Iam pleased to present you the second updated edition of our

Transcrição

I
am pleased to present you the second updated edition of our university’s research brochure.
Much in the tradition of the first edition, it is designed to inform an interested public in
Germany and abroad on the achievements of the Universität der Bundeswehr München in the
field of scientific research.
Over the past three years, the Universität der Bundeswehr München has constantly expanded
its main field of research “Security in Technology and Society”. We encounter current aspects of
security research in a variety of different areas: political conflicts, unpredictable natural disasters,
security gaps in IT systems, and the global financial crisis. Against this backdrop, the University’s
scientists analyze and study the topic of security in its full complexity in various fields of research
and application. Security requirements in technology and society are changing at a dazzling pace,
and it is up to scientists to develop procedures and methods to adequately deal with these challen-
ges. Today the ability to accomplish this task necessitates cooperation among scientists of different
disciplines and different institutions who share their experience and knowledge and make optimal
use of synergies.
The Universität der Bundeswehr München has also enriched its research activities by entering into
new cooperations in the past years, which include important cooperation agreements with extra-
university research facilities and industrial enterprises in the fields of electrical engineering and
information technology. An important network for aerospace engineering was established with
the founding of Munich Aerospace, an association of four Munich-based research institutions. Here
our university is making valuable contributions to space research, a major field of research which
we intend to expand in the future. The planning of additional research centers in other fields is
already underway.
The following pages offer more detailed information on the different research projects conducted
by our scientists as well as comments by some of our new cooperation partners. I hope that you
will find this to be both interesting and informative!
Merith Niehuss
President of the Universität der Bundeswehr München
Munich/Neubiberg, August 2010
President’s
Foreword
2 | 32 Content
Road Traffic Safety & Safety of Infrastructure
Human beings are incapable of preventing natural disasters such as earthquakes or floods.
However, we can learn how to assess risks and to prepare ourselves so as to minimize the
damage caused by disasters or unforeseen events. Researchers at the University are working
in a variety of fields towards this common goal.
Are our Buildings Safe? Prof. Norbert Gebbeken
4
Caution, Landslide Ahead! Prof. Conrad Boley
8
Flood Protection on a Local Scale Prof. Andreas Malcherek New Solutions for Improving Water Supply Prof. Wolfgang Günthert,
10
Dr.-Ing. Steffen Krause, Wolfgang Walter
12
Traffic of the Future Prof. Hans Joachim Wünsche, Prof. Berthold Färber
15
Securing Energy Resources in a Responsible Way
Energy is a scarce and valuable commodity. Researchers at the University are working on
technologies to exert energy in the most efficient ways possible. Using such technology
energy can be saved or even gained – and the applications are both safe and innovative!
Energy from the Flow Prof. Michael Pfitzner
18
Innovative Drive Mechanisms Prof. Dieter Gerling
20
New Technologies to Safeguard the Future Dr. Rainer Martens 23
Safety in Space Research
Since the beginning of time, outer space has captivated the imagination of man and stimulated our scientific curiosity. The University is also active in the fields of aviation and space
travel: researchers at our university are exploring space, investigating planets, and developing
technology to improve the safety and efficiency of aircrafts and space shuttles.
Safety Technologies in Modern Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines Prof. Reinhard Niehuis, Dr. Stefan Bindl
Materials Are Crucial for Vehicle and Passenger Safety Prof. Hans-Joachim Gudladt,
24
Prof. Jürgen v. Czarnecki, Prof. Günther Dollinger, Dr. Werner Egger
26
Cognitive Automation Applied to Flight Guidance Prof. Axel Schulte, Stefan Brüggenwirth
30
Systems in Space – Far Away and Complex, Safe and Reliable Prof. Roger Förstner 32
Satellite Navigation Will Affect Everyone’s Lives Prof. Bernd Eissfeller, Prof. Günter Hein
34
Safety in Technology and Communication
Developments in information technology and telecommunications have helped to make our
world a safer place: from security systems to biometric passports and risk evaluation, IT has
been involved in a wide variety of advances in this area. One of the challenges facing our
researchers is figuring out how to keep complex systems of networks manageable and how
to secure digital data for future generations.
Sensor Development for Safety and Security Applications Prof. Walter Hansch IT Security and Management Challenges: Today and Tomorrow
38
Prof. Gabrijela Dreo Rodosek, Prof. Gunnar Teege
40
Networked for Improved IT Security Dr. Udo Helmbrecht
42
Operations Research: High-Dimensional Complexity Management Prof. Stefan Pickl
43
Saving Data for Future Generations Prof. Uwe Borghoff, Prof. Klaus Buchenrieder
44
The Entire History of Electronic Data Processing Prof. John Zabolitzky
47
Network Centric Emergency and Crisis Management Prof. Bernhard Katzy, Prof. Ulrike Lechner
48
Social and Economical Dimensions of Security
War and crises, terror and stock market crashes – personal safety and social security will be
threatened in many ways in the 21st century. Researchers at the University have been examining
how to confront these challenges that affect individuals, politics and society, as economics and
international politics will need new concepts and methods if they are to survive through times
of crisis and upheaval.
Knowledge Management in Organizations – Structured Processes or Ad Hoc Cooperation?
Prof. Eva-Maria Kern, Prof. Michael Koch
50
A Plea for a “Quiet” Revolution in Management Prof. Hans Wüthrich, Dr. Dirk Osmetz, Dr. Stefan Kaduk
52
Defence Supply Chain Management Prof. Michael Eßig
54
Human Intervention Prof. Stephan Stetter
56
Facts & Figures
58
4 | 5 Road Traffic Safety & Safety of Infrastructure
Are our Buildings Safe?
Civil engineers ensure safety
of the infrastructure
I
f not before, the safety of built infrastructure became an issue for the
broader German public in January 2006, when an ice rink roof collapsed
in Bad Reichenhall, killing 14 people. Following heavy snowfall, more than
20 buildings collapsed in Germany, Austria, Poland, and other countries. Civil
engineers’ research and analyses have contributed to ensuring safety of the
infrastructure.
Accepted risks
The terms safety and security are defined differently. Safety is the presence of
required structural resistance against loadings or actions. Security comprises
all measures to avoid unexpected loadings or actions and to detect unexpec-
ted structural behavior. If a structure has been built according to design codes,
a minimum safety in terms of a safety factor can be guaranteed. If parameters of resistance or actions are unknown, the use of security measures is
recommended. Thus safety and security measures complement each other.
Prof. Norbert Gebbeken has been professor of
structural mechanics at the Institute for Engineering Mechanics and Structural Mechanics
at the Universität der Bundeswehr München
since 1995. He is the spokesperson of the University’s civil engineering safety team. He also
works as a consultant and supervisor for research and technological projects for the European Commission in Brussels.
In engineering, safety has to be verified quantitatively. In civil engineering
The civil engineering safety team:
bridges, tunnels, towers, dams, sluices, harbors, airports, railways, water reser-
Prof. Norbert Gebbeken
Structural Mechanics
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/baustatik
Prof. Markus Disse
Water Management and Protection of Resources
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/ifw/WWR
Prof. Manfred Keuser
Concrete Structures
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/ki/massivbau
Prof. Ingbert Mangerig
Steel and Composite Structures
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/ki/stahlbau
safety is generally “2”. This means that a structure can bear twice the load it
was designed for without sustaining any damage. Nevertheless, there is no
guarantee – safety is not the absence of risk, safety is always accompanied by
an accepted risk. Regarding ordinary civil engineering structures like buildings,
it is agreed upon that the risk of an incident is similar to the probability of
being struck by lightning. “Built infrastructure” comprises all infrastructure
built by civil engineers, for example buildings, stadiums, concert halls, roads,
voirs, flood barriers, water supply, and others. Four fields can be characterized
to show the difference of safety in civil engineering: Firstly, buildings and
structures which are subjected to well-defined actions; secondly, industrial
facilities with a high risk (e.g. containers for dangerous materials); thirdly,
buildings and structures likely to be subjected to natural hazards (e. g. earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, avalanches); and fourthly, buildings and structures
possibly subjected to man-made hazards (terrorist attacks).
Factors that can cause collapse
Usually, when materials, structures, loadings, and actions are well-defined
according to the design codes, owners and users can expect that the structure
will remain safe during the anticipated lifetime, which is about 50 years for
ordinary buildings. Therefore, it was surprising that so many buildings that
collapsed due to snow in winter 2005/2006 were less than 30 years old.
Engineers examining the structures in 2006 found various factors that reduce safety. To name but a few: building documents incomplete; rebuilding
without approval and documentation; roof drainage not main-
safety and security measures. Another task is the protection of
out sufficient experience; insufficient inspection and maintenance;
as offshore. These technical risks can be estimated quite accurately
tained; changes in approved technologies; use of materials withinsufficient qualification of personnel. In all cases, it was not just
one factor that caused collapse, it was a combination of multiple
factors. Therefore, building authorities have decided to inspect
welldefined structures repeatedly according to new inspection
guidelines. In addition, it is proposed that owners and users install
security devices in order to monitor their structures with respect
to structural behavior, material and environmental condition.
Scientists of the civil engineering department of the Universität
der Bundeswehr München are developing design concepts, metho-
structures against vehicle impact or ship collision, inland as well
because the threat potential is known. This is called a symmetri-
cal threat. In certain cases a limited damage is accepted. Technical
measures are, for instance, standoff distance, flood and blast bar-
riers, devices for pressure relief, and barriers against impact. Standards exist for storage and pressure vessels which define load scenarios, design principles, and safety measures. Individual solutions
are developed for individual situations in order to ensure safety
and economy.
dologies for the inspection, monitoring, repair and strengthening
Threats by nature
approval reports in order to bring new technology on the market.
portant is the earthquake threat. Seismic activity and earthquakes
of structures. For innovative solutions they work on individual
Measures to respond to technical risks
Facilities with a high technical risk include refineries, where huge
quantities of oil and gas are stored in containers. The same holds
for airports and harbors. Dust explosions can be ignited when dust
is stored in vessels. The chemical industry always needs specific
Reinsurance companies provide studies on natural risks. Most imare well studied. Today we record seismic activities around the
world with a network of detectors. Forecasting has become much
more precise. Scientists have developed standards for the dimen-
sioning and designing of buildings to withstand earthquakes. But
there are always earthquakes with an individual characteristic, such
that even earthquake-resistant structures fail. Basically there are
two design principles: make the structure almost rigid, or very flexible with energy transforming devices. Another approach is the
decoupling of the structure from the excited ground by so-called
with forest officials, civil engineers are working on plans for rena-
turation and are building retention reservoirs and bed load barriers.
base isolation. This is called passive damping. For specific struc-
Terrorism – the unforeseeable risk
dampers have been successfully applied. Currently, active dampers
what might happen. This is an asymmetrical situation. Who could
tures, like antennae or pedestrian bridges or bridge cables, active
are under development; they are relatively expensive and restric-
ted to certain structures. Unfortunately, a number of countries in
the world cannot afford to build using earthquake-resistant designs.
Often there are no building regulations at all: People just build a
home to protect their families from rain and cold. These countries
suffer the heaviest casualties. Therefore, it is a challenge for civil
engineers to develop cheap and effective masonry buildings that
offer protection from earthquakes. Scientists of the University’s
civil engineering department are developing design principles, cal-
culation methods and dampers in order to protect infrastructures
against earthquakes.
Dykes and dams to protect from floods
Floods have to be distinguished between coastal flooding, inland
flooding and alpine flooding. Coastal flooding usually arises in connection with springtide accompanied by heavy storms which, in
addition, push the water against the coast. Civil engineers build
The fourth item is the most critical one, because we never know
have imagined before September 11th, 2001 that a civilian airplane
would be turned into a weapon attacking the World Trade Center?
The bombings of Madrid and London revealed that our built infra-
structure is vulnerable. What can civil engineers do? To begin with,
critical infrastructure is defined by carrying out risk analyses. While
accepting a certain risk, scientists work on ways to mitigate the
effects of an attack. The main threats are known. First we protect
people, then installations, then buildings and structures. By apply-
ing blast and impact resistant design principles, a certain passive
safety can be provided. Civil engineers design in such a way that
progressive failure is avoided and that rescue teams have time to
rescue victims. For existing infrastructure, vulnerability studies
have to be carried out and hardening methodologies have to be
proposed and executed. Close interaction between safety and
security is absolutely necessary – notably in case of man-made
threats.
dykes and dams, reinforce shore lines, and build flood barriers. Parti-
Rapid bridge classification
lands and the Thames barrier near London. These are gigantic struc-
ing missions, the bridge research group of the civil engineering de-
cular examples include the Eastern Scheldt barrier in the Nether-
tures, and represent gigantic challenges for engineers. Inland floods
not only damage dykes and homes; they also scour bridge founda-
tions, erode railways and damage installations for water and energy supplies. They flood sewage treatment plants and contaminate
the environment. Civil engineers build retention reservoirs, pro-
vide areas where the water can expand, and build dykes and dams.
They develop and provide tools to monitor and inspect structures.
Together with architects and electrical engineers they develop
flood resistant buildings; also, flood areas are defined where people
In order to support the army corps of engineers during peace keeppartment developed an engineering tool for the rapid prediction of
the load carrying capacity of damaged bridges for which no build-
ing documents are available. The challenge was twofold. Nothing
similar was available and the time for bridge inspection and load
determination was not to exceed three days. The development was
successful, and in October 2005 18 bridges in Kosovo could be classified in 9 days. The developed methodology is unique in the world
and will also be further developed for civilian use.
are not allowed to settle. Alpine floods can be disastrous. The flood
Protecting our society against various hazards is a challenging task.
come a torrent in search of a new bed, carrying a huge amount
ety has to realize that safety is relative. We always have to balance
in August 2005 revealed that a bubbling mountain stream can beof bed load, washing out roads, causing landslides, bending masts,
and scouring the foundations of bridges, mudflow protection
structures, and buildings. Villages were cut off: no electricity, no
water supply, no traffic infrastructure, no telecommunications,
and no helicopter service due to bad weather conditions. Together
Engineers do their very best to ensure safety and security. But socibetween accepted risk, safety and economic pressure. Therefore,
interdisciplinary expert groups have to approach the topic in order
to find optimal solutions and answers.
Caution, Landslide Ahead!
University scientists are developing an
early warning information system to
assess the risks of landslides
P
ast years have witnessed a growing number of disastrous mudslides,
landslides and mud-rock flows in the alpine region. So far, there has
not existed any reliable early warning system to timely alert the inhabitants
of endangered towns and villages. Now, Prof. Conrad Boley’s Institute for
Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering develops methods to provide
early warning capabilities based on a combination of geotechnical simulation models and geographic information systems (GIS).
For several years, the institute has worked on projects and research activities
for the monitoring of slide-prone slopes and for slope stability modelling.
For the purpose of assessing the long-term stability of soils and forecasting
potentially damaging occurrences the staff have used two- and three-dimen-
sional simulations to develop geotechnical and geodetic hazard criteria for
slide-prone slopes. To make the findings available to a broader range of users
in the future, it is intended to improve the practical use of the simulations
in a project conducted jointly with the GIS working group headed by Prof.
Wolfgang Reinhardt of the Institute for Applied Computer Science of the Universität der Bundeswehr München. One focus of the GIS working group is to
provide spatial information to mobile users; in a project titled “improvement
of geoservices” the group has also directly dealt with the subject of landslide
monitoring and suitable mobile information systems. In this context, the
group has worked on mobile data collection and the use of sensors for landslide monitoring and has looked into the problem of how geologists may
be assisted when they have to make decisions right on the spot.
Prof. Conrad Boley studied civil engineering in
Munich and Berlin. He obtained his doctoral degree
from the Technical University Darmstadt. Prior to
his being appointed professor at the Universität
der Bundeswehr München in 2003, he had held a
managing position with WTM Engineers, Hamburg, in the areas of hydrotechnical construction
and geotechnology. Prof. Boley is a publicly certified expert for soils and foundation engineering
and rock construction and he is a member of
numerous associations and committees.
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/geotechnik
www.unibw.de/inf4/professuren/geoinformatik
Warnings that are understandable to non-experts
The aim of the joint project is to make a contribution – in co-operation with
German project partners from research, industry and the Bavarian Environ-
ment Agency – towards the development of novel information system components for landslide early warning systems. In the process, the two institutes
of the Universität der Bundeswehr München are focusing on a combination
of GIS and finite element models as well as simulations. The main efforts are
on a user-friendly control of the overall system and on methodical exami-
nations of how to integrate the new technologies into existing work processes.
The primary aim of the desired system is its geoscientific use for information
processing; it provides the basis for the analysis of the movement of masses,
for risk assessments and warnings of landslides. Slope movements are to be
predicted and the stability of slopes to be assessed through
numeric models and/or simulations. In addition, methods are
being developed to process simulation results for visualisation
purposes by means of GIS analysis methods, and to possibly link
them with additional information for greater detail. Emphasis
is also placed on how to communicate the often complex and
difficult-to-understand results of simulations to users who do
not have an expert background. It will also be possible to link the
information with a rule base so that the user receives automated
indications of predefined hazards formalized within the system.
The aim is to provide for a highly efficient communication of
information to local action officers and disaster managers. The
simulation results are mostly based on flawed or incomplete
observations and measurements. Resulting uncertainties will be
indicated accordingly, particularly so in the visualisation and decision-making support for the users to enable them to assess the
results. Also, studies include the automated evaluation of such
uncertainties so that the results may be used directly for decisionmaking support.
Wide range of uses for the new system
At a later stage, the procedures established as part of the project
are to be evaluated on the basis of real landslide scenarios. The
Bavarian Environment Agency is involved in an advisory function
and is later intended to be available as the user in the pilot project.
Through long-term observation of various alpine regions in Bavaria,
the Agency has recorded detailed series of measurements and
has made them available for the studies related to the project.
Utilization of the project results for economic purposes appears
to be very promising because of the growing national and inter-
national demand for early warning systems for mass movements.
Likely users for the system include engineering consultants and
public authorities at state and municipal levels. Through a flexible
system architecture the findings can be transferred to similar
scenarios such as earth movements in dumps and landfills. Thus,
the system could be put to use for various commercial purposes.
Flood Protection
on a Local Scale
A scientifically tested weir now protects an Austrian community that
was flooded several times in the past
T
he Gartnertalbach is a creek within the community of Lermoos (Austria).
As a rule, its flow rate is clearly below 1m3/s. Heavy rainfalls, though, may
cause it to rise quite quickly to more than 20m3/s, causing extensive flooding
over the banks. The Lermoos community was flooded on various such occa-
sions, sustaining heavy damage in the process. In order to overcome this problem, a flood protection project was developed, which comprises two flood
pools positioned one after the other. Water from the Gartnertalbach is designed to flow into the lower pool via a flow-off duct system consisting of a
pipe 1.8m in diameter installed below ground, with the duct system to be activated only in case of flooding. This required the Gartnertalbach creek to be
suited with a water flow-off structure, for which the ‘Tyrolean weir’ design
was chosen. It divides the water flow in such a way that – almost regardless
of its total volume – a basic volume (of about 5m3/s) will be retained in the
creek bed, and only water in excess of the basic volume will be directed into
the flow-off duct. If floodwaters are beyond the duct’s maximum capacity
(approximately 16m3/s), the excess volume of water will have to be carried
off in the creek bed in addition to the basic volume.
Using a model test for optimization
In a Tyrolean weir, water is drawn from the main flow by means of two lateral
screen-covered outlets that are fed via two openings installed one after the
other on the bottom of the creek. It is not possible to calculate flow-off con-
ditions with any degree of certainty for a Tyrolean weir because of its particular design and the fact that air will be drawn into the flow-off system by
the onrush of floodwater. This is why a model test should be used to verify,
Prof. Andreas Malcherek studied physics and
theology at the Universities of Hamburg and
Göttingen. He obtained his Ph.D. at the University of Hannover in the field of computational fluid mechanics. From 1996 until 2004 he
worked at the Federal Waterways and Research
Institute (BAW) in Hamburg. Since December
2004 he has been professor of hydraulic engineering at the Universität der Bundeswehr
München.
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/ifw/HYDRO
quantify and optimize the structure’s function and performance, and the
Laboratory for Hydromechanics and Hydraulic Engineering of the Bundeswehr
University Munich was tasked to conduct such a test. For measuring pur-
poses, a model of the creek bed, including the Tyrolean weir, was created on
a scale of 1:12. Among other aspects, the model was successfully tested for
the indispensable ventilation of the flow-off duct. However, as was shown by
the measurements taken, its diameter had to be increased to 2.2 m for the
pipe to be able to drain the required volume of water. Additionally, several
guiding walls needed to be installed, which considerably improve the lateral
deflection of water in the Tyrolean weir. Plans are under way to include the
contents of the now-finished model test in the teaching program, to be supported by practical studies.
New Solutions for
Improving Water Supply
Access to water and sanitation is crucial for
achieving the United Nations Millennium
Development Goal
A
ccess to water and sanitation is crucial for achieving the United Nations
Millennium Development Goal of reducing by half the proportion of
people who suffer from hunger by 2015. But the countries affected by water
stress and insufficient sanitation systems differ from our region not only in
their political systems and cultural traditions but also in climate and in the
availability of water resources. To provide people in Asian and African coun-
tries with water in sufficient quantity and quality, new solutions are needed.
Flushing toilets and central drinking water supply as we know it in Germany
are not appropriate. These aspects strongly influence recent research activities
at the Department of Sanitary Engineering and Waste Management.
Membrane technology for safe drinking water
Current key topics are water reuse for agricultural and even drinking water
purposes and the development of decentralized systems for drinking water
supply and waste water treatment. Most of the aforementioned systems
incorporate membrane technology. This is a field of technology in which the
Department of Sanitary Engineering and Waste Management has been
researching for more than ten years. Membrane technology includes the
application of ultrafiltration membranes for the removal of particles, bacProf. Wolfgang Günthert studied civil engineering
at the TU Munich and obtained his doctoral degree
in 1984. Following management positions with
construction agencies, he accepted a professorship
for Settlement Water Management and Waste
Engineering at the Universität der Bundeswehr
München in 1994. He is a member of several national and international boards and panels, including Chairman of the Bavarian State Association of
DWA (German Association for Water, Wastewater
and Waste).
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/ifw/swa
teria and viruses from drinking and waste water as well as the application of
nanofiltration and reverse osmosis for the removal of pesticides, pharma-
ceuticals and ions from treated waste water. Even though membranes are a
rather new and sophisticated treatment technology in drinking water pro-
duction, they deliver a treated water of very high quality regarding both chemical and microbiological parameters. Furthermore, membrane systems
can be operated in a completely automated and fail-safe way. Their specific
power consumption is quite low, and therefore operating costs are comparable to conventional technologies or even lower.
The Laboratory of Sanitary Engineering and Waste Management is equipped
with three pilot treatment plants for all kinds of membrane technology and
conventional filtration with capacities from 1 to 5 m3/h. They have been in
operation in several research projects in Germany and Austria in the last
decade. The experience gained from these investigations establishes the basis
for new research and development. This includes expertise in designing and
operating membrane systems. In addition, methods to predict possible fouling phenomena have been developed.
Integrated water resources management
The research projects currently underway are not limited to Germany. The
Department of Sanitary Engineering and Waste Management is part of the
Indo-German-Water-Network. The activities of this network focus on sustainable planning approaches in water supply and sewerage systems.
Grünbeck Wasseraufbereitung GmbH developed – together with engineers
from our Department – a mobile, container-based drinking water treatment
facility, which operates automatically and is controlled via remote devices.
In cooperation with the Brazilian partner COPASA the system will be tested
at various sites in the Brazilian province of Minas Gerais with various raw
water qualities. The ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis modules, the backbone
of the treatment concept, will guarantee reliable removal of micro-pollutants
Mag. Dipl.-Ing. Wolfgang K. Walter studied
environmental engineering and Water Management in Austria and France, and Economics and
Business Administration at the Vienna University
of Economics and Business. After working internationally in Israel, Mexico and Serbia, he joined
the Department of Sanitary Engineering and
Waste Management at the Universität der Bundeswehr München in 2008. Since then, he has
been working as a researcher on decentralized
water supply in newly industrialized countries.
[email protected]
or salty compounds. An appropriate pre-treatment depending on the raw
water situation, for instance a hydrocyclone, prevents the membrane from
damage and malfunction.
Applications on campus
A similar treatment system will be installed in one of our student dormitories.
This will afford us the opportunity to demonstrate such technology on our
campus. Students from countries affected by lack of water and sanitation
can learn more about water reuse systems. They can convey modern concepts
of integrated water resources management. This is not only related to Asian
or African countries. Climate change has already caused water stress in some
parts of Europe as well.
Together with colleagues from RWTH Aachen, the Department of Sanitary
Engineering and Waste Management is working on the reuse of water from
showers and washstands in a Bavarian hotel. The reclaimed water can be
used for toilet flushing and thus reduce the total water consumption of the
hotel. Further developments in water reuse also aim at the recovery of nutrients like phosphorous and nitrogen from waste water.
Dr.-Ing. Steffen Krause studied procedural chemistry at the Technical University Merseburg. Since
1991, he has been laboratory director at the Institute of Water Management of the Universität
der Bundeswehr München, with his research focusing on chemical analysis and potable water
treatment using membrane technology. In 2005
he was a visiting scholar at Technical University
Graz, and he is a member of the “Membrane and
Fine Filtration” project circle of DVGW (German
Technical and Scientific Association for Gas and
Water).
[email protected]
D
river Assistance Systems (DAS) are being installed in modern-day cars
with the objective of enhancing driving convenience and traffic safety.
Research on Autonomous Driving has a more long-term view: for a car to
be able to drive autonomously in day-to-day traffic, the cognitive capabilities
of the driver, such as recognising the road as well as other traffic participants and their intentions, must be carried out by a computer in the car.
Traffic of the Future
Research on Driver Assistance Systems
and Autonomous Driving aims to
make traffic safer
Although such a “Cognitively Autonomous Car” will take many more years
or even decades until it is able to behave in day-to-day inner-city traffic just
like a car driven by a human operator, technical spin-offs will find their way
into driver assistance systems much sooner.
Driver Assistance Systems (DAS) react better than human drivers
Well-known DAS include ABS (Antilock Brake System) and ESP (Electronic
Stability Program). Both are examples of systems where the car actually acts
autonomously to a certain degree, and both do their job better than normal
drivers would be able to in most situations. Examples of more advanced sys-
sität der Bundeswehr München are the lane change assistant (available for
Prof. Hans Joachim Wünsche obtained his doctoral
degree at the Universität der Bundeswehr München,
in 1987. He pursued a career in industry, in the US,
Great Britain and Germany. In 2001 he took on the
position of director of six European plants. In 2004
he accepted the appointment of professor of autonomous systems technology.
passenger cars) and the Stop & Go-Assistant, also called ACCplus, to be intro-
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/lrt8
tems are ACC (Automatic Cruise Control), a system that enhances the common cruise control (Tempomat) function by optimizing distance to the car
in front depending on the current speed. Advanced functions that are direct
offsprings of earlier research on autonomous cars pioneered at the Univercertain trucks for several years now, and being introduced at present into
duced in the near future. The latter adds a lane-keeping function to the ACC
function which requires the steering to be controlled by an onboard computer.
While this function will initially be limited to low speeds such as those
encountered in typical traffic jams on highways, it will be a door opener to
more advanced autonomous features. Advanced DAS already available also
include the brake assistant and automatic emergency brake. While research
on Cognitive Autonomous Cars focuses on developing the technical capabili-
ties required, research in Driver Assistance Systems spans three areas: technical capabilities, human interface and legal aspects, with the focus of DAS
research at the University being on human interaction. Function definition
are: What are the driver reactions in the case of system activation? What
Prof. Berthold Färber received his doctoral degree in
psychology from the University of Regensburg and
his post-doctoral qualification at the University of
Tübingen. Since 1989 he has headed the Institute of
Industrial Science at the Universität der Bundeswehr München. He has been a partner in the special
research area of “realistic telepresence and telerobotics” as well as in the excellence cluster of “Cognition for Technical Systems (CoTeSyS)”.
the system is activated?
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/lrt11/
and technical layout must take the user into account, i.e. questions of acceptance, user friendly interfaces, as well as questions of possible impact on
traffic safety. The automatic emergency brake is a good example for an ambitious system with a large impact on traffic safety. If the system detects
that an accident is unavoidable, it brakes automatically without any input
from the driver. Typical “human interface” questions related to the system
happens in the case of a “false alarm”? How is the driver to be signalled when
Driving manœuvres on the University’s test track
To answer questions of system layout, driver behaviour and driver
acceptance, two kinds of driving experiments are performed at the
Even though the automatic brake system is still under investigation, it is on its way to series application.
Universität der Bundeswehr München: critical driving manœuvres
Cars travelling without driver
Everyday drivers of different age groups participate in these ex-
history when our first autonomous car “VaMoRs” drove 20 km
on the test track of the university and test drives in real traffic.
periments; real traffic environment-specific driving situations, e.g.
a car approaching from behind, pedestrians crossing the street,
etc., are performed by instructed test drivers. The long-term goal
is the development of intelligent driver assistance systems, adapting to the driver’s ability, status and intentions, thus behaving
perfectly in each and every situation. As a result of our investigations, two systems have already been implemented by car manu-
facturers: The Stop & Go Assistant and the optimized brake pedal.
Twenty years ago the Universität der Bundeswehr München made
autonomously at full speed on a not- yet-opened stretch of the
Munich-to-Dingolfing highway. VaMoRs was a 5-ton Mercedes van
equipped with systems to control steering, brakes and throttle by
an onboard computer, which used the signals of an onboard video
camera to detect left and right road boundaries. 10 years later our
second vehicle “VaMP”, a converted Mercedes 500 SEL passenger
car, drove autonomously in normal traffic on the three-lane Paris
ring road A1 with passengers on board, covering a total distance
of more than 1000 kilometers. In this demonstration, which was
The third generation of autonomous driving
project “Prometheus”, the car was not only able to keep within the
ums – “VaMP” is now at the new traffic hall of the Deutsches
part of the final demonstration of the trans-European traffic safety
lane but also determined the distance and relative speed of up to
12 other cars to its front and rear so as to keep a proper distance
to the car in front; depending on the traffic situation, it even passed
With those first two autonomous cars having retired into museMuseum in Munich – current research on Cognitive Autonomous
Cars at our university continues. MuCAR-3, which stands for
Munich Cognitive Autonomous Car, 3rd generation, is a converted
slower cars. In 1995, when our researchers instructed their compu-
VW Touareg, which sports not only computer controllable steering,
cent of the 1800-kilometer distance from Munich to Denmark
tions much like the human eye. Current research focuses on driving
ters to drive them to a conference in Denmark, more than 95 perwere driven autonomously in normal German highway traffic at
speeds of up to 180 km/h. Thus the technical capability of the
above-mentioned driver assistance functions ACC, lane-keeping
and lane change assist as were already demonstrated back then,
brake and throttle, but also an active camera platform which funcon public county and inner city roads and is carried out together
with other universities within the new collaborative research pro-
ject “cognitive automobiles” financed by the DFG (German Research
Foundation). Other projects focus on off-road driving for rescue
along with an automatic “overtake assist system”. The fact that it
and reconnaissance manœuvres, where the environment is much
ted in modern cars also shows that demonstrating a technical
oped for MuCAR-3, however, will not be restricted to application in
took another 10 years for some of these features to be implemen-
capability in a prototype car overseen by university researchers can
only be the first of several steps. Increasing system reliability to
a level where it will work not just 90 to 95 percent but 99.999 percent of the time is the next step, but questions of human inter-
action with these systems and, last but not least, legal questions
like “who is in control” are just as time consuming.
less structured than on public roads. Cognitive capabilities devel-
cars: within the new Munich excellence initiative we work on “Cognition for Technical Systems”, which also includes humanoid robots
for tasks like supporting the elderly, as well as robots in factories,
which currently have to be programmed for each and every task
because they, too, lack perception and cognition.
18 | 19 Securing Energy Resources in a Responsible Way
Energy from the Flow
The “Energy Harvesting” research project conducted by the Chair of Thermodynamics focuses
on how flow may be turned into energy to be
fed to sensors
In times of diminishing oil and natural gas resources as well as climatic change
caused by greenhouse gases, it is all the more important to make efficient
use of available primary energy sources. Thermodynamics is the science of
energy conversion, and it provides the basis for the further development of
energy saving technologies. Prof. Michael Pfitzner of the Institute of Thermodynamics of the Aerospace Engineering faculty of the Universität der Bundes-
wehr München has looked into a technology for energy conversion and energy
saving: “Energy Harvesting” extracts the energy to be fed to sensors designed
to receive data from flowing media, such as gases and liquids, from the very
flow itself.
It is very important to develop such new technologies for small-scale energy
uses, apart from taking on the big challenges such as reducing the primary
energy consumption of power plants and gas turbines or aircraft and auto-
mobile engines. For example, the exhaust fumes of motor cars contain quantities of thermal energy which so far escape unused into the environment.
By installing additional components such as thermoelectric generators, this
energy could be utilized by means of small exhaust gas turbines or miniature
Prof. Michael Pfitzner studied physics at the TU
Munich, where he also obtained his doctoral degree.
Following several years of employment with MBB,
where he developed flow simulation procedures for
hypersound flows, he joined BMW Rolls-Royce in
1991 to contribute to the development of the BR 700,
the first civilian aircraft engine fully certified in Germany. Since 2001, he has been Professor for Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer at the Aerospace
Engineering faculty of the Universität der Bundeswehr München. His research interest focuses on
turbulent combustion and transport processes and
their engineering applications.
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/thermo
steam engines.
Winning energy from exhaust gases
Using equipment that extracts energy directly from flowing media is of interest in other fields of application, too. In modern domestic engineering sys-
tems used in residential buildings or in technical installations, numerous
sensors are fitted in gas pipes to measure flow velocities or temperatures,
for example. While these sensors need electricity to make them work, a very
low supply will often suffice. What is more: nowadays, measuring data may
be transmitted via radio signals to a measuring center. Regardless of this, sensors continue to be fitted with many cables so as to supply them with electric
power. So, many sensors require extensive cabling that is susceptible to
malfunctioning and whose production uses up more material and energy
than is required for the production of the sensors themselves. The “Energy
Harvesting” research project conducted at the Institute of Thermodynamics
pursued the goal of developing technologies that could be used to extract
energy from the media flow for the purpose of feeding power to sensors
without impairing the functions of the respective flow channel. The use of
rotating parts was to be avoided whenever possible to keep maintenance
requirements to a minimum.
Old principle, new application
If a flowing medium is directed around an obstacle, the flow pattern in the wake of the obstacle may, given certain conditions,
become unstable and form a repeating pattern of swirling vortices,
which is referred to as the ‘Kármán vortex street’. Flow velocities
and pressure undergo periodic changes both in the vortex street
and at the obstacle itself. This may be used to extract energy for
feeding it to the sensors: the energy is taken from the flow, which
will slightly reduce the flow’s velocity. As the energy required by
the sensors is smaller in magnitude than the available flow energy,
the components can be designed in such a way that the functionality of the flow channel will not be impaired.
Wide-ranging applications
At the Institute of Thermodynamics of the Universität der Bundes-
wehr München, Prof. Pfitzner and his team have proven, by means
of comprehensive flow simulations, that this method could in
principle extract sufficient energy for sensors from typical flows
as occur in air conditioning systems. By optimizing the position
and shape of the object placed within the flow, it was possible to
increase the quantity of the energy extracted. Furthermore, com-
parative studies of other conceivable flow configurations served to
show that the vortex street is quite a robust system as regards
changes in flow velocity and the temperature of the flow medium.
Studies of the “Energy Harvesting” technology were conducted
with participation of Siemens AG. “Energy Harvesting” can be used
wherever sensors are installed to receive data of flowing media
(gas, liquids). This offers a wide range of applications from domestic engineering to process engineering, drive technology, and
water engineering.
Innovative Drive Mechanisms
Electrical Drives enhance Operational
Safety and Energy Efficiency
E
lectrical Drives determine in a multifaceted manner our modern way of
life: in the generation of electrical energy, e.g. in hydroelectric power
stations, the factory automation, the automotive industry or household appliances (e.g. electrical shaver, washing machine, etc.) electrical machines and
drives are the key component used directly or indirectly by everybody. Such
electrical drives are being applied to safety critical applications more and
more frequently. This can be observed clearly e.g. in modern automobiles or
airplanes.
Electrical Power Steering in passenger cars
One main driving force for the ever-increasing number of electrical drives in
such applications is the need to improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions. This will be explained in the following by considering the Electrical
Power Steering (EPS) in passenger cars. Compared to conventional hydraulic
power steering, EPS increases the fuel efficiency in typical midsize auto-
mobiles by about 0.3 liters/100km. This reduced fuel consumption is directly
linked to a corresponding cutback in CO2 greenhouse gases. The reasons
for these advantages are that electrical drives can be operated very efficiently
and can be controlled very precisely. Therefore, “power on demand” is posProf. Dieter Gerling obtained his diploma and
doctoral degrees from Aachen University of
Technology (RWTH Aachen) in 1986 and 1992
respectively. From 1986 to 2001 he held
several positions in the industry, most recently
as director for Robert Bosch GmbH. Since
2001 he has been professor for Electrical Drives
and Actuators in the Department of Electrical
Engineering.
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/EAA
sible with very low losses. In addition to the energy efficiency on the system
level, it is important to optimize efficiency on the component level (motor,
inverter, and control algorithm). Because this system is integrated into the
steering system of a car, it is obvious that safe operation must be ensured
under any circumstances. Therefore, safety has to be “designed into” the system as well as into the components. For example, this is realized on the component level by introducing means such that the electrical motor shows
an extremely low failure-rate; on the system level it must be ensured that
the system remains operable even if a single failure occurs. Moreover, selfdiagnosis is a must for such components and systems.
Environmental effect
There are generally many more requirements to be fulfilled in such engineer-
ing tasks. Staying with the example of Electrical Power Steering (EPS), e.g. the
torque ripple has to be very low (about 1% of the nominal torque), because
people are very sensitive in their fingertips. Fulfilling all these requirements
(and much more) at very low costs is an extremely challenging task. The
solution, however, is used on a daily basis by many people worldwide. Because
of this multiplying effect, such solutions have a very noticeable environmental impact.
Looking into the future, the steer-by-wire system will be adopted, avoiding
the steering column by pure electrical connection between the steering
wheel and the road. This system will comprise redundant and fault-tolerant
electrical motors at the steering wheel as well as at the tires of the vehicle.
Such a system will enhance the safety of driving even further, as the risk
of being injured during a crash is greatly reduced by the absence of the
steering column. Of course, the technical requirements for safe and reliable
operation of such a system are tremendous: for example, even the vehicle
electrical system has to be redundant and fail-safe.
Some other research fields in the context of the automotive industry are e.g.
electrical braking and electrical traction drives integrated into the wheel-hubs
of a car. Again, the realization of both energy efficiency and safe operation,
at a low cost, is a necessity.
Safety and efficiency for many areas of application
There are many other applications, where similar requirements concerning
safety and efficiency are to be fulfilled, as in the automotive industry. Be it
the electrical actuator for the landing flap movement of a so-called “More
Electric Aircraft”, the electrical drive for an elevator or the fuel valve of the
Ariane 5 rocket: all the applications mentioned in this article, including the
topic of safety and reliability of today’s on-board electrical systems in auto-
mobiles or airplanes, and many more are being researched by the Institute
of Electrical Drives and Actuators.
This institute, as one of the largest of its kind in Germany, has very strong
links to the relating industry. There are cooperations with all major luxury class
car manufacturers in Germany, with the relevant aerospace industry (like
EADS, MTU, and others), and many other companies in the field of electrical
drives (e.g. Bosch, Siemens). Excellent scientific work, in combination with
very well-equipped laboratories (e.g. several high-performance test benches
for electrical drive components, roller dynamometer for tests of entire vehicles, etc.) makes this institute a very valuable partner for the industry.
T
he Universität der Bundeswehr München has been our partner in suc-
cessful cooperation for more than two decades now. In 2007, this long-
term cooperation led to the foundation of our ‘More Electric Engine’ joint
competence center. The center seeks to develop aircraft engine concepts which
make increasing use of mechatronic systems and components to meet the
high demand for electric energy of future aircraft generations.
New Technologies to
Safeguard the Future
The University and MTU Aero Engines
carry out joint research on the More
Electric Engine
Members of various technical specialties work together under the roof of
the competence center on this interdisciplinary and long-term project, with
scientists of the University’s faculties of aerospace engineering and electrical
engineering/information technology cooperating with the corresponding
technical divisions of MTU Aero Engines. The purpose of the cooperation is to
develop technological ‘More Electric Engine’ solutions as well as the required
components and measuring/control systems.
Working closely with universities is part of our corporate philosophy. In addition to the ‘More Electric Engine’ competence center, MTU also operates
such centers in cooperation with the universities of Munich, Aachen, Stuttgart,
Hannover, and the DLR (German Aeospace Center), where studies are con-
ducted in the following fields: ‘advanced types of construction and production’,
‘turbine and compressor technologies’, ‘maintenance, repair & overhaul’, and
‘engine technology 2020 plus’. For MTU, innovative top technologies for the
configuration, production and maintenance of modern aircraft engines and
their components, developed in cooperation with competent partners from
the fields of research and science, will continue to play a central role in the
future. And, what is more: for us, the availability of new technologies is an
indispensable prerequisite for safeguarding the future.
Dr. Rainer Martens
Chief Operating Officer, MTU Aero Engines
24 | 25 Safety in Space Research
Safety Technologies in Modern
Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines
A
Turbocompressors are tested at the
University’s engine test facility
working hard to further increase reliability and to enhance economic effi-
ircraft engines must meet the highest safety standards. Although a
very high safety level has already been achieved, all engine manufac-
turers – in view of the strong increase in air traffic around the world – are
ciency and environmental compatibility at the same time. The Jet Propulsion
Institute of the Universität der Bundeswehr München participates intensively in these developments by providing contributions to teaching and
research.
Risk of engine damage
Modern turbocompressors are known to achieve high efficiency, especially
when operated near the so-called stability limit. So far, however, it has not
been possible to utilize these resources due to safety reasons, since at the
Prof. Reinhard Niehuis studied mechanical engineering at the Ruhr University in Bochum and pursued indepth studies of thermal engineering
and aeronautical and space technology at the
von Kármán Institute in Brussels. After obtaining his doctoral degree from the Karlsruhe University, he worked in the development department of MTU Aero Engines for 13 years. From 1998
on he headed the Institute for Jet Propulsion
Systems and Turbo Machines at RWTH Aachen.
In March 2006, Prof. Niehuis took on the position
of Director of the Jet Propulsion Institute at the
Universität der Bundeswehr München.
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/isa
stability limit undesired flow conditions occur that seriously affect the safe
operation of engines. These include rotating stall effects at the compressor
blades and the particularly dreaded compressor surge (complete flow breakdown) which specialists refer to as flow instabilities.
If this happens during operation, severe damage may be caused to the engine;
in the worst case, it may lead to total engine failure and complete loss of
thrust. Therefore, today’s engines are kept well below the stability limit to
avoid these undesirable flow instabilities; however, this reduces the turbo
components’ efficiency and results in greater fuel consumption.
Identifying flow instabilities at an early stage
The Jet Propulsion Institute has been dealing with the flow characteristics
near the stability limit of turbocompressors for several years and has been
working very successfully in the field of compressor stabilization. In cooperation with MTU Aero Engines, Munich, it was possible to develop an efficient
system that permits the reliable detection of critical operating conditions of
the engine compressor. Miniature pressure transducers that are installed in
the compressor are used for this purpose, as are efficient software and hardware to analyze measurement signals in real time and to reliably detect
emerging flow instabilities in the compressor at an early stage. In the next
Dr. Stefan Bindl studied aerospace engineering
at the Munich Technical University and has been
working as a scientific employee at the Jet Propulsion Institute of the Universität der Bundeswehr München since 2005.
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/isa
step, the signals are used to actively restabilize the compressor flow by
means of computer-controlled countermeasures before the flow breaks down.
For that purpose, a special engine housing was designed that permits air to
be directly injected onto the tips of the compressor blades. Thus, it was possible to effectively minimize the risk of flow breakdown and to significantly
extend the safe operational range of the engine.
Use in production engines
future, this technology is to be further developed in cooperation
test bed at the engine test facility of the Universität der Bundes-
possible, intensive preparations are underway to install a state-
These technologies were developed and tested on the Larzac 04 C5
wehr München. The results of this research have been met with
great appreciation at the international level. For example, the Institute’s research work was honoured with the “Best Paper Award”
by ISABE, the International Society of Airbreathing Engines. In the
with MTU Aero Engines for use in production engines. To make this
of-the-art engine at the University’s engine test facility. An important side effect of these research activities is that students are
made familiar with – and are even directly involved in – current
engine developments as part of their studies.
Materials are Crucial for
Vehicle and Passenger Safety
New Solutions for a Contamination Tolerant
Structural Adhesive Bonding Process
The Institute for Materials Science and the
Institute for Applied Physics and Measurement
Sciences analyze the stability and safety of
components
Light-weight structures in aircraft and cars need reliable bonding
In order to improve mobility in a global world, the transport problem can be
solved by means of new vehicles. On the other hand, resources like oil are
becoming more and more expensive. To save these fossil products, the application of light-weight structures is clearly necessary. These structures are
wellestablished in modern aircrafts and cars and, as an improvement, a reliable bonding method between various kinds of materials, e.g. steel, alumi-
nium and polymers is needed. Bonded structures have to resist external forces
and different environments. If they fail under external overload, high fracture
energies should be needed. Unfortunately, surface contaminations on the
substrate may lead to an adhesive failure that is accompanied by low fracture
energies. The new challenge is to transform adhesive bonding into a contamination-tolerant and inherently robust process.
Prof. Hans-Joachim Gudladt obtained his Ph. D.
in physics at the Technische Universität Berlin.
He was a research assistant at the Max Planck
Institute for Metals Research in Stuttgart, and
at the ETH in Zurich. Since 1993, he has been
head of the Institute for Materials Science at
the Universität der Bundeswehr München.
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/lrt5
A complicated marriage: creation of adhesive bonded structures
Reliable adhesive bonds are the result of an interdisciplinary interaction be-
tween material surfaces, their surface state being due to surface treatment;
construction and the load collective linked to it; environmental conditions;
the properties of the adhesive; the production process to form the bond; and
the evolving interface governed by adhesion. Normally, adhesive bonding is
an excellent, innovative and tolerant joining technique if surface contaminations can be avoided during the bonding process. The strength of the bond
depends on the intermolecular short-range interaction at a maximum of
Ultra Sonic Power
Ultra Sonic Power
Adhesive
Substrate
Prof. Jürgen von Czarnecki is head of the “Surface
Technology, Materials Protection” division at
the Bundeswehr Research Institute for Materials,
Explosives, Fuels and Lubricants (WIWEB) in
Erding. In addition, he is honorary professor at the
Intitute of Materials Science at the Universität
der Bundeswehr München.
Adhesive
Contamination
polar/activated Surface
Substrate
www.wiweb-erding.de
Fig. 1
Substrate
new idea for solving the transport problem of contaminations at
room temperature is given by the use of ultrasonic power. The
Ultra Sonic Power
energy needed for the transport process is gained from the ultrasound power. This power is directly coupled into the adhesive via
Tolerant Adhesive
a sonotrode so that the contamination can diffuse into the ad-
hesive. Simultaneously, an undisturbed interaction between ad-
Cavitation
Bubble
hesive and substrate takes place. The interface is cleaned by the
Contamination
Contamination
Substrate
Cavitation Nucleus
Fig. 2: Removal of interface contaminations by cavitation erosion due
to ultrasonic energy coupled into the adhesive.
phenomenon of cavitation. During the low-pressure phase of the
sound wave, the cohesive strength of the liquid adhesive is exceeded and cavitation bubbles are created. These collapsing bubbles
produce micro-jets and shock waves with a high local pressure
and temperature within the adhesive, and clean the surface even
at room temperature in a very short time. The process can be
used for paste adhesives in general and works with cold- and hotexothermic adsorption energy. Surface contaminations hinder in
principle the extremely short-sighted functional groups of the
polymer of the adhesive to “see” the substrate. Consequently, a
failure by a delamination between the substrate and the adhesive
occurs. A simple replacement of the contamination from the sur-
face is not possible. Especially, the last monolayer of the contami-
curing two-component adhesives as well. The technique for con-
tamination removal by ultrasonic power was developed in cooperation with the Institute of Materials Science of the Universität
der Bundeswehr München, the Bundeswehr Research Institute
WIWEB, and the adhesive manufacturer Henkel. The proposed
process was granted an international patent.
nation which is in direct contact to the surface cannot easily be
Automated application under robot control
nation tolerance of the bonding process requires removal of the
tral canal in the sonotrode. During the adhesive application, the
removed and shields the substrate from the adhesive. Contamiadhesion reducing contamination from the interface and, finally,
incorporation within the adhesive. A special group of two-part
hot-curing adhesives guarantees reliable bonding even in the presence of a contamination. Contaminations are absorbed by the
adhesive and thereafter incorporated within the polymer by a diffusion process at a higher temperature. Simultaneously, the ad-
hesive starts to polymerize on the cleaned surface. Such contamination tolerant adhesives were developed for the automobile
Furthermore, the adhesive application is realized through a censonotrode swims on the adhesive film. Now reproducible clean-
ing and adhesive wetting of the substrate are possible. In addition,
the premixing of two-part adhesives in the sonotrode offers the
possibility for new compositions of adhesives. In the near future,
robotic application will be possible. Using the new method, ad-
hesive bonding is developing into a reliable bonding technique,
mainly in the light of contamination tolerance.
industry, and they allow adhesive bonding of oiled surfaces.
Ultrasonic energy as a new approach
to contamination tolerance
Fig. 3: Combined application
of the adhesive and ultrasonic power to make adhesive
bonding an inherently contamination-tolerant process.
Converter
Normally, the contamination tolerance of an adhesive is improved
by increasing temperature. Up to now, contamination tolerance
could not be obtained for room temperature curing adhesives
Adhesive supply
through the
sonotrode
Sonotrode
because the necessary transport process, e.g. the diffusion, is not
effective at that temperature and the adhesive cures too fast. A
Substrate
The Sonotrode swims on the
substrate while applying the
adhesive
Investigation of Materials Fracture
by Positron Microscopy
The University’s positron microscopes detect cracks in
metallic materials on a micro- and nanometre scale
The failure of components in complex structures such as airplanes
has dramatic consequences for the safety of people. Today, the
prediction of the lifetime of the components is still based on semiempirical approaches. To develop quantitative methods of lifetime
prediction, accurate knowledge of defect structures involved in
failure at a microscopic level is mandatory. Failure of components
is initiated by the formation of cracks. The detection of these cracks
at an early stage and their characterization require the analysis
of defect structures at a sub-micrometre scale. Positron annihilation spectroscopy is a unique tool to non-destructively investigate
defect structures close to cracks at an atomic level.
The positron microscopes
At the Institute for Applied Physics and Measurement Sciences, two
positron beam systems for lifetime measurements have been developed: A pulsed low-energy positron system (PLEPS), which delivers
a beam with a diametre of ~ 2mm for depth-profiling of defects
in layered systems, and a scanning positron microscope (SPM) with
additional lateral resolution of ~ 1µm. With the pulsed beam PLEPS,
depth-resolutions down to the nm-scale have been achieved. Besides PLEPS, there exists only one other beam system for lifetime
measurement with comparable time resolution, which is in Japan.
Our scanning positron microscope SPM is unique world-wide.
Positron microscopy of cracked samples
Both positron microscopes have been successfully employed to investigate problems of crack analysis which could not be solved
with other probes. Cracks in metallic materials can be created by
fatigue or by single overloads. Fatigue is observed when the material is subjected to cyclic loading: even at small loads cracks may
nucleate, propagate and ultimately lead to catastrophic failure. On
the other hand, a single overload may also lead to sudden failure.
In a case study, the defect distributions close to crack surfaces
created either by cyclic loading or by a single overload in a typical
aluminium alloy (Al 6013) used for lightweight-structures have
been investigated with our positron microscopes. PLEPS was used
to directly look at the crack surfaces. The SPM was employed for
investigating defect structures at arbitrary distances from the
crack. To study the crack surface, cracks were first produced in so-
called single-edge-notched specimens: A small starter notch was
applied to a flat, rectangular specimen to initiate the crack. After
that, the crack was propagated either by cyclic loading or by a
single overload until rupture of the specimen. Finally, a series of
lifetime spectra at different energies was registered with PLEPS. In
the fatigued samples, a high concentration of vacancy clusters, containing up
to 30 vacancies, and a high dislocation density have been observed. Also, a
high dislocation density was found in the sample cracked by an overload.
However, no vacancy clusters were detected. Thus, the presence of vacancy
clusters seems to be characteristic of the cyclic deformation process. If this
observation holds as a general rule, positron life-time spectroscopy with high
spatial resolution allows one to distinguish quantitatively between com-
ponents which failed due to fatigue of the material and those ruptured by a
single overload. To study a crack in more details with SPM and PLEPS, a fatigue
experiment was interrupted after a number of cycles. The crack was well propagated. A bumpy structure was clearly visible around the crack tip with the
optical microscope. Here, the material was heavily deformed. With the scan-
the dislocation density could be determined without destroying the sample!
Prof. Günther Dollinger studied information technology, mathematics and physics at the Technical
University Munich. These studies were followed
by a Ph. D. in physics. From then, Prof. Dollinger
was group leader for application of ion beams in
materials research and solid state physics at the
TU München, with a one year break as senior researcher in Capetown, South Africa. He received
his post-doc teaching certification in 1998 and
was appointed as full professor at the Universität
der Bundeswehr München.
tion of the dislocation density, but only at the price of destroying the sample
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/lrt2
ning positron microscope, a focused positron beam was scanned over a
rectangular area in the crack tip region. Every ten micrometres, a positron
lifetime spectrum was registered. The mean positron lifetime was extracted,
and different lifetimes were assigned to different colours. The result was the
mean positron lifetime map. The enhanced mean lifetime in the crack tipnear
region could be attributed to dislocations. Far away from the crack, the
typical lifetime of the undeformed material was observed. From these data,
Modern transmission electron microscopy would also allow the determina-
and with the uncertainty in the result introduced by the extremely demanding
preparation technique. Looking with PLEPS directly on the crack surface of
the broken specimen, a high concentration of vacancy clusters was detected.
Going deeper below the crack surface by increasing the positron energy, the
concentration of vacancy clusters diminished and, finally, disappeared within
two micrometres below the crack surface. Thus, the combination of PLEPS
and SPM represents an extremely powerful tool to analyze multiple defect
structures in deformed materials. No other existing technique is capable of
detecting these kind of defect structures with comparable resolution.
Future developments
are both installed at the high-intensity positron source NEPOMUC at the
Dr. Werner Egger obtained his Ph.D. in physics at
the University of Vienna, Austria. Since 2000, he
has been a research assistant at the Institute for
Applied Physics and Measurement Sciences at
the Universität der Bundeswehr München, working
in the positron group.
out four times higher than the intensity achievable with the best laboratory
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/lrt2/mitarbeiter/egger
Up to now, the employment of our pulsed positron probes for the applied
materials sciences was mainly limited by the number of positrons obtain-
able with conventional laboratory resources. Consequently, PLEPS and SPM
research reactor FRM II in Garching. The source intensity at NEPOMUC is absources. This will enable defect microscopy with much shorter measuring
times at simultaneously enhanced sensitivity. Thus, after the installation
at the FRM II, both devices will be unique tools for the applied materials
sciences. In particular, the study of defects in loaded specimens opens the
possibility for better lifetime predictions of complex light-weight structures
in the aerospace and automotive industry. Better lifetime predictions entail
improvements in reliability, which means saving human lives and costs.
Cognitive Automation
Applied to Flight Guidance
A
Artificial cognitive agents guide
multiple UAVs to improve humanmachine-system performance
automation, such as a Flight Management System (FMS) with predefined,
utomation has a long tradition in aviation. It made a sophisticated technical system such as an aircraft manageable for a crew of one or two
persons, it helped to reduce costs and improved flight safety. Conventional
hardwired functionality, has however, induced new classes of automation-
related human errors. As the complexity of the automated system increases,
the potential for error also rises due to a more demanding supervision task
for the human operator – a phenomenon that we call the “vicious circle of
automation in supervisory control”.
The more advanced the level of automation is, the more important the role of
the human operator becomes. The Institute of Flight Systems intends to tackle
these challenges by our approach of “cognitive & cooperative automation”.
This novel way to develop and integrate automation functions encompasses
several research questions, ranging from the theoretical foundations of
Prof. Axel Schulte has a background in aerospace engineering and aviation human factors
and professional experience in industrial avionics systems research and development. He
has been professor of flight dynamics and
flight guidance at the Universität der Bundeswehr München since 2002.
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/fmff
human-automation cooperation, the design of appropriate software frame-
works up to concrete implementations of an Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
guidance scenario.
Human-automation collaboration
Conventional automation suffers from a lack of knowledge about the purpose
of work and the resulting operator’s intentions, in particular about the high-
level work objective that is currently pursued. Central to cognitive automation
is the development of Artificial Cognitive Units (ACUs) that collaborate with
human operators on the basis of such common work objectives – proactively
and with varying degrees of autonomy.
ACUs are intelligent agents
To support the implementation of ACUs with these desired properties, the
Institute of Flight Systems has developed a generic software framework.
It uses a graph-based inference engine as well as automated planning techniques encountered in cognitive architectures, software agents and artificial
intelligence. This allows the ACU to exhibit knowledge-based, intelligent behaviour including the ability to cope with unforeseen situations.
Stefan Brüggenwirth holds a diploma degree
in aerospace engineering from the University of
Stuttgart. During his studies he spent two and
a half years at the NASA Ames Research Center,
San Francisco. Since 2009 he has been carrying
out research on cognitive agents for UAV flight
guidance at the Institute of Flight Systems.
Human-automation integration research issues
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/fmff
to human-computer interaction and their roles in the work process. We
To evaluate human performance, we conduct workload analyses and system
evaluations with trained pilots or military personnel by use of our research
flight simulators including an eye-tracking device for human-system interaction observations. Along these lines, the Institute has analyzed the conse-
quences of the cognitive and cooperative automation approach with respect
furthermore investigate improvements to the requirements and the system
engineering process of cognitive systems.
Current UAV-related research projects
cooperative task-based guidance functions by means of cognitive
and simulators to demonstrate the benefits of the cognitive design
level commands just like a human operator in a manned aircraft
The Institute of Flight Systems has developed several prototypes
approach in complex, demanding automation scenarios, such
as pilot assistant systems or multi-UAV guidance. The laboratory
equipment comprises a fleet of several mini-UAVs used to demonstrate our systems’ high level of technological maturity.
The Institute is currently involved in several major third-party fun-
ded research projects in the field of UAV. The Manned-Unmanned
Teaming (MUM-T) project investigates the on-board guidance of
UAVs to collect real-time reconnaissance information on military
helicopter missions. Using only conventional, state-of-the-art flight
guidance and mission management technology (e.g. FMS), com-
manding multiple UAVs from aboard an airborne platform quickly
becomes a challenging task, even for trained operators. The research work of the Institute of Flight Systems seeks to provide
agents aboard the UAVs. These agents will understand higher
would. Furthermore, a cognitive assistant system is developed to
support the human UAV-operator in coping with the complexity
of tasks and systems. Other projects are the Military Rotorcraft
Associate (MiRA) and the follow-up project MiRA-T. Another re-
search activity deals with the cooperation between a jet-fighter
pilot and Uninhabited Aerial Combat Vehicles (UCAVs). The ultimate
vision is to enable the pilot to command a team of self-coordi-
nating UCAVs from aboard his fighter aircraft just like commanding
a squad of manned vehicles. Aside from the core technology of
cognitive and cooperative agents, speech recognition techniques
will be applied for human-automation interaction. Cooperating
industry partners are e. g. EADS Military Air Systems, MBDA Missile Systems and ESG.
Systems in Space – Far Away
and Complex, Safe and Reliable
The Institute of Space Technology pursues
research in the area of Space Exploration,
Space System Design and “Safety in Space”
T
he institute is engaged in several interplanetary missions, which are dedicated to the exploration of cometary atmospheres and ionospheres,
gravity anomalies of the planets, structure and composition of planetary and
cometary surfaces as well as the properties of the interplanetary medium
(solar wind). These projects are embedded in the ESA missions “Rosetta”, “Mars
Express” and “Venus Express”, which have been operating in space for several
years already.
The institute has developed experiments and evaluation techniques that
allow carrying out those measurements based on the modifications radio
signals experience while traveling from the spacecraft to earth. For these
so-called “Radio Science Experiments” it is necessary to send ultra-stable highfrequency carrier signals in the microwave range between a spacecraft and
a ground station on Earth. To do so, ultra-stable quartz oscillators with relative frequency accuracy in the order of 10 –13 are being used as an onboard
reference frequency source.
For the evaluation of the tiny modifications of the radio signals in frequency,
phase, amplitude, polarization and delay, several dedicated techniques and
software modules have been developed, which are currently used to investigate, in particular, data from Mars, Mars’ moon Phobos and Venus, while RoProf. Roger Förstner studied aerospace engineering
at the University of Stuttgart, where he also received his doctoral degree, and worked as a research
assistant in the University of Arizona’s Space Technology Laboratory in Tucson. He worked for several
years as a systems engineer in various, mainly interplanetary, spaceflight projects for EADS Astrium in
Friedrichshafen. He has been a professor of aerospace engineering at the Universität der Bundeswehr München since 2009. Prof. Förstner’s main
research focuses are system safety and reliability,
in particular system autonomy and space radiation protection, and system simulation and design.
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/lrt9
setta is still on its long journey to its target comet where it will arrive in 2014.
Space system design
The Institute of Space Technology also focuses on the design of space systems,
in particular earth observation satellites and space probes for interplanetary
missions. Successful spacecraft design means mastering a very complex network of technical systems which have to function in space without the
chance of repairs or maintenance once launched. Therefore the discipline of
“System Engineering” is of utmost importance when designing a spacecraft.
The Institute of Space Technology is performing specialized system perfor-
mance analyses in support to the industrial system engineering team which
is currently developing the spacecraft for ESA’s mission “Bepi Colombo”,
that will be launched towards Mercury in 2014.
The institute is pursuing research to further optimize the design process of
complex systems by developing a special environment which allows, very
early in the development, consideration of the complex connections between
the various sub-systems and their interactions. This will allow better optimi-
zation of the various system components leading to the desired spacecraft
functionality, while reducing the risk of system malfunctions and failures.
This also includes considerations based on the philosophy of “Lean Product
Development” tailored for spacecraft design.
Safety in orbit
nology is working in the area of highly autonomous spacecrafts,
reliable operation of spacecrafts. Many services provided here on
trol and commanding, especially in the case of non-nominal situ-
Closely connected is the research concerning the safe, secure and
Earth (communication, navigation, climate and weather obser-
vations) already rely - and will even more in future - on satellites.
Some of these services are very critical (navigation of aircrafts,
disaster management, security etc.). Therefore, it is crucial that the
satellites which provide these services are operating safely and
reliably without outages and failures. The Institute of Space Tech-
so that they become less and less dependent on Earth-based conations. One important source of space system malfunctions is the
radiation environment (gamma and X-rays, high energy protons,
electrons and ions) in space. Hence, in its pursuit of increased system safety and reliability of satellites, the institute is also engaged
in improving the robustness of technical systems, in particular
against space radiation.
Satellite Navigation Will
Affect Everyone’s Lives
The Institute of Geodesy and Navigation is
highly involved in the development of Galileo,
Europe’s Global Navigation Satellite System
G
alileo is Europe’s Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and will
consist of a constellation of 27 satellites in 3 orbital planes at an alti-
tude of approximately 23,000 km, plus three spare satellites. Galileo is one
of the largest satellite projects ever conducted by the European Union and
aims to foster development in this field of high technology, which is currently dominated by the USA and their system NAVSTAR GPS.
New fields of application
As a matter of fact, satellite navigation is on its way to have an incisive impact on our daily life. Prominent and evident examples are car navigation
systems that help to guide drivers securely through urban canyons as well
as GPS receivers for outdoor and recreation activities. High precision satellite
positioning enables us to monitor the stability of dangerous structures like
dams, for instance. But there are many other hidden applications which rely
on satellite navigation, too: Computer networks are synchronized and bank
transactions are time stamped with help of GNSS signals, because the satellites transmitting time signals and carry several accurate atomic clocks.
Galileo will add some more fields of applications, as it will offer a broad service
Prof. Bernd Eissfeller is director of the Institute of
Geodesy & Navigation of the Universität der
Bundeswehr München since 2009. He graduated
in engineering from Darmstadt University and
gained substantial industrial experience from
1989 to 1993 at Kayser-Threde GmbH in numerous aerospace and navigation-related projects.
Professor Eissfeller obtained his doctoral degree
in 1989 and his post-doctoral lecturing qualification in 1996. Since 2000, he has been Professor
of Navigation at the Universität der Bundeswehr
München. Prof. Eissfeller is member of the CSI
Working Group (former known as Signal Task
Force).
[email protected]
http://ifen.bauv.unibw.de
volume: The Open Service (OS) will be available free of charge and targets at
mass market applications, but – in contrast to the Commercial Service (CS) –
it will not offer any service guarantees. A special Safety-of-Life service will be
made available that includes special mechanisms (integrity analysis and warning mechanisms) for safety-critical applications like civil aviation. Further-
more, a Search and Rescue (SAR) service is implemented into Galileo that will
allow users to issue distress calls from any point on the Earth – including
the reception of a notification that help is underway. Finally, the Public Regulated Service (PRS) will be exclusively offered to the governments within the
European Union. This service will be encrypted and have a strong resistance
against jamming and interference. It can thus be used for security- and safetyrelated governmental operations.
Questions of interoperability and optimization
The University plays an important role in the definition, development and
optimization of the Galileo satellite navigation system. A number of projects
are carried out at the Institute of Geodesy and Navigation which are directly
concerned with this overall topic:
Galileo signal structure:
A diligent structure of the signals transmitted by the Galileo satellites is a
cornerstone for a state-of-the-art navigation system. Signal structures with
improved characteristics in comparison to the existing US GPS system have
been developed. Further optimizations of the signals are currently carried out
by investigation of modified modulation procedures.
Representative functions and interoperability negotiations:
Tropospheric correction model:
European Comission’s Signal Task Force, namely Prof. Günter Hein.
passing the troposphere of the Earth. The future standard Galileo
Furthermore, the University has a German representative of the
This task force is responsible for the definition of the signals in
space. Moreover, Hein is also a member of the EU/US delegation
for interoperability negotiations and helped to solve the interoperability issues between Galileo and GPS.
Interference:
Interference between satellite navigation systems is assessed in
different scenarios. The required simulation tools have been developed at the Institute of Geodesy and Navigation.
Satellite navigation signals suffer from propagation delays when
tropospheric correction model was developed at the Institute of
Geodesy and Navigation and exhibits an accuracy superior to comparable existing models.
Receiver development:
Many of the projects mentioned before rely on the ipexSR, a multifrequency GNSS receiver implemented entirely in software by
the Institute that reached full functionality in 2007. The receiver
is continuously enhanced and an important backbone in many
upcoming projects. Due to its modular implementation new func-
teaching purposes illustrating the signal flow within a receiver.
Prof. Günter W. Hein studied surveying at Darmstadt Technical University, where he also obtained
his doctoral degree in 1976 and his post-doctoral
lecturing qualification in 1981. Since 1983, Prof.
Hein has been Director of the Institute of Geodesy
and Satellite Navigation at the Universität der
Bundeswehr München. In 2003, he received the
Johannes Kepler Award, the highest honour in
the area of satellite navigation. Prof. Hein, full professor of Physical Geodesy and Satellite Geodesy,
is currently on leave since he took over the position
as ESA Head of Galileo Operations and Evolution.
Finally, it should also be mentioned that the focus of the activities is no long-
[email protected]
http://ifen.bauv.unibw.de
tionality as well as signals of new satellite systems can easily be integrated
and the receiver can be constantly upgraded. At the moment the ipexSR
is able to calculate a position using GPS, Galileo, GLONASS and EGNOS. Its
flexibility allows a usage in diverse research projects but is also useful for
er limited to the European Galileo and the GPS systems alone. Several other
countries are aiming to set up satellite navigation systems, too. The Chinese
are planning to develop the “Compass”system, for example. The Russians are
thinking about the modernization of their GLONASS, which currently only
plays a minor role but might become more important in the future. System
optimizations are currently being carried out for these systems as well.
38 | 39 Safety in Technology and Communication
Sensor Development for Safety
and Security Applications
M
Microsystems ensure human safety
and support research on Mars
challenges. The dramatically lower mass, lower power consumption, smaller
EMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) – or microsystems, as they
are often referred to in Europe – is a very broad emerging field that
offers new functionality and performance advantages but also faces new
volume, and the possibility of integration with electronics make these systems
appealing for safety and security applications.
The Institute of Physics has a strong competency in the fields of nanoelec-
tronics and microsystems. Over the past 20 years, it has provided cutting-edge
R&D for silicon-based devices, especially MOS (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor)
transistors and sensors. Excellent cleanroom facilities, a variety of preparation
techniques as well as advanced analytical tools allow for a spectrum ranging
from basic physics all the way to industrial demonstrators.
Sensors for human safety
Microsystem technology was originally initiated by the development of intel-
ligent sensors, combining mechanical micro-components such as vibrating
micro-masses with electronic computational power (such vibrating masses
may be up to 1 million times smaller than the mass of a human hair). This
combination paved the way for broader applications of replacing space- and
cost-consuming systems by miniaturized intelligent systems in dimensions
Prof. Walter Hansch studied physics at the LMU
Munich. After graduating, he worked for Siemens
AG in the field of micro-structured semi-conductor
components. In 1991 he received his doctoral degree
in electrical engineering from the Universität der
Bundeswehr München, after which he carried out
postdoctoral research on silicon technology and
microelectronics. Prof. Hansch has been professor
of microsystems and information technology at the
Institute of Physics at the Universität der Bundeswehr München since 2009.
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/eit9
that had not been accessible before. While enabling micro- and nano-scale
control of new applications and systems, special attention is being drawn to
various safety aspects. Addressing this challenge the Institute of Physics
focused the research in MEMS for the detection of environmental hazards –
for example X-rays or dangerous gases – to ensure human health and safety.
New measurement techniques that are being tested are superior to conventional large-scale systems. For example, successful collaboration with KETEK
GmbH led to the realization of micro-chip X-ray detectors for medical applications and for chemical analysis. Perhaps the most spectacular application
to date is the integration into the NASA Mars mission, where the sensors are
used for the chemical analysis of rock samples. In comparison to state-of-the-
art sensors for gas detection, which are mainly based on conductivity measurements, field effect devices exploiting the gas-induced work function shift of
a material have been tested. They exhibit several superior features: low power
consumption and sensitivity to both physisorbed and chemisorbed gas species
at the surface of the sensitive layer. A hybrid suspended design of the tran-
sistor gate with the sensitive layer allows one to combine well-established
MOSFET technology with almost all groups of sensitive materials. An air gap
permits the access of gas species to the sensitive surface within. Any change
of potentials is detected by an almost conventional MOSFET. The research is
supported by numerous federal and industrial grants (DFG, BMBF, Siemens,
Epcos and others). One outstanding success in the value-added chain from
basic research to a market-influencing product is the development
Dimensions will be further reduced
AG. Hydrogen gas detection is crucial for preventing dangerous
components, sensors, and MOS transistors with nanometer dimen-
of a hydrogen micro-gas sensor in cooperation with the Micronas
explosions in fuel cells as a future “green” power supply for common use in cars or other vehicles. For the first time a commercial
gas sensor to be used in fuel cells is now available, fulfilling all the
operational and safety requirements of the industry. In addition,
safety applications such as sensors for fire detection and ozone
warning systems are currently being tested.
In addition to these examples, many projects regarding passive
sions are currently being carried out. A particular challenge is the
investigation of NEMS (Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems) devices,
because for many applications new and exciting features and
functionalities can be expected if the present dimensions can be
reduced even further.
IT Security and Management
Challenges: Today and Tomorrow
The Institute for Technical Informatics
is dedicated to the field of IT Security
T
he Internet has revolutionized our social and business habits. It has
evolved from a network of computers and information into a network
of people. The Future Internet will consist of dynamically scalable and virtu-
alized resources and services, located somewhere in a cloud, which will be
offered by providers as a service over the Internet. Whether the Future Inter-
net will be evolutionary or take a more clean slate approach, ensuring security
and privacy will be among the most challenging tasks.
The Future Internet requires self-managing systems
Even if the final structure is not known yet, several characteristics are already
derivable: trillions of fixed as well as mobile devices, huge amounts of data,
encrypted payloads and complex security strategies are characteristics of the
Future Internet. Real-time and bandwidth-intensive services will be around
as much as vital control and monitoring functions which are operated over the
network. The software defined radio technology has taken a large step from
Prof. Gabrijela Dreo Rodosek has held the Chair of
Communication Systems and Internet Services at
the Universität der Bundeswehr München since
2004. She received her M.Sc. degree from the University of Maribor, Slovenia and her doctoral degree
from the LMU Munich. She is member of the executive committee of the EU FP6 NoE EMANICS project and a chairwoman of the IT security research
group at the University.
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/inf3/personen/profs/dreo
the academic into the practically feasible domain. We are now able to construct radio equipment where the signal processing is completely digital and
done via software blocks. Harnessing these new capabilities, radio communi-
cations systems with wide bandwidth usage have been devised to facilitate
high data rates, improve robustness and supersede legacy radio communication systems. Due to the mentioned challenges, the Future Internet also
requires the development of novel management concepts for self-managing
systems.
Solutions focusing on security and operational aspects
The main research activities in this area include research topics like Auto-
nomic (Self-) Management, Context-Aware Systems, Intrusion Detection and
Prevention Systems, Security Management Infrastructures, secure Grid and
Cloud Computing, management concepts and solutions focusing on security
and operational aspects for such future radio communications networks,
including participation in the specification of the upcoming Coalition Wideband Network Waveform, Wireless Sensor Networks (“Internet of Things”),
Early Warning Systems for the Future Internet, and biometric access systems.
Cooperation partners include national institutions like IT-Amt der BundesProf. Gunnar Teege obtained his doctoral degree and
post-doctoral lecturing qualification in computer
science at the TU Munich. In the mid-1990s he was
a visiting scientist in the Coordination Technology
Group of the Xerox Research Centre Europe, Grenoble. Since 2001 he has been professor of distributed units in the Department of Computer Science
of the Universität der Bundeswehr München.
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/inf3/personen/profs/teege
wehr, Sanitätsamt der Bundeswehr, Fraunhofer Institute for Communication,
Information Processing and Ergonomics, Federal Office for Information
Security (BSI), companies like secunet AG, ESG and G&D as well as international organizations like the European Commission, European Defence Agency
as well as ENISA (European Network and Information Security Agency).
Security concepts for wireless sensor networks
Security of geodata
concerning computational power, memory and battery life. So
Geodata, where security requirements in the application domain
Wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes have only limited resources
really strong cryptography algorithms are not yet suitable for
WSNs. Efficient use of cryptographic concepts is an unsolved problem. To face this problem new architectural concepts for WSN
sensor nodes are needed. A great deal of recent research has been
done on the assumption that the restricted resources of WSN
nodes will remain a constraint. It was focused on the innovations
in architectures and power efficient protocols but not on issues
that will affect resilience and attack. It is necessary to protect
future WSNs effectively. Therefore, our research focuses on the
development of highly secured sensor applications, networks,
and nodes.
Another research emphasis is put on the security of distributed
of geographical data and services are identified. In the domain of
geographic data, typically represented as maps, standard require-
ments and solutions – e.g. for authentication and authorization –
must be complemented by application of specific aspects such as
authorization based on geographical position of the data and/or
the user. The research activities include cooperation within the Universität der Bundeswehr München (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Geo-
informationssysteme) as well as cooperation with regional partners
(Runder Tisch GIS e.V., Bayerisches Landesamt für Vermessung und
Geoinformation) and international partners (Open Geospatial
Consortium (OGC), GIS Industry: Intergraph, ESRI, AED-SICAD, and
others).
Networked for Improved
IT Security
The University and ENISA are
partners in the field of IT Security
T
oday, information and communication technologies are essential for a
nation to be functional, and they connect infrastructures that serve fun-
damental, sometimes even critical, purposes. The Internet, being a comprehensive communication platform, plays a leading role in the development of information technology (IT). The Internet protocol is becoming the standard for
local and global communication processes, for both data-based and languagebased communication.
Unfortunately, the Internet is also misused for illegal activities such as orga-
nized crime, digital espionage, phishing, and even theft of digital identities.
As was shown by the case in Estonia in 2007, so-called bot nets (PC networks
that are remotely controlled in an unlawful way) may paralyze the IT infrastructure, causing considerable economic damage.
Comprehensive IT security research is needed to deal with the above-men-
tioned methods of attack. At present, the IT security industry usually takes a
reactive stance: patches or updates are developed and distributed only after
Dr. Udo Helmbrecht, Executive Director, European
Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA)
the discovery of a new security gap, new virus or new Trojan. In the future, IT
should be improved by taking preventive action in this field too.
What is needed for the future is a scenario-based approach which – based on
the threat situation and the needs of public-sector users (military, administra-
tive and police agencies) and private-sector users – defines IT security research
topics and translates them into marketable products in cooperation with
public and private research institutions and industrial enterprises. Thus, IT
security research will become an element of industrial politics. Depending
on the market, this will result in free competition with no need for government control.
German national IT security agencies such as the Bundesamt für Sicherheit
in der Informationstechnik (BSI) (Federal Office for Information Security) or, at
the European level, the European Network and Information Security Agency
(ENISA) will be faced with the task of advising national and European institutions, or of initiating the processes.
In this respect, the Universität der Bundeswehr München is very well positioned. As a university that falls under the ministry of defence, it works to
support some very important customers. Top-notch research facilities and
numerous international IT enterprises are located within the Munich metro-
politan area, providing excellent opportunities for cooperation. For ENISA, the
European cybersecurity agency, networking is a key factor for success. For
these reasons, the Universität der Bundeswehr München is a partner of choice
in this academic field.
O
perations research is closely associated with the developmental history
of the Universität der Bundeswehr München. At first, classic operations
research was militarily motivated before it found its way into industrial process management and, later, into economic studies and systems analyses.
The Chair of Operations Research today focuses its research on studying the
co-functioning of such different systems, analyzing them and optimizing
them based on certain criteria.
Networked research
Operations Research:
High-Dimensional Complexity
Management
System dynamics models and algorithmic
optimization procedures contribute to
decision-making with regard to global
challenges
With the research center COMTESSA (Competence Center for Operations Re-
search, Management of Intelligent Engineered Secure Systems & Algorithms)
the Chair is involved in international research projects and EU framework
programs which take on these scientific challenges in the context of concrete
application examples. Within the RWTH Aachen University’s excellence initia-
tive the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, the establishing of international energy systems and the associated resource conflicts are studied.
IT-based and service-oriented decision-making assistance
The design and conduct of global experiments and economic scenarios are
dealt with in particular under the ERASMUS cooperation with the Karl Franzen
man Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin).
Prof. Stefan Pickl studied mathematics, electrical
engineering, and philosophy at TU Darmstadt and
EPFL Lausanne and received his venia legendi at
Cologne University. He has been Chair of Operations Research at the Universität der Bundeswehr
München since 2005. He was visiting professor
at the University of New Mexico and University of
California at Berkeley, University Graz, University
of Copenhagen and visiting scientist at SANDIA,
Los Alamos National Lab, Santa Fe Institute for
Complex Systems and MIT. In 2010 he chaired the
International Operations Research Conference in
Munich.
Optimal behavioral strategies
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/stefan.pickl
University and Technical University of Graz. Within the framework of current
EU research programs and the ICT 2020 (Information and Communications
Technologies) Initiative “Sustainability in a Connected World”, IT-based and
service-oriented decision-making assistance is developed within general cybernetic systems to study rational behavior. Using system dynamics models and
algorithmic optimization procedures, the systems are studied topologically
as to “energy efficiency improvement”, “aspects of resource security” as well
as “susceptibility to terror” of networked infrastructures. The studies conducted so far have taken place in a project supported at the EU level by the Ger-
Within these networks, researchers are looking for optimal behavioral strate-
gies as well as for stable regions, which characterize such cybernetic systems.
Frequently, these regions can be determined and characterized only by using
very complex algorithmic procedures. This is why several scientists of the working group are looking into the future-oriented fields of “swarming” and “computational intelligence” as well as high-dimensional network studies. These
results are embedded in the development of suitable concrete solution and
reachback strategies for the protection of those networks. To this effect, tests
are conducted jointly with the Bundeswehr Transformation Center’s OR Cell,
the Center for Excellence “Confined and Shallow Waters” of the German Navy,
and the U.S. Navy’s Task Force Energy coordinated by the Naval Postgraduate
School, Monterey.
Saving Data for
Future Generations
The University’s datArena serves as
an interdisciplinary research platform
F
or decades, computing technology went through the fastest evolution
in the history of mankind and changed the way we live, think and com-
municate. Ever since the advent of desktop publishing, tasks such as type-
setting, graphics development, scanning, color-correction and spread-sheet
applications have become do-it-yourself operations. Today, venerable formats,
like PDF, provide us with universally readable office documents and serve as
a bridge into the world of press-ready file transfer, with the blessing of those
responsible for overseeing printing standards. Such universal formats, along
with high-speed, multiple-CPU, ubiquitous micro-sized machines and broad-
band internet access, magically grease the rails of what was once a slow and
tedious process. We are eventually confronted with complications when
inimitable and irrecoverable documents, work pieces or components from the
past cannot be opened, deciphered or executed. Modern technology ignores
Prof. Uwe M. Borghoff holds Diploma and Doctoral
degrees in Computer Science from the TU Munich
and was awarded the postdoctoral university lecturing qualification in 1993. He joined the Xerox Research Centre Europe at the Grenoble Laboratory in
1994. Since 1998 he has been professor for Information Management at the Universität der Bundeswehr München. His research focus lies on “LongTerm Archiving” of digital data. Prof. Borghoff has
been Vice-President of the University since 2004.
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/uwe.borghoff
the past in many ways, and objects of personal or cultural value may be irretrievably lost or dwindle away. Even worse, the rapidly rising storage capacity
of digital media as well as the pace of miniaturization and packing density of
these digital media suggests that digital storage is unlimited and everlasting.
So, is there a problem? The problem will become evident from the following
question. Will this digital media be available in 50 years and will there be a
machine capable of reading it? Or in Jeff Rothenberg’s words: “Digital documents last forever – or five years, whichever comes first.”
Permanent storage of priceless digital heritage
One facet of the research conducted at the datArena research center of the
Universität der Bundeswehr München therefore focuses on long-term backup
and issues dealing with archiving. This includes the preservation and the
recovery of priceless digital-heritage and personal treasures stored on vulnerable or degenerated data-processing media of the past. With regard to per-
manent storage of digital data, research knows three variants: a) long-term
availability of ancient hardware and original software including refreshment
strategies for the original bit strings, b) emulation of ancient hardware and
original software on state-of-the art equipment including specification techProf. Klaus J. Buchenrieder studied electrical
engineering in Munich and Ohio. He worked as
research manager for Siemens AG and Infineon
Technologies AG. Since 2004 he has been professor for Embedded Systems and Computers in
Technical Systems at the Universität der Bundeswehr München. Buchenrieder is an adjunct associated professor at the University of Arizona and
the Chinese-German University College at the
Tongji University in Shanghai.
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/inf3/personen/profs/
buchenrieder
niques for programming issues, and finally, c) the repetitive migration from old
to new including machines, rendering software and file formats. The datArena
platform aims to provide all three variants at a single location on a university
campus.
Historical hardware
The second focal point targets the advances of past and the development of
future hardware architectures. datArena is a unique place, because it provides
scientists with a wealth of working scalar-, vector-, parallel-scalar and parallel-
vector machines. In addition, the adjunct computing and architecture labora-
tories of the Universität der Bundeswehr München complement
Often merely viewed as a museum of working machines, the major
and reinforce datArena with cutting-edge research in the field of
Therefore, the Arena is internationally recognized as an interdisci-
the datArena facilities with access to up-to-date supercomputers
reconfigurable computing. This rich and readily available pool of
well over one hundred machines allows for quantitative analysis
and comparative studies, as well as the evaluation of programm-
ing methods and algorithms, on many high-performance architectures. Performance estimation and prediction via hardware instrumentation and hybrid-tracing is also available to the scientists of
datArena. The datArena laboratories provide the infrastructure for
challenging research in the areas of low-power design, energy effi-
cient computing and controlled cooling system design.The installed
mission of datArena is to convey “Know How” and “Know Why”.
plinary research and teaching project in which students not only
understand ‘how’ components work, but also ‘why’ structures exist
or ‘why’ these are successful. Historical computers, dating back
to an IBM 705 (1956) donated by Hoechst AG and encompassing
a Cray T3E (1996) obtained from the Alfred Wegener Institute of
Bremerhaven, provide vivid insight into high performance machines. Present computer cores are highly integrated and many details
cannot be seen or understood.
computer pool is also an unrivaled place to study the reliability
Practice with computing devices in teaching
mean time to failure of power sources. Many devices in a multitude
Universität der Bundeswehr München: since the introduction of
and stability of specialized power supplies and to determine the
of machines provide extensive data for statistical analysis and can
serve as the baseline for imminent technical advances. At this point
it must be noted, that datArena is also widely acclaimed as a plat-
form for interdisciplinary research in the History of Computation.
datArena’s sponsor, The Association for Historical Computing Devices (Gesellschaft für Historische Rechneranlagen e. V. ) provides
user-, service- and technical-manuals as well as secondary literature for historical research for all machines at datArena.
datArena has also proven to be a good approach for teaching at
bachelor’s and master’s programs at the University, practice-oriented seminars have become necessary components of our inter-
nationally recognized and nationally accredited programs of study.
Detailed technical seminars dealing with implementation as well
as practice-oriented internships with the devices, hardware and
software here help to ensure that the degrees awarded by the Universität der Bundeswehr München continue to be competitive,
both nationally and internationally.
Up to now teaching in the field of Informatics, especially Technical
in which students work together in small groups. To this end we
the future, this form of teaching will continue to be complemented
computer components from elementary components via reconfi-
Informatics, was carried out predominantly in the classroom. In
by more and more practical seminars. In the future, practice with
computing devices, in particular practice concerning their conception, their construction and the specific technology behind them
will also be carried out more frequently in the framework of “labs”,
have chosen computers that allow for the construction of larger
guration. For example, students taking part in our computer-aided
design internship develop their own computer cores, which then
can be tested using various programs.
Prof. Zabolitzky, you are installing the datArena on campus together with
other scientists of the Universität der Bundeswehr München. Now, what is the
datArena?
The datArena is an interactive environment for teaching and research purposes
in the field of electronic data processing. It is not a museum, though – that is,
it is not a collection of lifeless objects – but rather a place for active teaching
and research. Our association’s collection of historical computers offers a
representative insight into the history of data processing.
The Entire History of
Electronic Data Processing
A unique collection of operable computers
provides detailed insight into the most
important development stages of the
past decades
Why is this so important for teaching and research?
Electronic data processing has gone through a decades-long process of growth
that has followed many routes – and many a stray path, too. Its current state
cannot be properly understood unless we follow the history of its development. If we take a look at specific steps of this development, we’ll be able to
gain a deeper understanding of what we have here today, and this will provide a better starting point for further development. The equipment at the
datArena is in an operable state and can be put to use for demonstration or
research purposes.
Where does the datArena’s equipment come from?
The Gesellschaft für Historische Rechneranlagen is a registered non-profit
association. For more than ten years now, we have devoted our time to the
collection of computers. They come from all kinds of sources. Smaller devices
are mainly from the consumer sphere, whereas the larger items come from
universities and research institutes, such as the Technical University Berlin or
the Environmental Protection Agency, North Carolina, USA.
Which of these computers is considered to be the highlight of the collection?
That would depend on the viewer’s perspective. For our visitors, one of the
main attractions is the ControlData 960, which we operate with its complete
peripheral equipment: Magnetic tapes and punch card devices were the mainstays of data processing centers for many decades. One of the most interes-
ting items is the IBM 705, which was the third large commercial processor that
was put into operation in Germany.
Is there any other comparable teaching and research facility in Germany?
There are some computer museums in Germany and in other countries, such
as the Heinz Nixdorf Museum in Paderborn or the Computer History Museum
in California. But most of their equipment is not in an operable condition. The
computers are on display, but you cannot really use them. The fact that people
can actively operate the equipment at our datArena makes it unique throughout the world.
Prof. John G. Zabolitzky
Chairman of the Gesellschaft für Historische
Rechneranlagen e. V. (Association for Historical
Computing Devices)
Network-Centric Emergency
and Crisis Management
I
Response teams need to learn how
to act quickly and collaborate effectively
such as live broadcasts from traditional official news sources, but also contri-
n an event like the storm Kyrill that hit Europe in January 2007 the challenges for emergency and crisis management once again became appa-
rent: The general public not only demanded instant real-time information
buted to the creation of information: Travelers who were stranded at railway
stations reported via mobile phones or via the internet and citizens organized
accommodations for others in need and provided drinks and food for stran-
gers. In fact, the official media television and radio received competition from
internet forums, blogs, and communities, where information was posted by
the citizens themselves.
Networking of response teams
However, it was not only about exchanging information. Local response teams
Prof. Bernhard R. Katzy holds a Ph.D. in industrial
management from the RWTH Aachen and a postdoctoral teaching certification in general management and technology management from the University of St. Gallen. He is professor at the Universität
der Bundeswehr München and at Leiden University
(NL) and director of CeTIM – Center for Technology
and Innovation Management. His research interest
concerns entrepreneurial management of rapidly
growing high-tech firms and the management of
strategic change in the transition to the information
age.
[email protected] | www.SafetyandSecurity.de
www.CeTIM.org | www.OpenLivingLabs.eu
were organized spontaneously and across organizational boundaries and
included volunteers to provide area-wide assistance. In such a situation, professional emergency and crisis management requires not only the man-
agement of its own resources and forces but also structuring the “chaotic”
volunteer information which is made possible by modern information and
communication technology. In fact, as was the case when hurricane Katrina
hit New Orleans, new media is often less affected by the failure of essential
parts of the traditional infrastructure. This offers new opportunities for the
networking of volunteers and relief organizations alike, the integration of
expertise, and of those affected. At the same time, though, it also means that
there is a need for new structures and content of emergency and crisis management.
The Universität der Bundeswehr München provides an experimental techno-
logical platform to validate future scenarios of emergency and crisis management. The research question is how individuals, relief organizations and
other agencies can collaborate via the many privately-owned personal computers that mesh into a communication network. The infrastructure in place
does not need any additional infrastructure other than the antennae that
make WiMAX and WiFi standard communication possible. In case of compoProf. Ulrike Lechner has held the chair of business information systems since 1994. She completed her studies of computer sciences at Passau University and
obtained her doctoral degree in 1997. From 1997 to
2001 she was a member of the Institute of Media and
Communication Management at the University of
St. Gallen, and a professor at the University of Bremen
from 2001 until 2004. One of her research interests is
the design of services for interlinked structures.
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/ulrike.lechner
nent failure or scarcity of local bandwidths, this so-called peer-to-peer network
would automatically reconfigure itself and search for alternative data trans-
mission routes. Likewise, new users would automatically be meshed into the
existing system and add to the overall robustness of the network without
requiring central agency. For the benefit of all nodes, responsibility and network management is evenly distributed throughout the network.
Dynamic organization in a crisis
cies, and who will take on what roles and responsibilities? How can
not occur by chance! It is, after all, organizing and the result of care-
basis of such a distributed network structure? Those questions are
Such self-organization in distributed network organizations does
fully pursued organizational activities, which is nevertheless very
different than traditional hierarchical organizational activities.
Therefore, research at the Universität der Bundeswehr München
seeks to understand the new information services, distributed
operative processes, and the netcentric command and control processes for such meshed virtual organizations.
An emergency and crisis management team working in a distribu-
ted environment will have to coordinate itself and to make regular
situation reassessments in cooperation with other teams, because
changes will occur as the situation progresses. So, what does dynamic organization look like? Who will have what kind of competen-
the organization, the network and the teams collaborate on the
relevant for all network centric operations: for modern armies like
the Bundeswehr and the design of netcentric command and control centers and operations centers, for the Trans-European Inci-
dent Management System (TIME) of ADAC/ARC to coordinate the
yellow vans on Europe’s highways, or for inter-agency cooperation
between different ministries and agencies with non-governmental
organizations in times of crisis response. In cooperation with other
partners, an interdisciplinary team of scientists from almost every
department of the Universität der Bundeswehr München is exa-
mining those issues by conducting simulations and experiments
in what is called the “Living Lab” for virtual collaboration in a
practice-oriented environment.
50 | 51 Social and Economical Dimensions of Security
Knowledge Management in
Organizations – Structured
Processes or Ad Hoc Cooperation?
Researchers in Informatics and Management
Science addressing knowledge management in
organizations
I
n many organizations, the most important production factor today is no
longer land, labor or capital, but rather knowledge. Thus it has become
extremely important in companies to maximize knowledge flow between
employees. At the Universität der Bundeswehr München we are addressing
this issue in different interdisciplinary projects.
Knowledge barriers in project organizations
The goal of one of these projects was to create a method kit for identifying
knowledge barriers in project organizations and for finding possible measures
to address the knowledge barriers. This project was started by researchers
from different disciplines at the Universität der Bundeswehr München, including Organizational Psychology, Management Science and Informatics.
To create the method, we first identified a list of knowledge barriers in inter-
views and literature research, and classified them based on the TOM model –
using the three dimensions technology, organization, and man. This represents
the need for a holistic approach to the topic. The sustainable success of a
Prof. Eva-Maria Kern, MBA studied Plastics Engineering at the Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria and
holds a PhD in process engineering. After several
years in the industry, she received her habilitation
from the TU Hamburg-Harburg. She is Chair for
Knowledge Management and Process Design at the
Universität der Bundeswehr München.
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/wow5_5
technical solution is not possible without the adaptation of the organization
and the willingness of the staff to adapt.
individual barriers:
– ability to share and absorb (knowledge)
– readiness to share and absorb (knowledge)
organizational barriers:
– organizational culture
– working conditions
– organizational structure and process organization
technology-related barriers:
– available technology
– abilities to use technology
In the second step we collected and classified measures for addressing these
barriers. These included process design and introduction of software tools
for supporting (ad hoc) cooperation, two fields of special interest in some
Prof. Michael Koch studied Informatics at the TU
Munich, where he also received his doctoral degree
in Informatics. After several years in the industry
and his post-doctoral studies he took up the position
of professor for Applied Informatics at the Universität der Bundeswehr München. His research focus
lies on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work.
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/inf2/Personen/Professoren/koch
other research projects.
(Structured) knowledge-oriented process design
for emergency services
Business processes are the knowledge base of every organization. Therefore,
designing (knowledge management) processes has been identified as one
important measure on the organizational level for creating a knowledge
management solution. As processes and the knowledge required to accomplish
them are specific to different types of companies, even to each
Ad hoc cooperation via social software
ledge management processes with our project partners to fit
another field of possible measures. Here more and more solutions
specific organization, we tailor knowledge processes and knowtheir characteristics, their goals and strategy, and thus also their
needs.
Availability of technology support knowledge management is
are focusing on supporting the communication between people
(instead of storing knowledge in digital silos).
One of the fields we focus on is emergency services. Here we con-
Social Software is a term describing software or services that sup-
during deployments – and the knowledge required and generated
It is closely related with “Web 2.0” and the corresponding “Enter-
centrate on their core processes – provision of emergency services
within these processes. We adapt and, if necessary, add processes
to ensure the appropriate flow of deployment-related knowledge
port, extend or derive added value from human social behavior.
prise 2.0”.
within the targeted organization or unit as well as cross-organi-
In various projects we are helping organizations to design Social
the overall organizational system while assuring evidential impro-
about constructing new tools, but more about adapting the usage
zationally. This approach allows us to minimize intervention into
vements at the processes of service provision.
Optimizing knowledge flow for businesses
Software solutions for their organization. The issue is not usually
of existing technology – including the processes, social protocols
and organizational structures.
Another main research field is the implementation of continuous
Helping organizations design Social Software solutions helps us
ledge. When it comes to processes which are dependent on the
this context the Cooperation Systems Center at the Universität
business process management with a focus on resource know-
knowledge of employees, knowledge is not only a production fac-
tor but the most important resource. The aim of one of our projects
is the development of a modeling method for gathering and ana-
lyzing processes. The key component is the integration and explicit
consideration of knowledge as well as the identification of relevant
disturbance variables. Optimizing knowledge flow and knowledge
conservation while eliminating the most dominant disturbance
variables including knowledge barriers leads to a value-creationoriented optimization of knowledge of intensive business processes for our project partner.
Based on experience in reengineering projects at industrial enterprises over the past years, we have seen that the economy now-
adays requires efficient and sustainable solutions in knowledge
management which follow the principle of value orientation as
a business philosophy. We identified different types of business
processes with different demands for knowledge management.
To develop the right approach, we conducted case studies e.g. at
a logistics service provider using the innovative method of know-
ledge-based value stream mapping to extract the relevant knowledge in each process step and to create adequate knowledge
management solutions.
to gather data for behavioral and design science approaches. In
der Bundeswehr München is also teaming up with other research
groups in Germany, Austria and Switzerland to set up an Enterprise
2.0 case study database (www.e20cases.org). This collection of
case studies should provide researchers with empirical data for
their research and at the same time provide practitioners with
good examples and success stories for how to set up knowledge
management solutions in their enterprises.
While currently most work goes into deriving guidelines for designing socio-technical Social Software systems, there is also room
for improvement in the base technologies. In various projects we
are therefore addressing the issue of (socio-technical) integration –
first, integration of tools with each other, and second, integration
of tools into the work environment. In the latter we are working
with a variety of ubiquitous computing approaches, e.g. using
large-screen displays in semi-public areas for building additional
windows into Social Software systems.
A Plea for a “Quiet”
Revolution in Management
In times of major uncertainty, managers
often fall back on rigid leadership patterns –
economists at the University demand that
these patterns be broken
O
n a daily basis, we witness uncertainty in the face of unclarity. In management rhetoric, we bid farewell to the world of stability and unam-
biguity. Yet, this is blatantly contradicted by our day-to-day actions: “Always
the same” is the response pattern followed in the daily (leadership) madness.
Within the framework of a four-year research project at the Institute of International Management we are dealing with the following issues, among
others: What are the leadership patterns and thought premises that underlie
today’s conception of management? To what extent, if at all, are they goal-
oriented within the context of increasing uncertainty? Seven leadership patterns have been identified which managers resort to time and again – and
they do so all the more reflexively, the more certainty is perceived to be on the
wane:
Pattern 1: Leaders must control!
Pattern 3:
Leaders must standardize!
Pattern 5:
Leaders must seek to achieve short-term success!
Pattern 2: Leaders must check!
Pattern 4:
Pattern 6:
Pattern 7:
Prof. Hans A. Wüthrich Prof. Hans A. Wüthrich
holds the chair for International Management
at the Institute for Development of Sustainable
Organizations at the Universität der Bundeswehr
München. He is lecturer at the Universities of
St. Gallen and Hildesheim.
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/wow11
Leaders must make rational decisions!
Leaders must speed things up!
Leaders must accept factual constraints!
Individuality instead of rigid leadership patterns
Organizations are made up of human beings and are characterized by nonlinearity and networked structures. It is in vain that we hope for reliable
linear-causal effect relations. In a society of uncertainty, such leadership
patterns are bound to have only limited success.
So, should we simply try out the respective counter-patterns, for example by
Dr. Dirk Osmetz and Dr. Stefan Kaduk are partners
of Musterbrecher® Managementberater, Taufkirchen. They teach and are engaged in research
at the Institute for Development of Sustainable
Organizations at the Universität der Bundeswehr
München.
foregoing any type of controlling whatsoever? Not only would this be unimagi-
[email protected]
[email protected]
the first German officer deployed to Kosovo; and various business people and
native – it would be naïve, too. The research project shows qualitative breaks
in leadership patterns in 40 examples, such as the abbot of the Benedictine
order; the former mayor of the Brazilian metropolis of Curitiba; the female
founder of the “Berlin School for Stage Art and Entrepreneurial Capabilities”;
managers of private companies like betapharm, RWE Rhein-Ruhr AG, Lantal
Textile or W.L. Gore & Associates. These examples have one thing in common:
pattern breakers strike a paradoxical balance between the necessities of con-
ventional leadership patterns and the opportunities provided by the utopian
counterpatterns. Thus, the standard of W.L. Gore & Associates is that they
dispense with all standards, relying on the multifacetness and individuality
of the person instead. There are no assessment procedures, nor are there laid-
out career paths. Both the multifacetness and the standard itself are subjected
to scrutiny on a continuing basis.
What are the typical characteristics of pattern breakers?
First “pattern in the pattern break”: mental capacity through obliging reflec-
tion. Reflection makes us see more, enhances sensitive perception, and causes
us to act with care and honesty. Reflection is far more than the usual deliber-
ations on the right strategies to follow. Again and again, it makes us aware
that we are the designers of our own reality.
Second “pattern in the pattern break”: resilience through quiet courage. Break
standardized patterns, try out and realize alternatives with quiet courage. This
is about an unspectacular kind of courage enabling people to dissociate themselves from references set by others and to “keep up” their own identity.
Third “pattern in the pattern break”: relationship abilities through true relationships. If you reflect upon yourself to courageously face your own trained pre-
mises, you will manage to establish a true and honest relationship not only
with yourself, but also with others, with your co-workers and your customers.
Paradoxes are welcome
Our plea for a “quiet” revolution in management reads as follows: unfortun-
ately, a “newly” lived leadership will only gain ground if acting on the attitude
that forms the basis of dealing with management paradoxes. Attitude helps
to create inner stability so as to better be able to deal with external uncertainties. Working on the attitude requires an experimental approach rather than
further improved project management tools. Unless we want to wind up at
a pathological end-point in leadership and management, we need to learn to
deal with paradoxes. Our gain will be a new kind of certitude amidst uncertainty, which will foster our ability to act!
Defence Supply
Chain Management
New solutions for the logistical demands
of the Federal Armed Forces
T
he transfer center “Defence Supply Chain Management” (SCM) is a joint
institution of the Universität der Bundeswehr München and the Gesell-
schaft für Entwicklung, Beschaffung und Betrieb mbH (g.e.b.b. mbH) and is
concerned with the development and implementation of modern logistics
concepts for the Federal Armed Forces. The research project “Supply Chain
Safety Management” embedded therein aims to develop a holistic approach
to safety and security and to improve the continuity of supply in the military.
Delivery to the right place at the right time
Given the mission to carry out operations worldwide (such as ISAF, KFOR,
EUFOR, ATALANTA, OEF), the Federal Armed Forces of Germany are facing new
challenges. In particular in the logistics system of the Federal Armed Forces,
more than 800,000 various supplies have to be managed – all of them must
be delivered to the right place at the right time. Basic logistics and logistics
support operations, which constitute the logistics closed-loop, not only proProf. Michael Eßig studied business administration
at the University of Passau and received his doctoral
degree and postdoctoral lecturing qualification from
the University of Stuttgart. Since 2003 he has been
a professor of business administration at the Universität der Bundeswehr München, focusing in particular, on materials management and distribution.
His main research efforts are in the fields of strategic supply management, supply chain management,
public procurement, and public logistics. Prof. Eßig
was elected Vice-President of the Universität der
Bundeswehr München in 2010.
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/wow5_1
vide domestic facilities, but also mission contingents located in Afghanistan,
Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Horn of Africa. Based on this, internatio-
nal missions as well as the interplay of many actors, such as the Ministry of
Defence, private logistics service providers, Defence industry, Germany’s allies
in Europe, the NATO, or under company management require a management
approach which is capable of reflecting and controlling this kind of complexity.
Since it has already been successfully implemented within complex com-
mercial value chains, the concept of Supply Chain Management (SCM) should
be taken into account with regard to its transferability and its applicability.
Modernization of logistics
For this reason the Universität der Bundeswehr München, in collaboration
with the g.e.b.b. mbH, has established the transfer center “Defence SCM”.
Aside from the development of the concept of Defence SCM, the transfer
center constitutes a resource which provides the Ministry of Defence with
services relating to projects for the modernization of the Federal Armed Forces’
logistics.
Safety-critical value chains
One particular focus is the research project “Supply Chain Safety Management”.
By including the provision of weapons systems’ spare parts within the scope
of a specific mission scenario, the objectives are to define and analyze a safety-
critical supply chain, to identify and classify relevant safety- and security-rela-
ted facets, to configure a reference-supply chain, to construct a catalogue of
measures (or a management approach) and to develop an implementation
plan for certification. The research project is especially relevant, since the value
chains of the Federal Armed Forces can be considered extremely safety-critical:
whereas disruptions in commercial value chains result in losses of sales
or collapses in earnings, a lack of safety of supply can have life-
The research project is divided into six modules that are to be com-
Ministry of the Interior refers to so-called critical infrastructures.
and description of the reference-supply chain, identification and
of vital importance to the body politic, and the failure or disruption
instruments, analysis of the reference-supply chain, development
threatening consequences for the soldiers. In this context, the
This term is used to describe organizations and facilities that are
pleted by the end of 2010. The objectives are as follows: selection
operationalization of safety-related goals, development of analysis
of these may cause long-term supply shortfalls or have life-threat-
of a catalogue of action measures, and development of a concept
tures, which also include the Federal Armed Forces, therefore
undertaken.
ening consequences for large population groups. Such infrastrucrequire the development of measures for preventing safety-critical
events and for mitigating any disruptions.
to monitor the effectiveness of the action measures that were
Human Intervention
The new guidelines of international politics
focus on people’s security interests
S
ince the 1990s reference to what are called “humanitarian interventions”
has become a leading motive in international politics. Elated by the fact
that the Cold War had ended, the United Nations – in agreement with nongovernmental organizations and a few nations which played a minor role in
world politics but nevertheless enjoyed financial strength and were commit-
ted to a policy of peace (Norway, Canada, Japan) – pressed forward with the
formulation of new guidelines for military intervention in conflict regions.
Human security
In the time to follow, there were two key aspects that acquired central impor-
tance in political and scientific debates on developmental politics, geopolitics
and security politics. One was the concept of “human security“, and the other
was “responsibility to protect” (R2P). “Human security” is to be understood
as a paradigm change, inasmuch as it was no longer the security interests of
nations that were to be at the focus of interventions – as had been the case
Prof. Stephan Stetter teaches international politics conflict studies. Following his studies at the
Ruprecht-Karls-Universität of Heidelberg, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and the London
School of Economics and Political Science (LSE),
he was awarded his doctoral degree in 2004 for
a dissertation on the EU’s foreign and internal
policy. Prof. Stetter received his postdoctoral lecturing qualification from the Universität Bielefeld
and has been a professor at the Universität der
Bundeswehr München since October 2008.
[email protected]
www.unibw.de/sowi8_4
in the theory and practice of international law from the Early Modern Age
until the end of the Cold War – but rather the security interests “of the people”,
that is, the individuals that were directly affected by a conflict.
Responsibility to protect
The idea of R2P was able to directly build on this primacy of “human security”,
deriving from this a rule for nations to act upon: whenever “human security”
is threatened, even when this is done by a nation within its sovereign territory,
there is not only a moral obligation to condemn such acts (to include geno-
cides or other extreme forms of violence committed against individuals and
societal groups) – rather, to all intents and purposes, it is the duty of other
nations to intervene, with military means if necessary. While, in the face of
non-intervention in violent conflicts of the past years (Darfur; or the perse-
cution of religious and ethnic groups in many nation states), it can hardly be
maintained that R2P has turned into a generally valid and comprehensively
implemented norm of world politics, political scientists do agree that (a) the
concepts of “human security” and R2P, besides other factors, have been of
considerable significance in the justification of important military interven-
tions, such as in Kosovo, Sierra Leone and Congo, and that (b) both concepts
have meanwhile become supportive, normative foundations of “global security governance”.
A mix-up of developmental politics and security interests?
Both concepts have met with – sometimes contradictory – criticism
from various sides, which in the following will be briefly introduced,
rather than be given a final assessment.
[1] Critics have held that the strong normative call for action
with regard to “human security” and R2P was problematic in that
it was too restrictive on nations and international organizations
in their sovereign decision-making as to whether an intervention
is not only morally necessary but also politically sensible. Thus,
critics maintained that both norms would undermine the centra-
lity of national sovereignty as the foundation of world politics.
[2] Another point of view is that both concepts, while normatively
desirable, were lacking in corresponding effectiveness. A univer-
sal norm dedicated to the best interests of the individual, so it is
argued, could hardly be expected to be applied as long as the inter-
national system of nations was characterized by nations and their
particular identities and interests and as long as there was no
effective monopoly of power at the global level.
[3] Furthermore, it is maintained – mainly by regions of the “global
south“ – that both norms lack the necessary legitimation, as they
mainly reflect western interests and, while they were rhetorically
proffered during military interventions such as the one in Kosovo,
they were actually just an effort at window dressing to cover up
geo-strategic or economic interests.
[4] Finally, it is mainly non-governmental organizations and scien-
tists who maintain that both norms have conflated development
policy goals on the one hand and security-related considerations
on the other. In this way, civilian developmental politics were losing
their societal autonomy with respect to security interests, which
made it considerably more difficult for external actors to present
themselves as “neutral” in conflict regions and to exert a civilizing
effect in the shadow of a conflict.
58 | 59
58 Facts & Figures
The Universität der Bundeswehr München is a university that falls under the portfolio of the German Ministry
of Defence. The University’s main task is to educate officers and officer candidates. The academic degrees
awarded by the University (diploma, bachelor’s, master’s, MBA, doctoral degrees, and postdoctoral lecturing
qualifications) are fully recognized and are considered equivalent to the degrees
awarded by state universities in Germany.
The University was founded in 1973. From the very start, the institution was designed not to provide specific
military training but rather to offer academic courses of study. This is why teaching and research have been
unrestricted at the Bundeswehr universities since their establishment. We cooperate with the Armed Forces
in the area of research but there is no influence on the teaching or the choice of research projects.
The main research efforts at the Universität der Bundeswehr München are concentrated in the engineering
departments. The researchers there have first-class, state-of-the-art laboratory equipment at their disposal,
and their intensive research work contributes considerably to the third-party funds flowing into to the Uni-
versity. As numerous national and international cooperation projects illustrate, the University is a respected
research partner that is competitive in the international arena. As a private university we are able to cooperate
with international firms such as Siemens, Infineon, Bosch, EADS etc. Our research work is integrated in these
cooperative projects, which have been responsible for many exciting new ideas.
Since 2007 the University has offered bachelor’s and master’s programs, for which the standard period
of study is a total of four years: one year less than at other German universities. The unique study environment at our university has enabled us to offer intensive programs. The so-called Bologna Process offers
an historic chance to restructure our programs of study. The following courses of studies are currently
offered at the University:
University Departments:
– Civil Engineering (B.Sc., M.Sc.)
Departments at the
College of Applied Sciences:
– Electrical Engineering (B.Sc., M.Sc.)
– Electrical Engineering (B.Eng.)
– Business Data Processing (B.Sc., M.Sc.)
– Computer Aided Engineering (M.Eng.)
– Computer Science (B.Sc., M.Sc.)
– Aerospace Engineering (B.Sc., M.Sc.)
– Education (B.A., M.A.)
– Physical Education (B.Sc., M.Sc.)
– Mechanical Engineering (B.Eng.)
– Defence Technology (B.Eng.)
– Business & Journalism (B.A.)
– Political Science and Social Sciences (B.A., M.A.)
– Economics (B.Sc., M.Sc.)
– Mathematical Engineering (B.Sc., M.Sc.)
As of 2008 the Universität der Bundeswehr München has also been able to award degrees and certificates for
continuing education programs. All of the continuing education programs at the University are offered by
the casc (campus advanced studies center). The aim of this institute is to allow the research strengths and
teaching excellence of the University to be carried over into continuing education and to contribute to career
advancement, particularly of our alumni.
Our students live and work on campus. The generously equipped campus of the University offers an outstanding
library with over 1 million media items, over 2,000 printed publications and over 11,000 e-journals, teaching
aids and laboratory guides. The officer students enjoy many conveniences, a dormitory and a broad range of
sports. The environment for studying and working is very good, as the ratio of academic staff to students is
excellent (approximately 1:18). Most courses are organized on the basis of the small-group principle. Apart from
their chosen field of study, students also attend several courses and training seminars in order to obtain additional key qualifications and soft skills (so-called studium plus). The dual qualification of military service as
an officer and university-level education is excellent for a military career as well as for a civilian career following
their military service.
Our two main priorities for the future are, together with further implementation of the Bologna Process, the
internationalization of our organization and opening the University to more civilian students, especially in the
framework of postgraduate and life-long learning programs.
Students
3.700
female students...........................................400
international students . .............................150
civilian students . ........................................... 90
students in postgraduate programs......155
Faculty
professors.......................................................164
research associates......................................168
temporary assistants.................................... 32
third-party funds personnel.....................200
Staff
civil servants.................................................... 83
staff members...............................................517
military employees......................................140
Graduates approx. 23,000 graduates since 1973
doctoral degrees....................................... 1,300
postdoctoral teaching certification......... 65
Campus
Campus Size ........................... 138.3 hectares
Test Tracks .................................. 71.7 hectares
Number of Buildings.................................. 117
Number of Laboratories . ......................... 450
Number of Lecture Halls..............................54
Number of Workshops.................................86
60
60 || 61
60
61 The Universität der Bundeswehr München receives a great deal of third-party funding from a variety of sources:
private companies, state-run organizations, as well as endowments. Between 2005–2009, the University
received a total of c 49,8 million. The two affiliated institutes of the University, ITIS (Institut für Technik Intelligenter Systeme e.V.) and CeTIM (Center for Technology and Innovation Management) provide additional
revenue, totalling c 16,24 million for the period in question (ITIS: c 13,15 million, CeTIM: c 3,09 million).
The majority of third-party funds are raised by the following engineering departments: Civil Engineering &
Surveying, Electrical Engineering & Information Technology, Computer Science, and Aerospace Engineering. In
2009 they received a total of c 8,39 million.
Third Party Funds: 2005–2009
Third Party Revenue Raised by the Universität der Bundeswehr München in Euro
11,367,472
12,000,000
11,000,000
8,000,000
10,223,254
9,390,150
10,000,000
9,000,000
11,706,407
7,139,350
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Third Party Revenue Raised by the Affiliated ITIS e.V. in Euro
3,500,000
3,326,594
2,813,455
3,000,000
3,038,298
2,500,000
2,021,076
2,000,000
1,952,452
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Third Party Revenue Raised by the Affiliated CeTIM in Euro
1,000,000
900,000
800,000
757,950
810,000
613,300
700,000
600,000
572,250
500,000
337,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Distribution by Department: 2009
Third Party Funds Raised by the University
Political Science &
Social Sciences 2.71%
Education 3.83 %
0.10% Miscellaneous
Computer Science 5.88 %
Economics &
Organizational Sciences 8.44 %
0.25 % Mechanical Engineering
Electrical Engineering &
Information Technology 10.68 %
2.53 % Electrical Engineering &
Computer Technology
Civil Engineering &
Surveying 15.90 %
49.68 % Aerospace Engineering
62 | 63
62 Third Party Funds Raised by the University and its two Affiliated Institutes
0.13% Miscellaneous
Education 2,88%
Economics &
Organizational Sciences 7.22%
0.19% Mechanical Engineering
2.04% Political Science &
Social Sciences
Civil Engineering &
Surveying 12.18%
Electrical Engineering &
Information Technology 13.63%
2.50% Electrical Engineering &
Computer Technology
43.46% Aerospace Engineering
Computer Science 15.78%
Distribution by Third Party Fund Provider: 2009
Third Party Fund Providers for the Universität der Bundeswehr München
German Research Foundation 6.21%
3.34% Endowments
Federal Ministry of Education
and Research 10.16%
25.65% Private Companies
European Union 13.51%
Federal Ministry of Defence 17.42%
23.71% Misc. Federal and
Regional Organizations
Third Party Fund Providers for the Affiliated Institutes, ITIS and CeTIM
7% Misc. Federal and Regional Organizations
European Union 8%
Federal Ministry of Defence 37%
48% Private Companies
Research Centers: Strengthening the Research Profile of the University
During its history of almost forty years, the Universität der Bundeswehr München has developed research
strengths which make it a renowned partner of other research institutions and the industrial sector. Public
third-party fund providers, too, consider the University to be a reliable partner that delivers excellent research
results.
One of the University’s primary fields of research is ‘space technology’ and ‘space utilization’. For years now,
the University’s scientists have proven their expertise in space research, satellite system technology, and space
utilization, which is substantiated by their continuing cooperation in the Galileo program and ESA projects.
Also, the University incorporates space-flight basis technologies such as ‘electrical drives’, ‘microsystem technology’ and ‘geoinformatics’. This resulted in the networking of several of the University’s institutes beyond
the University sphere with a large number of industrial partners, agencies and other universities. Furthermore,
in 2010 the University co-founded the Munich Aerospace Association – together with other Munich-based
aerospace institutions, the Technical University Munich, the German Aerospace Center and the Bauhaus Luftfahrt e.V. research association – which is to serve as an aerospace research, development and training platform
in Munich.
With its international profile in the field of aerospace engineering, the joint Munich Aerospace Faculty concentrates Munich’s strengths as a research and technology location into joint research projects. Examples
of researched subjects include ‘autonomous flight systems’, ‘safety in orbit’ and ‘geodetic earth observation’.
Through this networking process, the University’s Space Technology and Space Utilization Research Center is
developing into an internationally visible crystallization point of space research, which receives strong thirdparty funding and is highly attractive for students.
At the same time, this focus of effort is exemplary of the University’s endeavors aimed at establishing research
centers, which is intended to place even greater emphasis on research subjects pursued across institutes and
faculties. The University’s location advantages are to contribute to the effective implementation of internal
cooperation and to offer a platform that combines basic research with applied research. The University’s loca-
tion advantages include its compact size, its structure – which integrates two institutions of higher learning:
the University and the College of Sciences – and its generous allowance of resources (wind channel, cleanroom
technology, scanning microscope). The research centers are established as units of the University which conduct
interdisciplinary research and are characterized by their cooperation with important external partners, a fair
measure of recruited third-party funds, and excellent research results.
Successively, the University is going to establish other research centers in various selected areas (including
aeronautics, automotive engineering, and smart system integration). With the research centers focusing on the
allocated subjects, it is ensured that fields of research with a promising future are worked on in an interdiscipli-
nary approach. Prime motivators for establishing these centers are the concentration of research initiatives and
the external visibility of existing competences. Also, the involved scientists can already look back on a history
of successful research projects conducted jointly with other research institutions and industry partners.
64
Imprint
Publisher:
Prof. Merith Niehuss, President
Address:
Universität der Bundeswehr München
Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39
85577 Neubiberg
www.unibw.de
Design:
designgruppe koop, Nesselwang
www.designgruppe-koop.de
Picture credits:
cover: http://de.fotolia.com © NiDerLander
p. 2 (below): ESA
p. 3: photocase.com © Jürgen W,
p. 3: http://www.istockphoto.com © Tom Fewster
p. 5: http://de.fotolia.com © rotschwarzdesign
p. 19: http://de.fotolia.com © Benoit Jaquelin
p. 21: Robert Bosch GmbH
p.22: ZF Lenksysteme GmbH
p. 33: ESA
p. 41: photocase.com © patrick.siegenthaler
p.45: © Stefan Scharf
p.46: © Stefan Scharf
p. 49: photocase.com © C-PROMO.de
p.55: http://de.fotolia.com © DeVIce - Fotolia.com
p. 57: http://www.istockphoto.com © Jean Nordmann

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