packaging - Ecoinvent

Transcrição

Eine gemeinsame Initiative
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
packaging
Special LCA Discussion Forum, December 5, 2003
EPF Lausanne
Session „Packaging“
Roland Hischier
Swiss Federal Laboratories of Material Testing and Research (EMPA)
Sustainable Information Technology Unit, St. Gallen
[email protected]
Folie 2
Präsentation Roland Hischier
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Timetable
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part ONE - Paper / Board
20‘
part TWO - Packaging glass
10‘
part TRE – Plastics
15‘
part FOUR – Diskussion
30‘
Folie 3
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
Content
• What ?
- system boundaries
- included types
• How ?
- used data sources
- procedure
( - common points )
• Example (raw data – cumulated data – results)
• Conclusion / Outlook
Folie 4
Schweizer Zentrum
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des ETH-Bereichs
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Bundesämter
EPF Lausanne / Session „Packaging“
Schweizer Zentrum
für Ökoinventare
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
part ONE
Paper / Board
Folie 5
System boundaries
Switzerland
wood
chips
Mittle Europe
wood
(logs)
wood
chips
Scandinavia
wood
(logs)
wood
chips
wood
(logs)
pulp plant
integrated
paper/board mill
non-integrated
paper/board mill
paper/board
(regional storage)
waste paper
collection
Folie 6
integrated
paper/board mill
paper/board
(regional storage)
Europe
waste paper
collection
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Market pulp
Included types
Sulfate pulp
Chem ical pulp
Sulfite pulp
Chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP)
Mechanical pulp
Thermomechanical pulp (TMP)
Stone ground wood pulp (SGW)
Mechanical pulp dom inated graphical
paper grades
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Newsprintpaper
SC paper
Paper
LWC paper
Chem ical pulp dom inated graphical paper
grades
Uncoated fine paper
Coated fine paper
Recyclingpaper with Deinking
Graphical recycling paper grades
Recyclingpaper without Deinking
Unbleached packaging paper
Packaging paper grades
Bleached packaging paper
Board
Solid Bleached Board
Solid Unbleached Board
Cartonboard
Folding Boxboard
Whitelined Chipboard
Corrugated Base Paper
Containerboard (Case Material)
Corrugated Board
Folie 7
Used data sources
Characteristics
Buwal 250
CER
FEFCO
KCL EcoData
Questionnaire
UBA
Folie 8
Former Swiss Life Cycle
Inventory study covering
packaging and graphical
paper
Environmental reports,
established by single mills
and/or the entire group
Advantages
- Swiss situation
Disadvantages
- age of the data (most of the
data are from 1993/1994)
- publicly accessible
- data format not standardized
and therefore data reported
different within the CER from
different companies
Life Cycle Inventory data from - “real” average values, based - covers only the sector of
the European corru-gated
on more than 50% of the
corrutaged board
board producers
respective producers
Commercial database from
- copyright protected – and
- datasets established from
the finnish research
therefore only averages of
specialists, representing a
organisation KCL containing typical situation
several datasets usable
datasets on unit process level - very detailled database
for a variety of different pulp, (containing several different
paper and board types
datasets for the same
Questionnaire, send out to the - data from present processes - not filled in from all of the
main producers of paper
used within the sector
asked companies
within Switzerland
- limited on Swiss producers
German LCA study about
- datasets for the German
- not all datasets are
graphical paper in Germany
production
published on a unit process
level
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Infrastructure
• 1 general dataset of a „paper machine“ – based on information
from one producer plus own assumptions
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• Specific datasets for „integrated paper/board mill“, „nonintegrated paper/board mill“, „pulp plant“
– Land use & number of paper machines:
average of various mills in CH, D, SE, FIN
– Other infrastructure parts based on own assumptions
Folie 9
Waste
• Each specific type of waste is represented by a respective
specific dataset that defines composition of the waste as
well as the disposal way
– Example „Disposal of Deinking sludge“:
• 100% internally burned
-> Disposal = 0.44 kg ash / kg sludge goes to landfill
• Data source: literature (reference books, EU-IPPC-report)
Folie 10
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Case study
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• Lightweight coated paper (LWC-paper)
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
LWC
LWC paper
paper is
is used
used for
for magazines,
magazines, catalogues
catalogues and
and advertising
advertising
material
material in
in long
long printing
printing runs
runs where
where excellent
excellent printing
printing quality
quality
and
and image
image reproduction
reproduction is
is required.
required.
LWC
LWC paper
paper is
is essentially
essentially aa thin
thin paper
paper made
made from
from ground
ground spruce
spruce
pulpwood,
pulpwood, reinforced
reinforced with
with aa small
small proportion
proportion of
of kraft
kraft pulp
pulp to
to add
add
strength.
strength. The
The resulting
resulting paper
paper is
is then
then covered
covered with
with coating
coating in
in
which
which the
the most
most important
important constituent
constituent is
is fine-grained
fine-grained clay.
clay. The
The
result
result is
is aa printing
printing paper
paper with
with extremely
extremely good
good printing
printing
properties,
properties, particularly
particularly with
with regard
regard to
to image
image reproduction.
reproduction.
Homepage of SCA (www.publicationpapers.sca.com)
Folie 11
System boundaries of LWC paper
emission to air
production
mech. pulp
fuel
heat production
internal waste
waste water
emission
to Wasser
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electricity wood
paper machine
waste water
treatment plant
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
chem. pulp
fillers
auxillaries
LWC Paper
electricity
DIP (deinked pulp)
production
material flows
energy flows
waste water
Folie 12
electricity waste paper
auxillaries
Data sources of LWC Paper
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• Filled in questionnaire from one European LWC producer
• CER of various European producers (in Germany, but also in
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
Scandinavia)
• Finnish LCA Datenbank EcoData of KCL
• German LCA study about graphical paper
• European IPPC BAT documentation about the paper and board
industry
Folie 13
Establishing the input data
1. Bring together the information from various sources
KCL
all amounts in g
Company
848.9
-
EcoData
softwood
810.0
moisture (%)
wood, thinnings
0
140
-
361.2
140
140
moisture (%)
Chips from saw mill
moisture (%)
Purchased pulp
221.0
54
54
UBA
IPPC
Nord
BRD
-
-
884.0
15
15
moisture
different ….
-
220.5
18.4
625.4
18.3
899.8
0
10
54
15
15
0
-
217.9
666.2
273.0
286.0
259.0
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
24.5
15.3
258.7
-
-
17.2
-
-
Type of pulp
Waste paper for DIP
Purchased DIP
Folie 14
CER
24.4
361.0
Schweizer Zentrum
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KCL
all amounts in g
CER
Company
810.0
848.9
-
0
140
EcoData
softwood
moisture (%)
wood, thinnings
-
361.2
moisture (%)
Chips from saw mill
220.5
moisture (%)
Purchased pulp
54
625.4
-
884.0
-
-
-
899.8
361.0
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
15
18.3
10
54
15
15
0
-
217.9
666.2
273.0
286.0
259.0
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
24.5
15.3
258.7
-
-
17.2
-
-
24.4
Schweizer Zentrum
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IPPC
BRD
-
0
Type of pulp
Waste paper for DIP
Purchased DIP
221.0
140
18.4
UBA
Nord
2. Re-calculate the data at a constant moisture content
KCL
all amounts in g
softwood
wood, thinnings
wood chips
purchased pulp
Company
IPPC
UBA
143.5
406
Nord
BRD
768.7
16
782
361
810.0
220
353.7
150.5
17
24.4
252.8
873.2
273.0
299.7
259.0
1054.9
773.7
1422.8
1057.6
1082.2
620.0
1
Total Input
1
CER
EcoData
Where a waste paper input is reported, a yield of 80% is assumed for the DIP production
Folie 15
KCL
all amounts in g
CER
810.0
moisture (%)
wood, thinnings
moisture (%)
Purchased pulp
140
-
361.2
220.5
all amounts in g
-
-
-
884.0
-
-
899.8
361.0
140
54
18.4
625.4
study
15
18.3
10
54
15
15
0
-
217.9
666.2
273.0
286.0
259.0
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
24.5
15.3
258.7
-
-
17.2
-
-
24.4
This
IPPC
BRD
221.0
0
Type of pulp
Waste paper for DIP
Purchased DIP
Nord
848.9
0
moisture (%)
Chips from saw mill
UBA
Company
EcoData
softwood
1210.1
softwood
moisture (%)
wood, thinnings
2. Re-calculate the data at a constant moisture content
moisture (%)
KCL
all amounts in g
purchased pulp
1
Total Input
1
CER
Company
Nord
BRD
810.0
220
353.7
150.5
17
143.5
406
768.7
16
782
361
24.4
252.8
873.2
273.0
299.7
259.0
1054.9
773.7
1422.8
1057.6
1082.2
620.0
EcoData
softwood
wood, thinnings
wood chips
IPPC
UBA
Where a waste paper input is reported, a yield of 80% is assumed for the DIP production
Folie 16
28.5
Chips from saw mill
moisture (%)
70
217.9
Purchased pulp
Type of pulp
3. Input data
140
Waste paper for DIP
Purchased DIP
sulfate
43.5
-
Schweizer Zentrum
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Name
Input
data
Location
Unit
Location
Unit
resource, in water
wood
pulp
waste paper
chemicals
Inputs
energy
infrastructure
transports
waste disposal
services
product
air emission
Outputs
water emission
Water, cooling, unspecified natural origin
Water, unspecified natural origin
chips, Scandinavian softwood (plant-debarked), u=70%, at plant
industrial residue wood, softwood, forest-debarked, u=70%, at plant
industrial wood, Scandinavian softwood, under bark, u=140%, at forest road
industrial wood, softwood, under bark, u=140%, at forest road
sulphate pulp, average, at regional storage
waste paper, mixed, from public collection, for further treatment
waste paper, sorted, for further treatment
potato starch, at plant
kaolin, at plant
malusil, at plant
aluminium sulphate, powder, at plant
bentonite, at processing
limestone, milled, loose, at plant
chlorine, liquid, production mix, at plant
hydrogen peroxide, 50% in H2O, at plant
sodium chlorate, powder, at plant
sodium dithionite, anhydrous, at plant
sodium hydroxide, 50% in H2O, production mix, at plant
sulphur dioxide, liquid, at plant
sulphuric acid, liquid, at plant
latex, at plant
urea, as N, at regional storehouse
carboxymethyl cellulose, powder, at plant
chemicals inorganic, at plant
chemicals organic, at plant
electricity, medium voltage, production NORDEL, at grid
electricity, medium voltage, production UCTE, at grid
electricity, medium voltage, at grid
hard coal, burned in industrial furnace 1-10MW
lignite briquette, burned in stove 5-15kW
natural gas, burned in industrial furnace >100kW
heavy fuel oil, burned in industrial furnace 1MW, non-modulating
wood chips, from industry, softwood, burned in furnace 300kW
integrated paper mill
transport, lorry 32t
transport, freight, rail
disposal, municipal solid waste, 22.9% water, to municipal incineration
disposal, ash from paper prod. sludge, 0% water, to residual material landfill
disposal, sludge from pulp and paper production, 25% water, to sanitary landfill
disposal, wood ash mixture, pure, 0% water, to sanitary landfill
disposal, hazardous waste, 0% water, to underground deposit
paper, woodcontaining, LWC, at plant
Heat, waste
AOX, Adsorbable Organic Halogen as Cl
BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand
COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Suspended solids, unspecified
Folie 17
NORDEL
RER
NORDEL
RER
RER
RER
RER
DE
RER
RER
RER
DE
CH
RER
RER
RER
RER
RER
RER
RER
RER
RER
RER
GLO
GLO
NORDEL
UCTE
GB
RER
RER
RER
RER
CH
RER
RER
RER
CH
CH
CH
CH
DE
RER
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kWh
kWh
kWh
MJ
MJ
MJ
MJ
MJ
unit
tkm
tkm
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
MJ
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
paper, woodcontaining,
LWC, at plant
RER
kg
2.40E-02
2.07E-02
1.64E-05
2.09E-05
4.92E-04
6.29E-04
2.18E-01
2.17E-02
2.17E-02
1.19E-02
3.14E-01
3.28E-02
1.70E-03
6.40E-04
1.44E-03
7.00E-06
8.78E-03
2.00E-04
1.64E-03
1.74E-02
5.50E-03
5.20E-04
2.92E-02
3.04E-04
2.53E-03
1.04E-02
1.04E-02
7.02E-01
8.51E-01
4.64E-02
1.16E-01
1.02E-01
3.17E+00
4.94E-01
3.04E+00
5.44E-11
2.72E-01
4.93E-01
1.40E-03
2.13E-04
7.56E-04
7.35E-03
2.00E-04
1.00E+00
5.76E+00
1.60E-06
1.10E-04
2.20E-03
4.30E-05
7.60E-06
3.40E-04
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Cumulated data (LCI)
Name
Location
Unit
Infrastructure
LCIA results
cumulative energy demand
LCI results
resource Land occupation
air
Carbon dioxide, fossil
air
NMVOC
air
Nitrogen oxides
air
Sulphur dioxide
air
Particulates, < 2.5 um
water
BOD
soil
Cadmium
Æ LWC
Folie 18
non-renewable energy resources, fossil
non-renewable energy resources, nuclear
renewable energy resources, water
renewable energy resources, wind, solar, geotherma
renewable energy resources, biomass
total
total
total
total
total
total
total
total
Unit
paper,
paper,
paper,
paper,
woodcontainin
woodfree,
recycling, with woodcontaini
g,
coated, at
deinking, at
ng, LWC, at supercalendre
integrated mill
plant
d (SC), at
plant
plant
RER
RER
RER
RER
kg
kg
kg
kg
0
0
0
0
MJ-Eq
MJ-Eq
MJ-Eq
MJ-Eq
MJ-Eq
2.0E+1
4.9E+0
8.1E-1
1.3E-1
3.5E+0
2.0E+1
7.7E+0
2.9E+0
2.8E-1
2.6E+1
1.4E+1
6.8E+0
3.0E+0
2.7E-1
2.8E+1
1.8E+1
3.0E+0
6.9E-1
7.9E-2
3.6E+1
m2a
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
6.2E-1
1.4E+0
6.1E-4
2.5E-3
2.9E-3
3.2E-4
2.2E-3
6.5E-9
4.5E+0
1.2E+0
9.2E-4
4.3E-3
4.3E-3
6.9E-4
1.9E-3
9.0E-9
5.4E+0
9.6E-1
7.5E-4
3.6E-3
3.5E-3
6.6E-4
2.2E-3
7.9E-9
4.1E+0
1.1E+0
1.1E-3
4.6E-3
3.7E-3
1.2E-3
2.9E-3
3.8E-9
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• CED fossil quite equal to recycling paper and woodfree paper
• air emissions in same order of magnitude like for other paper types
• water emission is higher for woodfree paper
Cumulated data (LCIA) / II
100%
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80%
waste disposal
services
transports
60%
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
infrastructure
heat
40%
electricity
other chemicals
20%
fillers
0%
Total
land
occupation
respiratory
effects
carcinogenics climate change
fossil fuels
-20%
waste paper as
raw material
market pulp
(sulphate)
wood
Direct impact
-40%
-60%
Folie 19
Conclusion / Outlook
• Average datasets of most important types of paper / board for
European situation in year 2000 are included into the
database ecoinvent.
• Representativeness of different datasets not equal – some
datasets are based on only few informations.
(-> Quality indicators)
• Collaboration with the European paper / board industry as an
option to achieve better datasets in a future update
Folie 20
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part TWO
Packaging Glass
Folie 21
System boundaries
Europe
Mineral
raw materials
Switzerland
Glass
Glass production
production
(CH)
Glass
Glass production
production
(DE)
Cullets
Cullets
preparation
preparation
Glass collection
collection
Glass
Folie 22
Glass production
(FR)
Glass production
(Europe)
Glass production
(IT)
Packaging glass
Packaging glass
Packaging
glass
waste
(Europe)
waste (Europe)
waste (Europe)
Packaging
Packaging glass
glass
regional
Storage
regional Storage
(CH)
(CH)
Packaging glass
waste (CH)
Glass
Glass collection
collection
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Data sources
Characteristics
Advantages
EUROPEAN
Data
Integrated Pollution Prevention
and Control (IPPC) Reference
Document on Best Available
Techniques in the Glass
Manufacturing Industry
Present European conditions;
only one average dataset
available (no distinction
between different colors);
degree of details not always
sufficient
GERMAN
Data
German packaging glass data,
collected for a national
packaging study
average data for Germany,
distinguishing the different types
of colors;
Age of data (1996);
SWISS
Data
company data;
measured data from one
specific production site
representative data for the
present technology used for the
production of packaging glass
confidential data;
only aggregated form can be
published (although data on a
unit process level available)
Folie 23
Disadvantages
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Example – green German glass
• Data from a German packaging study, covering 67% of German
glass bottle production
• Data represent a mix of the different technologies used
• Included production steps:
preparation of the glass melt, melting furnace, feeder,
container forming machine (press and blow or blow and blow),
cooling furnace and finally packaging
Folie 24
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Input
data
Resources
Energy
Raw materials
INPUTS
Auxillaries
Packagings
Infrastructure
Transports
Waste
Output
Air emission
OUTPUTS
Location
Unit
heavy fuel oil, at regional storage
diesel, at regional storage
natural gas, high pressure, at consumer
electricity, medium voltage, at grid
glass, cullets, sorted, at sorting plant
silica sand, at plant
soda, powder, at plant
limestone, milled, loose, at plant
dolomite, at plant
feldspar, at plant
graphite, at plant
chemicals inorganic, at plant
lubricating oil, at plant
EUR-flat pallet
polyethylene, HDPE, granulate, at plant
solid unbleached board, SUB, at plant
glass production site
disposal, municipal solid waste, 22.9% water, to sanitary landfill
packaging glass, green, at plant
Heat, waste
Carbon monoxide, fossil
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Particulates, > 10 um
Particulates, > 2.5 um, and < 10um
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen fluoride
Ammonia
Dinitrogen monoxide
Methane, fossil
Benzene
Dioxins, measured as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Formaldehyde
Benzo(a)pyrene
NMVOC, non-methane volatile organic compounds, unspecified origin
Hydrocarbons, aliphatic, alkanes, unspecified
Cadmium
Arsenic
Cobalt
Nickel
Selenium
Antimony
Lead
Chromium
Copper
Manganese
RER
RER
RER
DE
RER
CH
RER
CH
RER
RER
RER
GLO
RER
RER
RER
RER
RER
RER
RER
CH
CH
DE
Folie 25
packaging
glass, green, at
plant
Unit
Location
Name
m3
kg
kg
MJ
kWh
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
unit
kg
kg
unit
tkm
tkm
kg
kg
kg
MJ
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
DE
kg
2.12E-04
2.24E-02
1.77E-03
2.50E+00
1.59E-01
8.48E-01
9.87E-02
3.05E-02
1.99E-02
1.44E-02
1.62E-02
1.25E-06
1.14E-03
2.38E-05
7.16E-04
1.17E-02
1.76E-02
1.25E-10
1.47E-04
1.31E-01
2.50E-03
2.50E-03
1.00E+00
4.40E+00
9.50E-06
2.57E-01
8.41E-04
7.03E-04
7.78E-06
7.10E-07
1.74E-06
1.60E-05
4.94E-06
3.55E-08
5.88E-07
1.21E-07
9.59E-08
1.06E-16
4.09E-07
1.37E-11
4.42E-06
1.19E-05
1.91E-08
1.91E-08
1.91E-08
1.91E-08
2.08E-06
1.91E-08
2.19E-07
1.91E-08
1.91E-08
1.91E-08
Schweizer Zentrum
für Ökoinventare
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
packaging
glass, green,
at plant
DE
kg
0
packaging
glass, green,
at plant
RER
kg
0
packaging
glass, green,
at plant
CH
kg
0
MJ-Eq
MJ-Eq
MJ-Eq
MJ-Eq
MJ-Eq
7.9E+0
9.4E-1
1.4E-1
4.8E-2
1.2E+0
1.3E+1
1.7E+0
2.9E-1
4.2E-2
1.3E+0
8.6E+0
5.1E-1
8.5E-1
1.6E-2
6.8E-1
m2a
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
2.3E-1
5.2E-1
3.5E-4
1.9E-3
1.3E-3
1.4E-4
7.7E-4
7.9E-10
2.6E-1
8.1E-1
4.9E-4
3.6E-3
4.9E-3
4.5E-4
1.7E-3
1.7E-8
1.3E-1
4.8E-1
3.0E-4
2.6E-3
8.7E-4
1.6E-4
4.4E-4
6.7E-10
Name
Location
Unit
Infrastructure
LCIA results
LCI results
resource
Land occupation
air
air
NMVOC
air
Nitrogen oxides
air
Sulphur dioxide
air
water
BOD
soil
Cadmium
renewable energy resources, wind, solar, geothermal
total
total
total
total
total
total
total
total
Unit
Æ • German and Swiss data are very similar
• European data show higher values than the German / Swiss production
(e.g. for CO2, NOx, BOD, etc.)
Folie 26
Schweizer Zentrum
für Ökoinventare
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
Cumulated data (LCIA) / II
Schweizer Zentrum
für Ökoinventare
100%
direct emissions des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
80%
waste
transports
60%
infrastructure
40%
packaging
energy
20%
auxillaries
0%
EI'99, Total
land occupation
respiratory
effects
carcinogenics
climate change
fossil fuels
raw materials
-20%
Folie 27
Conclusion
• Average datasets of most important types of packaging glass
for Swiss / European situation in year 2000 are included into
the database ecoinvent.
• Representativeness of different datasets not equal – some
datasets are based on only few informations.
(-> Quality indicators)
• Missing are specific datasets for two out of the three Swiss
trading partners (France, Italy)
Folie 28
Schweizer Zentrum
für Ökoinventare
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
Schweizer Zentrum
für Ökoinventare
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
part TRE
PLASTICS
Folie 29
System boundaries
Natural gas
Schweizer Zentrum
für Ökoinventare
Crude oil
Toluene
Cracking
Propylene
Ethylene
Naphtha
Butene,
mixed
Butadien
e
Phenol
Ethylbenzene
Styrene
PP
PE
LDPE
LLDPE
Acrylonitrile
ABS
Folie 30
VCM
PS
LDPE
LLDPE
PV(D)C
LDPE
LLDPE
LLDPE
Polyols
SAN
Acetic acid
Acetone
Nitrobenzene
PTA
MMA
Aniline
PET
PMMA
MDI
Bisphenol A
Polybutadiene
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
Benzene
Polycarbonate
Phosgene
TDI
Used data sources
Characteristics
Advantages
Disadvantages
APME
Ecoprofiles of the European
(others than PET- Plastics Industry - collected
report)
and calculated by a
independent consultant
European condition; degree of
producers covered in general
between good and very good
(depending on the respective
dataset)
only cumulated data !
Age of the data (majority of data
from 1st half of the 90s)
APME's
PET - report
Ecoprofiles of the European
Plastics Industry - collected
and calculated by a
independent consultant
European condition;
coverning 10 European sites,
year 1999/2000
unit process level
Energy consumption only in a
unspecified form mentioned;
infrastructure and transports
missing
Ullmann's
standard reference book for
technical processes of the
chemical industry
free accessible
process and technique widely
described
contains most of the time no
quantitative information
Folie 31
Schweizer Zentrum
für Ökoinventare
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
Case studies
Schweizer Zentrum
für Ökoinventare
• Ethylene, average, at plant (RER)
example of a process, based on APME‘s cumulated European
average LCI data.
-> represents all „Boustead processes“ (plastics as well as
chemicals !)
• PET, amorphous, at plant (RER)
example of a process, based on average European unit process
data (from APME‘s database)
-> represents the unit processes
Folie 32
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
Ethylene, average, at plant (RER)
Schweizer Zentrum
für Ökoinventare
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
Natural gas
production &
delivery
Crude oil production
& delivery
oil
gas
Oil refining
for naphtha
Gas processing &
storage
naphtha
natural gas
Folie 33
others
butadiene
propylene
ethylene
ethylene
Cracking
Assumptions / basis
1.)
2.) Assumptions & Proceeding for integration (Hischier 2004)
Schweizer Zentrum
für Ökoinventare
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
Folie 34
Input data – part of inputs
Name
Location
Unit
RER
CH
CH
CH
GLO
CH
DE
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
Nm3
kg
kg
kg
m3
MJ
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
MJ
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
Location
Unit
Input
resource, in ground
resource, biotic
resource, in water
waste service
Aluminium, 24% in bauxite, 11% in crude ore, in ground
Anhydrite, in ground
Barite, 15% in crude ore, in ground
Calcite, in ground
Chromium, 25.5 in chromite, 11.6% in crude ore, in ground
Clay, bentonite, in ground
Clay, unspecified, in ground
Coal, brown, in ground
Coal, hard, unspecified, in ground
Dolomite, in ground
Zinc 9%, Lead 5%, in sulfide, in ground
Uranium, in ground
sylvite, 25 % in sylvinite, in ground
Sulfur, in ground
Sodium chloride, in ground
Shale, in ground
Sand, unspecified, in ground
Rutile, in ground
Phosphorus, 18% in apatite, 12% in crude ore, in ground
Olivine, in ground
Oil, crude, in ground
Nickel, 1.98% in silicates, 1.04% in crude ore, in ground
Manganese, 35.7% in sedimentary deposit, 14.2% in crude ore, in ground
Iron, 46% in ore, 25% in crude ore, in ground
Gravel, in ground
Granite, in ground
Gas, natural, in ground
Fluorspar, 92%, in ground
Feldspar, in ground
Peat, in ground
Wood, unspecified, standing
Energy, gross calorific value, in biomass
Water, river
Water, salt, ocean
Water, well, in ground
Energy, potential, stock, in barrage water
disposal, facilities, chemical production
disposal, plastics, mixture, 15.3% water, to municipal incineration
disposal, wood untreated, 20% water, to municipal incineration
disposal, hard coal mining waste tailings, in surface backfill
disposal, average incineration residue, 0% water, to residual material landfill
Folie 35
Schweizer Zentrum
für Ökoinventare
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
Input data –
part of outputs
Name
Location
Unit
RER
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
MJ
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
Location
Unit
Product
Output
air, high population
density
water, river
Folie 36
ethylene,
average, at plant
RER
kg
1.33E-04
6.83E-06
5.59E-08
1.39E-03
8.23E-11
6.85E-05
1.69E-05
7.05E-04
1.79E-02
2.85E-06
7.16E-08
8.42E-07
2.64E-06
7.06E-05
9.81E-04
1.93E-05
6.93E-05
9.30E-28
5.11E-08
2.15E-06
7.50E-01
1.89E-11
2.96E-07
3.14E-04
8.47E-07
4.19E-09
7.98E-01
3.03E-07
1.12E-33
3.50E-05
1.77E-09
7.83E-03
6.16E-02
3.70E-06
2.49E-04
1.60E-03
1.59E-08
1.90E-01
4.14E-05
9.48E-04
1.06E-05
1.16E-08
5.25E-03
1.17E-03
7.86E-04
ethylene, average, at plant
Aldehydes, unspecified
Ammonia
Carbon dioxide, biogenic
Carbon disulfide
Carbon monoxide, biogenic
Carbon monoxide, fossil
Chlorine
Cyanide
Dinitrogen monoxide
Ethane, 1,2-dichloroEthene, chloroFluorine
Halogenated hydrocarbons, chlorinated
Heat, waste
Hydrocarbons, aliphatic, alkanes, cyclic
Hydrocarbons, aromatic
Hydrogen
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen sulfide
Lead
Mercury
Methane, biogenic
Methane, fossil
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfate
Sulfur dioxide
Acidity, unspecified
Aluminum
Ammonium, ion
Arsenic, ion
BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand
Calcium, ion
Carbonate
Chloride
Chlorinated solvents, unspecified
Chlorine
Chromium VI
Copper, ion
Cyanide
Ethane, 1,2-dichloroEthene, chloroFluoride
Hydrocarbons, unspecified
Iron, ion
Lead
Magnesium
Mercury
Nickel, ion
Nitrate
Nitrogen
Oils, unspecified
Phenol
Phosphorus
Potassium, ion
Sodium, ion
Solved solids
Sulfate
Sulfide
Zinc, ion
ethylene,
average, at plant
RER
kg
1.00E+00
1.04E-09
7.09E-10
1.77E-04
1.16E+00
1.88E-10
1.35E-07
8.84E-04
1.42E-07
3.18E-33
1.15E-07
5.18E-14
2.74E-14
8.57E-11
2.54E-09
1.93E+01
5.20E-34
1.32E-05
2.95E-05
9.28E-06
2.87E-07
5.20E-06
7.52E-11
1.91E-07
6.23E-07
4.07E-03
6.35E-03
1.69E-03
1.70E-04
2.17E-04
2.92E-04
3.96E-13
5.16E-03
4.94E-05
4.82E-07
3.36E-06
1.78E-10
2.49E-05
8.26E-07
6.98E-05
1.34E-04
5.14E-10
9.74E-10
5.15E-11
1.22E-04
2.59E-08
5.63E-08
8.26E-17
1.21E-30
3.27E-09
9.16E-05
8.44E-08
4.09E-09
1.74E-08
1.13E-08
2.21E-08
1.21E-06
2.20E-06
1.16E-04
1.59E-06
1.05E-07
7.81E-08
1.47E-04
1.76E-04
1.05E-04
7.95E-07
1.93E-04
7.30E-09
Schweizer Zentrum
für Ökoinventare
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
Unit
RER
kg
0
ethylene,
pipeline
system, at
plant
RER
kg
0
MJ-Eq
MJ-Eq
MJ-Eq
MJ-Eq
MJ-Eq
6.7E+1
4.7E-1
1.9E-1
7.9E-6
8.2E-3
7.0E+1
3.0E-1
2.3E-2
6.4E-6
3.1E-3
6.8E+1
4.6E-1
1.1E-1
8.2E-6
7.9E-3
8.7E+1
1.2E+0
7.3E-2
1.2E-5
1.7E-2
4.3E+1
7.5E+0
9.7E-1
5.5E-5
1.9E-1
m2a
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
1.1E-4
1.2E+0
1.7E-3
6.4E-3
5.2E-3
1.7E-4
8.4E-5
3.9E-13
5.6E-5
1.2E+0
1.2E-3
4.7E-3
3.2E-3
1.4E-4
7.7E-5
2.9E-13
1.1E-4
1.2E+0
1.5E-3
5.9E-3
5.0E-3
1.6E-4
8.1E-5
4.0E-13
9.8E-5
2.4E+0
2.5E-3
9.2E-3
6.8E-3
2.8E-4
1.7E-4
5.5E-13
4.9E-4
1.5E+0
2.0E-3
6.9E-3
7.5E-3
6.3E-4
7.2E-4
2.6E-12
ethylene,
average, at
plant
Name
Location
Unit
Infrastructure
propylene, at
plant
styrene, at
plant
vinyl chloride,
at plant
RER
kg
0
RER
kg
0
RER
kg
0
LCIA results
LCI results
resource
air
air
air
air
air
water
soil
Land occupation
NMVOC
Nitrogen oxides
Sulphur dioxide
BOD
Cadmium
total
total
total
total
total
total
total
total
The input data
(for comparison
reasons) :
Folie 37
Air emission
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Schweizer Zentrum
für Ökoinventare
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
amount
kg
kg
kg
kg
1.16E+00
6.35E-03
5.16E-03
1.70E-04
PET, amorphous, at plant (RER)
ecoinvent data v1.0
Schweizer Zentrum
für Ökoinventare
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
PTA
Amorphous PET
Bottle-grade PET
Folie 38
Assumptions / basics
Dito (4.)
Materials
PTA
ethylene glycol
compressed air
nitrogen
Energy
thermal fuels
electricity
steam
Water
process water
cooling water
thermal fuels
Electricity
Chemical plant
Transport, lorry
….
per kg PET
g
g
m3
g
874.59
334.28
2.53
29.78
MJ
MJ
g
1.630.7MJ
940MJ
0.07
1.63
g
g
163
6400
4e-10 unit
0.124 tkm
OUTPUTS
per kg PET
amorphous PET
Emission to air
dust
organics
Emission to water
COD
BOD
suspended solids
organics
hydrocarbons
Waste
waste plastics
hazardous chemicals
inert chemicals
incinerated waste
2. assumptions:
- Fuel-Mix according to cumulated data
- electricity mix = UCTE-Mix
g
1000
mg
mg
1
90
mg
mg
mg
mg
mg
1018
160
1
439
60
g
g
g
g
2.31
0.09
0.4
0.88
4. „Translation“ according to Standard
list for Boustead-Data (Hischier 2004)
1. Data from APME report
INPUTS
Schweizer Zentrum
für Ökoinventare
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
3. Additional data:
- Transports: standard distances (QR)
- infrastructure: chemical plant
Folie 39
Input data PET (amorphous)
Name
Location
Unit
Location
InfrastructureProcess
Unit
purified terephthalic acid, at plant
materials
nitrogen, liquid, at plant
ethylene glycol, at plant
electricity, medium voltage, production UCTE, at grid
heat, natural gas, at industrial furnace >100kW
heat, at hard coal industrial furnace 1-10MW
energy
heat, heavy fuel oil, at industrial furnace 1MW
heat, light fuel oil, at industrial furnace 1MW
steam, for chemical processes, at plant
transports &
transport, freight, rail
infrastructure
chemical plant, organics
disposal, plastics, mixture, 15.3% water, to municipal incineration
waste services
disposal, average incineration residue, 0% water, to residual material landfill
Product
polyethylene terephthalate, granulate, amorphous, at plant
emission to air, high
Heat, waste
population density
emission to water, river BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand
Hydrocarbons, unspecified
DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon
TOC, Total Organic Carbon
RER
0
kg
Output
Input
resource, in water
Folie 40
polyethylene
terephthalate,
granulate,
amorphous, at
plant
RER
RER
RER
UCTE
RER
RER
RER
RER
RER
RER
RER
RER
CH
CH
CH
DE
RER
m3
kg
kg
kg
kWh
MJ
MJ
MJ
MJ
kg
tkm
tkm
unit
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
MJ
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
6.40E-03
8.75E-01
2.98E-02
3.34E-01
1.94E-01
6.65E-01
3.06E-01
4.94E-01
1.65E-01
9.40E-01
1.24E-01
7.43E-01
4.00E-10
8.80E-04
2.31E-03
4.00E-04
9.00E-05
1.00E+00
7.00E-01
9.00E-05
2.50E-07
3.20E-07
4.30E-07
1.60E-04
1.02E-03
4.99E-04
1.00E-06
2.62E-04
2.62E-04
Schweizer Zentrum
für Ökoinventare
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
purified
terephthalic
acid, at plant
Name
Location
Unit
Infrastructure
polyethylene
polyethylene
terephthalate, terephthalate,
granulate,
granulate,
amorphous, at bottle grade, at
plant
plant
Unit
RER
kg
0
RER
kg
0
RER
kg
0
MJ-Eq
MJ-Eq
MJ-Eq
MJ-Eq
MJ-Eq
5.7E+1
3.4E+0
5.0E-1
8.1E-2
7.3E-2
7.4E+1
6.1E+0
9.6E-1
1.5E-1
1.5E-1
7.6E+1
7.2E+0
1.1E+0
1.8E-1
1.8E-1
m2a
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
1.6E-2
1.5E+0
2.9E-3
4.4E-3
4.3E-3
2.9E-4
2.6E-3
7.1E-10
3.2E-2
2.3E+0
3.4E-3
6.4E-3
6.7E-3
4.9E-4
3.5E-3
1.7E-9
4.1E-2
2.4E+0
3.4E-3
6.9E-3
7.3E-3
5.5E-4
4.5E-3
2.2E-9
Schweizer Zentrum
für Ökoinventare
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
LCIA results
LCI results
resource
air
air
air
air
air
water
soil
Land occupation
NMVOC
Nitrogen oxides
Sulphur dioxide
BOD
Cadmium
total
total
total
total
total
total
total
total
Folie 41
Cumulated data (LCIA)
PET - 1 kg amorphous PET, weighted with different LCIA methods
Direct emissions
CED, Total
waste treatment,
total
CED, fossil
infrastructure
EI'99 (HA), respiratory effects
energy (electricity)
EI'99 (HA), climate change
energy (heat)
EI'99 (HA), carcinogenics
transports (road,
train)
EI'99 (HA), ecotoxicity
chemicals
(auxillaries)
EI'99 (HA), Total
ethylene glycol, at
plant
UBP'97
PTA, at plant
IPPC 100a
0%
Folie 42
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Schweizer Zentrum
für Ökoinventare
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
Conclusion & Outlook
• A big amount of various plastics will be included into the
database ecoinvent data v1.01
Schweizer Zentrum
für Ökoinventare
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
• Majority of plastics are not on a unit process level available –
there is only a cumulated dataset of the substance (APME data)
and this means:
– Data can NOT be harmonised with rest of the database (e.g.
different electricity mix included / no infrastructure / ….)
– An analysis concerning the amount of the result being from single
areas (e.g. energy, transport, raw materials) is not possible
• BUT, APME shows itsself that opposite possible (-> PET !)
Folie 43
des ETH-Bereichs
und Schweizerischer
Bundesämter
packaging

packaging - Ecoinvent

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