans, rom Tavidan igi sabrZolo iaraRs warmoadgenda, romelic eTnografiul yofaSic SemorCa. maTraxi Sedgeba xis tarisgan, Tasmisgan da dawnuli tyavis Rvedisgan, romelsac zed rkinis mavTulebi aqvs daxveuli. maTraxi brZolis dros moxerxebulad gamoiyeneboda da rogorc Cans, sakmaod saxifaTo iaraRsac warmoadgenda. mkveTeli iaraRi sabrZolo Tu sayofacxovrebo TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze moxerxebuli da saWiro iaraRi, romelsac mniSvneloba cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamogonebis Semdegac ar daukargavs, mkveTeli, mWreli iaraRia. igi 9 adamianma uZveles droSive gamoigona, ganaviTara da dRemde iyenebs, rogorc erT-erT aucilebel nivTs. mkveTeli iaraRis saxeobebs miekuTvneba: xmali, maxvili, xanjali, daSna, didi dana, satevari, culi. rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebidan Cans, Zvel droSi yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli xmali yofila. igi sxvadasxva moyvanilobis iyo da ramdenime nawilisgan Sedgeboda: piri, kota (xelis mosakidebeli), vada an jvaredi. xmlis kotas, Tavs qudi erqva, romelic swori an mokauWebuli iyo. mis naxvretSi Tasma iyo gayrili, romelic meomars xmlis advilad dasaWerad, majaze hqonda Semoxveuli. xmali xarisxiT SeiZleboda an basri da magari, an rbili yofiliyo. misi es Tviseba feriTac iyo gamoxatuli, Calurjebuli anu `libri~ (libri _ Calurjebuli, ruxi) foladisa saukeTesod da basrad iTvleboda, xolo `TeTri~ ufro mdare xarisxis iyo. xmali xevsureTSic `jiSianad~ da `ujiSod~ iyo dayofili. `jiSiani~ xmlebis rigs `daviTferuli~, `franguli~ da `gordafranguli~ miekuTvneboda, xolo `ujiSos~ _ `Waruli~, `lekuri~ da sxva. xmlebi, xarisxis garda, erTmaneTisgan formiT da moyvanilobiTac gansxvavdeboda. sxvadasxva erebs sxvadasxva formis xmlebi hqondaT. rogorc istoriuli wyaroebidan Cans, qarTuli klasikuri xmali swori formis iyo da mas `Sveti~ erqva. saeklesio mxatvrobidan Cans, rom aseTi formis xmlebi saqarTveloSi XII saukunemde iyo gavrcelebuli, xolo XIII saukunidan xmlis forma odnav icvlis saxes da ixreba. es kargad Cans laSa-giorgis freskebSi: beTaniis monasterSi gamosaxul ufliswul laSas `Sveti~ xmali artyia, xolo berTubnis mxatvrobaSi, mefes ukve odnav moxrili xmali uCans. xmali orpirad mWreli iaraRi ar iyo, mas erT mxareze hqonda fxa, xolo meoreze _ yua, anu gnde. xmali ideboda Tavis budeSi, romelsac `qarqaSi~ erqva. qarqaSi sparsuli sityva `TarqaSidan~ momdinareobs. xmlis, SeiZleba iTqvas, amomwuravi da srulyofili daxasiaTeba sulxan-sabas aqvs mocemuli, romelsac ivane javaxiSvili fasdaudebels uwodebs: `xrmalica mravalgvarni arian sxvadasxva TemTa qmnilTaebr da romelica xmali Zveli, grZeli ganxrili, mzeveli, mkveTeli da srulia, gluvi iyos Tu gamoferdili, anu Rarosani, gorda Tu kaldimi, _ amas qarTvelni hyvaroben, frangnica eseTsa ... brZenni da gamocdilni, Rvawlisa mZleni mxedarni saqeburad amas dasdeben, romeli gvarianic iyos, Zveli da ara RvarWnili, araca sada mciredi simrude hqondes, arca maRal-dabloba aCndes caxeTaca odeni, libri iyos da ara TeTr, zomier sigrZiT da sibrtyiTa, ZvalTa da rkinaTa mkveTel da TviT 10 uvnebel, adre ara damblagvel, utal*-unafcxveno, yua-zrqel, gndeswore.~ xmals, Tavisi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, qarTul yofasa da samarTalSi gansakuTrebuli datvirTva hqonda. igi samefo xelisuflebis erT-erT simbolos warmoadgenda. mefed kurTxevis ritualis erT-erTi mTavari nawili mefisTvis xmlis Semortyma iyo, romlis uflebac mxolod samefo karze dawinaurebul feodals hqonda (mefed kurTxevisa da xmlis Semortymis ceremonialis amsaxveli erTaderTi freska mogvepoveba. masze gamosaxulia mefe demetre aRmaSeneblis Zis mefed kurTxeva svaneTSi _ latalis macxovris eklesiaSi). samefo darbazis etiketis mixedviT, mefesTan xmlis tarebis ufleba mxolod piradi dacvis ufross _ sefe-meabjres hqonda. xmals, rogorc Zalauflebis simbolos, atarebdnen agreTe amirspasalari da amilaxori. eTnografiuli masaliT dasturdeba, rom vaJisTvis xmlis tarebis uflebis miniWeba, mis srulwlovanebas, `kacad~ aRiarebas niSnavda. amave dros, xmlis matarebel adamians sazogadoebis winaSe meti pasuxismgebloba gaaCnda. rogorc qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebidan Cans, uZvelesi mkveTeli iaraRi iyo maxvili. mis did mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs qarTul enaSi damkvidrebuli gamoTqmebi: Wkuamaxvili, gonebamaxvili, enamaxvili da a.S. ivane javaxiSvili am sityvaTwarmoebas `laxvarsa da dalaxvros~ kombinacias adarebs. maxvili Zvelad mkveTri da wvetiani iaraRis saxeli iyo. cxadia, maxvili mWreli da basri iaraRi da, amave dros, farTod gavrcelebuli unda yofiliyo, vinaidan misi Tvisebebis gamomxatveli frazeologia gadataniTi mniSvnelobiTac damkvidrda sxva, arasabrZolo sferoSi. maxvili, aseve xelCarTul brZolaSi gamosayenebeli iaraRi iyo. is, ZiriTadad orlesuli iyo, Tumca gvxvdeba calpirgalesilic. sxvadasxvagvari iyo maxvilebis xarisxi da morTuloba; taris Tavic sxvadasxvanairi formis ukeTdeboda. daSna mkveTebeli iaraRis erT-erTi saxeobaa. igi Zveli sparsuli sityvaa da patara danas niSnavs, romlis damalvac Ceqmis yelSi SeiZleboda (ase atarebda mas amirani da roca devma gadaylapa, swored daSniT gamouWra ferdi). daSnas xelCarTuli brZolis dros xmarobdnen. es termini IX-X saukuneebSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli da garda sabrZolo iaraRisa, kalatozis salesav iaraRsac erqva. ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, es termini mxolod xevsurul dialeqtSia SemorCenili, Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom is svanurSic farTodaa gavrcelebuli. dana, romelic dRes sayofacxovrebo nivTs warmoadgens, XII saukunemde sabrZolo iaraRi iyo. Tumca, Cans, rom danas sameurneo daniSnulebac Tavidanve eqneboda, rasac eTnografiuli da lingvisturi 11 masalac adasturebs. kerZod, svanuri folkloris mixedviT Cans, rom svanebi did danas warmatebiT iyenebdnen omSi da es nivTi maTi aRWurvilobis erT-erT ZiriTad atributs warmoadgenda. qarTuli yofisTvis erT-erT yvelaze metad damaxasiaTebel atributs `xanjali~ warmoadgens. is sabrZolo iaraRia, amave dros, qarTuli klasikuri Cacmulobis aucilebeli elementia da saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSia gavrcelebuli. xanjali//xanjari _ sparsuli sityvaa da XV saukunidan Semodis qarTul metyvelebaSi. ivane javaxiSvili miiCnevs, rom am iaraRs, romelic warmoudgenelia rom XV saukunemde ar yofiliyo saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli, manamde maxvili unda rqmeoda. XVII saukuneSi gvxvdeba termini `satevari~, romelic Tavidan mTel saqarTveloSi yofila gavcelebuli, Semdeg ki, mxolod dasavleT saqarTveloSi SemorCenila. sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT, satevari qarTuli terminia da xanjals rqmevia: `xanjali sxvaTa enaa, sagverduli maxvilia, qarTulad satevari hqvian~. svanur folklorSi Semonaxulia saintereso termini `xangari~, romelic xanjlismagvari iaraRi unda yofiliyo. Tumca am terminis raobisa da sadaurobis Sesaxeb, lingvisturi gamokvleva ar Catarebula. iaraRebis arsebul klasifikaciaSi arsad ar aris aRniSnuli uZvelesi da qarTuli kulturisTvis gamorCeulad damaxasiaTebeli saxeoba _ culi, romelsac Tavidanve orgvari _ sameurneo da sabrZolo daniSnuleba hqonda. culi uZvelesi droidan gvxvdeba saqarTvelos teritoriaze, is Tavisi moyvanilobisa da daniSnulebis mixedviT, ramdenime saxeobad iyofa, xolo misi ganviTarebis mwvervals ki warmoadgens brinjaos `kolxuri culi~, romelic gamorCeuli iyo Tavisi formiT, xarisxiT da maRali mxatvruli doniT. culi kolxi meomrebis SeiaraRebis aucilebel atributs warmoadgenda. Semdeg, cxadia Secvlili formiT, culi isev gamoiyeneboda sabrZolo daniSnulebiT, gansakuTrebiT mTian regionebSi, Tumca, sabolood, mas mxolod sameurneo funqcia darCa. iaraRis es saxeoba gamoiyeneboda xelCarTuli brZolis dros. Mmis popularobaze metyvelebs uamravi arqeologiuri masala da saistorio wyaroebis monacemebi. sainteresoa Zveli welTaRricxvis V saukunis meomris qandakeba, romlis mixedviTac Cans, Tu rogor atarebdnen meomrebi sabrZolo culs. am meomars culi marjvena gverdze, tariT qveviT aqvs Camokidebuli. sabrZolo iaraRis erT-erT saintereso saxeobas warmoadgens `saTiTuri~//saceruli, romelic mxolod xevsureTSia gavrcelebuli. saTiTuri rkinis brtyeli rgolia, romlis gareTa piris rgoli alesilia anda kbilebiTaa dafaruli. saTiTurebi sxvadasxva formisaa da 12 saxelebic sxvadasxva aqvs: `xveula~, `zurgana~, `maRala~, `Rajia~, `lesula~, `calkbila~ da sxva. saTiTuri, rogorc es saxelwodebidanac Cans, TiTze keTdeboda da Cxubis dros gamoiyeneboda. igi Tavisi mWreli pirisa da kbilanebis meSveobiT, seriozul zians ayenebda adamians. saTiTuri Sedgeboda kbilebis, kbilis Zirebis, budisa da yuisagan. igi adgilobriv, xevsuri ostatebis mier mzaddeboda. saTiTuri mxolod xevsureTSia gavrcelebuli da amitomac, xevsuruli kulturis elementad aris miCneuli. Tavisi originaluri formisa da daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, saTiTuris Casma iaraRis romelime jgufSi, rTulia. igi aris rogorc dasartymeli, aseve mkveTebeli iaraRi, Tumca SesaZlebelia, igi mainc dasartymeli iaraRebis jgufs mivakuTvnoT. samtvrevi iaraRebi rogorc aRniSnuli gvqonda, calke jgufad unda iyos gamoyofili cixe-simagreTa asaRebi saSualebebi, romelTac pirobiTad SeiZleba samtvrevi iaraRebi ewodos. am jgufSi unda moTavsdes filakavanic, romelic satyorcn iaraRebsaa mikuTvnebuli, vinaidan igi cixesimagreebis asaRebad da zRudeTa Sesamtvrevad ixmareboda. am tipis iaraRebis arseboba, ZiriTadad svaneTSi dasturdeba, Tumca momavali kvleva mas, cxadia, danarCen kuTxeebSic gamoavlens. rogorc eTnografiuli masalidan Cans, svanebi kedlebisa da karebis Sesamtvrevad xmarobdnen mowyobilobebs, romelTac `jorai~ da `kikber~ ewodebaT. `jorai~ mozrdili moria, romelsac aTi-TxuTmeti vaJkaci xelebiT maRla swevs da saxlis karebs an WiSkars Sesamtvrevad amoqanebiT urtyams. `jorai~-is gamoyeneba simbolurad dafiqsirebulia erT-erTi ritualis, Ó`uRulaSobis~ dros. dResaswaulis meore dRes axalgazrda kacebi Seikribebian da sofels Camoivlian. yvela mosaxle am droisaTvis kar-fanjrebs ketavs, xolo axalgazrdebi ZaliT cdiloben SigniT SeRwevas. Tu karebs verafriT ver SeaReben, aiReben `jorais~ da urtyamen karebs. sainteresoa, rom am dros saxlebSi mxolod qalebi da mozardebi unda yofiliyvnen, romlebic wyliTa da sxva saSualebebiT cdiloben maT mogeriebas. SeiZleba vigulisxmoT, rom am ritualis safuZveli, iseve rogorc mravali sxva amgvari ritualisa, Zveli yofiTi realiebi unda iyos. 13 am tipis samtvrev saSualebebs ganekuTvneba agreTve `kikberi~. `kikberi~ didi xis mori yofila. es mori sam adgilas yofila gaxvretili, sadac xelis mosakideblad xis ketebi hqonia gayrili. am ketebs or-ori kaci hkidebda xels da amtvrevdnen kars an kedels. rogorc enaTmecnierebi Tvlian, am sityvas Semdeg Zalis mniSvnelobac miuRia. sainteresoa, rom sityva `kikberi~ odnav saxecvlili gvxvdeba leCxumur dialeqtSic, sadac is aseve xis mors aRniSnavs. `kakibera~ samzareulo saxlSi Suacecxlis pirdapir, zeviT gadebuli xea, romelzedac saqvabe hkidia. SesaZlebelia, rom `kikber~ Tavdapirvelad leCxumSic iseTi daniSnulebisa iyo, rogorc svaneTSi da es sityvac Zveli qarTulis im terminebsa da iaraRebs miekuTvnebodes, romlebic saerTo iyo qarTuli samyarosaTvis; an igi leCxumur metyvelebaSi svanuridan aris Sesuli. koSkis asaRebad svaneTSi kidev erTi saSualeba iyo gamoyenebuli, romelsac `laSxiar~ erqva. sakmao simaRleze, erTmaneTze damagrebul xeebs koSks yvela mxridan Semouwyobdnen da cecxls moukidebdnen, rasac SeiZleboda koSkis dangreva mohyoloda. termini warmoebulia sityva `liSxi~-sgan, rac dawvas niSnavs, `laSxiar~ = dasawvavi saSualeba. Tavdasacavi iaraRi omSi Tavdasacav iaraRs sabrZoloze aranaklebi mniSvneloba hqonda, amitom isic uZveles droSive Cndeba. wyaroebidan Cans, rom qarTveluri tomebi Tavidanve atarebdnen xis, selisa da tyavisagan damzadebul sxvadasxva saxis Tavdacvis saSualebebs. Tavdasacavi iaraRi, Tavisi daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, ramdenime saxeobad iyofa: 1. Tavsaburavi, 2. gul-mkerdis sacavi, 3. qveda nawilis sacavi, 4. fari da CelTi. saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi Cans, rom Tavdasacavi saSualebebi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli da sakmaod Camoyalibebul saxesac atarebda. misi damzadebis teqnologiebs mosaxleobac flobda da iseve, rogorc sabrZolo iaraRs, saWiro Tavdasacav saSualebebsac Tavadve amzadebda. rac Seexeba arqeologiur monacemebs, maT mixedviT dasturdeba, rom antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi Tavdasacavi iaraRebidan gavrcelebuli iyo: beqTari, muzaradi, fari da wvivsafari. qarTul enaSi Tavsaburavi saSualebebis aRmniSvnelad, sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva terminebi gamoiyeneboda. am terminTa da saganTa yvelaze sruli ganmartebebi sulxan-sabas moepoveba. igi TavsaburTa zogad 14 saxelad `zuCs~ miiCnevs da masSi aerTianebs sxvadasxva saxeobebs. Tavsaburavis aRmniSvnel yvelaze Zvel qarTul terminad Cafxuti gvevlineba. m. andronikaSvili ki am sityvas osur `jaWvis quds~ ukavSirebs da misgan momdinared Tvlis, Tumca Cven ivane javaxiSvilis mosazreba ufro marTebulad migvaCnia, rasac qarTuli sityvebi _ `Camoifxata, Camofxatebulic~ unda adasturebdes. ratom aris SeuZlebeli, rom es termini piriqiT _ osurSi qarTulidan Sesuliyo? Cafxutis paralelurad gvxvdeba `CaCqani~, romlis warmomavlobac gaurkvevelia. amave mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba terminebi zaradi, muzaradi da Cabalaxi. muzaradi zaradisgan aris warmoebuli. Tavis mxriv, es termini Zveli sparsulisagan arabuls SeuTvisebia. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis monacemebs, aqac metnaklebad erTnairi suraTi gvaqvs, Tumca svanur folklorSi Tavsaburavis mniSvnelobiT, ZiriTadad `zuCi~ (zurCi) ixmareba, xolo xevsurulSi _ `CaCqani~ da `zaradi.~ sabas ganmartebiT, Tavsaburavi xuTi saxeobisa iyo da erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeboda. romelsac Tavze dasaxuri rkina kvercxiseburi moyvanilobisa hqonda, xolo win da ukan grZlad zaradi (naqsovi rkina) hqonda Semovlebuli, `zuCi~ ewodeboda (masve zogjer uwodebdnen muzarads); `zuCis~ msgavs Tavdasaxurs, romelsac zaradi ar hqonda Semovlebuli, magram hqonda cxviris dasafarebeli rkina _ sacxvire, Cafxuti erqva. Txemze rkinis mTliani dasafarebeli da ukan (kisris mxares) mcire zaradSemovlebuli CaCqani iyo, xolo mTlianad jaWvisagan moqsovil Tavsaburavs, erTiani rkinis nawilis gareSe, Cabalaxi erqva. xevsureTSi gavrcelebuli Tavsaburavi (CaCqani) ori nawilisagan Sedgeboda: `CaCqanis jami~, romelic rkinis kopebiT iyo morTuli da jamidan CamoSvebuli rkinis bade, romelsac xevsurebic zarads uwodeben. zaradi mTlianad faravda saxes, mas `saTvalurebi~ hqonda, saidanac molaSqre ixedeboda. rkinis Tavsaburavis SigniT, meomari Tavze ixuravda nabdis quds an Caifenda `sadebs~, raTa dartymis Sedegad Tavi ar stkenoda. Tavidan aseTive daniSnuleba hqonda SeTavsebuli svanur qudsac, romelsac meomari `zurCis~ qveS ixuravda. jaWvi meomris Tavdasacavi umTavresi saSualeba iyo. swored mis simtkicesa da maRal xarisxze iyo umeteswilad damokidebuli meomris usafrTxoeba. Tu rodis da sad gaCnda Tavdapirvelad jaWvis (rkinis) javSani, gamorkveuli ar aris, Tumca saqarTvelos teritoriaze mravlad aris aRmoCenili Zveli welTaRricxvis droindeli javSnis nawilebi (brinjao, spilenZi), romlebic gansxvavebuli formebiT xasiaTdebian (vani, TrialeTi, kldeeTi, enguris SesarTavis samxreTi da a. S.), rac imis 15 utyuari dasturia, rom Tavdasacavi saSualebis es saxeoba qarTvelur tomebSi Zveli welTaRricxvis II aTaswleulis II naxevridan ukve Cndeba. sayuradReboa isic, rom ruseTSi jaWvi X saukunidan vrceldeba da savaraudod, dasavleT evropaSi, jaWvis perangs aRmosavleTisa da SavizRvispireTis gavleniT, aseve mxolod jvarosnuli laSqrobebis Semdgom periodSi gavrcelebulad Tvlian. jaWvis perangi adgilobrivi warmoebis rom iyo da saqarTveloSi misi damzadebs teqnologia Semdgom periodSic rom maRal doneze idga, amas werilobiTi, arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli masalebic adasturebs. muzeumebSi mravlad aris daculi javSnis fragmentebi da sxvadasxva nawilebi. ganTqmuli yofila gudamayruli Cabalaxi, SabalxeTuri jaWvi, xolo svanuri sabuTi _ `jafariZeebis sasisxlo sigeli~, am mxriv, fasdaudebel informacias Seicavs. aq moxseniebulia sxvadasxva saxeobis 300 jaWvis perangi, romelic svanebma sisxlis safasurSi gadaixades. cxadia, rom ara javSnis adgilze warmoeba (razec metyvelebs agreTve jaWvis perangebis konkretuli saxeldebebi maTi damzadebis mixedviT, magaliTad: samanqanuri da zeidali), es patara kuTxe verafriT ver moaxerxebda amdeni jaWvis perangis gadaxdas. jaWvis perangis saxeobaze, mis Tvisebebsa da saxelwodebebze, dawvrilebiTi informacia isev sulxan-sabas moepoveba. misive cnobiT, rkinis perangebis aRmniSvnel zogad terminad `javSani~ ixmareboda, romelic xuTi gvaris yofila: samanqani, zeidali, xosroani, qirifqa da jabala. es saxeobebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeboda sxvadasxva niSnebiT: fareSovani da ufareSo, nikartovani, gadagrexiT Znelad gadasatexi, mrgval da brtyel Tvaliani, basrTvliani, RarRarovani da a.S. iqve, sabas mocemuli aqvs, Tu rogori unda iyos kargi abjari: `grZeli da farTo, jaWvisTvali razmad da razmad dawyobili iyos, fareS-Svenieri da Znelad gasaxsneli, notioobaSi gvian dagesldes (e. i. dasveldes, x. i.), yrili ara hqondes, kalTidam SedevnebiT usxo* da usxosi iyos, mkerdTa, beWTa da RliaTa uzrqelesi* da miyrili iyos.~ ivane javaxiSvilis samarTliani SeniSvniT, sulxan-sabas iqve aqvs miTiTebuli javSnis kidev erTi saxeoba Torni, romelic `tansacvamia rkinis jaWviviT, magram ars mTeli rkina polotiki* tanTCasacmeli.~ Torni mTliani foladisagan an spilenZisagan gakeTebuli safari iyo, romelic orad ixsneboda da ikvreboda, an iyo xuTnawilovani erTmaneTze gadabmuli javSani, romelic danarCenebisgan swored am mTlianobiT gansxvavdeboda. rogorc aRiniSna, javSnis damzadeba saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi scodniaT, ris dasadastureblad davimowmebT xevsurul da svanur eTnografiul da folklorul monacemebs. 16 xevsuruli jaWvis perangi ZiriTadad fareSianad da ufareSod iyofoda. igi Camodis `sawelemde da mklavebze idayvebamde~. jaWvi, CaCqanTan erTad, xevsuri meomris aucilebel Tavdasacav iaraRs warmoadgenda. rac Seexeba svaneTs, folkloruli monacemebiT, aqauri SeiaraReba moicavs: `abjars, zurCs, heSnavirs (samklauri) da samuxleebs (`leqTuilir~).” abjari anu rkinis perangi, aq ZiriTadad samanqanuri da zedaluri saxis yofila gavrcelebuli. jaWvis perangis nawili iyo agreTve `qaSqani _ javSnis samxariRlie~, romelic mxarsa da iRlias icavda. calke elementebs warmoadgenda mklavis dasafari saSualeba, romelic javSnis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda. sabas mis saxelad `xelnavi~ aqvs moyvanili: Ã`xelnavi _ saomari samklave~. `samklave~ erqva xevsuruli javSnis nawilsac, romelic idayvidan majamde faravda mklavs. samklave Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: 1. samklave, 2. samajuri. eseni erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia `WikuTi~ (girgolebi _ patara rgolebi). samklaves aqvs `Rvedebi~, riTac igi mklavze magrdeba. `xelnavi~ anu samklave svanuri abjris aucilebel atributadac gvevlineba. mas svanurad `xeSnaJir~ hqvia. svanuri Tavdasacavi iaraRis Semadgenloba kargad Cans erT-erT leqsSi: `tanze Cavicvam abjars, Tavze davixurav zuCs, mklavebze movicvam begTars.~ Cans, rom `xeSnaJir~, rogorc fonetikurad ise semantikuradac, xelnavis analogiuri formaa. xevsuruli abjris SemadgenlobaSi warmodgenilia `safuxari~, xelis mtevnis dasafari jaWvis TaTmani (safuxari _ xelsacvami). sabrZolo xelTaTmanis gareTa mxare jaWviT iyo dafaruli, Sida ki _ qsovliT gamokruli. javSnis gareT xSirad icvamdnen saomar samosels, romelsac sabas ganmatebiT, `ialmagi~ (almagi) hqvia: `almagi samoseli ars jaWvTa garegan sacmeli~. sxeulis qveda nawilis dasacavad gamoyenebuli iyo samuxle da sabarkuli. samuxle polotiki, romelsac `sayirmuza“, ewodeboda muxlis dasafari nawilia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom polotiki mTlian rkinas hqvia, aRmoCndeba, rom meomrebi muxlis dasafarad erTian samuxles xmarobdnen. samuxles iyenebdnen agreTve svanebi, romlebsac `leqvTiliar~ erqva. `sabarkuli~ gvxvdeba `vefxistyaosansa~ da `SahnavazianSi~. rogorc TviT terminidanac Cans, `sabarkuli~ barklis safar nawils unda rqmeoda. 17 daaxloebiT amave daniSnulebis elements Seicavs xevsuruli abjari, romelsac `saCerne~ ewodeba. igi nawarmoebia sityvisgan `Cerani~ (xevsurulad wvivis Zvali). `saCerne~ meomris wvivs faravda, modioda TeZodan da koWamde grZeldeboda, jaWvisgan iyo moqsovili da gadakerebuli iyo Sarvalze. iaraRis mkvlevari guram gasitaSvili mas xevsuruli abjris Tavisebur elements uwodebs, Tumca Cveni azriT, is `sabarkulis~ msgavsia da saerTo qarTuli abjris maxasiaTebelia. Tavdasacavi iaraRis aucilebel atributs warmoadgens fari, romelsac uZvelesi droidan iyenebdnen qarTveluri tomebi. Tavidan gamoiyeneboda dawnuli, xis, tyavis an tyavgadakruli farebi. qarTveluri tomebi, ZiriTadad patara mrgvali formis farebs iyenebdnen. maT Soris mxolod iberielebis Sesaxeb aris cnoba, rom maT didi zomis farebi hqondaT. brinjaos uZvelesi fari, romelic saqarTveloSia aRmoCenili, Zv. w. XII-IX saukuneebs miekuTvneba. aseTi formis farebi aq XVII saukunemde gamoiyeneboda. mrgvali formis fari, mecnierTa mier, ZiriTadad, cxenosnobasTanaa dakavSirebuli, vinaidan is msubuqi da patara zomisaa, mxedrisTvis ufro mosaxerxebeli iyo. faris damzadeba yvela kuTxeSi icodnen, ZiriTadad mzaddeboda xeze tyavgadkruli farebi, romelTac zed rkinis salteebi ukeTdeboda. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi farisTvis saWiro tyavs Savad Rebavdnen, ris gamoc maT `Savfarosnebad~ (`yarayalRanebi~) moixseniebdnen. qarTuli mrgvali formis fari masalis da damzadebis teqnikis mixedviT, SeiZleba daiyos oTx jgufad: xis farebi anda tyavgadakruli wnuli farebi, tyavis farebi, kombinirebuli (tyavis fari, rkinis salteebiT SeWedili) da rkinis farebi. fars hqonda tyavis sakidi, romliTac is meomris mxarze iyo gadakidebuli. ukana mxares ki, xelis Casakidebeli (sabRuji) hqonda. xevsurebi Cveulebrivi mrgvali faris garda, xmarobdnen e. w. `ubis fars~, romelsac ubeSi, marcxena mxares, gulis dasacavad idebdnen. sainteresoa, rom abjris gamoyenebamde mkerdis (gulis) msgavsi dasacavi saSualeba bevr Zvel xalxSi gamoiyeneboda, rac xevsurebis mier`ubis faris~ saxiT gvianobamde iqna Semonaxuli. mrgvali formis farebis garda, qarTvelebi iyenebdnen agreTve ovalur da didi zomis farebsac, rasac `delamfari~ erqva. `delamfari~ naxsenebia xalxur poeziasa da TqmulebebSi. farTan erTad, sabas Tavdasacav iaraRad naxsenebi aqvs `CelTi~, romelsac ganmartavs, rogorc brtyel maxvils. Tumca, ivane javaxiSvili am cnobas Secdomad miiCnevs da Tvlis, rom `CelTi~ fariviT (oTxkuTxa) iaraRi iyo. iaraRis tarebas Sesabamisi wesebi gaaCnda. mSvidobianobis dros, samefo jaris iaraRi zaradxanaSi inaxeboda samxedro droSasTan erTad da mas mxolod brZolis dawyebis win gadascemdnen meomrebs. rac Seexeba 18 mosaxleobaSi arsebul iaraRs, mSvidobianobis dros sruli aRWurvilobis tareba ar iyo rekomendebuli, amitomac ZiriTadi SeiaraReba ojaxebSi iyo Senaxuli. rogorc ivane javaxiSvili aRniSnavs, iaraRis masiurad tarebis wesi mxolod gvian, mZime saSinao-sagareo mdgomareobis dros damkvidrda, roca mosaxleoba iZulebuli iyo Tavad daecva Tavi mosalodneli Tu moulodneli safrTxisgan. Tumca, amave dros, qarTul yofaSi arsebobda Zvirfasi, sazeimo xasiaTis msubuqi iaraRis tarebis wesi, rac qarTuli Cacmulobis organul nawils warmoadgenda (qamar-xanjali). uZvelesi droidan gavrcelebuli iyo sabrZolo saxeobis erT-erTi saxeoba, sabrZolo etli, romlis warmoSobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva versiebia gavrcelebuli. is ar iTvleba tradiciul qarTul sabrZolo saxeobad, Tumca arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT dasturdeba, rom sabrZolo etli antikur saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli saxeoba iyo da, ZiriTadad, xelmisawvdomi mxolod samxedro aristokratiisTvis iyo. X X X sakiTxis Sesaswavlad didi mniSvneloba aqvs iaraRis amsaxvel qarTvelur terminologias, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleboda da ZiriTadad, im erebTan xangrZlivi urTierTobebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, visTanac qarTvelebs omebis warmoeba uxdebodaT. sabrZolo-TavdacviTi iaraRis aRmniSvneli uZvelesi qarTuli terminebi iyo saWurveli da Wuri, romelnic droTa ganmavlobaSi gandevnili iqna xmarebidan da maT Caenacvla abjari, romelsac ivane javaxiSvili ucxoenovan terminad miiCnevda da werda, rom `misi Ziri da etimologia arsad Cans da sadauroba gamosarkvevia~. rac Seexeba periods, Tu rodis moxda `abjris~ damkvidreba qarTul enaSi, ivane javaxiSvilis Tanaxmad `IX-X saukuneebis ZeglebSi abjaric da saWurvelic gvxvdeba, XII saukuneSi ukve abjari imarjvebs, xolo saWurveli TandaTan qreba da mwignobrul sityvad xdeba~. mzia andronikaSvilis gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, `qarTuli abjrisTvis amosaval formad unda miviCnioT sparsuli `abajar~, rac `iaraRs, instruments, mowyobilobas~ niSnavs. mas agreTve miaCnia, rom abjari Tumca pirvelad `moqcevaiÁ qarTlisaSi~ gvxvdeba, magram qarTul enaSi Semosuli ufro adre, arSakiduli periodis bolos unda iyos. termini `abjari~ saba orbelianTan asea ganmartebuli: `abjari-ese zogadi saxeli ars yovelTa saWurvelTa da ufrosad sacvamTa jaWvTa~. `abjari – saWurveli, iaraRi~ (i. abulaZe); `abjari-Zveli samxedro saWurveli, iaraRi~ (qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni). rogorc vxedavT, yvela ZiriTad leqsikonSi abjars erTnairi ganmarteba aqvs, igi 19 zogadi saxelia sabrZolo-TavdacviTi iaraRisa, rogorc jaWv-javSanis, ise saWrel-sakveTelis. ivane javaxiSvili, romelmac am kuTxiT safuZvlianad gamoikvlia qarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebi, im daskvnamde mivida, rom `abjari~ zogadi mniSvnelobis mqone cneba iyo, xmalic `abjrad~ yofila miCneuli da es sityva XVIII saukunemde iqna daculi, ris Semdegac igi adgils uTmobs Turqul termins `iaraRi~, romelic XV saukunidanaa cnobili da XVIII saukunidan ukve sabolood mkvidrdeba. es termini Tanamedrove samxedro xelovnebaSic ualternativoa. iaraRis aRmniSvneli terminologiis Sesaswavlad, mniSvnelovania qarTvelur enaTa monacemebic. svanurSi termini `abjari~ (folklorisa da werilobiTi Zeglebis monacemebi) swored iseTive mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba, rogorc is sulxan-sabasTan aris ganmartebuli. `abjari~ aq ZiriTadad, tanze Casacmel jaWvis perangs niSnavs, Tumca zogjer krebsiTi mniSvnelobiTac ixmareba. es ki srulad Seesabameba `abjris~ sabaseul ganmartebas: `abjari ese zogadi saxeli ars yovelTa saWurvelTa da ufrosad sacvamTa jaWvTa~. sainteresoa, rom svanur folklorSi iaraRis zogad, krebsiT terminad dasturdeba `aveji~, romelic `abjris~ paralelurad ixmareba da ufro farTo mniSvneloba gaaCnia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es sityva `iaraRis~ Sinaarsis matarebelia. rasac qarTul enaSi `abjari~ moicavda mTlianobaSi, is svanur metyvelebaSic (iseve, rogorc qarTulSi), rogorc Cans, Semdgom danawevrda: `abjari~ ufro jaWv-perangs gulisxmobs, xolo danarCen sabrZolo iaraRs termini `aveji~ gamoxatavs. aveji arabuli sityvaa: `havaiju~ da niSnavs saWiro sagans, nivTs~ (g. wereTeli). igi SedarebiT gvian Semosuli Cans qarTul enaSi, radganac Zveli qarTuli enis ZeglebSi, maT Soris `vefxistyaosanSic~, ar gvxvdeba. Tanamedrove qarTulSi ki, misi mniSvneloba aseTia: `aveji – binis mosawyobi skami, magida da sxva; samkauli, oTaxis mosawyobmosarTavi nivTebi~ (qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni). asevea igi ganmartebuli saba orbelianis leqsikonSi: `aveji-ese ars saxlis iaraRi da WurWeli, ragindra~, xolo svanur enaSi am terminma sabrZolo iaraRis mniSvneloba SeiZina, rac ufro axlos dgas am sityvis arabul mniSvnelobasTanac, sadac is saWiro sagansa da nivTs niSnavda. TiTqmis analogiuri mniSvneloba gaaCnia am leqsemas raWul da leCxumur metyvelebaSi. X X X samxedro wes-CveulebaTa da iaraRis tarebis kultura, rogorc qarTul laSqarSi, ise ubralo mosaxleobaSi maRal doneze idga. 20 mxedruli unarebis swavlebas vaJisTvis ojaxi pataraobidanve iwyebda, xolo 15-16 wlidan mas ukve namdvili iaraRis tarebis ufleba eZleoda. yvela kuTxeSi ganviTarebuli iyo sabrZolo wesebisa da iaraRis gamoyenebis swavlebis kultura, rac farikaoba-xmalaobaSi (keWnaoba), orTabrZola-Widaobebis (xridoli) sxvadasxva saxeobebSi gamoixateboda. meomruli Cvevebis gamomuSaveba-daxvewas agreTve uamravi sabavSo TamaSobebi da nadirobis rTuli Cveuleba emsaxureboda. qarTul SeiaraRebaSi sabrZolo da Tavdasacavi iaraRis TiTqmis yvela saxeobaa warmodgenili, rac uZvelesi droidan omis sawarmoeblad gamoiyeneboda. amave dros, qarTuli SeiaraReba Seicavs adgilobrivi warmoSobis Tavisebur elementebsac, rac iaraRis maRal kulturaze metyvelebs. amasTanave, gamoCnda, rom sabrZolo-TavdacviTi iaraRi uZveles periodsa da Sua saukuneebSi, ufro metad maRalxarisxovani iyo da Sesabamisi periodis moTxovnebs sruliad akmayofilebda. cecxlsasroli iaraRis gaCenis Semdeg, viTareba Zireulad icvleba: Tu manamde, iaraRis TiTqmis sruli Semadgenloba, ZiriTadad adgilze iwarmoeboda, Tanac maRali xarisxis, cecxlsasroli iaraRis importi mTlianad ucxoeTidan xdeba. amgvarad, saqarTvelo, misTvis erT-erT yvelaze mZime periodSi, mTlianad sxvaze damokidebuli xdeba. viTareba XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi odnav icvleba: adgilze xdeba Tofebis awyoba da gamarTva, Cndeba saartilerio danadgarebi, Tumca es mTlian suraTs ver cvlis. amdenad, xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, iaraRis warmoebisa da xmarebis maRali kulturis mqone qveyana, faqtobrivad mTlianad eTiSeba am sferos da axali tipis iaraRis SeqmnaSi monawileobas ver iRebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maRal doneze ganviTarebuli sabrZoloTavdacviTi iaraRi, misi mravalferovneba da maRali xarisxi, samxedro CveulebaTa maRali kultura da meomruli xasiaTi, erTobliobaSi ganapirobebda gamocdili, didi tradiciebis mqone Zlieri mebrZolis Camoyalibebas, romelic warmatebulad icavda Tavis qveyanas. amdenad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saqarTvelo uZvelesi da didi sabrZolo tradiciebis qveyanaa, romelmac Tavisi wvlili Seitana msoflio samxedro xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi. 21 ganmartebiTi leqsikoni * polotiki _ foladi, mTliani rkina. tali _ namsxvrevi, natexi; e. i. unamsxvrevo. uzsqelesi _ sqeli. usxo _ wvrilze odnav sqeli. 22 gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi: • abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb., 1973. • m. andronikaSvili, narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobidan, Tb., 1966. • g. anCabaZe, samxedro istoria, Tb., 2002. • g. gasitaSvili, xevsuruli abjari, mse, IX, 1957. • Tofuria, qaldani, svanuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2002. • x. ioseliani, samxedro saqmis istoriidan svaneTSi, istoriuleTnografiuli YZiebani, IV, Tb., 2002. • x. ioseliani, sabrZolo-TavdacviTi iaraRis amsaxveli terminebi svanur enaSi, istoriul-eTnografiuli Ziebani, IV, Tb., 2002. • l. saxarova, uZvelesi sabrZolo iaraRis istoriisTvis, macne, istoriis seria, Tb., 1973, #3. • svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, t. I, Tb., 1991. • svanuri poezia, Tb., 1939. • svanuri prozauli teqstebi, balsqvemouri kilo, II, Tb., 1975. • svanuri prozauli teqstebi, laSxuri kilo, Tb., 1979. • sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, t. I, Tb., 1991. • sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, t. II, Tb., 1993. • qarTlis cxovreba, cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, t. I, gv. 357, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1955. • qarTvelur enaTa leqsika, I, Tb., 1938. • qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. I, Tb., 1950. • al. Rlonti, qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, Tb., 1984. • k. ColoyaSvili, qarTuli sabrZolo iaraRebi, fari, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XVIII. • g. wereTeli, arabuli qrestomaTia leqsikoniTurT, Tb, 2000. • iv. javaxiSvili, masalebi qarTveli eris materialuri kulturis istoriisaTvis, III-IV, Tb. 1962. • x. ioseliani, svaneTis eTnografiuli dRiuri (xelnaweri). 23 qamar-xanjali (mestiis mxareTmcodneobiTi muzeumi) Tofebi, xanjali (mestiis 24 mxareTmcodneobiTi muzeumi) mSvildi da isrebi (mestiis mxareTmcodneobiTi muzeumi) fari (mestiis mxareTmcodneobiTi muzeumi) 25 Tofebi, dambaCebi, xmlebi, sapirwamleebi (mestiis mxareTmcodneobiTi muzeumi) farebi, isrebi, mSvildebi (mestiis 26 mxareTmcodneobiTi muzeumi) jaWvis perangi (mestiis mxareTmcodneobiTi muzeumi) erekle II-is xmali Telavis muzeumSi 27
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